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The city of Hollywood, Broward County, is in which US state? | Hollywood, Broward, Florida, United States - City, Town and Village of the world
Hollywood, CA
Company : Starwood Hotels and Resorts Worldwide Inc
Director of Welcome Office Company Who Are We? W is a destination,more than a hotel. A contemporary lifestyle brand infused with theenergy of non-traditional luxury Whats hip, fresh, and cool,always balanced with what is comfortable and coz...
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In Room Dining Server (PT)
Hollywood, CA
Company : Starwood Hotels and Resorts Worldwide Inc
In Room Dining Server (PT) Company Starwood Hotels & Resorts Worldwide, Inc. is one of the leading hotel and leisure companies in the world with more than 1,300 properties in over 100 countries and over 180,000 employees at its owned and ma...
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Family Practice/Primary Care - Nurse Practitioner
West Hollywood, CA
Company : Healthcare Recruitment Counselors
Family Practice/Primary Care opening in West Hollywood, California. This and other nurse practitioner jobs brought to you by Nursing Job Cafe. Full time Physician Assistant/Nurse Practitioner West Hollywood, California 90069PA/NP wanted for...
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Days Inn Airport - Cruise Port South
Hollywood
This Hollywood Florida hotel is less than 3 miles from Fort Lauderdale Hollywood Airport. It offers a shuttle service to Port Everglades for a surcharge as well as a daily continental breakfast... view more
from
Holiday Inn Fort Lauderdale Airport
Hollywood
Located 5 miles from Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport, this hotel offers a free airport transport service. Its spacious rooms feature flat-screen cable TVs and free Wi-Fi... view more
from
La Quinta Inn & Suites Fort Lauderdale Airport
Hollywood
Within 3 miles from picturesque Hollywood Beach, this Florida hotel boasts transport service to Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport, which is 4 miles away. An outdoor pool, free Wi-Fi, and daily continental breakfast are also offered... view more
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Quality Inn Airport & Suites Cruise Port South
Hollywood
Minutes from Port Everglades cruise terminals and Fort Lauderdale International Airport with free shuttle service, this hotel provides thoughtful amenities, comfortable rooms and on-site dining options... view more
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Summer Hollywood Corp
Hollywood
Located within 4 miles of Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport, this Hollywood apartment features a fully equipped kitchen and includes access to an on-site aqua park... view more
More Hotels »
| Florida |
How many finger holes does a penny whistle have? | City County List - Division of Library and Information Services - Florida Department of State
Division of Library and Information Services
Email Us
Email your questions or comments to [email protected] .
Many of these resources and programs are funded under the provisions of the Library Services and Technology Act from the Institute of Museum and Library Services. Florida's LSTA program is administered by the Department of State's Division of Library and Information Services.
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Questions or comments? Contact the Department of State or take our Survey
Under Florida law, e-mail addresses are public records. If you do not want your e-mail address released in response to a public records request, do not send electronic mail to this entity. Instead, contact this office by phone or in writing.
Copyright © 2017 State of Florida, Florida Department of State.
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What is the collective name for a group of toads? | So Many Frogs!
A group of fish is called a School of Fish.
A group of geese is called a Gaggle of Geese.
A group of sea gulls is called a Flock of Sea gulls.
A bunch of cows and bulls is called a Herd of Cattle.
But what do you call a group of frogs?
Answer: An ARMY of Frogs!
And what do you call a group of toads?
Answer: An KNOT of Toads!
Wild about Words? Check here for more animal language fun!
| Knot |
What is the only English word, and its derivatives, to end in ‘mt’? | So Many Frogs!
A group of fish is called a School of Fish.
A group of geese is called a Gaggle of Geese.
A group of sea gulls is called a Flock of Sea gulls.
A bunch of cows and bulls is called a Herd of Cattle.
But what do you call a group of frogs?
Answer: An ARMY of Frogs!
And what do you call a group of toads?
Answer: An KNOT of Toads!
Wild about Words? Check here for more animal language fun!
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In the UK, in which year was the voting age lowered from 30 to 21 for women? | FAQs about UK parliament elections and voting - UK Parliament
Gunpowder Plot FAQs
FAQs about UK parliament elections and voting
This page may give answers to your questions on UK Parliament elections, by-elections and referendums as well as information about your constituency, voting and who can vote.
Who can I vote for?
Who are the candidates in my constituency?
Your local Electoral Registration Office will display the names of all the candidates on town hall and local council notice boards in your area about a week before polling day. Information is also normally available in local newspapers. Candidates may send information about themselves to you and there may be public meetings where you have the opportunity to hear all the candidates speak.
Electoral Commission FAQs: Where can I find out who is standing for election and get information on candidates? (external site)
Can I vote for a new Prime Minister?
No. You can only vote to elect your local MP in a general election. Even if you live in the constituency represented by the current Prime Minister or the leader of another political party, you are still only voting on whether he or she will be your local MP in the next Parliament
Where can I find the election result in my constituency?
Results are posted up by local officials on town hall and local council notice boards in each constituency and are also reported in the local and national media. Results are also available on the relevant local authority website for your local Electoral Registration Office.
Parliamentary election results are also added to each MP's biography page on this website.
When were women given the vote?
1918 (women aged 30 and over)
1928 (women aged 21 and over)
When were all men given the vote?
1918 (men aged 21 and over)
When was the voting age reduced to 18?
1969 (for both men and women)
About constituencies
Which parliamentary constituency am I in?
The constituency you are in depends on where you live, or in certain cases such as overseas residents or members of the armed forces, where you have lived in the past.
To find out which constituency you are in you can check on the Ordnance Survey website, or with your local Electoral Registration Office.
Every 8-12 years constituency boundaries are reviewed to take into account movement and growth of the population in the UK.
Referendums
When was the last referendum held in the UK?
A referendum was held on 23 June 2016 to decide whether or not the UK should remain a member of the European Union.
Prior to that there was a referendum in Scotland on 18 September 2014 on whether Scotland should be an independent country. On 5 May 2011 a UK-wide referendum was held on whether to change the voting system for electing MPs to the House of Commons.
Where can I find the results of the EU Referendum?
The full results of the EU Referendum are available on the Electoral Commission website:
Electoral Commission: EU Referendum results
Where can I find out more about the EU Referendum 2016?
You can find impartial information on the in-out referendum produced by the Commons Library and Lords Library at the link below. It sets out the background, an analysis of the results and their implications as well as looking at the process for withdrawal from the EU.
| one thousand nine hundred and twenty eight |
What is the most times a piece of paper can be folded in half? | BBC News | UK | Women's battle for the vote
Friday, February 6, 1998 Published at 08:55 GMT
UK
Women's battle for the vote
Peaceful protests organised by the women's suffrage movement
More women MPs than ever before now brighten the benches of the House of Commons. But the days in which women were not even entitled to vote are still within living memory.
Women were enfranchised 80 years ago, on February 6, 1918. The Representation of the People Act gave the vote to women over 30 who "occupied premises of a yearly value of not less than �5".
But it was not until 1928 that the voting age for women was lowered to 21 in line with men.
Suffragettes were often beaten by police
The campaign for female suffrage began in earnest in the mid-19th century.
They had the support of liberal intellectuals such as John Stuart Mill, who campaigned for women's suffrage in parliament.
When Benjamin Disraeli's government introduced the 1867 Reform Bill, supporters of general suffrage hoped the vote might also be extended to women.
They argued that by Lord Romilly's Act of 1850 the word "man" applied to women as well.
But the extent to which women were held in disdain was clearly indicated by the remark of one MP: if a woman could be brought in under Lord Romilly's Act, he said, so might a cow!
The courts upheld the MP's views, ruling that the 1867 Reform Act did not extend to women.
In 1897 the various suffragist societies united into one organisation, the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies, led by Millicent Fawcett. The movement now had more coherence, and more strength.
But as bills for female suffrage were brought before Parliament again and again, they were each defeated.
Moments before Davison threw herself under the King's horse
One of the suffragists, Emmeline Pankhurst, was so frustrated by the continued lack of government action that she founded the more militant Women's Social and Political Union in 1903.
At first the tactics were nonviolent. They organised big public demonstrations, and heckled politicians who refused to talk to them. One chained herself to the railings in Downing Street to make a speech, another chained herself to a statue in the lobby of the House of Commons.
They were often arrested and taken to prison, where they continued their protests by going on hunger strikes.
As parliament continued to defeat consecutive suffrage bills, the "suffragettes" turned to force, and resorted to a policy of violence against property.
At organised demonstrations, hundreds of women started breaking windows and burning down buildings in protest at the government's refusal to act.
Then on Derby Day in 1913 Emily Davison threw herself in front of King George V's horse and was trampled to death. The Suffragettes had gained a martyr.
War breaks out
But it was the work done by women during the First World War that finally earned them the vote.
Women proved their worth during the war
With the men in the trenches, the fabric of life in Britain was transformed. Women began to do work that previously they would have been thought incapable of performing.
The Suffragettes saw the war as an opportunity to show what women could do.
They suspended militant tactics, and used their organisational strength to mobilise women to do relief work, and fill in the jobs that had been left empty by men on the battlefields.
Many employers were surprised by how well women could do men's work, and the experience converted them to the cause of women's suffrage.
On February 6, 1918, the Representation of the People Act was passed, giving women over the age of 30 the vote.
Later that year another act was passed that allowed women to be elected to the House of Commons.
But it was still a long time before women politicians were taken seriously: in the 1920s Winston Churchill blushed at the sight of a woman politician in Parliament.
"It was as embarrassing as if she burst into my bathroom when I had nothing on with which to defend myself," he said.
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| i don't know |
How many goals did footballer Gary Lineker score for England? | Goal.com's Top 50 English Players: Gary Lineker (9) - Goal.com
Goal.com's Top 50 English Players: Gary Lineker (9)
Featured
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Jun 12, 2009 14:15:08
Goal.com's top 50 countdown continues at nine with one of the greatest strikers that England has ever produced...
Clubs
Leicester City, Everton, Barcelona, Tottenham Hotspur, Nagoya Grampus Eight
Lineker had a reputation for being one of football's mister nice guys during his playing days, but in front of goal he was clinical and lethal and made few friends among the goalkeeping fraternity.
The striker-turned media pundit made his reputation worldwide for his goalscoring exploits as he shone at both club and international level, in the process earning a reputation as a true gentleman.
While netting 244 goals for his clubs side in 466 games and 48 goals for England in 80 matches, Lineker did not receive a single card, whether it be red or yellow.
His record when playing for the Three Lions saw him score just one goal less than the legendary Sir Bobby Charlton and that is only because he fluffed a penalty in his last ever international at Wembley against Brazil.
That would have been a fitting tribute to one of the greatest strikers not just England, but the world has ever seen as he thrilled fans in England, Spain and Japan as well as the World Cup Finals.
After rising through the ranks at Leicester City, Lineker showed his incredible pace and ability in the area as his poacher's instinct began to be honed in the comfortable surroundings of Filbert Street.
With 95 goals arriving in 194 appearances, league champions Everton chose to splash £800,000 to land him in 1985 and he was to enjoy an incredible season on Merseyside that saw him net no less than 42 goals in total, and finish as the first division's best with 30.
That tally was not enough for the Toffees though as they finished as runners-up to Liverpool in both the title race and the FA Cup Final, when Lineker opened the scoring after turning away from Alan Hansen, to put his side ahead.
It was not his goals at Everton that earned him a move away from Goodison Park after just one season though, it was his performance at the 1986 World Cup Finals in Mexico when the world first took notice of him.
With just one point from games against Morocco and Portugal, Sir Bobby Robson's England had to beat Poland to go through and while the nerves were there, Lineker was clinical in front of goal as he netted a hat-trick .
Two more against Paraguay and a header in the infamous quarter final with Argentina took the forward's tally to six and was enough to earn him the tournament's Golden Boot.
Barcelona beckoned as the Catalans wanted the world's most famous goalscorer playing for them and he became a hero in his first season as he score three times to give his new side a 3-2 win over Real Madrid in Camp Nou.
Learning Spanish to a high level meant that Lineker was able to settle in
CAREER HIGHLIGHT
FA Cup glory with Spurs in 1991
the Catalan capital while Mark Hughes, with whom he had joined, struggled and was loaned to Bayern Munich after one season.
When Johan Cruyff took over at Barca and viewed his new striker as a right-winger, the Leicester-born star decided it was time to go home and in 1989 answered Terry Venables call to join him at Tottenham Hotspur .
Lineker may have won the Copa del Rey and European Cup Winners' Cup with Barcelona, but he looks back fondly on his only triumph in England as he helped Spurs to FA Cup triumph in 1991, despite seeing a penalty saved in the final against Nottingham Forest.
The year before, the pacey striker had helped England to reach the World Cup semi-finals in Italy and netted four goals en route to make him only the eighth player to have netted ten goals in the finals overall.
His international career was to end in acrimony as the hapless Graham Taylor substituted Lineker during a defeat by Sweden at the 1992 European Championships. The striker's disenchantment was plain to see as he trudged reluctantly from the field.
Japan was his last port of call as he sought one last pay day, but his travels to the Far East were to end in pain as a troublesome toe injury forced Lineker to hang up his boots.
Allied with his gentleman's persona, Lineker also had something of a reputation of being slightly aloof and his lone training regime of a lukewarm bath followed by only running, further separated him from team-mates.
His ability to send himself up though disproved some of that myth as he appeared on a sports quiz show in Britain where the gags were often aimed at him, before he eventually landed the plum job in British football broadcasting.
Carefully selecting his words each week, Lineker can be seen as the face of the BBC's Premier League highlights programme 'Match of the Day'.
With European football off the English club's agenda for the five years when Lineker was in his prime he revelled in a Barcelona side that constantly played second fiddle to Real Madrid.
Had there been no ban imposed for the Heysel disaster, he would undoubtedly have led the front-line of one of England's major sides against continental opposition and that has to be one major regret.
Lineker was not just a great striker and goalscorer, but also an ambassador for the game and he thoroughly deserves his place in the top ten of all-time English players.
PLAYING HONOURS
European Cup Winners' Cup 1989
Tottenham Hotspur
English First Division Top Scorer
1985, 1986, 1990
FIFA World Cup - Golden Boot
1986 (Mexico)
DID YOU KNOW ... Lineker was part of a consortium that helped rescue his beloved Leicester City when he agreed to put in a six-figure sum. Emile Heskey followed suit.
Lucas Brown, Goal.com
Goal.com invites the readers to leave their comments about Gary Lineker. The best one submitted within 24 hours - whether funny, informative or just purely passionate - will be added to the article. Keep them clean, fairly short and start writing now for your chance to be a part of the series!
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| forty eight |
What was the middle name of actor Laurence Olivier? | Wayne Rooney documentary will transform his image, claims Gary Lineker | Football | The Guardian
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This article is 1 year old
Gary Lineker says that Wayne Rooney’s public image will be transformed by an upcoming documentary about him. The former England captain was delighted to see one of his successors become the nation’s record scorer on Tuesday with the goal against Switzerland that took his tally to 50 , but the impression persists that the Manchester United striker divides opinion and he is not cherished as he might be.
Lineker has enjoyed access to Rooney and the player’s family for a BBC 1 programme which will be screened on Monday 5 October and he says that the public will finally see the real Rooney. “It will be revelatory and it will transform the public opinion of him,” Lineker, who is also a presenter for BT Sport, said. “He comes over honestly and frankly. We don’t get a glimpse into footballers’ personal lives, and this film certainly does that. I think it will be a real eye-opener. He’s a decent guy with a lovely family and I think that comes across.”
Congratulations Wayne Rooney – that record was due an overhaul long ago
Read more
The documentary is called Rooney – The Man Behind the Goals, and Lineker said with a smile that he and the production team had “really needed him to break the record” during the past international break. A late penalty against Switzerland took Rooney past Bobby Charlton on England’s all-time list, while Lineker sits third with 48 goals. “I was thrilled for Wayne and thrilled for the programme that we have made,” Lineker said.
Rooney said: “I have been approached many times about allowing the cameras into our lives and always said ‘no’. But now seems the right time. This film is not just about my goals, it’s about the people I care most about – my team-mates, the people closest to me but, most importantly, my family.”
Rooney’s new record looks safe enough for at least another generation with Danny Welbeck, on 14 England goals, his nearest challenger. Lineker said it was pointless to put a figure on the number of international goals that the 29-year-old could score but he predicted it would be “into the 60s”.
Lineker said: “You never know how long a player has left, especially with strikers. Once you turn 30, as a striker, you are usually on the way down and playing from the age of 16, at such a high level, has to take its toll. But as a player who is not entirely reliant on pace, you would hope that Wayne’s got a few years left. Physically, he is very strong and you would hope he can make it to the next World Cup.
“You can see a lot more goals coming. You would definitely, definitely back him to score plenty more. He could put the record, not out of sight, but into the 60s. With the break-up of the old Soviet Union, the break-up of Balkan countries, plus Liechtenstein, San Marino and so on, you would fancy his chances of scoring more. You would think that when he looks at England’s next World Cup qualifying group, his eyes would light up.”
England have been drawn to face Slovakia, Scotland, Slovenia, Lithuania and Malta but right now, it is next summer’s European Championship in France that looms large. Rooney has scored six goals at major tournaments, which is four short of Lineker’s haul. Lineker, though, would be happy to see Rooney break this record, too.
“I hope he does – we will probably win the Euros, if he does,” he said. “Personal records are not what football is all about but as goalscorers we live and die by figures and numbers because, ultimately, that’s how people will judge you. He’s got six in tournament football, so he could conceivably go past my total and that would suggest England are doing rather well, which is long overdue.”
BT Sport is the new home of European football, with all Uefa Champions League and Uefa Europa League matches exclusively live. Visit btsport.com/europe
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The ship ‘Cutty Sark’ was built in which Scottish dockyard town? | Seven of the most famous ships built on the River Clyde - The Scotsman
Heroes
Seven of the most famous ships built on the River Clyde
The Cutty Sark in her custom-built dry dock in Greenwich. The ship was built in Dumbarton in 1869 and last sailed in 1938. Picture: Wikipedia
CHRIS McCALL
16:20 Wednesday 11 May 2016
09:45 Thursday 12 May 2016
Have your say
MORE than 25,000 naval, merchant and passenger ships have been built on the Clyde and its tributaries since the Scott family first set up a yard in Greenock in 1711.
‘Clydebuilt’ became shorthand worldwide for precision marine engineering, with some of the famous vessels of the 19th and 20th centuries built on the river.
Comet
RMS Lucania, launched at Govan in 1893, held the title of fastest passenger liner afloat for five years. Picture: Wikicommons
It may have only been 45ft long, but the Comet represented a giant leap forward in shipbuilding technology when launched at Port Glasgow in 1812. The vessel provided the first commercially successful steamboat ferry service in Europe and hinted the era of sailing ships may be coming to an end. The Comet was built for Henry Bell , a Scottish engineer fascinated by the potential of steam power. When his wife became manager of a public baths and hotel in Helensburgh, Bell saw an opportunity to attract customers to the seaside town with a state-of-the-art ferry. The Comet was outclassed by other steamers within four years but had by then secured her footnote in maritime history. A replica of the boat now stands in Port Glasgow town centre.
Cutty Sark
It would take another 50 years before steam overtook wind as the power source of the biggest ships. The Cutty Sark was one of the last of its kind when launched in 1869 at the Scott & Linton yard in Dumbarton. Known as a clipper - a mid-19th century type of sailing ship built for speed - such vessels were characterised by a narrow hull and large total sail area. Cutty Sark was ordered by the shipping magnate John Willis and named after a character in Robert Burns’ classic poem Tam o’Shanter . Although famously associated with the Chinese tea trade, Cutty Sark spent most of her life at sea transporting wool from Australia. She last sailed in 1938 and became a cadet training ship. In 1954 the Cutty Sark was towed to a custom-built dry dock in Greenwich, south London, where she has remained ever since. The ship is a prominent landmark on the route of the annual London Marathon.
RMS Lucania
HMS Hood was built at the John Brown yard in Clydebank and launched in 1918. She was sunk in 1941 with the loss of 1415 crew. Picture: Wikimedia
In an era before air travel there was huge public interest in ships capable of reaching far-flung destinations at increasing speeds. The most prestigious route in British maritime trade was the Atlantic crossing to the US. Shipping companies promoted themselves on the speed and ease in which they could reach New York. The fastest passenger liner was awarded the Blue Riband, an unofficial accolade borrowed from horse racing. RMS Lucania, built at the Fairfields yard in Govan and launched in 1893, won the title on just her second ever voyage. At the time, Lucania and her sister ship Campania had the largest triple expansion engines ever fitted to Cunard liners.
HMS Hood
Built at John Brown’s yard in Clydebank and launched in 1918, HMS Hood was the pride of the Royal Navy and the most famous battleship in Britian upon the outbreak of war in 1939. Known as ‘The Mighty Hood’, the battlecruiser was employed to protect convoys in the North Sea and as a general deterrent against invasion. In 1941 the Hood was ordered to intercept the Bismarck - the largest battleship ever built by the German navy - and prevent her reaching the Atlantic where she would pose a threat to Allied shipping. On May 24 the Hood and HMS Prince of Wales spotted the Bismarck and opened fire. Less than 10 minutes later, a German shell struck the Hood and exploded her main ammunition magazine. The battleship sank within three minutes with the loss of all but three of her 1418 crew. It remains one of the blackest days in Royal Navy history and was a huge blow to British morale. The Bismarck was sunk two weeks later after being tracked by HMS Ark Royal . The wreck of the Hood was finally located in 2001 and one of her two ship’s bells was retrieved in 2015. It is planned to display the bell at a permanent memorial to the Hood and her crew.
RMS Queen Mary
RMS Queen Mary was built in Clydebank and is now permanently docked at Long Beach, California. Picture: Wikicommons
The Queen Mary, along with her sister ship Queen Elizabeth, were built for Cunard’s weekly express service between Southampton, Cherbourg, and New York. It was the dying days of the superliner era which would soon be ended by the growing popularity of transatlantic flights. Built at John Brown’s Clydebank yard and launched in 1934, the Queen Mary won the Blue Ribband in August 1936 for the fastest Atlantic crossing. She regained it in 1938 and would hold the title until 1952. The ship was named after Queen Mary, consort of King George V, and remained popular with passengers and the wider public into the 1960s. She was retired in 1967 and sailed to Long Beach, California, where she is now permanently moored as a floating hotel.
Queen Elizabeth 2
Ocean liners were no longer built solely with transport in mind by the time of the Queen Mary’s retiral. Instead they were marketed as holiday destinations in their own right. The age of luxury cruises arrived at just the right time for the Queen Elizabeth 2 - or the QE2 as she quickly became known. She was the last superliner to be built at John Brown’s yard in Clydebank and many Scots can still recall her launch in September 1967. The interior and superstructure of the ship was designed by James Gardner - described by the Council of Industrial Design as that of a “very big yacht”. The QE2 would serve as the Cunard line’s flagship from 1969 until the launch of the French-built Queen Mary 2 in 2004. Although she spent much of her life as a crusie ship, the QE2 did undertake scheduled sailings from Southhampton to New York each year - a tradition continued by the Queen Mary 2. The liner was retired in 2008 and sold to an investment consortium. The QE2 is currently laid up at Port Rashid in the UAE, where her future remains unclear.
HMS Daring
HMS Daring docked in Leith in 2009. The ship was the first of the new Type 45 destroyers to be launched. Picture: Greg Macvean
Shipbuilding on the Clyde is today concentrated on three remaining yards and is dominated by Royal Navy orders. Defence giant BAE Systems operates sites at Govan and Scotstoun while a smaller commercial yard at Port Glasgow remains in private hands. The most prestigious shipbuilding programme on the river in recent years was the construction of six Type 45 destroyers. The first to be launched in 2006 was HMS Daring, the seventh naval ship to be given the name. Following the Falklands War, the Type 45s were primarily designed for anti-air warfare and are characterised by their distinctive radar towers. It has been suggested Daring’s radar is capable of tracking 1,000 objects the size of a cricket ball travelling at three times the speed of sound.
| Dumbarton |
What are the Secret Service names for Barack and Michelle Obama? | Cutty Sark · National Historic Ships UK
963.00
History
Built in 1869 by Scott & Linton at Dumbarton, for the original owner John Willis, CUTTY SARK is the sole surviving extreme clipper, designed to be very fast. She was one of the last tea clippers built, but as this trade was taken over by the steamers using the Suez Canal, she turned to general trading including transporting wool from Australia. It was during this time that she made her legendary fast voyages. In 1895 she was sold to a Portuguese company and renamed FERRIERA. She was re-rigged as a barquentine following a dismasting in 1916. Captain Dowman of Falmouth decided she should be preserved and in 1922 bought the ship and made her part of a floating nautical school he was operating. In 1938, his widow presented the ship to the Thames Nautical Training School at Greenhithe. They maintained the ship until 1952 when the Cutty Sark Preservation Society was formed under the leadership of Frank Carr, Director of the National Maritime Museum, and the patronage of HRH the Duke of Edinburgh. The ship was permanently installed in a stone dry-dock at Greenwich on the Thames, and fully restored to her appearance as an active sailing vessel. In the 1990s, structural problems were first identified in her hull and plans were put in motion for a full restoration. She was awarded a grant of £13 million by the Heritage Lottery Fund and, in November 2006, her rig was dismantled prior to work commencing. On 21 May 2007, a fire broke out onboard CUTTY SARK in the early hours of the morning and was later put out by the London Fire Brigade. The Cutty Sark Conservation Project is a £25 million scheme, not only to preserve the fabric of the ship, but also to ensure that she has a sustainable future. The vessel will be lifted and suspended three metres above her current position, allowing her visitors to walk, dine or dance under her and, for the first time, be able to properly appreciate her beautiful lines. A sophisticated glass 'bubble' meeting the ship at the waterline will give year-round protection to visitors in the dry berth and to the lower hull itself. These new works will be clearly distinguishable so that each visitor knows what is historic and what is not. A new interpretation scheme will be installed to give a more atmospheric, more dramatic sense of life and times of the ship.
This vessel is a survivor from the First World War. You can read more about her wartime history by visiting our First World War: Britain's Surviving Vessels website www.ww1britainssurvivingvessels.org.uk .
Significance
1. What is the vessel’s ability to demonstrate history in her physical fabric?
Evidence for designs, functions, techniques, processes, styles, customs and habits or uses and associations in relation to events and people. How early, intact or rare these features are may impact on significance.
CUTTY SARK has undergone numerous repairs during her lifetime, including conservation work in 1954-1957, and then, following a 1998 survey, a six-year project commencing in 2006. However, she retains the majority of her original wrought iron structure, which comprises 139 iron hull frames, deck beams, stringers, keel plate, box keelson, bilge keelson, side keelson, stanchions and the fore and aft collision bulkhead (openings have been made in the hull for access reasons) making her one of only two surviving composite vessels in the world.
The iron hull frames have survived intact with only a small area of loss behind the aft bulkhead. Significantly the original markers stamp of ‘monkland’ and rating of the quality of the wrought iron as ‘Glasgow best’ (the poorest quality iron) are evident. These frames have been preserved, using modern methods, in their current condition. With 70% of fixing holes wasted below the bilge strake, and 90% of fixing above the bilge strake still usable, the hull planks under the bilge strake have been re-attached to ‘sister frames’ which consisted of new steels inserted in-between the original frames, attached from the bilge strake down to the keel plate. Where frame fixings had wasted away, the original muntz bolts (60:40 copper zinc ratio) fixings remained in the timber planks. Approximately 87% of the vessel’s hull planks are original ‘as built’, being made of teak and rock elm. Fractured planks have been repaired using like-for-like materials before being laminated and treated with epoxy resin.
Her diagonal plates, fitted in pairs at an angle of 45 degrees from her bilge strake to sheer strake, have structurally deteriorated and have been over plated with new mild steel. The original rivets had to be removed to fix the new steels, but most of the original material remains intact. Similarly, 19% of butt plates to which the hull plank ends are attached have completely corroded and been replaced. The bilge strake has been over plated its entire port and starboard length. The floors have corroded substantially and have been treated with new steel support angles. The keel was originally constructed in rock elm, but was replaced circa 1921, with longleaf pine. The fore and aft deadwoods, stern and stem post are all made from teak, with repairs carried out in the same material. The rudder has been lost numerous times over her life and is currently made from teak.
The majority of the iron panelling in the counter and all the rivets have been replaced due to structural failure. A large proportion of the iron bulwarks and flare have been replaced. The topgallant pin rail and wooden bulwark panelling has all been restored with teak, keeping examples of rope marks from her working life. Almost all of the deck furniture, mooring bitts, mooring pipes fairleads, cleats, hawsepipe, cable compressors, eye plates, davits, the majority of the chain plates, deck and brace winches, bilge pump, bowsprit, steering gear, are from her working life. Her windlass, catsheads, heads, anchors, nameboards, billboard, gingerbread, sheathing and majority of her yards, jiboom, stuns’l booms and mast have been replaced since she has been in dry dock. All her concrete ballast has been removed.
Her main cargo hatch still has her Lloyd’s number and tonnage marks. Damage to the ship’s decks after the fire of 2007 meant that the main deck, monkey fo’csle, and poop deck have been newly constructed using modern technology, with a teak laminate on a marine ply base. During the project the 1920s ‘tween deck was removed and replaced with a traditionally constructed deck made from Douglas fir. The forward and aft deck houses were reconstructed in the 1950s, with restoration of the Birdseye maple and teak panelling in the saloon. The Portuguese alterations to the accommodation were left in during the 1950s restoration for ease of visitor flow. The ship has been re-rigged as a square rigged sailing ship, representing her days in the China tea trade. Her running rigging has been replaced with natural rope fibres. A number of adaptations have been made to the hull and decks to facilitate access and interpretation in her role as a museum ship.
2. What are the vessel’s associational links for which there is no physical evidence?
Associations with people or places. Off-ship research.
CUTTY SARK is the sole surviving example of an extreme clipper of the late nineteenth century tea trade. She was built in 1869 on the Clyde in Dumbarton for ship owner Jock ‘white hat’ Willis and has connections to Scottish literary heritage, being named after a witch’s attire in Robert Burns poem ‘Tam O’Shanter’. CUTTY SARK was designed by Hercules Linton and built by Scott & Linton - a relatively new firm, being only the sixth ship they had constructed.
CUTTY SARK was originally built for speed, bringing back the freshest tea from China, which helped to make the beverage popular in the British consciousness. Tea clippers would race to be the first vessel back in London and CUTTY SARK is remembered for a race with her rival, the THERMOPYLAE, in 1872, which saw her lose her rudder off the Cape of Good Hope, arriving home a week later. CUTTY SARK is also associated with the Australian wool trade and, under her famous master Captain Richard Woodget (Master 1885-1895), she had her most successful years setting a record passage of 73 days from Sydney to London. In 1889 she was spotted overhauling the P&O steamship BRITANNIA, noted in the BRITANNIA'S log simply as “sailing ship overhauled and passed us”! CUTTY SARK has clear international links, not only because of her history with the tea and wool trade, but also because of 25 years of operating under the Portuguese flag. In 1895, she was sold to the firm J. Ferreira & Co. and re-named FERREIRA, sailing to ports around the globe with a variety of cargoes, rigged, after 1916, as a barquentine.
Returning to the UK in 1922, CUTTY SARK was restored to her appearance as a tea clipper, she was opened to the public in Falmouth and served as a sail training vessel. In 1938, she was transferred to the Incorporated Thames Nautical Training College at Greenhithe. She participated in the festival of Britain in 1951, which year also marked the founding of the Cutty Sark Preservation Society by National Maritime Museum director Frank Carr, with HRH Duke of Edinburgh becoming patron (a role he remains active in). CUTTY SARK is now on permanent display, as a memorial to the men of the merchant navy who lost their lives in two world wars and is the only vessel in England to have been awarded Grade I listed status.
3. How does the vessel’s shape or form combine and contribute to her function?
Overall aesthetic impact of the vessel, her lines, material she was built from and her setting. Does she remain in her working environment?
CUTTY SARK‘s lines were influenced by past designs, notably the ‘Tweed’, another ship in the Willis fleet. He instructed designer Hercules Linton to build ‘into the midship, attributes of Firth of Forth fishing boats, creating a beautiful new hull shape that was stronger, could take more sail and be driven harder than any other’. She was designed in response to a need for fast ships to compete in the China tea trade and her 963 tonne hull, with its composite construction, gave her the necessary strength and speed to fulfil this demand.
CUTTY SARK has a sharp bow with fine lines, a large sail area and a relatively small cargo carrying capacity. She was built from high quality teak and rock elm attached to a wrought iron frame and her square rig carried 32,000 feet of canvas. Relative to her size, this was a greater sail area than that carried by any other clipper, achieving a top speed of 17.5 knots. CUTTY SARK was built to carry cargo and, on her first voyage, she returned with 1.3 million pounds of tea in her lower hold and ’tween deck, accessed by three cargo hatches for loading.
Her crew quarters originally consisted of senior officers in the Liverpool house, petty officers in the forward deck house, with bunks to accommodate 22 seamen in the foc’sle of the ship, with only one companion way for entry and exit. However, this was altered in 1872, adding the aft deckhouse on the main deck for the petty officers and apprentices, with the ABs and OS’s moved into the forward deckhouse, offering easier access for the able seamen.
Although no longer operational, CUTTY SARK has been displayed in an appropriate heritage setting since 1954, set in a purpose built dry berth in the world heritage site of maritime Greenwich, in the city she was registered in, with her bow overlooking the river she used to serve. For 50 years, she was held in position by wooden and steel dock shores along her hull, but this caused the hull to sag. In addition, the degeneration of her iron framework put her in danger of collapse. During the 2006-2012 conservation project, a decision was taken to lift her 3.3 metres above her original position, supported by a triangular steel cradle, thus taking the stress off the original structure. The ship was also enclosed below the waterline in a modernist glass structure protecting the lower hull from the elements.
Source: NHS-UK team, 5 August 2015.
This statement was developed as part of the Heritage Lottery funded First World War project. http://www.ww1britainssurvivingvessels.org.uk/
Previous names
Key dates
1869 Built by Scott & Linton of Dumbarton for London ship owner John Willis
1870-1877 Sailed mainly as a tea clipper, the first voyage took 98 days to Shanghai, returning with 1.3 million pounds of tea
1872 In the first and only race with THERMOPYLAE from Shanghai CUTTY SARK was 400 miles ahead in the Indian Ocean when she lost her rudder and the race
1877 Last tea cargo carried which ended the decade transporting jute from Manila to New York
1880-1882 Carried Welsh coal for the American fleet in Japan. First Mate killed a crew member and, in the ensuing mutiny, the Captain committed suicide His replacement was an alcoholic and when cholera gripped the crew a second mutiny ensued due to
1880-1883 Vessel used as a wool clipper and, in her first voyage, she made the passage from Newcastle NSW to London in 83 days beating her nearest rival by 25 days
1885 Sold to Portuguese company and renamed FERREIRA Carried general cargo between Lisbon and Brazil, East Africa and New Orleans
1895 Sold to Portuguese company and renamed FERREIRA Carried general cargo between Lisbon and Brazil, East Africa and New Orleans
1916 Dismasted in a gale off theCapeand due to the difficulty of replacing large spars in wartime, she was re-rigged as a barquentine
1921 Returned to London with a cargo of timber and word spread that she was for sale, but an offer was refused
1922 Forced into Falmouth for repairs where Captain Wilfred Dowman, owner of the Falmouth training ship, spotted her She returned to Lisbon and was sold to new owners who renamed her MARIO DO AMPORO, but later that year Captain Dowman bought he
1922-1938 Falmouthtraining ship for boys entering the Royal Navy and Mercantile Marine
1924 Restored to her former glory as a clipper
1938 Presented to the Incorporated Nautical Training College TSS WORCESTER and berthed alongside WORCESTER as part of the college at Greenhithe
1938-1953 Used as a Thames training ship
1951 Moored at Greenwich for the Festival of Britain
1953 Handed over to the Cutty Sark Preservation Society Received on their behalf by the Duke of Edinburgh
1954 Permanently installed in purpose built dock at Greenwich
1954-1957 Restored to 1870 condition and opened to the public by HM the Queen in 1957
1990 Structural problems were identified in her hull and plans were put in motion for a further full restoration
2006 Having been awarded a grant of £13 million by the Heritage Lottery Fund, her rig was dismantled prior to work commencing
2007 Fire broke out onboard and was put out by the London Fire Brigade
2008 The Heritage Lottery Fund increased its award to the vessel by £10 million
2012 April 25, Her Majesty The Queen, accompanied by His Royal Highness The Duke of Edinburgh, officially re-opened CUTTY SARK to the public
Bibliography
1941 Mariner's Mirror A Survey of the Cutty Sark in 1937
1952 Sea Breezes Preservation of the Cutty Sark
1954 Yachting World Cutty Sark - Last of the Clippers
1966 Royal Institute of Naval Architects 1965, The Restoration of Cutty Sark
1972 Ships Monthly Too much 'ship'
1972 Ships Monthly Lines of the Cutty Sark: New Reconstruction
1974 Mariner's Mirror Thermopylae v Cutty Sark - the 1872 official logs
1978 Old Ships, Boats and Maritime Museums - Sullivan, Dick
1993 International Register of Historic Ships - Brouwer, Norman J
1993 Sea Breezes Condition of the Cutty Sark causes concern
1997 Classic Boat Cutty Sark skills
2003 Classic Boat Cutty Sark trust needs 8m to 'stay afloat'
2004 Classic Boat Last Chance for Cutty Sark
2010 Classic Boat CB report: chief executive replies
2014 Cutty Sark: The Last of the Tea Clippers - Kentley, Eric
Grants
1996-97 The Heritage Lottery Fund awarded £160,000 for restoration
1996-97 The Heritage Lottery Fund awarded £96,432 for conservation plan
1998-9 The Heritage Lottery Fund awarded £198,000 for removal and restoration of the Mizzen mast
2004-5 The Heritage Lottery Fund awarded £50,000 for Phase One project planning
2004-5 The Heritage Lottery Fund awarded £25,001,000 for the Conservation Project
2007 A grant of £40,000 was given towards a technical skills apprenticeship by The Headley Trust
2008 HLF increased their award to the CUTTY SARK by £10 million. Source: Cutty Sark website, May 2008
If you are the owner of the vessel and would like to provide more details or updated information please contact [email protected]
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Lotus Air airlines is based in which African country? | Arab Aviation > Country Briefs > Egypt > Non Scheduled Carriers > Lotus Air
Offshore Operators
Lotus Air
Lotus Air a charter airline based in Cairo, Egypt, and one of the first private airlines in the Middle East and North Africa region to operate.
The airline was established in 1997 by Al-Fawares Holding Company and commenced operations in 1998, it's main businesses are charter operations, ad-hoc flights, ACMI (Aircraft, Crew, Maintenance, and Insurance) operation, wet lease, technical services, ground handling, and crew training.
Lotus Air hubs are located in the resort areas around Egypt mainly in Sharm El-Shikh, Hardugah, and Luxor.
Ownership: privately held by Al-Fawares Holding Company (Kuwait)
Executives: Adnan Al-Falah (General Manager).
Lotus Air fleet consists of the following aircraft:
3 x Airbus A320
| Egypt |
Texas Hold ‘Em is a variation of which card game? | Profile on Lotus Air | CAPA - Centre for Aviation
Business model
Charter
Lotus Air is a charter airline based at Cairo International Airport , Egypt . The airline commenced operations in 1998, and the airline's main businesses are charter operations, ad-hoc flights, ACMI operation, damp lease, technical services, ground handling and crew training . The airline also has operational bases at holidays destinations including Sharm El-Sheikh , Hardugah and Luxor . Lotus Air operates a fleet of A320 aircraft.
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CAPA Membership gives you the latest aviation news and alerts, access to CAPA articles, reports, and our leading aviation data with optional premium add-ons.
This content is exclusively for CAPA Membership Subscribers
CAPA Membership gives you the latest aviation news and alerts, access to CAPA articles, reports, and our leading aviation data with optional premium add-ons.
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With which athletics field event is Jan Zelezny associated? | What is the World Record of Athletics?
What is the World Record of Athletics?
Deciding the winner via the Mercier Scoring Tables
J. R. Mureika
Published: Athletics: Canada's National Track and Field / Running Magazine (April/May 2000)
Another century come and gone. Is it number 21 already?? What a century of Athletics it has been, too. Considering that the number of athletic records kept prior to 1900 is most likely miniscule, it seems appropriate to say that the 20th Century was the only century of Athletics so far.
These lists come a bit late in the game, what with the pre-2k innundation of "top" rankings, but nonetheless better late than never. As previously discussed, the Mercier Scoring Tables [1,2] are used as a statistical method of cross-event and gender-comparsion. So, it seems the natural thing to do is to compare the World Records, as they stood at the turn of the Clock, to determine who is the best Track and Field Athlete of all-time. That is, what is the World Record of Athletics?
Of course, before any number crunching is done, countless names spring to mind as to who might hold the crown. But, surprises are in store. Since the lists are not flawless, the statistical methodology not foolproof, but it's mostly an unbiased framework. We can only hope to trust these figures so far, but at the very least they'll provide some coffee-table discussions over the next little while.
Table 1 and Table 2 show the associated scores for the standing men's and women's World Records, as of January 2000. The listed events include only those officially recognized by the IAAF, although the Mile and 3000m are thrown in due to their strong presence in some key high performance competitions. Table 3 shows the overall rankings, from highest to lowest score. Ties are broken by considering the first decimal place (recall that scores are always rounded up, to ensure the maximum possible points are obtained). Surprisingly, all records considered are grouped between 988 and 1079 points, with an (unbiased) mean score of 1031, and a median of 1024. The standard deviation of the distribution is 26.04. The last three columns give the following information: the minimum performance required to achieve a ``maximum'' score of 1079, the mean performance (score of 1031), and the median performance (1024). The mean and median performances for men only are 1025.8 and 1022, while for women these values are respectively 1037.2 and 1037.5. This suggests that either the tables favor higher women's scores, or that women are generally better at their events than men!
Perhaps the most striking result of this comparison is the tie for top seed: the Women's Shot Put and the Heptathlon. Aparently, along with Natalya Lisovskaya, Jackie Joyner-Kersee really was the best athlete of all time! Performances commonly hailed as athletic feats of wonder (Florence Griffith-Joyner's and Michael Johnson's sprint dominating WRs, for example), rank not far behind, as does Mike Powell's long jump record: truly Beamonesque! Curiously, benchmarks such as MJ's 43.18s and Maurice Greene's (second-hand) 100m WR gain merely 1028 and 1015 points, respectively, with mean-score performances of 43.13s and 9.74s! In fact, note that for particular events, the mean/median performance are commensurate with the top world performances other than the WR (men's 200m, women's 100m and 200m, etc...).
The overall comparison also suggests certain weaknesses of the method, and help to indicate areas of improvement, either statistically (my problem) or athletically (theirs!). New events such as the women's Pole Vault may yet to have developed the performance rankings to make the scoring overly effective. The 110mH, men's marathon, women's Javelin, and women's Hammer Throw WRs are also curiously low-scoring. Granted, since the scoring tables are based on the weighted overall event rankings for the past 5 years, this may simply indicate a strength/weakness contrast in an event between consecutive years (i.e. some years may show stronger performances, and if these are weighted higher than others it can serve to skew the scoring).
It should be noted that the relay events (4x100m, 4x400m) are low, due to the fitting process. This is due to the fact that the 1st place rank for a particular year is assigned the equivalnent score as the 5th place avgerage for other events (due to the general lack of world-class relay performances in a given year). It could be arugued that since a relay is a team effort, the associated score should not be as high as for an individual event.
References:
[1] J. R. Mureika, D. Covington, and D. Mercier, "The 1999 Mercier Scoring Tables: A How-To Guide" (submitted to Athletics: Canada's National Track and Field / Running Magazine)
[2] J. R. Mureika, D. Covington, and D. Mercier, "The 1999 Mercier Scoring Tables", Official Athletics Canada release (in press)
| Javelin |
In the human body, which cavity at the upper end of the trachea contains the vocal cords? | Jan Zelezny
Jan Zelezny
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Jan Zelezny of the Czech Republic (C) is all smiles as he diplays his gold medal during the medal ceremony 23 September, 2000 at the Sydney Olympic Games after winning the men's Olympic javelin throw competition in Sydney 23 September 2000. Zelezny made history with his third consecutive Olympic gold medal with a 90.17m throw. Brit Steve Backley (R) won silver with 89.85m and Makarov of Russia won bronze with 88.67m. AFP PHOTO/Olivier MORIN
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The great javelin thrower Jan Zelezny picked up his third Olympic title in Sydney, and can also count a trio of world titles and the world record to his impressive list of honours during a fabulous career.
The robust Czech (1.85m/86kg) with the timid smile registered his first major victory in 1992, at the Olympic Games in Barcelona, and had Athens 2004 in sight and a potential fourth title.
However, despite throwing the third best mark of the year going into the Games, he finished modestly in ninth, well behind champion Andreas Thorkildsen of Norway.
He became a member or the athletes' commission of the IOC following Sydney but resigned in his efforts to be ready for the javelin event in Greece.
Now, with his career over, he has the opportunity to return to a position within the IOC and has also applied for the post of president of the Czech Olympic Committee.
His first Olympic win in 1992 Games was sweet revenge on the IAAF which had, a few weeks previously, refused to sanction his new world record because the javelin used was non-regulation.
His triumph in Catalonia was perhaps one of the most important in a long line of victories registered between 1991 and 2000: 98 in 125 competitions for the man who, on the field, had become practically untouchable.
After collecting a series of medals and titles, Zelezny reached the pinnacle of success on May 25, 1996 in Germany when he took the world record to an astounding 98.48m, a distance which incessantly provides amazement for his adversaries.
The euphoria from that record continued until the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta, where Zelezny collected his second consecutive gold. The following season in 1997 proved mediocre however, and he could only manage ninth place in the world championships at Athens.
Tired from the rigours of competition, Zelezny had trouble finding his Olympic form, and a right shoulder injury sustained during training in April 1998 only complicated matters.
But he used that adversity positively, avoiding the stadium for a season and spending time with his family, wife Marta and their two children, Katarina and Jan.
In 1999, shortly after his return to competition, he took bronze at the world championships in Seville and, in March 2000, once more threw beyond the 90-metre mark.
At Sydney, his hard work paid off again, as he out-distanced Britain's Steve Backley and Russian Sergei Makorov to win his third straight Olympic gold.
He won a bronze medal as late as 2006 at the European Championships though the 2001 world championship title was his last major achievement.
His motto of "work and sacrifice" served him well during what will go down as one of the finest sporting careers in track and field.
Jan Zelezny of the Czech Republic (C) is all smiles as he diplays his gold medal during the medal ceremony 23 September, 2000 at the Sydney Olympic Games after winning the men's Olympic javelin throw competition in Sydney 23 September 2000. Zelezny made history with his third consecutive Olympic gold medal with a 90.17m throw. Brit Steve Backley (R) won silver with 89.85m and Makarov of Russia won bronze with 88.67m. AFP PHOTO/Olivier MORIN
Jan Zelezny of the Czech Republic throws the javelin during the final of the men's Olympic javelin throw competition in Sydney 23 September 2000. Zelezny made history with his third consecutive Olympic gold medal with a 90.17m throw. AFP PHOTO/Eric FEFERBERG
Jan Zelezny of the Czech Republic prepares to throw his javelin in the men's javelin final at the 8th World Championships in Athletics 12 August 2001 in Commonwealth Stadium in Edmonton, Canada. Zelezny won the gold medal in the event for a throw of 92.80. AFP PHOTO/Don EMMERT
Czech Jan Zelezny competes during the Men's javelin qualifying round at the 19th European Athletics Championships in Gothenburg, Sweden, 07 August 2006. AFP PHOTO / ADRIAN DENNIS
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The Greek island of Lemnos lies in which sea? | Visit Greece | Limnos
The island of Hephaestus
Serenely floating in the north of the Aegean Sea , Limnos (also spelt Lemnos) is a destination for a peaceful holiday in close contact with nature. Sheltered gulfs, extensive beaches and landscapes of volcanic rocks, alternate with small hills and traditional villages of stone houses. The volcanic island of Hephaestus, god of fire, lends its fertility to fruitful plains, which the locals make the best of by producing goods of unique taste and excellent quality. Among them, the renowned Muscat of Limnos, a Designation of Origin of Superior Quality sweet white wine with golden colour, rich aroma and full taste, and the cheese “kalathaki” (=little basket) a kind of white cheese that is left to dry and mature in small straw baskets, as well as its delicious yellowish version called “melíchloro” (meaning soft cheese of honey colour). The tasteful thyme honey and the fresh fish are also some of the great gifts of nature to the lucky island.
The history of Limnos is lost in the mists of time. According to mythology, Hephaestus had his forge on the island and taught its first residents, the Sinties, the art of processing copper. The Island flourished during the prehistoric times. In 512BC it was conquered by the Persians, but it regained its liberty after the end of the Persian Wars. Since then, it had been subjugated consecutively by the Romans, the Venetians and the Turks, until its definitive liberation in 1912 during the 1st Balkan War.
Capital of the island is Mýrina, a town beautiful for its traditional paved alleys, its old stone mansions, its promenade by the sea, and last but not least for its Byzantine Castle. The impressive castle that overlooks the town lies on a rocky and steep peninsula, on the hillside of which small deer roam free.
Touring around the island is as much an enviable experience as choosing only some of its beauties to write about is a nasty task. Still, a visit to Limnos is not complete without having been to:
• The Petrified Forest near the town of Moudros, where one has the chance to see fossilised trunks, leaves, fruit and palm-tree roots aged 20-22 million years.
• The prehistoric settlement of Poliochni which is thought to be the oldest Neolithic city in Europe. Actually, a rectangular building with a double row of stepped seats that had been found on the site resembles a parliamentary architectural structure; that’s why it is presumed to be the oldest parliament discovered in the world!
• The archaeological site of Hephaestia, the prehistoric capital of the Pelasgians, whose glory days lasted well over 2000 years (1000BC to 1200AD). Admire the ruins of a complex of a city built and rebuilt in 10 layers, including palaces, baths, Christian churches, a Hellenistic-Roman theatre, a necropolis, and a sanctuary dedicated to the great goddess Lemnos.
• The two small lakes Alyki and Chortarolimni which constitute wetland habitats, refuge and breeding places for rare and endangered bird species.
• The ideal for skin conditions and urinary system problems thermal springs of Hephaestus, at only 4km from Mýrina.
• The waterfalls near the village of Káspakas, where the waters rush off a height of 15m to create an appealing natural site dotted with small plateaus and tiny ponds.
• The village of Kontiás, one of the biggest and most beautiful ones, which is built on a pine-clad hill and is decorated by traditional stone houses, deserted windmills, and the picturesque church off Ághios Dimitrios with the stone bell tower.
• The gorgeous sandy beaches of the islands, which range from peaceful, remote, romantic to busy and well-organised ones. Especially the water sports lovers will go crazy for the beaches of Thanos, Gomati (treat yourself with the pleasure of rolling on the sand dunes there) and Keros, with the last one being a well-known centre for aquatic pleasures and sports activities. Nevertheless, the repeaters of the island and the locals would answer Platý or Chavoúli should they be asked to choose a beach to appear on a postal card from Limnos.
Getting to Limnos:
By plane: The international airport of the island is regularly connected to Athens , Thessaloniki and Mytilini too.
By boat: Connection with the islands of Ághios Efstratios, Lesvos and Samothrace (in the summertime only) and with the mainland to the ports of Piraeus and Lávrio (Athens area) Thessaloniki and Kavála.
| Aegean Sea |
Who was the father of British monarch King Edward VI? | Lesbos | island, Greece | Britannica.com
island, Greece
Alternative Titles: Lesbos, Lésvos, Mitilíni
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island
Lésbos, also spelled Lésvos, also called Mitilíni, largest island after Crete (Modern Greek: Kríti) and Euboea (Évvoia) in the Aegean Sea , forming with Lemnos (Límnos) and Áyios Evstrátios islands the nomós (department) of Lésbos, Greece . The capital of the nomós is Mytilene ( Mitilíni ), chief town of the 629.5-square-mile (1,630.5-square-km) island and seat of a Greek Orthodox bishop. Sometimes grouped with the Greek Southern Sporades , Lésbos (the name is pre-Hellenic) was among the earlier sites of Aegean settlement. Lésbos is separated from the Asia Minor coast, to which it is geologically related, by two shallow channels ranging from 6 to 14 miles (10 to 23 km) wide, the Muselim (north) and the Mitil-ini (east), which join at the apex of the triangular island, forming the entrance to the Turkish Gulf of Edremit.
Lesbos island, Greece.
Henryk Kotowski
The irregular coast of Lésbos is penetrated by two narrow-mouthed bays, Géras (southeast) and the Gulf of Kallonís (southwest). The island is largely volcanic in the west, and numerous thermal springs indicate the unstable subterranean structure that has caused severe earthquakes throughout history. The principal peak, Mount Lepethymnus (Áyios Ilías), reaches 3,176 feet (968 m). The original vegetation is well preserved west of the town of Kalloní. The major population centre is around Mytilene on the southeast coast.
Mytilene, the port, was built on an island and later connected to Lésbos by a causeway, forming the two harbours. Lésbos took its name “Pentapolis” from the five cities of Mytilene, Methymna, Antissa, Eresus, and Pyrrha. (Another important city was Arisba, northwest of Kalloní, which was destroyed by an earthquake in the 5th century bce.) Pyrra, which lies in a small valley off the Gulf of Kallonís, suffered from an earthquake about 231 bce. Antissa, on the northwestern coast just north of the present Ándissa, was destroyed by the Romans in 168 bce. Eresus, on the southwest coast, is the birthplace of the 7th-century-bce poet Sappho and the 4th–3rd-century-bce philosopher Theophrastus , Aristotle’s successor. Methymna, on the north coast, has given its pre-Greek name to a town and artists’ colony (formerly Mólivos). Activities long attributed (if not proven) to Sappho and her circle gave the name of her island to female homosexuality , lesbianism.
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Majorca
Lésbos, near the mouth of the Hellespont trade routes (modern Dardanelles), long has had strategic and commercial importance. In 1929–33 the British School excavated Thérmi, north of Mytilene, and Antissa, both important early Bronze Age (c. 3000–2750 bce) towns. Thérmi apparently was settled by Troas, judging from its Troy I-like black pottery. Cycladic influences predominated in Lésbos until 2000 bce, when the island was depopulated.
About 1050 Aetolians migrating to Lésbos made it their chief settlement and Mytilene their capital. The island prospered after Pittacus (c. 650–570) ended civil strife as aisymnētēs (“dictator”). The lyric poetry of Greece owed much to the 7th-century Lésbos-born musician Terpander and the dithyrambist Arion as well as Alcaeus and Sappho.
After a protracted struggle with Athens for Sigeum on the Hellespont (Dardanelles) and a naval defeat, Lésbos in 527 submitted to Persia, being freed only in 479 with the defeat of Persian naval forces. Lésbos then joined the Delian League under Athenian leadership. Early in the Peloponnesian War (431–404 bce), the Mytilene oligarchy forced a revolt that ended (428–27) with Athenian reprisals. Thereafter, Lésbos was repeatedly attacked by the Peloponnesians, falling to Sparta in 405. In 389 Thrasybulus recovered most of the island for Athens; in 377 it joined the Second Athenian League but in 333 served as a base for the Persian admiral Memnon against Alexander the Great of Macedonia and subsequently for other invaders until the Roman Pompey made Mytilene a free city.
World Tour
As a Byzantine dominion the island flourished; in 809 ce the empress Irene was exiled there. In 821, 881, and 1055, it swayed before Saracen attacks and fell in 1091 to the Seljuq Turks. In 1224 the Byzantine emperors recovered it and in 1354 gave it to a Genoese trading family. After a prosperous century, it came under Turkish domination (1462–1912) and then joined the Greek kingdom (1913).
Britannica Stories
Lésbos - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)
Lesbos is a Greek island in the Aegean Sea off the coast of Asia Minor. With an area of about 630 square miles (1,630 square kilometers), it is the third largest island in the Aegean (with only Crete and Euboea being larger). Lesbos was an important naval and colonizing power in the early history of Greece and was famed for its poets in the 7th century BC. The island’s name is also spelled Lesvos, and it is sometimes called Mitilini. With two other islands, it forms the department of Lesbos, an administrative unit of Greece.
Article History
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Tatiana Day is celebrated in January in which country? | Tatiana Day in Ukraine
Home Calendar Holidays Ukraine Tatiana Day
Tatiana Day in Ukraine
Saint Tatyana Day, or St Tatiana Day, is observed across Ukraine on January 25 each year. It is also known as Students’ Day.
A church dedicated to St Tatiana
A church dedicated to St Tatiana, a Christian martyr who was beheaded in Rome in the 3rd century.
©iStockphoto.com/Mamchenko
What Do People Do?
Many students and churches in Ukraine celebrate Tatiana Day. Some clubs and groups at universities and other educational institutions hold events such as balls, dinners, and coffee mornings.
Public Life
Tatiana Day is an observance and not an official public holiday in Ukraine.
Background
Tatiana Day dates back to the beheading of St Tatiana, a Christian martyr who lived in Rome in the 3rd century. Her name day in the church calendar is on January 12. Many Orthodox Christian churches in Ukraine celebrate Tatiana Day according to the Julian calendar , which differs from the more commonly used Gregorian calendar . The Julian calendar date of St Tatiana’s Day falls on January 25 in the Gregorian calendar.
The Students’ Day concept originated from when Russian empress Elizabeth Petrovna signed a decree establishing Moscow State University on January 25, 1755. This event coincided with St Tatiana’s day. A church dedicated to the saint was later built at the university. The holiday has expanded beyond Moscow State University and is celebrated in many places that were part of the former Soviet Union, including Ukraine. Many people also celebrate Students’ Day on November 17, as it marks the day when the World Congress of Students established International Students’ Day in 1946.
Symbols
Images that represent the likeness of St Tatiana are seen in churches and other places in Ukraine on Tatiana Day.
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Which British comedian created the character Dennis Pennis? | Tatiana day (day students) celebrating in 2017 at 25 january - Russian holidays
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4 из 5 на основе 14 оценок.
Tatiana's day — the day of worship Tatiana Roman. After the 1755 Empress Elizabeth signed a decree on the opening of the Moscow University, it ’s Tatiana's day" was first celebrated as the birthday of the University, and later as a celebration of all students.
the History of the holiday
12 January (Julian calendar) 1755 — the commemoration day of the Holy Martyr Barbara and on the day of the birthday of the mother of Ivan Shuvalov — Russian Empress Elizabeth had approved the petition Shuvalov and signed a decree on the opening of the Moscow University, which later became the center of Russian advanced culture and social thought.
Subsequently, in one wing of the old building of the University was established a house Church of the Holy Martyr Tatiana, and she declared Holy patroness of all Russian students.
In memory of the day of the signing of the decree each year the University celebrated Tatiana's Day (12 January according to the Julian calendar, the Gregorian calendar in the XX—XXI centuries — January 25).
2005 January 25, celebrated in Russia as the Day of Russian students
Generated Image source: https://images.google.ru/ (website)
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Which famous race horse, and British Grand National winner, died on 18th October 1995? | The most famous racehorses in history | betHQ
Home / Blog / The most famous racehorses in history
The most famous racehorses in history
By Captain Thomsen on 21 Jul 2015
It has been over three hundred years since thoroughbred horses were introduced to the West from the Middle East, revolutionising the sport of horseracing. Yet of the tens of thousands of horses that have been bred and raced across the world in this time, only a handful are counted among the most famous racehorses in history.
Eclipse
via CTG Publishing
1764-1789
Eclipse was arguably the greatest racehorse of the 18th century, racing in an era when the sport held little resemblance to modern horseracing. Eclipse won every race of his 18-race career, running distances of between 2 and 4 miles. His dominance was so marked that it led to the coining of the phrase "the rest were nowhere" in relation to decisive victories. His exploits are remembered to this day and the Group 1 Eclipse Stakes, France's Prix Eclipse and the US Eclipse Horse Racing Awards, are named in his honour.
West Australian
via Rehs Galleries
1850-1870
West Australian's career didn't have an auspicious start - he lost the first race of his career. However, this unremarkable juvenile turned into a champion, reserving his finest performances for his season as a three-year-old. In 1853, West Australian became the first racehorse in history to claim the UK Triple Crown, winning the 2,000 Guineas, Epsom Derby and St. Leger Stakes. As a four-year-old, he also claimed the Ascot Gold Cup.
Flying Fox
via Farsettiarte
1896-1911
Flying Fox was one of the most celebrated racehorses of the Victorian era. He was notorious for his poor temperament and, as a result, was raced for just two years. During this time he dominated his opponents. As a three-year-old, he went unbeaten, claiming the Triple Crown along with the Eclipse Stakes and Princess of Wales's Stakes. Flying Fox went on to become an important sire, with descendants including the US Triple Crown champion, Coaltown.
Man O' War
via Venture Galleries
1917-1947
Man O' War battered his way into the history books with some of the most powerful performances in the history of American racing. He won nine of his ten races as a juvenile, and went on to draw national attention by destroying the field in some of the country's most popular races. His feats included winning the Belmont Stakes by 20 lengths and the Kenilworth Park Gold Cup by an astonishing 100 lengths. Towards the end of his career, it became increasingly difficult to find trainers willing to pit their horses against him, and he was retired in 1920 after receiving the Horse of the Year Award. Today many racing experts consider Man O'War to be the finest racehorse of all time.
Phar Lap
via The ABC
1926-1932
Phar Lap was the first racehorse to put Australasian horse racing on the map. Foaled in New Zealand, he spent the majority of his career racing in Australia, where he won a selection of the country's most prestigious races, including the Melbourne Cup, Victoria Derby and Cox Plate. He was famous for his imposing physique, standing 17 hands tall and powered by a heart that weighed almost twice that of the average racehorse. His career had a tragic end - Phar Lap died of a suspected arsenic poisoning shortly after beating a selection of America's most highly rated racehorses in the Agua Caliente Handicap in Mexico.
Seabiscuit
via Wikipedia
1933-1947
Seabiscuit's rag to riches story is the stuff of legend. A descendent of the famous Man O' War, he appeared to have inherited none of his grandsire's fire or passion when he began his racing career. In fact he lost his first 17 races, finishing most of these at the back of the field. He was eventually sold off to trainer, Tom Smith, who recognized the horse's potential and used his innovative training techniques to turn him into the most dominant handicap racehorse in the United States. The defining moment of Seabiscuit's career was his match race against Triple Crown winner, War Admiral. Watched by 40,000 race goers, Seabiscuit defeated the ¼ favourite by four lengths and was rewarded with the US Horse of the Year Award for his heroism in the race.
Arkle
via Style Reins
1957-1970
No racehorse has captured the imagination of the Irish public in quite the way Arkle did. Known for his versatility, he won races over a variety of distances and ground conditions, taking the Cheltenham Gold Cup three years in succession, the Hennessy Gold Cup twice, the King George V Chase and the Punchestown Gold Cup. His incredible stamina was highlighted at the Irish Grand National, where he won Ireland's most gruelling handicap chase despite carrying two and half stone more than any other horse in the field. At his peak, Arkle carried a Timeform rating of 212, the highest Timeform rating that has ever been awarded to a steeplechaser.
Sea-Bird
via Albatroz Bloodstock
1962-1972
In recent years a couple of French Group 1 races have become important proving grounds for top rated British thoroughbred talent. However, prior to the 1960s races across the pond rarely captured the attention of the British racing public. This changed in 1965 when Sea-Bird won two French Group one races in a row and then crossed the Channel to win the Epsom Derby. Sea-Bird went on to win another two Group 1 races later that season, including a famous win in the Prix de l’Arc de Triomph, where he put away a field including the winners of the Irish Derby, Preakness Stakes and French Derby by six lengths.
Red Rum
© ColorSport
1965-1995
If Seabiscuit's heroism stole the hearts of Americans during the depression era, Red Rum did the same during the darkest days of the 1970s recession in the UK. Born with an incurable and debilitating bone disease, and bred to compete over just a mile, Red Rum achieved the unlikely feat of winning the Grand National three times in five years. Not only that, but he finished as runner-up in the 4 mile, 4 furlong handicap on the two occasions he failed to win the race. The most famous of Red Rum's victories was in the 1977 Grand National, where he became the only horse in history to win back the Grand National title. Red Rum completed his national hunt career without sustaining a single fall, and lived until the ripe old age of 30.
Nijinsky
via StanJames
1967-1992
Nine horses won the English Triple Crown between 1953 and 1900, and another five managed the feat over the next four decades. However, the supply of champion racehorses then dried up. It was only in 1969 that a horse again demonstrated the sort of talent and versatility required to win the Triple Crown. In his two-year-old season, Nijinsky went unbeaten, winning four consecutive races at the Curragh before moving onto England, where he claimed the Dewhurst Stakes. The following season, he put in a series of commanding performances, winning the 2,000 Guineas and both the Epsom Derby and Irish Derby. He also claimed the King George VI & Queen Elizabeth Stakes and the St. Leger Stakes, which he won by a length to become the first and last Triple Crown winner since 1935.
Secretariat
via Sos Curioso
1970-1989
That Secretariat was destined for great things was apparent in his season as a juvenile, during which he thoroughly dominated his rival two-year-olds. He became the first juvenile in history to win the Horse of the Year Award. However, it was his performances in the US Triple Crown races that would etch his place in the history books. Starting from last place, Secretariat became the first horse to win the Kentucky Derby in under 2 minutes. At the Preakness Stakes, he produced another powerful performance, not only winning the race but setting an unbeaten track record. He then topped both those performances by winning the Belmont Stakes, and with it the Triple Crown. Racing against a field of just four racehorses, Secretariat beat the field by a stunning 31 lengths. In doing so, he set the fastest time in history for a 1 mile 4 furlong race on a dirt track.
Makybe Diva
© AP Photo/Mark Baker
1999-present
Billed as the "race that stops a nation", the Melbourne Cup is Australia's toughest and most prestigious horse race. It's this race that set the scene for the sensational achievements of one of the greatest mares in the history of horseracing. Unlike other champion mares who achieved their biggest victories against all-female fields, Makybe Diva outclassed some of the world's leading colts. She succeeded in winning a record-breaking three Melbourne Cup titles. She also claimed a host of other major race titles, including the Cox Plate and Sydney Cup. Makybe Diva finished her career as the highest earning racehorse in Australian history.
Sea The Stars
© SJ Parrott
2006-present
Few would have suspected that Sea The Stars would set the racing world alight when he finished the first race of his career in fourth place back in 2008. However, that was the last time that Sea The Stars would lose a race. He won his next two races as a juvenile before producing arguably the finest season by a three-year-old middle-distance racehorse in British racing history. After winning the 2009 2,000 Guineas, he claimed the Epsom Derby, following that up with wins in the Group 1 Eclipse Stakes, International Stakes and Irish Champion Stakes. In the last race of his career, Sea The Stars beat a world-class field to claim the Prix de l'Arc de Triomph, becoming the first horse in history to claim the Guineas, Derby and Prix de l'Arc de Triomph treble.
Zenyatta
© AP Photo/Morry Gash
2006-present
It is unlikely that another mare will ever match the achievements of American champion, Zenyatta. In a career that spanned four seasons and 20 races, she suffered just one defeat. Her greatest achievement came at the 2009 Breeders' Cup meeting, where she defeated a Breeders' Cup Classic field that included that year's Kentucky Derby and Belmont Stakes winners, as well as two European Group 1 winners. In doing so she became the first mare to win the Breeders' Cup Classic and the first horse to win two different races at the Breeders' Cup. Ironically, the only defeat of her career was suffered in the same race the following year, when she failed to retain the Breeders' Cup Classic title by a margin of just inches.
Frankel
© AP Photo
2008-present
Frankel is considered by pundits to be the greatest racehorse in the history of British thoroughbred racing. During a career that spanned fourteen races, Frankel was never beaten. His accomplishments included eleven Group 1 wins, including the 2,000 Guineas. The only thing that restricted Frankel’s achievements was his specialisation as a miler, which prevented him from attempting a Triple Crown by competing in either the Epsom Derby or the St. Leger Stakes. Nevertheless he proved to be handy over longer distances later in his career, taking the 1 mile 2 furlong Champion Stakes and International Stakes as a 4-year-old.
American Pharoah
© AP Photo/Mark Humphrey
2012-present
37 years had passed since a racehorse had last won the American Triple Crown when a field of 18 lined up for the 2015 Kentucky Derby. That race turned out be a hard-fought affair, with the temperamental favourite, American Pharoah, winning by just a length. It was not until he won the 2015 Preakness Stakes by five lengths on a wet track that it became apparent that American Pharoah might make history. At the Belmont Stakes American Pharoah was the only horse in the field to have competed in all three Triple Crown races, yet beat the field comprehensively, taking the race by five and a half lengths. American Pharoah would suffer an unexpected defeat in the Travers Stakes before consolidating his place as one of the all-time greats. At the 2015 Breeders Cup American Pharoah became the first ‘Grand Slam’ champion in racing history as he beat a world class field to add the Breeders’ Cup Classic title to his Triple Crown.
If you've enjoyed this post you might also be interested in our post on the:
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Shakespeare was said to have coined the phrase ‘One fell swoop’ in which of his plays? | 1000+ images about Red Rum on Pinterest | Trainers, Horse racing and Sands
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Red Rum on the beach with his trainer Ginger McCain. Red Rum won an unmatched 3 Grand Nationals in 1973,1974 and 1977. He finished second in 1975 and 1976. He ran 100 races in total and never fell. Red Rum's 1973 comeback victory from 30 lengths behind is often considered one of the greatest Grand Nationals in history.
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Radial, Crossply, and Run-flat are all types of what? | Get A Grip On Tire Selection - Radial or Cross-ply Tires? • Mick's Blog
By Mick Farmer
When I first came to Uganda, the choice of tyres was limited to either Firestone Translug or Firestone Translug! So, you were forced into a situation of having to pay over the odds for tyres that were, many times, unsuitable for the work that was expected of them. I was working for a project that was primarily operating in Southern Sudan, where the roads were poor, to say the least.
This particular Firestone model, being a cross-ply (bias-ply) tyre was suited for the harsh demands of that environment.
Cross-ply Tires
Except for the generally low price, that is the only major advantage of a cross-ply / bias-ply tyre. The disadvantages include a strong and rigid sidewall. This causes the tyre to overheat when used on a sealed road surface and therefore, wear out quickly.
When driven above 80 KPH cross-ply tyres will cause a vehicle to become unstable; this is because the tyres are trying to follow the natural lines of the road. Also, there is a risk of them exploding due to sever overheating. Most vehicle manufacturers advise against fitting cross-ply / bias-ply tyres unless the vehicle is being used in an extremely harsh environment where sidewall strength is crucial.
Radial Tires
When Michelin invented the radial tyre it was hailed, and rightly so, as the biggest contributor to road safety of the last century. The radial has a substantial list of advantages, which include a flexible sidewall that gives good vehicle stability and its ability to maintain maximum contact patch with the road surface when cornering.
Because of the inherent flexibility of the tyre, it doesn’t tend to overheat and therefore, lasts longer. BUT remember that each tyre type has a maximum speed rating that should not be exceeded!
The disadvantages are; one, the relatively weak and, therefore, vulnerable sidewall and; two, the initial price. With regard to the latter, if you take into consideration that the tyre lasts longer if maintained correctly, you will actually save money in the long run and be safer on the road to boot. A win-win situation if ever there was one!
On then to the vast, sometimes baffling selection of tyres now available to us in Uganda and what to choose. You have to examine the type of work that your vehicle is going to do and what type of road surface / environment that the vehicle is going to be used on / in the majority of time. You should then pick a tyre to suit that environment.
All Terrain Tires
The all-terrain tyre has become very popular but you have to remember that this is a “jack of all trades and master of none” tyre. Whereas it’s overall performance is satisfactory, when it comes to the crunch it cannot compete with the specialist.
| Tire |
What is the parasitic insect with the Latin name Pediculus humanus capitas better known as? | Car Bibles : The Wheel and Tyre Bible
Dieselgate continues with Jeep
I'm not sure why this took so long to come out - I wrote about Jeep's diesel cheating problem on October 19th 2015 - 15 months ago. But sure enough, it's finally come to light this week that yes - Jeep have the problem too.
So now we're just waiting for the other ten to be named : Mazda, Honda, Mitsubishi, Mercedes Benz, Renault, Nissan, Hyundai, Citroen, Fiat and Volvo.
I'm honestly not sure why it's taking so long. Emission Analytics proved the diesel vehicles from all those manufacturers emitted way higher NOx levels than stated, which means in order to pass any sort of smog or emissions test, they must have some sort of defeat code or device in them.
I suppose that now Trump is in charge, and now the EPA is going to be run by climate-denier Scott Pruitt, those other ten manufacturers will probably be let off the hook.
The wheel and tyre Bible - everything you need to know about how to read your tyres (tires) and wheels with more info on rim sizes, tread depth and wear, aquaplaning, wheel balancing, aftermarket wheels, alloys, TPMS tire pressure monitoring systems and much more.
The Wheel & Tyre Bible
Are you confused by your car tyres, or if you're American, your tires? Don't know your rolling radius from your radial? Then take a good long look through this page where I hope to be able to shift some of the mystery from it all for you. At the very least, you'll be able to sound like you know what you're talking about the next time you go to get some new tyres.
How to read your tyre markings
This is probably the number one question I get asked - "how do I read my tyre markings?". It's confusing isn't it? All numbers, letters, symbols, mysterious codes. Actually, most of that information in a tyre marking is surplus to what you need to know. So here's the important stuff:
How to read your tire markings
Key
North American Dept of Transport compliance symbols and identification numbers.
H
Country of manufacture.
As well as all that, you might also find the following embossed in the rubber tyre marking:
The temperature rating - an indicator of how well the tyre withstands heat buildup. "A" is the highest rating; "C" is the lowest.
The traction rating - an indicator of how well the tyre is capable of stopping on wet pavement. "AA" is the highest rating; "C" is the lowest.
The tread-wear rating - a comparative rating for the useful life of the tyre's tread. A tyre with a tread-wear rating of 200, for example, could be expected to last twice as long as one with a rating of 100. Tread-wear grades typically range between 60 and 600 in 20-point increments. It is important to consider that this is a relative indicator, and the actual life of a tyre's tread will be affected by quality of road surfaces, type of driving, correct tyre inflation, proper wheel alignment and other variable factors. In other words, don't think that a tread-wear rating of 100 means a 30,000 mile tyre.
Encoded in the US DOT information (G in the tyre marking above) is a two-letter code that identifies in detail where the tyre was manufactured. In other words, what factory and in some cases, what city it was manufactured in. It's the first two letters after the 'DOT' - in this case "FA" denoting Yokohama.
This two-letter identifier is worth knowing in case you see a tyre recall on the evening news where they tell you a certain factory is recalling tyres. Armed with the two-letter identifier list, you can figure out if you are affected. It's a nauseatingly long list, and I've not put it on this page. But if you click here it will popup a separate window with just those codes in it.
Another useful resource, which I discovered by myself is CARiD.com. Huge selection of tires, plenty of useful videos and articles and the most accurate wheel & tire fitment database in the industry: http://www.carid.com/tires.html You just select the year, make and model of your vehicle, choose the right diameter, offset, backspacing, and bolt pattern and wait for your new set of tires to arrive!
Additional markings
In addition to all of the above, here is a comprehensive list of other markings you can find on your sidewall.
This section is hidden by default because it takes up a lot of space on the page.
the additional markings section.
SSR: Continental Self Supporting Runflat
ZP: Michelin Zero Pressure
OE Manufacturer Letters
In the same way that Porsche specifies N-rated tyres (see later), there's even more markings on the sidewall of a tyre that can denote tyres fitted as original equipment (OE) to various makes of vehicle. In some cases, the 'preferred' OE tyres are slightly different than the same-named tyres without the OE specification. For example on some Honda SUVs, the tyres that are stamped with 'DZ' have a lower rolling resistance tread pattern than those that aren't. In true "Keeping the customer confused" fashion, you'll notice that (F) is not the same as (f). Go (f)igure. The following table shows all the letters assigned to OE tyres for various manufacturers.
This section is hidden by default because it takes up a lot of space on the page.
the OE manufacturer letters section.
Code
Mazda / Toyota
DOT Codes and the 6-year shelf life
As part of the DOT code (G in the tyre marking above), there is a tyre manufacture date stamped on the sidewall. Oddly this code is sometimes only one one sidewall so you might need to get under your car and look at the inward-facing side of the tyre. Take a look at yours - there will be a three- or four-digit code. This code denotes when the tyre was manufactured, and as a rule-of-thumb, you should never use tyres more than 6 years old. The rubber in tyres degrades over time, irrespective of whether the tyre is being used or not. When you get a tyre change, if you can, see if the tyre place will allow you to inspect the new tyres first. It's not uncommon for these shops to have stuff in stock which is more than 6 years old. The tyre might look brand new, but it will delaminate or have some other failure within weeks of being put on a vehicle.
Reading the code. The code is pretty simple. The three-digit code was used for tyres manufactured before 2000. So for example 1 7 6 means it was manufactured in the 17th week of 6th year of the decade. In this case it means 1986. For tyres manufactured in the 90's, the same code holds true but there is a little triangle after the DOT code. So for this example, a tyre manufactured in the 17th week of 1996 would have the code 176
After 2000, the code was switched to a 4-digit code. Same rules apply, so for example 3 0 0 3 means the tyre was manufactured in the 30th week of 2003.
DOT tire code
Check your spare
I had a reader email me about the age code and he pointed out that it's wise to check your spare tyre too. In his case, he had an older vehicle but his running tyres were all nice and fresh. It was his spare that was the problem - it had a date code on it of 081
meaning it was manufactured in the 8th week of 1991. At the time of writing, that was a 16 year old tyre. So you've been warned - if you're driving an older car, check the date code of your spare. If you get a flat and your spare is gently corroding in the boot (or trunk), it won't do you much good at all.
DOT Age Code Calculator
The calculation built in to this page is up-to-date based on today's date. If the DOT age code on your tyres is older than this code, change your tyres.
DOT AGE CODE:
Interesting note : in June 2005, Ford and GM admitted that tyres older than 6 years posed a hazard and from their 2006 model year onwards, started printing warnings to this effect in their drivers handbooks for all their vehicles.
Take the age code seriously : a tale of caution
A reader contacted me in 2010 with a tale of caution regarding the manufacturing age code on old tyres.
In August 2010, I bought a classic 1976 Mercedes with only 30,000 miles on it. The seller (who was only the second owner) warned me that he thought that the Michelin XVS tyres were pretty old (the spare was unused). I was aware of the dangers of old tyres from reading your tyre bible, but it was a Sunday and the tyres are an unusual size (205/70R14) and were not readily available. I thought that I'd risk the trip back home (250 miles), but that I'd need to get new tyres ASAP. Unfortunately, one of the tyres didn't last that long, and failed at 70 MPH (see photo, note my skidmarks). It turned out that the tyres were date-stamped from week 30, 1986(!), so the advice about old tyres is indeed true!
For the record, I ordered new tyres and had the minor body damage repaired, and all is well with the car now. Stephen W, Dublin, Ireland.
The E-Mark
Item F in the tyre marking diagram above is the E-mark. All tyres sold in Europe after July 1997 must carry an E-mark. The mark itself is either an upper or lower case "E" followed by a number in a circle or rectangle, followed by a further number.
An "E" (upper case) indicates that the tyre is certified to comply with the dimensional, performance and marking requirements of ECE regulation 30.
An "e" (lower case) indicates that the tyre is certified to comply with the dimensional, performance and marking requirements of Directive 92/33/EEC.
The number in the circle or rectangle denotes the country code of the government that granted the type approval. 11 is the UK. The last number outside the circle or rectangle is the number of the type approval certificate issued for that particular tyre size and type.
Tyre size notations
Okay, so you look at your car and discover that it is shod with a nice, but worn set of 185-65HR13's (from the tyre marking). Any tyre mechanic will tell you that he can replace them, and he will. You'll cough up and drive away safe in the knowledge that he's just put some more rubber on each corner of the car that has the same shamanic symbols on it as those he took off. So what does it all mean?
tire size markings
This is the width in mm of the tyre from sidewall to sidewall when it's unstressed and you're looking at it head on (or top-down). This is known as the section width.
This is the ratio of the height of the tyre sidewall, (section height), expressed as a percentage of the width. It is known as the aspect ratio. In this case, 65% of 185mm is 120.25mm - the section height.
This is the speed rating of the tyre.
This tells you that the tyre is a radial construction. Check out tyre construction if you want to know what that means.
This is the diameter in inches of the rim of the wheel that the tyre has been designed to fit on. Don't ask me why tyre sizes mix imperial and metric measurements. They just do. Okay?
More recently, there has been a move (especially in Europe) to adjust tyre designations to conform to DIN. This is the German Institute for standardisation - Deutsches Institut fuer Normung, often truncated to Deutsche Industrie Normal. DIN sizing means a slight change in the way the information is presented to the following:
Section width
Speed rating .
Ultra high speed tyre size notations
There is a subtle difference in the notation used on ultra high speed tyres, in particular motorcycle tyres. For the most part, the notation is the same as the DIN style described above. The difference is in the way the speed rating is displayed. For these tyres, if the speed rating is above 149mph, then a 'Z' must appear in the dimension part of the notation, as well as the actual speed rating shown elsewhere. The 'Z' is a quick way to see that the tyre is rated for over 149mph.
Section width
Speed rating .
Classic / vintage / imperial crossply tyre sizes
What ho. Fabulous morning for a ride in the Bentley. Problem is your 1955 Bentley is running on 7.6x15 tyres. What, you ask, is 7.6x15? Well it's for older vehicles with imperial measurements and crossply tyres. Both measurements are in inches - in this case a 7.6inch tyre designed to fit a 15inch wheel. There is one piece of information missing though - aspect ratio. Aspect ratios only began to be reduced at the end of the 1960s to improve cornering. Previously no aspect ratio was given on radial or crossply tyres. For crossply tyres, the initial number is both the tread width and the sidewall height. So in my example, 7.6x15 denotes a tyre 7.6 inches across with a sidewall height which is also 7.6 inches. After conversion to the newer notation, this is the equivalent to a 195/100 15. If you're plugging numbers into the tyre size calculator lower down this page, I've included an aspect ratio value of 100 for imperial calculations.
Note: I put 195/100 15 instead of 195/100R15 because technically the "R" means radial. If you're trying to get replacement crossply tyres, the "R" won't be in the specification. However if you're trying to replace your old crossply tyres with metric radial bias tyres, then the size does have the "R" in it. Here is a javascript calculator to turn your imperial tyre size into a radial metric tyre size:
Your imperial tyre size:
Equivalent standard tyre size is :
/100 R
For quick reference, you could also try my vintage tyre size conversion table which lists a lot of common sizes along with their modern counterparts.
classic tire sizes
Classic / vintage radial tyre sizes
Remember above that I said aspect ratios only started to come into play in the 1960s? Unlike the 100% aspect ratio for crossply tyres, for radial tyres, it's slightly different - here an aspect ratio of 80% is be assumed. So for example, if you come across on older tyre with 185R16 stamped on it, this describes a tyre with a tread width of 185mm and a sidewall height which is assumed to be 80% of that; 148mm.
The question of the aspect ratio for radial sizes has been the subject of a lot of email to me. I've had varying figures from 80% up to 85% and everyone claims they're right. Well one reader took it to heart and did some in-depth research. It seem there is actually no fixed standard for aspect ratio when it is not expressly stated in the tyre size. Different manufacturers use slightly different figures.
The english MOT (road-worthiness test) manual states: Unless marked otherwise, "standard" car tyres have a nominal aspect ratio of 82%. Some tyres have an aspect ratio of 80%. These have "/80" included in the size part of the tyre marking e.g. 165/80 R13. Note: Tyres with aspect ratios of 80% and 82% are almost identical in size and can be safely mixed in any configuration on a vehicle.
See http://www.motuk.co.uk/manual_410.htm for the online version.
If you're plugging vintage radial numbers into the tyre size calculator, I've included aspect ratios of 80 and 82 for these calculations.
Alpha numeric load-based tyre sizes for vintage cars
Picture credit: Jensen Intercepter Club
On some 60's and 70's era vintage vehicles, (for example the Jensen Interceptor), the tyre sizes were denoted as ER70VR15. The '70' refers to the section height as you might expect, and the '15' is the wheel dimension, but on first inspection there appears to be no section width. Actually there is, but it's in yet another odd format. In this case, the first letter is the thing to look at. The letter itself has no direct equivalent to modern dimensional sizes but instead relates to load index; the higher the letter the more load it can carry. With vintage tyres, higher loads translated into bigger tyres, so the close approximations between old load and new size these days are:
C = 185 D = 195 E = 205 F = 215 G = 225 H = 235 etc.
In this example then, ER70VR15 means 205/70 R15 with a 'V' speed rating. Whilst many of the latter Interceptors were technically capable of 140mph, the aerodynamic behaviour would have you quickly backing off to about 120mph so frankly that 'V' rating is a little optimistic. If you're looking to replace tyres for this type of vehicle, an 'H' speed rated tyre is the better choice, and it's cheaper.
For those of you reading this in the colonies, an example vehicle from this era is the Chevy Nova which had E78-14 tyres. (In this case, there was no letter 'R' meaning these were cross-ply tyres, not radials). The equivalent size in modern notation would be 205/78 R14. The following converter will give you a rough idea of the equivalent metric tyre size for a given alpha numeric tyre size:
Your alphanumeric tyre size:
/
R
For quick reference, you could also try my vintage tyre size conversion table which lists a lot of common sizes along with their modern counterparts.
Metric Tyre sizes and the BMW blurb
Fab! You've bought a BMW 525TD. Tyres look a bit shoddy so you go to replace them. What the....? TD230/55ZR390? What the hell does that mean? Well my friend, you've bought a car with metric tyres. Not that there's any real difference, but certain manufacturers experiment with different things. For a while, (mid 1990s) the 525TD came with arguably experimental 390x180 alloy wheels. These buggers required huge and non-conformal tyres. I'll break down that classification into chunks you can understand with your new-found knowledge:
TD - ignore that. 230 = cross section 230mm. 55 = 55% sidewall height. Z=very high speed rating. R390=390mm diameter wheels. These are the equivalent of about a 15.5" wheel. There's a nice standard size for you. And you, my friend, have bought in to the long-raging debate about those tyres. They are an odd size, 180x390. Very few manufacturers make them now and if you've been shopping around for them, you'll have had the odd heart-stopper at the high price. The advice from the BMWcar magazine forum is to change the wheels to standard sized 16" so there's more choice of tyres. 215-55R16 for example. The technical reason for the 390s apparently is that they should run flat in the event of a puncture but that started a whole debate on their forum and serious doubts were expressed. You've been warned...
If you're European, you'll know that there's one country bound to throw a spanner in the works of just about anything. To assist BMW in the confusion of buyers everywhere, the French, or more specifically Michelin have decided to go one step further out of line with their Pax tyre system. See the section later on to do with run-flat tyres to find out how they've decided to mark their wheels and tyres.
Metric tire sizes
Land Rovers and other off-road tyre sizes
On older Land Rovers (on the LWB/110 vehicles and many "off-roaders"), you'll often find tyres with a size like 750x16. This is another weird notation which defies logic. In this case, the 750 refers to a decimalised notation of an inch measurement. 750 = 7.50 inches, referring to the "normal inflated width" of the tyre - i.e. the external maximum width of the inflated, unladen tyre. (This is helpfully also not necessarily the width of the tread itself). The 16 still means 16 inch rims. Weird eh? The next question if you came to this page looking for info on Land Rover tyres will be "What size tyre is that the equivalent of in modern notation?". Simple. It has no aspect ratio and the original tyres would likely be cross-ply, so from what you've learned a couple of paragraphs above, assume 100% aspect ratio. Convert 7.5inches to be 190mm. That gives you a 190/100 R16 tyre. (You could use the calculator in the section on Classic / vintage / imperial crossply tyre sizes above to get the same result.)
Generally speaking, the Land Rover folks reckon a 265/65R16 is a good replacement for the "750", although the tread is slightly wider and might give some fouling problems on full lock. It's also 5% smaller in rolling radius so your speed will over-read by about 4mph at 70mph. If you can't fit those, then the other size that is recommended by Landrover anoraks is 235/85R16.
On Discoveries, Range Rovers, or the SWB Defenders/Series land rovers you'll find "205" tyres, denoting 205mm x 16 inches. The 205 type tyres can generally be replaced with 235/70R16 or 225/75R16. The 235 is a wider tyre and the general consensus in Land Rover circles is that it holds the road better when being pushed.
If you're really into this stuff, you ought to read Tom Sheppard's Off Roader Driving (ISBN 0953232425). It's a Land Rover publication first published in 1993 as "The Land Rover Experience". It's been steadily revised and you can now get the current edition from Amazon. I've even helpfully provided you with this link so you can go straight to it....
LT (Light Truck) imperial tyre sizes
Confused yet? Okay how about this: 30x9.5 R15 LT or LT30x9.5/15. Yet another mix-and-match notation, this time for (amongst other things) light truck classification tyres. All the information you need to figure out a standard size is in there, but in the usual weird order. In this case the 30 refers to a 30 inch overall diamter. The 9.5 refers to a 9.5 inch wide tread. The R15 refers to a 15 inch diameter wheel. In order to figure out the closest standard notation, you know the tread width which (in this example) is 9.5 inches or 240mm. The sidewall height is the overall height minus the wheel diameter all divided by 2. So 30 inches minus 15 inches, which gives you 15 inches. Half that to get 7.5 inches and that's the sidewall height - 190mm. Remember the section value is a percentage of the tread width - in this case 190mm/240mm gives us a section of 80% (near enough). So the standard size for 30x9.5R15 works out to be 240/80R15. In truth you can barely find a tyre that size so most off-roaders with that sort of tyre size go for 245/70R15 which is more common. For your convenience, another calculator then.
Your LT tyre size:
Light truck tires
Porsche N-rated tyres
Porsche designs and manufacturers some of the highest performance cars in the world (with the exception of the butt-ugly Cayenne). All this design and performance is worth nothing if you put cheap Korean tyres on your Porsche, and because of that prospect, Porsche introduced the N rating or N specification system. In order for a manufacturer to be an OE (original equipment) supplier of tyres for Porsches, they must work with the Porsche engineers at the development and testing stage. They concentrate on supreme dry-weather handling but they also spend a considerable amount of time working on wet-weather handling. Porsches are typically very tail-heavy because of the position of the engine relative to the rear wheels, and with traction control off, it's extremely easy to spin one in the wet. Because of this, Porsche specify a set of wet-grip properties which is way above and beyond the requirements of any other car manufacturer.
OE tyres for Porsches must successfully pass lab tests to prove that they would be capable of adequately supporting a Porsche at top speed on a German Autobahn. Once the lab tests are done, they must go on to track and race tests where prototypes are evaluated by Porsche engineers for their high-speed durability, uniformity and serviceability. If they pass all the tests, Porsche give the manufacturer the go-ahead to put the car tyres into production and then they can proudly claim they are an N-rated Porsche OEM (Original Equipment Modifier).
The N-ratings go from 0 (zero) to 4, marked as N-0, N-1 etc. This N-rating, stamped into a tyre sidewall, clearly identifies these tyres as having gone through all the nauseating R&D and testing required by Porsche as described above. The number designates the revision of the design. So for a totally new design, the first approved version of it will be N-0. When the design is improved in some way, it will be re-rated as an N-1. If the design changes completely so as to become a totally new tyre, it will be re-rated at N-0.
If you've got a Porsche, then you ought to be aware that as well as using N-rated tyres, you ought to use matching tyres all around because many Porsches have different sizes tyres front and rear. So for example if you have a Porsche with N-3 rated tyres and the rear ones need replacing but the model has been discontinued, you should not get N-0's and put them on the back leaving the old N-3's on the front. You should replace all of them with the newer-designed re-rated N-0 tyres. But then you own a Porsche so you can certainly afford four new tyres....
One final point. You may go into a tyre warehouse and find two tyres with all identical markings, sizes and speed ratings, but one set has an N-rating. Despite everything else being the same, the non-N-rated tyres have not been certified for use on a Porsche. You can buy them, and you can put them on your car, but if you stuff it into the armco at 150mph, Porsche will just look at you and with a very teutonic expression ask why you didn't use N-rated tyres.
Porsche tires
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Lies, Damn Lies and Speed ratings
All tyres are rated with a speed letter. This indicates the maximum speed that the tyre can sustain for a ten minute endurance without coming to pieces and destroying itself, your car, the car next to you and anyone else within a suitable radius at the time.
Speed Symbol
240+
150+
'H' rated tyres are the most commonplace and widely used tyres, having replaced 'S' and 'T' ratings. Percentage-wise, the current split is something like this: S/T=37%, H=63%, V=8%. Certain performance cars come with 'V' or 'ZR' rated tyres as standard. This is good because it matches the performance capability of the car, but bad because you need to re-mortgage your house to buy a new set of tyres.
A note on the ZR rating: most speed ratings designate the speed that should not be exceeded. For example W-rated tyres are rated up to 270km/h. ZR-rated tyres, by comparison, are theoretically rated for anything over 240km/h. This is why the Bugatti Veyron was shod with ZR-rated tyres for the world record speed run of 431km/h when Top Gear drove it at the VW Ehra-Lessien test track. Although to be honest, at that speed the tyres only lasted for 8 minutes.
UTQG Ratings
The UTQG - Uniform Tyre Quality Grade - test is required of all dry-weather tyres ("snow" tyres are exempt) before they may be sold in the United States. This is a rather simple-minded test that produces three index numbers : Tread life, Traction and Temperature.
The tread life index measures the relative tread life of the tyre compared to a "government reference". An index of 100 is equivalent to an estimated tread life of 30,000 miles of highway driving.
The traction test is a measure of wet braking performance of a new tyre. There is no minimum stopping distance, therefore a grade "C" tyre can be very poor in the wet.
The temperature test is run at high speeds and high ambient temperatures until the tyre fails. To achieve a minimum grade of "C" the tyre must safely run at 85mph for 30 minutes, higher grades are indicative of surviving higher speeds (a rating of "B" is, for some reason, roughly equivalent to a European "S" rating, a rating of "A" is equivalent to an "H" rating.)
There are some exceptions: Yokohama A008's are temperature rated "C" yet are sold as "H" speed rated tyres. These UTQC tests should be used only as a rough guide for stopping. If you drive in the snow, seriously consider a pair of (if not four) "Snow Tyres". Like life, this tyre test is entirely subjective.
Load indices
The load index on a tyre is a numerical code associated with the maximum load the tyre can carry. These are generally valid for speed under 210km/h (130mph). Once you get above these speeds, the load-carrying capacity of the tyre decreases and you're in highly technical territory the likes of which I'm not going into on this page. (Mostly because I don't understand it).
The table below gives you most of the Load Index (LI) values you're likely to come across. For the sake of simplicity, if you know your car weighs 2 tons - 2000kg - then assume an even weight on each wheel. 4 wheels at 2000kg = 500kg per wheel. This is a load index of 84. The engineer in you should add 10% or more for safety's sake. For this example, I'd probably add 20% for a weight capacity of 600kg - a load index of 90. Generally speaking, the average car tyre is going to have a much higher load index than you'd ever need. It's better to have something that will fail at speeds and stress levels you physically can't achieve, than have something that will fail if you nudge over 60mph with a six pack in the trunk.
LI kg
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Who designed the Banqueting House in London’s Whitehall? | Banqueting House | building, London, United Kingdom | Britannica.com
Banqueting House
building, London, United Kingdom
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Banqueting House, an example of Jacobean architecture, in Whitehall, London; designed by Inigo Jones and built in 1619–22.
ChrisO
Interior of the Banqueting House at Whitehall Palace, London; designed by Inigo Jones.
© Adam Woolfitt/Corbis
Learn about this topic in these articles:
in Inigo Jones
In 1619 the Banqueting House at Whitehall was destroyed by fire; and between that year and 1622 Jones replaced it with what has always been regarded as his greatest achievement. The Banqueting House consists of one great chamber, raised on a vaulted basement. It was conceived internally as a basilica on the Vitruvian model but without aisles, the superimposed columns being set against the...
in building construction: Revival of Roman technics and materials
...after they had cooled and were cut into rectangular shapes. The first record of crown glass windows is their installation in double-hung counterweighted sliding-sash frames, at Inigo Jones’s Banqueting House in London in 1685. Large areas of such glass became common in the 1700s, pointing the way toward the great glass and iron buildings of the 19th century.
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Who was elected President of the Italian Republic in May 2006? | The Banqueting House London, United Kingdom
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About
Designed by Inigo Jones for King James I and completed in 1622, The Banqueting House is the only complete surviving building of Whitehall Palace, the sovereign’s principal residence from 1530 until 1698 when it was destroyed by fire. It was also the site of King Charles I execution in 1649.
Originally built for state occasions, plays and masques, the Banqueting House and Whitehall are both popular destinations on the London sightseeing trail – although it’s always worth checking opening hours as it is still one of the finest banqueting venues in the capital and often plays host to royal and Government functions, as well as society events.
Open
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What colour is the flag awarded for clean beaches in New Zealand and Canada? | Blue Flag Malta
Blue Flag Malta
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The Blue Flag Programme
The Blue Flag is a voluntary eco-label awarded to over 3300 beaches and marinas in 39 countries across Europe, South Africa, Morocco, Tunisia, New Zealand, Canada and the Caribbean. The Blue Flag is an international award given to beaches, harbours and marinas and boats which participate in the Blue Flag Programme and which have proven to be clean and safe and respecting the environment. The Blue Flag works towards sustainable development at beaches/marinas through strict criteria dealing with water quality, environmental education and information, environmental management, and safety and other services. The Blue Flag programme is one of the five programmes run by the independent non-profit international organisation The Foundation for Environmental Education. (FEE) The Blue Flag Programme includes environmental education and information for the public, decision makers and tourism operators.
Blue Flag Operator - Malta
The National Blue Flag operator for Malta is Nature Trust (Malta) NTM. The environmental NGO was founded in 1962 and today it focuses on three major areas; ecological site management, environmental education and lobbying for a better environment. NTM launched the FEE programmes in Malta in 2002. Today it runs; Ekoskola (Green Flag), Blue Flag, Young Reporters for the Environment YRE.
Blue Flag Operator - Malta
The Maltese islands joined the Blue Flag programme in 2006. For season 2013, Malta was awarded 8 Blue Flag beaches across the Maltese islands and 1e Beach of Quality.
Freelance web developer and web design Elaine Vella Catalano - © Blue Flag Malta - All Rights Reserved
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John Wayne Airport is in which US state? | WESSA - Blue Flag Programme
Blue Flag Programme
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Join WESSA today and help make a significant, ongoing difference to the environment in which we all live.
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Help us work for the continued conservation of our natural heritage and for a sustainable lifestyle on a healthy planet.
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Help WESSA to curb illegal rhino poaching by making a donation to the WESSA Rhino Initiative today.
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Blue Flag Programme
Blue Flag is an international annual award given to beaches that meet a standard of excellence in the areas of safety, amenities, cleanliness, environmental information and environmental management. According to the World Tourism Organization, the international Blue Flag, operational since 1987, is the most well-known eco-label of its kind.
Currently, more than 40 countries across the globe are participating in the programme and interest continues to grow with almost 4,300 Blue Flag beaches, boats and marinas around the world.
In South Africa, the Blue Flag programme is managed by WESSA in partnership with participating coastal municipalities. The strict criteria of the programme – in the areas of safety, amenities, cleanliness, environmental information and environmental management - are set by the international coordinators of the Blue Flag campaign in Europe, the FEE (Foundation for Environmental Education). South Africa was the first country outside Europe to be granted Blue Flag accreditation for its beaches.
The Blue Flag programme offers many benefits: improved tourism facilities, enhanced management of coastal ecosystems, increased awareness of the coast and capacity building of coastal municipalities.
The Blue Flag programme provides both local beach-goers and holiday-makers with the assurance of world class beaches offering safe, clean and well-managed facilities.
Visit the international Blue Flag website for more information about this global eco-label. Locate your nearest Blue Flag Beach, Boat or Marina on this page .
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Tynwald Day is celebrated on which island in July? | Tynwald Day - Facts of the Day Calendar
Back to Facts of the Day Calendar UK Calendar dates british festivals .... folklore ... anniversaries .... on this day
Tynwald Day
Tynwald Day is the National Day of the Isle of Man, an island in in the Irish Sea, between Great Britain and Ireland. The island is not part of the United Kingdom or European Union, but is a possession of the British Crown with an independent administration. Its inhabitants (known as Manx) are British citizens.
Flag: The Three Legs of Man
Each year on 5th July, the Members of Tynwald - the Manx parliament - meet on Tynwald Hill in St Johns, for a ceremony, a legal requirement established by the Island's ninth century rulers. The hill is said to have been built by the Vikings and to contain soil from each of the 17 island parishes. The July ceremony declares in Manx Gaelic and English, laws passed during the year and hears petitions from Manx citizens.
The Tynwald, the Isle of Man's parliament, is of Norse (Viking) origin and has existed on the island for more than 1,000 years, making it the oldest parliament in the world with an unbroken existence. (Iceland’s Althing was founded earlier but its existence was interrupted.)
Facts about the Isle of Man
Population: 80,058
Capital: Douglas
Area: 572 sq km (221 sq miles)
Approximately 48 km (32 miles) long and between 13 and 24 km (8 and 15 miles) in breadth
Major languages: English, Manx
The Manx Electric Railway, formed in 1893, was one of the first in the world.
The island’s name is believed to come from its ruler and protector, Celtic Sea God Manannan.
The native Manx Cat from the Isle of Man is tailless and its origins are subject to folklore. Legend has it a pair of cats were the last to enter Noah’s Ark. The door was slammed, severing their tails.
| Isle of Man |
When a young squire was knighted for his deeds of valour in battle, he was said to have won his what? | Isle of Man's national day, Tynwald Day, celebrated - BBC News
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Isle of Man's national day, Tynwald Day, celebrated
7 July 2014 Last updated at 17:49 BST
Tynwald Day, the only day of the year when parliament is held in the open air, has been celebrated on the Isle of Man.
The ceremony has been held in St John's for more than 1,000 years.
Tynwald Day was first codified by the Manx parliament on the hill in 1417. New laws are promulgated in both English and Gaelic.
The public get the chance to lobby the law-makers by presenting petitions.
Millie Blenkinsop-French, 71, is petitioning for euthanasia to be legalised. She has suffered two mini strokes and told the BBC: "I'm not afraid of dying, but it's how I die that worries me. It should be my choice."
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Which US state is known as the ‘Old Line State’? | Maryland's Nicknames
NICKNAMES
Maryland is known as both the Old Line State and the Free State.
Old Line State. According to some historians, General George Washington bestowed the name "Old Line State" and thereby associated Maryland with its regular line troops, the Maryland Line, who served courageously in many Revolutionary War battles. For a closer examination of the background on this nickname, see: The Origin of the "Old Line State" , by Ryan Polk (2005).
Free State. Maryland was first recognized as a "Free State" on November 1, 1864. On that date, the Maryland Constitution of 1864 took effect. By its provisions, slavery within the State's borders was abolished, and Maryland, indeed, became a free state. To celebrate the emancipation, under direction of the Baltimore City Council, five hundred guns were fired, bells were rung, and flags displayed "to attest the joy of the people at their great deliverance."
Much later, the nickname "Free State" was used in a different context by Hamilton Owens, editor of the Baltimore Sun. In 1923, Georgia Congressman William D. Upshaw, a firm supporter of Prohibition, denounced Maryland as a traitor to the Union for refusing to pass a State enforcement act. Mr. Owens thereupon wrote a mock-serious editorial entitled "The Maryland Free State," arguing that Maryland should secede from the Union rather than prohibit the sale of liquor. The irony in the editorial was subtle, and Mr. Owens decided not to print it. He popularized the nickname, however, in later editorials.
| Maryland |
Which legendary folk singer played his first concert in Vietnam, in April 2011? | Maryland - The Old Line State
Maryland - The Old Line State
Maryland - The Old Line State
Capital City:
Old Line State / Free State
Motto:
Fatti Maschii Parole Femine(Manly deeds, womanly words)
Statehood:
Named to honor Henrietta Maria, wife of England's King Charles I.
Largest Cities:
Baltimore, Columbia, Silver Spring, Dundalk, Wheaton-Glenmont, Ellicott City
Border States:
9,775 sq. mi., 42nd largest
State Bird:
State Song:
Maryland, My Maryland
One of the original 13 states to join the Union (in 1788), Maryland is in the middle of the Eastern Seaboard. It's believed that Lord Baltimore, who received a charter for the land in 1632, named the state after Queen Henrietta Maria, wife of King Charles I. The Mason and Dixon line was drawn in the 1760s to settle a dispute between the Penn and Calvert families. In addition to marking the boundary between Pennsylvania and Maryland, it is the traditional boundary between the North and the South. Maryland is known as the "Free State"; its flower is the black-eyed susan; and its capital is Annapolis, home of the U.S. Naval Academy.
Bassmaster Fishing Tournament, Smallwood State Park
Originally stocked in 1854 with 30 bass brought by train from Ohio, the Potomac River today ranks as one of America's premier largemouth bass fisheries and is the site of numerous amateur and professional tournaments each year, including the Bassmaster. For the last 10 out of 11 years, the Bassmaster Top 150 tournament has been hosted on the stretch of the Potomac that runs through Smallwood State Park in Charles County, Maryland. It attracts fisherman in both pro and amateur divisions from throughout the United States, from Canada, even internationally. Bass fishing can be found year-round on the Potomac in Charles County. As far back as 1608, Captain John Smith marveled at the huge size and vast numbers of striped bass in the area; in fact, stripers (locally known as Rockfish) are Maryland's state fish.
The Bassmaster Top 150 is famous in fishing circles because the hydrilla growth in the river changes the conditions for bass fishing every year. Hydrilla, a submerged aquatic plant, provides the majority of the cover for the river's bass population, and its fluctuating growth doesn't seem to affect the catches, which remain high. Winning stringers regularly top 50 pounds. Fishing the tidal waters (the Chesapeake Bay is nearby) presents additional challenges to fishermen, who need to time the tides with tournament fishing hours as part of their angling strategies.
The project is documented with a printout of Bassmaster web pages, a listing of the standings for the 3-day tournament, a list of 1999 entrants in the tourney, coverage in bass-fishing periodicals, several promotional brochures, a videotape of the 1997 Bassmasters tournament, one color snapshot, and a fishing cap.
The Carroll County Ghost Walk
This annual event is held in Westminster by the Carroll County Public Library. Participants are introduced to ghost stories from local folklore at a narrated slide show held at the Westminster Branch Library. Then the group is guided through a walking tour that traces the paths of the local legends, brought to life by skilled storytellers. Held since the early 1980's, the ghost walk was inspired by the book Ghosts and Legends of Carroll County, Maryland, compiled by Jesse Glass, Jr. and published by the Library in 1982. The project includes a copy of that book,17 slides, background text, a copy of the script for the ghost walk, promotional and supplemental materials, and audio tapes of two of the stories, The Story of Cockey's Tavern and The Legend of God's Well.
Chestertown Tea Party Festival
As a reaction to the British closing the port of Boston after the Boston Tea Party, the citizens of Chestertown wrote a set of resolves that prohibited the buying, selling, or drinking of tea, and, in an act of colonial defiance, held their own tea party on the Chester River in Chestertown five months later in May 1774. The festival commemorates the historic event with a re-enactment of the "tea party," parade, colonial music and dance, fife and drum performances, puppet shows, colonial crafts demonstrations and sales, military drills, and a walking tour of the historic district. This historic town was established in 1706. Other activities offered are boat rides, music, Maryland Eastern shore food, a ten-mile distance run (the oldest in the U.S.), and children's games and storytelling.
Smith Island
Maryland's only inhabited offshore island is home to 350 men, women, and children who are descended from the original settlers who arrived in 1659. The original English and Welsh settlers inhabit the three villages of Smith Island, possibly Maryland's most isolated and intact enclave of traditional culture. Families are said to be able to trace their genealogy back 12 generations. Islanders speak a distinctive dialect that they call a "backward language" - they employ certain turns of phrase that only an islander would understand correctly. Once an island of farmers, today's inhabitants make a living crabbing and oystering in the Chesapeake Bay. It is a hard occupation, sometimes involving 12-hour days. No local government or police maintain order on the island, but each community has its own Methodist church where local decisions are made, thus providing political as well as religious cohesion. A 20-minute videotape, "Land and Water, People and Time," and 23 color slides show the islanders at work and at worship. The text of 12 interviews with the inhabitants is included, and a five-page essay and cookbook provide a colorful evocation of life on the island.
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Durango, Veracruz and Campeche are all states in which country? | Mexico States
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Updates:
On 2015-10-29, the legislature of Quintana Roo unanimously approved the creation of the municipality of Puerto Morelos. This community was separated from the municipality of Benito Juarez. (See source [15]).
A law effective 2016-01-30 changes the official name of Distrito Federal to Ciudad de M�xico.
Quintana Roo is switching to Eastern Time on 2015-02-01 at 2:00 a.m. It will not observe daylight saving time.
Update 5 to Geopolitical Entities and Codes, the successor to FIPS PUB 10-4, was issued on 2011-08-31. It changes the name of Veracruz-Llave to Veracruz.
The formal name of Quer�taro state is Quer�taro Arteaga, not Quer�taro de Arteaga, although a Google search in 2004 found more references to the latter by eleven to one. The Constitution of Veracruz state (source [7]) gives the formal name as "Veracruz-Llave", but the state government website (source [8]) uses the name "Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave". The capital of Veracruz state is sometimes called Jalapa, sometimes Xalapa, sometimes Jalapa Enr�quez, and sometimes Xalapa Enr�quez. The fashion seems to have turned from Jalapa to Xalapa recently. When I was first investigating it, there were official city websites at www.xalapa.gob.mx and www.jalapa.gob.mx, both of them using the spelling Xalapa. In the 1990s, almost all sources, including Mexican ones, used Jalapa. Source [14] said "Jalapa, formerly Xalapa".
International standard ISO 3166-2 was published on December 15, 1998. It superseded ISO/DIS 3166-2 (draft international standard). For Mexico, the draft standard showed 31 states and one federal district. The final standard shows the same divisions and the same codes, except for the federal district. The code for Distrito Federal was changed from D.F to DIF.
Country overview:
ISO: Codes from ISO 3166-2.
FIPS: Codes from FIPS PUB 10-4.
Conv: Conventional abbreviation.
INEGI: Instituto Nacional de Estad�stica, Geograf�a e Informatica uses a two-digit code to represent each state. Most of them
are the same as the two digits in the FIPS codes (see note).
Population: 2010-05-31 census.
Tz: Time zone (hours offset from Greenwich; ~ indicates daylight saving time observed)
Capital: Common name is not in parentheses; adding parenthetical parts gives formal name. The English name of Ciudad de
M�xico is Mexico City.
Postcode: The Mexican postal service has defined a five-digit postal code (C�digo Postal). The first two digits represent a
state, a part of a state, or (in Ciudad de M�xico) a political delegation. The range of postal codes for each state is shown.
Notes on codes:
In the 1960s, the U.S. and Canadian postal authorities developed two-letter state and province codes, with care to avoid overlap. That is, no state code was the same as any province code. Computer systems very frequently used these sets of codes. Many companies and government agencies have to deal with data from all of North America. The Mexican authorities never got around to deciding on an official set of two-letter state codes, so anyone who wanted to use such a set, made up their own. It's not very hard to find a set of two-letter, mnemonic state/province codes for all three countries with no overlap, so some groups did just that; others didn't care about the overlap, because they were using a combination of state and country code to identify a particular division. I recently did a search and found a dozen different systems of state codes or abbreviations for Mexico, most of which were two-letter codes. They were used by industry groups (railroads, airlines) and governments (state police departments, military), among others. No two of them were identical. The 'C' states were especially mixed, so that in different systems, CP might represent Campeche or Chiapas, CH might mean Chiapas, Chihuaha, or Coahuila, etc.
A new problem has recently arisen. Almost all code systems use NL for Nuevo Le�n. In 2002, as a result of Newfoundland changing its official name to Newfoundland and Labrador, the Canadian postal service changed the official abbreviation from NF to NL. Now, maintainers of computer systems that use two-letter codes as a primary key for the states and provinces of North America are in a quandary. If they leave the code for Newfoundland unchanged, they're no longer in compliance with Canadian postal standards. If they change it to NL to comply with Canada, they will also have to change their code for Nuevo Le�n. If there are old archived records that don't get updated, they will have incorrect data when they are retrieved.
"Postal addressing systems" is a document available online from the Universal Postal Union. Its entry for Mexico has a list of states and their codes. Most of the codes are the same as the conventional abbreviations, converted to all capitals, unaccented. Exceptions are BC for Baja California, CAM for Campeche, and QROO for Quintana Roo.
Both the FIPS codes and the INEGI codes number the states from 01 to 32 in alphabetical order. Now, historically, the digraph "ch" was treated as single letter in Spanish, falling between "c" and "d" in alphabetical order. (Likewise, "ll" was a letter between "l" and "m.") Sorting names by computer required special handling for "ch" and "ll" words. In 1994, the international academy responsible for the Spanish language, the Real Academia Espa�ola, decreed that "ch" words would henceforth be sorted between "cg" and "ci," and "ll" between "lk" and "lm." INEGI doesn't seem to have gotten the message, because they're still (2014) listing Chiapas after Colima.
Further subdivisions:
See the Municipalities of Mexico page.
The states are divided into municipios (municipalities), and the federal district is divided into delegaciones (delegations). There are also uninhabited islands (about 5,073 sq. km.) that are directly owned by the federal government.
Territorial extent:
The states of Coahuila and San Luis Potos� make contact along a border a little over a kilometer long, not apparent on small-scale maps.
Baja California includes Islas Angel de la Guarda, Montague, San Lorenzo, Salsipuedes, Smith, and other islands in the Gulf of California; and Cedros and Guadalupe in the Pacific Ocean.
Baja California Sur includes Islas El Carmen, San Jos�, Cerralvo, Esp�ritu Santo, San Marcos, and other islands in the Gulf of California; and Santa Margarita and Magdalena in the Pacific Ocean.
Campeche includes Isla del Carmen, and some isolated cays up to Cayo Arcas.
Colima includes the Revillagigedo Islands (Socorro, Clari�n, San Benedicto, and Roca Partida).
Jalisco broke into two separate parts, the smaller one containing Colotl�n, when Nayarit split off in 1917. A few years later, some territory was annexed to form a corridor between the two.
Nayarit includes the Islas Mar�as, or Tres Mar�as Islands, consisting of Isla Mar�a Madre, Isla Mar�a Magdalena, and Isla Mar�a Cleofas, named for the three women who stood by the cross in the Gospel of John; as well as Islas San Juanito, Isabela, and the Marietas.
Quintana Roo includes Islas Cozumel, Mujeres, Holbox, Contoy, Tamalcas, Cayo Chel�n, and the Banco Chinchorro (a ring of islands, including Cayos Lobos and Norte, around Cayo Centro).
Sinaloa includes a number of barrier islands, of which the largest are Islas Talchichilte, de Altamura, Santa Maria, and San Ignacio.
Sonora includes Islas Tiburon, San Esteban, Pelicano, Lobos, and other islands in the Gulf of California.
Tamaulipas includes a series of barrier islands, such as Barras Soto la Marina and Los Americanos.
Veracruz includes some small barrier islands and reefs. Isla El Idolo is behind a sandspit.
Yucat�n includes the Arrecife Alacran, a group of islands of which Isla P�rez is the largest; and Cayo Arenas.
for Mexico lists locations in the country, some of them with their latitudes and longitudes, some with their ISO 3166-2 codes for their subdivisions. This information can be put together to approximate the territorial extent of subdivisions.
Origins of names:
States:
Aguascalientes: Spanish aguas: waters, calientes: hot, for thermal springs near the city
Baja California: the 1824 Constitution created the territories of Alta and Baja California (Spanish for Upper and Lower California). Alta California was later acquired by the United States. See the United States entry for the derivation of California.
Campeche: after the Mayan domain of Ah Kin Pech
Chiapas: from Nahuatl for "in the Ch�a River"
Chihuahua: native word for dry or sandy spot
Ciudad de M�xico: Spanish for city of Mexico
Coahuila (de Zaragoza): after the ethnic name Coahuiltec, and General Ignacio Zaragoza (1829-1862)
Colima: from native name Colliman, meaning that which our ancestors conquered
Durango: after the city, which was named by Francisco de Ibarra in 1563 for Durango, Spain
Guanajuato: from Tarasco quanas: frogs, huato: mountainous, i.e. high place with many frogs
Guerrero: after Vicente Guerrero (1783-1831), fighter for independence (it happens that guerrero is Spanish for "warrior").
Hidalgo: after Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (1753-1811), Mexican founding father. Incidentally, Hidalgo is a Spanish word for nobleman. It originated as a contraction of the sarcastic phrase "hijo de algo" (son of something).
Jalisco: native word for "over the sand"
M�xico: see country name
Michoac�n (de Ocampo): after Melchor Ocampo (1814-1861), statesman
Morelos: after Jos� Maria Morelos y Pav�n (1765-1815), fighter for independence
Nayarit: named for Nayar, a Cora chief and priest
Nuevo Le�n: after the kingdom of Le�n in Spain (nuevo: new)
Oaxaca: from Aztec huaxyacac: at the point of the robinia trees
Puebla: for the city, originally Ciudad de Puebla de los Angeles (city of the village of the angels)
Quer�taro (Arteaga): from Tarasco for "place where they play ball", and General Jos� Mar�a Arteaga (1827?-1865)
Quintana Roo: after Andr�s Quintana Roo, a Yucatec fighter for Mexican independence
San Luis Potos�: after Potos� in Bolivia, in the hope that it, too, would have rich mines
Sonora: Spanish for sonorous, to note the sound made by local marble when struck
Tabasco: probably named for Tabscoob, native chief
Tamaulipas: native word for "high mountains"
Tlaxcala: after the ethnic name Tlaxcaltec
Veracruz(-Llave): for its largest city, originally Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz (rich city of the true cross), and the governor, General Ignacio de la Llave (1818-1863). Incidentally, llave is Spanish for key.
Zacatecas: Nahuatl for "where zacate grass grows"
Intendencia:
Guadalajara: named for its capital, which was named for the birthplace in Spain of its founder, Nu�o Beltr�n de Guzm�n, in 1531. The Spanish name, in turn, comes from Arabic wadi al-hijarah: river of stones.
Change history:
The Mexican government's archive site (source [11]) had a series of maps showing changes in the country's administrative subdivisions. Source [2] has a similar series of historical maps. The information below was put together from both sources. The Mexican archives are now at source [12], but I haven't been able to navigate the site with either Firefox or Internet Explorer.
Prior to 1776: The virreinato (viceroyalty) of Nueva Espa�a was divided into M�xico (reino), Nueva Galicia (reino), Nueva Vizcaya (gobernaci�n), Yucat�n (gobernaci�n), and Provincias Septentrionales, as well as other divisions outside of Mexico. These in turn were subdivided into provinces. M�xico consisted of the provinces of Antequera de Oaxaca, M�xico, Michoac�n, Puebla de los �ngeles, and Tlaxcala. Nueva Galicia had Colima, Xalisco, and Zacatecas. Nueva Vizcaya had Chihuahua and Guadiana (or Durango). Yucat�n had Campeche, M�rida de Yucut�n, and Tabasco. The Provincias Septentrionales (northern provinces) were Colonia del Nuevo Santander (Provincia de los Tamaulipas), Nuevo Reino de Le�n, Provincia de Coahuila (Nueva Extremadura), Provincia de la Nueva California, Provincia de la Vieja California, Provincia de los Tejas (Nueva Filipinas), Provincia de Nuevo M�xico de Santa Fe, Provincia de San Jos� de Nayarit (Nuevo Reino de Toledo), Provincia de Sinaloa, and Provincia de Sonora. The provinces of Chiapas and Soconusco, part of modern Mexico, were then included in the Audiencia of Guatemala.
1776: A higher-ranking political entity, named Gobierno Superior y Comandancia General de las Provincias Internas, was created within but independent of Nueva Espa�a. It consisted of the provinces of Nuevo M�xico, Nueva Vizcaya, and Sonora y Sinaloa ("provincias internas de occidente", or western internal provinces), and Coahuila, Nuevo Reino de Le�n, Nuevo Santander, and Tejas ("provincias internas de oriente", or eastern). Among the former northern provinces, only Nueva California and Vieja California - and, according to the map, San Jos� de Nayarit - remained directly subject to the viceroyalty. Comparison of the pre-1776 and post-1776 maps in the Atlas Porr�a indicates that the part of Sonora north of roughly 32� was transferred to Nueva California; Sinaloa was merged with the remainder of Sonora, forming "Gobierno de las Provincias de Sonora y Sinaloa"; Chihuahua and Durango provinces disappeared, apparently making Nueva Vizcaya a single entity; the westernmost part of Tejas was transferred to Nueva Vizcaya; the northern part of Michoac�n is marked off as "part of the intendency of San Luis Potos�". On the map, each of the provincias internas is labeled a "gobierno" (government).
1788: Mexico reorganized into twelve intendencias (intendencies) named Arispe, Durango, Guadalajara, Guanajuato, M�rida, M�xico, Oaxaca, Puebla, San Luis Potos�, Valladolid, Veracruz, and Zacatecas. (Archive site)
1796: Compared to the archive site, the Atlas Porr�a shows and describes the following differences: each intendency has a capital shown, with the same name as the intendency; there are also four gobiernos which were not subject to any intendent but were directly subordinate to the viceroyalty. The four gobiernos are Nueva California, Nuevo M�xico, Tlaxcala, and Vieja California. All of these fall outside the area shown on the archive site, except Tlaxcala, which is within Puebla. Some names are different: Arizpe, Santa Fe de Guanajuato, M�rida de Yucut�n, Antequera de Oaxaca, and Valladolid de Michoac�n (the correspondence should be obvious).
1824-10-04: Under the Constitution of 1824, the official name of the country became Estados Unidos Mexicanos. It comprised 19 states (Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila y Tejas, Durango, Guanajuato, M�xico, Michoac�n, Nuevo Le�n, Oaxaca, Puebla de los �ngeles, Quer�taro, San Luis Potos�, Sonora y Sinaloa, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Xalisco, Yucat�n, and Zacatecas) and four territories (Alta California, Baja California, Colima, and Santa F� de Nuevo M�xico). Alta California was the former Nueva California, and Baja was the former Vieja.
1824-11-18: Distrito Federal split from M�xico state by decree.
1824-11-24: Tlaxcala territory split from Puebla state.
1825: Soconusco split from Chiapas state and became neutral territory.
1830-10-13: Sonora y Sinaloa state split into Sinaloa and Sonora states.
1835-05-23: Aguascalientes provisional territory split from Xalisco state.
1836-03-02: Republic of Texas (formerly part of Coahuila y Tejas state) declared independence from Mexico.
1842-09-11: Soconusco merged with Mexico and with Chiapas state again.
1848-02-02: By the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Mexico ceded land approximately equivalent to its territories of Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo M�xico (New Mexico) and the northern part of Sonora to the United States.
1850-04-25: Two partidos (secondary administrative divisions), named Norte and Sur, created within Baja California territory.
1853-12-30: Gadsden Purchase (known as La Mesilla to Mexicans) transferred from Mexico to the United States, becoming part of New Mexico territory.
1857-02-05: Constitution of 1857 took effect. Comparing the list of states and territories under this constitution to the previous situation, it appears that Nuevo Le�n state was incorporated into Coahuila; Aguascalientes, Colima, and Tlaxcala changed status from territories to states; Guerrero state was formed from parts of M�xico, Michoac�n, and Puebla.
1863-04-29: Campeche state split from Yucut�n. Campeche had been provisionally created on 1862-02-19.
1864-02-26: Nuevo Le�n state split from Coahuila.
1869-01-15: Hidalgo state split from M�xico state.
1869-04-16: Morelos state split from M�xico state.
1884-12-12: Tepic territory split from Jalisco state.
1887-12-14: Status of the two partidos of Baja California changed to distritos (districts).
1902-11-24: Quintana Roo territory split from Yucat�n state. Its de facto capital was Campamento General Vega.
1904-02-27: Santa Cruz de Bravo became official capital of Quintana Roo.
1915-06: Capital of Quintana Roo moved to Payo Obispo.
1916-02-03: Name of capital of Tabasco state changed from San Juan Bautista (de Villahermosa de Tabasco) to Villahermosa.
1917-02-05: Under the Constitution of 1917, Tepic territory became Nayarit state. (The constitution also provides, in Article 44, that if the seat of government should move to some other place, Distrito Federal would become the state of Valle de M�xico.)
1931-02-07: Baja California territory (capital La Paz) split into Baja California Norte and Baja California Sur territories. They had previously been districts of Baja California territory. The official names were Territorio Norte (Sur) de la Baja California.
1936-09-28: Name of capital of Quintana Roo territory changed from Payo Obispo to Chetumal.
1953-08-16: Baja California Norte territory became Baja California state. (Federal constitution changed on 1952-01-16; Diario Oficial announced the formation of the new state on 1952-11-21; constitution of Baja California state promulgated on 1953-08-16.)
1974-10-08: Status of Baja California Sur and Quintana Roo changed from territories to states.
2015-10-29: In Quintana Roo, the new municipality of Puerto Morelos was separated from the municipality of Benito Juarez.
2016-01-30: Name of Distrito Federal changed to Ciudad de M�xico.
Other names of subdivisions:
There are two Baja Californias. If the name Baja California is used without either Norte or Sur, Norte is usually meant. There are three M�xicos: the country, the state, and the city. When it's necessary to distinguish the latter two, Estado de M�xico and Ciudad de M�xico are used.
Baja California: Baixa Calif�rnia Norte (Portuguese); Baja California Norte (variant); Bassa California del Nord (Italian); Basse-Californie du Nord (French); Lower California (variant); Niederkalifornien (German); Territorio Norte (obsolete)
Baja California Sur: Baixa Calif�rnia Sul (Portuguese); Bassa California del Sud (Italian); Basse-Californie du Sud (French); Territorio Sur (obsolete)
Campeche: Campeachy (obsolete); Camp�che (French-variant)
Ciudad de M�xico: Distretto Federale (Italian); Distrito Federal (obsolete); Federal District (obsolete); Mexico City (English)
Coahuila: Coahuila de Saragoza (variant); Coahuila de Zaragoza (formal)
M�xico: Edo. de Mexico, Estado de M�xico (variant)
Michoac�n: Michoac�n de Ocampo (formal)
Nayarit: Tepic (obsolete)
Nuevo Le�n: Neu-Leon (German); Nouveau-L�on (French)
Quer�taro: Quer�taro Arteaga (formal)
Veracruz: Veracruz-Llave, Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave (formal)
Population history:
112,336,538
Sources:
[1] Pick, James B., Edgar W. Butler, Elezabeth L. Lanzer. Atlas of Mexico. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, 1989. Its sources are: "1900 Mexican Census of Population"; "1930, 1950 and 1970 Mexican Censuses of Population, Resumen General"; and "1980 Mexican Census of Population," Vol. 1, Table 2.
[2] Nuevo Atlas Porr�a de la Rep�blica Mexicana, Cuarta Edici�n. Editorial Porr�a, S.A., Mexico City, 1979.
[3] Chisholm, George G., ed., Longman's Gazetteer of the World. Longmans, Green and Co., London, 1920 (apparently not revised since the 1895 first edition).
[4] Almanaque Mundial (1992 edition), Editorial America, Virginia Gardens, FL.
[5] Fifth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names. Vol. II. New York: United Nations, 1991.
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Who wrote the novel ‘Doctor Zhivago’? | Learn States And Capitals Of The Mexico
> Mexico states
Learn States and Capitals of Mexico
Mexico, officially United Mexican States, is a Federal Republic consisting of 31 States and one Federal District, located in the southern part of North America.
Mexico has an area of 1,964,380 km2 (the third largest country in Latin America) and a population in 2015 of 127,017,000 people, It is representing a population density of 64.7 people per km 2, being the eleventh most populous country in the world.
It limits the North with the United States of America, the South with Guatemala and Belize, on the east by the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea and the west by the Pacific Ocean.
Mexico has 31 States and a Federal District, Mexico City which is the Capital of the Republic.
Physical Map of Mexico
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In zoology, which order of mammals include apes, monkeys, prosimians and man? | Zoology -- Primates -- Prosimians
Prosimians: The Most Ancient Living Primates
Cladogram after Tudge in The Tree of Life
What are Cladograms?
Cladograms show presumed relationships between organisms. Traditionally, the earliest (oldest, most primitive) forms are shown at the top, the most recent (youngest or most derived) at the bottom.
The Prosimians, found chiefly in Madagascar, are listed on this page. The Platyrrhini are the New World monkeys. Cercopithecoidea are Old World monkeys, Hominoidea include the Gibbons, Lesser and Great Apes. A few extinct forms are asterisked.
Taxonomic listings (these pages) generally follow the sequence of Orders, Families and Genera as revealed by such cladograms or taxonomic "trees." These trees are subject to change as newer and better information becomes available, especially from modern genetic and biochemical research.
Learn more about Taxonomy, Systematics and Cladistics at the Taxonomy Page of this website.
About GREEN notations: pg20 refers to a page in The Pictorial Guide to Living Primates where a photograph may be found. pgn18 is a drawing in the same book by the illustrator Stephen Nash. The book is available at libraries. Request an interlibrary loan if necessary.
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What was US President Gerald Ford’s middle name? | Gerald Ford - Biography - IMDb
Gerald Ford
Biography
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Jump to: Overview (5) | Mini Bio (1) | Spouse (1) | Trade Mark (1) | Trivia (45) | Personal Quotes (8)
Overview (5)
6' (1.83 m)
Mini Bio (1)
Gerald Rudolph Ford was the 38th President of the United States from August 1974 until January 1977.
Ford was born on July 14, 1913, in Omaha, Nebraska as Leslie Lynch King, Jr., being the son of Leslie Lynch King and Dorothy Ayer Gardner King. His parents separated two weeks after his birth and his mother took him to Grand Rapids, Michigan to live with her parents. On February 1, 1916, his mother Dorothy King married Gerald R. Ford, a paint salesman. The Fords began calling their son Gerald R. Ford, Jr. but this name became legal only on December 3, 1935. Aged 13, Ford knows that Gerald Ford Sr., was not his biological father, but it lasted until 1930 he met his biological father Leslie King, who made an unexpected stop in Grand Rapids.
Ford grew up in a family with three younger half-brothers (Thomas, Richard, and James). He attended South High School in Grand Rapids, where he already showed is athletics skills, being named to the honor society and the "All-City" and "All-State" football teams. As a scout he was ranked Eagle Scout in November 1927. He earned money by working in the family paint business and at a local restaurant.
Ford attended The University of Michigan at Ann Arbor from 1931 to 1935. He majored in economics and political science and graduated with a B.A. degree in June 1935. He played on the University's national championship football teams in 1932 and 1933 and was voted MVP of Wolverine in 1934. He also played in All-Star and benefit football games. He denied offers from two professional football teams, (Detroit Lions and Green Bay Packers), but chose to become boxing coach and assistant varsity football coach at Yale hoping to attend law school there. Ford earned his law degree in 1941.
After returning to Michigan and passing his bar exam, Ford set up a law partnership in Grand Rapids with Philip Buchen, a University of Michigan fraternity brother (who later served on Ford's White House staff as Counsel to the President).
In April 1942 Ford joined the U.S. Naval Reserve and became a physical fitness instructor at a flight school in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. In the spring of 1943 he began service in the light aircraft carrier USS Monterey. Ford spent the remainder of the war ashore and was discharged as a lieutenant commander in February 1946. He returned to Grand Rapids to become a partner in the locally prestigious law firm of Butterfield, Keeney, and Amberg.
His first political experience was in the summer of 1940 when he was working in the presidential campaign of Wendell Willkie. Six years later he decided to challenge Bartel Jonkman for the Republican nomination for the U.S. House of Representatives in the 1948 election. Ford won the nomination and after that was elected to Congress on November 2, 1948, receiving 61% of the vote.
On October 15 1948, the height of the campaign, Ford married Elizabeth ('Betty') Anne Bloomer Warren, a department store fashion consultant. Betty was born on April 8, 1918 in Chicago, Illinois, but grew up in Grand Rapids. They subsequently had four children: Michael Gerald (March 14, 1950), John Gardner (March 16, 1952), Steven Meigs (May 19, 1956) and Susan Elizabeth (July 6, 1957).
Ford served in the House of Representatives from January 3, 1949 to December 6, 1973. He was re-elected twelve times, winning each time with more than 60% of the vote. As his ambition was to become Speaker of the House already in the early 1950s, he denied offers to run for both the Senate and the Michigan governorship in these years. In 1961 he became chairman of the House Republican Conference. In 1963 President Johnson appointed Ford to the Warren Commission to investigate the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. He was the last living member of the Warren Commission.
In 1965 Ford was chosen as the House minority leader, a post he held until 1973. As minority leader Ford made more than 200 speeches a year all across the country, which made him nationally known. He was not only a close friend of Richard Nixon for many years, but also a loyal supporter in both the 1968 and 1972 presidential elections. As in 1960, Ford was again considered as a vice presidential candidate in 1968. Because the Republicans did not attain a majority in the House, Ford was unable to reach his ultimate political goal, Speaker of the House. Instead, he became president of the Senate.
Late in 1973 Spiro Agnew pleaded no contest to a charge of income tax evasion and resigned as Vice President. President Nixon was empowered by the 25th Amendment to appoint a new vice president and chose Ford. He was sworn in on December 6, 1973.
On August 9, 1974, Nixon became the first president in U.S. history to resign from the office under the threat of impeachment in the Watergate scandal. The same day Gerald R. Ford took the oath of office as 38th President of the United States on August 9, 1974. Also in August 1974, Ford nominated Nelson Rockefeller for vice president, which nomination was confirmed by Congress on December 19, 1974.
One month after taking office President Ford faced one of the toughest decisions in his career. He decided to grant Nixon a full, free and absolute pardon for all offences against the United States which he has committed or may have committed or taken part in. The public opinion was mostly negative about the pardon and there was even suspicion Ford and Nixon had made a deal to grant a pardon if Nixon would resign. Although this happened on September 8, 1974, it might have cost the re-election of Ford two years later.
On November 24, 1974, in the conference hall of the Okeansky Sanitarium, Vladivostok, USSR, President Ford and Soviet General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev signed the SALT-treaty, following talks on the limitation of strategic offensive arms
In March 1975, during the final days of the Vietnam War, Ford ordered the airlift of about 237,000 Vietnamese refugees to the United States. Two months later, on May 14, 1975, Ford ordered U.S. forces to retake the S.S. Mayaguez after its seizure by Cambodia, an action Ford characterized as an "act of piracy." The operation saved the ship's 39-member crew, but sadly 41 Americans were killed and 50 more wounded during the preparation and execution of the rescue.
President Ford was twice the target of assassination attempts. Both took place in on two separate trips to California in September 1975 and both were 'performed' by women. On September 5, 1975 he survived an assassination attempt in Sacramento, California, by Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme, a member of a cult once led by convicted mass murderer Charles Manson. On September 22, 1975, in San Francisco, California, Sara Jane Moore fired a shot at the president, but a bystander diverted the shot.
Despite his former athletics skills, Gerald Ford tumbled several times during his presidency. No cause was ever communicated.
At the Republican National Convention in August 1976, Ford fought off a serious challenge from Californian Governor Ronald Reagan to be nominated as his party's presidential candidate. He chose Senator Robert Dole of Kansas as his running mate.
Although he succeeded in closing in on Democrat Jimmy Carter's large lead in the polls, President Ford finally lost one of the closest elections in history in November 1976.
After leaving office, Gerald and Betty Ford returned to private life and moved to California where they built a new house in Rancho Mirage, which became his last residence.
President Ford continued to actively participate in the political process and to speak out on important political issues. He lectured at hundreds of colleges and universities.
In 1981, the Gerald R. Ford Library in Ann Arbor, Michigan, and the Gerald R. Ford Museum in Grand Rapids, Michigan, were dedicated.
President Ford was the recipient of numerous awards and honors by many civic organizations, like the recipient of many honorary Doctor of Law degrees from various public and private colleges and universities.
In August 1999, President Bill Clinton presented Ford with the nation's highest civilian award, the Medal of Freedom. Two months later, in October 1999, Senate and House leaders presented Ford and his wife, Betty, with the Congressional Gold Medal. Together with former President Carter, he served as honorary Co-Chair of the National Commission on Federal Election Reform in 2001. In May 2001 he was presented with the Profiles in Courage award for his controversial decision to pardon former President Nixon.
In August 2000 Ford suffered a mild stroke while attending the Republican National Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. On May 16, 2003 following fluctuations in blood pressure and hot weather, Ford suffered dizzy spells on the golf course and taken to hospital. He was released the next day.
Although President Ford cut back on his travel and public appearances in recent years, he attended funeral services for President Ronald Reagan at Washington's National Cathedral, sitting with former Presidents Clinton, Bush and Carter, and their wives in June 2004.
In August 2006, he was discharged from the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, after doctors tried to reduce or eliminate blockages in his coronary arteries. They also implanted a pacemaker to improve his heart performance. In the fall of 2006 Ford spent several days at Eisenhower Medical Center in Rancho Mirage for medical tests. He was released on October 16.
On November 12, 2006, Ford officially became the longest-lived president, surpassing Ronald Reagan. Ford would extend the record by 45 days.
On December 26, 2006 at 6:45 p.m., President Ford died in his house in Rancho Mirage, California. He was aged 93 years and 165 days old, making him the longest-lived United States President. No cause of death was communicated. A state funeral and memorial services were held at the National Cathedral in Washington, D.C. on January 2, 2007. President Ford was buried at his presidential museum in Grand Rapids, Michigan.
President Gerald Ford is survived by his wife Betty, after more than 58 years of marriage, and by their four children, seven grandchildren and four great-grandchildren. He is also survived by his brother, Richard, of Grand Rapids, Michigan.
- IMDb Mini Biography By: Aernout Fetter ([email protected])
Spouse (1)
( 15 October 1948 - 26 December 2006) (his death) (4 children)
Trade Mark (1)
Known for occasional stumbles and falls in public while in office
Trivia (45)
Chosen as U.S. President Richard Nixon 's vice president after the resignation of Spiro Agnew . Later, Ford succeeded Nixon as U.S. President when Nixon resigned from office. Ford is the first person to hold the office of U.S. President without the vote of the people.
Ford was sworn in as Vice President on 6 December 1973, after the resignation of then-Vice President Spiro Agnew .
Served in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1949-1973.
In 1963, U.S. President Johnson appointed Ford to the Warren Commission, which investigated the assassination of U.S. President Kennedy. Ford was the longest lived member of that Commission.
Ford pardoned U.S. President Nixon for Nixon's involvement in Watergate, which was largely unpopular with the U.S. public. Many believe the pardon cost Ford the 1976 U.S. Presidential election, but Ford maintained that it was the right thing to do for the good of the country. In 2001, Senator Ted Kennedy , a staunch critic of the pardon in 1974, admitted that it had been the right decision for the country.
On two separate trips to California in September of 1975, Ford was the target of assassination attempts. Both of the assailants were women of 'Charles Manson (I)''s group of criminals, they were Lynette Fromme and Sara Jane Moore .
Played football while in college, and, after graduation, was offered positions with both the Detroit Lions and the Green Bay Packers. He declined each in favor of coaching boxing and football at Yale University.
His children and their birth-dates: Michael Gerald, born on Tuesday, March 14th, 1950. John Gardner was born on Sunday, March 16th, 1952. Steven Meigs was born on Saturday, May 19th, 1956 and Susan Elizabeth, was born on Saturday, July 6th, 1957.
Earned the rank of Eagle Scout in 1927.
Served in the U.S. Navy during World War Two.
Ford was born Leslie Lynch King Jr., but his parents separated two weeks after his birth. His mother remarried when Ford was two, and his name was changed to that of his stepfather, Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr. Ford did not know until he was seventeen years old that his stepfather was not his biological father.
Graduated from the University of Michigan and Yale University Law School.
He was an avid golfer.
Ford was left-handed only when sitting down. Although he signed all official documents with his left hand, he was photographed writing on a chalkboard and throwing a softball with his right hand, both while standing.
Portrayed on Saturday Night Live (1975) by Chevy Chase .
As of 14 July 2003 he was one of only four U.S. Presidents to live into his nineties. The other three were John Adams (1735-1826), Herbert Hoover (1874-1964), and Ronald Reagan (1911-2004).
August 2, 2000, he was admitted to hospital after suffering two mild strokes at the Republican National Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
May 18, 2003, he was admitted to hospital after suffering dizzy spells during a golf game he played in ninety-six degree Fahrenheit heat in Rancho Mirage, California.
Although Ford was not an All-American football player at the University of Michigan, his jersey number (48) was retired in a stadium ceremony 8 October 1994.
Ford was the only United States President who had been adopted as a child.
After the death of Ronald Reagan , he became the oldest living former President. Ronald Reagan 's lifetime, in days alone, was 34,088 days, while Gerald Ford 's lifetime, in days, alone was 34,133 days. Gerald Ford lived only 45 days more than Ronald Reagan.
Is the only person to date who has served as Vice President and President without having been elected to either office. He took each office after the respective resignations of Spiro Agnew and Richard Nixon .
He was a close friend of Jimmy Carter despite their quite different political ideologies and the fact Carter defeated him in the 1976 presidential election.
In Thomas P. 'Tip' O'Neill 's memoir, "Man of the House", Ford confided to O'Neill that he was considering running for President in 1980.
Was a member of the Warren Commission.
His wife, Betty Ford , suffered from alcoholism.
His wife, Betty Ford , founded The Betty Ford Clinic for alcohol & drug rehabilitation.
Hospitalized with shortness of breath in July 2006.
| Rudolph |
In humans, Graves disease is the result of an overactive what? | President Gerald Ford
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Key Dates
1913 Born in Omaha, Nebraska. (His name then was Leslie Lynch King Jr. In 1916 he was adopted by his step father and his name was changed.
1935 Gerald Ford graduated from the University of Michigan.
1941 Ford graduated from the Yale Law School.
1942 -46 He served in the Navy during WWII
1948 Gerald Ford was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives.
1964 Warren Commission which Ford served as a member concluded that there was no evidence of a conspiracy in the assassination of Kennedy.
1972 Watergate break-in.
1973 President Nixon appointed Ford as his Vice President.
1974 Nixon resigned as President and Gerald Ford became President.
1974 Ford pardoned Nixon.
1976 Lost the presidential election to Jimmy Carter.
1979 Ford published his memoir A Time to Heal.
1980 Ford declined to serve as Reagan's vice president.
1982 Betty and Gerald Ford open the Betty Ford Center.
2001 Ex-President Ford receives the Profile in Courage Award form the John F. Kennedy Foundation.
2006 Gerald Ford died. Surpassed Ronald Reagan as the nation's longest-lived president.
Gerald Rudolph. Ford
38th President
Gerald was born in Omaha, Nebraska on July 14, 1913.
Gerald R. Ford Jr. was the only President born in Nebraska. He was also the only President that was a resident of Michigan.
He was named Leslie Lynch King, Jr. at birth. When his divorced mother remarried, he was adopted by his stepfather and named Gerald R. Ford after him. He was known as "Jerry." President Ford didn't know he was adopted until he was 12 years old. A second source says 17 years old.
When his name was changed on December 3, 1935 his middle name was spelled Rudolf. However, Ford used the spelling Rudolph to give less of a German name.
Gerald Ford considered himself a Republican from a very young age..
He was all city (Grand Rapids) and all state in football. He was the center on the University of Michigan Football Team. He also played linebacker. Ford was the MVP of the Michigan team. He was MVP on a team with a record of 1 and 7.
He then played on two national champion Michigan teams at center, but not as a starter. He was offered contracts to play football for the Detroit Lions and the Green Bay Packers. They offered to pay him $200 a game for a 14 game season.
Ford was one of three presidents who majored in economics while is college. George H. Bursh and Ronald Reagan were the others.
He married Elizabeth (Betty) Anne Bloomer on October 15, 1948. The next day they went to a University of Michigan football game as part of their Honeymoon.
Gerald Ford was the first President whose parents were divorced.
Ford was the first President to have been an Eagle Scout.
Gerald R. Ford once worked as a fashion model. Ford was a model for Cosmopolitan and Look magazines in the 1940's.
Ford studied law at Yale University. He graduated in the top third of his class.
Gerald enlisted in the Navy Reserves on April 20, 1942.
He served from 1942-1946 he served in the U.S. Navy during WW II. His ship took part in most of the major battles. (Wake Island, Okinawa, and the Philippines.) He was a decorated Naval officer. Gerald was awarded ten battle stars for naval battles in the pacific.
He is right-handed, but he wrote with his left hand.
He always signed his name Jerry Ford.
Ford smoked a pipe.
He won his first election to the House of Representatives in 1948 by getting 60% of the vote. That was his smallest margin of victory in his career as a Representative. He spent 24 years as a representative.
One of his professional goals was to became Speaker of the House. To reach that goal he worked to get a seat on the House Appropriations Committee. (Several Speakers of the House had served on that committee.)
Ford was one of the members of the Warren Commission appointed to study the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. He was the last living member of the Commission.
While he was a congressman he bought a Polaroid Camera. They had just been invented and the camera printed a picture instantly. When people from his home district came to visit he would have their picture taken with him as a souvenir. If he wasn't in his office he allow people to sit at his desk and one of his aids would take their picture.
The president enjoyed butter pecan ice cream.
Ford was 6' tall and weighed about 195.
Ford was the only President who was employed by the National Park Service. He worked as a park ranger in Yellowstone in 1936.
Ford's congressional office was across the hall from another young congressman named John Kennedy. They became close friends. He also became friends with Richard Nixon.
When Nixon was getting ready to resign, he call Ford to the White House. The two shook hands and sat down. There was silence in the room and Nixon turned to Ford and said: "I know you will do well." At that moment Ford knew Nixon was resigning and he would become president. The next day Nixon resigned.
Gerald Ford was Vice President to Richard Nixon. The vote to confirm his vice president was 92-3 in the Senate and 387-35 in the house.
He was sworn into office by Chief Justice Warren Burger.
Gerald R. Ford, 1974. Library of Congress
(Click on image for a larger picture.)
Gerald Ford became President with the resignation of Richard Nixon. He was one of 9 vice presidents to become president . He was the only vice president who didn't become president due to a president's death.
Gerald R. Ford was the only president not elected by the people as either vice president or president. Therefore, he is the only President to not run for the Presidency or Vice Presidency and become President. As one book states he was the first un-elected President. He was the Speaker of the House and replace Vice President Agnew when he resigned and then replace Richard Nixon when he resigned.
He was the second President to wear contacts while in office. Johnson and Reagan also wore contacts.
On September 8, 1974, President Ford granted a pardon to Richard Nixon. Ford was highly critized for pardoning Nixon and his popularity rating dropped quickly. Ford felt it was the only want to put the Watergate scandal behind him and the nation.
President Ford was the first president to visit Japan while in office.
President Ford hired a joke writer.
In 1975, Gerald Ford officially reinstated Robert E. Lee as a U. S. citizen. (Lee was the top ranking Confederate General in the Civil War.)
Gerald Ford also loved golf, but spectators had to watch carefully because the President was know for conking people on the head with his wild shots. However, he did have a hole-in-one to his credit. (He was the second president to do that. Eisenhower also had a hole-in-one.
President Ford said he wanted to "replace a national frown with a national smile."
He was an Episcopalian.
In 1975, two attempts were made to assassinate President Ford. One on September 5 by Lynette (Squeaky) Fromme. She was a follower of Charles Manson. The second was on September 22, by Sara Jane Moore. President Ford was not hurt in either attempt. (For more information see our page on the attempts to assassinate President Ford. )
Shortly after becoming president he gave a full pardon to Richard Nixon (Sept. 8,1974). Some people say that this lead to his defeat to Jimmy Carter in the next presidential election (1976). He is the only president to grant a pardon to another president.
Gerald Ford's Vice President was Nelson Rockefeller (1974-1977).
When President Ford entered the room the band would play the Michigan Fight song instead of Hail to the Cheif.
President Ford vetoed 15 bills in his first three months in office. That was more that Nixon had vetoed in 18 months. However, many of those vetoes were overridden. He had more vetoes overridden than any other president.
On April 23, 1973, President Ford in a speech at Tulane University announced that the war in Vietnam was finished. Ford stated: "Today, America can regain the sense of pride that existed before Vietnam. But it cannot be achieved by refighting a war that is finished as far as America is concerned."
On July 8th, 1975, President Ford announced his candidacy for the 1976 Republican presidential election.
On September 5, 1975, "Sqeaky" Fromme tried to assassinate President Ford. She had a loaded gun but there was a bullet in the firing chamber. She pointed the gun at Gerald Ford. The Secret Service restrained her.
After a second assassination attempt by Sara Jane Moore, the presidents started wearing a bullet proof vest.
Gerald Ford had Golden Retriever named Liberty.
The 1976 Presidential election was the only election he ever lost. Ford had several problems in running for president ion 1976. The economy was in bad shape. Economic growth had slowed and inflation was taking place. Also within his own party, conservatives were upset and wanted Reagan as their nominee.
The election of 1976 was the closest since 1916. Popular vote was 40.8 million for Carter and 39.1 million for Ford. The electorial vote was 297 for Carter and 240 for Ford.
President Ford was in office for 896 days. Only two Vice Presidents served less day. ( Lyndon Johnson - 425 and Calvin Coolidge -580) It was the 5th shortest term served by any president.
In his last State of the Union address on January 12, 1977, President Ford stated: "I can report that the state of the union is good. There is room for improvement, as always, but today we have a more perfect Union than when my stewardship began."
President Carter first words in his inaugural address were: "For myself and for our nation, I want to thank my predecessor for all he has done to heal our land."
President Ford and President Carter became close friends and work on several programs together.
Ford won the John F. Kennedy "Profile in Courage Award" for having the courage to pardon Richard Nixon. Many of his critics for pardoning Nixon came to realize later it was the best thing that he could have done to heal our nation and put Watergate behind us.
It was said that he always followed the three rules that he learned as a kid from Michigan: Tell the Truth, Work Hard, and Come to Dinner on Time.
Gerald R. Ford owns a home for skiing in Beaver Creek, CO.
The Fords became millionaires after he left office. He published several books, spoke at corporate functions and had a NBC contract.
Ford passed Ronald Reagan as the oldest person ever to be president Ford became 93 years and 121 days old. That was one month older than Reagan. ( Oldest living and deceased Presidents. )
His obituary took three pages in the New York Times.
He lied repose in California, then Washington DC and was buried next to the Gerald Ford Museum in Grand Rapids, MI.
At right is a image of the statue at the Museum in Grand Rapids, MI. It has basic information on the front and quotes by Ford on the other three sides.
My favorite is from his swearing in speech:
"I am acutely aware that you have not elected me as your President by your ballots, and so I ask you to confirm me as your President with your prayers. And I hope that such prayers will also be the first of many. If you have not chosen me by secret ballot, neither have I gained office by any secret promises. I have not campaigned either for the Presidency or the Vice Presidency. I have not subscribed to any partisan platform. I am indebted to no man, and only to one woman�my dear wife�as I begin this very difficult job."
Gerald Ford
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In Southern Australia, a strong, hot, dry dusty wind is known by what name? | Wind of the World: Brickfielder | weatheronline.co.uk
Location: Australia
The Brickfielder is a strong, hot, dry and dusty wind in southern Australia. The Brickfielder usually occurs during summer and is mainly affecting southeast Australia's states of Victoria and New South Wales . The Brickfielder is associated with the passage of a frontal zone of a low pressure. Preceding the passage of the front tropical, hot, dry north-westerly desert air from the interior of Australia is carrying clouds of dust and bringing sudden hot spells , often exceeding 38C (100F), to areas which normally have a much milder climate. The temperature might jump up 15 to 20 °C within hours.
After the front has passed, temperatur es will drop dramatically again and the now cold winds are veering to more south, south-westerly directions, originating from polar air masses and still blowing quite strong, often with gusts reaching gale force. The passing of the cold-front itself is often associated with violent thunderstorms even triggereing tornadoes. This wind now is called a Southerly Buster, the uneven brother of the Brickfielder.
For example, on January 14, 2001 temperatures in Sydney reached 34C (93F), with NE winds and dropped to 23C (73F) the very next day, veering to SE.
The hot northerly wind blew across the Brickfields, formerly so called, a district of Sydney and carried clouds of reddish dust from the brickworks over the nascent city - thus the name: Brickfielder. However, another - agricultural - explanation comes from the hot and dry character of the northerly wind itself, turning the surface of the already dry soil hard as bricks. Therefore, by confusion, every dry, hot wind from the north might be called a Brickfielder today. The Brickfielder is related to the Argentinian Zonda wind
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| Brickfielder |
What price did an adult British passport rise to in 2009? | Vento nel mondo: Brickfielder | woitalia.it
Vento nel mondo
Location: Australia
The Brickfielder is a strong, hot, dry and dusty wind in southern Australia. The Brickfielder usually occurs during summer and is mainly affecting southeast Australia's states of Victoria and New South Wales . The Brickfielder is associated with the passage of a frontal zone of a low pressure. Preceding the passage of the front tropical, hot, dry north-westerly desert air from the interior of Australia is carrying clouds of dust and bringing sudden hot spells , often exceeding 38C (100F), to areas which normally have a much milder climate. The temperature might jump up 15 to 20 °C within hours.
After the front has passed, temperatur es will drop dramatically again and the now cold winds are veering to more south, south-westerly directions, originating from polar air masses and still blowing quite strong, often with gusts reaching gale force. The passing of the cold-front itself is often associated with violent thunderstorms even triggereing tornadoes. This wind now is called a Southerly Buster, the uneven brother of the Brickfielder.
For example, on January 14, 2001 temperatures in Sydney reached 34C (93F), with NE winds and dropped to 23C (73F) the very next day, veering to SE.
The hot northerly wind blew across the Brickfields, formerly so called, a district of Sydney and carried clouds of reddish dust from the brickworks over the nascent city - thus the name: Brickfielder. However, another - agricultural - explanation comes from the hot and dry character of the northerly wind itself, turning the surface of the already dry soil hard as bricks. Therefore, by confusion, every dry, hot wind from the north might be called a Brickfielder today. The Brickfielder is related to the Argentinian Zonda wind
Annunci
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What is the first name of the butler in the US tv series ‘The Fresh Prince of Bel Air’, starring Will Smith? | The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air - Show News, Reviews, Recaps and Photos - TV.com
The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air
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A wealthy family living in Bel-Air, California, receives a dubious gift from their poorer relations in Philadelphia when Grammy Award-winner Will Smith arrives as The Fresh Prince Of Bel-Air. His mother wants him to learn some good old-fashioned values from his successful relatives. But Will shatters the sophisticated serenity of Bel-Air with his streetwise common sense, much to the dismay of his upper-crust uncle, Philip Banks (James Avery), Aunt Vivian (Janet Hubert-Whitten and Daphne Maxwell Reid) and three conceited cousins, Carlton (Alfonso Ribeiro), Hilary (Karyn Parsons) and Ashley (Tatyana Ali) - and even the butler, Geoffrey (Joseph Marcell). As the Banks family opens their home - and their checkbook - to their needy relative, Will adapts easily to their indulgent lifestyle. Yet, he reminds everyone that the simplest pleasures of family life can't be bought at any price.
Repeats can be seen on Nick at Nite, The N (Noggin's nightime program lineup), and weekday afternoons on TBS.
Nielsen Ratings (Top 20 or better)
Not in Top 20 in the 1990 - 1991 Season #18 in the 1991 - 1992 Season #14 in the 1992 - 1993 Season Not in Top 20 in the 1993 - 1994 Season Not in Top 20 in the 1994 - 1995 Season Not in Top 20 in the 1995 - 1996 Season
Theme Song: "Fresh Prince" Lyrics and music by Will Smith. Produced by Will Smith in association with "A Touch Of Jazz".
Now this is the story all about how My life got flipped, turned upside down And I'd like to take a minute, just sit right there I'll tell you how I became the prince of a town called Bel-Air In West Philadelphia born and raised On the playground where I spent most of my days Chilling out, maxing, relaxing all cool And shootin' some B-ball outside of the school When a couple of guys who were up to no good Started making trouble in my neighbourhood I got in one little fight and my mom got scared She said "you're moving with your auntie and uncle in Bel-Air" I whistled for a cab and when it came near the License plate said "Fresh" and had dice in the mirror If anything I could say that this cab was rare But I thought nah, forget it, yo homes to bel-air I pulled up to a house about seven or eight And I yelled to the cabbie 'Yo homes, smell you later Looked at my kingdom I was finally there To sit on my throne as the prince of Bel-Airmoreless
| Geoffrey |
Which British Prime Minister said ‘A week is a long time in politics’? | The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, Season 6 on iTunes
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The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, Season 6TV-PGClosed Captioning
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Description
Television’s freshest comedy, The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, hits its stride in its sixth and final season. After Will (Will Smith) becomes Hilary's (Karyn Parsons) talent coordinator, her show goes national and she is lured to New York, where Ashley (Tatyana Ali) hopes to model. When Philip (James Avery) presides over a high-profile Hollywood case, his ambition almost ruins his marriage. In the series finale, he shows the house to prospective buyers played by classic sitcom stars Sherman Hemsley, Isabel Sanford and Marla Gibbs (The Jeffersons), and Gary Coleman and Conrad Bain (Diff'rent Strokes). With their home sold, the Banks parents head east to be closer to Ashley and Hilary; butler Geoffrey (Joseph Marcell) moves to London; Carlton (Alfonso Ribeiro) attends Princeton; and Will looks forward to his post-college future. Chris Rock, Wayne Newton, Dick Clark, B.B. King, Jay Leno, William Shatner, Regis Philbin, Richard Roundtree and Jaleel White (Family Matters) also guest star.
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Which UK television chef caused controversy by cooking a human placenta on his show? | TV Chef Likens Eating Puppy Meat to Eating Pork : TreeHugger
TV Chef Likens Eating Puppy Meat to Eating Pork
Photo: wsilver / cc
British celebrity chef Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall has made a name for himself by venturing into the darkest corners of culinary arts. Throughout his career as host of several cooking shows in the UK, Fearnley-Whittingstall has put his taste-buds to the test, eating, amongst other things, roadkill, giraffe testicles, fruit bats, and even some human placenta he whipped up as a pate. Needless to say, the TV chef has an iron stomach -- but after swearing off meat more than 5 months ago, he's wandered into controversy yet again. According to Fearnley-Whittingstall, eating puppy meat is really no different than eating pork.Fearnley-Whittingstall, who stars in the British cooking program River Cottage, has become a leading voice for the organic movement in the UK, challenging his viewers to adopt a more intimate understanding of where their food comes from. In this role, the celebrity chef has advocated for the public to incorporate more free-range meat and locally grown vegetables into their diets.
Leading in to the latest season of his cooking show, and accompanying cookbook of vegetarian recipes, Fearnley-Whittingstall has adopted a meat-free lifestyle for the past 5 months. In a recent interview with the Radio Times, as quoted by the Daily Mail , the chef noted the inherent hypocrisy most non-vegetarians display in classifying some animals as acceptable to eat while others are taboo -- namely, puppies.
In principle, but not in practice, I have no objection to a high-welfare organic puppy farm.
You can't object, unless you also object to the farming of pigs. It's an artificial construct of our society, a cultural decision, to make pets out of dogs and meat out of pigs.
Both animals could be used the other way round - although pigs probably do make better meat than dogs and dogs better pets than pigs. But it's not a foregone conclusion.
Some animal advocates, like those from the RSPCA, have taken issue with the chef's remarks, saying his "comments may seem sensible but are actually quite controversial - especially when dogs are our most popular and loved pet."
The point raised by Fearnley-Whittingstall, while conveniently aligning with the release of his new show and book, do tap into a double-standard which exists in the meat-eating, puppy-loving community -- which, I would venture to say, is most people.
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What is the profession of Nick Bottom in Shakespeare’s ‘A Midsummer Night’s Dream’? | Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall: ‘Puppy meat is no worse than a pork chop’
Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall: ‘Puppy meat is no worse than a pork chop’
River Cottage star says people offended by the idea of eating dogs should also object to pig farming
Chef admits he would only eat canine if he was ‘on the point of starvation’
RSPCA says his comments were made ‘in a crude way’
By
Simon Neville
Last updated at 3:03 PM on 11th October 2011
TV chef Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall has sparked outrage after claiming eating puppy meat is no worse than eating a pork chop.
The River Cottage star, who regards himself as a ‘real food campaigner’, suggested that society has unfairly dictated which animals can be farmed and which can be kept as pets.
His comments were criticised by animal charities as ‘wholly unacceptable’.
‘Gimmicky’? The TV chef Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall – star of River Cottage – admitted he would only eat cats and dogs if he was ‘on the point of starvation’
Fearnley-Whittingstall told the Radio Times: ‘In principle, but not in practice, I have no objection to a high-welfare organic puppy farm.
‘You can’t object, unless you also object to the farming of pigs.
‘It’s an artificial construct of our society, a cultural decision, to make pets out of dogs and meat out of pigs.
‘Both animals could be used the other way round – although pigs probably do make better meat than dogs and dogs better pets than pigs. But it’s not a foregone conclusion.’
However, the 46-year-old did admit he would only eat loin of labrador or cat liver if ‘I was on the point of starvation’.
Last night a Dogs Trust spokesman said: ‘We believe that the concept of breeding dogs for food in any conditions, high welfare or not, is wholly unacceptable.
Too cute to eat: The chef said it was an artificial construct of society, a cultural decision, to make pets out of dogs and meat out of pigs
‘Better meat than dogs’: Fearnley-Whittingstall said you can’t object to eating dog meat unless you also object to the farming of pigs
‘Dogs are companion animals and as man’s best friend they provide immeasurable love, comfort and support to owners all over the world.
‘They have an innate ability to form real bonds with humans and their loyalty is unquestionable.
‘They also contribute so much to society through their vital roles with our armed forces and the police, and they help people in need such as those who are sight and hearing impaired or otherwise disabled.’
The full interview is available in the latest edition of the Radio Times
An RSPCA spokesman said the chef’s comments ‘were made in a crude way’, adding: ‘Our concerns are with the farming of any animal, dog or otherwise, and his comments may seem sensible but are actually quite controversial – especially when dogs are our most popular and loved pet.’
Fearnley-Whittingstall has spent the past five months not eating meat for his latest TV series and for a vegetarian cookbook.
When asked if his new-found vegetarianism was a gimmick for the £1.9million publishing deal, he said: ‘That money is for a series of eight or nine River Cottage handbooks, which I don’t write so the money is shared. But I don’t think we’re gimmicky.
‘I started by looking at where food came from, rearing our animals and growing our food.’
It is not the first time Fearnley-Whittingstall has caused controversy over his food ideas. He has eaten curried fruit bat, giraffe and calf testicles in the past.
In 1998 he fell foul of broadcasting rules when his show TV Dinners saw people cooking and eating human placenta.
He said at the time: ‘People need to be shocked to make them think about the issues in eating food.’
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I would rather eat Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall for dinner…
– Ellis, Bristol, 11/10/2011 15:48
He’s a muppet but he’s right. What’s the difference?
– Barney, Chester, UK, 11/10/2011 15:29
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i completely agree with Hugh – if you are going to eat meat then you can’t have a hierarchy of what is ‘allowed’ to be killed. I haven’t eaten meat or worn leather for over 25 years because I couldn’t bear the intensive farming and the fact that I knew, deep down, that I could never kill an animal and so i couldn’t justify eating it. Even the cat and dog I do have, are only fed free range meat and meat products as i can hardly bear that but at least I know they had a relatively ok life. Intensive farming of pigs is, to quote Michael Mansfied QC, ‘simply genocide’. Simon from Cardiff has a very strange attitude – why is eating someone who has just died worse than cramming living animals into trucks and then driving them off for slaughter. I bet all the people making a fuss after his comments are meat eaters but, being objective as a veggie, why is it any worse. Go Hugh!
– cathy french, bath, 11/10/2011 15:27
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I dont eat meat but what he says is right,why have one animal as a spoilt pet but others as food,i could never understand this.Not that i want dogs to be eaten i would like no animal to be.
– sammy, uk, 11/10/2011 15:22
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He’s right of course……he is simply pointing out one of a myriad of cultural shiboleths that we have created in the evolution of our present society.
We have chosen not to eat canine meat,but that does not preclude us from doing so if the need ever arose in future.I for one hope it never comes to this point……. not but not because I wish to elevate the status of a dog above that of equally valuable or intelligent creatures but to avoid sacrificing even one of my own species to extreme hunger to preserve this quaint opinion of “Man’s best friend?”
– Mike, Crowthorne Berkshire, 11/10/2011 15:20
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now if it was CATS I’d understand easily
– rob, tring, 11/10/2011 15:19
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Josip Broz was the original name of which Yugoslav statesman? | Josip Broz Tito | president of Yugoslavia | Britannica.com
president of Yugoslavia
Dragoljub Mihailović
Josip Broz Tito, original name Josip Broz (born May 7, 1892, Kumrovec, near Zagreb , Croatia , Austria-Hungary [now in Croatia]—died May 4, 1980, Ljubljana , Yugoslavia [now in Slovenia]), Yugoslav revolutionary and statesman. He was secretary-general (later president) of the Communist Party (League of Communists) of Yugoslavia (1939–80), supreme commander of the Yugoslav Partisans (1941–45) and the Yugoslav People’s Army (1945–80), and marshal (1943–80), premier (1945–53), and president (1953–80) of Yugoslavia . Tito was the chief architect of the “second Yugoslavia,” a socialist federation that lasted from World War II until 1991. He was the first Communist leader in power to defy Soviet hegemony , a backer of independent roads to socialism (sometimes referred to as “national communism”), and a promoter of the policy of nonalignment between the two hostile blocs in the Cold War .
Josip Broz Tito, 1972.
Sygma
Early life
Josip Broz was born to a large peasant family in Kumrovec, northwest of Zagreb, the capital of Croatia, of a Croat father and a Slovene mother. He was apprenticed to a locksmith in 1907 and completed his training in 1910, when he joined the Social Democratic Party of Croatia-Slavonia at Zagreb. After working as an itinerant metalworker in various Austro-Hungarian and German centres, he was drafted into the Austro-Hungarian army in 1913, completed noncommissioned-officer training, and was sent as a sergeant in the war against Serbia in 1914. Transferred to the Russian front in early 1915, he was seriously wounded and captured by the Russians in April 1915. After a long hospitalization he was sent to prisoner-of-war camps, where he became acquainted with Bolshevik propaganda . In 1917 he participated in the July Days demonstrations in Petrograd (St. Petersburg) and, after the October Revolution , joined a Red Guard unit in Omsk , Siberia . Following a White counteroffensive, he fled to Kirgiziya (now Kyrgyzstan) and subsequently returned to Omsk, where he married a Russian woman and joined the South Slav section of the Bolshevik party. In October 1920 he returned to his native Croatia (then part of the newly established Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes) and soon joined the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (CPY).
Josip Broz Tito’s birthplace, Kumrovec, Croatia.
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Communist organizer
Broz’s career as a communist militant was cut short in December 1920 by a state ban against communist activities. He lost his job in a Zagreb locksmith shop and moved to a nearby village, where he worked as a mill mechanic until 1923. Having revived his links with the underground CPY, he served as a local and regional party functionary and trade union organizer in Croatia and Serbia until 1927, when he joined the CPY committee for Zagreb, quickly becoming its organizational secretary. He promoted a campaign against party functions (the so-called Zagreb Line), thereby attracting the attention of Moscow . Rewarded by being named the Zagreb committee’s political secretary in April 1928, he led street demonstrations against the authorities following the assassination of Croat deputies in the Belgrade parliament in June 1928. His success at reviving the CPY’s vitality was cut short by arrest in August 1928. The police discovered bombs in Broz’s apartment—a testimony to his adherence to the new insurrectionary line of the Comintern , the Soviet-sponsored organization of international communism. During his trial, which ended with sentencing to a five-year term, Broz defended himself with exceptional courage and gained further credit with the party authorities.
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Broz’s prison term coincided with the establishment of the royal Yugoslav dictatorship, which was promulgated by King Alexander I in order to stem the nationalistic movements of disaffected non-Serbs. In an attempt to break the modest influence of the CPY, the government arrested most of the party cadre, sentencing many of its members to terms far harsher than Broz’s. Despite these blows, at the time of Broz’s release in March 1934, the CPY was slowly recuperating under the agile leadership in exile of Milan Gorkić. Gorkić summoned Broz to the CPY’s Vienna headquarters, where he attempted to secure his cooperation by bringing him into the CPY Politburo. It was at this time that Broz assumed the pseudonym Tito, one of many that he used in underground party work. From February 1935 to October 1936, Tito was in the Soviet Union , where he worked in the Comintern apparatus.
World Wars
By 1937 Tito was increasingly involved in the CPY’s underground work in Yugoslavia, where he established ties with a new generation of militants. In 1937–38, Joseph Stalin’s purges devastated the CPY leadership, claiming the lives of Gorkić and most of the other topmost veterans. Tito profited from (and probably was an accomplice in) the repression, gaining the Comintern’s mandate to replenish the CPY’s leadership councils with his hand-picked lieutenants—Edvard Kardelj, Alexander Ranković, Milovan Djilas , and Ivo Lola Ribar. He was the Comintern’s choice for the CPY’s new secretary-general, a position he formally assumed in 1939. At the Fifth Land Conference of the CPY, an underground minicongress held in Zagreb in October 1940, Tito sketched the CPY’s leftist strategy, which focused the party on armed insurrection and on a Soviet-style federalist solution to Yugoslavia’s nationality conflict. At that time the CPY had some 7,000 members, not counting the additional 17,200 members of the Young Communist League.
Partisan leader
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An opportunity for armed insurgency presented itself after the Axis powers , led by Germany and Italy , occupied and partitioned Yugoslavia in April 1941. The CPY remained the only organized political group ready and capable of contending with the occupiers and their collaborators throughout the territory of the defunct Yugoslav state. This meant that the communist-dominated Partisan units were not simply auxiliaries of the Allied war effort but an offensive force in their own right. Their ultimate aim, carefully concealed in the rhetoric of “national liberation struggle,” was the seizure of power. To this end, in Partisan-held territories they established “liberation committees,” communist-dominated administrative organs that prefigured the future federal republics. As a result, Tito’s Partisans became a threat not only to the occupiers and collaborators but also to the royal government-in-exile and its domestic exponents, the Serbian Chetniks of Dragoljub Mihailović . In time, Communist pressure drove the Chetniks into tactical alliances with the Axis, thereby precipitating their isolation and defeat.
In 1943, after Tito’s headquarters survived bruising Axis operations from January to June (particularly in the battles of Neretva and Sutjeska), the Western Allies recognized him as the leader of the Yugoslav resistance and obliged the London government-in-exile to come to terms with him. In June 1944 the royal premier, Ivan Šubašić, met Tito on the island of Vis and agreed to coordinate the activities of the exiled government with Tito. The Soviet army, aided by Tito’s Partisans, liberated Serbia in October 1944, thereby sealing the fate of the Yugoslav dynasty , which had the strongest following in this largest of the Yugoslav lands. There ensued a series of mop-up operations that strengthened Communist control of the whole of Yugoslavia by May 1945. In the process the Yugoslav frontiers extended to take in Istria and portions of the Julian Alps , where reprisals against fleeing Croat and Slovene collaborationists were especially brutal.
The conflict with Stalin
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Tito consolidated his power in the summer and fall of 1945 by purging his government of noncommunists and by holding fraudulent elections that legitimated the jettisoning of the monarchy. The Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia was proclaimed under a new constitution in November 1945. Trials of captured collaborationists, Catholic prelates, opposition figures, and even distrusted communists were conducted in order to fashion Yugoslavia in the Soviet mold. Tito’s excesses in imitation eventually became as irritating to Moscow as did his independent manner—especially in foreign policy, where Tito pursued risky aims in Albania and Greece at a time when Stalin advised caution. In the spring of 1948, Stalin initiated a series of moves to purge the Yugoslav leadership. This effort was unsuccessful, as Tito maintained his control over the CPY, the Yugoslav army, and the secret police . Stalin then opted for a public condemnation of Tito and for the expulsion of the CPY from the Cominform , the European organization of mainly ruling communist parties. In the ensuing war of words, economic boycotts , and occasional armed provocations (during which Stalin briefly considered military intervention), Yugoslavia was cut off from the Soviet Union and its eastern European satellites and steadily drew closer to the West.
The policy of nonalignment
The West smoothed Yugoslavia’s course by offering aid and military assistance. By 1953 military aid had evolved into an informal association with NATO via a tripartite pact with Greece and Turkey that included a provision for mutual defense. After the changes in the Soviet Union following Stalin’s death in 1953, Tito was faced with a choice: either continue the Westward course and give up one-party dictatorship (an idea promoted by Milovan Djilas but rejected by Tito in January 1954) or seek reconciliation with a somewhat reformed new Soviet leadership. The latter course became increasingly possible after a conciliatory state visit by Nikita Khrushchev to Belgrade in May 1955. The Belgrade declaration, adopted at that time, committed Soviet leaders to equality in relations with the communist-ruled countries—at least in the case of Yugoslavia. However, the limits of reconciliation became obvious after the Soviet intervention in Hungary in 1956; this was followed by a new Soviet campaign against Tito, aimed at blaming the Yugoslavs for inspiring the Hungarian insurgents. Yugoslav-Soviet relations went through similar cool periods in the 1960s (following the invasion of Czechoslovakia) and thereafter.
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Nevertheless, Stalin’s departure lessened the pressures for greater integration with the West, and Tito came to conceive of his internal and foreign policy as being equidistant from both blocs. Seeking like-minded statesmen elsewhere, he found them in the leaders of the developing countries. Negotiations with Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt and Jawaharlal Nehru of India in June 1956 led to a closer cooperation among states that were “nonengaged” in the East-West confrontation. From nonengagement evolved the concept of “active nonalignment ”—that is, the promotion of alternatives to bloc politics, as opposed to mere neutrality. The first meeting of nonaligned states took place in Belgrade under Tito’s sponsorship in 1961. The movement continued thereafter, but by the end of his life Tito had been eclipsed by new member states, such as Cuba, that conceived of nonalignment as anti-Westernism.
Self-management and decentralization
The break with the Soviet Union also inspired a search for a new model of socialism in Yugoslavia. In this area Tito, never a theoretician, depended on the ideological formulations of his lieutenants, notably Edvard Kardelj . But he supported the notion of workers’ management of production, embodied in the formation of the first workers’ councils in 1950. In the process, Soviet-style central planning was abandoned and central agencies were trimmed.
Workers’ self-management had important consequences for internal relations in multinational Yugoslavia. As power steadily shifted from the federation to the republics, conservative centralist forces fought back, opening cleavages within the communist elite between 1963 and 1972. During this period Tito purged first the Serbian centralists (notably, Alexander Ranković in 1966) and then the leaders of the decentralizing and liberal forces in Croatia (1971) and Serbia (1972). The Croatian purge had a further effect of destabilizing Tito’s rule in Yugoslavia’s most industrially advanced republic.
Retrenchment of the 1970s
Tito’s response to the crises of the 1960s and early ’70s was to fashion a system of “symmetrical federalism,” in which various internal rules and rituals (including a rotating presidency to lead Yugoslavia after Tito’s death) were supposed to formalize equality among the six republics and Serbia’s two autonomous provinces (Kosovo and the Vojvodina). This system, enshrined in the constitution of 1974, promoted the weaker and smaller federal units at the expense of the big two—Serbia and Croatia. Serbia’s displeasure at the independent role assigned to its autonomous provinces and the promotion of minority identity (especially that of the Albanians in Kosovo) was felt already in Tito’s last years, but it became radicalized after his death in 1980. Serb resentment provided the opening for Slobodan Milošević and other promoters of recentralization, who contributed greatly to the undoing of Tito’s federal system during the following decade.
Assessment
The irony of Tito’s remarkable life is that he created the conditions for the eventual destruction of his lifelong effort. Instead of allowing the process of democratization to establish its own limits, he constantly upset the work of reformers while failing to satisfy their adversaries. He created a federal state, yet he constantly fretted over the pitfalls of decentralization. He knew that the Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, and others could not be integrated within some new supranation, nor would they willingly accept the hegemony of any of their number; yet his supranational Yugoslavism frequently smacked of unitarism. He promoted self-management but never gave up on the party’s monopoly of power. He permitted broad freedoms in science, art, and culture that were unheard of in the Soviet bloc, but he kept excoriating the West. He preached peaceful coexistence but built an army that, in 1991, delivered the coup de grâce to the dying Yugoslav state. At his death, the state treasury was empty and political opportunists unchecked. He died too late for constructive change, too early to prevent chaos .
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Tito - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)
(1892-1980). The Yugoslav Partisans, an army of freedom fighters who successfully fought Hitler’s armies in World War II, were led by Tito. After the war he became the leader of the new Yugoslav socialist state. Officially elected president on Jan. 13, 1953, Tito remained the ruler of Yugoslavia until his death, providing his country with more than 30 years of stable leadership. By breaking with the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, he proclaimed the right of each socialist nation to pursue its own course. He also conducted and promoted a policy of not politically committing his country to support either the Soviet Union or the United States. This neutrality policy led to close ties with other neutralist leaders, such as Egypt’s president Gamal Abdel Nasser and India’s prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru, and to the founding of a conference of nonaligned countries in 1961 (see International Relations, "The Third World"). With them he denounced colonialism and proclaimed the equality of large and small states.
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Josip Broz Tito
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A Percheron is what type of animal? | Percheron | breed of horse | Britannica.com
breed of horse
Connemara
Percheron, heavy draft- horse breed that originated in the Perche region of France. The breed probably stems from the Flemish “great horse” of the Middle Ages; modified by Arabian blood to develop a coach-horse type, it was changed again in the 19th century by introduction of draft-type blood to produce animals for heavy farm work. Although a few Percherons were imported earlier, they did not become popular draft animals in the United States until after 1851. Before mechanization revolutionized farming, Percherons were widespread and influenced American agriculture more than any other draft breed.
Percheron stallion with black coat.
© Scott Smudsky
Percherons average 16 to 17 hands (64 to 68 inches, or 163 to 173 cm) high and weigh 1,900 to 2,100 pounds (860 to 950 kg). The head is fairly small and clean cut, the neck long, and the body well muscled. Common colours are black and gray. Percherons are agile and energetic for their size and display a mild disposition . The Percheron Horse Association of America and its predecessor organizations date from 1902.
Learn More in these related articles:
horse
a hoofed, herbivorous mammal of the family Equidae. It comprises a single species, Equus caballus, whose numerous varieties are called breeds. Before the advent of mechanized vehicles, the horse was widely used as a draft animal, and riding on horseback was one of the chief means of transportation....
Perche
region of northern France on the border of Normandy, mainly in the east of the Orne département, with extensions into neighbouring départements. Formerly a county, it was united with the French crown in 1525. It is largely hilly country, the Perche Hills having summits of about 1,000...
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Date Published: April 22, 2008
URL: https://www.britannica.com/animal/Percheron
Access Date: January 19, 2017
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Ophidiophobia is the fear of what type of creature? | The Percheron - Horse breed, Horse breeding, types and breeds from Equiworld.
[ Equiworld Horse Magazine ]
The Percheron Horse
The Percheron Horse originated in the area known as "Le Perche" in the north west of France. Here in 732 A.D. Arabian Horses abandoned by Moors after their defeat in the Battle of Tours were crossed with the massive Flemish stock and from this cross came the Percheron type which has endured for twelve centuries.
During the Crusades, further infusion of Arab blood was made; Arab sires procured in the Holy Land were bred to the Percheron. In the early 1800's the French Government's Stud at La Pin introduced further Arab blood into the Percheron breed by covering selected mares with two outstanding Arab sires. Now all contemporary Percheron's share this common heritage descending from the foundation stock that originated in La Perche.
The Percheron Horse Society of France was founded in 1883, to safeguard the breeding of pure stock and from this small district of La Perche. Pure-bred breeding stock has been exported all over the world with each nation except U.S.S.R., having an official Breed Association to ensure the preservation of the pure-bred Percheron, and so the Percheron Horse remains genetically pure with registered animals.
Introduction of the Percheron into England came about at the conclusion of the First World War. Many farmers serving with the British Forces in France became familiar with the Percheron and impressed with its docility, activity and power and ability to work both in mud and on hard surfaces. At the conclusion of activities the Percheron was imported to England as a general workhorse and large numbers were to be seen working through out the arable counties of East Anglia and the Fens in particular and they quickly spread to other parts of the country.
The formation of the British Percheron Horse Society took place in 1918 and during 1918-1922, 36 stallions and 321 mares were imported from France and the merits of this clean-legged animal were unmistakably recognised, and membership of the society grew steadily. The main aim of the Society was to encourage the breeding of a clean legged draught horse with short legs, short back, ample bone, powerful, active and quick in work with a good temper and easy to handle.
During World War Two and immediately afterwards, there was a rapid increase in farm mechanisation and a consequent decline in the numbers on heavy horses seen on farms. However, a strong nucleus of Percherons remained on farms in Cambridgeshire, Norfolk, Lincolnshire, Co. Durham, and Hampshire. Enthusiasts have since kept the breed alive and active and now in the 90's with energy crises and oil shortages, there is a tremendous amount of interest in the breed with many new studs being started in various parts of the country. The demand for the Percheron has been such that export sales have been made to Canada, Australia and many other parts of the world to the extent that the Percheron is now a leading breed in the world of Heavy Horses.
Despite the placid nature of the Percheron, they are capable of a good showing with plenty of action when required for showing. A well-matched team of either dark dapple or light greys, properly handled, can make a very fine display. Again, their nature makes them good to handle and very popular with the public.
In recent years pure bred Percheron's have performed well in Heavy Horse Driving Trials and during the "Route de Poisson" where distances of up to 17Km are covered at a trot. Percheron horses crossed with lighter breeds are known to make good riding horses for Hacking and Hunting.
Anyone interested in the draught horse for commercial use would be well advised to give the Percheron serious consideration.
This article and photographs were provided by the British Percheron Horse Society
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Which of his books did British author Jeffrey Archer re-write in 2009, 30 years after it’s first publication? | Jeffrey Archer rewrites Kane and Abel - Telegraph
Book news
Jeffrey Archer rewrites Kane and Abel
It has sold more than 34 million copies in 33 different languages but now the author Jeffrey Archer has rewritten Kane and Abel his most successful and famous novel.
Jeffrey Archer Photo: MARTIN POPE
By Andrew Pierce
10:30PM BST 14 Jun 2009
The ultimate tale of sibling rivalry has been redrafted by the Conservative peer to mark the 30th anniversary of its publication this autumn. It will be the 83rd edition of the book which has been published in 97 countries.
An international best-seller it was number one simultaneously in Britain and the United States and was made into a CBS television miniseries starring Sam Neill as William Kane and Peter Strauss as Abel Rosnovski.
The tale of two men – one the son of a Boston millionaire, the other of a penniless Polish immigrant, born on the same day on opposite sides of the world – tells of fortune and disaster. The book's depiction of the Wall Street Crash of 1929 has echoes of the collapse of the financial markets last year.
Archer, who has sold more than 250 million books worldwide, originally thought that it would take two or three weeks to 'tweak' the book which came out in 1979 five years after he was forced to quit the House of Commons to avert bankruptcy. But it took him 500 hours over nine months to rework the text.
He told the Daily Telegraph: "I just decided, having reread it, that I could improve it. I did not think it would take much. But, in fact, I added some 24,700 words to the original manuscript. But the final copy ended up 7,000 words shorter than the first edition. So I think it's better crafted now after 30 years of writing. But the plot remains the same.''
It would be a first for Archer and Macmillan, the publishers, if the revised book returns to the top of the best-sellers after such a long gap. Last year Archer topped the fiction best-seller list for the first time in 10 years with Prisoner of Birth which drew heavily on his two years in prison for perjury. It was Archer's 14th novel.
| Kane and Abel |
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5. Aimee Bender, novelist and
professor of English at the University of Southern California: I’m impressed by how Helen Oyeyemi continues to grow and play with form and ideas on her own terms. Hers feels like a mind free and exploratory and unhindered. 6. Liesl Schillinger, journalist and
contributor to The New York Times Book Review: I reviewed J. K. Rowling’s sixth Harry Potter book for the New York Times Book Review in 2005, and hugely enjoyed it. So when I heard Samantha Shannon compared with J. K. Rowling, my interest was piqued. And more importantly, when I read her book, I instantly wanted to know more about her. 7. Andrew Sullivan, founding editor, The Daily Dish: Meeting Chris Hughes was like meeting a current version of myself: asked to run a major magazine in my 20s. Except I was never as mature as Chris. And I did not have hundreds of millions of dollars. 8. Jody Rosen, music critic, New York Magazine: Benny Blanco was totally charming and eloquent and goodhumored. At one point, he made an analogy involving the difference between toilet paper and wet wipes.
T Emirates: The New York Times Style Magazine
Craig McDean The Dark Side (Page 82) The concrete jungle
set the scene for the shoot. ‘‘I wanted it to feel urban to match the toughness of the clothing,’’ says the photographer Craig McDean about shooting the leather-jacketand-swimwear-clad models in an empty pool, a project that he says was reminiscent of ‘‘a combination of many things I love, including skateboarding and motorbike culture.’’
sorkin: michael cohen; MAEDA: JON KAMEN; STELTER: EARL WILSON; BENDER: MAX S. GERBER; SCHILLINGER: ALBRECHT ALVENSLEBEN; SULLIVAN: COURTESY OF THE DAILY BEAST; McDean: Simon Roberts.
(Page 68) We asked a group of authorities on subjects ranging from music to design to literature to profile the most game-changing men and women under 30 in their fields. Here, their impressions.
checking in The author arrives at his Airbnb apartment in Antwerp.
Sign of the Times
Su Casa Es Mi Casa You may not get room service or a terry cloth robe, but what Airbnb vacation rentals lack in amenities, they make up for in unbelievable, sometimes rather bizarre experiences. By gideon lewis-kraus Photograph by Frederik Buyckx
One of urban life’s uncommon diversions is the
chance to ransack the drawers of an anonymous neighbor. Airbnb is the Internet service, for those of you who don’t have a Danish architect leafing through your local Lonely Planet at your kitchen table right now, that lets ‘‘hosts’’ rent their extra bedrooms or entire apartments, mansions, tiki huts or goatskin yurts to travelers. In only five years, Airbnb has created a marketplace that offers 300,000 listings in 35,000 cities in 192 countries. It’s been so successful that half the tech start-ups these days go around flattering themselves with Airbnb comparisons: there’s an Airbnb for boats, and one for power tools, and probably one that will let you rent
Design July - August, 2013
Sign of the Times
Airbnb lets you book their linens from your phone.
out your extra sheep to fertilize somebody’s lawn. Airbnb, for its part, might bill itself as a cheaper, roomier, warmer way to overnight — less deracinated than a hotel, but without the creakyfloorboard unease of a bed and breakfast — but the great unadvertised draw is the chance to spend time amid somebody else’s trappings. Airbnb lets you book their linens from your phone. There’s been a lot written about the ‘‘sharing economy’’: on the one hand, services like this make for more efficient resource allocation; on the other, they offload what was once regulated institutional risk onto the consumer. But somehow these arguments, which will be worked out in the courts and capitols, have tended to ignore what’s actually weird and interesting about this new mode of travel: Airbnb indulges the fantasy that we might temporarily inhabit another life. It’s in part because of this lived experience that Airbnb guests aren’t just users, they’re evangelists. I recently lit out to sightsee three other people’s lives in three nights in three European cities: London, Stockholm and Antwerp. The voyeuristic frame gives some Airbnb experiences a kind of erotic charge, or at least it did during the impromptu Airbnb gettogether I somehow ended up throwing in London, where I was staying in a duplex warehouse in Shoreditch. While I’d been waiting in the freezing courtyard to be let in — Hotels 1, Airbnb 0 — I’d read down the list of my neighbors-for-the-night, which read like the billing for a trip-hop reunion: the tenants had such names as Darq and Magnetised. The owner, who was ‘‘surfing/working’’ in Australia, had described the apartment in an e-mail as “a good space to chill and paint, so feel free to paint if you’d like!’’ Once I finally got inside, the flat revealed itself to be perfectly contiguous with its Shoreditch environment: with its casually abused pleather settees, mannequin torso and panels of decoratively broken surfboard, it looked like one more cafe-bar-bike-repair joint. In Airbnb’s spirit of connectedness, I Instagram-crowdsourced descriptions of the owner’s artwork; one friend commented that it was ‘‘Warhol goes Ke$ha.’’ My bedroom, in a windowless basement, had a stairway that curved upward to meet curtains, which in turn hid a cardboard wall. I hadn’t planned to bring anybody back with me, but the more I talked about the place over drinks at the pub with friends, the more the gang assembled clamored to see it. They could sit around and whinge at the pub any night, but it wasn’t often they got to have a hotel party at a neighbor’s flat. ‘‘It’s ‘Queer Eye for the Absent Guy,’ ’’ my friend Tom said, flicking the switch that backlit the Euripides bust by the bongos, in front of the skateboard-mounted vinyl couch. The group noted the unreconstructed ‘‘Point Break’’ aesthetic and the fact that everything from the lime-green shag to the wall mirrors had been set at rakish angles. They argued over the rent (probably £4,000 to £6,000 per month), the municipal legality of windowless bedrooms and the merit of the Tesco-brand
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sweet potato, coconut and chili soup in the fridge. My new friend Anna had never heard of Airbnb, and asked if she could do this in her own flat, up the road in hipper Dalston. I showed her listings on her block. ‘‘Do I have to let them use the bathrooms?’’ she asked.
But the promise of voyeurism can undermine itself: once you’ve introduced the kind of self-consciousness that results from having to put verified photos of your upholstery on the Internet, at least some owners take down their Euripides busts. It’s been increasingly noted that one of the unfortunate surprises of the contemporary Internet is the proliferation of corporate uniformity. This is nowhere more apparent than on Airbnb, where it often seems as though each residence is striving to out-Bulthaup the next. The place I’d booked in Stockholm was an altar to minimalism, showcasing the no-place of international design with the star(c)k accouterments of a boutique hotel: Vitra chair, antique apothecary bottles, home D.J. kit, paperback of Jonathan Franzen’s ‘‘Freedom.’’ My host, Erik, who’d e-mailed me from an H&M address, met me and my friend Christian, whom I brought along from London, at the door in a nice-looking outfit recognizable from one of a variety of commensurate urban enclaves: a fitted denim shirt, indigo knit tie and jeans cuffed up over handmade British boots. Erik didn’t seem put out as we inventoried the possessions that had become, by dint of our arrival, decorations: in the foyer, Comme des Garçons cologne and Lonely Planet’s ‘‘Fiji’’; in the kitchen, home-pickled carrots and dried goji berries. Perhaps to compensate for his recent Airbnb experience in New York, in which the host had dropped off the keys and split, Erik very kindly offered to spend the rest of the afternoon showing us around. As we walked in the fashionable Sodermalm neighborhood, Christian asked him what was new in Sweden. ‘‘Exercise,’’ Erik ticked off, ‘‘and sourdough.’’ By the latter, he explained, he meant a certain consciousness of time, a methodical slowness — foraging for your own mushrooms, going sailing, anything that would get you offline for a while. We strolled through the area where, Erik said, they’d filmed the ‘‘Dragon Tattoo’’ movies, though he admitted with pride that he hadn’t seen any of them. ‘‘I am also proud to be the last person on earth who hasn’t seen ‘Gangnam Style.’ ’’ The whole experience was an almost cartoonishly apt example of how handily the Internet drove anti-Internet culture: we’d picked Erik’s flat for its international homogeneity, but what we got was a meandering day with odd and engaging Erik. Antwerp, home of such designers as Martin Margiela and Ann Demeulemeester, is exactly the sort of place where the austere tyranny of international design has made a lot of the Airbnb offerings seem sort of bland — sleek and overcurated. I looked, in turn, for the most deranged-looking option: a ‘‘Bohemian’’ flat crowded with Brazilian antiques that seemed entirely sui generis. My host, Tania, was from Rio, and had just begun to list this
The entryway of the Swedish apartment.
functional light bulb and the voluble owners who, after a long day of travel, stand between you and a drink. But if, despite all that, you’ve got the foolhardy curiosity to stay in Antwerp’s only boho-Brazilian lodging, you’ve got a decent chance at ending up at the kind of place no guidebook and no concierge in his right mind would ever think to endorse. We toasted to Airbnb’s special diminishment of ease in travel. Which, for some of us, isn’t a price to pay; it’s the reward itself.
Image courtesy: gideon lewis-kraus.
apartment, atop a bar that she owns with her husband. They kept another flat for themselves across the street, over their BrazilianMexican restaurant. They had decorated the place with work imported from a collective in Minas Gerais, Brazil. On the walls floated jetsam palings emblazoned with disembodied religious limbs: a bloodily outstretched arm over the four-poster bed, a slim cut of a naked torso over the door to the kitchen. There were sculptures made of mounted whale vertebrae, and a coffee table book, captioned in Dutch and Italian, on the life of Steve McQueen. As Tania ran up and down the stairs looking for an entirely unnecessary replacement bulb for the bedside lamp, I gave Erik, of Stockholm, an effusive five-star review on my phone. Christian grumbled that, Tania’s kindness notwithstanding, sometimes you just wanted to check in and get on with it. As far as I was concerned, the place was great, and Tania’s antics were neurotically endearing. We went over to Tania’s restaurant for nachos and fajitas over Duvels before going in pursuit of the ‘‘alternative’’ scene Tania had mentioned to us. We washed up at the Hypothalamus, one of those bars at the end of the world. The ’80s pink patterned wallpaper clashed coherently with the Delft tiles. A drunk quartet of clairvoyants took up their instruments and moved from ‘‘Proud Mary’’ through ‘‘Danza Kuduro’’ to ‘‘Knockin’ on Heaven’s Door.’’ (It was our duty as Americans to supply the Axl Rose caterwauls, which earned us some light applause.) A Lebanese leprechaun wearing a neat Lincoln beard collected donations in an inverted cymbal. Fresh out of euros, we threw our remaining kronor into the cymbal, and he bowed. This was precisely what Airbnb travel, at its best, might offer, if you don’t mind the waiting to be let in, the agonizing search for a
The place I’d booked in Stockholm was an altar to minimalism, showcasing the no-place of international design with the star(c)k accouterments of a boutique hotel: Vitra chair, antique apothecary bottles, home D.J. kit, paperback of Jonathan Franzen’s ‘Freedom.’
Design July - August, 2013
Lookout
This and That A Cultural Compendium
Furniture That’s Simply Chic In May, the interior decorator James Huniford unveils a brand-new Chelsea showroom and a sophisticated furniture collection, made up of the type of pieces the designer previously created only as one-offs for his high-profile clients. The designs, Huniford says, are meant to be ‘‘user-friendly’’ — scale and contemporary livability are paramount, and dimensions, as well as upholstery, are all customizable. This is furniture that inhabits that elegant territory somewhere
between modern and classic. A tufted slope-armed sofa (AED 28,649) is refreshed with a casual low-slung profile; a campaign-style side table (AED 17,630) is cheekily updated with a not-remotely-portable stone slab and chains; and a two-tiered occasional table (AED 21,303) has a brass base with an industrial feel. ‘‘I like the tension between contrasting materials,’’ the designer says. ‘‘Metal and stone, wood and glass.’’ hunifordcollection.com KEVIN MCGARRY
Scent Notes
Highland Breeze Obsessed with W. B. Yeats’s epic poem ‘‘The Wanderings of Oisin,’’ the perfumer David Seth Moltz traveled to Ireland and Scotland to collect inspiration for HYLNDS, his latest collection for the Brooklyn-based D. S. & Durga. What emerged from his travels are three unisex scents that each evoke the lands in the Celtic myths Yeats drew upon: one is Isle Ryder (left), an accord of jasmine, gorse and poplar bud that conjures Finlaggan, ruins of a castle in the middle of a lake on the peaty island of Islay. JULIA FELSENTHAL AED 661; barneys.com
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Kickstarters The architect Rafael de Cárdenas has electrified Rivieras, the classic French slip-on, with a sharp new pattern available in four color combos. De Cárdenas says the shoe brand was a natural fit for him. ‘‘I like their form and shape as well as their nod to the ’60s and ’70s French Riviera summer culture,’’ he says. ‘‘I also like that they are called a ‘leisure shoe,’ almost as though wearing them might relax you regardless of whether you’re leisurely or not.’’AED 367; Opening Ceremony, (212) 219-2688
conran portrait: julian broad; Opposite page and top: illustrations by konstantin kakanias.
Not His Father’s Conran Shop Jasper Conran reinvents the family business. Since taking over his father’s venerable stores last year, the designer Jasper Conran has been quietly revolutionizing the brand. At the flagship Chelsea location in London, shelves brim with Marie Daâge Limoges porcelain, vintage Blodwen Welsh blankets and linens as crisp as Granny Smith apples. There are edgier home pieces by Maison Martin Margiela, chic-beyond-chic stainless steel kitchens by Alpes Inox and divine cloud sculptures that the artist Benedetta Mori Ubaldini makes out of chicken wire. Conran has also added an entire section dedicated to the sort of children’s goodies — pink roller skates, giant buttons, paper pompoms — that you want to buy regardless of age. In May, he will reopen the Conran Shop’s location in Marylebone, complete with a Penthouse apartment, fully decorated and shoppable, and a roof terrace. ‘‘I love the idea of the store as a magazine,’’ Conran says. ‘‘It’s about highlighting different things, and discovering and showcasing new talent.’’ 81 Fulham Road, London; 011-44-20-7589-7401 RITA KONIG
bright vision Jasper Conran (right) has added new wares like the Vitra Heart Cone chair, chicken wire sculptures by Benedetta Mori Ubaldini and Marie Daâge teacups.
All the prices are indicative.
Design July - August, 2013
Lookout
Sub Section
Costume Drama It’s no surprise that Camille Miceli makes jewelry that is covetable and well designed. The daughter of a French stylist, Miceli began creating jewelry for Louis Vuitton back in 2004 and, since 2009, has been doing the same for Dior. Her superchic personal style has been touted by fashion heavyweights like her current boss, Raf Simons, as well as her former employer Marc Jacobs, who has called her his muse. Each piece in Miceli’s prefall collection for Dior has the ability to single-handedly pull an outfit together. These are objects that are both substantial and restrained — like the Diorama necklace, a breastplate-like collar of goldfinished metal adorned with a single, gleaming red glass stone. JULIA FELSENTHAL
good as gold From left: Dior Mise en Dior Podium necklace, AED 15,794, Diorama cuff, AED 4,959, and necklace, AED 7,162, and Mise en Dior Tribal earrings, AED 4,720; (800) 929-3467.
A Fine Feather In ‘‘From Europe With Love,’’ which opened on May 2 at the Cristina Grajales gallery in SoHo, the Paris-based designer Sam Baron reinterprets traditional European design with what he calls ‘‘a kind of French sense of humor.’’ He applies a champagne-colored lacquer to Louis XVI-style cabinets, and deconstructs the traditional process of painting these bisque porcelain birds made by the venerable Portuguese house Vista Alegre. ALAINNA LEXIE BEDDIE
The Benz Whisperers It’s not unusual to see a hipster tooling around Silver Lake or Williamsburg in a beat-up old Mercedes. What’s rarer is to find those 35-year-old sedans, coupes and wagons restored to mint condition. That’s the particular obsession of J. G. Francis (above right), who with the help of Sean Johnstun, founded Mercedes Motoring, a boutique restoration company based in Glendale, Calif. Francis says he had an epiphany after buying a 1979 300SD for $700 (AED 2,571). ‘‘I’ve heard people say somebody should make a car that will last forever,’’ he says. ‘‘Mercedes did that 40 years ago.’’ The engineering may be superior — and that diesel engine still gets competitive gas mileage — but it’s the design that attracts many of the company’s clients. The classic colors, like mint green and China blue, and a boxy profile make these cars distinct from the S.U.V.’s and egg-shaped hybrids now crowding the roads. ‘‘I have never been drawn to things that are over the top,’’ Francis says. ‘‘I like things that are subtly amazing.’’ mercedesmotoring.com TOM DELAVAN All prices are indicative.
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miceli: nicolas hidiroglou; far left necklace: sarah anne ward; mercedes: SEan johnstun; birds: ari espay.
Now Showing
On the Verge
Applied Arts As Old World luxury companies seek to modernize their wares, a Swiss school’s design students offer some bright ideas. By pilar viladas
Creative Class Clockwise from far left: Aurélie Mathieu and Philippe Karrer’s Brick vase for Baccarat; Guillaume Noiseux’s Space Capsule vases for Bernardaud; Guillaume Sasseville’s Jump rope for Christofle; Elsa Lambinet’s Stretch vase for Baccarat.
this month during the Milan fair. Unlike previous projects, in which student designs might only be one-offs or limited editions, the lights are meant for production. ÉCAL’s director, Alexis Georgacopoulos, says, ‘‘They’re entrusting us with something that’s more commercial from the start.’’ Another vote of confidence is a pledge from the Swiss watch company Vacheron Constantin to sponsor the program for the next three years. These collaborations become laboratories for innovation and ideas. The students are introduced to prestigious companies and have access to their factories and artisans. Moreover, says Aurélie Mathieu, a co-designer of the Brick vase, the program ‘‘pushes you to be professional and really efficient. The school works a lot like a studio. How do you make a project; how do you sell it?’’ This, she adds, is not often the case at other design schools. And the manufacturers have first dibs on just-hatched talent. As Georgacopoulos says, a big question in luxury goods these days is: ‘‘Can brands reinvent themselves without losing their heritage?’’ For companies with rich histories, dazzling archives and skilled craftspeople — but which are struggling to remain relevant in an increasingly competitive global marketplace — programs like ÉCAL’s offer a never-ending supply of bright young things.
Design July - August, 2013
Collage by lucas Zarebinski.
For the last several years, the coolest design schools were those, like Design Academy Eindhoven in the Netherlands, that turned out the most conceptual work, much of it laced with social commentary. But now the school whose name seems to be everywhere is the ÉCAL/University of Art and Design Lausanne. Like many of its peers, the 192-year-old Swiss institution offers an undergraduate degree in industrial design. But unlike many schools, it also has something called the Master of Advanced Studies in Design for Luxury and Craftsmanship, which was founded five years ago and has made a name for itself through its collaborations — with luxury goods companies like Baccarat, Christofle, Bernardaud and Audemars Piguet — that bring new ideas to old-line manufacturers. Two years ago, a group of ÉCAL students caused a sensation during the Milan furniture fair with an exhibition of witty reimaginings of a Baccarat classic, the Harcourt crystal goblet. Last year, another group came up with a series of colorful, ornamented vases, one of which, Brick, has been produced in a limited edition by Baccarat, along with a juice-squeezer goblet from the Harcourt project. This year, students worked with Baccarat on a collection of table, wall and hanging lights that will make its debut
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A dual review of what’s new.
Bjarke Ingels
Colleen Atwood
Dashing Danish architect and torchbearer for sustainable design. He is working on a pyramidshaped residence in Manhattan and was recently chosen to reimagine the Smithsonian’s campus in Washington, D.C.
Oscar-winning costume designer who realizes many of Tim Burton’s twisted visions, including the goth-metal look from ‘‘Edward Scissorhands.’’ Her first Broadway production, ‘‘Breakfast at Tiffany’s,’’ is now at Manhattan’s Cort Theater.
I’m the wrong person for this. My first cassette that I got as a kid from my cousin, who I thought was the coolest guy on earth, had Kraftwerk on one side and Kim Wilde on the other. Willie Nelson is totally alien to me.
I have to say, I’m not big into men’s jewelry. But I tried it on my girlfriend and the dark metal looked great with this funky black dress she had on. It looks like something from ‘‘The Matrix’’ — somehow everything in ‘‘The Matrix’’ has this S-and-M aesthetic.
I have a soft spot for rosé, and this one’s just amazing. I drank it with my girlfriend in Copenhagen. It’s great to get as a gift so you don’t have to think of the price; you can just sit back and enjoy something of such beautiful quality.
It’s beautiful. I love how it’s very disciplined geometrically, but because of the gradual variation it creates a feeling of something organic. It actually reminds me of some of the architecture projects that I’m working on now.
Luggage ‘‘AirBag’’ carry-on by Michael Young for Zixag (AED 863).
Music The new Willie Nelson LP, ‘‘Let’s Face the Music and Dance,’’ with covers of Django Reinhardt and Irving Berlin.
Jewelry Eddie Borgo torpedo bracelet (AED 1,836).
Bubbly Drink Dom Pérignon Rosé Vintage 2002 (AED 1,230).
Textile ‘‘Nevada’’ fabric from Pierre Frey (AED 845 per yard).
This is an A+ for me. I love that it’s so lightweight. The only weight comes from what you put in the bag, not the bag itself. I went to San Francisco for a ballet job and took it with me, and it worked great.
When I first listened, I had jet lag and was driving — the cadence was so slow, I was sort of like, ‘‘Really?’’ But this is great late-night listening. Willie Nelson can sing just about anything. He’s so diverse.
Because of my work I don’t wear a lot of jewelry on my wrist, but if I did, I would wear this with a simple black dress and let it be the feature. As it is, I barely got to touch it before my 23-year-old daughter put it on her wrist and walked away.
It has a really crisp, light flavor to it. We’ve been having beautiful weather in L.A., and I poured a glass and looked out my window at the turquoise sky and all the greenery, and then at this beautiful, rosy pink Champagne. It didn’t let me down.
If I had a late-’60s or early-’70s project, this would make a fantastic coat. When you fabric shop as much as I do, you sort of get to know what’s out there. It’s nice to see something using geometrics but in a fresh way.
All the prices are indicative.
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ingels: Ulrik jantzen; Nelson: David mcclister.
The soft front is really nice, very well designed. I wasn’t big on the hard plastic back. With bags it’s very subjective. I have this Japanese Hideo Wakamatsu bag I love because it looks like a ‘‘Star Wars’’ storm trooper.
Design July - August, 2013
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Lookout Emirates
“The Middle East Is Paramount to Me” Manolo Blahnik Luxury shoe designer Manolo Blahnik tells T Emirates he’s planning an expansion in the GCC market in the near future, but says he aims to keep it exclusive. “I want it to remain small,” he says, “in order to provide the best quality and keep making exciting, well-designed shoes, beautifully made. “The Middle East is paramount to me,” Blahnik continues. “The women are quite extravagant and love beautiful, well-made items, as they possess a great sense of quality. They love color and know what they want. They also love lush fabrics, metallics and rock crystal accessories and other stones.” The Manolo Blahnik Autumn/Winter 2013-14 Collection reflects influences ranging from ornamented styles, touching on historical references, to military-inspired knee-high boots with zips, buckles and a high heel. PRIYANKA PRADHAN
The Harry Winston Premier Glacier timepiece looks as though the diamonds have been randomly set in a disorganized manner, creating a glacial impression, but in fact the setting is extremely complex and precise. Each of the baguette-cut diamonds on the dial assumes its elongated lozenge shape from the invisible setting style that transforms it into a dramatic asymmetrical pattern. The 18-carat white gold watch has a specially-made dial plate with an elaborately carved grid engraved and etched to hundredths-of-a-millimeter precision, so that each diamond is set exactly, with no metal showing. The end result is a dial fully adorned with baguette-cut diamonds weighing approximately 8.88 carats. Just five of these Premier Glacier timepieces, each with a total of 497 diamonds (weighing approximately 30.59 carats), will ever be made. Priced at approximately three million dirhams each, the Premier Glacier timepieces are available upon request. P.P.
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Dutch avant-garde furniture designer Natanel Gluska, best known for his unique wood furniture designs, is finding a footing in UAE homes. The Dubai-based designer furniture showroom Voglia is now housing works by Gluska, including his “Long 8 Chair”, “Crocodile Bench” and “V Stool”, which have already been successful in Singapore, where they were first launched.
IMAGES COURTESY clockwise from top: Manolo Blahnik; Voglia; Harry Winston.
Five of a Kind
Out of the Woodwork
Carolina Hererra AW 2013-14 Menswear: Outdoor Bound The CH Carolina Herrera collection for men, said to be inspired by the AngloAmerican “dandy” style is reminiscent of a sporty and relaxed take on days spent hunting and enjoying the countryside. Natural color tones such as camel, tan, brown and green take center stage, particularly in the sportier and more casual part of the tailored collection. Touches of other colors like deep blue, mauve, yellow, orange and burgundy complete the collection’s color palette. P.P.
Black to the Future Black is the new black for Autumn/Winter 2013-14, and the Furla FW collection aims to celebrate this monochrome trend to the hilt. The collection plays with layering different materials- glossy with matte and soft with hard, as “total black” is re-interpreted for the season. The collection sees the use of furs and natural materials, while it draws inspiration from the Siberian Tiger. P.P. The Furla FW 2013-14 collection is available at Boutique 1 in Dubai.
A Matter of Taste IMAGEs COURTESY clockwise from top: boutique 1 ; carolina herrera; Nespresso.
Master sommelier Giuseppe Vaccarini and green coffee expert Edouard Thomas recently curated the first-ever Middle East chef academy in Dubai, designed to bring together renowned chefs and connoisseurs from around the region. Hosted by global coffee brand Nespresso, the academy saw 20 participating chefs and sommeliers from the MENA region, including Oman’s Zighy Bay Six Senses Resort, Jeddah’s Park Hyatt and the Four Seasons Hotel in Riyadh. The chefs created their gastronomic masterpieces using coffee in desserts, main courses and even starters for a unique gourmet experience. P.P.
Design July - August, 2013
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Lookout Emirates
From the Perfumer’s Desk Renowned French perfumer and connoisseur Frederic Malle was recently in Dubai to launch his Collection Editions de Parfums, a concept that sees him collaborate with perfumers he considers “the top nine noses in the world”. He told T Emirates about his visit to the Middle East: “In my time here in Dubai, I studied local fragrances for my collaboration with Dominique Ropion, one of the best perfumers in the business. The perfume is greatly influenced by local perfumery from the Middle East, and not just oud but many other scents, sights and sounds of Dubai. It is a style of perfume with traditions, ideas and concepts that are intrinsically from the Middle East.” P.P. Collection Editions de Parfums is available exclusively at Harvey Nichols, Dubai.
A First for Abu Dhabi French fashion designer Stephane Rolland has chosen Abu Dhabi to launch his first pret-aporter boutique. Rolland says Abu Dhabi was a natural choice, considering his strong relationship with the Middle East and the support and recognition he has received from women in the region. The boutique will feature 10 non-seasonal capsule pret-a-porter collections throughout the year as well as shoes, bags and limited-edition jewelry and accessories. P.P.
Bulgari’s Autumn/Winter 2013-14 accessories collection emphasizes metallic tones and translucent effects as well as graphic motifs and embroidery. Debuting this season are the new Bulgari Lipstick daytime clutches with jewel-clasps and contrasting linings, inspired by the divas of yore who’d carry these roomy pochettes with them to retouch their makeup. The signature Bulgari jewel-clasp adorns these clutches in cabochon-cut glass and colored hard stones in chromatic combinations. P.P. The collection is available at Bulgari stores across the UAE.
All Set for a Summer Cocktail
Part jewelry, part watch, the Gancino bracelet from Salvatore Ferregamo catches the eye. Inspired by the symbol of the Ferragamo universe, the Gancino Bracelet was unveiled at Baselworld in Switzerland, earlier this year. The cocktail watch comes with small, 22.5 mm diameter Gancino-shaped case in steel or IP rose gold, and a soleil-finish dial in silver and antique rose hues. P.P. Available at Paris Gallery, UAE.
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IMAGEs COURTESY clockwise from top left: Harvey Nichols, Dubai; Stephane Rolland; salvatore Ferragamo; Bulgari.
Lipstick Clutch, Anyone?
Made-to-Measure Magnificence Location, according to Erkan Fere, CEO of The Left Shoe Company, is the most important aspect of retail. And that’s why the new made-to-measure luxury footwear brand chose DIFC in Dubai, an area bustling with over 15,000 city-slickers including lawyers and bankers, the brand’s typical clientele, to open its first Middle East store. Combining modern technology with traditional craftsmanship is at the heart, or rather the soul, of the brand’s offering. “Customers can build shoes with us; they can choose their favorite model, color, leather – it’s all about customization,” Fere says about the customer experience. “The Internet offers another channel for customers,” he adds, as once the company
has your measurements the options are never-ending – coupled with the convenience of buying made-to-measure shoes at the click of a button. While the material options currently focus on leather and suede, come October customers will be in for a treat when the brand introduces its premium line, consisting of exotic skins and other unique offerings. Orna Ballout The Left Shoe Company is located in the Gate Building, Level 1, Marble Walk, DIFC.
Four must-visit locations – China, the Himalayas, India and Venice – are the sources of inspiration for Swarovski’s A/W collection, “Secret Treasures”. Inspired by her personal travels around the world, Swarovski creative director Nathalie Colin has developed an eye-catching range that captures the essence of the surroundings that influenced her. “As a true admirer of the orientalist, explorer, writer and adventurer Alexandra David-Neel, I imagined such a journey across continents and mountains transposed into today’s times,” Colin reveals. ORNA BALLOUT
IMAGES COURTESY clockwise from top: The Left Shoe Company; Omega; Swarovski.
Iconic Inspirations
An Ode to the Oceans As conservation of the world’s oceans and marine life becomes paramount to the planet, Omega’s Seamaster Planet Ocean 600M GoodPlanet does its bit to help. The innovative wristwatch supports the GoodPlanet Foundation, a non-profit organization dedicated to inspiring every person on Earth to follow a lifestyle that respects our shared environment. Inspired by the colors of the ocean, this timepiece is designed with extreme adventurers in mind, and is water-resistant to 60 bar (600 metres/2000 feet). PRIYANKA PRADHAN
Design July - August, 2013
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Lookout Emirates
Home Cou ture Donatella Versace talks exclusively to T Emirates about Versace’s collaboration with The Haas Brothers on a new collection she describes as “couture for the home”. By Orna Ballout
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Donatella Versace poses with the Hass Brothers, the talented duo who created the luxurious furniture collection for Versace Home.
“For me, there is only ever one trend: more, more, more.” This is how the famously ostentatious Italian designer Donatella Versace explains her home décor preferences. Never one to shy away from the limelight, the Versace Group vice president and chief designer’s brash sense of style has long been epitomised in Versace’s clothing and home wares collections. A long-time advocate of designer collaborations, Versace recently teamed up with Nikolai and Simon Haas of The Haas Brothers to produce a high-end furniture line. Recalling their first meeting in New York, Donatella is effusive in her praise of the LA-based designers. “They came in with the most incredible ideas, and I knew immediately that I wanted to work with them. “They are unafraid to be bold, and to be daring,” she claims, adding that the duo were allowed complete freedom when designing the collection. Designed to challenge, the range features provocatively named pieces ranging from the Stud Club to the Bondage Bench – a leather hallway bench that Donatella says pays homage to the “Bondage” collection designed in 1992 by the late Gianni Versace. Versace is confident the range will find favour in the UAE. “I know that in your country people respect and demand true luxury, and something that no one else has. The [collection] is ideal for them,” Donatella boldly claims.
All images courtesy of Versace Home.
“For me, there is only ever one trend: more, more, more.”
Clockwise from top: Stud Club Chair; The Donatella Chair; Honeycomb Club Chair; Bondage Bench; Honeycomb Side Table.
Design July - August, 2013
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Art of the Matter
The second edition of the International Emerging Artist Award is providing upcoming artists with a chance to break into the international arts scene. By Carole Rinaldi
The IEAA, founded in the UAE in 2011, was born out of the passion of its
director, Rebia Naim, for emerging artists. Living in Dubai, she imagined a contemporary art competition that would focus more on the career development of the artists by giving them experience at an international level through exhibitions and media exposure rather than offering a cash prize. IEAA winners thus gain recognition by art professionals through the involvement of the international contemporary art galleries that are partners of the event. The core identity of the IEAA is based on the promotion of artists whose work and practice reveal a wide range of artistic innovation. The IEAA is a springboard for the careers of talented artists who are only waiting to be known. Regardless of the competitors’ age, what matters is the quality and originality of their work, and the way is open equally to photographers, sculptors, video artists, performance artists, painters, digital artists etc. As Rebia Naim emphasizes about her relationship with them, “we listen to the artist [and] try and establish the basis of their career as an individual,” adding that “it is a great enriching human experience.” It is through them that this unique platform of emerging artists is created. This year, two official winners were designated: Pablo de Laborde Lascaris, of Mexican origin, representative of the international scene, and Dr. Hamad Al Falasi from the United Arab Emirates; but the quality of the selected candidates was such that the IEAA wanted all of the top ten artists to be exhibited alongside the two winners at the FN Designs gallery in Dubai. FN Designs holds a special place in the competition with the outstanding support of its director, Her Highness Sheikha Wafa bint Hasher Al Maktoum, who is patron of the award and an artist herself. After Pablo de Laborde Lascaris’ first successful exhibitions in Dubai at FN Designs (March 2013) and in Singapore at Vue Privée Gallery, the emerging artist was invited to become an associate of the two-year-old Galerie Gourvennec Ogor in Marseille, whose French director, IEAA juror Didier Gourvennec Ogor, is also President of Marseille Expos and a prominent figure within MP13, Marseille-Provence 2013 European Capital of Culture. The Emirati winner, Dr. Hamad Al Falasi, and Hamdan Buti Al Shamisi, who came third in the contest, were also invited to participate in future exhibitions in Dubai at FN Designs. Through this approach, IEAA artists have secured great opportunities at the start of their careers. Thus, Pablo de Laborde Lascaris was invited to
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T Emirates: The New York Times Style Magazine
Above: Artwork by Hamdan Buti Al Shamisi entitled “Short bio...”, who placed 3rd in the Emirati Award category, IEAA 2013.
Event Promotion
firmly rooted in the Emirati culture, is also reflected in the work of Shamma Buhazza, an Emirati artist currently studying at Parsons the New School for Design in New York, who is a particularly promising talent. In her notably committed works, this 19-year-old young woman, who won second place in the IEAA Emirati section, conveys her perception of women in UAE society. The next competition will introduce a way of integrating design and its components into the IEAA adventure with the creation of the International Emerging Designer Award (IEDA) for the 2014 edition. But the IEAA will really take on a new dimension with an online gallery. As Rebia Naim says: “The online gallery is a platform designed to reward the best works of the IEAA contest. This initiative is in keeping with our vision of providing broader recognition for emerging artists. This online gallery will bring visibility to those who took part in the competition.” The launch of the next contest is already announced for September 2013. Thus, new artists and emerging contemporary designers will be able to spread their wings and export their talent to new horizons.
Clockwise from top: Artwork titled ‘Battleship 2.0’ mix media installation (2012) by the IEAA 2013 winner, Pablo de Laborde Lascaris; Shamma Buhazza’s artwork, mix media collage (2010); Emirati Winner, Dr. Hamad Al Falasi’s 3D calligraphy and digital photography artwork on Emirati Colloquialism; Pablo de Laborde Lascaris’ work titled ‘Pitch’ (2012).The IEAA Singapore opening.
ImageS courtesy Pablo de Laborde Lascaris; IEAA
showcase his work in the Swab Barcelona Art Fair from October 3-6, 2013 with Galerie Gourvennec Ogor, along with other shows that they proudly look forward to in 2014. This is what the gallery owner, Didier Gourvennec Ogor, says about his collaboration with the emerging artist: “Pablo will be exhibited from October 31 at Galerie Gourvennec Ogor in a solo exhibition. He will have the opportunity to invest a space of nearly 200 square metres by 4.7 metres in height. This is a difficult exercise for artists in general, but I am sure he will take advantage of this great opportunity. The exhibition is already booked in the program of Marseille-Provence 2013 European Capital of Culture. As I am very excited by this new collaboration with such a promising artist, of course it will be followed by other projects of exhibitions or fairs...” Indeed, a distinctive feature of IEAA is also to focus on the artist’s long-term career and to strengthen the position of avant-garde Emirati artists. Dr. Hamad Al Falasi emphasizes this dynamism towards the arts in the Emirates: “The art scene within the UAE has blossomed in the past 10 years. This is clearly seen in the number of art galleries, UAE art fairs, art programs, art competitions and, above all, the rise in public receptiveness to art. The authorities have given extra attention to the field, too, with a number of initiatives and programs introduced at different educational levels.” The IEAA also enjoys the support of prestigious partners such as the Dubai Culture and Arts Authority. Dr. Hamad Al Falasi presented a series of photographs entitled “Colloquialism”, about which he says: “My aim is to document pure colloquial words used within UAE society and to emphasize their beauty in an artistic format. The location for each photograph was carefully examined and chosen to reflect on where those words once originated and where they might become extinct.” This practice,
The IEAA in figures
Number of countries represented: artists from over 120 countries. The IEAA was founded in 2011 by Rebia Naim. Total number of participating artists: over 2,500 in two editions. For more information: www emergingartistaward.com
From left to right: Dr. Hamad Al Falasi; Olivier Henry, owner of Vue Privée; Rebia Naim, IEAA director and Pablo de Laborde Lascaris, International Emerging Artist Award 2013 winner.
Design July - August, 2013
International Emerging Artist Award* Special category for Emiratis: Emerging Emirati Artist Award
International Emerging Designer Award
Submit your Exhibition Project Deadline: 31.12.2013
Register Online All media accepted. See rules Background artwork by Mehri Nazartavasouni
Objects
A Welcome Warmth Bronze lends as much gravity and sophistication to a room as it does an outfit. Photographs by philippe lacombe styled by NOEMI BONAZZI
GEOMETRIC ANGLES Clockwise from top: Luna Globe by Downtown, AED 36,509; profilesny.com. Samuel table by Egg Collective, AED 18,805; eggcollective.com. Roger Vivier clutch, AED 8,797; (212) 861-5371. Aerin sea urchin, AED 2,755; aerin.com. Cast Cairns, AED 2,350 per set, and Cut Cube bookend, AED 2,498 per pair, by Joseph Magliaro for TOC Studio; tableofcontents.us. Belperron brooch, AED 67,948; belperron.com. Addie table by Mitchell Gold + Bob Williams, AED 2,736; mgbwhome.com. Aerin round match striker, AED 698. Calvin Klein Collection shoe, AED 6,593 (212) 292-9000.
Design July - August, 2013
Quality
Objects
ORGANIC FORMS Clockwise from top: Blackman Cruz Workshop Tentacle sconce by Kathleen O’Keefe, AED 22,037 each; blackmancruz.com. Tom Dixon Bash bowl, AED 1,451; abchome.com. Kelly Wearstler Double Hands Sculpture, AED 4,756; Bergdorf Goodman, (212) 753-7300. Repossi diamond bracelet, about AED 947,608; repossi.com. Emilio Pucci bag, AED 7,419; emiliopucci.com. Lanvin shoe, AED 4,591; Bergdorf Goodman. Mattia Bonetti Metals table (glass top not shown), AED 165,280; paulkasmingallery.com. Armani Casa Fontana tea lights, AED 477 and AED 1,488; armanicasa.com. Valentino shoes, AED 2,920; valentino.com.
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design market editor: monica khemsurov.
SURREALIST TOUCHES Clockwise from top: Linden chandelier by Charles de Lisle, AED 49,584; thefutureperfect.com. Blackman Cruz Workshop Ear bookends, AED 6,978 per pair. Calvin Klein Collection bag, AED 10,835. Blackman Cruz Workshop Hand sconce, AED 12,855. Céline shoes, AED 4,003; (212) 535-3703. Reed Krakoff bag, AED 8,410 reedkrakoff.com. Lindsey Adelman Studio light, AED 3,306; thefutureperfect.com. Cache Cache table by Hervé Van der Straeten, AED 286,486; ralphpucci.net. All the prices are indicative.
Design July - August, 2013
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Dubai-based vintage concept store, Bambah Boutique.
The Vintage Couture Bazaar The appeal of vintage fashion lies in its heritage, rarity and ingenuity, while its exclusivity is guaranteed by a premium price point. T Emirates investigates the growing popularity of vintage fashion as an investment opportunity. By Priyanka Pradhan
Is buying a 1940s vintage couture gown as solid an investment as purchasing a Matisse masterpiece? Yes, if vintage couture experts are to be believed. Seeing the demand and appreciation in value of vintage couture at high-profile global auction houses, more investors and fashion-conscious folks alike are trying it for size. According to research by online resource Vintage Textile, which aims to educate and inform enthusiasts, vintage clothing benefited investors more than any other collectible category in the period 1990-2012. The source gives the example of a Chanel women’s suit from the 1960s, which went up from $805 (AED 2,957) to $3,220 (AED 11,827) in less than six years (quoted prices are actual realized prices at major auction houses). This works out as a 300 percent appreciation over 6 years, or 20 percent a year. A more recent example is a Charles James evening dress that climbed from $29,900 (AED 109,826) to $49,450 (AED 181,635), yielding a 65 percent appreciation, in two years. As in the case of art investment, the ingenuity and rarity of the collectible play a major role in determining All Figures are indicative.
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image courtesy, Top Right: Bambah Boutique. Next Page top left: Image of audrey hepburn from arts-wallpapers.com; Image courtesy: Christie’s.
Quality Emirates
images courtesy clockwise from top right: Shoes and bag - Garderob boutique; store images - Bambah boutique.
Top: Audrey Hepburn’s iconic Givenchy dress from the movie, Breakfast At Tiffany’s. Right: The Givenchy black dress worn by Audrey Hepburn is sold at Christie’s for $923,187 (AED 3,390,958) in 2006.
the price tag attached to the item. But more specifically for vintage couture, the designer, period, fashion house and story or narrative of the item are just as important. The iconic little black dress designed by Givenchy and worn by Audrey Hepburn in the film Breakfast at Tiffany’s sold at Christie’s for $923,187 (AED 3,390,958) in 2006, while the estimated value was only between $98,800 (AED 362,902) and $138,320 (AED 508,063). Similarly, “The Collection of Elizabeth Taylor” in 2011, in the Christie’s “online-only” section, made a record $10 million (AED 36,731,000) in a series of sales that made a total of $183.5 million (AED 673,995,473), showing the stellar demand for vintage fashion today. According to Clare Borthwick, specialist at Christie’s Vintage Couture department, there’s growing mass appeal for vintage fashion, and the business is being fueled not only by seasoned connoisseurs and collectors but also by people influenced by Hollywood. She says: “The wardrobes of film stars and generational legends often attract great attention at auction and command the highest prices due to their status as memorabilia rather than purely fashion pieces. We have, however, sold some memorable pieces of vintage fashion, including the personal collection of Coco Chanel in 1974, as well as a 1966 YSL ‘Mondrian’ dress that fetched £30,000 (AED 163,961) and a 1939 velvet evening jacket by Schiaparelli that made £73,250 (AED 400,337) in our last Vintage Couture sale in 2012.” Borthwick says they also see a lot of buyers from the Middle East, owing to significant
interest in “modern vintage”, paying particular attention to luxury handbag auctions, specifically labels such as Hermès, Chanel and Louis Vuitton. Apart from the high-profile auctions, vintage bazaars in discreet nooks and street corners of the world are also doing brisk business, but on a smaller scale. Although the UAE used to be a bit behind the times, according to Dubai-based vintage boutique owner Maha Rasheed, the business is catching up, with increasing awareness of the nuances of vintage fashion in the region. Rasheed, who runs Bambah Boutique and sources authentic vintage items from across the world from LA to Japan, says: “Perceptions are slowly changing, and people are becoming more comfortable about wearing vintage and pre-owned items in the Middle East. If the items are impeccably restored, maintained and presented, one does not mind that the item is not brand new. Celebrities and movies have also made more people aware of vintage fashion, and there’s no
taboo in buying worn pieces. Even pre-owned or pre-loved items that are not vintage per se have a big market here in the Middle East, and I think it’s a good trend!” One such “pre- owned” fashion boutique owner, Micha Maatouk from Garderobe, says her customers are highly fashion-conscious, affluent, and know their vintage Birkins from their Kellys. “While we do get a few good vintage pieces from 30 to 40 years ago,” she says, “we mostly deal with preowned luxury and designer items as young as 10-15 years. These are consumers who don’t like to be seen in the same designer dress, shoes or accessories more than once or twice and so sell their piece to us for half the price. We at Garderobe then split the profits with the consignee in a 50-50 agreement. So yes, they get to clear out their closet every season and get about half the price of the item back.” Apart from the aesthetic value of the items and the history associated with them, the price Below, bottom and bottom right: Interior of Dubaibased vintage store, Bambah Boutique.
Top: Pre-owned ‘modern designer vintage’ items at Garderobe Boutique.
Design July - August, 2013
SectionEmirates Quality
images courtesy: Jaeger-LeCoultre.
of pre-owned fashion then becomes a key factor for her customers. “The prices of these items could vary,” she says. “You could sometimes find a 30-year-old Valentino gown that originally cost easily more than AED25,000 at less than 20 percent of the price now, but then you could also end up paying more than the original price of a designer vintage handbag that is not available any more, or has an endless wait-list at the brand’s store. I’d say the pre-owned market is increasingly becoming an important part of the vintage fashion movement.” But because the authenticity of vintage items is difficult to assess, and they can sometimes be challenging to find or even uproariously expensive, “vintage-inspired” fashion and jewelry has come under the spotlight in a big way. Inspired by the vintage era from the 1920s to the 1960s (by definition, items from before this period are considered “antique”, but the term “vintage” is being more loosely translated in today’s context), these fashion and jewelry pieces attempt to capture the cuts, colors, prints and essence of the vintage era for a slice of nostalgia, but without the price tag of the original vintage pieces. Laurent Cathala, Vice-President, Emerging Markets of Tiffany & Co., says Baz Luhrmann’s recently-released adaptation movie The Great Gatsby has created strong interest and demand for 1920s-inspired jewelry. “Although Tiffany & Co. does not offer vintage pieces for sale,” he says, “many of our designs are based on the original sketches and collections found in the Tiffany archives. These designs highlight the timeless beauty and unerring quality of Tiffany designs. These archival pieces also transcend fashion trends
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“I like my investments where I can see them… hanging in my closet!”
Design July - August, 2013
images courtesy: Tiffany & Co.
and hold great appeal for discerning customers. In addition to Tiffany’s Great Gatsby and Blue Book Collections of fine and statement jewelry, we introduced this year the Ziegfeld Collection. Also inspired by the same Jazz Age, it is named after New York’s legendary Ziegfeld Theatre, a model of Art Deco architecture that opened in 1927. The jewelry captures the period’s elegance with freshwater cultured pearls, black onyx and sterling silver.” Similarly, Swiss luxury watch manufacturer Jaeger-LeCoultre does not sell its original vintage timepieces, but helps verify the authenticity of rare vintage watches for its customers and also restores vintage Jaeger-LeCoultre watches in its workshop in Switzerland. Certain factors of the vintage watch are then considered while evaluating the piece. Stéphane Belmont, marketing and technical director of Manufacture JaegerLeCoultre, says: “In the case of an authentic vintage watch, the watch has a story related to previous owners, a story of transmission of the piece. When a very small quantity of pieces were produced in a certain era, the offer of those vintage watches in the market is very limited today. Where the demand exceeds the supply, the price of the vintage watch goes up every year. The rarity of the watch depends on the quantity, exclusivity, quality of the movement and functioning of the watch, and its aesthetics.” It is this quality and exclusivity that the vintage business is founded upon. In an age of global retail chains and uninspired, off-the-rack fashion, vintage couture has an undeniable appeal and immense value, as an asset. Carrie Bradshaw from the popular TV series Sex and the City couldn’t have put it better: “I like my investments where I can see them… hanging in my closet!”
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Quality
In the Air
Delft Touch The enduring, evolving and utterly beguiling influence of blue-and-white porcelain. By carolina irving, miguel floresvianna and Charlotte di carcaci
while a NEW GENERATION OF ARTISTS
nATURAL BEAUTY Josef Frank’s La Plata fabric, designed in the 1940s, is still available through justscandinavian.com. Above right: a 1960 painting from Yves Klein’s ‘‘Anthropométries’’ series.
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and designers are coming up with modern ways to reinterpret the classic combination of blue and white at the same time, its antique porcelain predecessor is hitting record highs at auction. Whether it is Valentino’s oversize florals, influenced by Delftware, on strict puritan-collared dresses, or Rem Koolhaas’s Casa da Música in Porto, Portugal, with abutting panels of traditional azulejos, the trend is unmistakable. The cobalt compound that gives blue-andwhite porcelain its color was brought to China from Iran by Mongolian invaders in the 13th century. Once its use as a pigment had been perfected, the great trade arteries that ran
T Emirates: The New York Times Style Magazine
from East to West began to flow with new, distinctively patterned ceramics, spawning a mania for all things blue and white — to the extent that European and Ottoman factories began to produce their own hybrid designs in order to meet the insatiable demand. The craze gradually spread to interiors and textiles, from the tiled walls of merchant houses to gilded chinoiserie pavilions specially built to display princely collections of the precious porcelain. It’s a fashion that has never abated. The appeal of blue and white is universal: the interplay of the two colors is so harmonious that, however elaborately worked, it never loses its intrinsic charm or calming freshness.
mixed media Clockwise from above left: the artist Lei Xue’s ‘‘Drinking Tea’’ series (2007-13) consists of crumpled porcelain cans decorated with traditional Chinese pattens; Rodarte’s spring 2011 silk print was based on Ming vases; the British painter Howard Hodgkin’s Brush fabric, created for Designers Guild.
clockwise from top right: yves klein/adagp, paris, 2013; courtesy of rodarte; courtesy of osborne & little/designers guild; courtesy of v&M; carlos coutinho; courtesy of prada; courtesy of galerie martina detterer, frankfurt am main, germany.
tile effect Clockwise from below: Rem Koolhaas’s 2005 Casa da Música concert hall in Porto, Portugal; Prada’s 2011 canvas ‘‘Canapa Azulejos’’ bag, inspired by Portuguese tiles.
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fabric of our lives Clockwise from left: a 2007 sculpture by Li Xiaofeng made from broken Ming and Qing dynasty porcelain; Gio Ponti’s lobby for the Parco Dei Principi Hotel in Sorrento Italy, designed in 1961; Marcel Wanders’s 2006 hand-painted reinterpretation of a Royal Delft tulip vase.
Despite its simplicity, the classic blue-and-white color combination always feels exotic and sophisticated.
in the navy Clockwise from above right: blueware tiles by Glithero featuring photograms of London weeds; a Delftwareinspired Valentino dress for fall 2013; an indigo-dyed Ndop cloth from Cameroon, from the mid-20th century.
charming detail Top: the Pagodenburg folly, built in the early 1700s on the grounds of the Nymphenburg Palace in Munich; above: the ceramicist Philip Eglin’s 2011 plate, commemorating Chelsea soccer players.
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clockwise from top left: courtesy of red gate gallery; Sam Grawe; marcel wanders; courtesy of valentino; courtesy of esther fitzgerald rare textiles; Philip Eglin/courtesy of marsden woo gallery; courtesy of bayerische schlösserverwaltung; courtesy of petr krejci/glithero.
Quality
Yes, Please
Man of the Moment Givenchy’s Riccardo Tisci’s edgy fall collection has the fashion world buzzing. But he has always staked his career on punking the status quo — challenging notions of sexual identity and class bias with the cut of a skirt.
Dark prince Tisci, wearing a sweatshirt from his fall 2013 men’s collection, co-hosted the Costume Institute’s gala for ‘‘Punk: Chaos to Couture,’’ at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in May.
By andrew o’hagan Photograph by Liz Collins
Design JulyMonth - August, 00, 2013
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Yes, Please
the clash The fall 2013 Givenchy show at which Antony Hegarty performed included reinterpreted punk staples, like tartans, leather biker jackets and gypsyinspired florals.
I
just witnessed my first fashion moment. A fashion moment, to paraphrase Diana Vreeland, is a sudden, shared intoxication, when watchers are offered a perfect release from the ordinary. I’ve been to a number of fashion shows before, enjoying the spectacle, the happy tribalism of the fashion world and the hungry passion of the paparazzi. I’ve attended the parties and heard the Oh My God talk about this season’s unmissable, life-changing thing. But I’d never before stood beside a woman completely dressed in yellow as she wept into her BlackBerry. ‘‘I can’t. I can’t speak. It’s amazing. Like, totally amazing,’’ she said. The crowd was packed into the Halle Freyssinet, near the Quai d’Austerlitz, like Champagne in a dusty cellar, arranged in rows according to our label or our vintage. The space had gone dark, and Antony Hegarty, of Antony and the Johnsons, backed by a full orchestra, began to sing a haunting song. Then the fall collection for Givenchy, designed by Riccardo Tisci, unfolded in a very elevating and emotional parade, part gypsy, part Victoriana, with zippers, Bambi sweatshirts, paisley patterns and deconstructed biker jackets. I could finish by saying the crowd went wild and the rest is history. (They did. And it is.) But the subversive tracings in Tisci’s collection will connect him to fashion history in a different way next month, when he co-hosts the Costume Institute Benefit to open the Metropolitan Museum of Art’s landmark show ‘‘Punk: Chaos to Couture.’’ I’ve loved punk since I was a kid and have always felt drawn to its ribald, cheeky and rather powerful habit of lighting into our complacencies. If you were around in the 1970s and remember how mundane everything was, how mired in self-importance and gray authority, then you might welcome punk’s very necessary spirit at any time. The Met show is bound to open up some excellent arguments, not least about whether the Americans or the British arrived first with punk. But that hardly matters. What matters is whether this brilliantly scabrous, inventive and politically questioning movement is still a relevant life force in the culture today. The answer, if you believe in the influence of Tisci, is yes. When I turned up to meet Tisci at the Givenchy offices on the Avenue George V, where he has been creative director since 2005, I found him to be pleasingly conspiratorial and fun, naughty as an old school pal
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who knows why you dumped your homework. He even had the cigarettes, American Spirit, which he smoked quickly, stubbing them out each time he made a fresh point. Tisci is brown-eyed, roughly handsome and gesticulating — an engine of dark intensity, like the chief troublemaker in a film by Luchino Visconti, with a secret shyness. Basking in the afterglow of that week’s triumph, he was keen to share his distaste for conformity and his ideas for change. ‘‘I know I can make beautiful clothes on the runway,’’ he said, ‘‘but why not give people something to think about at the same time? For me, that is punk. Punk is an attitude — it is being free, it is being honest. When I was young, I felt punk was like me dreaming. I was attracted to all these sounds and to the look of these people. I felt that I had something to say that people didn’t understand. Emotions come from reality, not fakeness.’’ Before talking about his own childhood he lit another cigarette and waved the smoke away. ‘‘My story is intense,’’ he said, ‘‘and if I was born again I would ask God to give me the same story.’’ He was born in Cermenate, Italy, to working-class
counterculture Clockwise from above: a 2008 Givenchy ad; a model wearing a Rottweiler sweatshirt and dog collar in Tisci’s fall 2011 men’s show; a zippered shoe from prefall 2011.
clockwise from Top Right: go runway; catwalking/getty images; go runway. all other images courtesy of riccardo tisci and givenchy.
Arena
a new upgrade in gender equality. ‘‘When you get to a place like Givenchy, you get power,’’ he said. ‘‘I hate to use this word, but, yes, you get power. And you get followers because you are making people beautiful, you are changing people. I can sell more bags, I can sell more beautiful shoes, but, next to that, you have the power to give a good message to people. I had this friend called Leo who was transgender. I helped her through her journey and eventually we used her in our advertising campaign. Everyone was against it, but we did it.’’ It must seem far off to many people, Givenchy, high fashion, the Avenue George V, the Met. But Tisci feels that everything he does comes not only from the little streets of his childhood but also from the little streets of today. ‘‘It’s actually the beginning of my inspiration,’’ he said. ‘‘I make sure that in every collection there is stuff for kids with less money. They might have to save up but it is reachable. My sisters still work in factories, and why shouldn’t normal people have the chance to dream, to wear the Givenchy label? I want my sister, my nephew, my niece to be able to go to a Givenchy store and buy something, not just a princess, you know?’’ I think I do. When I was growing up, the soul of punk was to be found in a safety pin that you could fix to your school blazer as a way of giving the finger to the headmaster. It wasn’t much, yet it was everything, a way of finding your own voice with a small articulation of the word ‘‘no.’’ And if punk has a creative potential across decades, it was always going to be that, even though, in Riccardo Tisci’s case, the articulation is anything but small: it is phenomenal, powerful, classy and moral. One imagines that Tisci’s involvement in the Met Ball is something of a consummation for the boy from southern Italy who once whitened his face and mangled his jeans. ‘‘A lot of the established designers, they don’t really care about the relationship between creativity and social change. That is why I love some of the younger people like Christopher Kane and Rodarte.’’ He smiled at the world beyond his clear Paris windows. ‘‘They really care,’’ he said, ‘‘and it blows me away with happiness.’’
‘‘A lot of the established designers, they don’t really care about the relationship between creativity and social change. That is why I love some of the younger people like Christopher Kane and Rodarte.’’ Tisci, now an international star, feels he owes no debt of thanks to his native country. He feels let down by its attitude to him, but, more than that, he objects to the chaotic authoritarianism of Italy’s church and state, and you see such rebellion in his work: ‘‘I have been killed so many times in my career for saying things. The punk legacy adopted by Tisci leads him toward new kinds of emotional and political engagement. He cares about femininity and its attackers and many of his design ideas stem from that. ‘‘I want to break down the legend of Italian men being macho, you know, the whole thing: Italian women and their large breasts, the football and the pizza, the women always dominated by the men.’’ Givenchy not only has a dreamer as its head, but in Tisci it has a thinker and an activist, too. This, for me, is where the punk ethos, however far it has flown from its origins, comes home to roost: an international luxury goods company has a chief designer who cares about the rights of the people he is selling to. And that is not nothing. He loves the industry — loves fabulousness, loves success — but he also sees it as the vehicle for
gothic revival Clockwise from top left: at Tisci’s spring 2012 haute couture collection, models wore bull rings in their noses; his spring 2010 men’s-wear show; fall 2007 women’s-wear show; a nose ring from the fall 2012 men’s collection; a 2011 Givenchy print campaign.
Design July - August, 2013
all images courtesy of riccardo tisci and givenchy
parents who had eight girls before they had him. ‘‘My father wanted a boy. And then he died when I was young. I went through suffering but it informed both the head and the heart, making me who I am. We had no money and I grew up amongst these women: they are my greatest inspiration and my biggest fans.’’ He tells a story of difficult teenage years coming to terms with his own creativity in the strong macho culture of Italy. ‘‘I grew my hair long and did my face white. My mother was clever: she never stopped me. I looked like a real freak but I was reading a lot, and that, too, made me dream. It was London and New York I dreamt about.’’
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Alice in the Desert
Arena Emirates
By Orna Ballout
Image above: Quintessentially English fashion designer Alice Temperley enjoys a break during her busy photo shoot schedule.
At our meeting, on a typically sunny Friday afternoon
in Dubai, Alice Temperley seems slightly tired. (Her PR manager informs me they’ve been up at the crack of dawn every morning, shooting her Cruise, Bridal and Autumn/Winter 2013 collections in the Ras Al Khaimah desert.) She nevertheless exudes a laid-back, elegant style, kitted out in a pretty white skirt teamed with a white blouse, both from her Spring/Summer 2013 collection. Alice carries herself in a way that is both ethereal and elegant, two words that could equally well describe her fashion collections. Her life, however, is “not as floaty and fairy-like as somebody might think,” she jokes, adding that “it’s extremely hard work, and all the people that know me say they don’t know anyone else that works as hard.” Temperley’s fashion-focused ethos has enabled her to build a strong brand, coveted for its intricate embroidery,
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image courtesy of Alice Temperley.
Alice Temperley takes time out of her busy schedule, shooting her latest collections in the sand dunes of the UAE and opening a new store in Doha, to talk inspiration, riding the recession and being True British.
Arena Emirates
embellishment and impressive craftsmanship. “We’re really focusing on taking the brand to the next level. It’s a fantastic time; we have two amazing lines and the collections are getting really strong because we’ve been in the business long enough to know what we’re doing, hopefully,” she laughs. Alice’s dedication and determination throughout her career have earned her a clientele that includes some of the most discerning women across the world, among them none other than the Middleton sisters, the ideal clotheshorses to increase Temperley’s global appeal (remember that gorgeous green Temperley gown Pippa wore to the Royal Wedding party?) In 2011, Alice’s contribution to the fashion industry was taken to new heights when she was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) by Her Majesty the Queen at Buckingham Palace. Her brand’s popularity can also be seen from Google’s Zeitgeist list, where it appeared fourth among the most searched-for fashion labels in the UK in 2012. An alumna of London’s Central Saint Martins College of Arts and Design, Alice completed her studies with a Masters degree at the Royal College of Art before launching her brand, Temperley London, in 2000. With the support of her family, who she says provided her with a “huge amount of strength to build the brand,” Alice was able to develop a business that produces 14 collections a year, including Cruise and Pre-Fall collections across the ‘Temperley London’ line, a younger diffusion ‘Alice by Temperley’ line and two ‘Temperley Bridal’ collections. Everything about the Temperley world reflects a quintessentially British theme – even Alice’s 4-year-old son, Fox, boasts a name that conjures up visions of the English countryside, or a character from a British novel.
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T Emirates: The New York Times Style Magazine
“I just imagined a letter and someone signing it ‘Fox,’ in an ink pen, because I like ink pens; I wanted something unusual and it came to me one morning,” she recalls on the name choice. But has she always been so patriotic, I wonder? “I’m just British, I don’t actively try,” she giggles, revealing that the book she penned in 2011 to celebrate 10 years of Temperley was not initially intended to be called True British, either. “…It was supposed to be a decade of Temperley, and everyone decided that as we were so naturally British, it wouldn’t be right not to celebrate that; it’s just about English training and English sensibility, and not being afraid to use it,” she says. But things haven’t always been so smooth. During the recession in Britain, a time that cast gloom and uncertainty across the country and saw fashion brands such as Luella washed away, while others were snapped up by conglomerates, Temperley weathered the storm. “This wasn’t easy,” Alice admits frankly. “Putting your head down and really hard work” were key to staying afloat. “…Everything that happened with the recession made you focus on your core attributes as a brand,” she elaborates. Another challenge comes from working so closely with family, which makes it difficult to separate work from private life. “That’s why having a house in Somerset is so important – to escape,” Alice reveals. Somerset, in the West of England, is where Alice spent her childhood growing up on her parent’s cider farm. The idyllic countryside offers the designer a break away from the hustle and bustle of city life, and from the brand’s offices in London’s trendy Notting Hill (the building’s façade is painted with a British flag, in true Temperley style). Both places offer her inspiration: while in London she has her amazing team and the fast-paced lifestyle, Somerset is
ALL imageS courtesy of Alice Temperley.
T Emirates brings you the world exclusive images of Temperley’s Cruise Collection, captured in the desert dunes of the UAE.
Temperley London is available at The Dubai Mall. For more information, visit Temperleylondon.com.
“We’re really focusing on taking the brand to the next level. It’s a fantastic time; we have two amazing lines and the collections are getting really strong because we’ve been in the business long enough to know what we’re doing, hopefully.”
Some of Alice’s favorite pieces, including dresses she could wear all the time along with a jumper inspired by one she made during college.
ALL imageS courtesy of Alice Temperley.
just as important, “to be able to sit there and draw in silence. Peace and quiet is so important to me,” she notes, adding that “the reality of being there every weekend isn’t peaceful really, when you’ve got a business to run and a child at school in London.” Alice is clearly enthusiastic about fashion: the question that excites her the most in the course of our interview is being asked to recall her proudest design achievement to date. “Oooohhh!” she says excitedly, before listing off her favorites. “There’s one knitted jumper that we do, that I made myself on a machine in college – the honeycomb. Then there are dresses, the icons, perfect dresses I would wear all the time, such as the tattoo dress, lattice dress and various others.” Alice admits that she has a weakness for shoes, although she “doesn’t really have time to go shopping.” The other designers she respects change from season to season, depending on who is working at different houses. “I think every fashion designer says it, but Alaïa has the most amazing business structure. Dolce & Gabbana are doing very beautiful things at the moment, and I think the last collection at Dior was really amazing.” The day after her T Emirates interview, Alice jetted off to Gulf neighbour Qatar to open her new Temperley London store at The Gate Mall. According to the designer, Temperley’s collection of eveningwear, kaftans and cocktail dresses go down a treat with the local clientele. “We have a really loyal customer base in the Middle East. It’s good to be here to support it – and even better that we can come here and do amazing shoots,” she beams.
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Arena Emirates
Storyteller He has sold more than 250 million books in the course of his career, but author Jeffrey Archer’s success has been punctuated by introspective pauses and even some arresting question marks. T Emirates unravels the persona of a writer who continues to thrill and entertain at the age of 72.
It may come as a surprise that the man who has authored many a Machiavellian scheme and plenty of meandering conspiracy theories is, in person, a hard-as-nails straight talker. He’s also quite a number-cruncher for someone who is so entrenched on the literary side of the world. He rolls off numbers, figures and statistics with the ease of a seasoned marketer. “I have to say my figures are very cool,” he says, comparing his latest book in The Clifton Chronicles trilogy, with his last published novel in 2009. “For my last book, hardback sales were up 40 percent, e-book was up 26 percent and softback was down 7 percent.” But then he suddenly floors you with his witty, animated (and somewhat geriatric) charm. He worries as he predicts a bleak future for bookstores in the face of competition from the e-readers and Kindles of the world. “If this [trend] continues, soon there will be hardbacks and Kindles, no paperbacks. Next, hardbacks will go and Kindles will remain, and sadly bookshops will go too. I much prefer to hold the physical book and read the old-fashioned way, but looking at the statistics, it’s going to be very tough on bookshops.” His voice wavers with emotion, but only for a moment, before the shrewd marketer within him reappears. “Personally, this trend doesn’t affect me, because more people are reading me now on the digital platform than ever before, so no, it doesn’t affect me as a writer – look at my readership figures, for example. In the digital world today, it’s the bookshop that will be affected, not the author,” he says. According to Archer, there’s a positive side to the democratization of the publishing world.
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T Emirates: The New York Times Style Magazine
image courtesy of jeffrey Archer.
By Priyanka Pradhan
“Today,” he says, “anyone can showcase his or her talent on the digital platform by being a self-published author or even a blogger. So yes, I’d encourage young talent to get going by themselves. If I had had this sort of opportunity back in the day, I would have adapted to whatever was needed, as I always have.” Archer has picked up a few survival skills along the way, to maintain the momentum of his success. One of those skills happens to be his sharp marketing acumen, something he acquired the hard way. “In my first experience of promoting my book Kane and Abel on an American TV talk show,” he recalls, “I learnt that time is money. I was on the show with other guests such as Billy Carter and (believe it or not) Mickey Mouse, and we all had just six minutes to share between the three of us. The first two guests had taken up 4.5 minutes by the time the host said ‘Hi Jeff, I see you came over on Concorde,’ and I rambled on... ‘Yes, indeed! Concorde – it’s a feat of mankind built by the British. It’s twice the height and speed of any aircraft built by man so far. You can have breakfast in London, lunch in New York and dinner in….’ And I was cut off by the host saying ‘That’s great. Thank you, it’s been lovely having you on.’ My publishers were livid.” Looking back to his early days, Archer says his main literary influences were American author F. Scott Fitzgerald and English writer Richmal Crompton, but there were also others. “My all-time favorite remains the classic The Count of Monte Cristo – it is a masterpiece. Of late though, I’ve been reading The 100-Year-Old Man Who Climbed Out the Window and Disappeared and the Hilary Mantel book Bring Up the Bodies.” What interests him most in the books he reads (and writes), he says, are people and characters. Being a
“Anyone can showcase his or her talent on the digital platform by being a self-published author or even a blogger. So yes, I’d encourage young talent to get going by themselves. If I had had this sort of opportunity back in the day, I would have adapted to whatever was needed, as I always have.” steadfast admirer of the late Margaret Thatcher and an ex-politician himself, he says he always writes strong female characters, drawing inspiration from the women in his life, and the villains in his books are inspired by politicians he has come across. “Most of my own characters are based on people I know, because then they become more real to me and to the reader. Also, people even inspire me to write – normal people I meet everyday. You see, stories are in people… sometimes they just don’t know it.” So, then, there’s no writer’s block for Archer, one would imagine? He confirms: “No, I never experience writer’s block, because I’m a story teller… and characters and stories are everywhere! Another thing is that I don’t plan a particular plot more than two pages before I write it – mapping things out in detail beforehand really scares me. It’s a hell of a risk, but it’s a lot more fun if I don’t know, otherwise the plot may become predictable and stale for me and for the reader.” Archer’s last 16 books have all been international #1 bestsellers, and his top-selling work, Kane and Abel, is on its 97th reprint. He was recently in Dubai at the Emirates Literary Festival 2013 to promote his latest book, the third in his Clifton Chronicles series, which he hopes will surpass his previous record. Does he feel under pressure to outdo his previous accomplishments, then? “Of course there is pressure when I sit down with a pen,” he agrees, “and it gets worse in a way, because I am expected to churn out another number one with each book. There’s always pressure, but what I think any author must do is not buckle under it and do what is popular or fashionable at the moment – don’t just toe the line. Remember, Jane Austen came from a small village and she wrote about a mother trying to get rid of her daughter by way of marriage. It was a great hit. Next, she wrote about a mother trying to get rid of four daughters! But you see, Austen was a genius because she didn’t move with the fashion of the day – she stuck to what she was great at, and did it exceptionally.” Another strong motivation for Archer is recognition, though not necessarily by way of literary awards or prizes. “I have won awards in France, one in Germany and one in the US, but I have never won anything in England and I never will, by the way. I am what is known as an ‘entertainer’ in the UK, and I’m not allowed to be a storyteller and win a prize – only ‘writers’ win prizes in England, and I’m happy this way. I’m happy that my books are read by the masses. In fact,” he sums up, “if you asked me ‘What do you want in life, Jeffrey?’ I’d say I want to be read by more people than any other author on Earth.”
Design July - August, 2013
Jeffrey Archer’s latest book, The Best Kept Secret (2013), third in The Cliffton Chronicles series.
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image courtesy of jeffrey Archer.
Jeffrey Archer photographed with a selection of his international best-sellers.
Section Arena Emirates
Sub Section
Living the Dream Not many people would be brave enough to leave a successful corporate career to pursue their true passion. But Emirati Khalid Shafar tells T Emirates that taking that bold step was key to turning his dreams into reality. By Orna Ballout
financial crisis in Dubai as the ideal opportunity to exit the corporate world and follow his ambition of carving out a career as a furniture designer. Although his family didn’t openly express how they felt about his instinctive actions, Shafar admits that he “could see the worry in their eyes”. With a new gallery in the heart of his home town (the Ras Al Khor Industrial Area in Dubai) displaying his covetable handmade furniture collection alongside his collaborations with international brands, it’s clear that Shafar has no regrets – just big ambitions. “I want to be one of the strong references of Emirati style, if not the first,” he says, adding that in the future he would like researchers to come and study his design ethos. Considering his personality to be quite “earthy,” Shafar believes that his traditional traits are quite the opposite of what people expect from him. “I’m not an IT type of person or a software designer. I sketch and then prototype – but I think it’s because I have the luxury of having a workshop at the gallery,” he shares, laughing when he further reveals that he’s been using the same phone for three years and is still using Version 1 of the iPad – the one without a camera. Shafar’s design objects each tell a fascinating story. As we sit on his “Illusion
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T Emirates: The New York Times Style Magazine
image courtesy of Khalid Shafar.
Khalid Shafar was “nearly at the peak” of his career in 2009. Yet he saw the
Dine” chairs at his gallery, the down-to-earth Emirati tells the tales that have shaped his design and work ethic. He remembers how, when he was younger, men used to stroll outside his house calling people into the street to sell them goods hidden inside the colorful sacks they carried on their backs. He fondly recalls the sense of excitement he experienced rummaging through the bags in search of toys and trinkets, while his mother would seek out textiles and garments. This memory is what gave birth to the idea of the ingenious “Auction” table, one of his most beloved pieces, with the heavy fabric bag gathered under its round top. “I thought about mothers with kids and a lot of toys scattered around the house, who want to hide and store things quickly when guests come over; the sack is inspired by those merchandisers” from all those years ago, he says. While 33-year-old Shafar had always envisaged himself as a designer, he pursued a corporate career in marketing before leaving his job in 2009 to move abroad and study in New Zealand. During his travels, Shafar got the ultimate opportunity to work in Brazil with his idols, the Campana Brothers. “I love the simplicity of their design philosophy. The way they transform such simple and humble materials into functional pieces of design and art.” Among his own design objects displayed at the gallery, I spotted the book by, and about, Tom Ford – a man he counts as another inspiration. “I really appreciate the way he has positioned himself in the market, and how his boutiques across the world are of the utmost luxury,” he says. And a fashion connection can
also be seen in Shafar’s own work. “I treat my work as fashionable items. The labels on the pieces I’ve created have been inspired by labels on garments – I think it adds a soft touch to a piece that has been crafted from wood.” Acknowledging challenges in the local market, Shafar says there are not many things available to a start-up company, and getting a license can also be difficult as there is no specific design category. “My company is listed as a trading company, which is not what I’m doing purely; I’m designing and manufacturing,” he stresses. But he’s got the patience and passion to build his brand. “I still consider myself an emerging designer. I need to build a reputable Emirati brand comprising pieces that are designed and produced in the UAE.” During his time off work, Shafar is a selfconfessed “foodie” and takes great delight in visiting “fine dining” restaurants with his friends. “If I get a dish that I love, I don’t like to share it with anyone, not even a bite,” he chuckles. Aside from food, he is a keen traveler, and with the demands of his job he can be out of the country as often as 10 times a year. “Istanbul is one of the most inspiring places I’ve ever visited. I’m fascinated by the Ottoman era and the mix between new designs, nice food and exhibitions.” Although Shafar’s new life is a far cry from the corporate world he once commanded, it seems that old habits die hard. “I thought that the workload would be very flexible, especially considering I’m managing my own time,” he says, adding somewhat surprisingly: “But for the past few months I have been starting to get really excited when the weekend approaches!”
images courtesy of Khalid Shafar.
“I want to be one of the strong references of Emirati style, if not the first.”
For more info, visit khalidshafar.com
Clockwise from top: ‘Illusion’ chairs; ‘Palm’ coat stand; ‘Auction’ table; ‘Egaal’ table lamp.
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MODERN. CONTEMPORARY. ABU DHABI ART. 20 - 23 November 2013 UAE Pavilion and Manarat Al Saadiyat Saadiyat Cultural District Abu Dhabi, UAE
abudhabiartfair.ae
image courtesy of The Etoile Group.
Arena Emirates
The glamorous Ingie Chalhoub, widely recognised as fashion's first lady in the Middle East, is carving a successful niche in the region's luxury retail market as head of the Etoile Group. By Priyanka Pradhan
true grit Design July - August, 2013
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Arena Emirates The Ingie Paris boutique in Kuwait.
Dubai’s financial district that I first met Ingie Chalhoub. I had heard of her, of course, but what I discovered that day was that even the chief of the luxury retail firm ‘Etoile Group’, has butterflies in her stomach before every show. I could tell that by the way she paced the floor as her designer label’s Autumn/Winter 2013-14 press preview took place at the same gallery, on a grand runway created especially for her. She then ascended up on the ramp, after a little coaxing from her team, to take a bow and pose shyly for the cameras – quite unlike the intimidating persona I had expected. “There is always great excitement but also some stress before any seasonal launch of the collection,” Ingie says. “All the preparation is tiring and energetic at the same time. I am a perfectionist and I feel extremely conscious about every single detail.” As I also came to realize that day, the ambitious, influential and rigorously detail-oriented Ingie Chalhoub is also exceedingly charming, and truly humble. Even as she single-handedly navigates multimillion-dollar deals every other day in the fiercely competitive Middle East luxury retail market, she carries herself with rare panache and a certain je ne sais quoi that makes her all the more intriguing. As president and managing director of the Etoile Group, which operates more than 70 luxury boutiques in six Gulf countries, and as creative director for her eponymous designer label, she has her hands full. But 30 years ago, when she opened the first Chanel
“Challenges test your mental strength; you need to turn them to your advantage. Let obstacles motivate you to strive even harder. I am now even more driven and determined to reach more milestones and push myself further.”
Ingie Paris AW 2013-14 Collection.
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boutique in the Middle East, she didn’t know she was making fashion retail history. It was serendipitous that the franchise deal was finalized on her wedding day, making her big day even bigger. The groom happened to be Patrick Chalhoub, scion of one of the most established business empires in the region and son of the illustrious Michel and Widad Chalhoub. Having married into a powerful lineage of retail moguls, and with the advantages that come from being part of the influential Chalhoub family, Ingie set out to make a remarkable debut in the regional retail industry and to carve out her identity as a persuasive entrepreneur and luxury retail powerhouse in her own right. In the years that followed, she worked hard to build credibility and earn the confidence of global luxury retailers such as Christian Dior, Tod’s, Hogan, Valentino, John Galliano, Ralph Lauren, Dolce & Gabbana and Christian Lacroix, and she came to be credited with making a huge contribution to the UAE’s luxury retail segment. But before one can call it a charmed life, Ingie says it’s been far from easy. The Gulf War in 1990 changed things irrevocably for Ingie, as her Chanel and Dior stores in Kuwait were looted during the conflict, and her business ran into the ground. But despite the devastating loss, she pushed herself to pick up the pieces and get to work as soon as the Chalhoubs moved to Dubai after the war, even with a newborn baby in tow. After relocating, Ingie quickly became a formidable retail empire. “Challenges test your mental strength; you need to turn them to your advantage. Let obstacles motivate you to strive even harder. I am now even more driven and determined to reach more milestones and push myself further,” she says. The motivation to go on, she adds, came from her supportive husband and her inner resilience. She not only had the task of rebuilding her business from scratch, but now also had the additional responsibility of being a mother, and had to manage the two roles – a balance she describes as most challenging. “I would say balancing a personal and family life with a professional one is probably one of the most difficult challenges businesswomen face. You need to be disciplined, organized and efficient with your time, and set
Images courtesy INGIE Paris.
It was at a quaint art gallery in
The Ingie Paris AW 2013-14 Lookbook.
look at something and know immediately whether it’s right or wrong, or what needs to be changed; it’s a skill that is rare.” She adds: “You also need to believe in yourself. We are often our own worst critics, but we need to focus on the positive, as self-belief is a key factor in order to succeed.” TOP: Images courtesy Ingie Paris.
boundaries not just for employees and your business colleagues but even for yourself!” But just as things were settling down, the global economy, and subsequently the Middle East economy, was hit by the tumultuous financial meltdown. The luxury retail sector was in the eye of the storm, but the Etoile Group showed remarkable resilience at this time. The mood in the retail industry may have been very somber, but just then, in 2009, Ingie launched her own luxury designer label, Ingie Paris, a move that showed nerves of steel and sparkling self-confidence. Inspired by French sophistication and old-world glamour, she applied her sharp business acumen and innate sense of style to create a capsule collection for the essential “Ingie” woman, someone she envisions to be a lot like herself. “The Ingie Paris woman is refined, modern and dynamic,” she says. “My designs cater to her multifaceted, playful nature, interests and lifestyle, from dramatic, glamorous eveningwear that she might don for a red carpet event to chic yet comfortable daywear she can wear to a museum or show off at a relaxed brasserie. That is why I think the collection appeals to women across all cultures; they understand luxury but want it interpreted in a contemporary manner that suits their international lifestyle.” The launch of her own label was yet another dream realized for Ingie, but, not one to rest on her laurels, she’s now hoping to expand internationally through luxury retailers and eventually have more standalone stores. For the Etoile Group too, she says, the emphasis is on expanding horizons to focus on Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Abu Dhabi. The Ingie Chalhoub success story has been peppered with setbacks, but she has overcome the hurdles each time, due to her dedication and strong belief in herself, something she hopes will inspire other female entrepreneurs and businesswomen. “[You need] hard work, passion and a strong vision of what you want that can never be downplayed. But there are also those things that are part of one’s character that can also help you to succeed. For me, it’s a strong eye for detail, and my creative ability. I have the ability to
“You also need to believe in yourself. We are often our own worst critics, but we need to focus on the positive, as self-belief is a key factor in order to succeed.”
The Ingie Paris boutique in Kuwait.
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Arena Emirates
Constructing Fashion Coco Chanel once said: “Fashion is architecture. It’s a matter of proportions.” With this in mind, T Emirates set out to discover the relationship between the two fields, talking to fashion designers and architects across the world.
Architecture is a significant source of inspiration for many fashion designers,
Clockwise from above left: OMA Associate Ippolito Pestellini Laparelli has worked with Prada on the design of its fashion show sets; Architect Zaha Hadid has collaborated with many fashion brands, including Lacoste and Swarovski.
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who deliver innovative collections based on avant-garde building design. Similarly, fashion plays an important role for architects, with many industry experts channeling their knowhow into an array of fashion projects. It has been common practice for fashion houses to seek the expertise of renowned architects to help them design their stores. For instance, Dutch architect Rem Koolhaas developed the flagship store for Prada in New York, and his company, OMA, has built a strong relationship with the Italian fashion house as it continues to design its fashion show sets. “The stage sets for the shows are the purest form of collaboration between OMA and Prada. They are designed in tandem with the creation of the collection. The two disciplines come together in an intense osmosis to generate surprise and emotion in the audience, while staging the values of the brand, season after season. With fashion-show set design, we submit to the process and logic of fashion and adapt to its
T Emirates: The New York Times Style Magazine
vitality and speed. It’s a great enrichment,” says Ippolito Pestellini Laparelli, an OMA associate who works on Prada’s projects. “Architects can learn a lot from the fashion process. Too often we tend towards an excessive refinement and order. Fashion can be liberating,” he adds. As well as designing fashion stores, IraqiBritish architect Zaha Hadid has established an in-depth association with fashion, having teamed up with Louis Vuitton on bag design, Swarovski on jewelry, and Melissa and Lacoste on shoes. “There is a lot of fluidity now,” Hadid says, “between fashion, architecture and art – a lot more cross-pollination in the disciplines.” Out of all her design projects to date, Hadid has found the shoe collaborations the most fascinating. “Our 2009 design for Lacoste adapted the dynamic fluid grids of our architectural work. When wrapped around the shape of a foot, these grids expand and contract to undulate and radiate as they merge seamlessly with the body.”
clockwise from top: Images courtesy of Prada; Lacoste and Swarovski.
By Orna Ballout
Constructing Similarities
According to Anas Younis Shanaah, founder of the eponymous shoe label Aennis Eunis, who graduated with a degree in Architecture before making his foray into the fashion field, “architecture is the mother of all design. So by default, any design process becomes similar to architecture in one way or another.” Shanaah says that in his lustworthy shoe line Aennis Eunis, references to his architectural background can be seen in details of “arabesque patterns that could be a decorative application.” He further elaborates that there are “less obvious approaches that are present as a feeling… lines intersecting…the use of layering and contrasting, blocks of color working against patterns… These are ways ‘architects’ think of a problem.” Recognizing her work as “mini-sculptures,” Farah Nasri, a qualified architect and founder of contemporary 3-D printed jewelry line HKD (Hooked), says that jewelry design allows her to fuse her architecture and fashion knowledge to develop something “avant-garde formally and conceptually.” Nasri believes that the processes of architecture and jewelry design are similar, “since the fingers are my site and I design the jewelry to sit perfectly around them – hugging them, sculpting them, just like a building would sculpt its site.” Comparing the two creative undertakings is difficult, “as one can argue for and against similarities,” says award-winning architect André C. Meyerhans, the man behind both the design of Dubai’s Al Garhoud Bridge and jewelry brand Mario Uboldi. “While jewelry usually focuses on pure decorative aspects, architecture needs to fulfil many purposes of use, to acknowledge structural limitations and to respect its context.” Meyerhans, however, translates his architectural ideas into his own collection and “trusts that crossing the borders between the trades helps to push boundaries.”
Images courtesy clockwise from top right: Aennis Eunis; Mario Uboldi; HKD.
Clockwise from top: Anas Younis Shanaah, founder of Aennis Eunis, references his architecture background in his shoe designs; André C. Meyerhans, the man behind the design of Dubai’s Al Garhoud Bridge, has channeled his creativity into his jewelry brand, Mario Uboldi; 3-D printed jewelry line HKD founder Farah Nasri refers to her pieces as “mini sculptures.”
Design July - August, 2013
Arena Emirates
Adapting Skills
Rasha Alkhatib’s jewelry brand, Studio Roar, comprises pieces that gather inspiration from the 19th-century Persian Mirza Akbar Architectural Scrolls.
Abrar Alebrahim, founder of Th’haba Jewelry, says the latest collection has been created as “an abstract of the Nolli plan of Kuwait City in the 1950s.”
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Images courtesy clockwise from top: Studio Roar; Th’haba Jewelry.
For Emirati architect and jewelry designer Rasha Alkhatib, problems in the construction industry meant that she, along with many other architecture graduates, experienced unemployment after graduation. “I wanted to engage myself with a project that was fun and motivating till I found a job,” Alkhatib says. And in 2011, the creation of Studio Roar allowed her to do just that. Inspiration for her jewelry pieces are sources from the 19th-century Persian Mirza Akbar Architectural Scrolls and the French architect Jules Bourgoin’s “Arabic Geometrical Pattern and Design”. Historical inspiration also plays a key role in Th’haba Jewelry, the brainchild of Kuwaiti architect and designer Abrar Alebrahim, who says that jewelry “is simply another scale of architectural design, one you can wear on your body and ornament yourself with.” “For the love of Kuwait: Reminisce”, Alebrahim’s most recent collection, has been developed as “an abstract of the Nolli plan of Kuwait City in the 1950s.”
Fashion designer Dina JSR’s collection ‘Poetical Movement’ explores Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava’s most successful works.
Dubai-based designer Shrekahnth’s Autumn/Winter collection pays tribute to some of Paris’s most iconic landmarks.
Architectural Inspirations
Images courtesy TOP: Dina JSR; ABOVE: Shrekahnth.
When constructing her fashion collections, architecture is a key source of inspiration for fashion designer Dina JSR and has even become a signature staple of her work. In her collection “Poetical Movement” the designer explores Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava’s most successful works. “I’ve always been impressed with the art of architecture and its beauty, so I found combining fashion with architecture quite interesting, because the dresses that I design are quite structured, detailed and geometric,” she reveals. Another fashion designer to draw inspiration from the beauty of buildings is Dubai-based Shrekahnth. His recent work pays homage to some of Paris’s iconic landmarks, including the Eiffel Tower, Notre-Dame and the Arc de Triomphe. Shrekahnth points out that architecture inspires and helps “to build unique ideas, textures and moods.” Whether it’s architects stepping into the world of fashion to work with its key players, or fashion designers building impressive collections inspired by architecture, it’s apparent that both fields work harmoniously together to produce cutting-edge and unique results that ultimately embody the essence of design.
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Arena
home front Jemima Khan in the sitting room of her Fulham house, which she decorated herself.
Media Report
The Unlikely Activist Jemima Khan may live the grand life of an English aristocrat, but behind the famous boyfriends and the important hair is a serious political journalist and a budding documentary film producer. Her latest project? Taking on WikiLeaks. By sarah lyall Photographs by eva vermandel
The address is unremarkable and the
street unexciting, but to slip past the nondescript front gate is to enter an alternative universe, a leafy enclave of secluded houses smack in the center of southwest London. This is where Jemima Khan lives, in a house with soaring ceilings that used to be a factory for old-style taxi carriages. It was a shock to find this little slice of privilege within a shout of the bustling, thrusting Chelsea soccer stadium; it was a different sort of shock to meet Khan, who presents her own misleading facade. Wearing skinny jeans and a large letter-sweater-style cardigan, she was all long slender legs, glossy flowing hair, radiant English skin and articulate charm. She offered tea, apologized for the state of her dog-distressed cushions, took off her boots, curled up on the sofa next to Brian —
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the dog in question — and tossed out a barrage of questions meant to disarm and deflect. She prefers to be interviewer rather than interviewee, she said apologetically, particularly in light of how mean-spirited the British papers can be about someone with her background, and how they can twist words into different meanings. ‘‘I haven’t done any interviews for quite a while,’’ Khan said. ‘‘I am naturally quite an open person, and I always end up saying too much.’’ But she has made an exception in the service of ‘‘We Steal Secrets: The Story of WikiLeaks,’’ a film about the online antisecrecy group and its founder, Julian Assange, that was directed by Alex Gibney (‘‘Client 9: The Rise and Fall of Eliot Spitzer’’) and of which Khan is an executive producer. Khan has been involved with Assange’s case since he was arrested
in December 2010, and she helped post bail for him, but the movie examines him and his work with a cool dispassion. As she talks about her own work, Khan realizes there is a bit of a perception problem, a slight disconnect — her charmed upbringing and potentially frivolous existence at odds with, as becomes increasingly clear, the seriousminded, hyper-busy reality of her working life. The tabloids persist in calling her ‘‘socialite Jemima Khan,’’ as if that were an official title, like ‘‘doctor,’’ and Khan, 39, has indeed appeared often in the party-photos sections of glossy magazines and Web sites. Her father was the late financier Sir Jimmy Goldsmith; her mother is Lady Annabel Goldsmith, a legendarily charming hostess whose first husband, Mark Birley, named Annabel’s nightclub after her. The two had 10 children between them; Jimmy Goldsmith was an inveterate keeper of mistresses (in fact, Annabel was his mistress before she became his wife) who fathered children with four different women. Life around the dinner table was complicated, noisy and filled with vociferous debate about the issues of the day. Khan was a serious student, ‘‘which is why I don’t understand why my children have to be coerced and virtually waterboarded into doing their revision,’’ she said, laughing, using the British expression for ‘‘studying.’’ But at 19 she dropped out of college to marry the Pakistani playboy/cricket star-turned-politician Imran Khan, who exuded charm and exoticism. It was a bit of a shock for everyone.
‘WikiLeaks exposed the most dangerous lies of all, which are those that are told to us by elected governments.’ freak — an ultimately unknowable person. Khan’s connection to the movie came because she was an admirer from afar of WikiLeaks and, for a time, a high-profile supporter of Assange’s in Britain. ‘‘There was a lot of stuff coming out about Pakistan, which confirmed suspicions I had about the sort of doubledealing of the government,’’ she said of the WikiLeaks material. And more simply, ‘‘I don’t like lies,’’ she explained. ‘‘WikiLeaks exposed the most dangerous lies of all, which are those that are told to us by elected governments.’’ She was drawn into Assange’s odd, charismatic orbit after the British authorities placed him in solitary confinement while he fought extradition to Sweden, where he is wanted on charges of sexually assaulting two former WikiLeaks volunteers. Along with other sympathizers, Khan helped post his bail, which ran to the hundreds of thousands of dollars. But then several things happened. Working with Gibney on his WikiLeaks documentary, Khan served as his liaison to Assange and was sucked further and further into the morass of Assange’s suspicious, conspiracy-theorysuffused mind. Assange at first seemed amenable to an interview on camera, but became increasingly, maddeningly obstructive, finally heaping so many conditions and demands that negotiations over the terms completely broke down. Then Assange suddenly jumped bail — Khan and the other supporters lost their money — and dramatically sought political asylum in the Ecuadorean embassy, around the corner from Harrods, where he has remained, confined to a small studio, since last June. He has never responded to Khan’s e-mails asking him to explain his legal situation, she says, and she said her agreement to help post bail was never meant to allow him to avoid facing the charges in Sweden, but merely to get him out of prison while he prepared a legal case and continued his WikiLeaks work. She has not spoken to him since June of last year. Khan recently wrote an elegant article for New Statesmen about her evolving feelings — admiration turned to disillusionment — toward Assange. While claiming to support the notion of a just society ‘‘based upon truth,’’ she wrote, WikiLeaks has in fact ‘‘been guilty of the same obfuscation and misinformation as those it sought to expose, while its supporters are expected to follow, unquestioningly, in blinkered, cultish devotion.’’ Assange’s supporters have denounced ‘‘We Steal Secrets,’’ saying that its examination of the sex charges
against Assange amounts to irrelevant sensationalism. On the contrary, Khan said, Gibney actually unearthed a great many details about Assange’s past that he ended up not putting in the movie. ‘‘Alex is an ethical, scrupulous person, and I think he decided that it was not relevant to the story, and the Swedish case absolutely was,’’ she said. Meanwhile, Khan is starting work with Gibney on another documentary, about drone warfare. So please do not say she is a socialite. ‘‘There are plenty of things that you can call me, even if they are not flattering, but socialite, I think, is incorrect,’’ she said. Nor should anyone assume that growing up with money has somehow made her feel entitled. On the contrary, Khan said, as the interview wound down, it has cemented her hunger for doing something meaningful. ‘‘I know people in similar situations who haven’t really worked or who have sort of squandered their money,’’ she said. ‘‘The result is, I suspect, just massively low self-esteem and an unfulfilled life.’’ She led the way to the door, through the courtyard, and back to that nondescript gate, discussing why there was a huge hole in the ceiling of her entryway. (It has to do with a shared plumbing connection with a nearby house, and the unwise tendency in that house, apparently, to flush baby wipes down the toilet.) The next day, she sent an e-mail clarifying her position. ‘‘I didn’t mean to suggest that I am not very lucky,’’ Khan wrote. ‘‘I just meant that it’s easy to become indolent, entitled and to lose a sense of purpose if you don’t have to work.’’ She finished: ‘‘In my experience, being busy and working hard is the key to sanity/happiness.’’
home office Khan at her writing desk in the house’s sitting room.
eva vermandel
‘‘A born-again Muslim twice my age who lived in Lahore and wanted to be in Pakistani politics isn’t any father’s idea of a perfect sonin-law for their teenage daughter,’’ Khan said wryly. ‘‘But they both married against their parents’ wishes and eloped,’’ she added, of her parents, ‘‘so they weren’t exactly in a position to intervene.’’ Marry she did. She moved with her new husband to Pakistan, learned Urdu, had two sons and threw herself into political and social causes, becoming a public figure in her own right, her every outfit and utterance dissected and obsessed over. The couple divorced after nine years, growing apart but remaining good friends, whereupon Khan returned to London and embarked on a passionate romance with the actor Hugh Grant. (She remains good friends with him, too, as well as with the literary agent Luke Janklow, another recent ex, she said, adding that she is happily single now.) Along the way, Khan somehow pulled off the neat trick of reinventing herself from Hello! magazine stalwart to serious person consumed by serious issues. She went back to school, finished her undergraduate degree and then studied modern trends in Islam at the School of Oriental and African Studies at the University of London. Now she is associate editor of the political magazine New Statesman, for which she writes fluent and incisive political profiles, and is Vanity Fair’s European editor at large. She has also written an article about polygamy for New Statesman and presented a BBC radio program on the subject in Britain. In her spare time, if that is the right way to describe it, she finished a screenplay about a young, haplessin-love British woman whose exasperated mother turns to her Pakistani neighbors to help organize an arranged marriage for her. That is her first foray away from nonfiction. ‘‘I am completely aware that it is a massive cliché to be working on my screenplay, but at least it was commissioned,’’ Khan said cheerfully. ‘‘It could be crap, but I am going to get it done.’’ ‘‘We Steal Secrets,’’ which was released last month, examines the complicated case of Julian Assange and WikiLeaks. It also examines in fascinating detail the equally complicated and possibly more interesting, because it is so shocking, case of Bradley Manning, the troubled, sexually confused Army intelligence analyst whose leaking of secret American diplomatic and policy documents to WikiLeaks led to his arrest three years ago. (He is currently awaiting trial.) As for Assange, the movie dissects all his contradictions, examining him as hero and villain, as an advocate of openness and transparency who is also a deeply secretive, possibly paranoid control
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A place apart The art historian John Richardson’s set at Albany, where he lived from the 1960s to the 1980s.
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London’s best and most secRetive addRess Despite a prime Piccadilly location and a long roster of legendary inhabitants, from Lord Byron to Lord Snowdon, Albany is the city’s most under-the-radar residence — and the powers that be would like to keep it that way. By christopher gibbs
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small talk could break the spell of privacy we Albanians prize so deeply. (A nod suffices, a hat raised to a lady.) While its inhabitants are notoriously tightlipped about the place, it has been home to many storied residents: royals like Lord Snowdon (for a moment); intellectuals like Lord Byron, Isaiah Berlin and Aldous Huxley (and the writer Sybille Bedford, who lived for a while in his servants’ room); numerous
politicians; and the crème de la crème of the style world, like the decorator David Hicks, Baroness Pauline de Rothschild, the American diplomat’s wife Evangeline Bruce and the editor of Flair, Fleur Cowles. Think of a monastery, but one in which the customary Trinity has been replaced by secular devotions — exacting taste, the pleasures of life and a romantic nostalgia for England’s past — and you have a good feel for the place. Location accounts for a good bit of Albany’s appeal. Next door to Burlington House, home of the Royal Academy of Arts and other learned societies, a stone’s throw from the enticements of Soho, the grandeur of St. James’s, and the comforts of Mayfair, to say nothing of the canny tailoring of Savile Row, lies this hidden world — part club, part cloister — stretching the full
previous spread and this page: derry moore.
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he longstanding rules governing life at Albany — the stately Georgian pile situated surprisingly, if conveniently, in the heart of Piccadilly, which I have had the good fortune of calling home for half my life — are mercifully straightforward: no pets, no children, no whistling, no noise and absolutely no publicity. Photographers have found themselves escorted from the premises, London’s oldest block of flats and one of its most exclusive addresses, for snapping off a frame of the interior courtyard. Residents who are deemed indiscreet risk a ritual scourging by the trustees. So ingrained is the sense of decorum that even to utter a friendly hello to a neighbor as we pass on the stone stairs or the covered outdoor canopy, known as the Rope Walk, might be violating a taboo, as if a few words of
Precious few of the passers-by who throng Piccadilly each day have the slightest notion what lies beyond the building’s imposing pedimented facade.
The Glorious Rooms Opposite: Pauline de Rothschild’s famous drawing room in 1976. Left: David and Evangeline Bruce’s living room in the late 1980s designed by the Colefax and Fowler co-founder John Fowler. Below: David and Pamela Hicks’s set after he redecorated in 1995.
from top: derry moore; john spragg @ www.johnspraggphotography.co.uk.
Until it isn’t, of course. The secrets of the place — and there are many — have gradually tumbled forth over the years, beginning with those of its first inhabitants, Lord Melbourne and his wife, Elizabeth, for whom the main mansion was designed by Sir William Chambers, one of King George III’s preferred architects, as a palatial town house completed in 1774. Both lord and lady enjoyed numerous extramarital affairs (Elizabeth had children by Lord Egremont and by the Prince of Wales, among other paramours, as well as at least one by her husband), creating a salacious mythology that, rightly or wrongly, persists to this day. After he squandered much of his fortune, Melbourne exchanged his grand house in 1791 with that of the king’s son, the Duke of York and Albany, who installed his Prussian wife and her menagerie of cats, dogs and monkeys. Alas, the Duke of York was as extravagant and dissolute as his predecessor, and he too was forced to sell. In 1803, an imaginative young developer named Alexander Copland purchased the property. He and the architect, Henry Holland, length of its neighboring Sackville Street. ‘‘It’s incredible to have such a tranquil haven in the dead heart of London,’’ observes the esteemed art historian John Richardson, who lived at Albany from the 1960s through much of the 1980s. ‘‘It was sheer heaven.’’ Even its name has been the subject of excessive debate over the years: most initiates insist, as do I, on omitting the definite article, calling the place simply Albany, though Oscar Wilde, in ‘‘The Importance of Being Earnest,’’ and Charles Dickens, in ‘‘Our Mutual Friend,’’ saw fit to use ‘‘The Albany.’’ To each his own! Likewise, its units are not referred to as apartments or flats but as ‘‘sets.’’ Precious few of the passers-by who throng Piccadilly each day have the slightest notion what lies beyond the building’s imposing pedimented facade, ably guarded by a formidable team of liveried porters. Which is exactly how we like it. While the doors have opened a crack in recent years, with the occasional set being snapped up by the odd hedge funder on the open market rather than passing quietly to someone in the know, even a resident of some 40 years, like myself, must be cautious about disclosure. For instance, even with a wonderful new book out to sell, David Hicks’s widow, Lady Pamela (Mountbatten) Hicks, viewed the prospect of talking about Albany as out of the question.
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interior life Right: a corner of Christopher Gibbs’s sitting room today, with an 1820s English Axminster carpet and a Chinese Chippendale chair. Below: another view of the sitting room, with a linen chesterfield sofa and white caned bergères with Moroccan cushions.
cluster of solitudes for social hermits, the home of homeless gentlemen . . . the place for the fashionable thrifty, the luxurious lonely and the modish morose.’’ Among their number, early on, was the rakish Lord Byron. His more like-minded neighbors included Matthew Lewis, the master of Gothic horror and, per one obituary writer, a ‘‘reckless defiler of the public mind,’’ whose scandalous novel ‘‘The Monk’’ won the enthusiastic praise of the Marquis de Sade. Another resident was the foppish novelist and opium addict Edward Bulwer Lytton (the man who, incidentally, coined the term ‘‘the great unwashed’’). Other Albanians, some of whose association with the place is commemorated in a collection of plaques and busts adorning the mansion’s central corridor, include a few prime ministers (Lamb, Gladstone, Heath and, for just a few days, Thatcher); writers like the playwright Terence Rattigan; the actor Terence Stamp (of the sapphire eyes and chiseled cheekbones); and my friend Bruce Chatwin, explorer extraordinaire, who lived in my attic with a Jacob chair from the Tuileries and the 18thcentury bedsheets of the King of Tonga adorning the wall. The glamorous society hostess and publisher Fleur Cowles occupied a
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Images by tobias Harvey.
divided the space into smaller chambers and added two additional buildings, creating a total of 69 sets, some of which were subsequently recombined. The shrewd Copland had noted the growing need in London for small-scale residences within walking distance of St. James’s and its clubs and the Houses of Parliament, where a country gentleman with no desire for an elaborate dwelling in town could feel at home, with his own beverages and coal cellars down below and a modest billet for a valet upstairs. Copland marketed the apartments exclusively to well-todo, socially connected and unencumbered men. No women were permitted on the premises (at least not officially) until the 1880s. In his 1848 novel, ‘‘The Bachelor of the Albany,’’ Marmion Wilard Savage described it as ‘‘the haunt of bachelors, or of married men who try to lead bachelors’ lives — the dread of suspicious wives, the retreat of superannuated fops, the hospital for incurable oddities, a
Before giving up his set and settling permanently in New York, John Richardson took on a few tenants, among them Bryan Ferry, ‘a pop singer, but very gentlemanly,’ and for a month or so, Greta Garbo.
grand apartment the width of the mansion, where she entertained everyone from Lady Bird Johnson to Princess Grace. Several fictional characters made their homes at Albany as well, including the gentleman jewel thief A. J. Raffles and Ernest, the raffish alter ego of John Worthing in Wilde’s ‘‘The Importance of Being Earnest.’’ Albany also provided the setting for a more recent scandal, the assiduously covered dalliance of Alan Clark, the irreverent Tory M.P. and diarist, not only with the wife of a judge but with her two daughters as well.
I
must not speak of my neighbors now, on penalty of banishment, but on my staircase live a distinguished actor, a philosopher, the widow of a celebrated jeweler, three pretty girls from New York, the secretary to the trustees and myself. I’ve lived here for more than half my life, having already been something of a regular before making the place my home, a not uncommon route since new residents must be approved by the trustees and the secretary, who orders the life and rhythm of our sanctuary. In this, he is aided by our largest leaseholder, the Cambridge college Peterhouse, due to the benevolence of Mr. William Stone, big-game hunter, botanist and world traveler, who lived in Albany from the 1890s till his death at 101, systematically buying up sets through troubled times. In his will he left all these to his old college, which now has the delicate task of maximizing the value of Stone’s gift while at the same time preserving the spirit, ethics and style of the building for its inhabitants. I had my first glimpse of Albany before I was 20, as the guest of an Oxford friend who lived in his father’s attic room. It seemed then, and seems still, perfection for a singleton, an oasis of serenity in the frenetic heart of West London. A few years later, Harold Nicolson, a diplomat, M.P. and erudite man of letters, entertained me in his ground-floor rooms full of
treasures. Not long after, I attended Richardson’s spirited gatherings, where the scholarly and high-minded collided with wilder, more exuberant friends in rooms filled with Picassos, Pre-Raphaelites and Roman busts. Richardson fondly recalls the uppity antics of Prime Minister Heath’s security men, remembers the courtyard choked with the chauffeured cars of Mrs. Cowles’s glittering guests, and his own subtle, almost lethal handling of a secretary once reluctant to admit him to the sacred precincts. Before giving up his set and settling permanently in New York, Richardson took on a few tenants, among them Bryan Ferry of Roxy Music, ‘‘a pop singer, but very gentlemanly,’’ and for a month or so, Greta Garbo, whom he identified only as Miss Brown. ‘‘Even the maid, who was a movie buff, never knew it was her,’’ he recalls. My Albany initiation was long and rich and enjoyable, and I leapt at the chance of a roost of my own in this cloistered world. My first berth was as a lodger in the attic room of a diplomat friend who had married late. When the impending arrival of his first child prompted a move from L6 — infants being about as welcome at Albany as the onset of gout — I moved down to the rooms, where I have lived ever since. (Lucky fellows like me, and perhaps a dozen others on old leases, have rents fixed every three years by the state. The less fortunate have to pay hugely increased rates, and a ‘‘freehold’’ set, one owned outright, could cost upward of $3 million.) My friend, the diplomat, let me in on a secret. The rooms were once haunted by a previous incumbent, Welsh baronet who had reportedly drowned — indeed, boiled — in his overheated bath. His spirit seemed lodged in a dumbwaiter that rose to the attic kitchen, jamming the works. A Jesuit priest exorcised him, gently and efficiently. With that, I had the place to myself and
proceeded to make it my own in the accustomed style: sober mahogany, Oriental rugs, family pictures. I’ve continually reordered these rooms, distilling, paring, pruning, as chaste as my voluptuous nature allows. So enraptured with my Albany life did I become that, reason deserting me (not for the first or last time) I gave up a spacious Bond Street gallery where I had my antiques shop and took one at the back of Albany, a small if elegant space with an entrance into the building, another onto the street and best of all a door into the underground passage — a quiet, invisible stroll home. I love returning from Morocco, where I now spend much of my time, seeing the friendly porters at the door, hearing the clip-clop of feet on the Rope Walk, seeing the old-timers sitting in the little ivy-lined garden, sunning themselves by the little bronze statue of Antinous and the fountain, regularly invaded by the ducks from St. James’s Park — and enjoying sudden glimpses into other people’s lives through uncurtained windows, the hours marked only by the clock chimes of St. James’s Church, accompanied by the more uptempo tinkling of the clock at Fortnum & Mason, our local grocers. At this point, when I am in London I can’t imagine staying anywhere but Albany — all the more reason, perhaps, to clam up, maintain the longstanding omertà (or I should say discretion) that has held sway for centuries now, and count my blessings.
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Lost in time deSIGN July - August, 2013
ISSUE
clockwise from top: simon watson; CRAIG MCDEAN; mario sorrenti.
Far from Morocco’s well-trodden tourist route lies Taroudant, a remote market town where a colorful group of expats have created a most stylish haven.
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kids these days essay BY ANDREW ROSS SORKIN Photographs by HANNAH STARKEY Styled by Kate Lanphear and Jason Rider
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Bill Gates was 20 years old. Steve Jobs was 21. Warren Buffett was 26. Ralph Lauren was 28. Estée Lauder was 29. These now iconic names were all 20-somethings when they started their companies that would catapult them, and their enterprises, into some of the biggest successes ever known. Consider this: many of the truly remarkable innovations of the latest generation — a list that includes Google, Facebook and Twitter — were all founded by people under 30. (Mark Zuckerberg, technically, started Facebook even earlier, when he was 19; at 20 he moved to California to turn it into a business.) The number of people in their mid-20s disrupting entire industries, taking on jobs usually reserved for people twice their age and doing it in the glare of millions of social media ‘‘followers’’ seems to be growing almost exponentially. So what is it about that youthful decade after those awkward teenage years that inspires such shoot-for-the-moon success? Does age really have something to do with it? It does. And that leaves the rest of us — even those of us just a little older — at a bit of a disadvantage. The conventional wisdom is that young people bring fresh eyes and a new perspective to confronting problems and challenges that others have given up on. Michael Moritz of Sequoia Capital, a venture capitalist who backed Google, Yahoo and YouTube, once described the phenomenon of 20-something entrepreneurs as a generation of people ‘‘who see no boundaries, see no limits, see no obstacle that they can’t hurdle — it is the most stimulating environment that you can ever be in.’’ Vinod Khosla, another venture capitalist, goes further. ‘‘People under 35 are the people who make change happen,’’ he said at an international conference. ‘‘People over 45 basically die in terms of new ideas.’’ That may or may not be true, but it’s only part of the story. Peter Thiel, the co-founder of PayPal, and now an investor who was an early backer of Facebook, has another, colder theory that may explain it: Ultimately, it’s about money. ‘‘How many people do you know who said when they were young that they planned to work for a couple of years, put some money in the bank, so that they could later pursue their passion and start a new business or strike out on their own?’’ he asked me. ‘‘It almost never plays out that way in practice. What seems to happen is that after some period of time, people are making good money and they’re typically spending all of it and it becomes really hard to dial that back. If you bought a house or have all sorts of obligations of one sort or another it may be very difficult.’’ In other words, it’s the young people who have nothing to lose, with no mortgage and, frankly, with nothing to do on a Friday night except work, who are the ones often willing to take the biggest risks. Sure, they are talented. But it’s their persistence and zeal, the desire to stay up until 6 a.m. chugging Red Bull, that is the difference between being a salaried employee and an entrepreneur. And with the steady march of technology, young people have gained an even greater sense of credibility among their elders — still worried that they themselves don’t ‘‘get it.’’ Since the 1960s, and especially since the rise of the computer era, older people have been more willing to give opportunities to the most talented 20-somethings as the office politics of old break down. Could this latest crop of entrepreneurial success stories have made it in a pre-Twitter era? Sure. But the rapidity of this digital age has hastened their ascent. That’s not to say that most 20-somethings are finding success. They’re not. The latest crop of über-successful young entrepreneurs, bloggers, designers and authors are far, far from the norm. In truth, unemployment for workers age 16 to 24 is double the national average. ‘‘Gen X’’ and ‘‘Gen Y’’ have far less wealth than their parents did at the same age, according to the Urban Institute. One of the biggest challenges facing this next generation — and one that may prevent more visionary entrepreneurs from succeeding — is the staggering rise in the level of debt college students have been left with. If Thiel’s theory is right, it is going to be harder and harder for young people to take big risks because they will be crushed with obligations before they even begin. If you’re over 29 years old and still haven’t made your world-changing mark, don’t despair. Some older people have had big breakthroughs, too. Thomas Edison didn’t invent the phonograph until he was 30.
Chris Hughes
Valentino Men’s coat, AED 10,578, sweater, AED 2,497, shirt, AED 2,388, and pants, AED 1,818; (212) 7726969. Armando Cabral shoes, AED 2,002; armandocabral com.
It was once said — by Michael Kinsley — that Al Gore was every old person’s idea of what a young person should be. It surely applies to The New Republic’s latest editor in chief and publisher, Chris Hughes. He was Mark Zuckerberg’s sophomore roommate at Harvard, a key bridge between the tech world and regular human beings, and made a fortune of hundreds of millions of dollars from his tiny share of the company. He moved on to lead the Obama campaign’s groundbreaking use of the Web in 2008. There’s a confidence about him that I certainly never had — when I, another young gay man, was handed the editorship of that august magazine at the age of 27. We’ve only met a couple of times in coffee shops and, despite my 20 years on him, I felt as if I were a kid talking with a grownup. His hair is slicked down and neatly coiffed, his attire almost fogy, his young, clear, freckled face open. Why on earth would an Internet multimillionaire rescue a boutique political and literary magazine that has almost always lost money? Hughes’s answer — he wants to
Facebook co-founder; publisher and editor in chief of The New Republic
‘‘convene conversations’’ that help change the world — seems a little jejune, but sincere. There’s a vagueness that immediately evaporates when he turns to the object of his desire: ‘‘I love print,’’ he says. ‘‘Because it’s an incredible technology in its own right. It’s colorful, it’s cheap, it’s disposable, it’s sharable, it’s an object.’’ And when you pick up the new New Republic, you can see the love: the hefty solid paper pages, the superglossy cover, the thoroughly designed interior, the graphics, the use of art and photography in ways the magazine never aspired to before. Because it was too expensive. As The New Republic turns 100 next year, it says something about its 29-year-old editor that he is seeking to make new what was recently seen as the very definition of old: paper, print, words, meaning. He is the young person’s idea of what a publisher should be. ANDREW SULLIVAN
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HELEN OYEYEMi Author of four novels, and the
The daughter of Nigerian immigrants, Helen Oyeyemi, 28, wrote her first book, ‘‘The Icarus Girl,’’ when she was 18 and still in school. It was met by the British literary scene with amazement and respect. Since that debut, she has written three more novels, her latest being ‘‘Mr. Fox,’’ about a complicated love triangle between a narcissistic writer, his wife and his fictional muse. The book is a bold experiment in storytelling, combining realism and fabulism, humor and darkness, and a new take on folkloric fixtures like the murderous Bluebeard. It’s a heady brew, but Oyeyemi is so fluent with narrative that she seems to revel in its conventions and pick them apart at the same time, fragmenting and reframing in the manner of a Jeanette Winterson. Her age, as fun as it is to report, has really never been a window into her writing style. Besides, she’s seemed wise beyond her years from the very start. Her next book, ‘‘Boy, Snow, Bird,’’ exploring the archetype of the wicked stepmother, comes out in 2014 from Riverhead Books. ‘‘I’m still climbing around inside stories we all know, or think we know, and I’m enjoying that,’’ she says. Oyeyemi is modest about her rise. ‘‘The more forcibly I’m made aware of the fact that I’ll never be the kind of storyteller I most admire, the less I’ll be troubled by that,’’ she says. ‘‘I’ll probably just become more myself.’’ AIMEE BENDER
forthcoming ‘‘Boy, Snow, Bird’’
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alexander wang Fashion designer of his namesake label; creative director of Balenciaga
Wang’s own sweatshirt and pants. Opposite: Philosophy by Natalie Ratabesi dress, AED 5,124; albertaferretti.com. Manolo Blahnik shoes, AED 2,479; (800) 937-9146.
As a teenager, Alexander Wang was working in a San Francisco boutique after school and remaking thrift finds for his sister and friends. ‘‘I’d hardly call them ‘hits’!’’ he says. Today, he sits atop a multimillion-dollar business that bares his name, and he was recently named the creative director of Balenciaga, one of the most storied French houses in the world. Skeptics of the 29-year-old designer might say that his press savviness, youthful good looks and Asian-American roots — after all, China is fashion’s next big frontier — have served him exceptionally well. But since he left the Parsons School of Design to introduce his own line in 2007, his swift ascendancy has been defined by a marked pragmatism that’s made him a success with retailers and women alike: capturing the nuances of urban cool with merchandise that’s delivered to stores on time at an accessible price.
With his Alexander Wang label, he’s picked up the baton that Calvin Klein and Helmut Lang carried before him, infusing sportswear with an erotic edge that suggests there’s more to life than office rigmarole. At Balenciaga, stepping into Nicolas Ghesquière’s very big shoes, he’s proven he can do a lot more than dress the downtown set. In his debut, Wang has brought a demure elegance to Balenciaga’s architectural heritage, taking classic silhouettes like high-waisted petal skirts, molded peplums and oval-shouldered coats, and toughening them up with paint-crackled mohair, marbleized silk, punkish velvet lace and pristine ivory soutache. Excelling at two very high-profile jobs is a challenge, but this is where the boundless energy and risk-taking nature of youth is at its best. ‘‘I’m a believer in going out there, working for yourself and being very proactive in getting what you want,’’ Wang says. HARRIET QUICK
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BENNY BLANCO Songwriter and music producer
There are a couple of ways to determine if that sound percolating out of your radio is a song by Benjamin Levin, the 25-year-old songwriter-producer who goes by the name Benny Blanco. First, there’s Blanco’s telltale sonic tang: the sugary chewiness of bubble gum, salty hip-hop, rock crunch and a sprinkling of other, often surprising musical ingredients. Then there’s the law of averages: if the radio’s on, it’s probably playing his song. In the last five years, Blanco has become one of pop’s most reliable creators of chart-topping records. He has co-written and co-produced dozens of hits, including 15 Billboard No. 1s, by some of the world’s top artists: Rihanna, Katy Perry, Kesha, Maroon 5, Britney Spears. It’s a startling track record for someone whose career began so unpromisingly as a third-rate would-be rapper. ‘‘I think somewhere along the way I realized, O.K., no one’s gonna care about a chubby Jewish dude rapping,’’
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Blanco says. ‘‘I realized I’d be better behind the scenes.’’ Blanco accomplished that career transformation in the time-honored manner of chubby Jewish dudes everywhere: with chutzpah. While still a teenager in the Virginia suburbs, he charmed — or rather fibbed — his way into the record industry.‘‘I would cold-call record labels and pretend I was someone else,‘‘ he says.’’ If I patched my way up to the top, I’d be like, ‘You’ve gotta listen to my mixtape!’ ’’ Eventually, he released a critically lauded collaboration with the Baltimore rapper Spank Rock, and came to the attention of the powerhouse songwriter-producer Dr. Luke, who installed Blanco as one of his go-to collaborators. The rest is Top 40 history. ‘‘It’s a great time to make music,’’ Blanco says. ‘‘It’s becoming harder and harder to decipher the line between indie, pop, country, alternative. On the radio, listeners want to be familiar with the sound that they’re like, ‘O.K. That doesn’t make me uncomfortable.’ But they also want to be like, ‘Daaaaamn! What’s that sound?’ ’’ Jody Rosen
EZRA KLEIN Washington Post columnist;
Don’t ask Ezra Klein for a from the University of California, MSNBC and Bloomberg pithy anecdote about how he Los Angeles in 2005 with a View contributor got to be America’s predegree in political science and, eminent Wonkblogger. ‘‘I don’t more important, with hundreds really believe in background of blog posts to his name. He stories,’’ he says. What he blogged his way into a job at believes in is data — so let’s The American Prospect and Boss suit, AED 4,573; hugoboss.com. start there. Klein’s Wonkblog, hosted by The then came the call from The Post, where Wonkblog Marni shirt, 1,322; Washington Post, gets more than 5 million page will turn two in September. What he wanted to do (646) 532-6017. Tie, AED 588; saksfifth views a month. His chart- and graph-heavy on his first day — make the ‘‘actual work of avenue.com. analyses — like a recent 4,200-word dissection of a government’’ comprehensible — is what he does Opposite: Dries Van Noten coat, AED health care experiment for elderly Pennsylvanians every day, almost as often on television (he’s a 9,201; ifsohonewyork. — are routinely among the most popular stories on contributor and a frequent fill-in host on MSNBC) as com. Melet Mercantile vintage The Post’s Web site. Wonkblog is something of an on the Web. An MSNBC anchor slot seems pajama shirt, AED 691 experiment itself, out to prove that a quantitative inevitable, seeing as how the channel’s president, (for set); (212) 9258353. What Goes approach to Washington can be compelling to a Phil Griffin, is among his biggest fans. But what he Around Comes mass audience. ‘‘What we’ve been trying to do for a sounds most excited about is grooming his fellow Around vintage scarf, AED 286; (212) 343long time,’’ Klein says,‘‘is figure out how to cover Wonkbloggers, all of whom, he swears, are smarter 1225. Blanco’s own the political world through the lens of policy.’’ ‘‘A than he is. He lets out a laugh. ‘‘I didn’t think I would pants, shoes and long time’’ is relative; Klein is 29. He graduated face obsolescence this quickly.’’ BRIAN STELTER jewelry.
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Author of a forthcoming literary fantasy series; college student
Could an unknown 21-year-old Oxford student named Samantha Shannon be the next J. K. Rowling? Three years ago, Shannon was an intern in the office of the prestigious London literary agent David Godwin. That experience came in handy when, less than a year later, she had a manuscript for ‘‘The Bone Season,’’ an ambitious novel, the first of a projected seven-part series, that she had somehow written between lectures. Blown away by the book’s inventiveness, Godwin promptly sent it to the editor in chief of Bloomsbury, Alexandra Pringle. ‘‘Seven hours later I was still reading it,’’ Pringle recalls. ‘‘I just fell completely in love.’’ Bloomsbury gave Shannon a six-figure advance for the first three books, an unprecedented show of support for such an untested first-time author. ‘‘The Bone Season,’’ which comes out in August, is about a 19-year-old clairvoyant named Paige Mahoney, who roams the streets of London, circa 2059, until the secret police send her off to a penal colony that looks a lot like Oxford. ‘‘Her imagination is so extraordinary,’’ Pringle says. ‘‘She reminds me of the Brontë sisters — the world she’s created is absolutely real.’’ Book rights have sold in 18 countries, and three major studios fought over the movie rights. (Britain’s Imaginarium Studios beat out Hollywood.) Shannon, now in her last year at college, is juggling writing with her studies like she did for the first book. ‘‘I had to cut down on going out with my friends so I could squeeze in writing chapters,’’ she says. ‘‘There was a lot of coffee involved.’’ LIESL SCHILLINGER
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hair by enrico mariotti for kÉrastase at see management; makeup by justine purdue for chanel BeautÉ at tim howard management. Fashion assistants: alex tudela and angela koh.
SAMANTHA sHANNON
MIKE KRIEGER
On Krieger: Woolrich Woolen Mills blazer, AED 1,450; mrporter. com. Canali sweater, AED 955; mrporter. com. Margaret Howell shirt, about AED 1,286; margarethowell .co.uk. J. Crew pants, AED 477; mrporter. com. Moscot glasses, AED 937; moscot.com. On Systrom: G-Star jacket, AED 2,498; g-star.com. J. Crew sweater, AED 826; mrporter.com. Slowear pants, AED 1,396; mrporter.com. Opposite: Salvatore Ferragamo top, AED 4,040; (866) 3377242. Sportmax skirt, AED 2,020; (212) 674-1817. H. Stern ring, AED 14,324; hstern.net.
& KEVIN SYSTROM Compared to the many programming for a reported $1 billion last spring. Founders of Instagram marvels clogging the iTunes App store What was Instagram’s secret? Looking in 2010, the offering unveiled by a pair back, the founders made a few key design of Stanford grads one October day decisions that proved critical. First, they didn’t really do that much. It simply let removed the choice of portrait (vertical) or you take a picture with your smartphone landscape (horizontal) by limiting images (nothing novel about that) and post it to a square (both). Steve Jobs’s famous online (ditto). insight that good design is less about what’s added than But putting these two commonplace functions together what’s subtracted has never been more amply somehow made both of them feel fresh. It was, in the demonstrated. Second, Instagram let you ‘‘design’’ the words of the Instagram founders Kevin Systrom, 29, and emotional tone of a photo through instant effects — Mike Krieger, 26, ‘‘like a chemical reaction.’’ bringing the power of Photoshop filters to the mobile Neither of the partners had a typical background in generation and giving the most mundane of snapshots the computer science or design. They describe themselves as instant nostalgia of an old Polaroid. ‘‘torn between the world of art and the world of Instagram has transported users back to the carefree technology.’’ But in that middle ground they struck pay dirt, days when a single, simple button and the right subject and the product instantly became a breakthrough hit. Two matter was all you needed to share a magical moment with years after its debut, the app was one of the iPhone’s most family and friends. It put good design in all of our hands, popular applications, with a user base nearing 30 million, and helped us make our photos — maybe even our lives — success that prompted Facebook to scoop the company up seem a little more memorable. john maeda
All the prices are indicative.
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POWER OF ONE Miuccia Prada is a fashion designer by profession, but she’s also an art curator, film producer, fledgling architect, conflicted feminist, avid consumer and unreconstructed socialist. Meet the modern woman. By andrew o’hagan Portrait by mario sorrenti
Italian Renaissance Miuccia Prada wears a blue and white gingham coat from her fall collection. She stands outside her new Fondazione in Milan, designed by Rem Koolhaas and set to open in 2014.
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t had gone dark by the time I found the shop in Milan that belonged
to Miuccia Prada’s grandfather. Near the Duomo and housed in a glass and marble walkway called Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II, the shop is now like a beacon in some modern Italian fantasy of style and wealth. Outside, there might be industrial decline and migration, but here the lights are fantastic and the people are drawn to it like moths. In the opening scene of Visconti’s classic movie ‘‘Rocco and His Brothers,’’ the Parondis come from the south to seek a new life in Milan. They look out from the tram as it goes through the dark city and all they can see is shops. ‘‘Rocco,’’ says one of the brothers to Alain Delon, ‘‘look at those shops and the lights. It’s like daylight.’’ Mario Prada made leather goods. In 1918 his collection included a lizard bag with marcasite and a buckle of lapis lazuli. The highlight of 1927 was a wallet in toad skin and silver. When he died, his daughter took over, and eventually she brought in her youngest daughter, the smiling Miuccia, who was known to the family as Miu Miu. In 1978, she designed a black nylon rucksack that would later take the world by storm. With her husband, Patrizio Bertelli, she transformed the company from being a much-admired, eccentric retailer of luxury goods into a contemporary design powerhouse with sales of over $5 billion. The famous Prada brand, which includes women’s wear and men’s wear, is much copied — ‘‘The job is to do something interesting with ideas,’’ Miuccia told me, ‘‘and if it is copied I couldn’t care less’’ — and the group
ugly meets pretty Clockwise from right: a runway look from Prada’s seminal spring 1996 collection, for which she designed clashing prints that made a statement about conventional beauty; the original Prada store, opened in 1913 in Milan; the Herzog & de Meuron-designed Prada store in Tokyo, which has a faceted green glass exterior that resembles an emerald.
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includes other brands like Miu Miu and the English shoe company Church’s. Mrs. Prada, as she is known, who stands at about 5 foot 4 inches, usually gives little away, but when I met her I found her just about ready to open out of her enigma. Some designers are seekers of trends, but Prada actually is the trend, season after season, leaving others spinning at her heels as she unfolds her singular vision of what a woman can be. People keep saying: ‘‘How does she do it?’’ And the secret may lie in how she connects to the spirit of the age: she is a curious capitalist philosopher with a brilliant instinct for modern desire. She is a designer not afraid to reach into what makes people human, asking odd questions, then coming back with very elegant answers. ‘‘Fashion is about the way we compose ourselves every day,’’ Mrs. Prada once wrote. This was on my mind when I met her at her headquarters in the Via Bergamo. The rain was coming down heavily when Prada arrived in a dark blue Audi and quickly dashed into one of the gray buildings. She was charming from the moment we sat down, and filled, you might say, with the easy laughter of strong conviction, the mirth of certainty. And yet Prada is pleased to live within her contradictions. It may be the thing that makes her able to create menacing, interesting work: in her core she is equally unafraid of failure and success. ‘‘When I started, fashion was the worst place to be if you were a leftist feminist. It was horrid. I had a prejudice, yes, I always had a problem with it,’’ she said. ‘‘I suppose I felt guilty not to be doing something more important, more political. So in a way I am trying to use the company for these other activities.’’ She later added, ‘‘I’m not interested in the silhouette and I’m not able to draw. It’s complicated. I am trying to work out which images of the female I want to analyze. I’m not really interested in clothes or style.’’ We talked about how her sense of style might become an instrument of even greater change. Why, for instance, do women behave as if age is a prison? Isn’t our era’s obsession with youth a form of mass hysteria? ‘‘It is much more of a drama for women, the business of aging. No one wants to age, and I really think we should find a solution. Especially because we live so much longer,’’ she said. ‘‘It used to be that a woman would have only one life, one husband, and if you were bored that was that. Now, you can have two or three lives. So even the concept of family is changing. I think this question of aging will define the society of the future.’’ ‘‘So why not use older models sometimes?’’ I asked. ‘‘Mine is not an artistic world, it is a commercial world. I cannot change the rules.’’ ‘‘But you change the rules,’’ I said. ‘‘If you put an old lady on the runway, other people would do it too.’’ She laughed. In that light her eyes were green; before I asked the
‘When I started, fashion was the worst place to be if you were a leftist feminist. So in a way I am trying to use the company for these other activities. I’m not really interested in clothes or style.’
previous spread: makeup by lucia pica at art partner; hair by patti bussa at greenappleitalia.com; tokyo store: Nacasa and Partners. Fondazione Prada CA’ Corner building + Arte Povera; Attilio Maranzano; film still: brigitte lacombe; all others: courtesy of Prada.
question they were brown. ‘‘Let’s say I’m not brave enough. I don’t have the courage.’’ Yet courage is what she does have. When you take on the fashion world and ask it to reconsider the meaning of beauty, that’s courage. She is not, as insurance men say, riskaverse. I asked her what is the power of ugly? ‘‘This is a question close to the meaning of my job. Ugly is attractive, ugly is exciting. Maybe because it is newer,’’ she said. ‘‘The investigation of ugliness is, to me, more interesting than the bourgeois idea of beauty. And why? Because ugly is human. It touches the bad and the dirty side of people. You know, this might have been a scandal in fashion but in other fields of art it is common: in painting and in movies, it was so common to see ugliness. But, yes, it was not used in fashion and I was very much criticized for inventing the trashy and the ugly. ’’ ‘‘The novelist Flaubert hated the rituals of bourgeois life. You do, also, don’t you?’’ ‘‘For sure. And we have to define what these rituals are.’’ ‘‘Good taste.’’ ‘‘Ah, for sure,’’ she said. ‘‘By definition good taste is horrible taste. I do have a healthy disrespect for those values. I don’t want to sound like a snob, but it comes very easy to me. I have to say that, although I rejected those values for a lot of my life, it was not for very noble reasons. Let’s just say that. I have to be honest. I don’t feel it was very good or very noble to feel more cultured or superior.’’ Prada pleases herself, and she does it with dedication. She makes what she wants to make, which may be why other designers are not only touched by her aesthetic but appear to have graduated from her school of thinking. ‘‘Prada’s designs stem from an inner vision of herself,’’ said the New York Times fashion critic Cathy Horyn, ‘‘and plainly it’s filled with images from Italian films and conflicts involving beauty. But the upshot is a tangled, whata-woman sexiness.’’ Yet there may be an essence in Prada’s work that says no to selfsatisfaction. It doesn’t say: ‘‘You’re lovely. You deserve this. You’re worth it.’’ It says something more like, ‘‘Who are you? Dare to find out. And dare to be otherwise.’’ This essence has a broad tendency to inflect the moment we are living through. A generation has come about that believes in the virtues of self-invention. I put it to her that she is one of the people who gives lessons in this. ‘‘I had never discovered the real reason for my job, and probably what you are saying is very true,’’ she said, ‘‘that you can choose your life. You can change your mind and change your clothes. We have to talk more because maybe now I know one of the reasons why I do my job.’’
circle of influence Prada’s Transformer, in Seoul, designed by Rem Koolhaas’s OMA firm in 2009. The mixed-use building can be rotated into four different shapes: a hexagon, rectangle, cross or circle.
‘‘I am a novelist,’’ I said. ‘‘I invent people for a living. But so do you.’’ ‘‘You are right. I always thought it was an escape, and ‘to dream’ was something I didn’t like. But this is very true and very good also, that you can use the clothes to reinvent yourself. The first thing a poor person has is her body. People talk about luxury — and fashion is more or less expensive — but it is nevertheless democratic.’’ ‘‘One of the cheaper ways of changing yourself.’’ ‘‘It is one of the first levels of emancipation.’’ She relaxed as the hours passed. When we began talking, she kept making as if to take off her coat and then she would put it back on again, not sure if she felt comfortable. I chose to see this as part of her nature: not getting too comfortable. Yet you can see how enlarged she becomes, comfortable or not, with ideas and with the invitation to search her feelings. For someone so dedicated to change, every day another change, this 64-year-old woman loves the idea of being delighted. From her third-floor office she has a slide that winds down to the ground floor, an artwork by Carsten Höller, that allows at least one burst of delight whenever you feel like it. She doesn’t collaborate with artists in her designs — like the slide, they are a fascinating diversion from it — but her art foundation, supporting and exhibiting art, film and architecture, has made her another kind of impresario, a person who gauges the culture’s stories and stimulates investigation. She has supported a clutch
art appreciation From far left: a still from a short film, directed by Wes Anderson and Roman Coppola, featuring Léa Seydoux, for Prada’s new Candy fragrance; Prada’s Fondazione art space in Venice, which will feature a reconstruction of an important 1969 Arte Povera exhibit this summer.
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This is the position she has created, where a great modern designer can be a mogul, a curator, a lightning rod and a fan. And to think that Prada’s grandfather didn’t want the women in the family to be involved in running the business.
‘‘Can too much democracy hurt fashion? It used to be so elitist and that’s what people liked about it.’’ ‘‘It’s like when too many people go to a museum, does it destroy the level of the museum? I choose a wider audience. I also think when I’m doing the shows I try to be more obvious, more loud, more clear.’’ ‘‘Why?’’ ‘‘Because I think if you don’t scream, no one listens. If you are too delicate, too subtle, your voice gets diluted. But you don’t have to give up the sophistication. The last two days when I’m doing a show, the work is, for me, complicated, but then in the final moments I think, ‘What is the title of this show?’ And then I try to make it more clear, so that it appeals to people who maybe know less about fashion as well as appealing to people that are fixated with it. There are different levels of understanding. You have to touch people. It’s probably like a song: you have to touch something deep. I’m now trying to open myself much more. In the ’90s, I was considered minimal and this was because I was hiding myself and my ideas.’’ ‘‘You were nervous of criticism?’’ ‘‘Yes. But now I give more of myself. You have to go deeper,’’ she said. ‘‘At the beginning, I didn’t want to give up myself and that was a big problem. A bag is exterior to you, but with clothes you are getting nearer. I knew I would have to give more.’’
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here is something industrial about Prada’s headquarters, something that chimes with the outlying areas of Milan, the housing projects and factories shot by Visconti, whose films have long been a reference point for the designer. It is all of a piece with the clothes actually, marrying form and function, the ugly and the beautiful, to make something that redefines the meaning of glamour. Some designers simply put a shine on desire and then issue the appropriate sunglasses, but Prada is busy finding a whole new way of thinking. You’ll pay for it, certainly, but you won’t pay for it by cashing in your powers of thinking because that’s what she does, consistently imbuing her designs with a personal mindfulness. ‘‘Would you say selling is as important as making?’’ ‘‘Yes. If people take money out of their pockets, it means that what you are doing is relevant to them. I hope they don’t just buy because there is a logo but because the object is relevant to them. To sell is to prove that what you are doing makes sense. I’m completely against the idea that we do fashion for an elite — that would be too easy, in a way.’’ I believe there is a small anxiety in Prada. She worries, perhaps, as a feminist, as a thinker, as a person who loves art and culture — with a Ph.D. in political science from Milan University — that the fashion world might be bent on trivializing the world’s problems. She might also worry that a rich fashion designer is disqualified from addressing such problems or talking about
the shape of things Carsten Höller’s ‘‘Scivolo n. 5 (Slide No. 5) (Miuccia Prada)’’ (2000), at Prada’s Milan offices.
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from top: courtesy of the artist and gagosian gallery, photo by roberto marossi, milano
of filmmakers, like Roman Polanski and Wes Anderson, through short films for various Prada ventures and her friends say she is poised to enter the world of feature films in a meaningful way. A whole generation of artists, including Francesco Vezzolli, Cindy Sherman, Baz Luhrmann and the architects Rem Koolhaas and Herzog & de Meuron, feel connected to her vision of personal transformation. ‘‘I once asked Louise Bourgeois why people were so interested in fashion,’’ Prada told me, ‘‘and she said, ‘In the end, people want to seduce.’ But I don’t think this is enough. I believe it is more complicated.’’ The complication is that the person the Prada consumer often wants to seduce is themselves. We want to test who we can be in an atmosphere not bloated with obvious effort. Prada’s clothes make you feel you are appearing at your most calm and your least demonstrative, which is a kind of freedom for people who yearn to look good but don’t want the yearning to show. Prada trained as a mime, and she performed at La Scala and other places when she was young. She was a communist who believed, like many of her 1960s generation, that change would come not through commodities but through revolution. Well, there was a revolution, but it was, as those who remember the hours after the Berlin Wall came down, a revolution of blue jeans. People in East Berlin were desperate to get to the shops. Prada is one of the brands that came to life around the same time. But Miuccia floats between knowing the truth of this and wanting to discover other truths that might contradict it. ‘‘When you create something that is ‘out there,’ ’’ I asked her, ‘‘like kitchen utensils hanging on a skirt, do you tend to know in advance that this might not be commercial?’’ ‘‘Yes. But I have to do it. There is an understanding that, when I do a show, no one will tell me what to do. Once, at the beginning of my career, I tried to listen to others and it was all wrong. I have to do what I think is right, and now everybody is happy that it is like this. We might later decide to do something more wearable that is based on the original ideas, but, you know, some collections are easier than others.’’
ordinary life. But in fact she has pushed consistently for fashion to address some of the more searching aspects of the times. Fashion follows her, and artists love her, because she is properly responsive to change. Most iconoclasts become bigots for their own program: not her. She is ready at all times to be proved wrong.
H
double club: Courtesy: Fondazione Prada, Milano Photos © Attilio Maranzano; all others courtesy of Prada.
‘
ow important is it for people to love themselves? I mean women.’’ Her smile grew. She called for Champagne. ‘‘Now that you ask me, I ask myself,’’ she said. ‘‘What do you think?’’ ‘‘I think it’s overrated.’’ ‘‘Bravo!’’ she said. ‘‘This is great. This is something I can tell my friends. What a liberation. You can hate yourself!’’ She asked me to give her the card with my question on it. She wanted to save it for later. A tray of the world’s most delicate sandwiches arrived, cucumber squares and triangles with small curls of anchovy set at the corner. Prada’s beautiful, beaten, brown Miu Miu leather coat was now off her shoulders; she was wearing a light brown jumper underneath. She wore a silk, off-white skirt and a pair of burgundy-colored sandals encrusted with fake jewels. Everything she had on her body was invented by her. I told her that if I was in her shoes I’d sometimes be desperate to get away from the brand. ‘‘I’m never in the brand,’’ she said. ‘‘That’s not where you live?’’ ‘‘No. I want Prada to be successful. But the idea of the brand doesn’t interest me, and I never think about it.’’ ‘‘Is your work a self-portrait?’’ ‘‘Yes.’’ ‘‘What makes you so sure?’’ ‘‘It comes from me. It’s my soul. It’s my life. My work and my life are more or less the same thing, and I never consider that the work is something different,’’ she said. The job, the foundation, my personal life, it’s all one thing.’’ You can believe that when you see how her big stores, or ‘‘epicenters,’’ have become not just marketplaces but zones of concentric culture, where a film might be shown and the shop — often built by Rem Koolhaas — might revolve and you might attend a gig by the Hours. This is the position she has created, where a great modern designer can be a mogul, a curator, a lightning rod and a fan. Imagine Andy Warhol at his height with 461 stores operating in 70 countries. And to think that Prada’s
image control Clockwise from right: Prada’s 2001 print campaign, photographed by Cedric Buchet, which began a pattern of using younger, lesser known photographers; the Double Club, a temporary nightclub set up in London in 2008 by Carsten Höller and financed by the Prada Fondazione; a fall 2013 runway look.
grandfather didn’t want the women in the family to be involved in running the business. One of her friends told me she liked Elizabeth Taylor, and I thought of the late film star when I saw Prada’s sandals. Prada admits to a trashier side, and she lit up when I said I wanted to talk to her about Elizabeth Taylor’s diamonds. ‘‘Is it O.K. that she got them from men?’’ ‘‘Yes,’’ she said. ‘‘Sometimes I still feel that women don’t appreciate their position in society. That we are not strong enough to impose our thinking. We don’t like businesswomen: we go against women who appear to be like men. And I always wanted to have aspects of character from everywhere, and not only be one way. I had friends who said, ‘No men, no children, total independence.’ I chose a compromise, a complete compromise. I chose a bit of avant-garde, a bit of fashion, and for me it works. I don’t want to reject my past because I have it so deeply inside myself. To be nice with a man, I don’t think it’s so bad.’’ (She is also the mother of two sons in their 20s.) Prada was the natural choice to dress the girls in Baz Luhrmann’s movie ‘‘The Great Gatsby.’’ In a contemporary way, she understands the conjunction of money and romance and dreams, American or otherwise. She didn’t need a commission: the style of the film could have taken itself from the Fitzgeraldian contradictions and investigations into selfhood that have for years been the hallmark of her work. By the time Prada met Luhrmann and the film’s star, Carey Mulligan, to discuss a possible collaboration, they had already tested some of her clothes on screen. ‘‘You like diamonds?’’ ‘‘I’m interested in jewels,’’ she said. ‘‘I know what it is: I only like antique jewelry because I like the stories attached to them. I like to know who was wearing them. It’s the life of people that interests me. Also, they are beautiful. Flowers and jewels are part of a woman’s history. I like to look at these jewels and wonder if the woman was happy. For instance, I have a brooch which features a boat in the sea and on top there is a little gold rose and over this a spider. And I wonder who gave it to the woman? Was she a lucky woman? What does it mean?’’ She’ll go on thinking. People will go on buying. And one day we might wake up and find that our everyday reality was actually made by shy and pivotal little geniuses like Miuccia Prada, half capitalist, half-communist, searching for the next big idea and often finding it very close to home. When I left her, she was still waving the little notecard with the question on it about whether a woman must love herself in order to be happy. As her car sped away under the low, gray Prada sky, I guessed that her answer might be that loving oneself is irrelevant. What’s important is to know yourself. ‘‘If it’s fake, it doesn’t work,’’ she had said. ‘‘It has to be true to yourself first and then it might be successful.’’
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Alexander Wang jacket, AED 6,427; (212) 977-9683. Michael Kors swimsuit, AED 1,248; neimanmarcus. com. Proenza Schouler belt, AED 1,781; (212) 5853200. Céline shoes, AED 3,121. Maison Martin Margiela necklace, AED 1,744. Nikos Koulis rings, : AED 29,477 (on right hand) and AED 6, 614; shopalchemist.com. Opposite: Balmain jacket, AED 27,913. Chloé swimsuit, (212) 717-8220. Giuseppe Zanotti Design body belt, AED 2,295; (212) 650-0455. Prada shoes, AED 2,534
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Acne Studios jacket, AED 5,325; acnestudios.com. Hervé Léger by Max Azria harness, AED 3,298; atriumnyc.com. Eres swim bottom, AED 642; (888) 656-3737. Prada shoes, AED 2,534. Nikos Koulis ring, AED 36,034. Opposite: Proenza Schouler jacket, AED 9,145. Hervé Léger by Max Azria swimsuit, AED 2,901. Prada shoes, AED 2,534. Maison Martin Margiela necklace, AED 1,744. Nikos Koulis rings, AED 24,810 and AED 6,614. Models: Julia Nobis/ DNA; Fei Fei Sun/Women Management. Makeup by Peter Philips for Art and Commerce. Hair by Eugene Souleiman for Wella Professionals.
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set design by andy hillman at the magnet agency. manicure by typhaine kersual for jed root. production: Brachfeld Paris; Tailor: Willy G.; photo assistants: Simon Roberts, Huan Nguyen, Henri de Carvalho, Christophe Berlet; stylist assistants: Carlos Nazario, Nicolas Kuttler; Makeup assistants: Sofie Van Bouwel, Mohammed Bouarib ben; Hair Assistants: Fred Teglia, Kazuko Kitaoka; set assistant: Alex Cunningham; set builders: Alexander Eccles, Samuel Overs.
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a step up The Belgian decorator Christophe Decarpentrie sits under a pergola at Le Bastion, one of four homes he shares with his partner, Abel Naessens, in Taroudant. Far right: a stairway leading up to the terrace of the French decorator François Gilles’s house, which he designed with Arnaud Maurières and Eric Ossart.
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Lost in time Far from Morocco’s well-trodden tourist route lies Taroudant, a remote market town where a colorful group of expats have created a most stylish haven.
By christopher petkanas Photographs by simon watson
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At EAse Left: a bedroom is shaded by arches poolside at Le Jardin/ Bassin, another home shared by Decarpentrie and Naessens. Right: one of the terraces at Le Bastion.
Taroudant nudges the Sahara and is set on a lush agricultural plain that crashes into the foothills of the Atlas Mountains. Heaven for some, but it is not to every taste.
As they often have, Jacques and Bernadette Chirac spent the All Saints Day break last year at La Gazelle d’Or hotel in the small southern Moroccan city of Taroudant. Based on reports in the French media, however, it was not much of a holiday for the former first couple. A story in the newsweekly Le Point had Madame Chirac berating her husband in public (‘‘You’re nothing but the rustling wings of an insect,’’ she is said to have informed him.) According to another story, in Le Monde, when their daughter Claude read that ‘‘le Palais’’ — meaning Morocco’s King Mohammed VI — often picks up the Chiracs’ bill at the hotel, she went into damage-control mode, promptly canceling the five rooms they had reserved for Christmas. It was a rare flicker in the floodlights for Taroudant, which nudges the Sahara and is set on a lush agricultural plain that crashes into the foothills of the Atlas Mountains. Connoisseurs of the Arab Mediterranean find the place heaven, but it is not to every taste. Unlike Marrakesh, 140 miles to the north, there are no stoplights here, no branded hotels, no expats living out Scheherazade fantasies in glittery riads. The sole noteworthy monument is the nearly five miles of beautiful pisé, or rammedearth, ramparts wrapping the medina. Knotted
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bundles of lamb tripe dry on lines in the open air, and cheerfully painted horse-drawn buggies are not used mostly by tourists, as one might expect, but by locals as a cheap alternative to taxis. Winters are made for palm-grove picnics in shirtsleeves, but summers are too chokingly hot for even a bikini. If you want to buy drinks, say, or cheese or crème fraîche, you have to go to Agadir, an hour away on the Atlantic coast. While serious development is now under way outside the medina, most of the population is still jammed inside the city’s crenelated walls. As such, Taroudant retains the inscrutable aura of the small caravan trading outpost it was in the 16th century.
‘‘We’re a lot less in the real world here,’’ says Chris O’Byrne, a French journalist who owns the Aziyade maison d’hôte and worked in Paris for many years for the lifestyle magazine Côté Sud. ‘‘There’s not a lot going on. That’s the point. You need an interest in nature if you want to live in Taroudant, and a rich interior life. There are days when I would kill for a bookstore or museum.’’ The very absence of basic institutions and services has helped preserve the city, making it a magnet in recent years for a tightknit population of expats. This group is larger, more competitive and more concerned with niceties like placement and finger bowls than one might
A FINE MATCH Local children play soccer outside the town’s ramparts.
HOUSE PROUD Clockwise from top left: a sitting area in Le Petit Palais, another of Decarpentrie and Naessens’s houses; their guesthouse, La Bergerie, from above; beds in La Bergerie; the living room at Le Bastion.
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Architecturally, Taroudant has little of the pedigree of other Moroccan cities. It squeaked through the nation’s years as a French protectorate, without the addition of the kind of European-style ‘ville nouvelle’ that sprung up in Rabat, Fez and Casablanca.
BLUE Period Clockwise from left: Taroudant’s lunar-like landscape; the entryway at the home of François Gilles; the dining room, which leads to one of the property’s four courtyards; an aerial view of the dining areas and swimming pool.
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out of the past Clockwise from far left: the painting studio of the late Chilean artist Claudio Bravo; a cactus garden outside the walls of Bravo’s home; a stairwell leading to one of the house’s terraces.
guess. Taroudant society is still recovering from the 2011 death of the hyper-realist Chilean painter Claudio Bravo, whose palace in the countryside was the scene of dinners where the caviar and foie gras flowed like mint tea. Gone is the ballast he supplied. But life goes on, almost as hectic. ‘‘In Taroudant you need an agenda just for your social engagements,’’ says Mina Sarrat, a Moroccan real estate agent who steers foreigners through the minefield of buying property locally. Due to common law, you can own the dirt an argan tree is planted in, but not the tree itself, and be a legitimate title holder without the title to prove it. ‘‘You meet the most improbable people here,’’ she adds, ‘‘people you wouldn’t meet anywhere else. Socially we live at 100 miles an hour, and we have our own highly functioning grapevine: ‘le téléphone Arabe.’ I tell you, you tell Chris, Chris tells. . . . ’’ Architecturally, Taroudant has little of the pedigree of other Moroccan cities. It squeaked through the nation’s years as a French protectorate, from 1912 to 1956, without the addition of the kind of European-style ‘‘ville nouvelle’’ that sprung up in Rabat, Fez and Casablanca. ‘‘During heavy rains, I’ve seen some of the old pisé buildings collapse like sand castles,’’ O’Byrne says. While stretches of the ancient ramparts have been rebuilt to match the originals, much of the rest of the city is a bland essay in concrete and cinder blocks. Nonetheless, O’Byrne’s crowd prefers the bombed-out lots of their medina and (relative) modesty of their homes to what they view as the Orientalist excess encountered elsewhere. The cult of decay — finding beauty in blight, in even urban banality — has a long tradition in Morocco. A certain flyblown quality gave frissons to generations of aesthetes, from the socialite David Herbert to the illustrator Pierre Le-Tan. The town’s humility is the basis for an operatic strain of chauvinism among the foreign
set. ‘‘Those poor Marrakeshi with their bling bling, they have no idea how to live,’’ says the Belgian decorator Christophe Decarpentrie, who moved here part-time in 2002 with his partner in life and business, Abel Naessens. Between them they own four houses with a total of 22 bedrooms in Taroudant, for no other reason than they bore easily, can afford them and love lending them out to friends. Decarpentrie rules the beau monde in Taroudant. He styles himself a sort of pasha, and people treat him like one. ‘‘A wealthy Brazilian woman came to stay with me,’’ he recalls. ‘‘She was traveling with a four-wheel drive for the country and a limousine for the city. ‘Where are the boutiques?’ she asked. She hadn’t even unpacked.’’ The next day, she was gone. Even when Farah Pahlavi hosts a party, Decarpentrie says, simplicity is the rule. Though Pahlavi was exiled along with her husband, the Shah, in the 1979 Iranian revolution, everyone addresses her as Shahbanou anyway, as if she were still on the throne. ‘‘Even if she is always surrounded by a Persian court and our king treats her like she still reigns, the way Farah entertains is so understated, so chic,’’ Decarpentrie says. ‘‘The staff eat first, then the guests are served, and after that we all dance together — the waiters, the gardeners — too much fun!’’ He adds: ‘‘She loves it here because she says it reminds her of her childhood in Tehran in the ’40s and ’50s.’’
Art of the deal Men converse at Taroudant’s food and livestock market, held every Sunday.
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hidden Assets Clockwise from above: a view of the lap pool and exterior of the hotel Dar Al Hossoun at dusk; the hotel’s
Although the exalted style of living practiced by some Westerners evokes the days of French colonialism, the first among them began debarking as recently as 1999. ‘‘If there were four cars in Taroudant back then, that was a lot,’’ Karl Morcher remembers. Drunk on the place’s scrappy charms, Morcher, an ageless, worldly, voluptuously idle character of a type once common in Morocco, and his partner, Abdelmajid Dkhil, later built a vast compound on the outskirts of town, where they live in rooms of perfect Balzacian proportions filled with Jean-Michel Frank furniture, Berber carvings and Dadaist paintings. Arnaud Maurières and Eric Ossart parachuted into Taroudant the same year, trailing their fame as garden designers who
fine feather The house peacock wanders the grounds at Dar Al Hossoun.
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revolutionized public plantings in France by replacing grannyish pointillist flower beds with fluid, meadowlike compositions. After restoring a riad for themselves in the medina, Maurières, who is brisk and vivid, and Ossart, enigmatic and detached, received commissions for gardens and rammed-earth houses and renovations from Pahlavi, the horticultural magnate Henri Delbard and the owners of Dar Zahia, a handsome bed and breakfast. ‘‘We are plant people who never thought of becoming architects, until Taroudant,’’ Maurières says. The complicity between habitat and landscape in the region convinced him and Ossart they had something to offer. The couple went on to build a second home next to Pahlavi’s in a ritzy ‘‘suburb’’ bristling with olive orchards, located a fiveminute bicycle ride from town. The compound was later sold to Ollivier Verra, a Frenchman who transformed it into a six-room hotel, Dar Al Hossoun. A succession of six courtyards planted with Maurières and Ossart’s signature arrangements of aloes, agaves, grasses and cactuses revolves like a cloister around the 15 rectilinear structures with flat roofs. What looks at first like a huge, dry, derelict swimming pool squatted by wild vegetation is in fact a sunken garden filled with bananas and papayas that were carefully chosen to shade tender exotics.
sunken garden, designed by Maurières and Ossart; a guest room, also decorated by Maurières and Ossart.
The hotel is a game-changer for Taroudant. La Gazelle d’Or, established in 1961, is no longer a monopoly. Rita Bennis, the Gazelle’s Moroccan owner, grew up in the feudal opulence of Tazi Palace in Rabat and made her ‘‘real first money,’’ she told Le Point, in business with Adnan Khashoggi. If Taroudant was on anyone’s radar before now, it’s because of Bennis, but her world-class hotel’s draconian policies — you need a reservation even to have a drink — have made her a polarizing, even feared figure. Whatever the squabbles du jour, Roudanis (as residents of Taroudant are called) are one in their attraction to the town’s mystical sense of isolation. And now, with the extraordinary Dar Al Hossoun, and its owner who is committed to giving his guests the full Taroudant experience, the rest of us are invited in on the secret, as long as it lasts.
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Desert Oasis A dense garden of cactuses and exotics surrounds the lap pool at Dar Al Hossoun.
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Document
Francis Coradal-Cugat’s original cover art for ‘‘The Great Gatsby,’’ which Baz Luhrmann brings to the big screen next month, depicts a disembodied face floating in a night sky (center). It is one of the lasting images in literature, but that hasn’t kept book designers from trying to outdo it. The scholar and F. Scott Fitzgerald biographer Matthew J. Bruccoli spent his adult life stockpiling those efforts — pulpy paperbacks, fancy slip-covers, French-flapped foreign editions
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— and today his trove is not only one of the world’s most complete collections but also an illuminating cross section of 83 years of book design. Now housed at the University of South Carolina, the collection is worth several million dollars but Bruccoli, who died in 2008, claimed he was never motivated by money. ‘‘You don’t buy books as an investment,’’ he said. ‘‘You buy them because it gives you pleasure to read them, to touch them . . . to see them on shelves.’’ JEFF OLOIZIA
dhanraj emanuel
A Book By Its Covers
Document
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Francis Coradal-Cugat’s original cover art for ‘‘The Great Gatsby,’’ which Baz Luhrmann brings to the big screen next month, depicts a disembodied face floating in a night sky (center). It is one of the lasting images in literature, but that hasn’t kept book designers from trying to outdo it. The scholar and F. Scott Fitzgerald biographer Matthew J. Bruccoli spent his adult life stockpiling those efforts — pulpy paperbacks, fancy slip-covers, French-flapped foreign editions
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— and today his trove is not only one of the world’s most complete collections but also an illuminating cross section of 83 years of book design. Now housed at the University of South Carolina, the collection is worth several million dollars but Bruccoli, who died in 2008, claimed he was never motivated by money. ‘‘You don’t buy books as an investment,’’ he said. ‘‘You buy them because it gives you pleasure to read them, to touch them . . . to see them on shelves.’’ JEFF OLOIZIA
dhanraj emanuel
A Book By Its Covers
Design July - August, 2013
| i don't know |
Sir Guy of Gisbourne was which legendary character’s henchman? | Guy of Gisborne | Richard Armitage character One Shots
Richard Armitage character One Shots
Guy of Gisborne
This is a songfic for Sir Guy of Gisborne from BBC Robin Hood
Song: Light by Sleeping at Last
Rose walked alone through Sherwood Forest. It wasn't something she did on a regular basis; it would cause suspicion if she did so and Robin knew when something was wrong with her psyche. And she figured that he noticed something for when she asked if she could take a walk, he replied with a 'Sure. Usual place I take it? If you're not back by sunrise, I'll bring you back here to rest.'
It wouldn't be the first time she had stayed there all night, fallen asleep and then was captured by the Sheriff's men. Well, Sir Guy to be exact. Not that she really minded, she was half asleep and the Sheriff's henchman was alone. Just a little nudge allowed her to be freed. May have taken half an hour to persuade him (it involved acting drunk, insane and .... insane ) but it worked in the end. Although, she did earn a small, knowing smirk from the man when she saw him the next day.
A soft, light mist sprinkled the forest floor. The bronze leaves crunching underfoot and the golden, red leaves hanging from the forest canopy. It wouldn't be long until sundown, and that was one of her favourite things to do when she was feeling aggrieved.
The usual place was always at an old oak tree in the edge of a small clearing. She didn't know why she always returned to it, it just linked to her. Like something that she had lost just lead her there. Almost like a bright light in a dark place. Similar to her mind. There was a darkness that she only escaped from due to a small light that just expanded and she would wake up in Sherwood. Apart from that one time where the darkness was a sack and the light was the sun shining down into the courtyard of Nottingham Castle. That was something she didn't want to experience again.
The air was still, the only noise being the crunching floor, the leaves that rustled softly atop their branches and the chirping of the last birds, saying goodnight to their friends and families.
A smile graced her lips as soft childhood memories came back and she found herself running towards the area, feeling like she was a six year old escaping her seven year old brother and her father, her skirts dragging across the floor and picking up all types of twigs and things. The wind flew into her face like an angelic healing touch, and she had a small child like laugh escape her rose lips.
Rose reached the area after a short while, slowing to a walk where she prowled to the Old Oak, a soft smile still on her lips. She sat in front of the tree, leaning on the trunk of the sixty foot tall wonder. In front was a small lake, a smooth stream spreading it's watery love into the lake continuously as the lake allowed what it did not want to exit into another stream that later led to soft rapids.
To think that the young Locksley had almost forgotten about the area during her five years in the Holy Land brought disgust to her heart. But being here now reminded her that there was still peace in these dark times.
She heard footsteps edge closer to her location, causing her to reach for her bow, notch an arrow and stand in quick succession, turning to the sound of the broken silence.
"No need to shoot, Rose." The male that her arrow was aimed at stated. He was wearing black leather trousers, black leather jacket (complete with a black coat on top of that) and black boots. As always his thick, raven black shoulder length hair was tucked behind his ears, only a few strands of hair meandered away and hung over his ear, showing vulnerability that most of the Sheriff's men didn't show.
"On first name terms now are we?" Rose replied with a small smirk, taking the arrow away from the bow string and putting it back in her quiver and lowered her bow.
The male showed a weak half smile, "Of course."
"Alright then, Guy. What brings the Sheriff's henchman to this little secluded area of Sherwood Forest, hmm?" The female leaned against the tree, her weight on her left upper arm, her left hand gripping her right wrist and her left leg crossed over her right leg.
Guy (so the male was called - although he did prefer 'Sir Guy of Gisborne' when talking to anyone else and when in the presence of the Sheriff) approached her. "I do not know. Maybe because you are alone. Don't want anyone to catch you, do we?"
Rose laughed heartily. "Being chivalrous and compassionate now are we? Never knew you had it in you."
Guy chuckled, raising a gloved hand to her pale face, stroking her cheek with his index finger. "Only when I am deeply troubled and speaking to such a .... woman as yourself."
"Woman?" Rose scoffed, never flinching from Guy's touch. "At least it wasn't 'girl' I suppose. And hopefully that makes me better than Marian."
"Of course it does." Guy had a legit smile on his face as he removed his hand from her face. He turned his attention to the fading light, "Here to watch the sunset?"
Rose nodded, facing the clearing as well. The sky was painted with multiple shades of red and yellow, creating golds and bronzes to shine onto the lake, casting glistening, silver dots that danced on the calm ripples the soft breeze created. Silhouettes of the trees were created as the sun began to fall gradually behind the skyline.
The view seemed to wash away all of her worries that she had previously thought of and the ones that had newly developed. The air became calm and still once again, only being disturbed when Rose sat back down, Guy sitting beside her and wrapping an arm around her waist. Although Rose wasn't entirely sure on how to react, she rested her head on Guy's shoulder. He held her close to him, caressing her arm gently and, something that she found rather odd, pressed his lips to her hairline. Regardless, she closed her eyes and snuggled closer to the henchman, falling into what she hoped to be a peaceful slumber.
A letter awaited her on the oaken table. It looked old, it's corners crinkled. Maybe five years or so.There was also a familiar seal on the bottom. Rose stared at it with furrowed brows, confusion plastered on her face. 'Okay. Who's contacted me? I'm almost positive I told all of my friend's that I was going on the crusades.'
Anxiously, she picked up the letter, unfolding it carefully.
Rose,
I know you're at the Crusades and by the time you get this you won't be able to contact me, but I am only going to tell you this. I want you to hear it first. Only you deserve to know.
Throughout my life, I have had darkness. But you just sending me letters, talking to me, hugging me, or even being in my line sight makes me feel so much better. You light it up. You are a candle in a dark dungeon where there has been death; you remove the horrors and make it pure again. You are so similar to God's light. Yet, you don't realize that it's the truth I am writing to you. Because for so long you have had your darkness - death - and it has dimmed your eyes and weakened your observation skills.
With these days I have had and will have, I will find a way to give you what I know I own. I will teach you everything that I know just like I promised. I'm sorry that I made you mad at me when I acted weaker than I should have done, but I promise that I'll try to be strong just like you. I always hold you close to my heart, but I will learn how to let you go. So I will develop and fulfill my promise to be better. I will soften of rough and sharp edge of my body and I'll keep the best of the world in my thoughts. Because I will do better. With the last beats my heart can sustain, I will defend your every breath so I can, and I will, do better.
You want to know why I'm saying this? I'll tell you why. All those times that you said no one loved you, you were wrong. You are, and will always be, well loved. You have Robin who would do anything in his power to protect you. I love you, your family love you, your friends love you. Isn't that enough? So I hereby pledge the end if my days to prove it so. Through this illness I have learnt wisdom. And you heart is far too young to realize the heavenly light you carry inside. Hope.
I just thought you should know how much you mean to me.
You are like a sister me, Rose. Please ... don't let it get in your way. But let it drive you forward.
Love,
Elsweth x
Tears formed in her sapphire eyes, breaching the dams that she spent so long building up. Rose had thought that the Crusades had hardened her up, turned her eyes to stone. But ... she had forgotten the very person who always listened. The only person who understood. She had forgotten a face, a voice .... And now she was gone. Just a faint memory. But everything hit her all at once, quickly getting worse and worse. And only Robin was there for her. Only Robin was the one who could hug her better.
That day she broke down, her stone tunnels caving in. She didn't get to tell Elsweth how much she meant to her. But that night she slept in the forest. Whispering.
"I'll give you everything I have, I'll teach you all I know. You thought I was the best, but there were better people than me. I wasn't there for you in your last days. I wonmt let it happen again. I promise I'll do better. I will always good you close - in my heart, my memories, my words of wisdom - and I will learn to let you go because I know you wouldn't want me to think back to you everyday. I promise I'll do better. I will rearrange the stars at night to cast your image, pull them down to your final resting place. I promise I will do better. With my beating heart I will defend your forever lasting breath. I promise I'll do better. With my last heart beat, I will defend your breath. I promise I'll do better."
Rose awoke to a warm, protective hold. A calm and collected heartbeat sounded in her ears and warm breaths walked across her cheeks. She made the mistake of opening her eyes quickly, the low sun flaming into her wearing, sore eyes.
A bare hand caressed her cheeks, fingertips running down her jawline gently on a continuous carousel. It made her feel ... at home in a bizarre way. It made her forget that she was an outlaw robbing the rich to feed the poor, the Crusades and the Sheriff trying to kill her practically every week. At least for a few moments it worked.
She turned her body towards the emanating warmth, opening her eyes slowly to allow them to adjust subtlety to the rising sun.
The air was a ghost - still and silent. Only the songbirds awakening the wildlife made a noise.
"Shhhh." Guy's voice was unnaturally soft as he held her close to him, keeping her head close to his chest. "It's all okay."
Rose sighed, nodding. But she couldn't,t help but think one his tone of voice. It was never so ... soft. At least, not most days.
As much as she would have loved to stay, she remembered what Robin had said: 'If you're not back by sunrise, I'll bring you back.'
"I should go." She began to sit up, a hand on Guy's shoulder. "If Robin finds us -"
"Hood?" Guy asked, causing her to look at him. "Why would he find us?"
Rose smiled, "The last time you did capture me. And the time before that I woke up to a sack on my head and I was going to be hanged. So he's going to be pretty worried. And if he seed us...well...he'd probably start hating me. For real this time."
"Rose!?" Robin's voice could be heard.
Rose sighed. "God I should go now." She said in a lowered voice as she broke free from Guy's hold and reached for her bow. But she was pulled back to him again. His lips saved hers in an urgent kiss that was brief.
Rose stared at the male for a short time as she stood quickly.
"Meet here tonight?" He asked quietly as he, too, stood, slipping his hands into his gloves, and took her hands in his own.
The female nodded. "Wouldn't want to miss it."
"Come on, Rose! You know how I hate your games!" Robin called out again.
"Really need to go. Later, same time, same place." Rose declared before a few extra kisses were stolen. As difficult as it was to leave, she removed her hands from his, kissed his cheek and quickly walked to a a few paces, seeing Robin.
Robin put an arm around her shoulders. "Thank God you're okay." He said with a smile,
"Yeah. I kinda fell asleep. I'm ready to work though." Rose smiled and Robin let out a soft chuckle. She slyly looked behind, flashing a smile at Guy (who was now leaning against the tree, watching her walk away) before looking back to her brother. "And breakfast."
Robin and Rose laughed heartily as they walked toward their camp.
| Sheriff of Nottingham |
What colour are post (mail) boxes in Spain? | RichardArmitageOnline.com - actor Richard Armitage, star of BBC North and South, Robin Hood (Guy of Gisborne), Vicar of Dibley: articles, information, pictures, screencaps, video clips.
Robin Hood series 1 : Playing Guy of Gisborne (1)
Richard Armitage plays Sir Guy of Gisborne, the evil henchman of the Sheriff of Nottingham.
“He’s described in one of the early scripts as a sadistic lieutenant. He’s a dispossessed lord.” The Gisborne family’s lands were taken away by King Richard. This clearly rankles with him – in an early episode, he tells Marian he’s aware that his men laugh at him behind his back because he has no land of his own. “He’s very ambitious, he wants his land back. It’s very important to him to have title.” [1]
His route back to power and influence is through the Sheriff. He is cruel and sadistic, willing to murder or torture on his master’s instructions.
Gisborne and Robin
While Robin, Earl of Huntingdon, was away fighting in the Holy Land, Gisborne was given his lands to look after. But once Robin comes back from the Crusades, Gisborne has to give them back and so is in effect dispossessed a second time. However, by the end of the first episode Robin is an outlaw, and Gisborne moves back into Locksley Hall. Unlike Robin, he’s not popular. “In the eyes of the people, he’s an absolute tyrant.” [2]
He resents Robin. “Everything that Robin has, Gisborne wants. He’s been babysitting Robin’s lands and his wealth while he’s been away in the holy land, and he’s had his eye on Marian as well. When Robin comes back it’s like his world has flipped upside down. So his whole focus is on destroying Robin.” [3]
Comparing Robin and Gisborne, Richard Armitage said, "They're opposite sides of a similar coin – they were contemporaries of each other and they've grown in very different directions. While Robin is the hero, Gisborne is the anti-hero. He wants the trappings of fame, fortune and popularity but he just doesn't have the qualities to achieve that." [4]
Gisborne and the Sheriff
Although his position with the sheriff gives him status, it’s not a comfortable existence.
“Gisborne works directly for the Sheriff and his view of the Sheriff is that he’s very useful to him. They’re useful to each other actually. Guy needs the Sheriff desperately, to give him status and occupation, and the Sheriff has promoted Gisborne in a very favourable way.
“However, his position is incredibly precarious, as the Sheriff constantly reminds him. The Sheriff is quite cruel to Gisborne. He ridicules him and he doesn’t really give him an opportunity to shine. At the same time, Gisborne is constantly being foiled by Robin and is being shown up as incompetent in front of the Sheriff, so this winds him up into a very tight coil. He’s constantly battling with Robin and at the same time trying to remain in favour with the Sheriff, which keeps his world in constant flux.
“And although there’s loyalty between Gisborne and the Sheriff, I think that Gisborne would not hesitate to stab the Sheriff in the back given the opportunity. I think the Sheriff would finish Gisborne off in the blink of an eye as soon as Gisborne became in any way dangerous to him, or a threat, or useless; I think that he would just dispose of him instantly.” [2]
Gisborne and Marian
The other character with whom Gisborne interacts is Marian - in this version of Robin Hood, there is a love triangle between Robin, Marian and Guy. Marian clearly has feelings for Robin that she will scarcely admit to and she is frequently dismissive of what he does as an outlaw. But she is also wooed by Gisborne.
"His initial move towards her is that she could be a token bride. She's a lady, she's the daughter of the old sheriff, she carries great status with her – and also she's obviously the most desirable woman in the vicinity,” said Richard Armitage. “But actually he does fall for her and when Robin is made an outlaw it is very convenient for Gisborne because it sets him in a much more favourable position as a marriage option.” [4]
Marian has no feelings for Gisborne, but there are reasons why she might marry him nonetheless. “On a practical level she has got to think of her father and Gisborne knows this. Whether or not she will ever love him doesn't really matter, because she may well be bound to him by those practical voices." [4]
At the beginning of the first series, Gisborne is seen as little more than cruel and cold. “Early on in the story I actually thought he might be a robot because you never saw his hands. I thought that maybe this man wasn’t human because the things he was doing were so inhuman.” [2] All Gisborne appears to do in the initial episodes is to bully, threaten, torture, and murder – and then attempt to woo Marian, very ineptly. His attentions and his gifts to her are clearly unwelcome.
But then he starts to fall in love with her. At this point Gisborne begins to show the vulnerabilities that Richard Armitage plays so well.
“His love for Marian is something which is beginning to unravel him and he’s becoming more human through her. It’s actually surprising him. I don’t think he quite realises what’s happening to him - he’s becoming human throughout the course of the series, I think.” [2]
But his love can turn on a sixpence. Marian is playing a dangerous game with him – she’s using him to get information she can feed back to Robin. Although Gisborne is mostly unaware of this, at one point he does think she has been betraying him. His anger towards her then is frightening to see – he would happily see her hanged because she has made a fool of him.
| i don't know |
Which word can be used for a birthmark, a piece of drilling machinery and a secret agent? | Sales and Use Tax Annotations - 440.0000
BTLG Table of Contents > Sales and Use Tax Annotations > P > 440.0000 Property Used In Manufacturing > entire section
Sales and Use Tax Annotations
440.0000 PROPERTY USED IN MANUFACTURING—Regulation 1525
(a) MANUFACTURING AIDS
(b) PROPERTY BECOMING COMPONENT PART OF FINISHED PRODUCT
(1) In General
440.3680 Wood Pulp Products.
440.0000 PROPERTY USED IN MANUFACTURING—Regulation 1525
See also Fur Dressers and Dyers. "Special tooling," see also United States Contractors. Water additives, see also Gas, Electricity and Water.
(a) MANUFACTURING AIDS
(1) In General
440.0010 Application of Tax. If a taxpayer purchases manufacturing aids in a transaction that is subject to sales tax, that taxpayer's subsequent use of the aids to make a finished product is not subject to use tax. There are, however, circumstances in which both the sale and the use of the aids can be subject to tax. If the property is purchased under a resale certificate and the taxpayer makes any use of it other than retention, demonstration or display while holding it for sale in the regular course of business, that use is taxable to the taxpayer. If the taxpayer sells the same property at retail in California after using it, the sale will also be taxable. 3/1/90.
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440.0020 Basic Application of Tax. The tax applies to the sale of any manufacturing aid which the manufacturer uses before passing title thereto to his customer.
An important consideration to the taxability of any sale is whether the purchaser of the property sold sells it before he uses it or sells it after he uses it, or purchases it in the capacity of agent. Where property is used before it is sold, the tax applies upon the sale to the user. Where the property is sold before it is used, the sale to the person who sells it before use is not taxable since it is a sale for resale.
Where the person who uses tooling or other manufacturing aids purchases it as agent of another, the sale to the agent is taxable for that is a sale to the principal, but there is no further tax due when following use the agent turns over the tooling or other aid to his principal, since there can be no sale between a true agent and his principal.
If there is more than one retail sale of tooling, the tax applies to each retail sale, unless for some other reason there is an exemption such as the exemption of sales to the United States. 1/31/51.
440.0040 Basic Application of Tax—Purchasing as Agent or for Resale—Evidence. X, a manufacturer of aircraft parts under contract with Y, an aircraft manufacturer, purchased materials to fabricate tooling which it used to manufacture the parts. X paid use tax on the cost of the materials, claiming to have purchased them as agent, and that it did not actually sell the tooling to Y. It was, however, concluded that X actually sold the tooling to Y and was liable for tax on the selling price of the tooling under evidence that: Y depreciated, and took an investment credit on, the tooling; X, under its contract, retained legal title to the tooling as security for payment of the price; X charged for the tooling the charge including fabrication labor, materials, overhead and general administrative costs, and profit. Under the contract Y had all the benefits of ownership in the tooling, and a rigid right of control over its use and disposition by X, who was referred to as contractor and supplier of tooling. 4/7/70.
440.0045 Basic Principles in Determining Purpose for Purchase. In determining the primary purpose of a manufacturer's purchase of chemicals, the fact that the chemicals have a beneficial effect on the manufacturer's finished product is not determinative. Any chemical utilized by a manufacturer during the manufacturing process, regardless of whether it is purchased for use as a manufacturing aid or for incorporation in the final product, will necessarily have some beneficial effect on the final product. Otherwise, the manufacturer would not utilize the chemical at all. In order to prove that the primary purpose is incorporation into the finished product for resale, therefore, it must be shown not only that the chemical has beneficial effects, but also that such effects result from the physical presence of the chemical in the finished product and not merely use of the chemical in the manufacturing process.
For the same reason, proof that a chemical remains in the finished product is also not determinative. If the physical presence of the chemical in the finished product has little or no beneficial effect, there is no basis for concluding that the chemical was purchased for the primary purpose of resale as a component of the finished product. On the other hand, if use of the chemical during the manufacturing process brings about chemical or physical reactions which benefit the finished product, it is reasonable to conclude that the chemical was purchased for the primary purpose of causing such reactions during the manufacturing process even though the chemical happens to remain in the finished product. 6/28/83.
440.0046 Drawings of Jewelry Design and Wax Models. Charges to jewelers for drawings of a jewelry design which the jeweler uses as a visual aid for its customers to decide whether to purchase a piece of specialty manufactured jewelry are sales of tangible personal property and subject to tax. It makes no difference if the drawings are based on ideas of the artist or the jeweler. Likewise, the charges to a jeweler for a wax model sold to a jeweler for use in the lost wax process to manufacture jewelry are subject to tax. 10/28/96.
440.0046.500 Fungicide Removed During Manufacturing. A firm applies a fungicide to lumber. It surfaces the lumber and, in the process, it removes all of the fungicide. The shavings from the surfacing process which contain the fungicide are sold. The primary purpose of the fungicide is to protect the lumber during the manufacturing process. The sale of the fungicide to the manufacturer is subject to tax even though the fungicide may remain in shavings which are sold. 5/8/97.
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440.0047 Government Royalty Crude. An oil processor acquires crude oil from the United States. The crude is not available at a facility where it is feasible to transport it to the processing plant. The firm exchanges the crude oil for crude from another processor. Subsequently, it burns some of the fuel oil which it produces from the exchanged crude.
The use of the crude oil by the processor is subject to tax. The fact that it initially acquired crude from the United States is immaterial. The oil consumed was that acquired under an exchange agreement with another processor. Thus, the oil consumed was purchased from the processor and not the United States. 1/22/90.
440.0049 Manufacturing Aids. Regulation 1525.1 discusses when title to a manufacturing aid passes to the manufacturer's customer. However, before this issue is relevant, it must be determined that title to the manufacturing aid actually passes from the manufacturer to its customer. When possession of the tooling is retained by the manufacturer, this issue often presents a difficult question of fact which must be determined on a case by case basis.
For example, a manufacturer purchases raw materials for resale and fabricates those raw materials at the specific request of its customer into a manufacturing aid. The manufacturing aid is of unique utility to the particular customer for whom the associated production work is being performed and the manufacturer separately itemizes a specific charge for the manufacturing aid to the customer. If (1) the customer's name is put on the pattern and a file maintained for its location, (2) the customer's name and part number is on the pattern or die, (3) the customer makes repeated orders for items to be produced by use of the same aid, (4) the manufacturer insures the manufacturing aid against loss for the benefit of the customer, or (5) the manufacturer establishes that it orally stated that the customer may have the manufacturing aid upon request, the manufacturer will generally be regarded as having sold the manufacturing aid to its customer.
However, the contract between the two parties must be examined. Generally, if the contract specifically provides that the manufacturer retains title, then it is rebuttably presumed that no sale of the manufacturing aid occurred, regardless of the existence of any of the factors set forth in the previous paragraph. This presumption is rebutted by, among other things, the inclusion of an exclusive use clause (i.e. a clause providing that the manufacturer's customer has the right to exclusive use of the manufacturing aid), if the manufacturing aid is used to fill multiple orders for items produced by the manufacturing aid. 4/3/03. (2004–1).
440.0052 Methylene Chloride. The role of methylene chloride in the manufacture of dry ink toner is limited to its use as a source of certain essential ingredients which become incorporated as a component part of the dry ink toner. Therefore, tax does not apply even though a large portion of the methylene is lost through evaporation, since the portion lost is used only for the purpose of incorporating the remaining property into the end product. 4/6/83.
440.0054 Passage of Title to Tooling. Sales Tax General Bulletin 50–24 (appended to Regulation 1525) deals with the time of passage of title to tooling and not with the issue of whether there was passage of title. Whether or not title to tooling passes is a question of fact in each case. The question as to who has title to the tooling is a question as to the terms of the contract for sale of the parts which are produced by the tooling. The fact that tooling was not delivered to the customer and that there is no formal recognition that the manufacturer is the bailee of the tooling is evidence that the tooling was not sold, but rather was used by the manufacturer. 2/17/77.
440.0055 Potassium Permanganate—Water Treatment Plant. Potassium Permanganate, which is used in water treatment plants, is removed as part of the plant sludge after serving its purpose. Thus, this product is a manufacturing aid the sale or use of which is subject to tax. 8/14/72.
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440.0055.140 Property Purchased for Resale or Use in Manufacturing. The following are some guidelines in determining whether property is purchased for resale or for use in manufacturing:
(1) Tangible personal property is regarded as having been purchased for the purpose of use in manufacturing tangible personal property and not for the purpose of being physically incorporated into the manufactured article to be sold, if the property is first utilized as an aid in the manufacturing process prior to being resold as an end product. Independent intervening use of the purchased tangible personal property as a manufacturing aid prior to its resale is subject to tax, notwithstanding the fact that the tangible personal property also was purchased for the purpose of incorporation into an end product which is sold. (For example, see Annotations 440.0840, 440.1260, 440.1460, and 440.3120.)
(2) Tangible personal property is regarded as having been purchased for the purpose of incorporation into the manufactured article to be sold even though a portion of the property is lost or discarded as waste. For example, a manufacturer of furniture purchases wood to be used in the construction of furniture to be sold. A portion of the wood is destroyed or discarded as a result of the manufacturing process and does not actually become a part of the furniture. The purchase of the wood is not subject to tax.
(3) Tangible personal property is not regarded as having been purchased primarily for resale, but primarily for the purpose of use in the manufacturing process, if the property is only incidentally incorporated into the manufactured article, e.g., the property does not become a recognizable and identifiable component which is of some benefit to the end product to be sold. (For example, see Annotations 440.1340 and 440.1820.)
(4) During the manufacturing process, tangible personal property may perform some beneficial use as a manufacturing aid, but may also become incorporated into the product to be resold. When tangible personal property is purchased and used for more than one purpose in the manufacturing process, the application of tax is dependent upon the primary purpose for which the tangible personal property is purchased.
Tangible personal property is regarded as having been purchased primarily for the purpose of incorporation into the manufactured article if the property becomes an essential ingredient or component part with a beneficial purpose in the end product which is sold. Tax does not apply to the sale of tangible personal property which is purchased primarily for the purpose of incorporation into the manufactured article to be resold, even though the property may be used incidentally as an aid while it is being incorporated or attached in the manufacturing process.
(5) Tangible personal property is regarded as having been purchased primarily for the purpose of incorporation into the manufactured article to be sold, even though a component or component parts of the property may be used in the manufacturing process and not resold as an ingredient or component part of the finished article, if the component(s) which are used in the manufacturing process are used only for the purpose of incorporating the remainder of the property into the end product to be sold.
(6) Where a portion of the tangible personal property is purchased for the purpose of use in the manufacture of tangible personal property, and another portion of the tangible personal property is purchased for the sole purpose of incorporation as an essential ingredient or component part of a manufactured article to be sold, tax applies only to the sale of the property purchased for the purpose of use. The purchaser must keep records which establish to the satisfaction of the Board what portion is resold and what portion is used. (For example, see Annotation 440.0640.)
(7) Tax applies to the sale of tangible personal property to manufacturers and refiners who purchase the property for the purpose of use or consumption in the manufacturing or refining process. Where the manufacturer or refiner uses or consumes a byproduct of a joint product which is produced in a manufacturing or refining process, tax applies to that portion of the purchased raw material which comprises the used or consumed byproduct, unless such use or consumption is otherwise exempt from taxation. The measure of tax on self-consumed byproducts shall be determined in accordance with the guidelines as provided under Regulation 1525.5. Tax would apply even though the self-consumed byproduct is subsequently resold by the manufacturer or refiner, since it was purchased for the purpose of use, rather than for resale. 5/22/87.
440.0055.200 Protective Covers. Plastic covers installed by an auto manufacturer to protect seats of new vehicles during the manufacturing process are used by the manufacturer notwithstanding that they are ultimately sold to the dealer. They are not purchased for the purpose of being incorporated into the property sold. 5/10/93.
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440.0056 Resold Prior to Use—Resale Certificates. Special manufacturing aids are sold by a manufacturer to Customer A who will resell the product produced through the use of the special manufacturing aid to Customer B. Tax applies to the manufacturing aids as follows:
(1) A specific resale certificate is given to the manufacturer stating that the special manufacturing aid is purchased by Customer A for resale. Sales of the special manufacturing aids are allowable as sales for resale since Customer A issued a resale certificate for the items. If, however, the items were used for the benefit of A prior to A's sale of the items to B, then A would be liable for payment of use tax measured by its purchase price of the property. The above applies regardless of whether A or B are located outside of California and neither holds a California seller's permit.
(2) The resale certificate issued by Customer A refers to each purchase order for guidance as to the tax status on items being purchased. The purchase order calls for a manufactured product and also for tooling. The order is merely marked "resale" without distinguishing between manufactured products and manufacturing aids. In this situation, the receipts from the sale of the manufacturing aids to Customer A are subject to tax unless the manufacturer establishes that A resold the special manufacturing aids prior to their use in the manufacturing process. The blanket resale certificate is ineffective for purposes of relieving the manufacturer from the burden of establishing that the sale of the manufacturing aid was not a sale at retail. 6/24/75.
440.0058 Title to Tooling. A manufacturer of door knobs designs and fabricates the tooling to be used in the manufacturing process when a customer orders a new style of door knob. The customer's purchase order typically includes language to the effect that the customer has both title and a right to possession in the tooling, but the manufacturer shall retain possession for use in performing the job. The customer insists on these provisions to ensure that the designs will not become available for use by its competitors. The customer is billed separately for the tooling.
The manufacturer contends that, despite any contrary language in the sale document, it did not intend to pass title in the tooling to the customer since the tooling may contain clues to the manufacturer's manufacturing process, which the manufacturer considers a trade secret and does not want to reveal to its customers. Therefore, the manufacturer has never transferred possession of the tooling to any customer and would never do so even if the customer demanded possession.
Under the above circumstances, there is a sale of tooling from the manufacturer to the customer since the sale documents expressly provided that title in tooling would pass to the customer. Only when the terms of the contract are uncertain and ambiguous is it proper to look at extrinsic evidence to ascertain the parties' intent. 4/4/89.
440.0059 Tooling. A company is in the business of designing and manufacturing door knobs. The major customers are lock manufacturers who apparently incorporate the knobs into lock sets for sale under their own brand names. Each time a customer orders a new style of door knob, the company must design and fabricate the tooling to be used in the manufacturing process. The customer's purchase orders typically include language to the effect that the customer has both title and right to possession to the tooling, but that the company shall retain possession for use in performing the job. The company has never transferred possession of the tooling to any customer. The company bills the customers for tooling in two distinct ways: (1) a lump-sum charge for the material cost which is labeled a "gage charge" or "tooling charge," and (2) the charge for design and fabrication of the tooling is billed under the label "knob development charge" or "development service charge."
The sales documents expressly provide that title in the tooling passes to the customers. Since the contracts expressly provide that title in the tooling passes to the customers, title does pass and tax is due on not only the gage share or tooling charge (material costs) but also on the charges for the knob development charge or the development service charge (design and fabrication of the tooling). 4/4/89.
440.0060 Total Manufacturing Process—Gasoline Distillate. Where, during the process of refining petroleum products, gasoline distillate is derived from the process, run through pipes to pick up wax, and is later refined and sold (as is the recovered wax), the purchase of the distillate or the products from which it is refined is not subject to tax as self-consumed. The process of running the distillate through the pipes is part of the total manufacturing process. 7/16/64.
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(2) Thinners, Solvents, Reducers, Carriers
440.0075 Acetone. Acetone, as used in the ceramic industry, is generally a solvent and its sales are subject to tax. 7/17/56.
440.0080 Alcohol. Anhydrous Solox (denatured alcohol) sold for purposes of use as an ingredient of ink, is primarily a carrier for the ink during printing process, and is a manufacturing aid the sale of which is subject to sales tax. 2/17/54.
440.0100 Anhydrous Filmcol (alcohol) used in thinning white ink which is applied to the back of carbon paper which evaporates soon after the ink is applied to the paper is regarded as consumed rather than resold with the carbon paper. 3/26/52.
440.0103 Benzol. Benzol, as used in the ceramic industry, is generally a solvent and its sales are subject to tax. 7/17/56.
440.0109 Cyanides. Silver cyanide, copper cyanide, zinc cyanide and similar metal salts are used in electroplating. The ions in the metallic salt become plated on the finished product to be sold, and, thus, may be purchased for resale. 7/17/56.
440.0110 Cyclohexanon. Cyclohexanon is utilized in the manufacture of magnetic recording tape. The chemical is added in a batch mix prepared to manufacture the coating applied to raw magnetic tape. The chemical functions as a solvent in the mix and also as a reaction tool for certain other mix components. Additionally, it serves to make the end product, the magnetic tape, softer and of higher quality, but there is no indication that this is the result of the incorporation of the cyclohexanon into the magnetic tape.
Approximately three percent of the chemical added to the batch mix remains with the end product in a combination of residual solvent and in the reaction product. The manufacturing residue or "runoff" of the chemical is recycled and repeatedly reused until the chemical substance is depleted.
For the manufacture of magnetic recording tape, Cyclohexanon is used repeatedly as a solvent in the manufacturing process. This utilization of the property is for a purpose other than incorporation into the end product. Property which is purchased for the purpose of use in the manufacturing process is not thereby exempt from the tax by reason of some part remaining in the end product (American Distilling Company v. SBE, 55 Cal.App.2d 799). Thus, the purchase of Cyclohexanon for use in the manufacturing of magnetic recording tape is taxable. 10/26/73.
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440.0120 Ink Thinner. Sale of ink thinner to printers is subject to sales tax if the thinner evaporates from the paper and is therefore not resold with the paper. 10/19/53.
440.0134 Light Crude Oil—Diluting Medium. Light crude oil which is placed in oil wells to act as a diluting medium so that the heavy crude can be handled by well pumps is not purchased for resale. Even though the light crude remains in the product ultimately refined, the primary purpose of purchasing the light crude was completely fulfilled as soon as it served its purpose of facilitating the pumping of the heavier crude from the well. Thus, the purchase price paid for the light crude oil is subject to sales or use tax. 11/29/50.
440.0140 Methyl Ethyl and Methyl Isobutyl Ketones and Trichlorethane. Methyl Ethyl and Methyl Isobutyl ketones are flammable solvents used in applying oxide coating to magnetic tape and Trichlorethane, a non-flammable solvent used for thinning the lubricant which is applied to the oxide coating, are taxable manufacturing aids. 11/15/66.
440.0160 Methyl Ethyl and Methyl Isobutyl Ketones and Trichlorethane. When the solvents methyl ethyl ketone and isopropyl alcohol are used in the production of phenolic resin, they do not become part of the finished product and are taxable manufacturing aids. 12/16/69.
440.0163 Normal Methyl Pyrrolidine (NMP). In connection with a "solvent extraction" plant, a corporation purchases Normal Methyl Pyrrolidine (NMP) solution ex-tax from out-of-state retailers. Feed stock, a form of crude oil which has been refined somewhat through other separation processes, is termed "vacuum gas oil." The feed stock is combined with the NMP solution with the intention that the solution will assist in the removal of impurities from the oil and assist in the separation of the aromatic and nonaromatic oils. The primary intent is to use the NMP solution as a separation of the two types of oils and also as an agent for removal of impurities.
The NMP solution is being purchased with the dominate consideration being to make a use of the solution as a separator, not to incorporate the chemicals into the final product. The fact that the NMP solution may indirectly enhance the final product does not have any influence in making the decision to purchase the solution. The fact that 99.6% of the NMP solution is potentially recoverable for reuse and the fact that the corporation is constantly seeking to reduce the amount of solution which is absorbed into the final product lend support that the solution is purchased as a manufacturing catalyst, not to be incorporated into the final product. The major significance is the fact that the corporation purchases and uses the NMP solution for its separation qualities and its abilities to remove impurities from the feed stock oils. The corporation is thus the consumer of the NMP solution purchased for use in its refining processes and the use tax is due on the cost of the chemicals. 1/14/91.
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440.0165 Packing Material—Title Passage. When a moving and storage company has a contract with a customer which includes a notation "Customer agrees that title to all packing material passes to customer before any use of such material is made," "title" is considered to pass to the customer prior to any use. This is true without regard to whether or not the charge for the packing materials is separately stated. 6/29/95.
440.0180 Paint Thinner. Sales of paint thinner to manufacturers who mix the same with paint solids and apply to articles being manufactured, are not sales for resale and are taxable. The thinner is generally lost by evaporation before the painted article is sold. 3/30/53.
440.0200 Paint Thinner, Abrasives, Cleaning Compounds, and Masking Tapes, sales to persons who paint automobiles to be sold are regarded as sales at retail and subject to tax. 7/25/50.
440.0225 Rubber Cement. If a manufacturer purchases solvent to manufacture rubber cement and in turn uses the rubber cement to manufacture tires, the solvent is not purchased for resale since it evaporates before the tires are sold. On the other hand, if the tire manufacturer purchases rubber cement which includes solvent, it is the rubber cement that is purchased, not the solvent. The rubber cement may be purchased for resale even though the solvent contained therein may evaporate. 2/4/47.
440.0240 Thinner. Lacquer thinner utilized for thinning the lacquer applied to picture frames evaporated soon after application and hence does not become a permanent part of the picture frame. Accordingly, sale thereof to a manufacturer of picture frames is not for resale and is a taxable retail sale. 1/11/55.
440.0241 Thinning Solvent—Photoplate Manufacturing. Thinning solvent purchased to dilute a photoresist compound used in the manufacturing of photoplates used by integrated circuit manufacturers is virtually entirely dissipated during the baking process. Approximately two to ten percent of thinner remains on the photoplate. The photoresist compound purchased consists of from 60 to 80 percent thinner.
The thinning solvent, which is purchased separately, is added so that the compound will be spun on the glass plates in the proper thickness. While a minute quantity of thinner remains on the finished product, that is not the "principal purpose" for which the thinning solvent was purchased. Accordingly, the purchase of the thinner is taxable. 8/27/84.
440.0243 Tooling Supplied by Customer. An out-of-state customer furnishes tooling to a California manufacturer for use by the manufacturer in producing goods for the customer. The California manufacturer has no liability for any tax that may be due with respect to the tooling, provided the manufacturer did not fabricate or purchase the tooling. 5/27/88.
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(3) Matrices, Molds, Models
440.0260 Lace. A manufacturer of ceramics purchases lace for use as a framework or pattern for the porcelain and glaze from which figurines are made. During the firing process, the lace is reduced to gas (there may be a small ash residue). The lace does not perform any useful function except as a pattern for the formation of the porcelain lace during the firing process. The figurine is sold clothed in a gown of porcelain lace which results from the manufacturing process, and there is no trace of the cloth lace remaining as a component part. The manufacturer is purchasing the lace for use, and not for resale. 9/27/50.
440.0270 Markers. A clothing manufacturer provides a person with a cardboard pattern of a clothing design (hardcard). Using the hardcard, the person devises a pattern or "layout" for cutting material that will minimize waste. The "layout" is drawn or traced on heavy paper (marker) which is transferred back to the manufacturer. The "marker" is then used by the manufacturer to make a tissue copy (flimsy) of the pattern. The marker is reusable and can be used to make as many flimsies as necessary. The flimsy is placed directly on the material and used as a template to guide the cutting. The true object of the contract between the manufacturer and the person is the property acquired, i.e. the "marker." Therefore, the entire charge for fabricating the marker is subject to tax. 11/30/90.
440.0280 Matrix Material and Resin Powder. "Matrix Material" and "Phenolic Resin Powder," used in conjunction with a rubber compound and canvas backing in the production of rubber printing plates and box-die molds, do not become part of the finished product, and the sale of these items to the user is subject to tax. 9/28/55.
440.0300 Mold for Castings. A foundry receives an order for a mold and for castings to be produced from the mold, certifying that both items are for resale. After making the mold, a sample casting is poured as proof to the customer that the mold is satisfactory. Foundry then invoices the customer for the mold and thereafter uses the mold to produce the castings.
The sale of the mold to the customer is a taxable sale and not a sale for resale as the customer uses the mold prior to any resale thereof by permitting the foundry to use the mold to produce castings.
The customer's resale certificate is applicable only to the castings. 8/24/55.
440.0340 Molds and Dies—Title. In the instance of molds and dies used in the manufacture of oil seals it has been ruled that even though a purchase order and invoice are exchanged, which typically form part of the sales contract, no sale has taken place if the tooling only is used in the production of the product and not turned over to the customer at the end of the run. In this case the invoice is only a pricing arrangement and not evidence of sale. Thus, the only sale is the sale of the oil seals. If that sale is in interstate commerce, the manufacturer's charge is exempt from sales tax. If the title provision for the tooling appears on the purchase order or invoice, then the manufacturer sells the tooling. If title passes before the manufacturer's use, sales tax applies to the sale. If title passes after the manufacturer's use, the manufacturer may not purchase the tooling for resale, but the sale by the manufacturer will be an exempt sale in interstate commerce if it meets the specific requirements of the exemption. 5/27/64; 11/21/89.
440.0360 Wax Models sold to a manufacturer for use in making metal casts are manufacturing aids and subject to sales tax. 2/16/54.
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(4) Paper Products; Explosives—Chemicals Used In Manufacture Of
440.0380 Explosives. "A" purchases concentrated sulphuric acid from "B," a California supplier, ex-tax and makes the following uses thereof:
(1) Mixes the acid with other acid and sells the mixture to its customers, "C" and "D," who use it as a dehydrating agent.
(2) Uses the acid in its own manufacture of nitroglycerine, or other processes, as a dehydrating agent.
(3) After use of acid in (2) above, "A" sells the diluted acid back to "B" for reconcentration and resale to the trade, or
(4) Uses diluted acid in manufacturing fertilizer, or
(5) Reconcentrates the acid and again uses it as in (2). No taxable use is made of the acid in (1), it being incorporated into a product being resold, but the sales to "C" and "D" are not sales for resale.
The use in (2) as a dehydrating agent is a taxable use even though the acid may be later resold.
The sale back to "B" in (3) is an exempt sale for resale.
Where "C" and "D" sell diluted acid back to "A" who resells it directly to "B" the sale to "A" is exempt.
Where "C" and "D" sell diluted acid back to "A" for use as in (4), the use is exempt since the acid is added solely for the purpose of adding sulphate ions as a component part of the fertilizer (ammonium sulphate) to be manufactured and sold. But if "A's" use is as in (5), it is a taxable use. 3/3/53.
440.0395 Newsprint Manufacture. Sodium tripoly phosphate and sodium hydrosulfite (V-Brite) impart beneficial qualities to finished newsprint by their presence in the finished product. Accordingly, they may be purchased for resale by manufacturers of newsprint.
Sulfur dioxide, liquid sodium bisulfate and sodium borohyride are purchased primarily for use in the process of manufacturing newsprint. Although some amount of these chemicals may incidentally remain in the final product, they are not purchased for resale as part of the finished product. 8/7/86.
440.0400 Paper Products. The following chemicals and compounds are taxable manufacturing aids:
(1) Busan 90—a bromohydroxy acetophenone product which is injected into wood pulp slurries, processing water and paper coatings to prevent the growth of bacteria and formation of slime in pulp and on finished paper.
(2) Sodium Hydroxide (Caustic Soda), Calcium Carbonate (Limestone) and Sodium Sulphate—used to charge an alkaline cooking liquor which digests wood chips, leaving cellulose pulp. (3) Chlorine and Sodium Hydroxide—combined to make Sodium Hypochlorite which is used to bleach kraft pulp.
(4) Chlorine—used in multi-stage bleaching of kraft pulp; combines with lignin, rendering it reactive for subsequent bleaching operations.
(5) Sodium Silicate, Magnesium Sulphate, Trisodium Phosphate and Versenek 80 (Diethylenetriamine—Penta-Acetic Acid)—combined to make a bleaching solution for ground wood pulp. These chemicals act as stabilizers, preventing premature disassociation by pulp impurities.
(6) Sodium Hydroxide—used in caustic-extraction stage of kraft bleaching operations; serves in removal of water-soluble chlorinated lignin material.
(7) Sulphuric Acid, Sodium Chlorate and Sulphur Dioxide—combined to make a chlorine dioxide compound used for bleaching kraft pulp.
(8) Vanzak 112—liquid used as dispersant for pitch in kraft and ground wood pulps. Most of it is eventually washed out of the pulp.
(9) Defoamers (NOPCO DF-120, DF-160 and DF-303)—detergent compounds which are used to inhibit foaming in the process of manufacturing paper. They also serve as aids in the retention of fine pulp particles. The major portion of such defoamers is flushed away with other process effluents.
The following chemicals and compounds, or their constituents, become components of pulp and finished paper products, and thus may be purchased ex-tax for resale by a paper manufacturer.
(1) Mistron Talc—a Magnesium Silicate compound, which is added to wood pulp to control deposition of pitch and remains as a desirable component of finished paper.
(2) Ammonium Hydroxide—used as a mineral dispersant; becomes a component of the waterproof surface coating of finished paper.
(3) Sodium Hydroxide and Sulphur Dioxide—used to control reaction rates in peroxide bleaching of ground wood pulp. No washing of the pulp is done after introduction of these compounds and Sodium and Sulphur therefrom remain in the pulp and finished paper products. 3/10/65.
(5) Textiles—Chemicals Used In Dyeing Of
See also Fur Dressers and Dyers.
440.0415 Chemical Consumed in Fabric Dyeing. The following chemicals are consumed during the fabric dying process and do not become incorporated in the finished product.
Sodium Silicate is used as a stabilizer and does not become a component part of the finished product.
Caustic Soda (sodium hydroxide) is used to aid in the bleaching process. Bleaches used in bleaching material are consumed.
Sodium Perborate is used mainly for bleaching.
Hydrogen Peroxide. Its major use is to bleach the material and does not remain in the finished product to make the cotton stronger or more resilient. 4/29/80.
440.0425 Chemkar 211F. Chemkar 211F is used as a manufacturing aid in the dyeing of polyester carpet, and its sale is taxable. 8/30/74
440.0430 Cleaning Agents Purchased by Textile Processors. The purchase by textile processors of water softeners, wetting agents, stripping agents, bleaching agents, and detergents are purchased for some purpose other than resale. The mere fact that some portion of the products purchased may remain in the finished product is immaterial. (American Distilling Company v. State Board of Equalization, 55 Cal.App.2d 799.) 4/1/53.
440.0440 Dyeing of Cloth. In the dyeing of cloth, the chemicals Emulphor, Katanol, Orthodichlorobenzene and Triton 770 Concentrate are used primarily as solvents and emulsifiers and do not become a part of the dyed cloth. Therefore, the sale of such items to dyers is taxable. 5/31/57.
440.0460 Wetting Agents. The sale of wetting agents to textile dyers for use in enabling the fabric to absorb more of the dye, is a manufacturing aid which does not become a component part of either the fabric or the dye, and is taxable as a retail sale. 5/29/53.
(6) Food and Beverage Processing
Bakery and pan oils, see also Food Products.
440.0480 Aluminum Foil Potato Wrap. Aluminum foil "potato wrap" is sold to restaurants and used as a wrap in which potatoes, with foil intact, are served with meals. If the foil is purchased primarily for use as a wrapper for baking potatoes and not for use as a container for serving baked potatoes, sales of aluminum foil to restaurants for such purposes are taxable retail sales. If the foil is purchased specifically for use as a container for serving baked potatoes, the foil may be purchased for resale.
The use of aluminum foil as a container for serving baked potatoes would be where the foil is used to cover discolored or unsightly potatoes or in some instances, to cover boiling potatoes which are substituted for baking potatoes. 11/3/78.
440.0484 Aluminum Sulfate—Processing Sugar Pulp. Aluminum sulfate used in processing sugar pulp and molasses is a manufacturing aid even though some of it remains in the final product. The amount of aluminum sulfate in the final product is an incidental result of the manufacturing process. Therefore, sales of aluminum sulfate to sugar manufacturers are subject to tax. 12/11/91.
440.0500 Charred Oak Barrels purchased by distillers of whisley and used in the aging of whiskey, not only impart certain chemical compounds but are used to store the whiskey and to aid in certain chemical reactions the end result of which produces a matured beverage. This being the primary use of the barrels they are, accordingly, manufacturing aids the sale of which is subject to sales tax. 6/7/54.
440.0520 CO2 Gas for use in the sale of draft beer is taxable, since the purchaser buys the gas for use in forcing the draft beer through the pipes rather than for the purpose of reselling the gas. 8/7/52.
440.0521 CO2 Gas. Purchases of CO2 Gas used as a freezing agent in preparing frozen strawberries are taxable since the gas is not purchased for the purpose of becoming an ingredient or component part of the product even though some portion of the gas may remain with the packaged frozen strawberries. Similarly, the CO2 cannot be considered as nonreturnable packaging material since it does not prevent physical damage nor contain the strawberries during shipment. 10/6/93.
440.0522 CO2 Gas. CO2 gas is used to freeze chicken cubes to prevent them from sticking together when packed. The CO2 does not become a component part of the article sold, but is instead an item used in the processing of the property. As such, the CO2 is subject to sales tax. 2/19/82.
440.0523 CO2 Gas. CO2 gas is purchased for use in lowering the pH level of olives during the manufacturing process. The CO2 gas neutralizes a solution of sodium hydroxide leaving salt in the olives as a result. No CO2 remains in the olives after the processing. Since the CO2 is not purchased for the purpose of becoming an ingredient or component part of the finished olives, the CO2 falls into the category of a manufacturing aid and purchases of the gas for this purpose are subject to tax. 11/29/00. (2001–2).
440.0540 Corn Starch. Molding starch, composed principally of corn starch and used in the manufacture of candy, does not become an ingredient of the candy and is a manufacturing aid subject to tax. 7/26/55.
440.0550 Fruit Processing—Calcium Hydroxide and Calcium Chloride. These chemicals are purchased for the purpose of providing calcium which unites with the pectic acid in fruit to form calcium pectate, which "sets" or "firms" the fruit. One half remains with the fruit with the remainder being discarded with the brine. The primary purpose of the calcium hydroxide and calcium chloride is to form calcium pectate. Accordingly, it may be purchased for resale. 7/30/42.
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440.0560 Ice, Used in Manufacturing Luncheon Meat. If the ice is used for any purpose other than to become an ingredient or component part of the finished product it is purchased for a purpose other than resale and that the tax accordingly is applicable. 9/4/51.
440.0580 Nitrogen. Nitrogen, in gaseous form, used in the manufacture of salad dressing is primarily used to prevent spoilage before, during and after the manufacturing process, is a manufacturing aid subject to tax. Where a small amount of such gas is placed in the neck of the bottles just before capping, a resale occurs which portion would be exempt. 5/8/56.
440.0600 "Pectinol." "Pectinol" used in a manufacturing process involving fruit juices is a manufacturing aid consumed in such manufacturing process, and is subject to tax. 10/30/56.
440.0620 Petroleum Sulfonates. Petroleum sulfonates used to hydrolyze fats are used as a manufacturing aid and their sale is subject to tax. 10/25/55.
440.0626 Potato Sprout Inhibitors. Isopropyl-M-Chorocabanilate, also known as choropropham or CIPC, is applied to potatoes after they have been harvested to prohibit sprouting while in storage.
If the chemical is used during storage to prevent potatoes from sprouting, with the inhibition of sprouting to continue after the treatment even though the CIPC is physically removed after treatment, the CIPC cannot be purchased for resale and sales tax would apply to the sale of the chemical. The chemical in this situation would be considered used as a catalyst or to produce a chemical or physical reaction. (Kaiser Steel Corp. v. State Board of Equalization (1979) 24 Cal.3d 188.)
On the other hand, if the CIPC must be physically present on the potatoes at the time of sale in order to continue inhibiting sprout growth and if this is the grower's reason for applying the chemical, then the growers may issue a resale certificate to their vendors. 7/19/95.
440.0630 "Produce Wash." "Produce Wash" is applied to produce and then completely rinsed off with water so as to facilitate removal of the dirt and chemicals on the produce. It is not incorporated into the produce and its sale to grocery stores or food processors is a taxable retail sale. 5/30/90.
440.0640 Salt and Lye. The sale or use of salt used for preserving olives before processing and the sale or use of lye used in processing olives are taxable. The sale or use of the final salt brine is exempt if the brine remains with the olives when they are sold. 11/9/55. (Am. 2005–2).
440.0660 Salt Used for Cooling Fruit. Salt used in cooling fruit during shipment in interstate commerce may not be purchased under a resale certificate as ice may in similar circumstances, since the exemption afforded ice used in shipping or packing is statutory. 7/3/62.
440.0680 Salt Used in Grading Vegetables. Salt used in the business of grading peas and beans for food processing and packing is a manufacturing aid and subject to tax. 3/16/55.
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440.0700 Soda Ash, Borax, Fungicides. All of these products are used by packing companies in the preparation of fruits and vegetables for sale:
Soda ash or borax which is sold to fruit packing companies is not purchased for the purpose of physically incorporating them into the manufactured article to be sold. Soda ash is added at the packing house to act as a cleansing agent which cleanses the fruit of impurities found on the fruit at the packing house, not being added for the purpose of incorporation.
Borax is used primarily as a fungicide to destroy fungus spores which have accumulated on the fruit prior to its arrival at the packing house. While some borax remains on the fruit to protect it after its departure from the packing house, most of the borax performs the function of removing existing spores and during the process goes off into a bath rather than permanently becoming a part of the fruit . . . The sale of borax to the packing house constitutes a taxable retail sale. 9/26/52.
440.0710 Sprout—Nip A and Sprout Nip Emulsifiable Concentrate. These products are herbicides which prevent sprouting of potatoes and do not become incorporated into the potatoes. Therefore, the sales of these products to growers and dealers, who apply it to the potatoes, are taxable. 9/20/93.
440.0720 Sulphur used in drying and curing fruit is regarded as used by manufacturer, not as incorporated and resold. 9/13/51.
440.0735 Transfer Paper. Transfer paper is used in the textile manufacturing process. According to the taxpayer, it is paper which is treated with a special chemical. According to the supplier of the transfer paper, the chemical's role is purely that of a catalyst. The taxpayer maintains that the chemical adds a sheen to the fabric and it also helps prevent snagging of certain sheer polyester.
Mere physical presence in a finished product is an insufficient basis for exemption. The available evidence is that the primary purpose of the transfer paper is as a manufacturing aid to facilitate the transfer of a design from a silk screen to the fabric. After the process is completed the paper is discarded. There is no evidence that the chemical contained in the paper is in the fabric or the paper which is discarded. Even if some of the chemical appears in the fabric, it appears that it is incidental and the transfer paper is a necessary element in the heat transfer process. 4/30/90.
440.0760 Wax. The sale of wax used to preserve olives while fermenting is taxable. 9/13/50.
440.0770 Wine Making—Chemicals Used in. The following percentages have been established as standard reporting figures for the amount of the specified chemicals which are incorporated into the finished wine and are resold. The remaining percentage is taxable as a manufacturing aid.
liquefied sulfur dioxide gas . . . 55 percent
potassium meta-bisulfite . . . 35 percent
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440.0775 Wood Used in Curing Meats. The primary purpose for burning wood in the processing and curing meats is to produce smoke which becomes a component part of the meat product to be sold. The wood may be purchased for resale. 7/24/40.
(7) Miscellaneous Specific Aids
Coke, carbon, etc., used by Foundries, see also Foundries.
440.0798 Abrasive Pads—Ophthalmic. Abrasive pads used to grind lenses are consumed by the ophthalmic lens laboratory. Since the laboratory is the consumer, tax applies to the sale of the pads to it. 2/18/92.
440.0800 Activated Charcoal Used in Rectifying Grain Alcohol. Activated charcoal, sold to rectifiers for purifying grain alcohol, is used to absorb impurities from the alcohol and is then discarded. Activated charcoal used for such purpose is a manufacturing aid. Accordingly, the sale to the rectifier is subject to sales tax. 4/4/66.
440.0820 Activating Solution Used in Shoe Manufacturing which completely evaporates in process, tax applies on sale to shoe manufacturer. 4/16/51.
440.0840 Aluminum. Where aluminum is sold for the purpose of removing oxygen from the molten steel and the greater part thereof is skimmed from the top of the ladle as slag, it is not sold for resale and sales tax applies. 12/29/54.
440.0860 Aluminum—Used in Steel Manufacture. Aluminum purchased by manufacturers of steel is placed in ladles and covered with molten steel, preventing the formation of pinholes in the finished steel. The aluminum oxide is skimmed off the surface of the molten steel. The aluminum is purchased for use as a manufacturing aid and not for the purpose of resale. Accordingly, it is subject to sales or use tax notwithstanding the fact that a portion of the aluminum remains in the finished steel. 8/9/65.
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440.0866 Ammonia, Sulfuric Acid and Caustic Soda Used to Manufacture Cracking Catalysts for the Petroleum Industry. Ammonia, sulfuric acid and caustic soda are used in the manufacture of cracking catalysts which are sold to the petroleum industry. Only two percent of the ammonia and sulfuric acid remain in the finished catalyst, but their presence is necessary for the catalyst to be effective. These chemicals may be purchased for resale even though ninety-eight percent is washed out or dumped during the manufacturing process. The caustic soda detracts from the stability and activity of the catalyst. The caustic soda is therefore regarded as a manufacturing aid even though some portion remains in the catalyst. 9/6/77.
440.0880 Ansol PR Used to Achieve an Adhesive Seal. Sales of Ansol PR are taxable when made to a company which purchases it for the purpose of achieving an adhesive seal on a cellophane overwrap around a box rather than for incorporation into the cellophane wrap. Due to the evaporation of the chemical during the process, it is consumed rather than resold. 4/12/62.
440.0887 Artwork for Silk Screening. A taxpayer sold custom T-shirts and other printed items. The taxpayer created the art to the customer's specifications or found a suitable piece in his archives. He retained title to the artwork, but made a separate charge for camera work and the silk screens. The charge for the camera work and silk screens is a part of the gross receipts which are subject to tax. Gross receipts include the total amount of the sale price without deduction on account of labor or service cost. It is immaterial that the taxpayer separately stated his labor charges. 2/22/94.
440.0900 Bleaches used in bleaching materials, regarded as consumed and not incorporated and resold. 7/2/51.
440.0920 Bleaches. Caustic soda, soda ash, liquid chlorine, sulphuric acid, oxalic acid and other similar chemicals used as bleaching agents in the manufacture of shellac are considered as consumed manufacturing aids and the tax is applicable. 12/22/52.
440.0940 Blowing Agents and Catalysts which alter the cell structure of components used in the manufacture of flexible polyurethane foam and dissipate substantially in the process are used primarily as manufacturing aids to produce a chemical reaction, rather than as components of the finished product and sold with it and so are subject to sales tax. 5/27/69.
440.0950 Celluloid Tapes and Reels as Containers. In manufacturing printed circuit boards, integrated circuits and other components placed on the board are placed between two layers of celluloid tape and wound around a reel. The placement machinery then separates the two layers of celluloid tape and places the components on the board at the desired location. The celluloid tapes are discarded. The reels may be recycled or scrapped.
When the entire package of the celluloid tapes and reels are purchased together with the components from the supplier of the components in a completed form, the celluloid tapes and reels are containers and the package may be purchased by the manufacturer of the circuit boards for resale. However, when the components are purchased from one supplier and the manufacturer separately purchases the celluloid tapes and reels, the manufacturer is the consumer of the tapes and reels and may not purchase them for resale. Further, if the insertion of the components into the celluloid tape and the mounting of the reels is sub-contracted to a third party, the charges represent fabrication of a manufacturing aid and as such are subject to tax.
If the manufacturer retains title to the tapes and reels, a separate charge for mounting the integrated circuits on the reels and tapes to their customers is not taxable if the circuit boards are sold for resale. If the circuit boards are sold at retail, such charges are includible in the taxable gross receipts. 8/30/93.
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440.0960 Chaplets. Chaplets, a metal device used in foundries for holding a core or section of a mold in place, are used as manufacturing aids and are, accordingly, purchased for use rather than for resale and sales thereof to manufacturers are subject to sales tax. 12/14/54.
440.0980 Chaplets and Cleaners, Nails. The following have been held to be consumed by the manufacturer rather than resold as an ingredient or component part of the manufactured article: Chaplets used to support core proper distance from mold, nails inserted in casting to regulate rate of cooling, cleansers used to prepare surfaces to be painted. 3/24/50; 4/20/50; 4/21/50.
440.0988 Chemicals Used in Conversion Coatings for Steel. Conversion coatings are coatings formed on metals by treatment with suitable combinations of acids and metallic salts in dilute solutions. The coating is the result of converting the exterior metallic molecules into another chemical compound with different physical and chemical properties. Tax applies as follows to chemicals used in the process.
Leeder 374-H—Leeder 374-H is a cleaner and iron phosphating compound and is used at about 1½ ounce per gallon of water at 140°–160° F. Under these conditions, the phosphate portion which is about 80% of the formula reacts with the outer layer of iron, forming a complex iron phosphate. This coating imparts a color, increases paint adhesion and increases corrosion resistance. Leeder 374-H may be purchased for resale since its primary purpose is to form a nonmetallic coating on the metal being treated through a chemical conversion of the surface metal, notwithstanding that it may to some extent perform a cleaning function prior to the actual disposition of the coating on the metal.
Leeder 272-H—Leeder 272-H is used with Leeder 374-H to control the pH in the proper range to get good disposition and improved corrosion resistance. Therefore, it is in the nature of a catalyst. It is used for purposes other than incorporation into the finished product. Under such circumstances, Leeder 272-H is regarded as a taxable manufacturing aid.
Leeder 771-H—Leeder 771-H is used in the final rinse stage to "stabilize and seal" the phosphate coating by depositing in the capillaries of the coatings itself. Since Leeder 771-H is being incorporated into the finished product, it may be purchased for resale. 5/10/71.
440.1000 Cleaners, purchased for use in preparing metal parts surfaces prior to rust-proofing, do not become incorporated in product; tax therefore applies to sale of cleaner to user. 4/25/51.
440.1015 Coal (Fly Ash) Used in Manufacturing of Cement. In one of the stages in the manufacturing of cement, coal is crushed into powder, blown into the kiln and ignited. The coal is used to produce heat in the kiln. Most of the coal is consumed or evaporates in the process but the inorganic elements, primarily silica, alumina and ferric oxide, remain in the form of ash called "fly ash." Approximately 98 percent of the fly ash is absorbed by and remains in the clinker (a lava-like substance which is mixed with gypsum to form the cement), while the remainder escapes in the kiln mixed with the various gasses. About 10 percent of the coal, measured by weight, is composed of the fly ash elements that remain in the cement. The fly ash in the amount that remains is a necessary and desired element of the finished cement.
Under this process, there is a dual purpose for purchasing coal, namely, the organic elements to provide heat while the inorganic elements or fly ash to be incorporated into the finished product. Therefore, the portion of the coal (fly ash) that is incorporated into the final product is not subject to tax.
Since the coal is purchased for a lump-sum price, the price must be allocated between the fly ash and the other elements of the coal. The amount of fly ash incorporated into the final product is derived from 10 percent of the coal. However, since fly ash normally sells for about one half the price of coal, the nontaxable portion should be computed based upon the fair market value of the amount of fly ash obtained from 10 percent of the coal purchased. 9/13/72.
440.1020 Coke used for melting minerals which are then converted to wool insulation fibers in the manufacture of rock wool, does not become an ingredient of the finished product and hence is taxable as a manufacturing aid. 10/8/54.
440.1040 Crude Oil. Ethylene oxide, propylene oxide and propylene sulfonate used in manufacturing demulsifying agents which are used for removing water from crude oil are taxable as manufacturing aids, even though they may incidentally become physically incorporated into the crude oil. 4/7/67.
440.1045 Crude Oil—Chemical E-4161. Chemical E-4161 is added to crude oil where it functions as an emulsion breaker, i.e., it facilitates the separation of crude oil from contaminated water or brine. Even though it remains with the crude oil component when the water is removed, its purpose is to remove the water. Therefore, it is a manufacturing aid and may not be purchased for resale. 11/24/92.
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440.1050. Cyclohexanone. The chemical Cyclohexanone utilized as a solvent and dispersal agent in the manufacture of magnetic tape is a taxable manufacturing aid notwithstanding that each repeated use of the chemical may result in the incorporation of about one percent of the property. 7/11/74.
440.1055 Degreasing Agents. Remkleen WS and Metro CD are degreasing agents used by various persons prior to painting, welding, etc. These agents are not incorporated into the product for resale, and are subject to tax. 5/19/72.
440.1060 Deobase. The chemical "Deobase" is a manufacturing aid used in process of making soap and its sale to the manufacturer is taxable as a sale for a purpose other than resale. 2/15/57.
440.1080 Electroplating. Nickel Sulphate, Nickel Chloride, Coppralyte, Potassium Stannite, and Silver Cyanide used in electroplating, the metallic components of which become incorporated in finished products which are sold, may be purchased ex-tax for resale.
Boric Acid, Caustic Potash, Potassium Carbonate, and Potassium Cyanide, used in electroplating, the components of which do not become incorporated in finished products which are sold are taxable manufacturing aids. 9/14/66.
440.1085 Electroplating. Sales to platers of brightners to be codeposited or absorbed into a product which is resold are sales for resale and not subject to sales tax. Likewise, if a plater plates a new article for a consumer, his entire charge is taxable and sales to him of brightners are for resale. However, when the plating is of a used article for a consumer, the plater is the consumer of the brightners and sales thereof to him are taxable. 6/2/72.
440.1090 Emulsion Breakers. Emulsion breakers separate oil and water in crude oil. They are regarded as being used in a manufacturing process. Tax applies even though they may incidentally dissolve in the crude oil and some portion may remain in the finished product. 11/20/89.
440.1095 Film and Negatives Used to Produce Sample Prints. Raw film and optical sound track negatives were used in the process of duplicating previously released motion pictures from which sample prints were made. The sample prints and the negatives used to produce them were then sold. In this case, the negatives were used as manufacturing aids to make the sample prints prior to being sold. Therefore, use tax applies to the cost of the raw film stock and the optical sound track used to make the sample prints, as set forth in Regulation 1525.1, in addition to the sales tax due upon their sale to the purchaser. 8/28/91.
440.1105 Flourspar. Flourspar (calcium fluoride) is added to raw cement mixes during manufacturing to facilitate clinkering. It lowers the temperature at which liquid is formed and thus reduces the clinkering temperature; however, its presence has no beneficial effect on the cement. Flourspar is a manufacturing aid and its sale to a cement manufacturer is a taxable retail sale. 3/13/81.
440.1121 Flux. Flux used to prevent magnesium from burning during the process of melting magnesium is not purchased for purpose of resale. The sale of the flux is subject to tax. 11/4/42.
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440.1140 Flux, Lead and Wire-Drawing Compounds as Manufacturing Aids. Flux used in coating a base metal with another molten metal reduces the oxidized surface of the base metal, permitting the bonding of both metals. Neither the flux nor its constituents becomes incorporated in the bonded metals to any significant degree.
Molten lead is used as a bath for preheating wire prior to passage through flux and immersion in molten zinc. A small amount of lead adheres to the wire and becomes incorporated in the galvanized coating.
Calcium stearate and grease compounds containing hydrated lime and borax are used as lubricants to facilitate the drawing of wire through dies and to produce various finishes. Pressures developed in drawing cause a certain amount of the drawing compounds to adhere permanently to the wire surfaces.
Such fluxes, lead and wire-drawing compounds are purchased for use in performing manufacturing operations and not for the purpose of incorporating their constituents in finished wire products. Accordingly, sales of such property to a wire manufacturer for such purposes are not sales for resale. 12/29/65.
440.1160 Fuel Oil. Fuel oil sold for the purpose of generating steam in a manufacturing plant to assist in the process of curing products is subject to sales tax. 1/27/53.
440.1180 Fusel Oil. Fusel oil purchased for use as an anti-foam agent in the pumping over and recirculation of a finished coating solution are used as a manufacturing aid and hence consumed by the user. 5/26/54.
440.1200 Galvanizing Process—Chemicals Used in. Caustic soda, sulphuric acid, and hydrochloric acid (sometimes called muriatic acid), and zinc ammonium chloride are manufacturing aids consumed by the manufacturers in the galvanizing process. 1/13/70. (Am. 2000–1).
440.1220 Garnet Paper. Garnet paper purchased and used to smooth the surface of plywood is consumed during the manufacturing process and is not purchased for resale notwithstanding the fact that the resins from the garnet paper remain on the surface of the finished product since this is only an incidental effect. 4/7/61.
440.1230 Gypsum. Gypsum added in the process of manufacturing glass containers is an essential component of the manufactured article and may be purchased for resale. 11/11/76.
440.1234 Gypsum for Wallboards. The following chemicals used in the production of gypsum for wallboards are manufacturing aids:
(1) Lignosite (lignosis). Since gypsum is a dehydrate of calcium sulfate and water, it is important that two and only two molecules of water bond to each molecule of calcium sulfate. Lignosite is a diffusing agent which is added to the slurry of calcium sulfate and water to ensure that the water will spread evenly throughout the mixture. When added to the slurry, the lignosite bonds with water molecules to form ionized water-lignin molecules. The ionized molecules apparently surround the calcium sulfate particles and thereby impart a negative charge to each of the particles. The result is that each particle repels every other particle ensuring adequate diffusion of the water and proper bonding to the calcium sulfate.
Lignosite is used as a diffusing agent, and the fact that it remains in the finished product is merely an added benefit. Accordingly, the purchases of lignosite is for the primary purpose of use during the manufacturing process and not for the primary purpose of resale as part of the finished product. Also, the use of the lignosite as a diffusing agent in the manufacturing process is prior to resale.
(2) Retarders and Potassium Sulfate. In the wallboard's drying process, it is important that all parts of the gypsum dry at the same rate. If some parts dry prematurely, the result is stress lines in the gypsum which weaken the wallboard. In order to control the rate of drying, "retarders" and potassium sulfate are added to the gypsum. The retarders are added first and their function is to prevent the gypsum from drying so that no part dries prematurely. At the proper time, potassium sulfate is added. This chemical causes the gypsum to dry almost immediately, thereby producing a uniform "snap set."
Both the retarders and potassium sulfate are used to produce chemical or physical reactions during the manufacturing process. The retarders are used to delay drying and the potassium sulfate is used to produce a snap set. Although the retarders and potassium sulfate remain in the finished gypsum, their physical presence does not appear to have any beneficial effect whatsoever. Accordingly, these chemicals are purchased primarily for use in the manufacturing process and not for resale. Also, the use of these chemicals in the manufacturing process is prior to resale. 6/28/83.
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440.1237 Hormone Rooting Powder and Liquid. Sales tax applies to the sales of rooting powders and liquids. Rooting hormones are described as follows: "They are placed on the tip end of the cutting. Upon watering and with the proper temperature and other greenhouse or growing practices, rooting hopefully occurs. After rooting, the stock is either placed in containers or sold as rooted cuttings for others to grow to proper size for resale . . . The hormones are used in the production of the finished product."
Indole 3 butyric acid and napthalenaecetic acid, the active ingredient of the rooting powder and liquid, are growth regulators used by the growers to promote the rooting of plants. The primary purpose of such growth regulators is to promote the rooting of the plants. Only after this rooting function is performed and the rooting has occurred are the rooted plants resold by the growers.
The resold plant having been rooted by the use of rooting products is not sufficient to conclude that the growers are reselling the rooting product. Further research leads to the conclusion that during the rooting process, the growth regulators are metabolized into the cells of the plants or are exhausted and detoxified by indiscriminate reactions that are meaningless to cell regulation. It is also concluded that the growers purchase the rooting products for the purpose of rooting the plants before they are sold. A small amount of unexhausted and toxic rooting powder or liquid still being active in the rooted plant would be incidental to the growers purpose and would not change the conclusion. The courts have held that the sale of chemicals for use in a manufacturing process is a taxable retail sale where only a small and uncertain portion of the elements of the chemicals are retained in the finished product. (American Distilling Company v. State Board of Equalization, 55 Cal.App.2d 799, 804.) 11/17/71.
440.1240 Hydrochloric Acid. Where HCl is purchased, used first to extract a product, and then used in the manufacture of cattle feed, it cannot be purchased ex-tax for resale. 4/28/64.
440.1260 Hydrochloric Acid—First Taxable Use. The sale of HCl for use in the manufacture of monosodium glutamate is a retail sale and subject to tax, even though subsequent to such use it is incorporated into cattle feed which is sold. 9/14/64.
440.1280 Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Butane Gases, sales of, to manufacturer, used in fusing glass in manufacturing "nitrogen filled" thermometers, are taxable retail sales. Sales of nitrogen, however, to be used as ingredient are exempt. 8/1/51.
440.1300 Iron Rods and Bars. Are not bought for the purpose of resale even though the iron remains in the finished product, where such bars and rods are used as electric poles to create an electric spark.
This is equally true in the case of pipes used to convey oxygen prior to their becoming an ingredient of the finished product.
An apportionment is not possible in either of the above situations because all of the material is used for a purpose other than resale, even though it ultimately is resold. 2/21/55.
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440.1320 Kerosene. The use of kerosene as a heating agent in processing products is subject to tax as it is substantially consumed in the process, thus becoming a manufacturing aid. 3/2/56.
440.1330 Lignin and Potash. Both of these chemicals are used in the manufacturing of wallboard. Lignin retards setting and also assists in the penetration of the slurry into the paper. Potash accelerates the final setting of the gypsum.
Since these properties enhance the manufacturing process so that a higher quality wallboard can be produced, they are manufacturing aids and their use is subject to tax. 4/13/93.
440.1340 Lubricants. A rubber chemical used as a lubricant to facilitate mold release of rubber products such as tires, and which may remain as a film on the finished rubber product, is nevertheless a manufacturing aid purchased primarily for use as a lubricant, and is subject to tax. 3/4/54.
440.1360 Lubricants. Zinc stearate and wax, purchased by a ceramincs manufacturer for use as external lubricants in the manufacture of articles produced by molding, improve the flow of the material being molded and facilitate the removal of the article from the mold. Zinc stearate and wax purchased for such purpose are purchased for use as manufacturing aids. Sales of such materials to a ceramics manufacturer for such use are taxable retail sales. 8/13/64.
440.1380 Lumber Treatment. Purchase of Melsan, Lignasan, Wyandotte Noxtane and Permatox, used as an anti-blue stain for lumber are sales for resale, provided, the purchaser who applies such stains does not plane the lumber subsequent to such application and sells the lumber unplaned. If, however, the applier planes the lumber after application of the stain and before sale of the lumber, the stain is thus removed and the sale of the stains to the applier is taxable. 7/18/56.
440.1420 Offset Prevention. The sale of a powder to printers for use as a spray to prevent wet ink from offsetting, is a retail sale and subject to tax. 2/18/54.
440.1440 Oil for Flushing Wells. A sale of oil for flushing oil wells is not a sale for resale. Although the flushing oil used to clean the walls of wells commingles with the petroleum which is pumped from the well and sold, the flushing oil performs its function before it commingles with the product to be sold. 7/31/58. (Am. 2000–3).
440.1460 Paper Pulp. The sale of paper pulp and wood fiber which is ultimately incorporated into a product sold as cattle feed is, nevertheless, a retail sale when prior to incorporating it in cattle feed it is used in a filtration process. 3/25/65.
440.1470 Peptide and Antibody Manufacture. A taxpayer manufactures peptides by solid phase synthesis. A catalyst is used to couple the various amino acids into peptide chains. The peptides are washed with mixtures of solvents such as methylene chloride and methanol. The peptides are then purified, freeze dried, and packaged for sale. The taxpayer also produces antibodies to peptides by injecting rabbits, guinea pigs, and rats with peptides. Blood is withdrawn from the animals and the antibodies are isolated, purified, and sold.
Even if some portion of the catalysts, solvents, and carriers remain in the finished products, there is no indication that such presence has any beneficial effect on the final product. These items are manufacturing aids and may not be purchased for resale. 5/4/94.
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440.1480 Peroxides. Peroxides used as initiators in the production of plastic products become a component part of the finished product and accordingly, may be purchased ex-tax for resale. Cellophane, on the other hand, used in such production, constitutes manufacturing aid and is subject to tax. 11/16/56.
440.1485 Petroleum Coke. By use of the word "waste", the Legislature did not intend to exempt "moderate to high value byproducts". It has been noted that the quality of petroleum coke can vary significantly from refinery to refinery. Much of the sulfur originally contained in crude oil and almost all of the metals are concentrated in the petroleum coke. The higher the level of sulfur and metals, the less the value of the petroleum coke. Assuming that petroleum coke is not a "moderate to high value byproduct", the sale is exempt from tax regardless that it has some commercial value. 1/7/92.
440.1500 Phosphoric and Sulphuric Acids. These acids, used in a process known as "anodizing" aluminum, are primarily used as electrolytes, acting in the nature of a catalyst, and do not become a component part of the aluminum objects that are processed. The processor is accordingly the consumer of such acids and subject to tax thereon. 4/24/57.
440.1520 Plastic Coatings sold to manufacturers which become a part of the finished product are exempt sales for resale. Where reducers in separate containers are sold along with such plastic coatings and used by manufacturers to reduce the coatings to proper consistency, they are manufacturing aids the sale of which is subject to tax. If a single price is charged for both items, it will be necessary to allocate to the reducer its fair retail selling price upon which tax must be paid. 3/12/54.
440.1540 Plating. Sales of metal anodes and chromic acid to job platers who plate articles of a manufacturer's product which is destined for resale, are sales for resale. Likewise, where a plater plates a new article for a consumer, his entire charge is taxable and sales to him of anodes and acid are for resale. However, where the plater plates a used article for a consumer and the plating metal is chrome or some other nonprecious metal, the plater is the consumer of the anodes and acids and sales thereof to him are taxable. 5/25/54.
440.1560 Plywood Manufacture. The manufacturer of plywood is liable for the tax on his purchase of paper tape consumed in the production of the plywood, and is not purchased for resale. 6/8/60.
440.1580 Polyurethane Foam. Ethyl Morpholine, Tetramethyl Butanediamine, Demethyl Farmamide, Cellosolve Solvent, Isopropanel Anhydrous, Kaydol, Methylene Chloride, Aropol #7750, N-Ethyl Morpholine, Triethylenediamine and Tetra Methyl Butane Diamine used in the production of Polyurethane Foam are manufacturing aids and may not be purchased for resale. Trichloromofluormethane, when used in making flexible Polyurethane Foam, is considered a manufacturing aid and may not be purchased for resale. 7/6/67. (Am. M99–1).
440.1595 Property Used in Manufacturing—Negatives, etc. The manufacture of printed circuit boards involves the creation and use of negatives of the engineering and design drawings which show the actual circuitry to be imprinted on the board, assembly drawings showing the various components to be mounted on the board, and schematic drawings to be used in servicing the finished product of which the board is a part. All of these items are manufacturing aids as they do not become part of the finished product even though their images or imprints may become part of the finished product. If they are purchased from a vendor the gross receipts from the sale are taxable and a resale card should not be given. Even though most of the value of such manufacturing aids may be represented by the cost of the skilled services of technicians, draftsmen, other specialists, and the use of expensive equipment, the true object of the contract is the acquisition of the tangible personal property produced by such services and equipment. 1/18/79.
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440.1600 Protein Injections. Sales of protein for injection into animals to produce certain antibodies are taxable retail sales since none of the protein becomes a component of the antibodies which are sold. 12/6/67.
440.1605 Pump Aids. Pumping aids are added to concrete mixers at the job sites to improve pumpability. Pumping aids are consumed during the pumping process and are manufacturing aids as set forth under Regulation 1525. If title to the wet concrete passes to the purchaser after delivery from the truck, the pumping aids have already been consumed by the seller and they are not resold to the purchaser even if the seller includes a separate charge for that delivered wet concrete for its overhead cost of pumping aids. 10/8/91.
440.1620 Sand Used in Preparation of Surfaces for Painting. Sales of sand for use in removal of scale and rust from manufactured units to prepare them for painting are subject to sales tax under Regulation 1525 since the sand is not physically incorporated into the manufactured item. 8/5/64.
440.1660 Soap Used in Manufacturing. Soap used to create voids in a plastic mixture, resulting in increased insulation properties of wallboard being manufactured, is purchased for a purpose other than resale. 4/30/53.
440.1662 Soap Used in Manufacturing as a Foamer. Where soap is used as a foamer in the manufacturing process, it is the presence of bubbles in the final product that is beneficial to the final product, and not the foamer. The foamer itself produces the bubbles and, thus, is beneficial in the manufacturing process but not in the finished product. Under such circumstances, the soap cannot be purchased for resale even if remaining in the finished product. 4/13/93. (Am. 99–2).
440.1668 Soap Used in Manufacturing Latex Foam Rubber Backing. In the manufacturing of latex foam rubber backing on carpet, the foaming by mechanical agitation generally requires the addition of a soap product to produce the desired froth or foam level. The primary purpose for the soap is for the foaming. After solidification of the product, the soap generally becomes an undesirable component.
In this process, the soap was purchased specifically for the purpose of a processing aid and only incidentally remains in the finished product after performing its function. Thus, the soap used in this manner is a manufacturing aid and may not be purchased for resale. 5/16/72.
440.1676 Sodium Hydroxide and Sulfuric Acid Used in Manufacturing Filters. Sodium hydroxide is used as a solvent in the manufacture of filters. It dissolves the poly carbonate membrane (film texture) creating holes. Sulfuric acid is used to neutralize the sodium hydroxide in preparing for its safe disposal at the end of the manufacturing process.
Both of these chemicals are subject to tax since they perform a manufacturing function rather than being resold prior to use. (Regulation 1525(a).) 12/5/90.
440.1680 Sodium Silicate Used in Paper Production. Sodium silicate when purchased for use in a paper production process as a source of basic ions for maintaining proper pH is taxable. However, if a substantial amount of the sodium silicate remains in the groundwood pulp and imparts a desired nonabsorbency characteristic, sodium silicate purchased for such purpose may be regarded as purchased for resale. 1/24/66.
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440.1700 Spring Mist Spray Applied to Drapes. Spring Mist, a liquid spray, is sold to drapers for use in removing wrinkles in drapes which they sell and install. Inasmuch as this spray evaporates after performing its function, it is regarded as sold to the drapers for consumption and not for the purpose of resale. Accordingly, such sales are taxable retail sales. 8/31/67.
440.1720 Stakes—Ties and Fasteners, sold retailer-nursery to support trees while in nursery, are used in producing, and tax applies to sale. 11/10/50.
440.1740 Steel Balls Used to Grind Sand. Forged steel balls are used in a ball mill to grind silica sand to a desired fineness. The sand becomes incorporated into a finished product which you sell. In the course of the grinding the balls wear out and all of the steel from the balls eventually becomes a part of the product.
The steel balls are purchased for the purpose of using them in manufacturing processes and not primarily for the purpose of incorporating iron into a finished product. Accordingly, the sale of the steel balls is a retail sale and subject to sales tax. 5/16/52.
440.1760 Steel Oxidizing Agents. Sodium Hydroxide, Sodium Nitrate and Potassium Nitrate used in the process of blackening steel in which the steel is immersed in a solution of the chemicals and emerges with an oxidized surface are consumed rather than resold. 8/11/64.
440.1780 Sulphuric Acid. The sale of sulphuric acid to a manufacturer and used as a dehydrating agent is a retail sale and subject to tax, even though subsequent to such use it is incorporated into other tangible personal property which is sold. 5/26/55.
440.1800 Sulphuric Acid. Sulphuric acid, remaining in solution in the same amount before and after the anodizing of aluminum, is merely used as an electrolyte and in the nature of a catalyst or vehicle for transferring the oxygen from the water to the anodized aluminum, and the sale of the acid to the user is, therefore, a taxable retail sale. 11/8/57. (Am. 2000–3).
440.1820 Talc. Talc used as an anti-adhesive or lubricant in the manufacture of tires is subject to sales tax as a manufacturing aid. 5/10/56.
440.1840 Wood Pulp Products. Although sodium silicate, epsom salts, trisodium phosphate and Versenes 80 are combined with hydrogen peroxide, they act as peroxide stabilizers before and during the manufacturing process and only incidentally remain in the finished product, and may not be purchased for resale. 7/28/65.
440.1848 Chemicals Used in Manufacturing Cracking Catalysts. The following chemicals are used in the manufacturing of cracking catalysts for the petroleum industry.
Ammonia and sulfuric acid. Ammonia and sulfuric acid are purchased primarily for incorporation in the finished catalyst. Although only small percentages of these chemicals are in fact so incorporated, this is a necessary consequence of the manufacturing process. Under these circumstances, the ammonia and sulfuric acid are considered nontaxable.
Caustic soda. Caustic soda detracts from the stability and activity of cracking catalysts, is usually removed during the manufacturing, and is not intended to be incorporated in the finished catalysts. Thus, its purchase is subject to tax. 9/6/77.
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(b) PROPERTY BECOMING COMPONENT PART OF FINISHED PRODUCT
Tanning, chemicals used in, see also Fur Dressers and Dyers. Photographic processing, chemicals used in, see also Photographers, Photostat Producers, Photo Finishers and X-ray Laboratories.
(1) In General
440.1851 Aircraft Kit. A firm engaged in light manufacturing plans to purchase a light aircraft kit from which to manufacture the aircraft. It will take approximately two and a half years to complete. Upon completion, it will be sold. If the aircraft kit is purchased for the sole purpose of reselling it, the firm may purchase it for resale. The subsequent sale of the completed aircraft would be subject to tax. 4/30/97.
440.1852 Carrier Gases/Dopants. Manufacturers of silicon wafers may purchase a mixture of carrier gas and dopants for resale. The carrier gases facilitate transportation of the toxic dopant and to control the amount of dopant diffused into the water. It is not incorporated into the finished product. It is appropriate to allow the manufacturer to purchase the combined product for resale. The situation is analagous to paint which includes thinner. A manufacturer may purchase a paint with thinner for resale, but separate purchases of thinner only are subject to tax.
In this case, the mixture serves a dual purpose. The Board has long held that property is purchased for incorporation, even though a portion may be used in the manufacturing process, if the use in the manufacturing process is for the purpose of incorporating the property into the end product sold. 2/26/80.
440.1853 Determining Factors. In determining whether an item was used in a manufacturing process or became part of a finished product, there are two factors to consider. First is whether the item is in fact physically present in the finished product. If so, the second factor is what is the function of the item in the finished product? If it primarily serves a beneficial purpose in the finished product, and it was put in with the intention that it remain, it may be purchased for resale, even though it may also have served a secondary purpose as a catalyst. 9/16/92.
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440.1854 Drill-Align Panels (Etched Panels). A taxpayer manufactures multi-layer, laminated circuit boards to the special order of its customers. The circuit boards are unfinished when the taxpayer transfers them to its customers. The customers finish the boards and then install them in electronics equipment for sale. The taxpayer makes a separate charge for drill-align panels. Since the boards are laminated, holes must be drilled in them so that circuits on each layer can be connected by lines of copper to circuits on other layers. Each hole must be drilled within .001 inch for a proper connection. Since the taxpayer does the drilling, it takes the first circuit board off the production line, places it in a drill, and drills the holes. The board is also "etched," that is, the copper cover is removed to allow visual inspection of the interior to verify that the holes were drilled correctly. If this first board was drilled correctly, the remaining boards are drilled and all of the boards, including the original drill-align board, are then transferred to the customer. The customer will specify in its purchase order for the taxpayer to drill the boards. If the customer has elected to drill its own boards, the taxpayer does not prepare or bill for a drill-align panel. However, the taxpayer may still etch one of the boards so that the customer can input the interior and verify that the boards were manufactured to specifications.
The described drill-align panel is simply one of the circuit boardsmanufactured to the customer's order. It happens to be the first board drilled, and is therefore inspected carefully to see that the drill was aligned properly, but it is not otherwise used in the manufacturing process. Thus, the drill-align panels are properly sold for resale and are not used prior to sale. 1/4/96.
440.1880 Incorporation into Finished Product. If the sole purpose of purchasing an item is to incorporate it into the finished product ultimately sold, the sale of the item will be treated as a sale for resale and no tax will be due even with respect to that portion lost or wasted in the manufacturing process. 5/26/52.
440.1890 Manufacturer of Prescription Medicine. A manufacturer of prescription drugs, exempt from the sales and use taxes under section 6369, requested information regarding the application of tax to certain materials some of which are physically incorporated into the finished product, and some of which are only used and consumed in the process.
The list of materials including serum, yeast extracts, and nutrients are used in the inoculation, cell growth and fermentation processes which form the bulk proteins from which the medicines are formulated. Although only minute traces of these materials are found in the finished product and are not visible, they are purchased for the principal purpose of becoming a part of the finished product and are not subject to tax.
The list of materials including buffers, separating agents, cleaning agents, agents that kill cells or detach the cells from a flask, pH control agents, and anti-foam agents are not for the purpose of incorporation into the final product, but are for use in the manufacturing process and are consumed during that process. These materials are taxable to the manufacturer, as the consumer, when the items are purchased. 2/16/93.
440.1893 Medical Products—Commercial Fermentation Process. Cell growth and product expression occur in large vessels in the production of certain protein medical products. Growth of the cell population to production scale is facilitated by maintaining the cells in a fluid which mimics the serum environment. Maintenance and growth of the population require the addition to the vessel of nutrients, growth factors, antibiotics, products that protect the cells from mechanical damage during mixing, and other properties. Any product introduced into the mix which becomes, or a fraction of which becomes, a component of the ultimate protein product can be traced at the atomic level.
Properties which physically contribute to the end product which is sold may be purchased for resale. Products which are introduced into the vessels and contribute to the success of the fermentation process which are not resold may not be purchased for resale. The cells themselves may not be purchased for resale. 5/3/88.
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440.1894 New Wine Oak Barrels—Retroactive Effect. Information submitted to the Board supported the fact that new oak wine barrels are purchased primarily for the purpose of incorporating oak into the wine, that is, for resale, and not as containers for aging wine. The Board then amended Regulation 1525, effective April 3, 1996, to recognize new oak wine barrels purchased for such purposes were purchased for resale based on existing law. There was no basis for distinguishing earlier periods from future periods since there had been no change in industry practice. Thus, the amendment to Regulation 1525 merely applies existing law to the facts found by the Board, and it is retroactive. 5/31/96.
440.1895 Solvents Used in Microfilm Manufacture. The manufacture of microfilm involves the use of several solvents, some of which remain in the finished product by intent as it improves the quality of the image produced by the film.
Generally, solvents used to create the base or "subbing" coat will be taxable as manufacturing aids as they perform their function during the manufacturing process and may remain in the finished product only because it is not practical to remove them and their presence does no harm. Other solvents used in the photo-sensitive layer are intended to remain and do remain in the finished product, although only in minor amounts, i.e., 0.5% to 1%, with the remainder used to create the base coat and then evaporating in the drying process. Two court cases have established that if some portion of a chemical is purchased for incorporation as an active ingredient or component part of the finished product, the purchase is nontaxable despite a portion of the chemical being used in the manufacturing process and then being lost or dissipated. It is immaterial that the portion remaining is a small fraction.
Based on these facts, the following chemicals used in the manufacture of microfilm are deemed to be properly purchased for resale: 80% of the methyl ethyl ketone (20% is used in the base layers); anhydrol PM; acetone; amsco PM; glycol ether PM; methyl cellosolve. (The proportion of methyl ethyl ketone resold may vary by manufacturer.) In addition, tricresyl phosphate and epichlorhydrin become part of the top layer and may be purchased for resale. Hydrochloric acid and phosphoric acid, although present in the top layer, are undesired and, as much as possible, removed from the finished product. They are subject to tax. 2/23/90.
440.1896 Toner. Toner which is placed in a copy machine and becomes a component part of the copies sold to customers is purchased for resale by the copy machine operator. 9/6/90.
440.1897 Transfer Film. A company manufactures two types of transfer film which it sells to other manufacturers. One type has lettering and designs and is transferred to customers' products in its entirety with no plastic residue. The second type has lettering and designs attached to a patternless backing. The lettering and designs are transferred to customers' products, but the backing is discarded.
Both types of film are purchased for the purpose of incorporating them into a product which is resold. It is immaterial that the backing of the second type is discarded. Both types may be sold for resale. 11/23/93.
(2) Food, Beverages
440.1900 Ammonium Products. Sales of ammonium carbonate and bicarbonate to bakeries for use as leavening agents qualify as exempt sales. 1/11/63.
440.1920 Bakery Dough Improvers. Bakeries may properly purchase ex-tax for resale Arkady and Fermaloid dough improvers, which become an ingredient of the bakery products. 5/13/59.
Isinglas
Inerto
Bung tins, filter asbestos, filter mass, pitch for barrel repair, returnable containers and revenue stamp protectors are not regarded as containers. Paper bottle wrappers, wooden plugs, and tap corks may be purchased for resale. 1/1/50; 5/29/96.
440.1940 CO2 Gas is purchased for the sole purpose of incorporating it into a product to be sold and is so incorporated into a product to be sold, as in soda water or other beverage, the sale of the gas is exempt as a sale for resale. 8/7/52.
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440.1960 Caustic Soda. Pretzel dough is dropped into a lye solution which causes a gelatination of this starch by the caustic soda; a film of dilute soda solution adheres to the surface of the pretzel and upon heating reacts and becomes part of the pretzel in the form of the glazed surface; as such the caustic soda is purchased by the manufacturer for resale and may be purchased ex-tax. 11/16/61.
440.1963 Chemicals Used in Manufacture of Bakers Yeast. A manufacturer of bakers yeast purchases the following chemicals: di-ammonium phosphate, ammonium sulfate, argue ammonia, phosphoric acid, magnesium sulfate and zinc sulfate.
Bakers yeast contains carbon, nitrogen, phosphates, sulfates, and traces of magnesium and zinc. The carbon and some amounts of other required substances are usually supplied by molasses, which have previously been considered to be nontaxable when used in yeast production. Hydrogen is supplied by ammonia or by ammonium salts such as sulfate or phosphates. Phosphates are supplied by phosphoric acid or ammonium phosphate. Sulfate is supplied in ammonium sulfates. Traces of magnesium and zinc are supplied in the form of salts such as the sulfates. Since all of these chemicals are absorbed into the yeast and are present in and an integral part of the yeast which is sold, sales of the aforementioned chemicals to manufacturers of bakers yeast are not subject to tax. 5/7/75.
440.1980 Ice Used in Manufacturing Luncheon Meat. If ice is in fact used for the sole purpose of becoming an ingredient of the finished product, as where it is used solely to supply all or a part of the water content of the sausage and luncheon meats, the sale of the ice may be regarded as a sale for resale. 9/4/51.
440.2000 Ketlube Used in Manufacturing Candy. Ketlube, a product made from animal and vegetable fats, is purchased for use in manufacturing candy. It is applied to kettles to prevent the candy from sticking while cooking and to give the cooked candy a texture which facilitates shaping, cutting, and wrapping. Since most of the ketlube becomes incorporated in the finished candy and imparts desired characteristics thereto, it is considered to be purchased for resale and not for use as a manufacturing aid. 2/10/67.
440.2020 "Liquid Smoke." Liquid smoke is considered to be sold for resale to a restaurant or other customer who applies the liquid smoke as an ingredient of barbecued meats which are to be sold. The theory is that the smoke or certain ingredients contained in it become physically incorporated into the food providing flavor to it. 8/24/64.
440.2027 Liquors. The purchase of liquors to be incorporated into chocolate products as flavoring agents is not subject to sales tax, because the liquor will be resold as an ingredient of the finished product. However, retail liquor stores are prohibited from making sales for resale pursuant to the Business and Professions Code. Purchases of this nature can be made from a licensed Industrial Alcohol Dealer. 2/2/90.
440.2040 Molasses Used in Manufacturing of Yeast. In the process of the growth and the reproduction of yeast cells, the sugar in the molasses is the food on which the yeast cells live, grow and multiply. Everything which goes into a yeast cell comes from either the sugar or the water. Accordingly, it is our opinion that the molasses is purchased for the purpose of resale. 7/7/52.
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440.2080 Nitrogen Gas for Packing. The sale of nitrogen gas used in a flush process to maintain an inert atmosphere in sandwiches, chipped beef and other food products which remains in the packaged food as a preservative until opened, is an exempt sale for resale. 5/17/60
440.2088 Oak Barrel Inserts/Oak Chips—Wine Making. Oak barrel inserts (staves) and oak chips purchased for the purpose of incorporating physical flavoring elements derived from the oak into the wine as it matures may properly be purchased for resale by winemakers who will resell the wine. 12/26/95.
440.2095 Phosphoric Acid Used in Manufacture of Beer. Phosphoric acid when purchased as an ingredient of beer to be resold may be purchased for resale. 2/1/89.
440.2100 Phosphoric Acid Used in the Manufacture of Yeast. The phosphoric acid is purchased for resale, in that it has a continuous function both during the manufacturing process and until it is used in bread or other products. The acid is as necessary to the yeast after manufacture as during manufacture. 2/14/52.
440.2120 Potassium Meta Bisulfite. Sales of potassium meta bisulfite, known as KMS, to brewers for use as a preservative of beer are exempt as sales for resale. 12/8/59.
440.2140 Curing Salt. Curing salt sold to butchers for curing meat is permanently incorporated into the meat and such sales are exempt both as sales of a food product and as sales for resale. In the curing process, it is assumed that a fairly large amount of the curing salt does not become permanently incorporated into the meat but is lost or discarded. Nevertheless, this is not important. The critical factor is whether this product is purchased for the purpose of being incorporated into the meat. If this is the purpose, it is not significant that the process used entails a large amount of waste. 10/6/55.
440.2150 Salt Cake and Soda Ash Used in the Manufacture of Safety Glass. Salt cake and soda ash acquired for addition to a mix of raw materials utilized to produce safety glass are purchased for purposes of resale since they are incorporated for the primary purpose of imparting desired physical characteristics to the end product manufactured, the glass. This follows even though the process of incorporation of the salt cake and soda ash aids in the manufacture of the glass. This has been the Board's position since March 21, 1955. 1/26/73.
440.2181 Salt Used in Tanning Hides. Salt purchased by the tanner for tanning hides may not be purchased for resale. 8/17/57.
440.2200 Sodium Bisulfite. Sodium bisulfite used on potatoes to preserve their whiteness is not a food product, and its sales to consumers, for example, by grocery stores is subject to tax. However, where it is purchased by restaurants for fixing peeled potatoes so as to retard discoloration, it may properly be purchased ex-tax for resale, since the compound becomes incorporated into the potatoes. 6/11/59; 12/20/60; 5/9/61.
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440.2220 Sodium Hexametaphosphate Used in Treating Water, Manufacturers, Producers, and Processors of. Sodium Hexametaphosphate is sold to water supply companies for use in treating water. It is completely dissolved in the water and remains in solution until the water is distributed. It serves to reduce alkalinity and to prevent corrosion of supply and distribution lines. Sales of Sodium Hexametaphosphate for such purposes are exempt sales for resale. 2/26/65.
440.2240 Talc. The sale of talc for use in processing rice is a sale for resale along with or as a part of the processed rice. 4/19/54.
440.2260 Whipped Cream Chargers. These are small cartridges containing nitrous dioxide, inserted in a whipped cream container for purpose of whipping cream. They release the nitrous dioxide into the cream which thus becomes a part of the end product and the sale of the chargers is an exempt sale for resale. 12/16/55.
(3) Water Treatment And Purification—Ice
440.2320 Ammonium Chloride Used in Making Ice. Ammonium chloride is sold to ice companies for use in making ice. It is added to the water prior to freezing and remains therein as an ingredient of the ice. The function of the ammonium chloride is to keep the ice from checking and cracking.
Inasmuch as ammonium chloride used for such purpose imparts certain desired characteristics to the ice and remains as a constituent of the ice which is sold, sales of ammonium chloride for such purposes are exempt sales for resale. 2/28/66.
440.2340 Caustic Soda (Sodium Hydroxide) Used in Treating Water. Caustic soda is purchased by a city water department to control the pH of the water. Its constituents remain in the water which is sold. Accordingly, the sale of caustic soda to the water department is an exempt sale for resale. 9/30/65.
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440.2440 Potassium Metabisulphite Used in Wine Preservation. Potassium metabisulphite or its components become an ingredient or component part of wine when used for sterilizing and preserving it inasmuch as it forms combined or bound sulphur dioxide in the wine. 2/19/62.
440.2460 Sodium Silicofluoride and Quicklime. Sodium silicofluoride and quicklime used as water purifiers become component parts of the water so that they may be purchased by a city for resale to the extent that the city actually resells the water, but any water used for municipal purposes, such as swimming pools, irrigation, etc., would be consumed by the city and the tax would apply to the sale of the chemicals to the city. 1/19/62.
(4) Miscellaneous Specific Components
440.2500 Acetone. Acetone used as a carrier in acetylene cylinders to prevent explosions is purchased for resale rather than consumed as a manufacturing aid. 4/6/55.
440.2505 Additives to Wet Concrete. An item whose sale is a taxable retail sale of a manufacturing aid when sold to a manufacturer of concrete products or to a construction contractor may, in some cases, be sold for resale when sold to a seller of wet concrete. For example, a person cannot purchase an additive for resale when an additive is purchased to assist in the hardening of concrete and not for any benefits from that additive which remain in the hardened concrete to be sold. On the other hand, that person can purchase the additive for resale if it is to be added to concrete that will be sold in wet form. In that case, it is the purchaser of the wet concrete who purchases the additive for functional use. Examples of such additives follow.
Water Reducing Agents. Water reducing agents are used to reduce the quantity of mixing water required to produce concrete of a given consistency. It can reduce cracking and shrinking and improves water lightness, strength, and finished appearance of hardened concrete. These benefits appear to be based upon the water reducing agent's functional benefits during the hardening process and not by virtue of benefits arising from any water reducing agent remaining in the finished hardened concrete.
Superplasticizers. Superplasticizers are specialized water reducing agents. They appear to have substantially the same functions as water reducing agents, but more and better. Therefore, the same conclusion applicable to water reducing agents is applicable to superplasticizers.
Accelerators. Accelerators are often used to accelerate the hardening of concrete during cold weather. There are no indications that accelerators have a beneficial function in the hardened concrete. Thus, the same conclusion applicable to water reducing agents and superplasticizers applies.
Air-Entraining Agents. Air-entraining agents are used to stabilize bubbles of air during the mixing process so that the hardened cement contains air pockets. These air pockets increase resistance to damage from freezing and thawing. Air-entraining agents are similar to blowing agents used in the manufacture of flexible polyurethane foam. These blowing agents are used in the manufacturing process to produce a chemical reaction and not for beneficial purpose of remaining in the final product and are manufacturing aids as set forth in Annotation 440.0900. The same conclusion applicable to blowing agents is applicable to air-entraining agents. 10/8/91.
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440.2516 Ammonia, Sulfuric Acid and Caustic Soda Used to Manufacture Cracking Catalysts for the Petroleum Industry. Ammonia, sulfuric acid and caustic soda are used in the manufacture of cracking catalysts which are sold to the petroleum industry. Only two percent of the ammonia and sulfuric acid remain in the finished catalyst, but their presence is necessary for the catalyst to be effective. These chemicals may be purchased for resale even though ninety-eight percent is washed out or dumped during the manufacturing process. The caustic soda detracts from the stability and activity of the catalyst. The caustic soda is therefore regarded as a manufacturing aid even though some portion remains in the catalyst. 9/6/77.
440.2520 Ammonium Hydroxide purchased for used in increasing the solubility of casein, which in turn, forms part of the coating on a specialized type of paper, becomes a component part of the paper and may be purchased for resale. 7/29/54.
440.2540 Anhydrous Ammonia, sold for use in case hardening steel by the nitriding process is a sale for resale. 5/9/50.
440.2570 Blowing Agents—Manufacture of Food Containers. A manufacturer of plastic-rubber food containers purchases sodium hydrogen carbonate (aka sodium bicarbonate), citric acid and stearic acid calcium (aka calcium stearic). The products are purchased by the manufacturer as a combined product. In the course of the manufacturing process, the sodium bicarbonate disappears. The stearic acid causes the cells of the rubber and plastic to remain in small sizes so that the eventual product is smooth and then it disappears. Carbon dioxide bubbles are trapped in the plastic-rubber mixture and remain there. As the product is heated the citric acid decomposes.
Ordinarily, sodium hydrogen carbonate is property purchased for resale. The primary purpose for this product is to decompose it to extract carbon dioxide bubbles for incorporation into the product. On the other hand, the citric acid and stearic acid calcium were used as manufacturing aids and purchases of these items would be subject to tax. However, since the three products are purchased as one combined product from the supplier and 50 to 52 percent of the combined product was sodium hydrogen carbonate, the principal purpose for acquiring the product was for incorporation into the finished product and it is properly purchased for resale. 3/27/95; 5/16/95.
440.2580 Borax Anhydrous Dust Used in Making Fiberglass. The amount of Borax Anhydrous Dust that remained in finished Fiberglass was considered as purchased by the Fiberglass manufacturer for resale because it was purchased for the purpose of imparting the characteristic of durability in the finished Fiberglass. 8/24/67.
440.2600 Calcium Silicon. The use of calcium silicon in the electro-steel process to improve ductility and to change inclusion type results in a substantial incorporation of such material into the manufactured article, and hence, may be purchased ex-tax for resale purposes. 5/10/56.
440.2620 Calcium Silicon, sold to be used in producing castings by the Mechanite Process, is sold for resale. 3/27/51.
440.2640 Case Hardening Compounds. Charcoal used in the pack carburizing process, sodium cyanide used in the the cyaniding process, barium cyanide and sodium cyanide used in the liquid carburizing process and anhydrous ammonia used in the nitriding process are purchased for the purpose of incorporation into steel. That is, it appears that these compounds are purchased for their carbon or nitrogen content and that the carbon and nitrogen are physically incorporated into the steel.
Accordingly, the sale of the above-named case hardening compounds to steel manufacturers is an exempt sale for resale. 9/30/52.
440.2648 Chemical Ingredients. The courts have found the following chemical ingredients to be exempt from tax when purchased by the manufacturer of polyurethane foam. The ingredients were found to be resold in polyurethane foam:
Toluene Di-isocyanate (TDI)
Dabco 33LV—two-thirds exempt
Carstan 8–50. 11/15/82.
440.2652 Chemicals Used in Conversion Coatings for Steel. Conversion coatings are coatings formed on metals by treatment with suitable combinations of acids and metallic salts in dilute solutions. The coating is the result of converting the exterior metallic molecules into another chemical compound with different physical and chemical properties. Tax applies as follows to chemicals used in the process.
Leeder 374-H—Leeder 374-H is a cleaner and iron phosphating compound and is used at about 1½ ounce per gallon of water at 140°–160° F. Under these conditions, the phosphate portion which is about 80% of the formula reacts with the outer layer of iron, forming a complex iron phosphate. This coating imparts a color, increases paint adhesion and increases corrosion resistance. Leeder 374-H may be purchased for resale since its primary purpose is to form a nonmetallic coating on the metal being treated through a chemical conversion of the surface metal notwithstanding that it may to some extent perform a cleaning function prior to the actual disposition of the coating on the metal.
Leeder 272-H—Leeder 272-H is used with Leeder 374-H to control the pH in the proper range to get good disposition and improved corrosion resistance. Therefore, it is in the nature of a catalyst. It is used for purposes other than incorporation into the finished product. Under such circumstances, Leeder 272-H is regarded as a taxable manufacturing aid.
Leeder 771-H—Leeder 771-H is used in the final rinse stage to "stabilize and seal" the phosphate coating by depositing in the capillaries of the coatings itself. Since Leeder 771-H is being incorporated into the finished product, it may be purchased for resale. 5/10/71.
440.2660 Chills. "Chills," used to fill what would otherwise be voids due to shrinkage on the inside of castings, are purchased to become a component part of the finished product and may, therefore, be purchased without sales tax for resale purposes. 12/14/54.
440.2680 Chromic Acid. If the primary purpose of purchasing chromic acid is to supply the chrome which is applied through a plating process to articles to be sold, the chromic acid is purchased for resale, even though the acid contains ingredients which aid in the application of the chrome to the articles. 6/29/51.
440.2690 Coal Burned in Kilns to Make Cement. A taxpayer burns coal in kilns used to make cement. The process of burning coal produces "flyash," a residue which remains in the kiln after the coal is burned. It is mixed with the other ingredients used to make the cement. Flyash contains inorganic elements that are required for the production of cement, which elements would have to be purchased and added if the flyash was not present in the kiln. Based on this analysis, the portion of the coal for the primary purpose of incorporation of flyash into the finished product may be purchased for resale. If the coal is purchased tax-paid, a "tax-paid purchase resold deduction" may be taken or a claim for refund may be filed. 10/29/85.
440.2700 Color Toners. Sales of color toners which are applied to furniture by manufacturers and remain on it so as to become a component part of the furniture when sold are exempt. 8/3/65.
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440.2720 Copper Anodes, supplying copper deposited upon articles being plated and sold, are properly purchased ex-tax for resale. 1/11/52.
440.2740 Dimethylformamide when used with dicyandiamide as a co-curing agent in the production of epoxy resin laminates is exempt from tax. 1/30/69.
440.2746 Dual Purpose Usage of Material. In Kaiser Steel Corporation v. State Board of Equalization, 24 Cal.3d 188, the Court gave clear recognition to the fact that some materials are purchased for a dual purpose, i.e., for incorporating into the goods produced and as a manufacturing aid. In producing steel, coal and coke are a heat source in the production of pig iron and a source of carbon which is important in purifying steel. There is a second purpose, that of incorporating some portion of the carbon in the finished steel. The manufacturer may purchase for resale that percentage of the coal and coke which is incorporated as carbon in the steel products sold.
Aluminum generally is used to remove oxygen from the molten metal and any incorporation of aluminum in the final product is incidental. However, in killed steel, aluminum is incorporated in the final alloy. The manufacturer may also purchase for resale that percentage of aluminum incorporated into killed steel. 9/17/80.
440.2750 Dycastal. "Dycastal" is a product composed of boron, oxygen, hydrogen and calcium. It is added to molten metal prior to pouring the metal into molds for the purpose of incorporating elemental hydrogen, which imparts a desired quality of strength to the finished castings. Accordingly, if Dycastal is purchased for the purpose of incorporation as an essential ingredient of the finished product, it may be purchased for resale. 10/19/84.
440.2760 Electroplating. Nickel Sulphate, Nickel Chloride, Coppralyte, Potassium Stannite, and Silver Cyanide used in electroplating, the metallic components of which become incorporated in finished products which are sold, may be purchased ex-tax for resale. Boric Acid, Caustic Potash, Potassium Carbonate, and Potassium Cyanide, used in electroplating, the components of which do not become incorporated in finished products which are sold are taxable manufacturing aids. 9/14/66.
440.2780 Etching Zinc Reducer. Etching zinc chromate primer reducer used in painting galvanized sheet becomes a part of the finished product and may be purchased ex-tax for resale. 4/8/55.
440.2800 Felting Oil. Sale of felting oil purchased for incorporation into sisal to be sold is exempt. 12/19/61.
440.2840 Formula 19020-B Synthetic Resin Paint Hardener. Sales of synthetic resin paint, together with hardener, to persons who use it to paint products which they sell are exempt sales for resale. The hardener, known as Formula 19020-B, does not evaporate, but causes the paint to set and dry by the process of polymerization, whereby it becomes a component of the painted surface. 10/26/66.
440.2860 Fuel Oil Used in Treatment of Timber. Fuel oil utilized in the treatment of timber and poles serves as a waterproofing agent and becomes part of the finished product. Under these circumstances, the fuel oil is purchased for resale and is not subject to tax. 2/16/53.
440.2880 Glass. Sand and fluorspar are substantially incorporated into finished glass and are exempt as sales for resale. The same is true as to arsenic and selenium metals which are purchased as essential ingredients. 3/21/55.
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440.2888 Glass Manufacturing. Tin Tetrachloride (also described as Stannic Chloride Anhydrous, SnC14 Stannic Chloride, Stannous Chloride, Anhydrous Stannous Chloride, Chloride Anhydrous) is applied to the outside of a glass container immediately after it is formed and before the annealing process while the bottle is at a temperature exceeding 800° F and 1100° F. The treatment applies a very thin coating of tin oxide to the bottle surface, that, when overcoated with a thin layer of organic material, provides protection against physical damage of scratching and scuffing. Since the tin tetrachloride is purchased for the purpose of incorporating it as an integral component imparting the desired physical characteristics of strength and durability in the finished product, it may be purchased for resale. 10/31/80.
440.2920 Glue. A catalyst which becomes a component part of glue utilized in the manufacturing of furniture and remains in the finished product in its entirety, or substantially so, is purchased for resale and the sale is thus not subject to sales tax. 3/22/55.
440.2940 Glue Ingredients and Veneer Tape Used in Manufacture of Plywood. Glue ingredients and veneer tape used in the manufacture of plywood are a component part of the end product which is sold, rather than manufacturing aids. 8/5/64.
440.2960 Grafting Rubber. Grafting rubber (thin strips of rubber tied around a tree seal treated graft) is considered as being used in the process of producing the finished product and is consumed in the process of grafting plants. It does not become a component of the plant, but rather serves a function of holding a graft together while it is bonding, after which the plant discards the rubber. The finished product is the full grafted, independently viable plant. The rubber is not purchased for resale and is, therefore, subject to tax when purchased by the grafter. 4/23/69.
440.2980 Grinding Aids. "T.D.A.," a grinding aid added to cement, becomes a component part of the finished product, and accordingly may be purchased ex tax for resale. 1/4/55.
440.2990 Halftones and Photostats. Sales tax applies to the sale of halftones and photostats to be used in producing a book because such items do not become a component part of the books. Paper, ink and binding materials do become components of the books and may be purchased for resale, without payment of tax, if the books are to be resold. 5/21/90.
440.3000 Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Butane Gases, sales of, to manufacturer, used in fusing glass in manufacturing "nitrogen filled" thermometers, are taxable retail sales. Sales of nitrogen, however, to be used as ingredient are exempt. 8/1/51.
440.3020 Hydropel is a proprietary waterproofing compound sold to manufacturers for the purpose of incorporation into concrete products. 3/20/50.
440.3040 Ink Thinner. Sale of ink thinner to manufacturers of ink are exempt as sales for resale. 10/19/53.
440.3045 Iron Fines. Iron fines are incorporated into Portland Cement clinker as part of a class of compounds known as "calcium alumino ferrites". These compounds comprise essential ingredients of the end product which is sold.
The iron fines "aid" in the production of the cement, in that a certain amount of iron must be present in the mixture, prior to the heating stage, to ultimately produce the desired amount of alumino ferrite compounds. As such, the iron fines are not considered manufacturing aids under Regulation 1525, since the iron is a necessary ingredient which imparts a desired quality to the end product.
Therefore, when the iron is purchased primarily for the purpose of incorporation as an essential ingredient in Portland Cement clinker, which is resold, the iron fines may be purchased for resale. 9/28/84.
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440.3050 Kerosene Distillate. Taxpayers may purchase kerosene distillate for resale without incurring a use tax liability although the distillate is injected into wells for well stimulation during the process of producing crude oil. Such distillate is resold as part of the crude oil to the extent that the distillate is recovered and is not dissipated as waste in the process. The critical factor is that to meet the viscosity requirements of the purchaser, as provided by the purchase contract, the distillate must be incorporated as a diluent with the heavy crude oil. While the distillate does provide a beneficial effect in the well stimulation process, the distillate must be included in the crude oil sold to meet contract specifications. Accordingly, the primary purpose for which the distillate is purchased is for resale. 10/29/85.
440.3060 Lacquer. Lacquer purchased for use as finish for tangible personal property is purchased for the purpose of incorporating it into the manufactured article to be sold and may therefore be purchased for resale.
On the other hand, lacquer thinner completely evaporates and does not remain as an ingredient of the finished product. Accordingly, lacquer thinner which is purchased for use in thinning lacquer, to be applied to articles which will be sold, is not regarded as resold with the finished articles. The tax, therefore, applies with respect to the sale of the lacquer thinner. 5/4/51.
440.3080 Lacquer Thinner. Lacquer thinner sold and used as a component part of liquid shoe polish is exempt from tax as a sale for resale. 5/4/53.
440.3115 Lignin Portion of Wood Chip. A paper manufacturer produces kraft paper from wood chips. All wood contains 20 to 30 percent lignin, which does not become a part of the kraft paper. The manufacturer burns the extracted lignin to produce process steam. The extraction of the lignin is an unavoidable result of the manufacturing process. The burning of the waste lignin does not constitute a taxable use of a portion of the wood chips since the primary purpose of the chips was to incorporate them into the paper. 4/5/73.
440.3120 Lime and Limestone. The purchaser is subject to sales tax on purchases of burnt lime and limestone which are used as flux agents to remove impurities in molten metal and combine with the impurities to form slag which is sold. The burnt lime and limestone are purchased to produce a chemical or physical reaction in manufacturing a product. The incidental production of a by-product, slag, which may be resold does not change the basic use of the chemicals so as to constitute their purchase as purchases for resale. 8/19/69.
440.3160 Lumber. Chemicals for the treatment of lumber are considered to be sold for resale to purchasers who apply them to lumber to be sold, if substantially all of the chemicals remain in the lumber and are resold with the lumber. 9/21/52.
Anti blue stain materials which form a coating on lumber, the major part of which coating remains on the lumber at the time of sale, is regarded as purchased for resale and the sale of the materials are thus exempt from tax. 6/30/54.
Anti blue stain solutions may be purchased for resale when they are used for dipping lumber which is to be sold. 9/13/54.
440.3180 Lupersol Delta—Manufacturers, Producers and Processors. Lupersol Delta, a mixture of 60 percent methyl ethyl ketone peroxide in dimethyl phthalate, is an oxidizing agent used as a "catalyst" or hardener for liquid synthetic resins. The sale thereof to a manufacturer of plastic boats for such purpose is a sale for resale. 7/20/67.
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440.3190 Materials Used in Formulation Processes. The formulated bulk components of Product A are sodium citrate, citric acid, sodium chloride and human serum albumin. Product B's formulation contains acidic acid, sodium hydroxide, mannutol and tween. These components along with the bulk proteins enter the bloodstream after injection of either product into the body. Product A and B are not stable in solutions without these components. They are adjuvants to product delivery and necessary to get the active proteins into the body at required strength without harm to the body.
These products are purchased for the purpose of incorporating them into the final product, and their sale for such purpose is a nontaxable sale for resale under subdivision (b) of Regulation 1525. 7/15/93.
440.3194 Materials Used in the "Capping" Step of the Manufacture of Synthetic DNA. The materials used in the capping process may be purchased for resale. While the capping materials are purchased for the purpose of preventing failure sequences from spreading in subsequent coupling steps, they are purchased expressly for the purpose of being incorporated in the synthetic DNA and a portion of the product is, in fact, incorporated into the finished product. The "beneficial effect" on the finished product is that the synthetic DNA will not then express a protein, which is not desired by the customer. 11/12/97. (M99–1).
440.3200 Metallic Salts. Silver cyanide, copper cyanide, zinc cyanide and other metal salts used in electroplating become part of the finished product and as such, may be purchased ex-tax for resale. 7/17/56.
440.3220 Mixture of Carrier Gas and Dopant. Manufacturers of semi-conductors purchase a gaseous mixture which is a combination of a chemical dopant and a carrier gas. The dopant portion of the mixture is incorporated as a necessary ingredient in silicon wafers which are resold. The carrier gas portion of the mixture performs the following functions prior to becoming waste: 1) acts as a carrier for dopants which cannot be shipped in their pure state because of their toxicity; 2) acts as a purifier or blanket in the manufacturing process; and 3) controls the amount of the dopant diffused into the wafer during manufacturing.
Given such facts, the entire gaseous mixture may be purchased for resale. A mixture should be considered as purchased for the purpose of incorporation into an end product even though a portion of the mixture may be used in the manufacturing process and not resold, if the portion which is used, is used only for the purpose of aiding in the incorportation of the remainder of the mixture in the end product. 2/26/80.
440.3230 Newsprint Manufacture. Sodium tripoly phosphate and sodium hydrosulfite (V-Brite) impart beneficial qualities to finished newsprint by their presence in the finished product. Accordingly, they may be purchased for resale by manufacturers of newsprint.
Sulfur dioxide, liquid sodium bisulfate and sodium borohyride are purchased primarily for use in the process of manufacturing newsprint. Although some amount of these chemicals may incidentally remain in the final product, they are not purchased for resale as part of the finished product. 8/7/86.
440.3240 Organic Catalysts. Organic peroxide catalysts which are used in curing polyester resins in the manufacture of fiberglass reinforced plastic items are physically incorporated in the manufactured article to be sold because they remain as an integral, chemically united part of the fused resin-fiberglass structure. Consequently, a manufacturer may buy catalysts for such use under a resale certificate. 8/28/64.
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440.3260 Penicillin. Corn steep liquor and crude milk sugar (lactose) purchased for use in the production of penicillin become component parts of the penicillin. Accordingly, such purchases are not subject to sales or use tax when used in the production of penicillin for resale. 7/30/54.
440.3280 Plastic Coatings sold to manufacturers which become a part of the finished product are exempt sales for resale. Where reducers in separate containers are sold along with such plastic coating and used by manufacturers to reduce the coatings to proper consistency, they are manufacturing aids the sale of which is subject to tax. If a single price is charged for both items, it will be necessary to allocate to the reducer its fair retail selling price upon which tax must be paid. 3/12/54.
440.3320 Plating Parts for Manufacturers—Producers and Processors. Electroplaters engaged in the business of plating parts for manufacturers engaged in the business of manufacturing and selling items containing such parts are authorized to purchase for resale plating materials which become incorporated in such parts. 7/22/65.
440.3330 Polane Catalyst. Polane catalyst used in the manufacturing of paint serves as a hardener and becomes part of the paint sold. Therefore, paint manufacturers can purchase this product for resale. 3/11/77; 5/20/96.
440.3340 Polyurethane Foam. M & T Catalyst (Stannous Octate and Stannous Oleate) and Barium Sulfate used in the production of Polyurethane Foam may be purchased for resale since they become incorporated in the foam in substantial amounts. 7/6/67.
440.3345 Potassium Compounds Used to Harden Eyeglass Lenses. Potassium compounds are used in the process for safety treatment of eyeglass lenses. Potassium ions from the compounds diffuse onto the surface of the lenses and result in the hardening of the surface. Sale of potassium compounds for this purpose is exempt from tax. 2/6/76.
440.3380 Rotogravure Modifier. A vehicle modifier added to gravure inks in rotogravure printing substantially remains a component part of the finished printed material and as such, may be purchased tax-exempt as a sale for resale. 4/22/55.
440.3400 Silver Solder Used in Manufacturing Diamond Saws. A manufacturer of diamond saws purchased silver solder for the purpose of bonding diamond-impregnated steel cutting segments to the edge of a saw disc. The sale of the solder to the manufacturer was an exempt sale for resale inasmuch as the solder became an integral part of the saw. 11/12/64.
440.3420 Sodium Bicarbonate Used in Sponge Rubber. Sodium bicarbonate purchased by the manufacturers of sponge rubber padding is exempt inasmuch as its principal purpose in the manufacturing process is to impart resiliency to the padding 1/4/62.
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440.3437 Sodium Hydroxide. In the sulfonation process, sodium hydroxide is added to sulfonic acid to produce sodium sulfonate. The sodium portion of the sodium hydroxide becomes the sodium portion of the sodium sulfonate. Thus, sodium hydroxide becomes an ingredient of sodium sulfonate, the manufactured item to be sold. The use of the sodium hydroxide as a pH neutralizer is incidental to the primary purpose of incorporating it into the sulfonic acid to create sodium sulfonate. Under these circumstances, tax does not apply to the sale of this product to a manufacturer of sodium sulfonate who in turn will resell the manufactured sodium sulfonate. 12/11/96.
440.3440 Sodium Hypophosphite Used in Electrolysis Nickel Plating. Sodium hypophosphite, used in electrolysis nickel plating, is the source of phosphorus which is incorporated in, and imparts desired properties to, nickel plate. Accordingly, sales of sodium hypophosphite for use in electrolysis nickel plating of articles to be sold are exempt sales for resale. 11/15/67.
440.3460 Sodium Silicate Used in Paper Production. Sodium silicate when purchased for use in a paper production process as a source of basic ions for maintaining proper pH is taxable. However, if a substantial amount of the sodium silicate remains in the groundwood pulp and imparts a desired nonabsorbency characteristic, sodium silicate purchased for such purpose may be regarded as purchased for resale. 1/24/66.
440.3470 Spray Hardener. Spray hardener, when mixed with vinyl metal primer, causes the primer to harden by viture of incorporation of its constituents in the primer. That is, the purchaser seeks the benefits of incorporating the hardener into the finished product. Accordingly, sales of spray hardener to persons who use it for painting articles which they sell are nontaxable sales for resale. 2/23/68.
440.3480 Sulfuric Acid Used in Production of Aluminum Fluoride. Taxpayer produced aluminum floride from aluminum oxide, supplied by its customer, and hydrofluoric acid, which taxpayer manufactured from its own sulfuric acid and calcium fluoride. In the chemical reaction between the sulfuric acid and calcium fluoride, calcium sulfate was also produced, which taxpayer sold to a third party.
Although the hydrogen ions in the sulfuric acid served as a carrier for the transfer of the fluorine ions to the aluminum fluoride, nevertheless the sulfuric acid is regarded as having been purchased for resale, inasmuch as the sulfate ions simultaneously become a component of calcium sulfate which taxpayer manufactured and sold. 11/10/64.
440.3500 Surface Preservative. Material used as a surface preservative for fan blades being manufactured may be bought for resale if the material is applied to the blades and remains thereon as a surface preservative when the blades are sold even though many other companies use the product as a cleaning agent. 8/1/52.
440.3520 Toluene, MEK and Nitropropane Used in Manufacturing of Vinyl Sheeting. Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), nitropropane, acetone, toluene, isopropyl acetate (IPA), and steric acid are essential components of vinyl sheeting and vinyl coated fabrics and are properly purchased for resale. Mineral spirits (lactol spirits and lacquer diluent) are manufacturing aids used in producing vinyl sheeting and vinyl coated fabrics and may not be purchased for resale. 5/19/76
440.3540 Toluene Sulfonic Acid and Butyl Phosphoric Acid Used in Wood Finishing. Resin coating materials are sold to furniture manufacturers for use as high-speed wood finishes. These materials are sold in two packages, a resin compound and a "catalyst." Since the active constituents of the "catalyst," toluene sulfonic acid and butyl phosphoric acid, become incorporated in the polymerized film coating, sales thereof for such purpose are exempt sales for resale. 12/23/64.
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440.3560 Total Manufacturing Process—Gasoline Distillate. Where, during the process of refining petroleum products, gasoline distillate is derived from the process, run through pipes to pick up wax, and is later refined and sold (as is the recovered wax), the purchase of the distillate or the products from which it is refined is not subject to tax as self-consumed. The process of running the distillate through the pipes is part of the total manufacturing process. 7/16/64.
440.3600 Vehicle Modifiers. The sale of vehicle modifiers used in rotogravure printing is considered a sale for resale when substantially all of such modifier remains in the ink and is therefore sold along with the sale of the printed matter. 11/9/55.
440.3620 Waxes. If wax is purchased for the purpose of physically incorporating it into fruit and vegetables, to be used as a coating over such products, and to be used as a preservative and to give a shine to such products by enhancing their appearance, the sale of the wax may properly be regarded as a sale for resale. 9/26/52.
440.3640 Wax Emulsion. Wax emulsion sold to lumber mills to be sprayed on the ends of new lumber for curtailment of "end-check," may be regarded as sold for resale provided substantially all of such product remains on the lumber when the latter is sold. 11/7/55.
440.3660 Welding Rod. Welding rod used in manufacturing and which becomes incorporated into the manufactured product may be purchased ex-tax for resale purposes. 6/20/55.
440.3670 Wine Making Chemicals. Tartaric acid, citric acid, tannin (when added for the purpose of increasing the body and astringency of the wine), sulfurous acid or its salts such as metabisulfite, or dimethyl dicarbonate (when added to check wine diseases), and oxygen gas (when used for the purpose of aging) become component parts of wine and may be purchased by wineries for resale.
Chemicals which are used to process wine and which do not become component parts of the finished product, such as tannin (except as indicated above), casin, gelatin, isinglass, and bentonite are manufacturing aids and their sales are subject to tax. When used to control the fermentation process, chemicals such as charcoal, metabisulfite, and sulfur dioxide are manufacturing aids the sale of which are subject to tax. The sales of neutralizing agents such as potassium carbonate, calcium carbonate, and magnesium carbonate are also taxable. 7/7/36; 5/29/96; 11/19/97. (Am. M99–1).
440.3673 Wine Making—Oak Chips and Innerstaves. Oak chips and oak innerstaves used by wine makers to impart unique flavors in wine are considered to be purchased for the purpose of incorporating flavor elements derived from oak into wine as it matures. Neither the tank innerstaves nor the chips perform another functional purpose other than to impart flavor in the wine. Thus, the oak innerstave and chips may properly be purchased for resale pursuant to Regulation 1525(b). 3/22/96.
| Mole |
Which fruit is used in making Melba sauce? | The Project Gutenberg eBook of Practical Mechanics For Boys, by J. S. Zerbe, M.E.
The Project Gutenberg EBook of Practical Mechanics for Boys, by J. S. Zerbe This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net Title: Practical Mechanics for Boys Author: J. S. Zerbe Release Date: August 11, 2007 [EBook #22298] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PRACTICAL MECHANICS FOR BOYS *** Produced by Joe Longo and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
The "How-to-do-it" Books
INTRODUCTORY ToC
The American method of teaching the mechanical arts has some disadvantages, as compared with the apprentice system followed in England, and very largely on the continent.
It is too often the case that here a boy or a young man begins work in a machine shop, not for the avowed purpose of learning the trade, but simply as a helper, with no other object in view than to get his weekly wages.
Abroad, the plan is one which, for various reasons, could not be tolerated here. There he is bound for a certain term of years, and with the prime object of teaching him to become an artisan. More often than otherwise he pays for this privilege, and he knows it is incumbent on him "to make good" right from the start.
He labors under the disadvantage, however, that he has a certain tenure, and in that course he is not pushed forward from one step to the next on account of any merit of his own. His advancement is fixed by the time he has put in at each p. 2 part of the work, and thus no note is taken of his individuality.
Here the boy rises step after step by virtue of his own qualifications, and we recognize that one boy has the capacity to learn faster than another. If he can learn in one year what it requires three in another to acquire, in order to do it as perfectly, it is an injury to the apt workman to be held back and deterred from making his way upwardly.
It may be urged that the apprentice system instills thoroughness. This may be true; but it also does another thing: It makes the man a mere machine. The true workman is a thinker. He is ever on the alert to find easier, quicker and more efficient means for doing certain work.
What is called "Efficiency" in labor methods, can never obtain in an apprenticeship system for this reason. In a certain operation, where twelve motions are required to do a certain thing, and a minute to perform the twelve operations, a simplified way, necessitating only eight motions, means a difference in saving one-third of the time. The nineteen hundred fewer particular movements in a day's work, being a less strain on the operator, both physically and mentally, to say nothing whatever of the advantages which the proprietor of the shop would gain. p. 3
I make this a leading text in the presentation of this book; namely, that individual merit and stimulus is something of such extreme importance that it should be made the keynote for every boy who tries to become a mechanic.
The machinist easily occupies a leading place in the multitude of trades and occupations. There is hardly an article of use but comes to the market through his hands. His labor is most diverse, and in his employment doing machine work he is called upon to do things which vary widely in their character.
These require special knowledge, particular tools, and more frequently than otherwise, a high order of inventive ability to enable him to accomplish the task.
The boy should be taught, at the outset, that certain things must be learned thoroughly, and that habits in a machine shop can be bad as well as good. When he once becomes accustomed to putting a tool back in its rightful place the moment he is through with it, he has taken a long step toward efficiency.
When he grasps a tool and presents it to the work without turning it over several times, or has acquired the knack of picking up the right tool at the proper place, he is making strides in p. 4 the direction of becoming a rapid and skilled workman.
These, and many other things of like import, will require our attention throughout the various chapters.
It is not the intention of the book to make every boy who reads and studies it, a machinist; nor have we any desire to present a lot of useful articles as samples of what to make. The object is to show the boy what are the requirements necessary to make him a machinist; how to hold, handle, sharpen and grind the various tools; the proper ones to use for each particular character of work; how the various machines are handled and cared for; the best materials to use; and suggest the numerous things which can be done in a shop which will pave the way for making his work pleasant as well as profitable.
It also analyzes the manner in which the job is laid out; how to set the tools to get the most effective work; and explains what is meant by making a finished piece of workmanship. These things, properly acquired, each must determine in his own mind whether he is adapted to follow up the work.
Over and above all, we shall try to give the boy some stimulus for his work. Unless he takes an interest in what he is doing, he will p. 5 never become an artisan in the true sense of the word.
Go through the book, and see whether, here and there, you do not get some glimpses of what it means to take a pleasure in doing each particular thing, and you will find in every instance that it is a satisfaction because you have learned to perform it with ease.
I do not know of anything which has done as much to advance the arts and manufactures, during the last century, as the universal desire to improve the form, shape and structure of tools; and the effort to invent new ones. This finds its reflection everywhere in the production of new and improved products.
In this particular I have been led to formulate a homely sentence which expresses the idea: Invention consists in doing an old thing a new way; or a new thing any way.
The Author.
CHAPTER I ToC
ON TOOLS GENERALLY
Judging from the favorable comments of educators, on the general arrangement of the subject matter in the work on "Carpentry for Boys," I am disposed to follow that plan in this book in so far as it pertains to tools.
In this field, as in "Carpentry," I do not find any guide which is adapted to teach the boy the fundamentals of mechanics. Writers usually overlook the fact, that as the boy knows nothing whatever about the subject, he could not be expected to know anything about tools.
To describe them gives a start in the education, but it is far short of what is necessary for one in his condition. If he is told that the chisel or bit for a lathe has a diamond point, or is round-nosed, and must be ground at a certain angle, he naturally wants to know, as all boys do, why it should be at that angle.
So in the setting of the tools with relation to the work, the holding and manipulation of the file, of the drill for accurate boring, together with numerous little things, are all taken for granted, and the boy blunders along with the ultimate ob p. 8 ject in sight, without having the pathway cleared so he may readily reach the goal.
Varied Requirements.—The machinist's trade is one which requires the most varied tools of all occupations, and they are by all odds the most expensive to be found in the entire list of vocations.
Fig. 1. Bench Vise. ToList
This arises from the fact that he must work with the most stubborn of all materials. He finds resistance at every step in bringing forth a product.
List of Tools.—With a view of familiarizing p. 9 the boy with this great variety the following list is compiled, from which we shall select the ones essential in the initial equipment of a small shop.
Vises.—One small, good vise is infinitely preferable to two bad ones. For ordinary work a 3-inch jaw is preferable, and it should be firmly mounted on the bench. So many kinds are now made that it would be a costly thing to purchase one for each special use, therefore the boy will find it profitable to make some attachments for the ordinary vise.
Fig. 2. Pipe Grip for Vise. ToList
Swivel Vises.—A swivel vise is always a good tool, the cost being not excessive over the ordinary kind. Then a pair of grips for holding pipe, or round material which is to be threaded, can readily be made.
The drawing ( Fig. 2 ) shows a serviceable pair of grips, made to fit the jaws of a vise, and will p. 10 be acceptable in much of the work. Then, the vise should be provided with copper caps for the jaws to be used when making up articles which would otherwise be injured by the jaws.
Fig. 3. Swivel Vise. ToList
Let us get a comprehensive view of the different kinds of tools necessary in a fully equipped shop.
Parts of Lathe.—The first thing of importance is the lathe, and of these there is quite a variety, and among the accompaniments are the slide rest, mandrel, back gear, division plate, angle plate, cone plate and various chucks
There must also be change wheels, studs and quadrant plates, self-acting feed for surfacing and cross slide, and clamping nuts.
Drilling machines, both hand and power, hand and ratchet braces and breast-drill stocks.
Fig. 4.—Speed Lathe. ToList
Chisels.—Chisels of various kinds, for chipping and cross-cutting; round-nosed, centering, set punches, tommies and drifts.
Back, tee and centering square; bevels, spirit level, inside and outside calipers, straight edges, rules and surface plates
Gages for boring, scribing blocks, steel and brass scribes, stocks and dies, screw-plates, taps for bolts, reamers.
Fig. 5. Calipers ToList
Files for various descriptions, countersinks, frame and hack saws.
Grinding Apparatus.—Emery wheel, cloth and paper, paper, flour emery, polishing powders, laps and buffs, and polishing sticks
p. 14
Forge, anvils, tongs, swages, punches, bolt tools, hot and cold chisels, blow-pipe, soldering iron, hard and soft solders, borax, spirits of salts, oil, resin and spelter.
To this may be added an endless variety of small bench tools, micrometers, protractors, arbors, collets, box tools and scrapers.
Fig. 7. Center Gage. ToList
Large Machines.—The list would not be complete without the planer, shaper and milling machine, with their variety of chucks, clamps and other attachments, too numerous to mention.
The foregoing show what a wonderful variety of articles are found in a well-equipped shop, all of which can be conveniently used; but to the boy who has only a small amount of money, a workable set is indicated as follows:
A small lathe, with an 8-inch swing, can be obtained at a low cost, provided with a countershaft complete.
Chucks.—With this should go a small chuck, p. 15 and a face-plate for large work, unless a large chuck can also be acquired. This, with a dozen tools of various sizes, and also small bits for drilling purposes.
The lathe will answer all purposes for drilling, but small drilling machines are now furnished at very low figures, and such a machine will take off a great deal of duty from the lathe.
Fig. 8. Pocket Screw and Wire Gage. ToList
As the lathe is of prime importance, never use it for drilling, if you have a driller, as it always has enough work to do for tuning up work.
Bench Tools.—Of bench tools, a 3-inch vise, various files, center punch, two hammers, round and A-shaped peons, hack saw, compasses, inside and outside calipers, screw driver, cold chisels, metal square, level, straight edge, bevel square, reamers, small emery wheel and an oil stone, make a fairly good outfit to start with, and these can be added to from time to time.
Everything in the machine shop centers about p. 16 the lathe. It is the king of all tools. The shaper and planer may be most efficient for surfacing, and the milling machine for making grooves and gears, or for general cutting purposes, but the lathe possesses a range of work not possible with either of the other tools, and for that reason should be selected with great care.
Fig. 9. Handy Bench Vise. ToList
Selecting a Lathe.—The important things about a lathe are the spindle bearings and the ways for the tool-holder. The least play in either will ruin any work. Every other part may be p. 17 defective, but with solidly built bearing-posts and bearings, your lathe will be effective.
For this reason it will not pay to get a cheap tool. Better get a small, 6-inch approved tool of this kind, than a larger cheap article. It may pay with other tools, but with a lathe never.
Never do grinding on a lathe. The fine emery, or grinding material, is sure to reach the bearings; it matters not what care is exercised. There is only one remedy for this—overhauling.
Fig. 10.—Combination Square. ToList
Combination Square.—A tool of this kind is most essential, however small. It can be used as a try-square, and has this advantage, that the head can be made to slide along the rule and be clamped at any point. It has a beveling and a leveling device, as well.
p. 18
Fig. 11.—Uses of the Combination Square. ToList
The combination square provides a means for p. 19 doing a great variety of work, as it combines the qualities of a rule, square, miter, depth gage, height gage, level and center head.
Fig. 12.—A Quick Adjusting Micrometer. ToList
The full page illustration ( Fig. 11 ) shows some of the uses and the particular manner of holding the tool.
Micrometers.—Tools of this description are made which will accurately measure work in di p. 20 mensions of ten-thousandths of an inch up to an inch.
The illustration ( Fig. 12 ) shows an approved tool, and this is so constructed that it can instantly be changed and set by merely pressing the end of the plunger as shown.
Fig. 13.—A Universal Bevel Protractor. ToList
Protractors.—As all angles are not obtainable by the square or bevel, a protractor is a most desirable addition to the stock of tools. As one side of the tool is flat it is convenient for laying on the paper when drafting, as well as for use on the work.
The protractor has a graduated disk, and is adjustable so it can be disposed at any angle.
Fig. 14.—Universal Bevel Protractor,
showing its uses. ToList
p. 22
All special tools of this kind are serviceable, and the boy should understand their uses, even though he is not able for the time being to acquire them. To learn how they are applied in daily use is an education in itself.
Utilizing Bevel Protractor.—Examine the full-page illustration ( Fig. 14 ), and see how the bevel protractor is utilized to measure the angles of work, whether it is tapering heads or different kinds of nuts, or end and side surfacing, and it will teach an important lesson.
Fig. 15.—Grindstone Truing Device. ToList
Truing Grindstones.—Devices for truing up grindstones are now made, and the illustration ( Fig. 15 ) shows a very efficient machine for this purpose. It can be applied instantly to the face p. 23 of the stone, and it works automatically, without interfering with the use of the stone.
It is frequently the case that an emery wheel will become glazed, due to its extreme hardness. This is also caused, sometimes, by running it at too high a speed. If the glazing continues after the speed is reduced, it should be ground down an eighth of an inch or so. This will, usually, remedy the defect.
Fig. 16.—Set of Tools and Case. ToList
Sets of Tools.—A cheap and convenient set of p. 24 precision tools is shown in Fig. 16 , which is kept in a neat folding leather case. The set consists of a 6-inch combination square, complete center punch, 6-inch flexible steel rule center gage, 4-inch calipers, 4-inch outside caliper with solid nut, 4-inch inside caliper with solid nut, and a 4-inch divider with a solid nut.
Fig. 17. The Work Bench. ToList
The Work Bench.—This is the mechanic's fort. His capacity for work will depend on its arrangement. To the boy this is particularly interesting, and for his uses it should be made full three inches lower than the standard height.
A good plan to judge of the proper height is to measure from the jaws of the vise. The top of the jaw should be on a level with the elbows. Grasp a file with both hands, and hold it as though p. 25 in the act of filing across the work; then measure up from the floor to the elbows, when they are held in that position.
The Proper Dimensions.—This plan will give you a sure means of selecting a height that is best adapted for your work. The regulation bench is about 38 inches high, and assuming that the vise projects up about 4 inches more, would bring the top of the jaws about 42 to 44 inches from the floor. It is safe to fix the height of the bench at not less than 34 inches.
This should have a drawer, preferably near the right-hand end of the bench. The vise should be at the left side, and the bench in your front should be free of any fixed tools.
How Arranged.—Have a rack above the bench at the rear, for the various tools when not in use, and the rear board of the bench should be elevated above the front planks several inches, on which the various tools can be put, other than those which are suspended on the rack above.
The advantage of this is, that a bench will accumulate a quantity of material that the tools can hide in, and there is nothing more annoying than to hunt over a lot of trash to get what is needed. It is necessary to emphasize the necessity of always putting a tool back in its proper place, immediately after using
CHAPTER II ToC
HOW TO GRIND AND SHARPEN TOOLS
It is singular, that with the immense variety of tools set forth in the preceding chapter, how few, really, require the art of the workman to grind and sharpen. If we take the lathe, the drilling machine, as well as the shaper, planer, milling machine, and all power-driven tools, they are merely mechanism contrived to handle some small, and, apparently, inconsequential tool, which does the work on the material.
Importance of the Cutting Tool.—But it is this very fact that makes the preparation of that part of the mechanism so important. Here we have a lathe, weighing a thousand pounds, worth hundreds of dollars, concentrating its entire energies on a little bit, weighing eight ounces, and worth less than a dollar. It may thus readily be seen that it is the little bar of metal from which the small tool is made that needs our care and attention.
This is particularly true of the expensive milling machines, where the little saw, if not in perfect order, and not properly set, will not only do improper work, but injure the machine itself. p. 27 More lathes are ruined from using badly ground tools than from any other cause.
In the whole line of tools which the machinist must take care of daily, there is nothing as important as the lathe cutting-tool, and the knowledge which goes with it to use the proper one.
Let us simplify the inquiry by considering them under the following headings:
1. The grinder.
2. The grinding angle.
The Grinder.—The first mistake the novice will make, is to use the tool on the grinder as though it were necessary to grind it down with a few turns of the wheel. Haste is not conducive to proper sharpening. As the wheel is of emery, corundum or other quickly cutting material, and is always run at a high rate of speed, a great heat is evolved, which is materially increased by pressure.
Pressure is injurious not so much to the wheel as to the tool itself. The moment a tool becomes heated there is danger of destroying the temper, and the edge, being the thinnest, is the most violently affected. Hence it is desirable always to have a receptacle with water handy, into which the tool can be plunged, during the process of grinding down.
Correct Use of Grinder.—Treat the wheel as p. 28 though it is a friend, and not an enemy. Take advantage of its entire surface. Whenever you go into a machine shop, look at the emery wheel. If you find it worn in creases, and distorted in its circular outline, you can make up your mind that there is some one there who has poor tools, because it is simply out of the question to grind a tool correctly with such a wheel.
Fig. 18-23. Tools. ToList
Coarse wheels are an abomination for tool work. Use the finest kinds devised for the purpose. They will keep in condition longer, are not so liable to wear unevenly, and will always finish off the edge better than the coarse variety.
Lathe Bits.—All bits made for lathes are modifications of the foregoing types ( Figs. 18-23, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 ).
As this chapter deals with the sharpening methods only, the reader is referred to the next chap p. 29 ter, which deals with the manner of setting and holding them to do the most effective work.
When it is understood that a cutting tool in a lathe is simply a form of wedge which peels off a definite thickness of metal, the importance of proper grinding and correct position in the lathe can be appreciated.
Roughing Tools.—The most useful is the roughing tool to take off the first cut. As this type of tool is also important, with some modifications, in finishing work, it is given the place of first consideration here.
Fig. 24. Tool for Wrought Iron.
Fig. 25. Tool for Cast Iron. ToList
Fig. 24 shows side and top views of a tool designed to rough off wrought iron, or a tough quality of steel. You will notice, that what is called the top rake (A) is very pronounced, and, as the point projects considerably above the body of the tool itself, it should, in practice, be set with its cutting point above the center.
p. 30
The Clearance.—Now, in grinding, the important point is the clearance line (B). As shown in this figure, it has an angle of 10 degrees, so that in placing the tool in the holder it is obvious it cannot be placed very high above the center, particularly when used on small work. The top rake is ground at an angle of 60 degrees from the vertical. The arc of the curved end depends on the kind of lathe and the size of the work.
The tool ( Fig. 25 ), with a straight cutting edge, is the proper one to rough off cast iron. Note that the top rake (C) is 70 degrees, and the clearance 15 degrees.
The Cutting Angle.—Wrought iron, or mild steel, will form a ribbon when the tool wedges its way into the material. Cast iron, on the other hand, owing to its brittleness, will break off into small particles, hence the wedge surface can be put at a more obtuse angle to the work.
In grinding side-cutters the clearance should be at a less angle than 10 degrees, rather than more, and the top rake should also be less; otherwise the tendency will be to draw the tool into the work and swing the tool post around.
Drills.—Holders for grinding twist drills are now furnished at very low prices, and instructions are usually sent with the machines, but a few words may not be amiss for the benefit of those p. 31 who have not the means to purchase such a machine.
Hand grinding is a difficult thing, for the reason that through carelessness, or inability, both sides of the drill are not ground at the same angle and pitch. As a result the cutting edge of one side will do more work than the other. If the heel angles differ, one side will draw into the work, and the other resist.
Fig. 26. End view.
Fig. 27. Side view. ToList
Wrong Grinding.—When such is the case the hole becomes untrue. The sides of the bit will grind into the walls, or the bit will have a tendency to run to one side, and particularly if boring through metal which is uneven in its texture or grain.
Figs. 26 and 27 show end and side views of a bit properly ground. If a bit has been broken off, first grind it off square at the end, and then grind down the angles, so that A is about 15 degrees, and be sure that the heel has sufficient p. 32 clearance—that is, ground down deeper than the cutting point.
Chisels.—A machine shop should always have a plentiful supply of cold chisels, and a particular kind for each work, to be used for that purpose only. This may seem trivial to the boy, but it is really a most important matter.
Notice the careless and incompetent workman. If chipping or cutting is required, he will grasp the first chisel at hand. It may have a curved end, or be a key-way chisel, or entirely unsuited as to size for the cutting required.
The result is an injured tool, and unsatisfactory results. The rule holds good in this respect as with every other tool in the kit. Use a tool for the purpose it was made for, and for no other. Acquire that habit.
Cold Chisels.—A cold chisel should never be ground to a long, tapering point, like a wood chisel. The proper taper for a wood chisel is 15 degrees, whereas a cold chisel should be 45 degrees. A drifting chisel may have a longer taper than one used for chipping.
It is a good habit, particularly as there are so few tools which require grinding, to commence the day's work by grinding the chisels, and arranging them for business.
System in Work.—Then see to it that the drills p. 33 are in good shape; and while you are about it, look over the lathe tools. You will find that it is better to do this work at one time, than to go to the emery wheel a dozen times a day while you are engaged on the job.
Adopt a system in your work. Don't take things just as they come along, but form your plans in an orderly way, and you will always know how to take up and finish the work in the most profitable and satisfactory way.
Wrong Use of Tools.—Never use the vise as an anvil. Ordinary and proper use of this tool will insure it for a lifetime, aside from its natural wear. It may be said with safety that a vise will never break if used for the purpose for which it was intended. One blow of a hammer may ruin it.
Furthermore, never use an auxiliary lever to screw up the jaws. If the lever which comes with it is not large enough to set the jaws, you may be sure that the vise is not large enough for your work
CHAPTER III ToC
SETTING AND HOLDING TOOLS
Some simple directions in the holding and setting of tools may be of service to the novice. Practice has shown the most effective way of treating different materials, so that the tools will do the most efficient work.
A tool ground in a certain way and set at a particular angle might do the work admirably on a piece of steel, but would not possibly work on aluminum or brass.
Lathe Speed.—If the lathe should run at the same speed on a piece of cast iron as with a brass casting, the result would not be very satisfactory, either with the tool or on the work itself.
Some compositions of metal require a high speed, and some a hooked tool. These are things which each must determine as the articles come to the shop; but there are certain well-defined rules with respect to the ordinary metals that should be observed.
The Hack Saw.—Our first observation should be directed to the hand tools. The hack saw is one of the most difficult tools for the machinist to handle, for the following reasons: p. 35
First, of the desire to force the blade through the work. The blade is a frail instrument, and when too great a pressure is exerted it bends, and as a result a breakage follows. To enable it to do the work properly, it must be made of the hardest steel. It is, in consequence, easily fractured.
Fig. 28.—Hack Saw Frame.
Fig. 29.—Hack Saw Blade. ToList
Second. The novice will make short hacking cuts. This causes the teeth to stick, the saw bends, and a new blade is required. Take a long sweeping cut, using the entire length of the blade. Do not oscillate the blade as you push it through the work, but keep the tooth line horizontal from one end of the stroke to the other. The moment it begins to waver, the teeth will catch on the metal on the side nearest to you, and it will snap
p. 36
Third. The handle is held too loosely. The handle must be firmly held with the right hand, and the other held by the fingers lightly, but in such a position that a steady downward pressure can be maintained. If loosely held, the saw is bound to sag from side to side during the stroke, and a short stroke accentuates the lateral movement. A long stroke avoids this.
The hack saw is one of the tools which should be used with the utmost deliberation, combined with a rigid grasp of the handle.
Files.—For remarks on this tool see Chapter IV , which treats of the subject specially.
Grindstones, Emery and Grinding Wheels.—A good workman is always reflected by his grinding apparatus. This is true whether it has reference to a grindstone, emery, corundum wheel, or a plain oil stone. Nothing is more destructive of good tools than a grooved, uneven, or wabbly stone. It is only little less than a crime for a workman to hold a tool on a revolving stone at one spot.
Carelessness in Holding Tools.—The boy must learn that such a habit actually prevents the proper grinding, not only of the tool he has on the stone, but also of the one which follows. While it is true that all artificially made grinders will wear unevenly, even when used with the utmost care, due to uneven texture of the materials in the stone, still, p. 37 the careless use of the tool, while in the act of grinding, only aggravates the trouble.
Another fault of the careless workman is, to press the bit against the stone too hard. This cuts the stone more than it wears off the tool, and it is entirely unnecessary. Furthermore, it heats up the tool, which should be avoided.
Calipers.—A true workman, who endeavors to turn out accurate work, and preserve his tools, will never test the work with his calipers while the piece is turning in the lathe. A revolving cast iron disk will cut ruby, the hardest substance next to the diamond, so it is not the hardness of the material which resists wear, but the conditions under which it is used.
Care in Use of Calipers.—The calipers may be of the most hardened steel, and the work turned up of the softest brass, the latter, when revolving, will grind off the point of the tool, for the reason that the revolving piece constantly presents a new surface to the point of the calipers, and when tests are frequently made, it does not take long to change the caliper span so that it must be reset.
As stated elsewhere, the whole energy of the lathe is concentrated on the bit or cutting tool, hence, in order to get the most effective work out of it requires care; first, in grinding; and, second, in setting
p. 38
Machine Bits.—It does not always matter so much whether you use a square, pointed, or a round-nosed bit, provided it is properly ground and set in the tool holder. As a rule, the more brittle the metal the less the top rake or angle should be.
In the chapter relating to the grinding of tools, references were made as to the most serviceable bits for the various metals. We are concerned here with the setting or holding of these articles.
Fig. 30. Plain Hook Tool
Fig. 31. Plain Straight Tool ToList
The two illustrations here given show a pair of plain bits, in which Fig. 30 represents a hook-shaped formation, and Fig. 31 a straight grind, without any top rake. The hooked bit would do for aluminum, or steel, but for cast iron the form shown in Fig. 31 would be most serviceable.
Then the side bits, such as the round-nosed, Fig. 32 and the square end, Fig. 33 , may be ground hooked, or with a top rake, or left flat.
The too common mistake is to grind the lower or clearance side at too great an angle. Fig. 34 p. 39 shows the correct angle, and the dotted line A illustrates the common tendency to grind the clearance.
The Proper Angle for Lathe Tools.—Now there is a reason why the angle of from 10 to 15 should be maintained in the clearance. The point of the tool must have suitable support for the work it is required to do, so it will not chatter or yield in the slightest degree. A bit ground along the dotted line has a cutting edge which will spring down, and consequently break or produce a rough surface.
Figs. 32, 33, 34.
Proper Angles for Tools ToList
Then, again, the angle of the clearance acts as a guide, or rather, a guard, to prevent the tool from going in too far, as will now be explained.
Setting the Bit.—In order to understand the correct setting, examine the work A, in Fig. 35.
A is a cylinder being turned up in the lathe, and B the cutting tool, which approaches it on a hori p. 40 zontal line, C, extending out from the center of the cylinder A. This setting is theoretically correct, and in practice has been found most advantageous.
In this case let us assume that the clearance angle D is 15 degrees, as well as in the following figures.
Fig. 35. Set of the Bit ToList
Suppose we have a piece of tough steel, and the tool holder is raised so that the point of the tool is at the 15 degree line E, as shown in Fig. 36 , in which case the clearance line D is at right angles to the line E. The line E is 15 degrees above the center line C.
The Setting Angle.—Now, it is obvious that if the tool should be raised higher than the line E it would run out of work, because the clearance surface of the tool would ride up over the surface cut by the edge of the tool.
If, on the other hand, the tool should be placed lower, toward the line C, the tendency would be to draw in the tool toward the center of the work A
p. 41
In Fig. 37 the tool has its point elevated, in which case it must be lowered so the point will touch the work nearer the center line C.
The foregoing arrangement of the tools will be found to be effective where the material is soft and not too tough as with aluminum.
Bad Practice.—Figs. 38 and 39 show illustrations of bad practice which should never be resorted to. Fig. 38 shows the tool, held in a horizontal position, but with its point below the center line C. With any rough metal the tool could not possibly work, except to act as a scraper, and if it should be used in that position on cast iron, the tool itself would soon be useless.
Fig. 36. Correct Angle
Fig. 37. Wrong Angle ToList
Fig. 39 is still worse, and is of no value for any purpose except in polishing brass, where it would be serviceable. It would make a sorry looking job with aluminum. Brass requires a tool with very p. 42 little top rake, and the point should be set near the center line C.
Lathe Speed.—It is often a question at what speeds to run the lathe for different work. If you know the speeds of your lathe at low and high gear, you must also consider the diameter of the work at the cutting point.
The rule is to have the bit cut from 15 to 20 feet per minute for wrought iron; from 11 to 18 feet for steel; from 25 to 50 for brass; and from 40 to 50 for aluminum.
Fig. 38. Too Low
Fig. 39. Improper Set ToList
As a result, therefore, if, at low speed, a piece 10 inches in diameter, runs at the proper speed to cut at that distance from the center, it is obvious that a piece 5 inches in diameter should ran twice as fast. This is a matter which time and practice will enable you to judge with a fair degree of accuracy
p. 43
Observe this as a maxim: "Slow speed, and quick feed."
Boring Tools on Lathe.—The lathe is a most useful tool for boring purposes, better for some work than the drilling machine itself. The work which can be done better on a lathe than on a drilling machine, may be classified as follows:
1. When straight and true holes are required.
2. In long work, where the lathe is used to turn up the article, and where the drilling can be done at the same time.
3. Anything that can be chucked in a lathe.
4. Where the work is long and cannot be fixed in a drilling machine. The long bed of the lathe gives room for holding such work.
Fig. 40. Internal Set
Fig. 41. Set for Brass ToList
The Rake of the Drill.—A boring tool requires some knowledge in setting. It should have a greater top rake than for the outside work, and the cutting edge should also be keener, as a rule
p. 44
Fig. 42.—Surface Gage. ToList
In this class of work the material bored must be understood, as well as in doing outside work.
The hooked tool, Fig. 40 , is shown to be considerably above the center line, and at that point it will do the most effective cutting on steel. If, on the other hand, brass is operated on there should be no p. 45 top rake, as illustrated in Fig. 41 , thus assuring a smooth job.
Laps.—This is a tool which is very useful, particularly for grinding and truing up the cylinders of internal combustion engines, as well as for all kinds of bores of refractory material which cannot be handled with the cutting tool of the lathe.
It is made up of a mandrel or rod of copper, with lead cast about it, and then turned up true, so that it is but the merest trifle larger than the hole it is to true up.
Using the Lap.—The roller thus made is turned rapidly in a lathe, and the cylinder to be trued is brought up to it and the roller supplied freely with emery powder and oil. As rapidly as possible the cylinder is worked over on the roller, without forcing it, and also turned, so as to prevent even the weight from grinding it unduly on one side.
More or less of the emery will embed itself in the lead, and thus act as an abrasive. The process is called "lapping."
Surface Gages.—Frequently, in laying out, it is necessary to scribe lines at a given distance from some part of the work; or, the conditions are such that a rule, a caliper, or dividers will not permit accurate measurement to be made.
For such purposes, what is called a surface gage was devised. This is merely a heavy base, provided p. 46 with a pivoted upright on which is mounted a scribe that is held by a clamp so it may be turned to any angle.
p. 47
Fig. 43.—Showing uses of the Surface Gage. ToList
Surface Gage.—The clamp holding the scriber is vertically movable on the pivoted upright. By resting the base of the surface gage on the line to be measured from, and swinging one point of the scriber to the place where the work is to be done, accuracy is assured. One end of the scriber is bent, so it can be adapted to enter recesses, or such places as could not be reached by the straight end
CHAPTER IV ToC
ON THE USE OF THE FILE
The most necessary tool in a machine shop is a file. It is one of the neglected tools, because the ordinary boy, or workman, sees nothing in it but a strip or a bar with a lot of cross grooves and edges, and he concludes that the only thing necessary is to rub it across a piece of metal until he has worn it down sufficiently for the purpose.
The First Test.—The fact is, the file is so familiar a tool, that it breeds contempt, like many other things closely associated in life.
Give the boy an irregular block of metal, and tell him to file it up square, and he will begin to realize that there is something in the handling of a file that never before occurred to him.
He will find three things to astonish him:
First: That of dimensions.
Second: The difficulty of getting it square.
Third: The character of the surface when he has finished it.
Filing an Irregular Block.—To file a block of an irregular character so that the dimensions are accurate, is a good test for an accomplished workman. The job is made doubly difficult if he is required to file it square at the same time. It will p. 49 be found, invariably, that the sides will not be parallel, and by the time it is fully trued up the piece will be too small. See Figs. 44 and 45 .
Then, unless the utmost care is taken, the flat sides will not be flat, but rounded.
Filing a Bar Straight.—The next test is to get the boy to file a bar straight. He has no shaper or planer for the purpose, so that it must be done by hand. He will find himself lacking in two things: The edge of the bar will not be straight; nor will it be square with the side of the bar.
Fig. 44. Rounded Surface
Fig. 45. A Winding Face ToList
Filing Bar with Parallel Sides.—Follow up this test by requiring him to file up a bar, first, with two exactly parallel sides, and absolutely straight, so it will pass smoothly between the legs of a pair of calipers, and then file the two other sides in like manner.
Surfacing off Disks.—When the foregoing are completed there is still another requirement which, though it appears simple, is the supreme test. Set him to work at surfacing off a pair of disks or plates, say one and a half inches in diameter, so p. 50 that when they are finished they will fit against each other perfectly flat.
A pair of such disks, if absolutely true, will hold together by the force of cohesion, even in a dry state, or they will, as it were, float against each other.
True Surfacing.—Prior to about 1850 the necessity of true surfacing was not so important or as well known as at the present time. About that period Sir J. Whitworth, an eminent English engineer and mechanic, called the attention of machinists to the great advantage arising from true surfaces and edges for all types of machinery, and he laid the foundation of the knowledge in accurating surfacing.
Precision Tools.—Due to his energy many precision tools were made, all tending to this end, and as a result machines became better and more efficient in every way.
It had this great advantage: It taught the workman of his day how to use the file and scraper, because both must be used conjunctively to make an absolutely flat plate.
Contrary to general beliefs, shapers and planers do not make absolutely accurate surfaces. The test of this is to put together two plates so planed off. There is just enough unevenness to permit air to get between the plates. If they were perfectly true p. 51 they would exclude all air, and it would be a difficult matter to draw them apart.
Test of the Mechanic.—To make them perfectly flat, one plate has chalk rubbed over it, and the two plates are then rubbed together. This will quickly show where the high spots are, and the file and scraper are then used to cut away the metal.
Fig. 46. Hexagon Nut
Fig. 47. Hexagon Nut ToList
In England the test of the mechanic used to be determined by his ability to file a piece of metal flat. It was regarded as the highest art. This is not the most desirable test at the present time, and it is recognized that a much severer test is to file a narrow piece exactly flat, and so that it will not have a trace of roundness, and be square from end to end.
Test Suggestions.—In a shop which does not have the advantage of a planer or shaper, there p. 52 are so many articles which must be filed up, that it is interesting to know something of how the various articles are made with a file.
To file a hexagon, or six-sided nut will be a good test with a file. To do this a little study in geometrical lines will save a vast amount of time. In beginning the work, measure the radius with a divider, and then step off and make six marks equidistant from each other on the round surface.
Fig. 48. Cutting Key-way ToList
Use of the Dividers.—The distance between each of these points is equal to the radius, or half the diameter, of the round bar. See Fig. 46 , which shows this. The marks should be scribed across the surface, as shown in Fig. 47 , where the lines show the ends of the facets of the outside of the nut.
Do not let the file obliterate the lines at the rough p. 53 cutting, but leave enough material so you can make a good finish at the line.
Cutting a Key-way.—Another job you may have frequent occasion to perform, is to cut a way for a key in a shaft and in a wheel hub. Naturally, this will be first roughed out with a cold chisel narrower than the key is to be, and also slightly shallower than the dimensions of the key.
A flat file should be used for the purpose, first a heavy rough one, for the first cutting. The better way is to have the key so it can be frequently tried while the filing process is going on, so that to fit the key in this way is a comparatively easy task.
Key-way Difficulties.—But the trouble commences when the groove is filed for the depth. Invariably, the mistake will be made of filing the width first, so the key will fit in. As a result, in deepening the groove the file will contact with the walls, and you have a key-way too wide for the key.
To avoid this, file the depth, or nearly so, and then with a fine file cut in the corners in the direction indicated by the dart, Fig. 48 .
A proper key is square in cross section. In such a case the depth of the key-way, at each side wall, is just half the width of the key-way.
An excellent key-seat rule can be made by filing p. 54 out two right-angled pieces, as shown in Fig. 49 , which can be attached to the ordinary six-inch metal rule, and this will enable you to scribe the line accurately for the key-way on the shaft.
Fig. 49. Key-seat
Fig. 51. ToList
Filing Metal Round
Filing Metal Round.—It is sometimes necessary to file a piece of metal round. This is a hard job, particularly where it is impossible to scribe the end of the piece. Suppose it is necessary to file up a bearing surface, or surfaces, intermediate the ends of a square bar.
You have in that case four sides to start from, p. 55 the opposite sides being parallel with each other, so that you will have two dimensions, and four equal sides, as shown in Fig. 50 .
The first step will be to file off accurately the four corners 1, 2, 3, 4, so as to form eight equal sides or faces, as shown in Fig. 51 . If you will now proceed to file down carefully the eight corners, so as to make sixteen sides, as in Fig. 52 , the fourth set of corners filed down will make the filed part look like the illustration Fig. 53 with thirty-two faces.
Fig. 52.
Fig. 53.
Making a Bar Round ToList
This may be further filed down into sixty-four faces, and a few cuts of the finishing file will take off the little ridges which still remain. By using emery cloth, and wrapping it around the bearing portion, and changing it continually, while drawing p. 56 it back and forth, will enable you to make a bearing which, by care, will caliper up in good shape.
Kinds of Files.—Each file has five distinct properties; namely: the length, the contour, the form in cross section, the kind of teeth, and the fineness of the teeth.
There are nine well-defined shapes for files. These may be enumerated as follows:
Fig. 54. Cross Sections of Files. ToList
No. 1. The cotter file. The small kind is called a verge or pivot file.
No. 2. Square file, which may be tapering from end to end, or have parallel sides throughout.
No. 3. Watch pinion file. This may have its sides parallel or tapering, to make a knife-shaped file.
No. 4. Clock-pinion; which may be used for either nicking, piecing, or squaring-off purposes.
No. 5. Round, with parallel sides for gulleting purposes, or rat-tail when it tapers.
No. 6. Triangular, or three equally-sided body for saw filing. p. 57
No. 7. Equalizing file. This is parallel when used for making clock-pinions or endless screws; or for slitting, entering, warding, or making barrel holes, when the body of the file tapers.
No. 8. Cross, or double-round, half-file.
No. 9. Slitting file; which has parallel sides only. A cant file.
Character of the File Tooth.—Files are distinguished principally by the character of the oblique, or cross grooves and ridges which do the cutting and abrading when the file is drawn across the surface.
This is really more important than the shape, because the files, by their cuttings, are adapted for the various materials which they are to be used upon.
The files are classified as Double Cut, of which there are the rough, middle, bastard, second cut, smooth, and dead smooth.
The Float Cut, which is either rough, bastard or smooth; and
The Rasp Cut, either rough, bastard or smooth.
Several types are illustrated in Fig. 55 , which show the characteristics of the various cuts.
The rasps are used principally for soft material, such as wood or for hoofs, in horse shoeing, hence they need not be considered in connection with machine-shop work
p. 59
Holding the File.—The common mistake on the part of the beginner is to drag the file across the work at an angle. The body of the file should move across straight and not obliquely.
Note this movement in Fig. 56 where the dash shows the correct movement of the file with relation to the work. Also observe that the file cutting ridges are not straight across the file, but at an angle to the direction of the dart.
Fig. 56. Correct File Movement ToList
Injuring Files.—Now the frequent practice is to use the file as shown in Fig. 57 , in which case it is moved across obliquely. The result is that the angle of the file cut is so disposed that the teeth of the file do not properly aid in the cutting, but in a measure retard the operation.
File teeth are disposed at an angle for the pur p. 60 pose of giving them a shearing cut, which is the case when the file moves across the work on a line with its body.
To use a file as shown in Fig. 57 injures the file without giving it an opportunity to cut as fast as it would when properly used.
Fig. 57. Incorrect File Movement ToList
Drawing Back the File.—In drawing back a file it is always better to allow it to drag over the work than to raise it up. It is frequently the case that some of the material will lodge in the teeth, and the back lash will serve to clear out the grooves.
This is particularly true in filing copper, aluminum, lead, and like metals, but it is well to observe this in all cases
HOW TO COMMENCE WORK
The question is often asked: Where and how shall the novice commence work?
When the shop is equipped, or partially so, sufficient, at least, to turn out simple jobs, the boy will find certain tools which are strangers to him. He must become acquainted with them and not only learn their uses, but how to use them to the best advantage.
Familiarity with Tools.—Familiarity with the appearance of tools, and seeing them in the hands of others will not be of any value. Nothing but the immediate contact with the tool will teach how to use it.
File Practice.—The file is a good tool to pick up first. Select a piece of metal, six or eight inches long, and follow the instructions laid down in the chapter relating to the use of the file.
Practice with several kinds and with different varieties of material will soon give an inkling of the best kind to use with the metal you have. Use the straight edge and the square while the filing process is going on, and apply them frequently, p. 62 to show you what speed you are making and how nearly true you are surfacing up the piece.
Using the Dividers.—Then try your hand using the dividers, in connection with a centering punch. As an example, take two pieces of metal, each about a foot long, and set the dividers to make a short span, say an inch or so, and step off the length of one piece of metal, and punch the last mark. Then do likewise with the other piece of metal, and see how nearly alike the two measurements are by comparing them.
You will find a variation in the lengths of the two measurements at the first trials, and very likely will not be able to make the two pieces register accurately after many trials, even when using the utmost care.
Sooner or later you will learn that you have not stepped paths along the two bars which were exactly straight, and this will account for the variations. In order to be accurate a line should be drawn along each piece of metal, and the dividers should step off the marks on that line.
Finding Centers.—By way of further experiment, it might be well to find the exact center of the ends of a square bar, putting in the punch marks and then mounting it in the lathe centers to see how accurately this has been done.
If either end is out of true the punch marks can p. 63 be corrected by inclining the punch, so that when it is struck it will move over the point in the direction of its true center. This may be followed up by centering the end of a round bar so as to make it true. This will be found to be a more difficult job, unless you have a center head, a tool made for that purpose.
It is good practice, however, to make trials of all this work, as it will enable you to judge of measurements. It can be done with the dividers by using care in scribing the centers.
Hack-Saw Practice.—Practice with the hack-saw should be indulged in frequently. Learn to make a straight cut through a bar. Try to do this without using a square to guide you. One of the tests of a good mechanic is ability to judge a straight cut.
The following plan is suggested as a test for the eye. Use a bar of iron or steel one inch square, and make a cut an eighth of an inch deep across it; then turn it around a quarter, so as to expose the nest face, and continue the cut along the side, the same depth, and follow this up with the remaining two sides, and see how near the end of the first cut and the finish cut come together. The test will surprise you.
Cutting Metals True.—When you saw off the end of such a bar for trial purposes, use a square, p. 64 after the cut is made, and note how much it is out of true in both directions. It is a curious fact that most mechanics are disposed to saw or cut crooked in one direction, either to the right or to the left. In tests made it is found that this defect is persisted in.
It is practice only which will remedy this, and it would be well for the boy to learn this for himself as early in his career as possible, and correct the tendency to veer in either direction.
The test of sawing around a round bar is also commended. After a few trials you will be surprised to see how your judgment will improve in practice.
Lathe Work.—Learn the uses of the chuck. As you have, probably, economized as much as possible, a universal chuck is not available, hence the first experience will be with an independent chuck, where the three dogs move independently of each other. This will give you some work to learn how you can get the job true.
Now, before attempting to cut the material, thoroughly learn all the parts of the feed mechanism, and how to reverse, as well as to cross feed. Learn the operation of the operative parts so that your hand will instinctively find them, while the eye is on the work.
First Steps.—See to it that your tools are sharp, p. 65 and at the first trials make light cuts. Practice the feeds by manually moving the tool holder, for surface cutting as well as for cross cutting.
Setting the Tool.—Set the cutting tool at various angles, and try the different tools, noting the peculiarities of each, at the different speeds. Do not, by any means, use refractory metals for your first attempt. Mild steel is a good test, and a light gray iron is admirable for practice lessons.
Metals Used.—Brass is good for testing purposes, but the difficulty is that the tendency of the boy, at first, is to try to do the work too rapidly, and brass encourages this tendency. Feed slowly and regularly until you can make an even finish.
Then chuck and re-chuck to familiarize yourself with every operative part of the lathe, and never try to force the cutting tool. If it has a tendency to run into the work, set it higher. If, on the other hand, you find, in feeding, that it is hard to move the tool post along, the tool is too high, and should be lowered.
The Four Important Things.—Constant practice of this kind will soon enable you to feel instinctively when the tool is doing good work. While you are thus experimenting do not forget the speed. This will need your attention.
Remember, you have several things to think about in commencing to run the lathe, all of which p. 66 will take care of themselves when it becomes familiar to you. These may be enumerated as follows:
First: The kind of tool best to use.
Second: Its proper set, to do the best work.
Third: The speed of the work in the lathe.
Fourth: The feed, or the thickness of the cut into the material.
Turning up a Cylinder.—The first and most important work is to turn up a small cylinder to a calipered dimension. When it is roughed down ready for the finish cut, set the tool so it will take off a sufficient amount to prevent the caliper from spanning it, and this will enable you to finish it off with emery paper, or allow another small cut to be taken.
Turning Grooves.—Then follow this up by turning in a variety of annular grooves of different depths and widths; and also V-shaped grooves, the latter to be performed by using both the longitudinal and transverse feeds. This will give you excellent practice in using both hands simultaneously.
The next step would be to turn out a bore and fit a mandrel into it. This will give you the opportunity to use the caliper to good advantage, and will test your capacity to use them for inside as well as for outside work
p. 67
Discs.—A job that will also afford good exercise is to turn up a disc with a groove in its face, and then chuck and turn another disk with an annular rib on its face to fit into the groove. This requires delicacy of measurement with the inside as well as the outside calipers.
The groove should be cut first, and the measurement taken from that, as it is less difficult to handle and set the tool for the rib than for the groove.
Lathe Speeds.—Do not make the too common mistake of running the mandrel at high speeds in your initial tests. It is far better to use a slow speed, and take a heavy cut. This is good advice at all times, but it is particularly important with beginners
CHAPTER VI ToC
ILLUSTRATING SOME OF THE FUNDAMENTAL DEVICES
There are numerous little devices and shop expedients which are desirable, and for which the boy will find uses as he progresses.
We devote this chapter to hints of this kind, all of which are capable of being turned out or utilized at various stages.
CHAPTER VII ToC
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
A workman is able to select the right metals because he knows that each has some peculiar property which is best adapted for his particular use. These with their meaning will now be explained.
Elasticity.—This exists in metals in three distinct ways: First, in the form of traction. Hang a weight on a wire and it will stretch a certain amount. When the weight is removed the wire shrinks back to its original length.
Second: If the weight on the wire is rotated, so as to twist it, and the hand is taken from the weight, it will untwist itself, and go back to its original position. This is called torsion.
Third: A piece of metal may be coiled up like a watch spring, or bent like a carriage spring, and it will yield when pressure is applied. This is called flexure.
Certain kinds of steel have these qualities in a high degree.
Tenacity.—This is a term used to express the resistance which the body opposes to the separation of its parts. It is determined by forming p. 80 the metal into a wire, and hanging on weights, to find how much will be required to break it. If we have two wires, the first with a transverse area only one-quarter that of the second, and the first breaks at 25 pounds, while the second breaks at 50 pounds, the tenacity of the first is twice as great as that of the second.
To the boy who understands simple ratio in mathematics, the problem would be like this:
25 � 4 : 50 � 1, or as 2 : 1.
The Most Tenacious Metal.—Steel has the greatest tenacity of all metals, and lead the least. In proportion to weight, however, there are many substances which have this property in a higher degree. Cotton fibers will support millions of times their own weight.
There is one peculiar thing, that tenacity varies with the form of the body. A solid cylindrical body has a greater strength than a square one of the same size; and a hollow cylinder more tenacity than a solid one. This principle is well known in the bones of animals, in the feathers of birds, and in the stems of many plants.
In almost every metal tenacity diminishes as the temperature increases.
Ductility.—This is a property whereby a metal may be drawn out to form a wire. Some metals, p. 81 like cast iron, have absolutely no ductility. The metal which possesses this property to the highest degree, is platinum. Wires of this metal have been drawn out so fine that over 30,000 of them laid side by side would measure only one inch across, and a mile of such wire would weigh only a grain, or one seven-thousandth of a pound.
Malleability.—This is considered a modification of ductility. Any metal which can be beaten out, as with a hammer, or flattened into sheets with rollers, is considered malleable. Gold possesses this property to the highest degree. It has been beaten into leaves one three-hundred-thousandth of an inch thick.
Hardness.—This is the resistance which bodies offer to being scratched by others. As an example, the diamond has the capacity to scratch all, but cannot be scratched by any other.
Alloys.—Alloys, that is a combination of two or more metals, are harder than the pure metals, and for this reason jewelry, and coins, are usually alloyed.
The resistance of a body to compression does not depend upon its hardness. Strike a diamond with a hammer and it flies to pieces, but wood does not. One is brittle and the other is tough.
The machinist can utilize this property by understanding that velocity enables a soft material p. 82 to cut a harder one. Thus, a wrought iron disc rotating rapidly, will cut such hard substances as agate or quartz.
Resistance.—All metals offer more or less resistance to the flow of an electric current. Silver offers the least resistance, and German silver the greatest. Temperature also affects the flow. It passes more easily over a cold than a warm conductor.
Persistence.—All metals on receiving heat, will retain it for a certain length of time, and will finally cool down to the temperature of the surrounding atmosphere. Some, like aluminum, retain it for a long time; others, as iron, will give it off quickly.
Conductivity.—All metals will conduct heat and cold, as well as electricity. If one end of a metal bar is heated, the heat creeps along to the other end until it has the same temperature throughout. This is called equalization.
If a heated bar is placed in contact with another, the effect is to increase the temperature of the cold bar and lower that of the warm bar. This is called reciprocity.
Molecular Forces.—Molecular attraction is a force which acts in such a way as to bring all the particles of a body together. It acts in three p. 83 ways, dependent on the particular conditions which exist.
First: Cohesion. This exists between molecules which are of the same kind, as for instance, iron. Cohesion of the particles is very strong in solids, much weaker in liquids, and scarcely exists at all between the particles in gases.
Second: Adhesion is that property which exists between the surfaces of bodies in contact. If two flat surfaces are pressed together, as for instance, two perfectly smooth and flat pieces of lead, they will adhere. If, for instance, oil should be put on the surfaces, before putting them together, they would adhere so firmly that it would be difficult to pull them apart.
Third: Affinity. This is another peculiarity about materials. Thus, while cohesion binds together the molecules of water, it is chemical affinity which unites two elements, like hydrogen and oxygen, of which water is composed.
Porosity.—All matter has little hollows or spaces between the molecules. You know what this is in the case of a sponge, or pumice stone. Certain metals have the pores so small that it is difficult to see them except with a very powerful glass. Under great pressure water can be forced through the pores of metals, as has been done in p. 84 the case of gold. Water also is porous, but the spaces between the molecules are very small.
Compressibility.—It follows from the foregoing statement, that if there are little interstices between the molecules, the various bodies can be compressed together. This can be done in varying degrees with all solids, but liquids, generally, have little compressibility. Gases are readily reduced in volume by compression.
Elasticity.—This is a property by virtue of which a body resumes its original form when compressed. India rubber, ivory and glass are examples of elasticity; whereas, lead and clay do not possess this property. Air is the most elastic of all substances.
Inertia.—This is a property of matter by virtue of which it cannot of itself change its state of motion or of rest.
Newton's first law of motion is, in substance, that matter at rest will eternally remain at rest, and matter in motion will forever continue in motion, unless acted on by some external force.
A rider is carried over the head of a horse when the latter suddenly stops. This illustrates the inertia of movement. A stone at rest will always remain in that condition unless moved by some force. That shows the inertia of rest.
Momentum.—This is the term to designate the p. 85 quantity of motion in a body. This quantity varies and is dependent on the mass, together with the velocity. A fly wheel is a good example. It continues to move after the impelling force ceases; and a metal wheel has greater momentum than a wooden wheel at the same speed, owing to its greater mass.
If, however, the wooden wheel is speeded up sufficiently it may have the same momentum as the metal one.
Weight.—All substances have what is called weight. This means that everything is attracted toward the earth by the force of gravity. Gravity, however, is different from weight. All substances attract each other; not only in the direction of the center of the earth, but laterally, as well.
Weight, therefore, has reference to the pull of an object toward the earth; and gravity to that influence which all matter has for each other independently of the direction.
Centripetal Force.—This attraction of the earth, which gives articles the property of weight, is termed centripetal force—that is, the drawing in of a body.
Centrifugal Force.—The direct opposite of centripetal, is centrifugal force, which tends to p. 86 throw outwardly. Dirt flying from a rapidly moving wheel illustrates this.
Capillary Attraction.—There is a peculiar property in liquids, which deserves attention, and should be understood, and that is the name given to the tendency of liquids to rise in fine tubes.
It is stated that water will always find its level. While this is true, we have an instance where, owing to the presence of a solid, made in a peculiar form, causes the liquid, within, to rise up far beyond the level of the water.
This may be illustrated by three tubes of different internal diameters. The liquid rises up higher in the second than in the first, and still higher in the third than in the second. The smaller the tube the greater the height of the liquid.
This is called capillary attraction, the word capillary meaning a hair. The phenomena is best observed when seen in tubes which are as fine as hairs. The liquid has an affinity for the metal, and creeps up the inside, and the distance it will thus move depends on the size of the tube.
The Sap of Trees.—The sap of trees goes upwardly, not because the tree is alive, but due to this property in the contact of liquids with a solid. It is exactly on the same principle that if the end of a piece of blotting paper is immersed p. 87 in water, the latter will creep up and spread over the entire surface of the sheet.
In like manner, oil moves upwardly in a wick, and will keep on doing so, until the lighted wick is extinguished, when the flow ceases. When it is again lighted the oil again flows, as before.
If it were not for this principle of capillary attraction, it would be difficult to form a bubble of air in a spirit level. You can readily see how the liquid at each end of the air bubble rounds it off, as though it tried to surround it.
Sound.—Sound is caused by vibration, and it would be impossible to convey it without an elastic medium of some kind.
Acoustics is a branch of physics which treats of sounds. It is distinguished from music which has reference to the particular kinds.
Sounds are distinguished from noises. The latter are discordant and abrupt vibrations, whereas the former are regular and continuous.
Sound Mediums.—- Gases, vapors, liquids and solids transmit vibrations, but liquids and solids propagate with greater velocity than gases.
Vibration.—A vibration is the moving to and fro of the molecules in a body, and the greater their movement the more intense is the sound. The intensity of the sound is affected by the density of the atmosphere, and the movement p. 88 of the winds also changes its power of transmission.
Sound is also made more intense if a sonorous body is near its source. This is taken advantage of in musical instruments, where a sounding-board is used, as in the case of the piano, and in the violin, which has a thin shell as a body for holding the strings.
Another curious thing is shown in the speaking tube, where the sound waves are confined, so that they are carried along in one line, and as they are not interfered with will transmit the vibrations to great distances.
Velocity of Sound.—The temperature of the air has also an effect on the rate of transmission, but for general purposes a temperature of 62 degrees has been taken as the standard. The movement is shown to be about 50 miles in 4 minutes, or at the rate of 1,120 feet per second.
In water, however, the speed is four times greater; and in iron nearly fifteen times greater. Soft earth is a poor conductor, while rock and solid earth convey very readily. Placing the ear on a railway track will give the vibrations of a moving train miles before it can be heard through the air.
Sound Reflections.—Sound waves move outwardly from the object in the form of wave-like p. 89 rings, but those concentric rings, as they are called, may be interrupted at various points by obstacles. When that is the case the sound is buffeted back, producing what is called echoes.
Resonance.—Materials have a quality that produces a very useful result, called resonance, and it is one of the things that gives added effect to a speaker's voice in a hall, where there is a constant succession of echoes. A wall distant from the speaker about 55 feet, produces an almost instantaneous reflection of the sound, and at double that measurement the effect is still stronger. When the distance is too short for the reflecting sound to be heard, we have resonance. It enriches the sound of the voice, and gives a finer quality to musical instruments.
Echoes.—When sounds are heard after the originals are emitted they tend to confusion, and the quality of resonance is lost. There are places where echoes are repeated many times. In the chateau of Simonetta, Italy, a sound will be repeated thirty times.
Speaking Trumpet.—This instrument is an example of the use of reflection. It is merely a bell-shaped, or flaring body, the large end of which is directed to the audience. The voice talking into the small end is directed forwardly, and is reflected from the sides, and its resonance also enables the p. 90 vibrations to carry farther than without the use of the solid part of the instrument.
The ear trumpet is an illustration of a sound-collecting device, the waves being brought together by reflection.
The Stethoscope.—This is an instrument used by physicians, and it is so delicate that the movements of the organs of the body can be heard with great distinctness. It merely collects the vibrations, and transmits them to the ears by the small tubes which are connected with the collecting bell.
The Vitascope.—- Numerous instruments have been devised to determine the rate of vibration of different materials and structures, the most important being the vitascope, which has a revolvable cylinder, blackened with soot, and this being rotated at a certain speed, the stylus, which is attached to the vibrating body, in contact with the cylinder, will show the number per second, as well as the particular character of each oscillation.
The Phonautograph.—This instrument is used to register the vibration of wind instruments, as well as the human voice, and the particular forms of the vibrations are traced on a cylinder, the tracing stylus being attached to a thin vibrating membrane which is affected by the voice or instrument.
The Phonograph.—This instrument is the outgrowth of the stylus forms of the apparatus de p. 91 scribed, but in this case the stylus, or needle, is fixed to a metallic diaphragm, and its point makes an impression on suitable material placed on the outside of a revolvable cylinder or disc.
Light.-Light is the agent which excites the sensation of vision in the eye. Various theories have been advanced by scientists to account for the phenomenon, and the two most noted views are the corpuscular, promulgated by Sir Isaac Newton, and the undulatory, enunciated by Huygens and Euler.
The corpuscular theory conceives that light is a substance of exceedingly light particles which are shot forth with immense velocity. The undulatory theory, now generally accepted, maintains that light is carried by vibrations in ether. Ether is a subtle elastic medium which fills all space.
Luminous bodies are those like the sun, which emit light. Rays may diverge, that is, spread out; converge, or point toward each other; or they may be parallel with each other.
Velocity of Light.—Light moves at the rate of about 186,000 miles a second. As the sun is about 94,000,000 miles from the earth, it takes 8 1/2 minutes for the light of the sun to reach us.
Reflection.—One of the most important things connected with light is that of reflection. It is that quality which is utilized in telescopes, micro p. 92 scopes, mirrors, heliograph signaling and other like apparatus and uses. The underlying principle is, that a ray is reflected, or thrown back from a mirror at the same angle as that which produces the light.
When the rays of the sun, which are, of course, parallel, strike a concave mirror, the reflecting rays are converged; and when the rays strike a convex mirror they diverge. In this way the principle is employed in reflecting telescopes.
Refraction.—This is the peculiar action of light in passing through substances. If a ray passes through water at an angle to the surface the ray will bend downwardly in passing through, and then again pass on in a straight line. This will be noticed if a pencil is stood in a glass of water at an angle, when it will appear bent.
Refraction is that which enables light to be divided up, or analyzed. In this way white light from the sun is shown to be composed of seven principal colors.
Colors.—If the light is passed through a prism, which is a triangularly shaped piece of glass, the rays on emerging will diverge from each other, and when they fall on a wall or screen the colors red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet are shown
p. 93
The reason for this is that the ray in passing through the prism has the different colors in it refract at different angles, the violet bending more than the red.
The Spectroscope.—The ability to make what is thus called a spectrum, brought forth one of the most wonderful instruments ever devised by man. If any metal, or material, is fused, or put in such a condition that a ray of light can be obtained from it, and this light is passed through a prism, it will be found that each substance has its own peculiar divisions and arrangements of colors.
In this way substances are determined by what is called spectrum analysis, and it is by means of this instrument that the composition of the sun, and the planets and fixed stars are determined.
The Rainbow.—The rainbow is one of the effects of refraction, as the light, striking the little globular particles of water suspended in the air, produces a breaking up of the white light into its component colors, and the sky serves as a background for viewing the analysis thus made.
Heat.—It is now conclusively proven, that heat, like light, magnetism and electricity, is merely a mode of motion.
The mechanical theory of heat may be shown by rubbing together several bodies. Heat expands p. 94 all substances, except ice, and in expanding develops an enormous force.
Expansion.—In like manner liquids expand with heat. The power of mercury in expanding may be understood when it is stated that a pressure of 10,000 pounds would be required to prevent the expansion of mercury, when heated simply 10 degrees.
Gases also expand. While water, and the different solids, all have their particular units of expansion, it is not so with gases, as all have the same coefficient
CHAPTER VIII ToC
HOW DRAUGHTING BECOMES A VALUABLE AID
The ability to read drawings is a necessary part of the boy's education. To know how to use the tools, is still more important. In conveying an idea about a piece of mechanism, a sketch is given. Now, the sketch may be readable in itself, requiring no explanation, or it may be of such a nature that it will necessitate some written description.
Fig. 95. Plain Circle ToList
Lines in Drawing.—- In drawing, lines have a definite meaning. A plain circular line, like Fig. 95 , when drawn in that way, conveys three meanings: It may represent a rim, or a bent piece of wire; it may illustrate a disk; or, it may convey the idea of a ball.
Suppose we develop them to express the three forms accurately. Fig. 96 , by merely adding an p. 96 interior line, shows that it is a rim. There can be no further doubt about that expression.
Fig. 97 shows a single line, but it will now be noticed that the line is thickened at the lower right-hand side, and from this you can readily infer that it is a disk.
Shading.—Fig. 98, by having a few shaded lines on the right and lower side, makes it have the appearance of a globe or a convex surface.
Figs. 96-98.
Ring - Raised Surface - Sphere ToList
Shading or thickening the lines also gives another expression to the same circular line.
In Fig. 99 , if the upper and left-hand side of the circle is heavily shaded, it shows that the area within the circle is depressed, instead of being raised.
Direction of Shade.—On the other hand, if the shading lines, as in Fig. 100 , are at the upper left-hand side, then the mind at once grasps the idea of a concave surface.
The first thing, therefore, to keep in mind, is this p. 97 fact: That in all mechanical drawing, the light is supposed to shine down from the upper left-hand corner and that, as a result, the lower vertical line, as well as the extreme right-hand vertical line, casts the shadows, and should, therefore, be made heavier than the upper horizontal, and the left-hand vertical lines.
Figs. 99-100.
Depressed Surface - Concave ToList
There are exceptions to this rule, which will be readily understood by following out the illustrations in the order given below.
Perspectives.—The utility of the heavy lines will be more apparent when drawing square, rectangular, or triangular objects.
Let us take Fig. 101 , which appears to be the perspective of a cube. Notice that all lines are of the same thickness. When the sketch was first brought to me I thought it was a cube; but the explanation which followed, showed that the man who p. 98 made the sketch had an entirely different meaning.
He had intended to convey to my mind the idea of three pieces, A, B, C, of metal, of equal size, joined together so as to form a triangularly shaped pocket as shown in Fig. 101 . The addition of the inner lines, like D, quickly dispelled the suggestion of the cube.
Figs. 101-104. Forms of Cubical Outlines ToList
"But," he remarked, "I want to use the thinnest metal, like sheets of tin; and you show them thick by adding the inner lines."
Such being the case, if we did not want to show p. 99 thickness as its structural form, we had to do it by making the lines themselves and the shading give that structural idea. This was done by using the single lines, as in Fig. 103 , and by a slight shading of the pieces A, B, C.
Fig. 105.
Shading Edges ToList
The Most Pronounced Lines.—If it had been a cube, or a solid block, the corners nearest the eye would have been most pronounced, as in Fig. 104 , and the side next to the observer would have been darkest.
This question of light and shadow is what expresses the surface formation of every drawing. Simple strokes form outlines of the object, but their thickness, and the shading, show the character enclosed by the lines. p. 100 Direction of Light.—Now, as stated, the casting of the shadow downward from the upper left-hand corner makes the last line over which it passes the thickest, and in Figs. 105 and 106 they are not the extreme lines at the bottom and at the right side, because of the close parallel lines.
In Figs. 109 and 110 the blades superposed on the other are very thin, and the result is the lines at the right side and bottom are made much heavier.
Fig. 107.
Fig. 108.
Illustrating Heavy Lines ToList
This is more fully shown in Figs. 107 and 108 . Notice the marked difference between the two figures, both of which show the same set of pulleys, and the last figure, by merely having the lower and the right-hand lines of each pulley heavy, changes the character of the representation, and tells much more clearly what the draughtsman sought to convey.
Scale Drawings.—All drawings are made to a p. 101 scale where the article is large and cannot be indicated the exact size, using parts of an inch to represent inches; and parts of a foot to represent feet.
In order to reduce a drawing where a foot is the unit, it is always best to use one-and-a-half inches, or twelve-eighths of an inch, as the basis. In this way each eighth of an inch represents an inch. If the drawing should be made larger, then use three inches, and in that way each inch would be one-quarter of an inch.
Fig. 109.
Fig. 110.
Illustrating Heavy Lines ToList
The drawing should then have marked, in some conspicuous place, the scale, like the following: "Scale, 1 1/2" = 1'"; or, "Scale 3" = 1'."
Degree, and What it Means.—A degree is not p. 102 a measurement. The word is used to designate an interval, a position, or an angle. Every circle has 360 degrees, and when a certain degree is mentioned, it means a certain angle from what is called a base line.
Fig. 111. Illustrating Degrees ToList
Look at Fig. 111 . This has a vertical line A, and a horizontal line B. The circle is thus divided into four parts, and where these lines A, B, cross the circle are the cardinal points. Each of the four parts is called a quadrant, and each quadrant has 90 degrees.
Any line, like C, which is halfway between A and B, is 45 degrees. Halfway between A and C, p. 103 or between B and C, like the line D, is 22 1/2 degrees.
Memorizing Angles.—It is well to try and remember these lines by fixing the angles in the memory. A good plan is to divide any of the quadrants into thirds, as shown by the points E, F, and then remember that E is 30 degrees from the horizontal line B, and that F is 60 degrees. Or, you might say that F is 30 degrees from the vertical line A, and E 60 degrees from A. Either would be correct.
Fig. 112. Section Lining ToList
Section Lining.—In representing many parts of a machine, or article, it is necessary to show the parts cut off, which must be illustrated by what is called "section lining." Adjacent parts should p. 104 have the section lines running at right angles to each other, and always at 45 degrees.
Look at the outside and then the inside views of Fig. 112 , and you will see how the contiguous parts have the angles at right angles, and clearly illustrate how every part of the wrench is made. Skill in depicting an article, for the purpose of constructing it from the drawing, will make the actual work on the bench and lathe an easy one.
Fig. 113. Drawing an Ellipse ToList
Making Ellipses and Irregular Curves.—This is the hardest thing to do with drawing tools. A properly constructed elliptical figure is difficult, p. 105 principally, because two different sized curves are required, and the pen runs from one curve into the other. If the two curves meet at the wrong place, you may be sure you will have a distorted ellipse.
Follow the directions given in connection with Fig. 113 , and it will give you a good idea of merging the two lines.
First. Draw a horizontal line, A, which is in the direction of the major axis of the ellipse—that is, the longest distance across. The narrow part of the ellipse is called the minor axis.
Second. Draw a perpendicular line, B, which we will call the center of the ellipse, where it crosses the line A. This point must not be confounded with the focus. In a circle the focus is the exact center of the ring, but there is no such thing in an ellipse. Instead, there are two focal points, called the foci, as you will see presently.
Third. Step off two points or marking places, as we shall term them, equidistant from the line B, and marked C, C. These marks will then represent the diameter of the ellipse across its major axis.
Fourth. We must now get the diameter of the minor axis, along the line B. This distance will depend on the perspective you have of the figure. If you look at a disk at an angle of about 30 degrees it will be half of the distance across the major axis
p. 106
So you may understand this examine Fig. 114 . The first sketch shows the eye looking directly at the disk 1. In the second sketch the disk is at 30 degrees, and now the lines 2 2, from the eye, indicate that it is just half the width that it was when the lines 3 3 were projected. The marks D D, therefore, indicate the distance across the minor axis in Fig. 113 .
Fig. 114. Perspection in Angles ToList
Fifth. We must now find the focal points of the ellipse. If the line A on each side of the cross line B is divided into four parts, the outer marks E may be used for the foci, and will be the places where the point of the compass, or bow pen, is to be placed.
Sixth. Describe a circle F, so it passes through the mark C, and move the point of the compass to the center of the ellipse, at the star, and describe a circle line G, from the mark C to the line B. This will give a centering point H. Then draw a line I from H to E, and extend it through the circle F.
Seventh. If the point of the compass is now put p. 107 at H, and the pencil or pen on the circle line F, the curve J can be drawn, so the latter curve and the curve F will thus merge perfectly at the line I.
The Focal Points.—The focal points can be selected at any arbitrary point, between C and the line B, and the point H may be moved closer to or farther away from the line A, and you will succeed in making the ellipse correct, if you observe one thing, namely: The line I, which must always run from H to E, and intersects the circle F, is the starting or the ending point for the small curve F or the large circle J.
Figs. 115-117. Perspectives of Cubes ToList
Isometric and Perspective.—A figure may be drawn so as to show an isometric or a perspective view. Thus, a cube can be drawn so as to make an isometric figure, as in Fig. 115 , where the three sides are equal to each other.
Isometric means a method of drawing any object in such a manner that the height, length and p. 108 breadth may be shown in the proportion they really bear to each other. Fig. 115 has the sides not only equal to each other, in appearance to the eye, but they have the same outlines and angles.
Contrast this figure with Figs. 116 and 117 . In Fig. 116 two of the sides are equal in angles and outline; and in Fig. 117 each side has a different outline, and different angles. Nevertheless, all the cubes are, in reality, of the same dimension.
The Protractor.—This is a most useful tool for the draughtsman. It enables the user to readily find any angle. Fig. 118 shows an approved form of the tool for this purpose.
Fig. 118. Protractor.
Section Lining Metals ToList
Suggestions in Drawing.—As in the use of all p. 109 other tools, so with the drawing instrument, it must be kept in proper order. If the points are too fine they will cut the paper; if too blunt the lines will be ragged. In whetting the points hold the pen at an angle of 12 degrees. Don't make too long an angle or slope, and every time you sharpen hold it at the same angle, so that it is ground back, and not at the point only.
Fig. 119. Using the Protractor. ToList
Holding the Pen.—The drawing pen should be held as nearly vertical as possible. Use the cleaning rag frequently. If the ink does not flow freely, after you have made a few strokes, as is frequently the case, gently press together the points. The least grit between the tines will cause an irregular flow
p. 110
Inks.—As prepared liquid inks are now universally used, a few suggestions might be well concerning them. After half the bottle has been used, add a half teaspoonful of water, shake it well, and then strain it through a fine cotton cloth. This will remove all grit and lint that is sure to get into the bottle however carefully it may be corked.
Fig. 120. Section Lining Metals ToList
Tracing Cloth.—It is preferable to use the dull side of the tracing cloth for the reasons that, as the cloth is rolled with the glossy side inside, the figure when drawn on the other side will be uppermost, and will thus lie flat; and on the other hand, the ink will take better on the dull side.
If the ink does not flow freely, use chalk, fine pumice stone, or talc, and rub it in well with a clean cloth, and then wipe off well before beginning to trace
p. 111
Detail Paper.—The detail paper, on which the drawing is first made in pencil, should show the figure accurately, particularly the points where the bow pen are to be used, as well as the measurement points for the straight lines.
How to Proceed.—Make the circles, curves, and irregular lines first, and then follow with the straight lines. Where the point of the circle pen must be used for a large number of lines, as, for instance, in shading, the smallest circles should be made first, and the largest circles last, because at every turn the centering hole becomes larger, and there is liability to make the circles more or less irregular. Such irregularity will not be so noticeable in the large curves as in the smaller ones.
Indicating Material by the Section Lines.—In section lining different materials can be indicated by the character of the lines, shown in Fig. 120 .
CHAPTER IX ToC
TREATMENT AND USE OF METALS
Annealing.—A very important part of the novice's education is a knowledge pertaining to the annealing of metals. Unlike the artisan in wood, who works the materials as he finds them, the machinist can, and, in fact, with many of the substances, must prepare them so they can be handled or cut by the tools.
Annealing is one of the steps necessary with all cutting tools, and it is an absolute requirement with many metals for ordinary use, as well as for many other articles like glass. This is particularly true in the use of copper.
Toughness and Elasticity.—It means the putting of metals in such a condition that they will not only be less brittle, but also tougher and more elastic. Many substances, like glass, must be annealed before they can be put in condition for use, as this material when first turned out is so brittle that the slightest touch will shatter it, so that it must be toughened.
Malleable or wrought iron, if subjected to pressure, becomes brittle, and it is necessary to anneal it. Otherwise, if used, for instance, for boiler p. 113 plates, from the rolled sheets, it would stand but little pressure.
The most immediate use the boy will have is the treatment of steel. He must learn the necessity of this process, and that of tempering, in all his cutting tools, and in the making of machinery where some parts are required to be constructed of very hard metal.
The Process.—To anneal steel it must be heated to a bright cherry red and then gradually cooled down. For this purpose a bed of fine charcoal, or iron filings and lime, is prepared, in which the article is embedded, and permitted to remain until it is cold.
There are many ways of doing the work, particularly in the use of substances which will the most readily give up their carbon to the tool. Yellow prussiate of potash is an excellent medium, and this is sprinkled over the cherry-heated article to be annealed. The process may be repeated several times.
Tempering.—This is the reverse of annealing as understood in the art. The word itself does not mean to "harden," but to put into some intermediate state. For instance, "tempered clay" means a clay which has been softened so it can be readily worked.
On the other hand, a tempered steel tool is put into a condition where it is hardened, but this hard p. 114 ness is also accompanied by another quality, namely, toughness. For this reason, the word temper, and not hardness, is referred to. A lathe tool, if merely hardened, would be useless for that purpose.
Tempering Contrasted with Annealing.—It will be observed that in annealing three things are necessary: First, heating to a certain temperature; second, cooling slowly; third, the particular manner of cooling it.
In tempering, on the other hand, three things are also necessary:
First: The heating temperature should be a dull red, which is less than the annealing heat.
Second: Instead of cooling slowly the article tempered is dipped into a liquid which suddenly chills it.
Third: The materials used vary, but if the article is plunged into an unguent made of mercury and bacon fat, it will impart a high degree of toughness and elasticity.
Materials Used.—Various oils, fats and rosins are also used, and some acids in water are also valuable for this purpose. Care should be taken to have sufficient amount of liquid in the bath so as not to evaporate it or heat it up too much when it receives the heated body.
Different parts of certain articles require varying degrees of hardness, like the tangs of files. The p. 115 cutting body of the file must be extremely hard, and rather brittle than tough. If the tang should be of the same hardness it would readily break.
Gradual Tempering.—To prevent this, some substance like soap suds may be used to cool down the tang, so that toughness without hardness is imparted.
The tempering, or hardening, like the annealing process, may be repeated several times in succession, and at each successive heating the article is put at a higher temperature.
If any part of a body, as, for instance, a hammerhead, should require hardening, it may be plunged into the liquid for a short distance only, and this will harden the pole or peon while leaving the other part of the head soft, or annealed.
Glycerine is a good tempering substance, and to this may be added a small amount of sulphate of potash.
Fluxing.—The word flux means to fuse or to melt, or to put into a liquid state. The office of a flux is to facilitate the fusion of metals. But fluxes do two things. They not only aid the conversion of the metal into a fluid state, but also serve as a means for facilitating the unity of several metals which make up the alloy, and aid in uniting the parts of metals to be joined in the welding of parts
p. 116
Uniting Metals.—Metals are united in three ways, where heat is used:
First: By heating two or more of them to such a high temperature that they melt and form a compound, or an alloy, as it is called.
Second: By heating up the points to be joined, and then lapping the pieces and hammering the parts. This is called forge work or welding.
Third: By not heating the adjacent parts and using an easily fusible metal, which is heated up and run between the two, by means of a soldering iron.
The foreign material used in the first is called a flux; in the second it is termed a welding compound; and in the third it is known as a soldering acid, or soldering fluid.
The boy is not so much interested in the first process, from the standpoint of actual work, but it is necessary that he should have some understanding of it.
It may be said, as to fluxes, generally, that they are intended to promote the fusion of the liquefying metals, and the elements used are the alkalis, such as borax, tartar, limestone, or fluor spar.
These substances act as reducing or oxidizing agents. The most important are carbonate of soda, potash, and cyanide of potassium. Limestone is used as the flux in iron-smelting
p. 117
Welding Compounds.—Elsewhere formulas are given of the compounds most desirable to use. It is obvious that the application of these substances on the heated surfaces, is not only to facilitate the heating, but to prepare the articles in such a manner that they will more readily adhere to each other.
Oxidation.—Oxidation is the thing to guard against in welding. The moment a piece of metal, heated to whiteness, is exposed, the air coats it with a film which is called an oxide. To remove this the welding compound is applied.
The next office of the substance thus applied, is to serve as a medium for keeping the welding parts in a liquid condition as long as possible, and thus facilitate the unity of the joined elements.
When the hammer beats the heated metals an additional increment of heat is imparted to the weld, due to the forcing together of the molecules of the iron, so that these two agencies, namely, the compound and the mechanical friction, act together to unite the particles of the metal.
Soldering.—Here another principle is involved, namely, the use of an intermediate material between two parts which are to be united. The surfaces to be brought together must be thoroughly cleaned, using such agents as will prevent the formation of oxides.
The parts to be united may be of the same, or of p. 118 different materials, and it is in this particular that the workman must be able to make a choice of the solder most available, and whether hard or soft.
Soft Solder.—A soft solder is usually employed where lead, tin, or alloys of lead, tin and bismuth are to be soldered. These solders are all fusible at a low temperature, and they do not, as a result, have great strength.
Bismuth is a metal which lowers the fusing point of any alloy of which it forms a part, while lead makes the solder less fusible.
Hard Solder.—These are so distinguished because they require a temperature above the low red to fuse them. The metals which are alloyed for this purpose are copper, silver, brass, zinc and tin. Various alloys are thus made which require a high temperature to flux properly, and these are the ones to use in joining steel to steel, the parts to be united requiring an intense furnace heat.
Spelter.—The alloy used for this purpose is termed "spelter," and brass, zinc and tin are its usual components. The hard solders are used for uniting brass, bronze, copper, and iron.
Whether soft or hard solder is used, it is obvious that it must melt at a lower temperature than the parts which are to be joined together.
There is one peculiarity with respect to alloys: p. 119 They melt at a lower temperature than either of the metals forming the alloys.
Soldering Acid.—Before beginning the work of soldering, the parts must be cleaned by filing or sandpapering, and coated with an acid which neutralizes the oxygen of the air.
This is usually muriatic acid, of which use, say, one quart and into this drop small pieces of zinc. This will effervesce during the time the acid is dissolving the zinc. When the boiling motion ceases, the liquid may be strained, or the dark pieces removed.
The next step is to dissolve two ounces of sal ammoniac in a third of a pint of water, and in another vessel dissolve an ounce of chloride of tin.
Then mix the three solutions, and this can be placed in a bottle, or earthen jar or vessel, and it will keep indefinitely.
The Soldering Iron.—A large iron is always better than a small one, particularly for the reason that it will retain its heat better. This should always be kept tinned, which can be done by heating and plunging it into the soldering solution, and the solder will then adhere to the iron and cover the point, so that when the actual soldering takes place the solder will not creep away from the tool.
By a little care and attention to these details, the work of uniting metals will be a pleasure. It is so p. 120 often the case, however, that the apparatus for doing this work is neglected in a shop; the acid is allowed to become dirty and full or foreign matter, and the different parts separated
CHAPTER X ToC
ON GEARING AND HOW ORDERED
The technical name for gears, the manner of measuring them, their pitch and like terms, are most confusing to the novice. As an aid to the understanding on this subject, the wheels are illustrated, showing the application of these terms.
Spur and Pinion.—When a gear is ordered a specification is necessary. The manufacturer will know what you mean if you use the proper terms, and you should learn the distinctions between spur and pinion, and why a bevel differs from a miter gear.
If the gears on two parallel shafts mesh with each other, they both may be of the same diameter, or one may be larger than the other. In the latter case, the small one is the pinion, and the larger one the spur wheel.
Some manufacturers use the word "gear" for "pinion," so that, in ordering, they call them gear and pinion, in speaking of the large and small wheels.
Measuring a Gear.—The first thing to specify would be the diameter. Now a spur gear, as well as a pinion, has three diameters; one measure p. 122 across the outer extremities of the teeth; one measure across the wheel from the base of the teeth; and the distance across the wheel at a point midway between the base and end of the teeth.
These three measurements are called, respectively, "outside diameter," "inside diameter," and "pitch diameter." When the word diameter is used, as applied to a gear wheel, it is always understood to mean the "pitch diameter."
Fig. 121. Spur Gears ToList
Pitch.—This term is the most difficult to understand. When two gears of equal size mesh together, the pitch line, or the pitch circle, as it is p. 123 also called, is exactly midway between the centers of the two wheels.
Fig. 122. Miter Gear Pitch ToList
Now the number of teeth in a gear is calculated on the pitch line, and this is called:
Diametral Pitch.—To illustrate: If a gear has 40 teeth, and the pitch diameter of the wheel is 4 inches, there are 10 teeth to each inch of the pitch diameter, and the gear is then 10 diametral pitch.
Circular Pitch.—Now the term "circular pitch" grows out of the necessity of getting the measurement of the distance from the center of one tooth p. 124 to the center of the next, and it is measured along the pitch line.
Supposing you wanted to know the number of teeth in a gear where the pitch diameter and the diametral pitch are given. You would proceed as follows: Let the diameter of the pitch circle be 10 inches, and the diameter of the diametral pitch be 4 inches. Multiplying these together the product is 40, thus giving the number of teeth.
Fig. 123. Bevel Gears. ToList
It will thus be seen that if you have an idea of the diametral pitch and circular pitch, you can pretty fairly judge of the size that the teeth will be, and thus enable you to determine about what kind of teeth you should order
p. 125
How to Order a Gear.—In proceeding to order, therefore, you may give the pitch, or the diameter of the pitch circle, in which latter case the manufacturer of the gear will understand how to determine the number of the teeth. In case the intermeshing gears are of different diameters, state the number of teeth in the gear and also in the pinion, or indicate what the relative speed shall be.
Fig. 124. Miter Gears. ToList
This should be followed by the diameter of the hole in the gear and also in the pinion; the backing of both gear and pinion; the width of the face; the diameter of the gear hub; diameter of the pinion hub; and, finally, whether the gears are to be fastened to the shafts by key-ways or set-screws.
Fig. 122 shows a sample pair of miter gears, p. 126 with the measurements to indicate how to make the drawings. Fig. 123 shows the bevel gears.
Bevel and Miter Gears.—When two intermeshing gears are on shafts which are at right angles to each other, they may be equal diametrically, or of different sizes. If both are of the same diameter, they are called bevel gears; if of different diameters, miter gears.
Fig. 125. Sprocket Wheel. ToList
It is, in ordering gears of this character, that the novice finds it most difficult to know just what to do. In this case it is necessary to get the proper relation of speed between the two gears, and, for convenience, we shall, in the drawing, make the gears in the relation of 2 to 1.
Drawing Gears.—Draw two lines at right angles, p. 127 Fig. 124 , as 1 and 2, marking off the sizes of the two wheels at the points 3, 4. Then draw a vertical line (A) midway between the marks of the line 2, and this will be the center of the main pinion.
Also draw a horizontal line (B) midway between the marks on the vertical line (1), and this will represent the center of the small gear. These two cross lines (A, B) constitute the intersecting axes of the two wheels, and a line (5), drawn from the mark (3 to 4), and another line (6), from the axes to the intersecting points of the lines (1, 2), will give the pitch line angles of the two wheels.
Sprocket Wheels.—For sprocket wheels the pitch line passes centrally through the rollers (A) of the chain, as shown in Fig. 125 , and the pitch of the chain is that distance between the centers of two adjacent rollers. In this case the cut of the teeth is determined by the chain
CHAPTER XI ToC
MECHANICAL POWERS
The Lever.—The lever is the most wonderful mechanical element in the world. The expression, lever, is not employed in the sense of a stick or a bar which is used against a fulcrum to lift or push something with, but as the type of numerous devices which employ the same principle.
Some of these devices are, the wedge, the screw, the pulley and the inclined plane. In some form or other, one or more of these are used in every piece of mechanism in the world.
Because the lever enables the user to raise or move an object hundreds of times heavier than is possible without it, has led thousands of people to misunderstand its meaning, because it has the appearance, to the ignorant, of being able to manufacture power.
Wrong Inferences from Use of Lever.—This lack of knowledge of first principles, has bred and is now breeding, so-called perpetual motion inventors (?) all over the civilized world. It is surprising how many men, to say nothing of boys, actually believe that power can be made without the expenditure of something which equalizes it
p. 129
The boy should not be led astray in this particular, and I shall try to make the matter plain by using the simple lever to illustrate the fact that whenever power is exerted some form of energy is expended.
In Fig. 126 is a lever (A), resting on a fulcrum (B), the fulcrum being so placed that the lever is four times longer on one side than on the other. A weight (C) of 4 pounds is placed on the short end, and a 1-pound weight (D), called the power, on the short end. It will thus be seen that the lever is balanced by the two weights, or that the weight and the power are equal.
Fig. 126. Simple Lever ToList
The Lever Principle.—Now, without stopping to inquire, the boy will say: "Certainly, I can understand that. As the lever is four times longer on one side of the fulcrum than on the other side, it requires only one-fourth of the weight to balance the four pounds. But suppose I push down the lever, at the point where the weight (D) is, p. 130 then, for every pound I push down I can raise four pounds at C. In that case do I not produce four times the power?"
I answer, yes. But while I produce that power I am losing something which is equal to the power gained. What is that?
Fig. 127. Lever Action ToList
First: Look at Fig. 127 ; the distance traveled. The long end of the lever is at its highest point, which is A; and the short end of the lever is at its lowest point C. When the long end of the lever is pushed down, so it is at B, it moves four times farther than the short end moves upwardly, as the distance from C to D is just one-fourth that from A to B. The energy expended in moving four times the distance balances the power gained.
Power vs. Distance Traveled.—From this the following law is deduced: That whatever is gained in power is lost in the distance traveled
p. 131
Second: Using the same figure, supposing it was necessary to raise the short end of the lever, from C to D, in one second of time. In that case the hand pressing down the long end of the lever, would go from A to B in one second of time; or it would go four times as far as the short end, in the same time.
Power vs. Loss in Time.—This means another law: That what is gained in power is lost in time.
Distinguish clearly between these two motions. In the first case the long end of the lever is moved down from A to B in four seconds, and it had to travel four times the distance that the short end moves in going from C to D.
In the second case the long end is moved down, from A to B, in one second of time, and it had to go that distance in one-fourth of the time, so that four times as much energy was expended in the same time to raise the short end from C to D.
Wrongly Directed Energy.—More men have gone astray on the simple question of the power of the lever than on any other subject in mechanics. The writer has known instances where men knew the principles involved in the lever, who would still insist on trying to work out mechanical devices in which pulleys and gearing were involved, without seeming to understand that those p. 132 mechanical devices are absolutely the same in principle.
This will be made plain by a few illustrations. In Fig. 128 , A is a pulley four times larger, diametrically, than B, and C is the pivot on which they turn. The pulleys are, of course, secured to each other. In this case we have the two weights, one of four pounds on the belt, which is on the small pulley (B), and a one-pound weight on the belt from the large pulley (A).
Fig. 128. The Pulley ToList
The Lever and the Pulley.—If we should substitute a lever (D) for the pulleys, the similarity to the lever ( Fig. 127 ) would be apparent at once. The pivot (C) in this case would act the same as the pivot (C) in the lever illustration.
In the same manner, and for like reasons, the p. 133 wedge, the screw and the incline plane, are different structural applications of the principles set forth in the lever.
Whenever two gears are connected together, the lever principle is used, whether they are the same in size, diametrically, or not. If they are the same size then no change in power results; but instead, thereof, a change takes place in the direction of the motion.
Fig. 129.
Fig. 130.
Change of Direction ToList
When one end of the lever (A) goes down, the other end goes up, as shown in Fig. 129 ; and in Fig. 130 , when the shaft (C) of one wheel turns in one direction, the shaft of the other wheel turns in the opposite direction.
It is plain that a gear, like a lever, may change direction as well as increase or decrease power. It is the thorough knowledge of these facts, and their application, which enables man to make the wonderful machinery we see on every hand.
Sources of Power.—Power is derived from a p. 134 variety of sources, but what are called the prime movers are derived from heat, through the various fuels, from water, from the winds and from the tides and waves of the ocean. In the case of water the power depends on the head, or height, of the surface of the water above the discharging orifice.
Water Power.—A column of water an inch square and 28 inches high gives a pressure at the base of one pound; and the pressure at the lower end is equal in all directions. If a tank of water 28 inches high has a single orifice in its bottom 1" x 1" in size, the pressure of water through that opening will be only one pound, and it will be one pound through every other orifice in the bottom of the same size.
Calculating Fuel Energy.—Power from fuels depends upon the expansion of the materials consumed, or upon the fact that heat expands some element, like water, which in turn produces the power. One cubic inch of water, when converted into steam, has a volume equal to one cubic foot, or about 1,700 times increase in bulk.
Advantage is taken of this in steam engine construction. If a cylinder has a piston in it with an area of 100 square inches, and a pipe one inch square supplies steam at 50 pounds pressure, the piston will have 50 pounds pressure on every square inch of its surface, equal to 5,000 pounds
p. 135
The Pressure or Head.—In addition to that there will also be 50 pounds pressure on each square inch of the head, as well as on the sides of the cylinder.
Fig. 131 shows a cylinder (A), a piston (B) and a steam inlet port (C), in which is indicated how the steam pressure acts equally in all directions. As, however, the piston is the only movable part, the force of the steam is directed to that part, and the motion is then transmitted to the crank, and to the shaft of the engine.
Fig. 131. Steam Pressure
Fig. 132. Water Pressure ToList
This same thing applies to water which, as stated, is dependent on its head. Fig. 132 repre p. 136 sents a cylinder (D) with a vertically movable piston (E) and a standpipe (F). Assuming that the pipe (F) is of sufficient height to give a pressure of 50 pounds to the square inch, then the piston (E) and the sides and head of the cylinder (D) would have 50 pounds pressure on every square inch of surface.
Fuels.—In the use of fuels, such as the volatile hydrocarbons, the direct expansive power of the fuel gases developed, is used to move the piston back and forth. Engines so driven are called Internal Combustion Motors.
Power from Winds.—Another source of power is from the wind acting against wheels which have blades or vanes disposed at such angles that there is a direct conversion of a rectilinear force into circular motion.
In this case power is derived from the force of the moving air and the calculation of energy developed is made by considering the pressure on each square foot of surface. The following table shows the force exerted at different speeds against a flat surface one foot square, held so that the wind strikes it squarely: p. 137
SPEED OF WIND
Varying Degrees of Pressure.—It is curious to notice how the increase in speed changes the pressure against the blade. Thus, a wind blowing 20 miles an hour shows 2 pounds pressure; whereas a wind twice that velocity, or 40 miles an hour, shows a pressure of 8 pounds, which is four times greater than at 20 miles.
It differs, therefore, from the law with respect to water pressure, which is constant in relation to the height or the head—that is, for every 28 inches height of water a pound pressure is added.
Power from Waves and Tides.—Many attempts have been made to harness the waves and the tide and some of them have been successful. This effort has been directed to the work of converting the oscillations of the waves into a rotary motion, and also to take advantage of the to-and-fro movement of the tidal flow. There is a great field in this direction for the ingenious boy.
A Profitable Field.—In no direction of human p. 138 enterprise is there such a wide and profitable field for work, as in the generation of power. It is constantly growing in prominence, and calls for the exercise of the skill of the engineer and the ingenuity of the mechanic. Efficiency and economy are the two great watchwords, and this is what the world is striving for. Success will come to him who can contribute to it in the smallest degree.
Capital is not looking for men who can cheapen the production of an article 50 per cent., but 1 per cent. The commercial world does not expect an article to be 100 per cent, better. Five per cent. would be an inducement for business
CHAPTER XII ToC
ON MEASURES
Horse-power.—When work is performed it is designated as horse-power, usually indicated by the letters H. P.; but the unit of work is called a foot pound.
If one pound should be lifted 550 feet in one second, or 550 pounds one foot in the same time, it would be designated as one horse-power. For that reason it is called a foot pound. Instead of using the figure to indicate the power exerted during one minute of time, the time is taken for a minute, in all calculations, so that 550 multiplied by the number of seconds, 60, in a minute, equals 33,000 foot pounds.
Foot Pounds.—The calculation of horse-power is in a large measure arbitrary. It was determined in this way: Experiments show that the heat expended in vaporizing 34 pounds of water per hour, develops a force equal to 33,000 foot pounds; and since it takes about 4 pounds of coal per hour to vaporize that amount of water, the heat developed by that quantity of coal develops the same force as that exercised by an average horse exerting his strength at ordinary work
p. 140
All power is expressed in foot pounds. Suppose a cannon ball of sufficient weight and speed strikes an object. If the impact should indicate 33,000 pounds it would not mean that the force employed was one horse-power, but that many foot pounds.
If there should be 60 impacts of 550 pounds each within a minute, it might be said that it would be equal to 1 horse-power, but the correct way to express it would be foot pounds.
So in every calculation, where power is to be calculated, first find out how many foot pounds are developed, and then use the unit of measure, 33,000, as the divisor to get the horse-power, if you wish to express it in that way.
It must be understood, therefore, that horse-power is a simple unit of work, whereas a foot pound is a compound unit formed of a foot paired with the weight of a pound.
Energy.—Now work and energy are two different things. Work is the overcoming of resistance of any kind, either by causing or changing motion, or maintaining it against the action of some other force.
Energy, on the other hand, is the power of doing work. Falling water possesses energy; so does a stone poised on the edge of a cliff. In the case of water, it is called kinetic energy; in the stone p. 141 potential energy. A pound of pressure against the stone will cause the latter, in falling, to develop an enormous energy; so it will be seen that this property resides, or is within the thing itself. It will be well to remember these definitions.
How to Find Out the Power Developed.—The measure of power produced by an engine, or other source, is so interesting to boys that a sketch is given of a Prony Brake, which is the simplest form of the Dynamometer, as these measuring machines are called.
Fig. 133. Prony Brake ToList
In the drawing (A) is the shaft, with a pulley (A�), which turns in the direction of the arrow (B). C is a lever which may be of any length. This has a block (C�), which fits on the pulley, and below the shaft, and surrounding it, are blocks (D) held against the pulley by a chain (E), the ends of the chain being attached to bolts (F) which pass through the block (C�) and lever (C)
p. 142
Nuts (G) serve to draw the bolts upwardly and thus tighten the blocks against the shaft. The free end of the lever has stops (H) above and below, so as to limit its movement. Weights (I) are suspended from the end of the lever.
Fig. 134. Speed Indicator ToList
The Test.—The test is made as follows: The shaft is set in motion, and the nuts are tightened until its full power at the required speed is balanced by the weight put on the platform.
The following calculation can then be made:
For our present purpose we shall assume that the diameter of the pulley (A�) is 4 inches; the length of the lever (C), 3 feet; the speed of the shaft (A) and the pulley, 210 revolutions per minute; and the weight 600 pounds.
Now proceed as follows:
(1) Multiply the diameter of the pulley (A�) p. 143 (4 inches) by 3.1416, and this will give the circumference 12.5664 inches; or, 1.0472 feet.
(2) Multiply this product (1.0472) by the revolutions per minute. 1.0472 � 210 = 219.912. This equals the speed of the periphery of the pulley.
(3) The next step is to get the length of the lever (C) from the center of the shaft (A) to the point from which the weights are suspended, and divide this by one-half of the diameter of the pulley (A�). 36" � 2" = 18", or 1 1/2 feet. This is the leverage.
(4) Then multiply the weight in pounds by the leverage. 600 � 1 1/2 = 900.
(5) Next multiply this product (900) by the speed, 900 � 219.912 = 197,920.8, which means foot pounds.
(6) As each horse-power has 33,000 foot pounds, the last product should be divided by this figure, and we have 197,920.8 � 33,000 = 5.99 H. P.
The Foot Measure.—How long is a foot, and what is it determined by? It is an arbitrary measure. The human foot is the basis of the measurement. But what is the length of a man's foot? It varied in different countries from 9 to 21 inches.
In England, in early days, it was defined as a measure of length consisting of 12 inches, or 36 barleycorns laid end to end. But barleycorns differ in length as well as the human foot, so the p. 144 standard adopted is without any real foundation or reason.
Weight.—To determine weight, however, a scientific standard was adopted. A gallon contains 8.33 pounds avoirdupois weight of distilled water. This gallon is divided up in two ways; one by weight, and the other by measurement.
Each gallon contains 231 cubic inches of distilled water. As it has four quarts, each quart has 57 3/4 cubic inches, and as each quart is comprised of two pints, each pint has nearly 29 cubic inches.
The Gallon.—The legal gallon in the United States is equal to a cylindrical measure 7 inches in diameter and 6 inches deep.
Notwithstanding the weights and dimensions of solids and liquids are thus fixed by following a scientific standard, the divisions into scruples, grains, pennyweights and tons, as well as cutting them up into pints, quarts and other units, is done without any system, and for this reason the need of a uniform method has been long considered by every country.
The Metric System.—As early as 1528, Fernal, a French physician, suggested the metric system. Our own government recognized the value of this plan when it established the system of coinage.
The principle lies in fixing a unit, such as a dol p. 145 lar, or a pound, or a foot, and then making all divisions, or addition, in multiples of ten. Thus, we have one mill; ten mills to make a dime; ten dimes to make a dollar, and so on.
Basis of Measurement.—The question arose, what to use as the basis of measurement, and it was proposed to use the earth itself, as the measure. For this purpose the meridian line running around the earth at the latitude of Paris was selected.
One-quarter of this measurement around the globe was found to be 393,707,900 inches, and this was divided into 10,000,000 parts. Each part, therefore, was a little over 39.37 inches in length, and this was called a meter, which means measure.
A decimeter is one-tenth of that, namely, 3.937 inches; and a decameter 39.37, or ten times the meter, and so on.
For convenience the metrical table is given, showing lengths in feet and inches, in which only three decimal points are used.
Metrical Table, showing measurements in feet and inches: p. 146
METRICAL TABLE, SHOWING MEASUREMENTS IN FEET
AND INCHES
USEFUL INFORMATION FOR THE WORKSHOP
To find the circumference of a circle: Multiply the diameter by 3.1416.
To find the diameter of a circle: Multiply the circle by .31831.
To find the area of a circle: Multiply the square of the diameter by .7854.
To find the area of a triangle: Multiply the base by one-half the perpendicular height.
To find the surface of a ball: Multiply the square of the diameter by 3.1416.
To find the solidity of a sphere: Multiply the cube of the diameter by .5236.
To find the cubic contents of a cone: Multiply the area of the base by one-third the altitude.
Doubling the diameter of a pipe increases its capacity four times.
To find the pressure in pounds per square inch of a column of water: Multiply the height of the column in feet by .434.
Standard Horse-power: The evaporation of 30 pounds of water per hour from a feed water temperature of 1,000 degrees Fahrenheit into steam at 70 pounds gauge pressure
p. 149
To find the capacity of any tank in gallons: Square the diameter in inches, multiply by the length, and then by .0034.
In making patterns for aluminum castings provision must be made for shrinkage to a greater extent than with any other metal or alloy.
The toughness of aluminum can be increased by adding a small per cent. of phosphorus.
All alloys of metals having mercury are called amalgams.
A sheet of zinc suspended in the water of a boiler will produce an electrolytic action and prevent scaling to a considerable extent.
Hydrofluoric acid will not affect a pure diamond, but will dissolve all imitations.
A strong solution of alum put into glue will make it insoluble in water.
A grindstone with one side harder than the other can have its flinty side softened by immersing that part in boiled linseed oil.
One barrel contains 3 3/4 cubic feet.
One cubic yard contains 7 barrels.
To find the speed of a driven pulley of a given diameter: Multiply the diameter of the driving pulley by its speed or number of revolutions. Divide this by the diameter of the driven pulley. The result will be the number of revolutions of the driven pulley
p. 150
To find the diameter of a driven pulley that shall make any given number of revolutions in the same time: Multiply the diameter of the driving pulley by its number of revolutions, and divide the product by the number of revolutions of the driven pulley.
A piece of the well-known tar soap held against the inside of a belt while running will prevent it from slipping, and will not injure the belt.
Boiler scale is composed of the carbonate or the sulphate of lime. To prevent the formation it is necessary to use some substance which will precipitate these elements in the water. The cheapest and most universally used for this purpose are soda ash and caustic soda.
Gold bronze is merely a mixture of equal parts of oxide of tin and sulphur. To unite them they are heated for some time in an earthen retort.
Rusted utensils may be cleaned of rust by applying either turpentine or kerosene oil, and allowing them to stand over night, when the excess may be wiped off. Clean afterwards with fine emery cloth.
Plaster of paris is valuable for many purposes in a machine shop, but the disadvantage in handling it is, that it sets so quickly, and its use is, therefore, very much limited. To prevent quick setting mix a small amount of arrow root powder with p. 151 the plaster before it is mixed, and this will keep it soft for some time, and also increase its hardness when it sets.
For measuring purposes a tablespoon holds 1/2 ounce; a dessertspoon 1/4 ounce; a teaspoon 1/8 ounce; a teacupful of sugar weighs 1/2 pound; two teacupsful of butter weigh 1 pound; 1 1/3 pints of powdered sugar weigh 1 pound; one pint of distilled water weighs 1 pound.
Ordinarily, 450 drops of liquid are equal to 1 ounce; this varies with different liquids, some being thicker in consistency than others, but for those of the consistency of water the measure given is fairly accurate
THE SIMPLICITY OF GREAT INVENTIONS, AND OF
NATURE'S MANIFESTATIONS
If there is anything in the realm of mechanics which excites the wonder and admiration of man, it is the knowledge that the greatest inventions are the simplest, and that the inventor must take advantage of one law in nature which is universal in its application, and that is vibration.
There is a key to every secret in nature's great storehouse. It is not a complicated one, containing a multiplicity of wards and peculiar angles and recesses. It is the very simplicity in most of the problems which long served as a bar to discovery in many of the arts. So extremely simple have been some of the keys that many inventions resulted from accidents.
Invention Precedes Science.—Occasionally inventions were brought about by persistency and energy, and ofttimes by theorizing; but science rarely ever aids invention. The latter usually precedes science. Thus, reasoning could not show how it might be possible for steam to force water into a boiler against its own pressure. But the injector does this
p. 153
If, prior to 1876, it had been suggested that a sonorous vibration could be converted into an electrical pulsation, and transformed back again to a sonorous vibration, science would have proclaimed it impossible; but the telephone does it. Invention shows how things are done, and science afterwards explains the phenomena and formulates theories and laws which become serviceable to others in the arts.
Simplicity in Inventions.—But let us see how exceedingly simple are some of the great discoveries of man.
The Telegraph.—The telegraph is nothing but a magnet at each end of a wire, with a lever for an armature, which opens and closes the circuit that passes through the magnets and armature, so that an impulse on the lever, or armature, at one end, by making and breaking the circuit, also makes and breaks the circuit at the other end.
Telephone.—The telephone has merely a disk close to but not touching the end of a magnet. The sonorous vibration of the voice oscillates the diaphragm, and as the diaphragm is in the magnetic field of the magnet, it varies the pressure, so called, causing the diaphragm at the other end of the wire to vibrate in unison and give out the same sound originally imparted to the other diaphragm.
Transmitter.—The transmitter is merely a sen p. 154 sitized instrument. It depends solely on the principle of light contact points in an electric circuit, whereby the vibrations of the voice are augmented.
Phonograph.—The phonograph is not an electrical instrument. It has a diaphragm provided centrally with a blunt pin, or stylus. To make the record, some soft or plastic material, like wax, or tinfoil, is caused to move along so that the point of the stylus makes impressions in it, and the vibrations of the diaphragm cause the point to traverse a groove of greater or smaller indentations. When this groove is again presented to the stylus the diaphragm is vibrated and gives forth the sounds originally imparted to it when the indentations were made.
Wireless Telegraphy.—Wireless telegraphy depends for its action on what is called induction. Through this property a current is made of a high electro-motive force, which means of a high voltage, and this disturbs the ether with such intensity that the waves are sent out in all directions to immense distances.
The great discovery has been to find a mechanism sensitive enough to detect the induction waves. The instrument for this purpose is called a coherer, in which small particles cohere through the action of the electric waves, and are caused to fall apart mechanically, during the electrical impulses
p. 155
Printing Telegraph.—The printing telegraph requires the synchronous turning of two wheels. This means that two wheels at opposite ends of a wire must be made to turn at exactly the same rate of speed. Originally, this was tried by clock work, but without success commercially, for the reason that a pendulum does not beat with the same speed at the equator, as at different latitudes, nor at altitudes; and temperature also affects the rate. The solution was found by making the two wheels move by means of a timing fork, which vibrates with the same speed everywhere, and under all conditions.
Electric Motor.—The direct current electric motor depends for its action on the principle that likes repel, and unlikes attract. The commutator so arranges the poles that at the proper points, in the revolution of the armature, the poles are always presented to each other in such a way that as they approach each other, they are opposites, and thus attract, and as they recede from each other they repel. A dynamo is exactly the same, except that the commutator reverses the operation and makes the poles alike as they approach each other, and unlike as they recede.
Steel is simply iron, to which has been added a small per cent of carbon.
Quinine is efficient in its natural state, but it has p. 156 been made infinitely more effectual by the breaking up or changing of the molecules with acids. Sulphate of quinine is made by the use of sulphuric acid as a solvent.
Explosions.—Explosions depend on oxygen. While this element does not burn, a certain amount of it must be present to support combustion. Thus, the most inflammable gas or liquid will not burn or explode unless oxygenized. Explosives are made by using a sufficient amount, in a concentrated form, which is added to the fuel, so that when it is ignited there is a sufficient amount of oxygen present to support combustion, hence the rapid explosion which follows.
Vibration in Nature.—The physical meaning of vibration is best illustrated by the movement of a pendulum. All agitation is vibration. All force manifests itself in this way.
The painful brilliancy of the sun is produced by the rapid vibrations of the rays; the twinkle of the distant star, the waves of the ocean when ruffled by the winds; the shimmer of the moon on its crested surface; the brain in thinking; the mouth in talking; the beating of the heart; all, alike, obey the one grand and universal law of vibratory motion.
Qualities of Sound.—Sound is nothing but a succession of vibrations of greater or less magnitude. Pitch is produced by the number of vibra p. 157 tions; intensity by their force; and quality by the character of the article vibrated.
Since the great telephone controversy which took place some years ago there has been a wonderful development in the knowledge of acoustics, or sounds. It was shown that the slightest sound would immediately set into vibration every article of furniture in a room, and very sensitive instruments have been devised to register the force and quality.
The Photographer's Plate.—It is known that the chemical action of an object on a photographer's plate is due to vibration; each represents a force of different intensity, hence the varying shades produced. Owing to the different rates of vibrations caused by the different colors, the difficulty has been to photograph them, but this has now been accomplished. Harmony, or "being in tune," as is the common expression, is as necessary in light, as in music.
Some chemicals will bring out or "develop," the pictures; others will not. Colors are now photographed because invention and science have found the harmonizing chemicals.
Quadruplex Telegraphy.—One of the most remarkable of all the wonders of our age is what is known as duplex and quadruplex telegraphy. Every atom and impulse in electricity is oscillation. p. 158 The current which transmits a telegram is designated in the science as "vibratory."
But how is it possible to transmit two or more messages over one wire at the same time? It is by bringing into play the harmony of sounds. One message is sent in one direction in the key of A; another message in the other direction in B; and so any number may be sent, because the electrical vibrations may be tuned, just like the strings of a violin.
Electric Harmony.—Every sound produces a corresponding vibration in surrounding objects. While each vibrates, or is capable of transmitting a sound given to it by its vibratory powers, it may not vibrate in harmony.
When a certain key of a piano is struck every key has a certain vibration, and if we could separate it from the other sounds, it would reflect the same sound as the string struck, just the same as the walls of a room or the air itself would convey that sound.
But as no two strings in the instrument vibrate the same number of times each second, the rapid movement of successive sounds of the keys do not interfere with each other. If, however, there are several pianos in a room, and all are tuned the same pitch, the striking of a key on one instrument will p. 159 instantly set in vibration the corresponding strings in all the other instruments.
This is one reason why a piano tested in a music wareroom has always a more beautiful and richer sound than when in a drawing-room or hall, since each string is vibrated by the other instrument.
If a small piece of paper is balanced upon the strings of a violin, every key of the piano may be struck, except the one in tune, without affecting the paper; but the moment the same key is struck the vibration of the harmonizing pitch will unbalance the paper.
The musical sound of C produces 528 vibrations per second; D 616, and so on. The octave above has double the number of vibrations of the lower note. It will thus be understood why discord in music is not pleasant to the ear, as the vibrations are not in the proper multiples.
Odors.—So with odors. The sense of smell is merely the force set in motion by the vibration of the elements. An instrument called the odophone demonstrates that a scale or gamut exists in flowers; that sharp smells indicate high tones and heavy smells low tones. Over fifty odors have thus been analyzed.
The treble clef, note E, 4th space, is orange; note D, 1st space below, violet; note F, 4th space above clef, ambergris. To make a proper bouquet, there p. 160 fore the different odors must be harmonized, just the same as the notes of a musical chord are selected.
A Bouquet of Vibrations.—The odophone shows that santal, geranium, orange flower and camphor, make a bouquet in the key of C. It is easy to conceive that a beautiful bouquet means nothing more than an agreeable vibratory sensation of the olfactory nerves.
Taste.—So with the sense of taste. The tongue is covered with minute cells surrounded by nervous filaments which are set in motion whenever any substance is brought into contact with the surface. Tasting is merely the movement of these filaments, of greater or less rapidity.
If an article is tasteless, it means that these filaments do not vibrate. These vibrations are of two kinds. They may move faster or slower, or they may move in a peculiar way. A sharp acute taste means that the vibrations are very rapid; a mild taste, slow vibrations.
When a pleasant taste is detected, it is only because the filaments are set into an agreeable motion. The vibrations in the tongue may become so rapid that it will be painful, just as a shriek becomes piercing to the ear, or an intense light dazzling to the eye; all proceed from the same physical force acting on the brain
p. 161
Color.—Color, that seemingly unexplainable force, becomes a simple thing when the principles of vibration are applied, and this has been fully explained by the spectroscope and its operation.
When the boy once appreciates that this force, or this motion in nature is just as simple as the great inventions which have grown out of this manifestation, he will understand that a knowledge of these things will enable him to utilize the energy in a proper way
CHAPTER XV ToC
WORKSHOP RECIPES AND FORMULAS
In a work of this kind, dealing with the various elements, the boy should have at hand recipes or formulas for everything which comes within the province of his experiments. The following are most carefully selected, the objects being to present those which are the more easily compounded.
Adhesives for Various Uses.—Waterproof glue. Use a good quality of glue, and dissolve it in warm water, then add one pound of linseed oil to eight pounds of the glue. Add three ounces of nitric acid.
Leather or Card-board Glue. After dissolving good glue in water, to which a little turpentine has been added, mix it with a thick paste of starch, the proportion of starch to glue being about two to every part of glue used. The mixture is used cold.
A fine Belt Glue. Dissolve 50 ounces of gelatine in water, and heat after pouring off the excess water. Then stir in five ounces of glycerine, ten ounces of turpentine, and five ounces of linseed oil varnish. If too thick add water to suit.
For cementing Iron to Marble. Use 30 parts of Plaster of Paris, 10 parts of iron filings, and one p. 163 half part of sal ammoniac. These are mixed up with vinegar to make a fluid paste.
To cement Glass to Iron. Use 3 ounces of boiled linseed oil and 1 part of copal varnish, and into this put 2 ounces of litharge and 1 ounce of white lead and thoroughly mingle so as to make a smooth paste.
Water-proof Cement. Boiled linseed oil, 6 ounces; copal, 6 ounces; litharge, 2 ounces; and white lead, 16 ounces. To be thoroughly incorporated.
To unite rubber or leather to hard substances. One ounce of pulverized gum shellac dissolved in 9 1/2 ounces of strong ammonia, will make an elastic cement. Must be kept tightly corked.
For uniting iron to iron. Use equal parts of boiled oil, white lead, pipe clay and black oxide of manganese, and form it into a paste.
Transparent Cement. Unite 1 ounce of india rubber, 67 ounces of chloroform, and 40 ounces of mastic. This is to be kept together for a week, and stirred at times, when it will be ready for use.
To Attach Cloth to Metal. Water 100 parts, sugar 10 parts, starch 20 parts, and zinc chloride 1 part. This must be first stirred and made free of lumps, and then heated until it thickens.
United States Government Gum. Dissolve 1 part of gum arabic in water and add 4 parts of sugar p. 164 and 1 part of starch. This is then boiled for a few minutes, and thinned down as required.
To Make Different Alloys.—Silver-aluminum. Silver one-fourth part, and aluminum three-fourth parts.
Bell-metal. Copper, 80 parts; tin, 20 parts. Or, copper, 72 parts; tin, 26 parts; zinc, 2 parts. Or, copper 2; 1 of tin.
Brass. Copper, 66 parts; zinc, 32 parts; tin, 1 part; lead, 1 part.
Bronzes. Copper, 65 parts; zinc, 30 parts; tin, 5 parts. Or, copper, 85 parts; zinc, 10 parts; tin, 3 parts; lead, 2 parts.
German Silver. 52 parts of copper; 26 parts zinc; 22 parts nickel.
For Coating Mirrors. Tin, 70 parts; mercury, 30 parts.
Boiler Compounds.—To prevent scaling. Use common washing soda, or Glauber salts.
To Dissolve Celluloid.—Use 50 parts of alcohol and 5 parts of camphor for every 5 parts of celluloid. When the celluloid is put into the solution it will dissolve it.
To Soften Celluloid. This may be done by simply heating, so it will bend, and by putting it in steam, it can be worked like dough.
Clay Mixture for Forges.—Mix dry 20 parts of fire clay, 20 parts cast-iron turnings, one part p. 165 of common salt, and 1/2 part sal ammoniac, and then add water while stirring, so as to form a mortar of the proper consistency. The mixture will become very hard when heat is applied.
A Modeling Clay. This is made by mixing the clay with glycerine and afterwards adding vaseline. If too much vaseline is added it becomes too soft.
Fluids for Cleaning Clothes, Furniture, Etc.—For Delicate Fabrics. Make strong decoction of soap bark, and put into alcohol.
Non-inflammable Cleaner. Equal parts of acetone, ammonia and diluted alcohol.
Taking dried paint from clothing. Shake up 2 parts of ammonia water with 1 part of spirits of turpentine.
Cleaning Furniture, etc. Unite 2.4 parts of wax; 9.4 parts of oil of turpentine; 42 parts acetic acid; 42 parts citric acid; 42 parts white soap. This must be well mingled before using.
Removing Rust from Iron or Steel. Rub the surface with oil of tartar. Or, apply turpentine or kerosene, and after allowing to stand over night, clean with emery cloth.
For Removing Ink Stains from Silver. Use a paste made of chloride of lime and water.
To clean Silver-Plated Ware. Make a mixture of cream of tartar, 2 parts; levigated chalk, 2 p. 166 parts; and alum, 1 part. Grind up the alum and mix thoroughly.
Cleaning a Gas Stove. Make a solution of 9 parts of caustic soda and 150 parts of water, and put the separate parts of the stove in the solution for an hour or two. The parts will come out looking like new.
Cleaning Aluminum. A few drops of sulphuric acid in water will restore the luster to aluminum ware.
Oil Eradicator. Soap spirits, 100 parts; ammonia solution, 25; acetic ether, 15 parts.
Disinfectants.—Camphor, 1 ounce; carbolic acid (75 per cent.), 12 ounces; aqua ammonia, 10 drachms; soft salt water, 8 drachms.
Water-Closet Deodorant. Ferric chloride, 4 parts; zinc chloride, 5 parts; aluminum chloride, 4 parts; calcium chloride, 5 parts; magnesium chloride, 3 parts; and water sufficient to make 90 parts. When all is dissolved add to each gallon 10 grains of thymol and a quarter-ounce of rosemary that had been previously dissolved in six quarts of alcohol.
Odorless Disinfectants. Mercuric chloride, 1 part; cupric sulphate, 10 parts; zinc sulphate, 50 parts; sodium chloride, 65 parts; water to make 1,000 parts.
Emery for Lapping Purposes. Fill a pint bottle p. 167 with machine oil and emery flour, in the proportion of 7 parts oil and 1 part emery. Allow it to stand for twenty minutes, after shaking up well, then pour off half the contents, without disturbing the settlings, and the part so poured off contains only the finest of the emery particles, and is the only part which should be used on the lapping roller.
Explosives.—Common Gunpowder. Potassium nitrate, 75 parts; charcoal, 15 parts; sulphur, 10 parts.
Dynamite. 75 per cent. nitro-glycerine; 25 per cent. infusorial earth.
Giant Powder. 36 per cent. nitro-glycerine; 48 per cent. nitrate of potash; 8 per cent. of sulphur; 8 per cent. charcoal.
Fulminate. Chlorate of potassia, 6 parts; pure lampblack, 4 parts; sulphur, 1 part. A blow will cause it to explode.
Files.—How to Keep Clean. Olive oil is the proper substance to rub over files, as this will prevent the creases from filling up while in use, and preserve the file for a longer time, and also enable it to do better cutting.
To Renew Old Files. Use a potash bath for boiling them in, and afterwards brush them well so as to get the creases clean. Then stretch a cotton cloth between two supports, and after plunging the p. 168 file into nitric acid, use the stretched cloth to wipe off the acid. The object is to remove the acid from the ridges of the file, so the acid will only eat out or etch the deep portions between the ridges, and not affect the edges or teeth.
Fire Proof Materials or Substances.—For Wood. For the kind where it is desired to apply with a brush, use 100 parts sodium silicate; 50 parts of Spanish white, and 100 parts of glue. It must be applied hot.
Another good preparation is made as follows: Sodium silicate, 350 parts; asbestos, powdered, 350 parts; and boiling water 1,000 parts.
For Coating Steel, etc. Silica, 50 parts; plastic fire clay, 10 parts; ball clay, 3 parts. To be thoroughly mixed.
For Paper. Ammonium sulphate, 8 parts; boracic acid, 3 parts; borax, 2 parts; water, 100 parts. This is applied in a liquid state to the paper surface.
Floor Dressings.—Oil Stain. Neats' foot oil, 1 part; cottonseed oil, 1 part; petroleum oil, 1 part. This may be colored with anything desired, like burnt sienna, annatto, or other coloring material.
Ballroom Powder. Hard paraffine, 1 pound; powdered boric acid, 7 pounds; oil of lavender, 1 drachm; oil of neroli, 20 minims.
Foot Powders.—For Perspiring Feet. Balsam p. 169 Peru, 15 minims; formic acid, 1 drachm; chloral hydrate, 1 drachm; alcohol to make 3 ounces.
For Easing Feet. Tannaform, 1 drachm; talcum, 2 drachms; lycopodium, 30 grains.
Frost Bites. Carbolized water, 4 drachms; nitric acid, 1 drop; oil of geranium, 1 drop.
Glass.—To cut glass, hold it under water, and use a pair of shears.
To make a hole through glass, place a circle of moist earth on the glass, and form a hole in this the diameter wanted for the hole, and in this hole pour molten lead, and the part touched by the lead will fall out.
To Frost Glass. Cover it with a mixture of 6 ounces of magnesium sulphate, 2 ounces of dextrine, and 20 ounces of water. This produces a fine effect.
To imitate ground glass, use a composition of sandarac, 2 1/2 ounces; mastic, 1/2 ounce; ether, 24 ounces; and benzine, 16 ounces.
Iron and Steel.—How to distinguish them. Wash the metal and put it into a solution of bichromate of potash to which has been added a small amount of sulphuric acid. In a minute or so take out the metal, wash and wipe it. Soft steel and cast iron will have the appearance of an ash-gray tint; tempered steels will be black; and pud p. 170 dled or refined irons will be nearly white and have a metallic reflection.
To Harden Iron or Steel. If wrought iron, put in the charge 20 parts, by weight, of common salt, 2 parts of potassium cyanide, .3 part of potassium bichromate, .15 part of broken glass.
To harden cast iron, there should be added to the charge the following: To 60 parts of water, add 2 1/2 parts of vinegar, 3 parts of common salt, and .25 part of hydrochloric acid.
To soften castings: Heat them to a high temperature and cover them with fine coal dust and allow to cool gradually.
Lacquers.—For Aluminum. Dissolve 100 parts of gum lac in 300 parts of ammonia and heat for an hour moderately in a water bath. The aluminum must be well cleaned before applying. Heat the aluminum plate afterwards.
For Brass. Make a compound as follows; Annatto, 1/4 ounce; saffro, 1/4 ounce; turmeric, 1 ounce; seed lac, 3 ounces; and alcohol, 1 pint. Allow the mixture to stand for three days, then strain in the vessel which contains the seed lac, and allow to stand until all is dissolved.
For Copper. Heat fine, thickly liquid amber varnish so it can be readily applied to the copper, and this is allowed to dry. Then heat the coated object until it commences to smoke and turn brown
p. 171
Lubricants.—Heavy machinery oils. Use paraffine, 8 pounds; palm oil, 20 pounds; and oleonaptha, 12 pounds. Dissolve the paraffine in the oleonaptha at a temperature of 160 degrees and then stir in the palm oil a little at a time.
For Cutting Tools. Heat six gallons of water and put in three and a half pounds of soft soap and a half gallon of clean refuse oil. It should be well mixed.
For high-speed bearings. Use flaky graphite and kerosene oil. Apply this as soon as there is any indication of heating in the bearings.
For lathe centers, one part of graphite and four parts of tallow thoroughly mixed and applied will be very serviceable.
For Wooden Gears. Use tallow, 30 parts; palm oil; 20 parts; fish oil, 10 parts; and graphite, 20 parts.
Paper.—Fire Proof Paper.—Make the following solution: Ammonium sulphate, 8 parts; boracic acid, 3 parts; water, 100 parts. Mix at a temperature of 120 degrees. Paper coated with this will resist heat.
Filter Paper. Dip the paper into nitric acid of 1.433 specific gravity, and subsequently wash and dry it. This makes a fine filtering body.
Carbon Paper. A variety of substances may be used, such as fine soot or ivory black, ultramarine p. 172 or Paris blue. Mix either with fine grain soap, so it is of a uniform consistency and then apply to the paper with a stiff brush, rubbing it in until it is evenly spread over the surface.
Tracing Paper. Take unsized paper and apply a coat of varnish made of equal parts of Canada balsam and oil of turpentine. To increase the transparency give another coat. The sheets must be well dried before using.
Photography.—Developers.
1. Pure water, 30 ounces; sulphite soda, 5 ounces; carbonate soda, 2 1/2 ounces.
2. Pure water, 24 ounces; oxalic acid, 15 grains; pyrogallic acid, 1 ounce.
To develop use of solution 1, 1 ounce; solution 2, 1/2 ounce; and water, 3 ounces.
Stock solutions for developing: Make solution No. 1 as follows: water, 32 ounces; tolidol, I ounce; sodium sulphate, 1 1/2 ounces.
Solution No. 2: Water, 32 ounces; sodium sulphate.
Solution No. 3: Water, 32 ounces; sodium carbonate, from 4 to 6 ounces.
Fixing bath. Add two ounces of S. P. C. clarifier (acid bisulphate of sodium) solution to one quart of hypo solution 1 in 5.
Clearing solution. Saturated solution of alum, 20 ounces; and hydrochloric acid, 1 ounce. p. 173 Varnish. Brush over the negative a solution of equal parts of benzol and Japanese gold size.
Plasters.—Court Plaster. Use good quality silk, and on this spread a solution of isinglass warmed. Dry and repeat several times, then apply several coats of balsam of Peru. Or,
On muslin or silk properly stretched, apply a thin coating of smooth strained flour paste, and when dry several coats of colorless gelatine are added. The gelatine is applied warm, and cooled before the fabric is taken off.
Plating.—Bronze coating. For antiques, use vinegar, 1,000 parts; by weight, powdered bloodstone, 125 parts; plumbago, 25 parts. Apply with brush.
For brass where a copper surface is desired, make a rouge with a little chloride of platinum and water, and apply with a brush.
For gas fixtures. Use a bronze paint and mix with it five times its volume of spirit of turpentine, and to this mixture add dried slaked lime, about 40 grains to the pint. Agitate well and decant the clear liquid.
Coloring Metals.—Brilliant black for iron. Selenious acid, 6 parts; cupric sulphate, 10 parts; water 1,000 parts; nitric acid, 5 parts.
Blue-black. Selenious acid, 10 parts; nitric acid, 5 parts; cupric sulphate; water, 1,000 parts. The p. 174 colors will be varied dependent on the time the objects are immersed in the solution.
Brass may be colored brown by using an acid solution of nitrate of silver and bismuth; or a light bronze by an acid solution of nitrate of silver and copper; or black by a solution of nitrate of copper.
To copper plate aluminum, take 30 parts of sulphate of copper; 30 parts of cream of tartar; 25 parts of soda; and 1,000 parts of water. The article to be coated is merely dipped into the solution.
Polishers.—Floor Polish. Permanganate of potash in boiling water, applied to the floor hot, will produce a stain, the color being dependent on the number of coats. The floor may them be polished with beeswax and turpentine.
For Furniture. Make a paste of equal parts of plaster of paris, whiting, pumice stone and litharge, mixed with Japan dryer, boiled linseed oil and turpentine. This may be colored to suit. This will fill the cracks of the wood. Afterwards rub over the entire surface of the wood with a mixture of 1 part Japan, 2 of linseed oil, and three parts of turpentine, also colored, and after this has been allowed to slightly harden, rub it off, and within a day or two it will have hardened sufficiently so that the surface can be polished.
Stove Polish. Ceresine, 12 parts; Japan wax, p. 175 10 parts; turpentine oil, 100 parts; lampblack, 12 parts; graphite, 10 parts. Melt the ceresine and wax together, and cool off partly, and then add and stir in the graphite and lampblack which were previously mixed up with the turpentine.
Putty.—Black Putty. Whiting and antimony sulphide, and soluble glass. This can be polished finely after hardening.
Common Putty. Whiting and linseed oil mixed up to form a dough.
Rust Preventive.—For Machinery. Dissolve an ounce of camphor in one pound of melted lard. Mix with this enough fine black lead to give it an iron color. After it has been on for a day, rub off with a cloth.
For tools, yellow vaseline is the best substance.
For zinc, clean the plate by immersing in water that has a small amount of sulphuric acid in it. Then wash clean and coat with asphalt varnish.
Solders.—For aluminum. Use 5 parts of tin and 1 part of aluminum as the alloy, and solder with the iron or a blow pipe.
Yellow hard solder. Brass, 3 1/2 parts; and zinc, 1 part.
For easily fusing, make an alloy of equal parts of brass and zinc.
For a white hard solder use brass, 12 parts; zinc, 1 part; and tin, 2 parts.
Soldering Fluxes.—For soft soldering, use a solution of chloride of zinc and sal ammoniac. Powdered rosin is also used.
For hard soldering, borax is used most frequently.
A mixture of equal parts of cryolite and barium chloride is very good in soldering bronze or aluminum alloys.
Other hard solders are alloyed as follows: brass, 4 parts; and zinc, 5 parts. Also brass, 7 parts; and zinc, 2 parts.
Steel Tempering-.-Heat the steel red hot and then plunge it into sealing wax.
For tempering small steel springs, they may be plunged into a fish oil which has a small amount of rosin and tallow.
Varnishes.—Black Varnish. Shellac, 5 parts; borax, 2 parts; glycerine, 2 parts; aniline black, 6 parts; water, 45 parts. Dissolve the shellac in hot water and add the other ingredients at a temperature of 200 degrees.
A good can varnish is made by dissolving 15 parts of shellac, and adding thereto 2 parts of Venice turpentine, 8 parts of sandarac, and 75 parts of spirits.
A varnish for tin and other small metal boxes is made of 75 parts alcohol, which dissolves 15 parts of shellac, and 3 parts of turpentine.
Sealing Wax.—For modeling purposes. White p. 177 wax, 20 parts; turpentine, 5 parts; sesame oil, 2 parts; vermilion, 2 parts.
Ordinary Sealing. 4 pounds of shellac, 1 pound Venice turpentine, add 3 pounds of vermilion. Unite by heat.
p. 186
POWER AND HEAT EQUIVALENTS.
In studying matters pertaining to power and heat, certain terms are used, such as horsepower, horsepower-hours, watts, watt-hours, kilowatt, kilowatt-hours, foot-pounds, joule, and B. T. U. (British Thermal Unit).
The following tables give a comprehensive idea of the values of the different terms:
1 Horsepower-hour
= 0.746 kilowatt-hour = 1,980,000 foot-pounds of water evaporated at 212 degrees Fahrenheit, raised from 62 degrees to 212 degrees.
1 Kilowatt-hour
= 1,000 watt-hours = 1.34 horse-power-hours = 2,653,200 foot-pounds = 3,600,000 joules = 3,420 B. T. U. = 3.54 pounds of water evaporated at 212 degrees = 22.8 pounds of water raised from 62 to 212 degrees.
1 Horsepower
= 746 watts = 0.746 kilowatts.= 33,000 foot-pounds per second = 2,550 B. T. U. per min. = 0.71 B. T. U. per second = 2.64 pounds of water evaporated per hour at 212 degrees.
1 Kilowatt
= 1,000 watts = 1.34 horsepower = 2,653,200 foot-pounds per hour = 44,220 foot-pounds per min. = 737 foot-pounds per second = 3,420 B. T. U. per hour = 57 B. T. U. per min. = 0.95 B. T. U. per second = 3.54 pounds of water p. 187 evaporated per hour at 212.
1 Watt
= 1 joule per second = 0.00134 horse-power = 0.001 kilowatt = 342 B. T. U. per hour = 44.22 foot-pounds per min. = 0.74 foot-pounds per second = 0.0035 pounds of water evaporated per hour at 212 degrees.
1 B. T. U. (British Thermal Unit)
= 1,052 watt-seconds = 778 foot-pounds = 0.252 calorie = 0.000292 kilowatt-hours = 0.000391 horsepower-hour = 0.00104 pounds of water evaporated at 212 degrees.
1 Foot-pound
INVENTIONS AND PATENTS, AND INFORMATION ABOUT
THE RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF INVENTORS
AND WORKMEN
There is no trade or occupation which calls forth the inventive faculty to a greater degree than the machinist's. Whether it be in the direction of making some new tool, needed in some special work, or in devising a particular movement, or mechanical expedient, the machinist must be prepared to meet the issues and decide on the best structural arrangement.
Opportunities also come daily to the workers in machine shops to a greater extent than other artisans, because inventors in every line bring inventions to them to be built and experimentally tested.
A knowledge of the rights and duties of inventors, and of the men who build the models, is very desirable; and for your convenience we append the following information:
The inventor of a device is he who has conceived an idea and has put it into some concrete form.
A mere idea is not an invention.
The article so conceived and constructed, must p. 189 be both new and useful. There must be some utility. It may be simply a toy, or something to amuse.
If A has an idea, and he employs and pays B to work out the device, and put it into practical shape, A is the inventor, although B may have materially modified, or even wholly changed it. B is simply the agent or tool to bring it to perfection, and his pay for doing the work is his compensation.
An inventor has two years' time within which he may apply for a patent, after he has completed his device and begun the sale of it. If he sells the article for more than two years before applying for a patent, this will bar a grant.
Two or more inventors may apply for a patent, provided each has contributed something toward bringing it to its perfected state. Each cannot apply separately. The patent issued will be owned by them jointly.
Joint owners of a patent are not partners, unless they have signed partnership papers respecting the patent. Because they are partners in some other enterprise, disconnected from the patent, that does not constitute them partners in the patent. They are merely joint owners.
If they have no special agreement with respect to the patent each can grant licenses to manufac p. 190 ture, independently of the others, without being compelled to account to the others, and each has a right to sell his interest without asking permission of the others.
An inventor is one who has devised an invention. A patentee is one who owns a patent, or an interest in one, be he the inventor or not.
The United States government does not grant Caveats. The only protection offered is by way of patent.
A patent runs for a period of seventeen years, and may be renewed by act of Congress only, for a further term of seven years.
An interference is a proceeding in the Patent Office to determine who is the first inventor of a device. The following is a brief statement of the course followed:
When two or more applicants have applications pending, which, in the opinion of the Examiner, appear to be similar, the Office may declare an interference.
If an applicant has an application pending, and the Examiner rejects it on reference to a patent already issued, the applicant may demand an interference, and the Office will then grant a hearing to determine which of the two is entitled to the patent.
The first step, after the declaration of interfer p. 191 ence, is to request that each applicant file a preliminary statement, under oath, in which he must set forth the following:
First: The date of conception of the invention.
Second: Date of the first reduction to writing, or the preparation of drawings.
Third: Date of making of the first model or device.
Fourth: When a complete machine was first produced.
These statements are filed in the Patent Office, and opened on the same day, and times are then set for the respective parties to take testimony.
If one of the parties was the first to conceive and reduce to practice, as well as the first to file his application, he will be adjudged to be the first inventor, without necessitating the taking of testimony.
If, on the other hand, one was the first to conceive, and the other the first to file, then testimony will be required to determine the question of invention.
The granting of a patent is not conclusive that the patentee was, in reality, the first inventor. The law is that the patent must issue to the first inventor, and if it can be proven that another party was the first, a new patent will issue to the one who thus establishes his right. The Commis p. 192 sioner of Patents has no right to take away the patent first issued. Only the Courts are competent to do this.
A patent is granted for the right to make, to use and to vend.
An owner of a patent cannot sell the right only to make, or to sell, or to use. Such a document would be a simple license, only, for that particular purpose.
A patent may be sold giving a divided, or an undivided right.
A divided right is where a State, or any other particular territorial right is granted. An undivided right is a quarter, or a half, or some other portion in the patent itself.
If an inventor assigns his invention, and states in the granting clause that he conveys "all his right and title in and to the invention," or words to that effect, he conveys all his rights throughout the world.
If the conveyance says, "all rights and title in and throughout the United States," he thereby reserves all other countries.
If a patent is issued, and the number and date of the patent are given, the assignment conveys the patent for the United States only, unless foreign countries are specifically mentioned.
To convey an invention or patent, some definite p. 193 number or filing date must be given in the document, with sufficient clearness and certainty to show the intent of the assignor.
An invention does not depend on quantity, but on quality. It is that which produces a new and a useful result.
In the United States patents are granted for the purpose of promoting the useful arts and sciences.
In England, and in many other foreign countries, patents are granted, not on account of any merit on the part of the inventor, but as a favor of the crown, or sovereign.
Originally patents were granted by the crown for the exclusive privilege in dealing in any commodity, and for this right a royal fee was exacted. From this fact the term royalty originated.
An international agreement is now in force among nearly all countries, which respects the filing of an application in any country, for a period of one year in the other countries.
In making an application for a patent, a petition is required, a specification showing its object, use, and particular construction, followed by a claim, or claims, and accompanied by a drawing, if the invention will permit of it, (which must be made in black, with India ink), and an oath.
The oath requires the following assertions: That the applicant is the first and original inventor p. 194 of the device, and that he does not know and does not believe the same was ever known or used before his invention or more than two years before his application.
He must also further allege that the invention was not patented or described in any printed publication here or abroad, and not manufactured more than two years prior to the application, and that he has not made an application, nor authorized any one to do so more than two years prior to his application.
The first Government fee is $15, payable at the time of filing, and the second and final fee is $20, payable at the time the patent is ordered to issue.
The filing of an application for patent is a secret act, and the Patent Office will not give any information to others concerning it, prior to the issue of the patent
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1
CHICAGO
Transcriber's Note:
Every effort has been made to replicate this text as faithfully as possible, including obsolete and variant spellings and other inconsistencies. Obvious spelling/typographical and punctuation errors have been corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within the text and consultation of external sources. Minor punctuation errors have been amended without note.
Page 137: Incorrect pressure of 88 oz. for wind speed of 10 mph changed to 8 oz.
Page 146: Micron incorrectly printed as 1.25400, changed to 1/24500.
Page 178: Corrected table entry for 1-7/8, printed as 1/7-16.
Alphabetic order errors in the glossary retained.
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Which historical figure called the English ‘A nation of shopkeepers’? | Free Napoleon Essays and Papers
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Napoleon's Lack of Leadership Skills - During his life, Napoleon Bonaparte was a fantastic strategist and military leader. However, he made quite a few mistakes that led him to his fall from power. Through his catastrophic blunders, Napoleon brought about his own downfall. These mistakes included ostracizing France from the rest of Europe through his foreign policies, war mistakes, and oversights that occurred in his final years in power. Because of Napoleon’s errors, he exhausted France’s resources and reduced his allies. Because his political views destroyed France’s relationship with Europe, Napoleon had to over expand his forces to maintain control of Europe.... [tags: Napoleon's Failures]
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Napoleon Bonaparte's Leadership and Life - Napoleon Bonaparte was born on August 15th, 1769 in Ajaccio, Corsica. Napoleon emerged as an important figure for reestablishing order in France. Unfortunately, Napoleon’s greed for power led to his fall. He began as a great military leader. He had many goals to organize France and make it a better empire, but the more he accomplished the more he wanted. He made political, economic and social changes in France. He was a determined man and would do anything to get what he wanted. To begin with, Napoleon Bonaparte became the first consul of France.... [tags: Napoleon Bonaparte, leadership, history, France, ]
894 words
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Beethoven's Life and Music After Napoleon - Beethoven was a political composer. He stubbornly dedicated his art to the problems of human freedom, justice, progress, and community. The Third Symphony, probably Beethoven's most influential work, centers around a funeral march provoking patriotic ceremonies from the French Revolution. Beethoven was a long time admirer of Napoleon Bonaparte. So he dedicated the symphony to Napoleon, but when Napoleon was proclaimed the Emperor of France, he scratched the dedication to Napoleon. This Symphony is cited as the marking end of Beethoven's classical era and the beginning of musical Romanticism.... [tags: Beethoven, music, Napoleon, ]
585 words
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The Mistakes of the Brilliant General, Napoleon Bonaparte - The assumption held by many that Napoleon Bonaparte was a brilliant general and an exceptional leader is debatable when the Frenchman’s many mistakes are revealed. Bonaparte was born to a wealthy family with previous political connections (Wilde 1). He entered a military academy at only nine years old and entered the French Army Artillery Regiment seven years later (Wilde 1). As Bonaparte moved up in the military ranks, he made himself known with his political opinions and his successful leadership of the revolutionaries’ armed forces (Wilde 1).... [tags: Napoleon Bonaparte, military, france, history, ]
1039 words
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Napoleon Bonaparte Betrayed the Ideas of the French Revolution - Napoleon did not always follow through with his theories and ideas about the well being of France with actions, making him very hypocritical; there are however some contrasting points to suggest that not all his choices were insincere. Therefore his initial claims and theories were not completed, his actions contradicted his preliminary ideas. Consequently, Napoleon betrayed the ideas of the French Revolution: Liberty, Equality and Fraternity. We can see how Napoleon Bonaparte repeatedly opposed himself in each one of the French Revolutionist areas.... [tags: Napoleon Bonaparte, French Revolution,]
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Ambition and the Downfall of Macbeth, Idi Amin, and, Napoleon Bonaparte - Ambition is a force that helps drive societies forward. When the power of a nation falls in the hands of a single person ambition takes many spectacular and ugly forms. It can be both the making and destruction of that person but regardless of the net effect, ambition will have deep socio-economic, political, and cultural roots. Three dictators were taken by ambition and it pushed them into a costly, long, battle to obtain and maintain power. Those leaders are Macbeth, Idi Amin, and, Napoleon Bonaparte.... [tags: macbeth, Idi Amin, Napoleon Bonaparte]
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Napoleon Betrayed the Revolution - Napoleon Betrayed the Revolution In order to investigate the claim that ‘Napoleon betrayed the revolution’, it has to be determined what is the French revolution. And what are the revolutionary ideals that Napoleon allegedly betrayed. If Napoleon betrayed the Revolution then he betrayed the ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity. However if Napoleon did not betray the revolution, he consolidated the revolutionary ideals. The only way of determining whether Napoleon consolidated or betrayed the revolution is to explore his actions such as his military success, Dictatorship and social reforms.... [tags: Napoleon Bonaparte French Revolution Essays]
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Napoleon Bonaparte's Biography - Napoleon Bonaparte was born on August 15, 1769, in his island homeland of Corsica. Napoleon was the second son of Carlo and Letizia. Corsica and France were at war. France had easily crushed the Corsican resistance, and taken over Corsica. So when Napoleon was born, he was considered a citizen of France. When Napoleon was nine years old and it was time for his schooling, he was sent to a school in Autun, France. At the school he was teased and tormented for being from Corsica, but he was determined, and he eventually learned enough French to attend the military academy Brienne.... [tags: Napoleon Bonaparte Biography France]
1518 words
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Napoleon's Russian Campaign - Napoleon's Russian Campaign The peace between France and Russia in 1807 lasted for five years but was not satisfactory to either side. The Tilsit settlement was thought of by Napoleon as no more than a convenient truce. In 1807 he had been in no position to invade Russia but there was no way that he could tolerate another European power for very long. Napoleon felt that a war with Russia was necessary ‘for crushing England by crushing the only power still strong enough him any trouble by joining her.’ Napoleon began preparing for the war.... [tags: Napoleon Russian Campaign]
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Napoleon Bonaparte’s Invasion of Russia - Napoleon’s Invasion of Russia Napoleon Bonaparte’s invasion of Russia was a major factor in his downfall. In 1812, Napoleon, whose alliance with Alexander I had disintegrated, launched an invasion into Russia that ended in a disastrous retreat from Moscow. Thereafter, all of Europe, including his own allies, Austria and Prussia, united against him. Although he continued to fight, the odds he faced were impossible. In April 1814, Napoleon’s own marshals refused to continue the struggle and stepped down from their positions.... [tags: European History Russia Napoleon in Moscow]
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Mise-en-Scene in Napoleon Dynamite - Mise-en-Scene in Napoleon Dynamite In Napoleon Dynamite (Jared Hess, 2004), the character known as Napoleon Dynamite (Jon Heder) is quite a unique fellow. His quirkiness and eccentricity are what make him as a character; they are the primary traits of his personality. Keep in mind, however, that he is not the only odd character in the film, but he has his own peerless way of defining himself separate from any other character(s). This effect is achieved through certain cinematic techniques that director Jared Hess utilizes in order to bring out Napoleon’s persona in ways other than simply “guessing” who he really is.... [tags: Film Movies Napoleon Dynamite Cinematography]
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Napoleon Bonaparte - Napoleon Bonaparte One of the most brilliant individuals in history, Napoleon Bonaparte was a masterful soldier, and a superb administrator. He was also utterly ruthless, a dictator and, later in his career, thought he could do no wrong. Not a Frenchman by birth, Napoleon Bonaparte was born at Ajaccio on Corsica only just sold to France by the Italian state of Genoa on August 15, 1769.He attended French at the school of Autun and later the military academy at Brienne. He never fully mastered French and his spelling left a lot to be desired.... [tags: Biography Napoleon Bonaparte France]
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Mystery in Charlotte Bronte's Napoleon and the Spectre and Charles Dickens' Signalman - Mystery in Charlotte Bronte's "Napoleon and the Spectre" and Charles Dickens' "Signalman" The two stories that I have been studying are 'Napoleon and the Spectre' and the 'Signalman' written by Charlotte Bronte and Charles Dickens respectively. Both the stories are set in the nineteenth century, a period of time when the country was experiencing rapid change. Bronte's story 'Napoleon and the Spectre' is a story about the Emperor of France who at that time was a leading figure in society, a symbol and trademark of France's important position in the world.... [tags: Napoleon Spectre Dickens Bronte Essays]
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The Age of Napoleon - From the despair of the radical phase of the French Revolution emerged a great military hero who would overthrow the extremist Directory and build a formidable empire out of the struggling nation of France. After gaining publicity for his military victories, the young general swiftly rose to power. The rule of Napoleon Bonaparte signified the end of the Revolution and the start of a new age for France and the whole European continent. During his rule as First Consul and later Emperor of France, Napoleon completely overhauled his revolution-strained country with a new law code that would later be recognized as his most prominent contribution to history.... [tags: French Empire, Civil Code]
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Napoleon at Waterloo - On March 20, 1815 Napoleon returned to Paris from his exile on the island of Elba. This day marked the beginning of “Napoleon’s 100 Days”, as many historians have dubbed the brief episode , which ended July 8, 1815 when Louis XVIII was reinstated as the King of France. Within a period of two months Napoleon, capitalizing on France’s enormous population, conscripted an army roughly 280,000 strong . Napoleon Bonaparte’s forces exceeded those of the Anglo-Allied forces, led by the Duke of Wellington, Field Marshall Blucher, and the Prince of Orange, by 50,000 men.... [tags: World History ]
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Napoleon at Waterloo - The battle of Waterloo is universally associated with the last stand of Napoleon. It is (for all intents and purposes) the most significant blow to Napoleons final attempt at a return to power, Napoleons loss sealed his fate and consequently lost his empire (once and for all). However was it truly Napoleon’s faults that resulted in the loss at Waterloo. Or as many have stated was it more accurately Marshal Ney’s inability to follow Napoleons orders and command his troops in a custom that Napoleon not only expected but had spent years refining.... [tags: World History]
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Napoleon the hero of the french revolution - Many before Napoleon had wanted to fix the chaos and the uprising during the French revolution. The moment Napoleon Bonaparte assumed power in France. People had a difference of opinion about him. Napoleon was able to achieve the states of legend for some, who thought that he had rescued France and the French Revolution from internal chaos and exterior threats. To them Napoleon was a hero of the French Revolution. To many others Napoleon was a devil. He picked fights with the smaller nations, destroyed stability and institutionalized another dictatorship in France.... [tags: Democracy, French History]
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Napoleon Was NOT a Son of the Revolution - At the end of the French Revolution, the hopes of the early stages of the Revolution had been mangled, leading into the Reign of Terror. France had dissolved into anarchy, with internal and international turmoil. It was out of the foreign wars that Napoleon came to power. Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power, victory by victory, eventually making himself Emperor of France, creating a strong central government while continuing the foreign wars, creating a mass French Empire. Although Napoleon was a product of the French Revolution and maintained the image as a “son of the Revolution,” idealism always fell to pragmatism as Napoleon’s main purpose was creating a strong unified France.... [tags: European History]
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Napoleon Bonaparte and the Catholic Church - Tension grew between the Catholic Church and France during the French Revolution, leading to a schism, which deeply devastated the Church’s economy. Pope Pius VII and Napoleon Bonaparte came into power as the French Revolution was ending. For different reasons they both saw the importance of restoring Roman Catholicism’s position in France. The Catholic Church’s initial support of Napoleon greatly affected both parties (O’Dwyer 12-14, 43, 49). This statement has led me to ask the following question: To what extent did the support of Napoleon affect the Church’s role as a political and economic power in France.... [tags: French History ]
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The Enlightenment Period and Napoleon's Rule - The time of the Enlightenment was a time of great change, reform, and the emergence of great minds such as Isaac Newton, Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei, and even Copernicus. These men cleared the path to thinking in a new way and brought about the change necessary for the Scientific Revolution. The Enlightenment allowed people to think more critically and even was the time in which the “Experimental Method” was consolidated by Galileo Galilei (1564-1642, Buckler, J., Crowston, p.592 para. 6). It allowed people to begin to think “out of the box” if you will.... [tags: European History, French History]
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Napoleon Bonaparte Hero or Tyrant? - Napoleon Bonaparte Hero or Tyrant. With such driving momentum, yet unstable, the French in the late 1700’s needed something or someone who was willing to lead their country, unite them, and bring order to their society. In 1799 Napoleon Bonaparte emerged to become that very man. Controversy wells up now a days as people begin to argue whether this man was a hero or tyrant, however I believe him to be a hero for doing exactly what the French needed at the time. He created a legendary domestic system that modified French society and is still used today, his warfare experience and keen sense of tactics revolutionized military then and for years to come and led France to become a dominant nation... [tags: French History]
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The Continental System of Napoleon Bonaparte - Upon embarking on his Continental System, Napoleon Bonaparte believed that Britain is “a nation of shopkeepers” He believed that the wealth of Britain and its power all lay in her commerce and trade and not in the nation itself. Thus, he concluded that if he were to strangle the trade of Britain, the wealthiest country at the time, he would be able to starve them out, consequently occupying them . This was the purpose of the Continental System, to destroy Britain’s economic stability and credibility and in the same time transfer this wealth to France .... [tags: Continental System Research Paper]
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Cause of Napoleon Bonaparte's Death - A. Plan of Investigation Napoleon’s death has been attributed to many causes: stomach cancer, arsenic poisoning, improper medical treatment, hepatitis, and St. Helena’s climate. The purpose is to ascertain the likeliest cause, and if foul play was involved. With each possible cause, there are different implications, i.e., cancer frees everyone from blame, hepatitis incriminates the British, improper medical treatment the doctors, and poisoning implicates the suspected poisoner. The focus is on four causes - cancer, poisoning, improper treatment, and hepatitis - common explanations for Napoleon’s failing health, and evidence that supports or refutes each case.... [tags: medical treatment, hepatitis, stomach cancer]
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Napoleon - Napoleon only upholds the ideals of the French Revolution because he wanted to secure and strengthen his own power. During his rise to power, Napoleon adhered to the ideals dutifully. In his speech to his troops, Napoleon said, “We are waging war as generous enemies, and we wish only to crush the tyrants who enslave [the Italian people]” (Document 1). He tells them to be respectful of other countries, to give them rights they have the right to enjoy. This follows Locke’s enlightenment ideas, that everyone has inherent rights that cannot be taken away.... [tags: History, The French Revolution]
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Napoleon Bonaparte's Life and Accomplishments - On August 5th, 1769, a child entered the world, and his effect upon history would be profound, Napoleon Bonaparte would one day control an empire that spanned across Europe and Asia, but he would not stop there, for Napoleon would seek to establish the entire world as his empire. The hard-fought wars Napoleon Bonaparte faced upon this conquest coupled with the naval prowess of the English would present a formidable challenge for Napoleon and had he not been stopped at Trafalgar, the world just may have become something completely different than we know it today.... [tags: horatio nelson,napoleonic wars,french dictator]
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Napoleon and The French Revolution - The nation of France underwent a crucial revolution from 1789 to 1799. Amidst this period, Republicans took control of the French government from the King and later on The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was instituted to provide protection for its people. At the helm of these revolutions, Napoleon Bonaparte, a young general had began to win many foreign battles and was steadily rising in the army's ranks. It was through these battles that Napoleon was able to lead his armies to conquering most of Europe and many other nations of the world.... [tags: religion, liberation, freedom]
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Napoleon and German and Italian Unification - Napoleon Bonaparte as the Impetus of German and Italian Unification Unification in the simplest form is the process of creating one from many. Unifying a nation uses this same basic idea in creating one integrated nation from many; many territories, many economies, many governments,many social structures, many peoples, many histories, many memories. It is more than drawing lines on a map or bringing together many entities under a single government, unification is a detailed cultural process in which independent individuals come together to form a people and a loyalty, often sharing a common history, language, religion, or other factors.... [tags: Liberalism, Nationalism, Militarism]
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Julius Caesar and Napoleon Bonaparte - Throughout the history Europe, kings and dictators have been notorious for their unquenchable thirst for power and complete domination; the lure of absolute supremacy and total allegiance was too tempting to disregard. Some made their way by the rights of birth, others by scheming their path through politics. But none are as infamous than that of Julius Caesar and Napoleon Bonaparte. Both Napoleon and Caesar achieved great glory by bringing their countries out of the turmoil that followed the revolutionary ages, utilizing their political and military support as well as their outstanding tactics in warfare.... [tags: ancient history, dictators, power]
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Napoleon's Greed and Ambition - Napoleon Bonaparte was historically not only the powerful invader but also the ambitious king. Napoleon made various works that effected France and the other country significantly, conquering almost of countries in Europe. Almost people in France praised Napoleon when he won in any war or any invasion. From successful occupation, people started to consider Napoleon as a god of the war and large numbers of people followed his order. Napoleon seems as the greatest emperor in the world. However, Napoleon was only concerned on his greed and ambition, which made questionable political decision and poor military decisions, changing him as an outcast.... [tags: war, france, russian invasion]
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Napoleon Bonaparte: Deliverer of the Revolution - Napoleon Bonaparte reminds me of a blank canvass that became a mysterious painting as the artist drew and painted on. Deliverer of the Revolution Widely misunderstood for his greedy ambitions he was labeled both as heroic and unimaginative at the same time. There is no doubt that the French Revolution created Napoleon Bonaparte. “The Revolution was a lesson in the power of evil to replace idealism, and Bonaparte was its ideal pupil.”(Pg. 29) It opened doors for him to fill in the gap where it was necessary.... [tags: leadership, military genius]
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The Life of Napoleon Bonaparte - ... He spent all his time in his room devoted to his books, while his well off classmates drank, romanced and gambled. After four months, Buonoparte was give awful news. His father had perished from stomach cancer. Letizia Bonaparte had to take Nubullione’s siblings put of school due to lack of funds, but insisted he alone stay so he might become a success. Wanting to make his mother proud, he rushed through his schooling in one year instead of the usual three. In October 1785, when he was sixteen Nubullione received his post as second lieutenant with the artillery regiment at the south of France.... [tags: power, military, emperor]
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Napoleon: Hero or Tyrant? - Napoleon Bonaparte: Hero or Tyrant. Napoleon Bonaparte was an interesting ruler in that he was compromised of attributes of both a tyrant and a hero. Napoleon had a strong following throughout his reign and even during his two exiles. He was the emperor of France between 1799 and 1815, following the fall of the Directory. Despite the efforts of the French Revolution to rid the country of an autocratic ruler, Bonaparte came to power as Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte I in 1804. He claimed that he preserved the goals of the Revolution, which can be easily argued as his rule became more dictatorial as it progressed.... [tags: French History]
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LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE - This paper examines the factors that explain the rise and downfall of Napoleon Bonaparte I in France. His goal was to conquer all of Europe and throughout his life he nearly succeeded. He rose through the confusion of the French revolution to become Emperor of the French. Napoleon had once said, “I am the Revolution,” and he never ceased to remind the French that they owed to him the preservation of all that was beneficial in the revolutionary program. (Spielvogel, 2007) Life of Napoleon Bonaparte Arguably one of the most brilliant individuals and greatest military leaders in history was the former French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte.... [tags: Biography ]
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Napoleon Bonaparte: The French Revolution - When observing our history, it is common to see in numerous cases, the outcomes of an upheaval do not match the motivations or reasonings behind it. Take in account the American Revolution, for an example. Though the patriots preached of equality for all, slavery still existed in America for nearly a century and women remained remarkably oppressed even to this day. In order to judge and determine the extent of which Napoleon represents the ideals of the French Revolution, we must understand the revolution itself, the meaning and causes of the revolution, Napoleon himself, and what he believed in.... [tags: oppression, france, democratic government]
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Napoleon Bonaparte - Napoleon Bonaparte has been called a hero by some and a villain by many others. He was the First Consul of France, then the emperor of France, and finally an outlaw. Napoleon had a meteoric rise to power in the late 18th century, and lasted to the early 19th century. He was able to rise to power through his great military victories and he was able to keep his power by fending off enemies in wars and with some reforms. Napoleon started his life good, but different than many French rulers. Napoleon Bonaparte was born on August 15, 1769 to two Italian parents (Chew 1).... [tags: Biography ]
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Napoleon and the Enlightenment - Napoleon and the Enlightenment Napoleon and the enlightment Napoleon was one of the most influential people in the history of the world. He has affected people throughout the globe in many ways. He rose through the confusion of the French revolution to become Emperor of the French. His goal was to conquer all of Europe. Through out his lifetime he nearly succeeded in his goal. Napoleon was probably one of the greatest military leaders that ever lived. Napoleon Bonaparte, who is also known as the "little Corsican", was born on August 15,1769 in Ajaccio, Corsica.... [tags: Papers]
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Napoleon Bonaparte - “In order to govern, the question is not to follow out a more or less valid theory but to build with whatever materials are at hand. The inevitable must be accepted and turned to advantage.” Napoleon Bonaparte, leader of nations, conquer of worlds. As a leader he created something out of nothing many times in his life. He created a new era of warfare and took France to new heights of power, but by the end had brought her years of war and destruction(Dugdale-Pointon). He personally directed complex military maneuvers and at the same time controlled France’s press, police system, foreign policy, and domestic affairs (Blaufarb).... [tags: leader, France, warfare, military commander]
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Napoleon Crossing the Alps: Historical Meaning Behind the Portrait of Napoleon Bonaparte - Napoleon crossing the Alps is also is the title given to the five versions of oil on canvas equestrian portrait of Napoleon Bonaparte painted by the French artist Jacques-Louis David between 1801 and 1805. Initially commissioned by the Spanish Ambassador to France, the composition shows a strongly idealized view of the real crossing that Napoleon and his army made across the Alps through the Great St. Bernard Pass in May 1800. Napoleon comes across to me as a leader in many different of ways. Jacques- Louis David is the creator of this painting.... [tags: art, painting, european history]
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Napoleon Bonaparte Biography - Napoleon Bonaparte was born on August 15th, 1769 to Carlo Buonaparte and Letizia Ramolino. He was born in Ajaccio, Corsica, France. Napoleon had eleven siblings, but only eight survived through their whole life. Around the time Napoleon was born, his birthplace, Ajaccio, was occupied by the French, and the amount of local resistance was growing steadily. After Napoleon’s father showed his support towards the French, he was promoted to assessor of the judicial district of Ajaccio. This was a large accomplishment that allowed him to enroll his sons, Napoleon and Joseph, in France's College d'Autun.... [tags: Historic Figure, World History]
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Napoleon Bonaparte and The Legacy of the French revolution - Founded on three fundamental principles of equality, fraternity and liberty, the French revolution spanned from 1789-1799. The revolution was a historical world landmark for the massive bloodshed and intensity of the revolution. The country was torn apart by political and religious turmoil which had persisted for over a decade. The revolution began due to the resentment of feudalism, civil inequality and religious intolerance that was present in France. The people of the revolution wanted France to establish a new political and social system where all people could enjoy equality, and pushed for government centralization, abolition of feudalism, religious tolerance and equality in the access... [tags: French Revolution, General Amnesty]
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Napoleon, the Symbol of Oppression in Animal Farm - Napoleon believes that pigs are that of a superior race and that all animals, no matter how powerful in strength, are inferior to their genius. He is able to establish a ruling built off of violence and deceit. Napoleon, the fascist ruler over Animal Farm, is not only an appalling leader for the animals but also presents multiple examples on how his cruelty exceeds that of Farmer Jones’. Napoleon’s actions grow worse, going from working the animals endlessly to growing victim to the lowest of human traits, and even playing judge, jury, and executioner towards the seemingly guilty.... [tags: Animal Farm Essays]
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Napoleon's Buttons - The book Napoleon’s buttons was an informative story that mixed slow and confusing chemistry with history. This mix allowed a history buff like me to get involved with the chemical make up and structure of common elements. Penny Le Couteur and Jay Burreson used this book to explain their theories on how key historical events are related to the chemical make up of important elements. In essay after essay they explain the history and events. In addition, they go further in depth to explain the details of particular elements and why they are important.... [tags: Literary Review]
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Historical Figure Research: Napoleon Bonaparte - Historical Figure Research Paper Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleon was a very influential individual throughout his time. The achievements he made still reflect in the world today, especially in France. He was a military general and emperor who conquered the majority of Europe in the 19th Century. Napoleon was a brilliant strategist and military leader. He commanded one of the most powerful armies in his time and, for a while, other countries could hardly even compare. Napoleon had the ambition, skill, and intelligence to do great things for his country.... [tags: french military, french revolution]
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Napoleon a Hero - Napoleon a Hero Hero A person noted for feats of courage or nobility of purpose, especially One who has risked or sacrificed his or her life: Introduction Napoleon Bonaparte was a patriotic and passionate man. He was a military genius who indelibly stamped his personality on an era. His theories about waging war, his conduct of campaigns, and battlefield tactics all became benchmarks for military commanders throughout the 19th century and today. “If I shall be defeated here this day it would be by the greatest general in the modern world” (Field Marshall Lord Wellington cited in Vandalia 1963:78) "There are but two powers in the world, the sword and the mind.... [tags: History]
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Napoleon in Egypt - When first looking at the Chronicle of the French Occupation, it looks as if it is merely a depiction of Napoleon's time in Egypt, however there is much more to this article than meets the eye. The article being written by an Egyptian and not a European provides an alternative viewpoint to the events that happened in Egypt as opposed to the accounts that have been read and taught by Europeans. Although the article is a different perspective it does show strong cultural bias and ethnocentrism towards the French people from the eyes of the Egyptians.... [tags: World Literature]
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Napoleon as the Betrayer to the French Revolution - Napoleon as the Betrayer to the French Revolution Napoleon Bonaparte has remained one of history's most furiously debated characters. This is because there has been much speculation and many differing interpretations of his actions as leader of France from 1799-1815. Most historians tend to have been torn between the portraits of Napoleon as the heir of the Revolution or as the destroyer of the Revolution's most sacred principles. However, a third opinion has emerged that suggests that Napoleon made revolutionary ideas practical and therefore acted as a bridge between the Ancien Regime and the lofty ideals of the Revolution.... [tags: Papers]
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Napoleon Bonaparte vs. King Henry IV of France - ... He enhanced the conditions within France as well by constituting (or conditioned) the bank of France, reconstruct education, and rebuilding Frances legal system with a new set of laws, which is also known as the code Napoleon. By the year of 1802, the beloved Napoleon was put in a situation of first consul of life. His title was changed to Emperor in the year of 1804. Then he was back at it after a new alliance was formed against France. The British ruined French naval power in the Battle of Trafalgar.... [tags: European History]
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The Effects Napoleon Had on France - The Effects Napoleon Had on France Napoleon was he good, bad or both. This essay looks at the qualities that made him a fine leader at times and a not so fine one at others. Some called him confused others said he had a vision this essay looks at the truth and essence behind Napoleon. Between 1799 and 1815, the fate of France was in the hands of Napoleon Bonaparte. Through his rule, he was a very intelligent man. This helped to conquer many countries and won him many wars. He was a hard working man and came with an impact to France.... [tags: Papers]
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How much does Napoleon owe to the French Revolution? - How much does Napoleon owe to the French Revolution. Without the French Revolution, there would be no Napoleon. Napoleon’s life was forever affected and directed by the revolution in France. His relationship with France was complex, even from the very beginning of his life. Taking a path that began with his ultimate goal of ejecting France from his homeland of Corsica to ruling the nation he had so dearly despised. Only a year before Napoleon was born, Genoa had been forced to sell Corsica to France.... [tags: French History]
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Napoleon Did Not Adhere to the Values of the French Revolution - Once Napoleon had taken power in 1802, there was a large amount of speculation over how he would save France from all of their troubles. With various domestic and foreign problems, the people looked to Napoleon reform France back into the dominant power that it was before. There has been plenty of debate over if Napoleon’s implemented laws and ideas while he was the authoritative power depicted him as being a friend or a foe of the Revolution. The question being asked is did his policies on the social structure of society and his desire to restore an absolute ruler, cause him to be perceived as a friend or a foe of the values of the Revolution.... [tags: French History]
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Napoleon Bonaparte- Pride Cometh Before a Fall - 1769 was a distinct year in France. With the French Revolution just 20 years away, France was beginning to experience social and political unrest. This also marked the beginning of Europe’s industrial revolution and the Battle of Ponte Novu was fought on May 8th. This battle was important because it was the end of the Corsican War, which resulting in France occupying the island. The 1770s saw a period of greater social unrest and political turmoil. The American Revolution began in 1776 and thoughts of liberty and justice were also making their way across the Atlantic to France.... [tags: Biography ]
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Napoleon - Napoleon Bonaparte once said, “Nothing has been simpler than my elevation…It is owing to the peculiarities of the time.” Coming to power at a time of instability and disorder in France immediately following the French Revolution, Napoleon quickly established himself as the political leader and military power behind France. Easily and efficiently overthrowing the poorly managed Directory, Napoleon established a three man governing body referred to as the Consulate. Naming himself Consul for Life in 1802, and crowning himself emperor in 1804, Napoleon made it clear that is was a time of dramatic change in France.... [tags: French History, French Revolution]
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Napoleon - an enlightened despot - Enlightened despotism is when there is an absolute ruler, in some cases a tyrant, who follows the principles of the Enlightenment through reforms. Permitting religious toleration, allowing freedom of the press and speech, and expanding education are a few main guidelines to being and enlightened despot. Napoleon I is often referred to as one of the greatest enlightened despots. Although, he did not follow the ideas of the enlightenment entirely, he managed his country in a way that he maintained complete authority as well as many of the gains of the French Revolution.... [tags: essays research papers]
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Napoleon - Napoleon “I live only for posterity, death is nothing, but to live without glory is to die every day” (Lefebvre 43). Napoleon was driven by his desire for glory and ambition and his ascension was tremendous. Born in Corsica, his family moved to France, in Marseilles, when he was only a child. From the state of a “lieutenant,” at the age of sixteen, to the one of emperor in 1804, till reigning over the European continent after his conquest of Prussia, his ascension was not only due to the events that occurred during his life, but was also due to his ambition and his tremendous genius.... [tags: European History Military Generals Essays]
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The Analogy for Napoleon: George Orwell's Animal Farm - When the time comes to vote for either Napoleon or Snowball, Napoleon uses Snowball to gain power by blaming everything that goes wrong on him to make the animal’s thing negatively about him and his future plans for the farm. George Orwell could make his point about the Russian revolution clearer and easier for the readers by using the animal. Napoleon is breaking the commandment number six which is no animal shall kill any other animal. After the rebellion the animals create the seven commandments.... [tags: Animal Farm Essays]
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Napoleon Bonaparte Helped Usher in an Era of Democracy in Europe - It is an indisputable fact that Napoleon Bonaparte greatly changed Europe. It is my position that he was a hero, and changed it for the better. Although I certainly do not agree with some of the methods that he brought about this change, I still agree with the change he wrought. Through him, the era of democracy was ushered in. He helped bring back a basic human right, being that all men are created equal. Nationalism was sparked, feudalism was overthrown, and Europe was modernized. Napoleon changed Europe, and it was a change for the good.... [tags: european history]
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Napoleon - In the early 19th century a man by the name of Napoleon Bonaparte led a Coup D’etat that created a new government in France. This new government started out with a tribunal leadership, which Napoleon was first consul, and later changed to an empire with Napoleon as emperor. Some people believe that he made the revolution better and expanded the revolution but this is not true. The facts, when closely looked at, prove that Napoleon effectively destroyed the revolution by telling the people of his country one thing while he was actually planning on doing something totally different.... [tags: essays research papers]
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Napoleon - Napoleon `I wished to found a European system, a European Code of Laws, a European judiciary: there would be but one people in Europe,' Napoleon himself has many critics some call him a wicked dictator and others just remember him for the battle of Waterloo, against the British Admiral Nelson. Nevertheless, Napoleon was a very clever man and was the first to come up with the idea of a united Europe, an idea that we are still trying to live by today. Napoleon had this idea over 200 years before Europe finally became the European Union.... [tags: European History]
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Napoleon - Mastering Luck Explain Quote ?I had been nourished by reflecting on liberty, but I thrust it out of my way when it obstructed me path.. I believe this quote means that Napoleon was a believer in liberty and that he attempted to use it to rule his people justly. The rest of the quote means that liberty and justice can only be used to the point at which it doesn?t challenge his laws and governing power. Napoleon had the aspiration of total domination, and he had no intentions of letting peoples natural freedoms interrupt those dreams.... [tags: essays research papers]
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| Napoleon |
Which planet in our solar system takes the shortest time to orbit the sun? | 7 Historical Figures Famous for Something They Never Did - History Lists
History Lists
October 2, 2012 By Evan Andrews
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7 Historical Figures Famous for Something They Never Did
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Even if you disagree with Napoleon Bonaparte’s famous remark that “history is a set of lies that people have agreed upon,” there’s little doubt that myths, misconceptions and outright fabrications have often shaped our understanding of the past. In some instances, these legends have become so ingrained that they overshadow the actual facts of a historical figure’s life. Find out the truth about seven notable people who’ve become forever linked with something they never did.
Abner Doubleday (for inventing baseball)
Abner Doubleday was a Civil War general and abolitionist who famously ordered the first Union shots in defense of Fort Sumter. But while he had a distinguished military career, Doubleday is more commonly remembered for inventing baseball—even though he did no such thing.
The story dates back to 1905, when former National League president A.G. Mills headed a commission to investigate the origins of America’s favorite pastime. Based on a letter from a man named Abner Graves, the commission incorrectly concluded that Doubleday had invented baseball in Cooperstown, New York, in 1839. In truth, Doubleday was attending West Point in 1839 and had never claimed any involvement with baseball. Nevertheless, the myth persisted for years, and the Baseball Hall of Fame was even established in Cooperstown on the sport’s mistaken centennial in 1939.
Lady Godiva (for her naked horseback ride)
Lady Godiva is best known for defiantly riding naked through the streets of medieval Coventry to protest the crippling taxes her husband had levied on the townspeople. According to legend, at some point in the 11th century Godiva pressured her powerful husband, Leofric, to reduce the people’s debts. When he mockingly responded that he would only do so when she rode naked on horseback through the town, Godiva called his bluff and galloped into the history books.
While this story has become the stuff of legend—a tailor who spied on Godiva even inspired the phrase “peeping Tom”—scholars agree that the nude horseback ride probably never happened. Godiva certainly existed, but most histories mention her as simply the wife of an influential nobleman. In fact, the complete Godiva myth didn’t even appear until the 13th century, 200 years after the ride supposedly occurred. The story was later picked up by notable writers like Alfred Lord Tennyson, whose 1842 poem “Godiva” helped cement the tall tale as a historical fact.
Nero (for fiddling while Rome burned)
One of the most famous stories of Roman decadence concerns Nero, the emperor who blithely “fiddled while Rome burned” during the great fire of 64 A.D. According to some ancient historians, the emperor had ordered his men to start the fire in order to clear space for his new palace. But while Nero was certainly no saint—he reportedly ordered the murder of his own mother during his rise to power—the story of his fiendish fiddling is likely exaggerated.
While some ancient chroniclers did describe the music-loving emperor as singing while he watched flames consume the city, the historian Tacitus would later denounce these claims as vicious rumors. According to him, Nero was away at Antium during the early stages of the blaze, and upon returning to Rome helped lead rescue and rebuilding efforts and even opened his palace gardens to those who lost their homes. A further strike against the legend is that the fiddle would not even be invented for several hundred years. If Nero played any instrument while Rome burned—which remains up for debate—it would most likely have been a cithara, a kind of lyre.
Marie-Antoinette (for “Let them eat cake”)
When she was informed that her people were starving from lack of bread, the 18th-century French queen Marie-Antoinette is said to have quipped, “Then let them eat cake.” This famous line has traditionally served to underscore the monarch’s ignorance of her subjects’ plight, yet there is almost no evidence that Marie-Antoinette ever uttered those words.
The phrase first appeared in reference to a “great princess” in the philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s book “Confessions,” which was written in early 1766. If Rousseau were indeed referring to Marie-Antoinette, it would mean she was only 10 years old and not yet a queen when she said it. Scholars think Rousseau either coined the phrase or that it was a common insult used to criticize various aristocratic figures in the 18th century. So if “let them eat cake” was ever directly attributed to Marie-Antoinette in her lifetime, it was most likely part of a deliberate attempt by her political opponents to discredit her.
Joseph-Ignace Guillotin (for inventing the guillotine)
Contrary to popular belief, the French doctor Joseph-Ignace Guillotin did not directly invent the feared decapitation machine that bears his name. Ironically, Guillotin was a noted opponent of capital punishment. Desperate to put a stop to the brutal ax beheadings and hangings used in state executions, in 1789 he proposed to the French National Assembly that a more humane and painless method be developed.
With Guillotin acting in a managerial role, the plans for what became the guillotine were then drafted by a surgeon named Antoine Louis, who modeled the device on similar machines found in Scotland and Italy. After a German named Tobias Schmidt built the first prototype, it was put into regular use by the French government. While Guillotin had neither designed nor built the apparatus, it still eventually became known—much to his disgust—as the guillotine. Another popular claim states that Guillotin was later beheaded by the guillotine during the French Revolution, but this too is a myth.
George Washington Carver (for inventing peanut butter)
George Washington Carver was an American scientist and inventor famous for creating alternative food products and farming methods. But while Carver’s many innovations earned him comparisons to Leonardo da Vinci, the erroneous belief that he invented peanut butter has stuck in the popular imagination.
Carver was indeed a peanut pioneer—he is reputed to have found over 300 uses for the legume during his career—but he wasn’t the first person to create peanut butter. In truth, evidence of peanut-based pastes can be found in South America as far back as 950 B.C. Meanwhile, modern peanut butter substances were first patented in 1884 by Marcellus Edson—who referred to it as “peanut-candy”—and later by John Harvey Kellogg, who unveiled a process for creating peanut butter in 1895. While he eventually became its most famous advocate, Carver did not begin his own experiments on the peanut until 1903.
Betsy Ross (for making the first American flag)
One of American history’s most persistent legends involves Betsy Ross, a Philadelphia seamstress who supposedly made the first American flag. As the story goes, in 1776 Ross was commissioned to sew the flag—which then featured a circle of 13 stars—by a small committee that included George Washington. Ross supposedly produced her famous flag a few days later and even changed the design to make the stars five-pointed rather than six-pointed.
While versions of this story continue to be taught in American classrooms, most historians dismiss it as a tall tale. Newspapers from the time make no reference to Ross or the meeting, and Washington never mentioned her involvement in creating the flag. In fact, the Ross legend didn’t even make its first appearance until 1870, when her grandson, William Canby, related it to the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. But outside of showing affidavits from family members, Canby never produced any convincing evidence to support his claim. It’s true that Betsy Ross made American flags in the late 1770s, but the tale of her very first flag is likely untrue.
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The coastal resorts of Sopot and Leba are in which European country? | Pomerania, Baltic Sea and Kashubia – the best tourist region in Poland
Pomerania, Baltic Sea Coast and Kashubia
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"Have you ever been to the Long Market in the evening? This is a unique street in Gdansk that should be seen at just that time. The streetlights are just coming on, tables in the cafes and the restaurants are just starting to fill and the historic buildings create a fairytale atmosphere. Just a weekend is enough to fall in love with Gdansk. This city has a great history, it was once part of the rich trail of the Hanseatic League and it was here that Solidarity was born, the movement that finally toppled communism in Europe. Freedom can be felt here at every step! "
This region in north-western Poland with its 300 miles of Baltic coastline, the Pomeranian Lake District and the "Swiss-like" Kaszubian District is among the most attractive tourist regions in the country. Its territory covers both the West Pomeranian Voivodship, with its capital Szczecin and the Pomeranian Voivodship having the capital of Gdansk. The Kaszubian lands lay to the south-east of Gdansk and are inhabited today by more than 200,000 descendants of the Slav tribe, the "Kashubians", maintaining the traditions of their language and culture.
Important Locations and Historical Monuments
Baltic Coast
Szczecin, with its population of around 420,000, is the capital city of Western Pomerania. It is located by the River Odra, some 40 miles from the Baltic Coast which can be reached by boat and sailing through the Bay of Szczecin. Szczecin is a large busy port as well as an important junction for water and land transportation and a major industrial, educational, scientific and cultural centre. Its old churches include the Gothic cathedral of St Jacob the Apostle (14th century), the Gothic Church of St Peter and St Paul (15th century) and the Franciscan church built between the 13th and 14th centuries. Reconstructed after the damaged sustained during World War II, the Castle of the Pomeranian Princes with its famous clock tower is now used as a focal point for cultural and artistic events. The 18th century Harbour Gate, the Gate of Prussian Homage as well as the Tower of the Seven Cloaks are all that has remained of the former city fortifications. The "Waly Chrobrego" is the popular promenade running along the bank of the River Odra.
Swinoujscie is a port city and health resort. It is located next to the border with Germany, partly on Uznam Island and partly on Wolin Island. The recreation park here was founded in the mid 19th century. The Museum of Sea Fishery is situated at Plac Rybaka 1. A lighthouse stands at the estuary of the River Swina, built in the mid 19th century which now has the distinction of being the highest on the Polish coast (223 feet).
Wolin Island, with its popular beach resort of Miedzyzdroje and two health resort of Miedzywodzie and Dziwnow offer, not only 15 miles of coastal sandy beaches but also a remarkable National Park and a popular golf course with both 9 and 18 hole courses. The Wolin National Park covers only about one fifth of the island's total area but stretches from the cliff coast near Miedzyzdroje as far as the Bay of Szczecin. Many hiking trails run across the moraine landscape dominated by beech forests. A bison reserve within the National park is worthy of particular attention.
Further east along the coast, there are several small popular tourist destinations with beautiful sandy beaches. In Lukecin there is also a horse-riding school and a small golf course. Pobierowo is a quieter resort, especially popular with families with young children. In Trzesacz there are remains of an old church that, at the beginning of the 20th century, became engulfed by sea waves penetrating inland during a storm. Rewal is situated on the cliff shoreline and this is also where the most beautiful beaches can be found. The route of the narrow gauge railway line starts here, leading through Niechorze to Trzebiatow. The emblem of the town Niechorze is its lighthouse from 1866. Pogorzelica is a small holiday resort surrounded by coniferous and mixed forests. Several miles inland there are two further interesting places to visit. Kamien Pomorski is proud of its historical monuments as well as its world-renowned church organ. The 295 foot high tower of the Gothic St Mary's church is the emblem of the town of Trzebiatow.
Kolobrzeg ranks high among some of the most popular beach resorts. The city, with its more than 50,000 inhabitants, is the largest Polish health resort. Its microclimate, fresh iodine infused sea breezes and much exposure to the sun creates the ideal conditions for practicing natural therapies. Also, the resort has many mineral spring wells as well as pools of therapeutic mud. The crowded Kolobrzeg promenade leads to the lighthouse by the mouth of the River Parseta. Among the many valuable monuments in Kolobrzeg, there are the Collegiate Church from the turn of the 14th century and the Neo-Gothic Town Hall.
Ustronie Morskie can be found to the east of Kolobrzeg. This is a beautiful holiday resort with a thermal pools filled with seawater. In summer, the long sandy beaches of Mielno, some designated as nudist beaches, attract thousands of visitors. Beautiful panoramic views can be enjoyed from the 167 foot tall lighthouse in the neighbouring town of Gaski. Further along the coast is the town of Darlowo which survived the war relatively intact. Here, it is worthwhile visiting the castle rebuilt in the 16th century and the magnificent Gothic Church of Our Lady. Darlowko, situated about a mile away, was renowned as a beach resort as early as the beginning of the 19th century. Ustka is a significant fishing port and one of the largest biggest Polish beach resorts.
The Slowinski National Park is famous for its unique shifting sand dunes. Formed, as much as 5000 years ago, from the sand carried inland by the sea and winds, the dunes are moving inland at a speed of about 33 feet a year. The most popular holiday resorts bordering the park on each side are Rowy (in the west) and Leba (in the east). In the village of Kluki at the south end of the Park, there is an open-air museum (heritage park), with examples of buildings and folk clothing worn by the Slowinski Tribe that used to inhabit this region.
Further east is the fishing village of Debki, a favourite with artists and the site of one of the rare topless beaches in Poland. Krokowa is located several miles away from the coast and boasts a beautiful 14th century castle. Jastrzebia Gora is the busiest summer resort on the Kaszubian Coast and well known for its cliff shoreline. The Hel Peninsula is an attractive centre for summer tourism. Twenty two miles long and in places only as narrow as 656 feet, it juts out into the Bay of Gdansk. In the village of Hel, located at the south-eastern end of the peninsula there are many beautiful old fishermen's huts. The fishing village of Jastarnia is also a popular tourist attraction, as well as the renowned holiday resort of Jurata. The village of Chalupy has become known for its topless beaches.
Gdansk, with its population 465,000 inhabitants, is the capital of the Pomeranian Voivodship. This many-century old city acquired its city charter in 1236 and after a short time became one of Europe's most important trade centres. Today it is still an important port but it has also become a major cultural and scientific centre for the region.
Sopot, which once used to be the most fashionable beach resort on the Baltic coast, combines its great traditions with an interesting cultural and recreational programme. The wooden pier built in the mid 19th century is now 1680 feet long, which makes it the longest in Europe. It is also a favourite promenade. On both sides of the pier there are wide sandy beaches. There are countless shops, cafes and restaurants on both sides of Bohaterow Monte Casino Street. The well-renowned Sopot Forest Opera has the capacity of around 4500 seats and in the summer months many performances, musicals and musical festivals are held here. To the east of Gdansk only a narrow stripe of land separates the Vistula Lagoon from the Baltic Sea. The Vistula Sandbar belongs in part to Poland and in part to the Kaliningrad District (part of Russia). On the isthmus there are some truly impressive beaches. The reed beds on its southern side are the nesting grounds of many rare water bird species. The towns Katy Rybackie and Krynica Morska are popular summer resorts on this narrow strip of land. Krynica Morska, Elblag and Frombork are connected by sightseeing ship routes traversing the Vistula Lagoon.
Pomeranian Lake District
The Pomeranian Lake District is made up of almost 200 partially interlinked lakes can be found in the region spreading to the south of the city of Koszalin. This picturesque landscape has not yet been fully discovered by tourists and thus it is ideal for all of those who wish to shy away from large crowds and noise. It offers spectacular facilities for water sports. Unfortunately, the region is quite far from the main tourist areas and subsequently there is a shortage of private accommodation. Szczecinek, with its 40,000 inhabitants, is an important tourist destination in this region with some well developed tourist accommodation facilities. There are remains of a castle in the city which was once the property of Pomeranian Princes. Its oldest fragments date back to the 14th century. Today, a regional museum can be found in the Gothic tower at 6 Krolowa Elzbieta Street. The town Bialy Bor lies to the east of Szczecinek. It is renowned for its stud farm and offers horse-riding as well as horse-riding lessons. The town of Czaplinek lies on the southern peninsula of Lake Drawsko, one of the largest and deepest lakes in this region. Polczyn Zdroj is a traditional health resort located on the northern boundary of the Lake District.
The "Swiss-like" Kaszubian Region
Kaszubia comprises of the part of coastline to the northwest of Gdansk and also the picturesque lakes of the "Swiss-like" Kaszubian region. In this characteristic post-glacial landscape with hills rising up to 656 feet above sea level, there are almost 250 lakes. At the same time, it is also one of the largest forest areas in Poland. The whole region is rather scarcely populated. The narrow, rarely used roads run close to the rural farms and through well-maintained villages. Bytow has got an old castle built by the Teutonic Knights as well as the Western-Kaszubian Museum. Part of the Teutonic Knights' castle, built around 1400, has been converted for use as a hotel. Chmielno is a popular summer resort, renowned for its pottery and is also the site of the Museum of Kaszubian Pottery. Kartuzy is a main town of the "Swiss-like" Kaszubian region and a major tourist centre. In the Kaszubian Museum at 1 Koscielna Street, traditional ware and artistic handicrafts craft are exhibited. At the outskirt of the town there is an old monastery with a church built in the 14th century and are both worth a visit. Wdzydze Kiszewskie is a small holiday resort by a lake, with an open-air museum of old traditional Kaszubian architecture.
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Who is the star of US tv series ‘Adrenaline Junkie’? | Baltic Sea Resorts
Baltic Sea Resorts
Tourist enjoying Miedzyzdroje resort
Baltic Sea is the largest, brackish (low salinity content) water body in the world. One of its chief characteristics is that it divides itself into a number of basins of varying depths, separated by shallow areas or sills. Numerous tributaries contribute to its brackish nature. Moreover, the connection with the North Sea is extremely narrow, the shallowest sill being 18 meters deep. This also helps in keeping its salinity content down.
Baltic coastline is shared by nine countries. Sweden and Finland in the north, Russia, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania in the east, Poland in the south and Germany and Denmark in the west.
Baltic Sea is a semi-enclosed sea of about 415000 square kilometers. Proceeding from the northern end, it includes the Bothnian Bay and the Bothnian Sea. At the southern end of the Bothnian Sea, the island of Aland divides the Aland Sea from the Archipelago Sea. The Gulf of Finland is the eastern arm of the Baltic Sea. The central portion of the Sea, known as the Baltic Proper, includes the Eastern and Western Gotland Seas. To the east and south are the Gulf of Riga, and the Gulf of Gdansk. Moving to the west are the Bornholm and Arkona basins, followed by the Sound, the Belt Sea and the Kattegat.
About 16 million people live on the coast, and around 80 million in the entire catchment area of the Baltic Sea. The catchment area includes part of Belarus, the Czech Republic, Norway, the Slovak Republic and Ukraine, as some of the rivers find their sources here.
In May 2004, the Baltic Sea became almost completely a European Union internal sea when the Baltic States and Poland became parts of the European Union, leaving only the Russian metropolis of Saint Petersburg and the exclave of Kaliningrad Oblast as non-EU areas.
Baltic coastline in Poland is 788 kilometers long and is a tourist heaven. Apart from the usual golden beaches, studded with pieces of amber, the windy call of the sea and photogenic cliffs, the coastline is dotted with historical towns and cute fishing hamlets-each providing a wonderful opportunity to get lost, willingly, from the hustle-bustle of a calibrated lifestyle, for a couple of days.
Swinoujscie, Miedzyzdroje, Rewal, Niechorze, Mrzezyno, Dzwirzyno, Kolobrzeg, Ustronie Morskie, Sarbinowo, Mielno, Dabki and Darlowo are holiday sea resorts of prominence and provide a gala treat of the sun, sand and the surf.
Kamienie Pomorskie, Stargard Szczecinski, Kolobrzeg and Szczecin are places with a past. They are must-sees in a history lover's itinerary. Kamienne kregi in the Grzybnica natural reserve near Koszalin, Jezioro Turkusowe (The turquoise lake) near Wapnica (near Miedzyzdroje), Jezioro Szmaragdowe (The Emerald Lake) near Szczecin, the church in Trzesacz, which looks as if it were sliding into the sea or the so called Szwajcaria Polczynska - are all delightful spots, capable of raising the wanderlust to an all-time high.
Leba and its surroundings: The Slowinski National Park, made famous by the UNESCO listing of World Biosphere Reserve is famous for its moving sand dunes. The wind has been noted to push dunes from 2 to 9.5 meters annually.
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In anatomy, osteomalacia is the softening of what? | Osteomalacia is a softening of the bones-[Good Tcm Net]
Osteomalacia is a softening of the bones
Updated: Saturday, Jun 19,2010, 11:01:25 AM
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Osteomalacia is a softening of the bones
Osteomalacia is a bone softening. When it occurs in children, it is called rickets. Symptoms include bone pain or tenderness, such as vertebrae, teeth damage, growth problems and increased fracture risk, the curvature, skeletal deformities.
There are many things can cause this situation. 1, for example, is a vitamin deficiency of vitamin D are four on the body to properly absorb and use calcium. Both calcium and vitamin D contribute to the formation of strong bones, so any shortfall may lead to bone weakening. You can have a lack of vitamin D, due to inappropriate diet and / or insufficient exposure to sunlight. Digestive problems or kidney disease can cause this condition and.
American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that all children, since the first days of life, get vitamin D, vitamin D to prevent rickets and lack. Children need an intake of 400 international units of vitamin (international units) per day Ð. This includes children who are breast-feeding.
As more and more attention to the most recent studies have shown an increase of rickets, especially in urban areas. When rickets was diagnosed, injury is often to do so. Sunlight can be a major source of vitamin D, but sunlight is difficult to measure. Factors such as pigment levels in the baby's skin, and skin contact, it will affect how much vitamin D the body produces from sunlight. Sunlight, of course, a double-edged sword. So a person's childhood years in the sun can cause skin damage and even skin cancer later in life. Children should wear sunscreen when they are carried out in the sun. Sun, however, prevent the skin to make vitamin d
Exclusive breastfeeding of infants, but also vitamin D deficiency rickets with increased risk. This is because breast milk usually contain only a small amount of vitamin research and development, not enough to prevent rickets.
A problem with the absorption of fat contribute to osteomalacia. If the body can not absorb fat, it is a problem with the use of vitamin D can also cause kidney disease in this situation. Depending on the etiology, treatment can include the development of oral vitamin supplements, and calcium and phosphorus. If rickets is not promptly correct the child, he or she may have permanent bone problems.
| Bone |
The Bundesliga is a professional association football league in which country? | Osteomalacia - calcium, food, nutrition, deficiency, body, absorption, health, fat, vitamin
faqs.org » Nutrition and Well-Being A to Z » Ome-Pop » Osteomalacia
Osteomalacia
Osteomalacia is a disease in which insufficient mineralization leads to a softening of the bones. Usually, this is caused by a deficiency of vitamin D , which reduces bone formation by altering calcium and phosphorus metabolism . Osteomalacia can occur because of reduced exposure to sunlight (which, after touching the skin, causes the body to make vitamin D), insufficient intake of vitamin D–enriched foods (like vitamin D–fortified milk), or improper digestion and absorption of food with vitamin D (as in bowel disorders such as lactose intolerance or celiac disease).
This disease causes the bending and misshaping of bones, such as bow-legging of the lower limbs, and is called rickets when it occurs in children. Affected children are usually listless and irritable. Symptoms in adults are often delayed until the disorder has advanced. These include easy fatigability, malaise , diffuse bone pain, and spasms. Muscular weakness occurs in severe cases. Osteomalacia should not be confused with osteoporosis , which is a disease of normal mineralization but decreased amounts of bone.
Osteomalacia can be diagnosed by blood and urine tests and confirmed by bone biopsy and X-rays. Treatment consists of oral doses of vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus as well as increased exposure to ultraviolet light.
The easy availability of vitamin D–fortified milk has reduced the incidence of osteomalacia in developed countries to 0.1 percent. In areas with high levels of vegetarianism, such as in Asia, the incidence has been reported to be nearly 15 percent. Vitamin D, a fat-soluble vitamin, while not readily found in vegetables, is available in cheese, butter, cream, fish, oysters, fortified milk, and fortified cereals.
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Sudan, Djibouti, Eritrea, Somalia and Kenya border which landlocked African country? | Political Map of Libya, Egypt, Chad, Sudan, Eritrea, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Central African Republic, Somalia - Atlapedia® Online
Somalia
Somalia is located on the Horn of Africa in East Africa. It is bound by Djibouti to the northwest, Ethiopia to the west, Kenya to the southwest, the Indian Ocean to the east and the Gulf of Aden to the north....
Sudan
Sudan is located in North East Africa. It is bound by Egypt to the north, Libya to the northwest, Chad to the west, the Central African Republic to the southwest, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire) to the south, Uganda and Kenya to the southeast, Ethiopia and Eritrea to the east and the Red Sea to the northeast....
| Ethiopia |
The Elite One Championship in France is for which sport? | Ethiopia Eritrea - Background to the Ethiopia Eritrea border conflict
Main ports in the horn of Africa
Ethiopia's five outlets to the sea.
Trade between the two countries has come to a halt due to the conflict. Ethiopia has yet to suffer shortages or significant price rises as a result of using ports other than Assab for its supplies. It looks like the Ethiopians have miscalculated the time it would take to end the conflict in their advantage and are now de facto landlocked as a result of their own aggression.
Ethiopian investments in the past will be worthless as long as they cannot use the port of Assab. That is the reason why Ethiopia is trying to fight itself a corridor to Assab, to conquer "their" main port (the third front), brutal Red Sea lust. Why not use the ports of Djibouti, Sudan, Kenya, Somalia? To expensive? Do the conditions not satisfy them? So if I find the airfare of Ethiopian Airlines to expensive it is justified to hijack the plane?
The real reason for the Ethiopian (read TPLF) efforts to control Assab may very well be the fact that the only asset now landlocked Tigray is missing to declare independence is a port.
Introduction of the Nakfa
In 1997 Eritrea introduced its own currency, the Nakfa. The introduction was necessary to implement its own monetary policy, and the logical continuation of Eritrea's strive for further independence of Ethiopia (as a tool of economic policy and as another confirmation of its hard won liberation).
Ethiopia however prohibited both currencies to circulate freely in both countries, insisting that for all but small local trading (all trade transactions in excess of US $250), hard currency should be used which both sides lacked. This Ethiopian arrogance further disrupted trade between Ethiopia and Eritrea. The new policy effectively banned cross-border livestock exports by farmers and small traders, leading to depressed livestock prices and trucks soon were backed up at border crossings, while ships waited to unload at Assab.
In consequence of this new Ethiopian cross-border trade regulations, the control of borders, as well as their position suddenly became a matter of importance, where the exact position of the frontier had previously been of little significance to the local population.
The intertwining history
Supporters of a united Ethiopia and Eritrea emphasize the intertwining history of these two countries. But no country in Africa has an homogenous population, where all speak the same language, practice the same religion and share a common history and culture. Boundaries were imposed upon the continent by the European powers in their scramble for Africa during the 19th and 20th century, but are generally respected by the now independent countries.
While it is true that strands of Eritrean and Ethiopian early history intermingle, particularly under the highland kingdom of Axum, it generally manifested itself with Ethiopian rulers exercising authority over and making periodic excursions into Eritrean lands to collect slaves, plunder and rape. In May 2000 history repeated itself (destruction and ransack of Barentu and Tessenei by the Ethiopian "defense forces").
Shop, plundered by Ethiopian soldiers. Shortly before the looting,
the owner was killed by Ethiopian soldiers in Sheshebit, some 10
kilometer from Shilalo. (from: Berhe's picture book - B. Berhane).
It was the fifty years of Italian rule that irrevocably separated Eritreans from Ethiopians. Under the Italians, Eritreans made great strides into the twentieth century, that left them better educated and more sophisticated than their neighbors to the feudal south. The Eritreans began to develop a collective consciousness of being a people with a connected past and a common destiny and the Eritrean nationalistic culture was born.
But Eritrea exists not only by virtue of Italian creation but also by an explicit Ethiopian renunciation. The relatively modern concept of an Eritrean national identity grew its deepest and most intractable roots during thirty years of Ethiopian cruelties of occupation, after Eritrea was forcibly annexed by Ethiopia's Haile Selassie in 1962. Ethiopian rule was a continuation of colonialism and has accelerated the formation of national consciousness. EPLF could not have survived without a broad base of support among the population or without a deep-seated resentment against Ethiopian domination.
"It was at 10:00 a.m. on May 24, 1991 that Asmara residents realized EPLF fighters had entered their city. In a spontaneous outburst of happiness and relief, Asmarinos flung open their doors and rushed into the streets to dance in jubilation, some still in their pajamas. The dancing lasted for weeks."
In April 1993 a referendum was held in which 99.8% of the Eritrean population voted for national independence.
Imperialistic tendencies of Ethiopia
The abstract concept of a Greater Ethiopia has always been a powerful source of pride and yearning of Ethiopian rulers. May the map presented below speak for itself as an illustration of Ethiopia's growing pains of the last age. I found it in a German history book published in 1978 (A. Bartnicki and J. Mantel-Niecko, Geschichte Äthiopiens). I have added the names of the present Ethiopian administrative regions to the map. The map is the very convincing proof that Ethiopia is entertaining secret ambitions to expand.
History of Ethiopian imperialism 1883-1991
The recent Ethiopian expansion resulted in a deeply divided and demoralized state, many ethnic liberation movements and internal political tensions. Power rests on the Amhara and Tigray community which are still in the process of establishing dominance over the entire territory of the state. Oromo and other tribal opposition is "controlled" by employing troops from these regions in the war against Eritrea, where they either slaughtered by Eritrean or by their own troops. It is likely that the territorial unity of this unhappy, famine- and war-wracked country is at serious risk.
Ethiopia wants to project an image of a regional power and impose its will on its neighbors, which will be very difficult on an empty stomach.
When will this war end?
The increased popularity of Meles Zenawi (Ethiopia's Prime Minister) in Tigray and Amhara because of this war makes it hard for him to stop the fight. He and his TPLF clique might not survive a peace that gave Ethiopia only little gain. The expected result of Ethiopia's recent adventure of expansionism is far less than they calculated on forehand. It may therefore be expected that the stake will be higher and higher before the negotiations start as not to disappoint his Tigrayan supporters. Meles Zenawi is now demanding that his territorial claims will be guaranteed before negotiations can take place. This has to be Ethiopia's arrogance to the fullest sense!
He might even wait for Eritrea to bleed to dead, hoping it will be the end of Isaias Afwerki, who once was a close personal friend and brother in arms when Eritrean and Tigayan Liberation movements fought side by side against the Dergue (the Amhara based ruling committee in the 70's and 80's) resulting in Eritrea's liberation and TPLF control over Ethiopia. The price of Meles Zenawi's 'victory' will be paid by the more then 11 million people in Tigray and Wollo who are at the brink of starving to death in the meantime.
But ironically the war has strengthened the position of Isaias Afwerki, as wars usually unifies nations. Eritrea has accepted an OAU peace plan under which both countries would withdraw from disputed territory, but Ethiopia has questioned the technical arrangements, thereby continuing to sabotage the peace process. True stability can only come in the Horn of Africa if Ethiopia will show real commitment to peace.
Women and children waiting for food rations in Ethiopia's famine threatened Tigray region. More than 11 million people in Ethiopia (including 1,920,000 children under five years of age, 960,000 pregnant or lactating women) continue to be at risk.
source: Unicef (April 17 2003)
"Men with legs and arms as thin as twigs, ribs protruding like grates. Mothers offering shrunken breasts to children too weak to cry or brush flies from their faces. Eyes which, as long as strength remains, show their despair, and once strength is gone, show no emotion at all. These are the faces of the thousands of Ethiopians who sit quietly waiting for the slow death that will surely come to them and to those they love."
History will hold the TPLF regime responsible for the death of millions of their people. Unless the rest of the world applies pressure on Ethiopia to make peace, the war looks set to continue. The rest of the world should make it clear to Ethiopia that it is better to feed ones people than squander resources to war.
The world should stop its financial contributions to Ethiopia now that the money is used to engage in an armed conflict instead of development and nutrition of its people.
Decision regarding delimitation of
the border between Eritrea and Ethiopia
On April 13th 2002 the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague published the conclusions of the Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission . The court concluded that a large part of the Western border sector will be awarded to Eritrea (near the Yirga Triangle). Areas in the Central zone and Eastern Sector and border town Tserona have also been awarded to Eritrea. The border towns Zalambessa and Alitena (Central Sector) and Bure Danakil Depression) were awarded to Ethiopia. Despite Ethiopian claims of victory, the border commission rules that the controversial town of Badme , the site of the first flare-ups in 1998, lies in Eritrea .
18. ........Since Badme village (as opposed to some other parts of the Badme region) lay on what was found to be the Eritrean side of the treaty line, there was no need for the Commission to consider any evidence of Eritrean governmental presence there, although Eritrea did in fact submit such evidence. Moreover, even some maps submitted by Ethiopia not only showed the distinctive straight line between the Setit and Mareb Rivers, but also marked Badme village as being on the Eritrean side of that line. The Commission must also observe that the Ethiopian invocation of the findings of the OAU in respect of Badme in 1998 (Comment, para. 1.4, footnote 4) failed to mention the OAU's express statement that those findings did not "prejudge the final status of that area which will be determined at the end of the delimitation and demarcation process and, if necessary, through arbitration."
Full map of the decisions of the EEBC > > >
Ethiopia hastened to declare that it had won all the land it had claimed, to convince her citizens that the sacrifices and the loss of 150.000 lives have not been in vain.
Chairman Solomon Enkuay, Speaker of the Tigray Regional Assembly, has declared in advance that he would not accept any compromises.
"We shall not accept any decision that attempts to alter the reality on the ground in the face of clear solid evidence. Once more we await justice but we will not be bound by any unjust decision that is based on appeasement and compromise."
The Ethiopian opposition party EDP also announced that it would resist any decision that would not include the transfer of the Eritrean port of Assab to Ethiopia. On 19 May 2002, the opposition Ethiopian Democratic Party mobilized over 10,000 people in Addis Ababa main square to protest the Court's decision, demanding that the Assab port be included in the Ethiopian territory.
Although Ethiopia has agreed to abide with whatever decision is arrived at by the International Court (Article 4.15 of the Algiers Agreement explicitly states that the decision is final and binding), in a surprise turn, Ethiopia rejected the EEBC ruling as "unjust and illegal" and filed a 21-page memorandum demanding that the boundary commission rectify boundary delimitation by redrawing the boundary to give Ethiopia sovereignty over towns on the Eritrean side of the line.
The well-considered decisions of the Court of Arbitration in the Hague appears to cut deep in the self-esteem of Ethiopia. Prime Minister Meles Zenawi cannot explain the loss of Badme to his people and sabotages the demarcation of the border on the ground. By initially accepting the international committee's decision on the delineation of the border with Eritrea, Prime Minister Meles Zenawi lost much credibility in the eyes of the TPLF and among the Tigrayan population in Tigray. This pushed him to then harden his tone toward Eritrea and to take control of the TPLF again.
As a result of Ethiopian refusal to abide by the Hague-based Boundary Commission's demarcation of the border, the physical demarcation of border is delayed indefinitely. The beginning of another round of Ethiopian excursions excursions into Eritrean lands?
On November 25th 2004, 957 days after the EEBC ruling, Ethiopia's parliament voted to accept in principle the ruling of the independent boundary commission that ceded territory along the 600 mile border to Eritrea, after a surprise about-face by Prime Minister Meles Zenawi.
Ethiopian Information Minister Bereket Simon urged Eritrea, one day later to accept the peace plan, but cautioned it must be accepted in total or not at all. "Eritrea must accept the peace plan as a package to end the deadlock along the border between the two neighbors"
The plan calls for a dialogue about the root causes of the conflict and how to implement the boundary decision, Ethiopia to pay its dues to the boundary commission and the appointment of liaisons to help administer the demarcation. But Prime Minister Meles Zenawi of Ethiopia also stated "that Ethiopia would consider the possibility of demarcation only on border areas on which there are no disputes."
This is the evidence that proves that Meles Zenawi and the TPLF ruling party have not unequivocally accepted the EEBC's final and binding decision, and Ethiopia's November 2004 "peace initiative" is more likely an Ethiopian public relations initiative, to buy time and keep up a war of attrition. With the exception of The Netherlands and Sweden, no EU state has pleaded to impose sanctions because of Ethiopia�s refusal to abide the decisions of the Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission.
2012 Ethiopia strikes again
Ethiopian armed forces launched a new provocative attacks on Eritrea as from March 16 2012. This most recent cross-border raids were said to be carried out to eliminate three rebel bases, as Ethiopia spokesmen have confirmed. A number of people were killed and others captured when three camps were attacked up to 18km (11 miles) inside Eritrean territory, an Ethiopian defense official said. Eritrea has said it will not retaliate. "Those who rush to aggression are those who do not know what the life of people means," Eritrean Information Minister Ali Abdu told the BBC.
Ethiopia - a country with rich traditions and outstanding historical and cultural attractions.
3000 years civilization resulting in empty granaries and overstocked ammunition depots.
Statement of the Eritrean government
Asmara, 15-jun-1998
1. The crisis between Eritrea and Ethiopia is rooted in the violation by the Government of Ethiopia of Eritrea's colonial boundaries, and to willfully claim, as well as physically occupy, large swathes of Eritrean territory in the south-western, southern and south-eastern parts of the country. This violation is made manifest in the official map issued in 1997 as well as the map of Ethiopia embossed in the new currency notes of the country that came into circulation in November 1997.
2. Ethiopia went further than laying claims on paper to create a de facto situation on the ground. The first forcible act of creating facts on the ground occurred in July 1997 when Ethiopia, under the pretext of fighting the Afar opposition, brought two battalions to Bada (Adi-Murug) in south-eastern Eritrea to occupy the village and dismantle the Eritrean administration there. This unexpected development was a cause of much concern to the Government of Eritrea. Eritrea's Head of State subsequently sent a letter to the Ethiopian Prime Minister on August 16 1997, reminding him that "the forcible occupation of Adi-Murug" was "truly saddening". He further urged him to "personally take the necessary prudent action so that the measure that has been taken will not trigger unnecessary conflict" A week later, on August 25 1997, the Eritrean Head of State again wrote to the Prime Minister stressing that measures similar to those in Bada were taken in the Badme (south-western Eritrea) area and suggesting that a Joint Commission be set up to help check further deterioration and create a mechanism to resolve the problem.
3. Unfortunately, Eritrean efforts to solve the problem amicably and bilaterally failed as the Government of Ethiopia continued to bring under its occupation the Eritrean territories that it had incorporated into its map. Our worst fears were to be realized when on May 6 1998 on the eve of the second meeting of the Joint Border Commission, the Ethiopian army launched an unexpected attack on Eritrean armed patrols in the Badme area claiming that they had transgressed on areas that Ethiopia had newly brought under its control. This incident led to a series of clashes which, coupled with the hostile measures that were taken by the Government of Ethiopia, resulted in the present state of war between the two countries.
4. Ethiopia's unilateral re-drawing of the colonial boundary and flagrant acts of creating facts on the ground are the essential causes of the current crisis. In light of these facts, Ethiopia's claims that is the victim of aggression are obviously false and meant to deceive the international community. Indeed Ethiopia to this day occupies Eritrean territories in the Setit area in the south-western part of the country.
5. Ethiopia's blatant act of aggression is clearly in violation of the OAU Charter and Resolution AHG/RES 16(1) of the First Assembly of Heads of State and Government held in Cairo in 1964. Unless rectified without equivocation, Ethiopia's refusal to abide by the OAU Charter and decisions, and its continued occupation of undisputed Eritrean territory will open a Pandora's box and create a cycle of instability in the region. The acceptance of Ethiopia's logic will not only affect all African states, but will indeed backfire against Ethiopia itself, since its sovereignty over much of its territory, including on the Ogaden, is based on the same principles of international law.
6. A simple border dispute has assumed this level of conflict because of Ethiopia's continued escalation of its hostile and provocative acts. Among these are:
the declaration of war by Ethiopia's Parliament on May 13 1998;
the launching of an air strike by Ethiopia on June 5 1998 on Asmara;
the imposition of an air blockade and maritime access to Eritrean ports trough the threat of incessant and indiscriminate air bombing;
the mass expulsion and indiscriminate arrests of thousands of Eritreans from Ethiopia.
7. In spite of all these, Eritrea has been restrained and committed to a peaceful solution of the dispute. In this vein, it has already presented constructive proposals (see further). The proposals center on:
the demarcation of the entire boundary between the two countries on the basis of borders established by colonial treaties;
the demilitarization of the entire border area pending demarcation;
the establishment of appropriate ad hoc arrangements for civil administration in populated demilitarized areas in the interim period.
In addition, considering the state of war that exists between the two countries, the Government of Eritrea has been calling - and continues to call - for:
an immediate and unconditional cessation of hostilities;
the start of direct talks between the two parties in the presence of mediators.
Picture of Eritrean soldiers at the Mered-Alitena front watching the
border with Ethiopia (Tserona June 1999 - Photo: Arnold Karskens)
Proposal for a Solution Submitted by the Government of Eritrea
Asmara, 15-jun-1998
1. PRINCIPLES
The Government of Eritrea and the Government of Ethiopia agree that they will resolve the present crisis and any other dispute between them through peaceful and legal means. Both sides reject solutions that are imposed by force.
Both sides agree to respect the clearly defined colonial boundaries between them. In this respect, both sides further agree that the actual demarcation of the borders will be carried out by a mutually acceptable technical team. In the event that there is some controversy on the delineation, both sides agree to resolve the matter through an appropriate mechanism of arbitration.
The demarcation of the borders shall be affected speedily and within an agreed time-frame.
Both sides agree to be bound by this agreement.
2. IMPLEMENTATION OF MODALITIES
2.1 The UN Cartographic Unit, or any other body with the appropriate expertise, shall be charged with the task of demarcating the boundary in accordance with existing colonial border treaties.
2.2 The time-frame for the demarcation of the boundary shall be six months. This time-frame may be shortened or prolonged subject to justifiable technical reasons. This requisite time-frame shall be designated as AN INTERIM PERIOD.
2.3 The demarcated boundary shall be accepted and adhered to by both sides.
2.4 If there are segments in the boundary whose delineation is under controversy, the matter shall be resolved through an appropriate mechanism of ARBITRATION.
2.5 The technical details relevant to the practical implementation of the DEMARCATION process shall be annexed to the agreement.
3. DEMILITARIZATION as a measure for defusing the crisis and expediting the demarcation of the borders so as to ensure a lasting solution shall be accepted and adhered to by both sides.
3.1 DEMILITARIZATION shall begin by the Mereb-Setit segment; proceed next to the Bada area and be implemented throughout the entire boundary in accordance with this phased pattern.
3.2 DEMILITARIZATION shall be implemented trough the involvement and monitoring of observers. The team of observers shall be composed of the forces and commanders from the facilitators as well as representatives of both sides.
3.3 DEMILITARIZATION shall be completed within the time-frame of one month.
3.4 The issue of civil administration in populated demilitarized areas shall be addressed through appropriate ad hoc arrangements that will be put in place for the interim period.
3.5 When the INTERIM period comes to an end following the completion of the demarcation of the entire boundary between the two countries, the LEGITIMATE AUTHORITIES shall regain full jurisdiction over their respective SOVEREIGN TERRITORIES.
3.6 The details regarding DEMILITARIZATION and its implementation modalities shall be included in the main agreement as annex.
4. A full INVESTIGATION of the incident of May 6 1998 shall be conducted in tandem with the demilitarization process.
5. This COMPREHENSIVE agreement, signed by both parties, shall be deposited in the UN and OAU as a legal agreement so as to ensure its binding nature.
The three onflict zones in the Eritrean - Ethiopian border conflict:
The Badme region (the main area of conflict in the war) in the western border region
The Tsorona-Zalambessa area in the central border area
The Bure area in the eastern border region
Text of Agreement Between Eritrea and Ethiopia signed in Algiers, 12 December 2000
Agreement between the Government of the State of Eritrea and the Government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
The Government of the State of Eritrea and the Government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (the "parties"),
Reaffirming their acceptance of the Organization of African Unity ("OAU") Framework Agreement and the Modalities for its Implementation, which have been endorsed by the 35th ordinary session of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government, held in Algiers, Algeria, from 12 to 14 July 1999,
Recommitting themselves to the Agreement on Cessation of Hostilities, signed in Algiers on 18 June 2000,
Welcoming the commitment of the OAU and the United Nations, through their endorsement of the Framework Agreement and Agreement on Cessation of Hostilities, to work closely with the international community to mobilize resources for the resettlement of displaced persons, as well as rehabilitation and peacebuilding in both countries,
Have agreed as follows:
Article 1
1. The parties shall permanently terminate hostilities between themselves. Each party shall refrain from the threat or use of force against the other.
2. The parties shall respect and fully implement the provisions of the Agreement on Cessation of Hostilities.
Article 2
1. In fulfilling their obligations under international humanitarian law, including the 1949 Geneva Conventions relative to the protection of victims of armed conflict ("1949 Geneva Conventions"), and in cooperation with the International Committee of the Red Cross, the parties shall without delay, release and repatriate all prisoners of war.
2. In fulfilling their obligations under international humanitarian law, including the 1949 Geneva Conventions, and in cooperation with the International Committee of the Red Cross, the parties shall without delay, release and repatriate or return to their last place of residence all other persons detained as a result of the armed conflict.
3. The parties shall afford humane treatment to each other's nationals and persons of each other's national origin within their respective territories.
Article 3
1. In order to determine the origins of the conflict, an investigation will be carried out on the incidents of 6 May 1998 and on any other incident prior to that date which could have contributed to a misunderstanding between the parties regarding their common border, including the incidents of July and August 1997.
2. The investigation will be carried out by an independent, impartial body appointed by the Secretary General of the OAU, in consultation with the Secretary General of the United Nations and the two parties.
3. The independent body will endeavor to submit its report to the Secretary General of the OAU in a timely fashion.
4. The parties shall cooperate fully with the independent body.
5. The Secretary General of the OAU will communicate a copy of the report to each of the two parties, which shall consider it in accordance with the letter and spirit of the Framework Agreement and the Modalities.
Article 4
1. Consistent with the provisions of the Framework Agreement and the Agreement on Cessation of Hostilities, the parties reaffirm the principle of respect for the borders existing at independence as stated in resolution AHG/Res. 16(1) adopted by the OAU Summit in Cairo in 1964, and, in this regard, that they shall be determined on the basis of pertinent colonial treaties and applicable international law.
2. The parties agree that a neutral Boundary Commission composed of five members shall be established with a mandate to delimit and demarcate the border based on pertinent colonial treaties (1900, 1902 and 1908) and applicable international law. The Commission shall not have the power to make decisions ex aequo et bono.
3. The Commission shall be located in the Hague.
4. Each party shall, by written notice to the United Nations Secretary General, appoint two commissioners within 45 days from the effective date of this agreement, neither of whom shall be nationals or permanent residents of the party making the appointment. In the event that a party fails to name one or both of its party-appointed commissioners within the specified time, the Secretary-General of the United Nations shall make the appointment.
5. The president of the Commission shall be selected by the party-appointed commissioners or, failing their agreement within 30 days of the date of appointment of the latest party-appointed commissioner, by the Secretary-General of the United Nations after consultation with the parties. The president shall be neither a national nor permanent resident of either party.
6. In the event of the death or resignation of a commissioner in the course of the proceedings, a substitute commissioner shall be appointed or chosen pursuant to the procedure set forth in this paragraph that was applicable to the appointment or choice of the commissioner being replaced.
7. The UN Cartographer shall serve as Secretary to the Commission and undertake such tasks as assigned to him by the Commission, making use of the technical expertise of the UN Cartographic Unit. The Commission may also engage the services of additional experts as it deems necessary.
8. Within 45 days after the effective date of this Agreement, each party shall provide to the Secretary its claims and evidence relevant to the mandate of the Commission. These shall be provided to the other party by the Secretary.
9. After reviewing such evidence and within 45 days of its receipt, the Secretary shall subsequently transmit to the Commission and the parties any materials relevant to the mandate of the Commission as well as his findings identifying those portions of the border as to which there appears to be no dispute between the parties. The Secretary shall also transmit to the Commission all the evidence presented by the parties.
10. With regard to those portions of the border about which there appears to be controversy, as well as any portions of the border identified pursuant to paragraph 9 with respect to which either party believes there to be controversy, the parties shall present their written and oral submissions and any additional evidence directly to the Commission, in accordance with its procedures.
11. The Commission shall adopt its own rules of procedure based upon the 1992 Permanent Court of Arbitration Option Rules for Arbitrating Disputes Between Two States. Filing deadlines for the parties' written submissions shall be simultaneous rather than consecutive. All decisions of the Commission shall be made by a majority of the commissioners.
12. The Commission shall commence its work not more than 15 days after it is constituted and shall endeavor to make its decision concerning delimitation of the border within six months of its first meeting. The Commission shall take this objective into consideration when establishing its schedule. At its discretion, the Commission may extend this deadline.
13. Upon reaching a final decision regarding delimitation of the borders, the Commission shall transmit its decision to the parties and Secretaries General of the OAU and the United Nations for publication, and the Commission shall arrange for expeditious demarcation.
14. The parties agree to cooperate with the Commission, its experts and other staff in all respects during the process of delimitation and demarcation, including the facilitation of access to territory they control. Each party shall accord to the Commission and its employees the same privileges and immunities as are accorded to diplomatic agents under the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations.
15. The parties agree that the delimitation and demarcation determinations of the Commission shall be final and binding. Each party shall respect the border so determined, as well as the territorial integrity and sovereignty of the other party.
16. Recognizing that the results of the delimitation and demarcation process are not yet known, the parties request the United Nations to facilitate resolution of problems which may arise due to the transfer of territorial control, including the consequences for individuals residing in previously disputed territory.
17. The expenses of the Commission shall be borne equally by the two parties. To defray its expenses, the Commission may accept donations from the United Nations Trust Fund established under paragraph 8 of Security Council Resolution 1177 of 26 June 1998.
Article 5
1. Consistent with the Framework Agreement, in which the parties commit themselves to addressing the negative socio-economic impact of the crisis on the civilian population, including the impact on those persons who have been deported, a neutral Claims Commission shall be established. The mandate of the Commission is to decide through binding arbitration all claims for loss, damage or injury by one Government against the other, and by nationals (including both natural and juridical persons) of one party against the Government of the other party or entities owned or controlled by the other party that are (a) related to the conflict that was the subject of the Framework Agreement, the Modalities for its Implementation and the Cessation of Hostilities Agreement, and (b) result from violations of international humanitarian law, including the 1949 Geneva Conventions, or other violations of international law. The Commission shall not hear claims arising from the cost of military operations, preparing for military operations, or the use of force, except to the extent that such claims involve violations of international humanitarian law.
2. The Commission shall consist of five arbitrators. Each party shall, by written notice to the United Nations Secretary General, appoint two members within 45 days from the effective date of this agreement, neither of whom shall be nationals or permanent residents of the party making the appointment. In the event that a party fails to name one or both of its party-appointed arbitrators within the specified time, the Secretary-General of the United Nations shall make the appointment.
3. The president of the Commission shall be selected by the party-appointed arbitrators or, failing their agreement within 30 days of the date of appointment of the latest party-appointed arbitrator, by the Secretary-General of the United Nations after consultation with the parties. The president shall be neither a national nor permanent resident of either party.
4. In the event of the death or resignation of a member of the Commission in the course of the proceedings, a substitute member shall be appointed or chosen pursuant to the procedure set forth in this paragraph that was applicable to the appointment or choice of the arbitrator being replaced.
5. The Commission shall be located in The Hague. At its discretion it may hold hearings and conduct investigations in the territory of either party, or at such other location as it deems expedient.
6. The Commission shall be empowered to employ such professional, administrative and clerical staff as it deems necessary to accomplish its work, including establishment of a Registry. The Commission may also retain consultants and experts to facilitate the expeditious completion of its work.
7. The Commission shall adopt its own rules of procedure based upon the 1992 Permanent Court of Arbitration Option Rules for Arbitrating Disputes Between Two States. All decisions of the Commission shall be made by a majority of the commissioners.
8. Claims shall be submitted to the Commission by each of the parties on its own behalf and on behalf of its nationals, including both natural and juridical persons. All claims submitted to the Commission must be filed no later than one year from the effective date of this agreement. Except for claims submitted to another mutually agreed settlement mechanism in accordance with paragraph 17 or filed in another forum prior to the effective date of this agreement, the Commission shall be the sole forum for adjudicating claims described in paragraph 1 or filed under paragraph 9 of this Article, and any such claims which could have been and not submitted by that deadline shall be extinguished, in accordance with international law.
9. In appropriate cases, each party may file claims on behalf of persons of Eritreans or Ethiopian origin who may not be its nationals. Such claims shall be considered by the Commission on the same basis as claims submitted on behalf of that party's nationals.
10. In order to facilitate the expeditious resolution of these disputes, the Commission shall be authorized to adopt such methods of efficient case management and mass claims processing as it deems appropriate, such as expedited procedures for processing claims and checking claims on a sample basis for further verification only if circumstances warrant.
11. Upon application of either of the parties, the Commission may decide to consider specific claims, or categories of claims, on a priority basis.
12. The Commission shall commence its work not more than 15 days after it is constituted and shall endeavor to complete its work within three years of the date when the period for filing claims closes pursuant to paragraph 8.
13. In considering claims, the Commission shall apply relevant rules of international law. The Commission shall not have the power to make decisions ex aequo et bono.
14. Interest, costs and fees may be awarded.
15. The expenses of the Commission shall be borne equally by the parties. Each party shall pay any invoice from the Commission within 30 days of its receipt.
16. The parties may agree at any time to settle outstanding claims, individually or by categories, through direct negotiation or by reference to another mutually agreed settlement mechanism.
17. Decisions and awards of the Commission shall be final and binding. The parties agree to honor all decisions and to pay any monetary awards rendered against them promptly.
18. Each party shall accord to members of the Commission and its employees the privileges and immunities that are accorded to diplomatic agents under the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations.
Article 6
1. This agreement shall enter into force on the date of signature.
2. The parties authorize the Secretary General of the OAU to register this agreement with the Secretariat of the United Nations in accordance with article 102(1) of the Charter of the United Nations.
DONE at _____ on the _____ day of November, 2000, in duplicate in the English language.
For the Government of the State of Eritrea: For the Government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia:
For the Government of the State of Eritrea:
Published By Le Monde diplomatique
Two years ago the two governments set up a secret committee to decide what was to be done about the disputed areas. It was able to achieve very little apart from noting the contentious points. On paper, the Eritreans have a better case. In the declarations of 14 and 20 May 1998 they are only claiming the colonial border, in other words the line drawn at the beginning of this century between the kingdom of Italy and the Ethiopian empire. The frontier was defined by a series of international agreements after the defeat of the Italian troops in Aduwa in 1896, based on a tripartite treaty which Britain, Italy and Ethiopia signed on 15 May 1902. This defines the western and central part of the border where the recent incidents occurred.
From west to east, starting at Khor Um Hagger on the Sudanese border, the frontier line follows the river Tekezze (Setit) to the point at which it meets the river Maieteb, then runs in a straight line to the river Mereb in the north, at its confluence with the Ambessa. After that it runs along the Mereb, crossing most of the central plateau, then along its tributary, the Melessa, to the east and finally along the river Muna.
There is no indication that the Ethiopian government is disputing this line, which has remained unchanged since 1902. It appears on all Ethiopian official and tourist maps, including those given to foreign ambassadors by the foreign minister in Addis Ababa on 19 May this year.
The Eritreans, however, are accusing the Tigrayan local authorities of using another map published in the Tigrayan capital, Mekele , in 1997. In this map, small enclaves to the north of the Melessa-Muna line (Tserona, Belissa, Alitenia) and a larger enclave to the west of the straight line between Tekezze and Mareb, in Badme, are shown as part of Ethiopia. It was here that the trouble flared early in May.
In 1902 the Badme region was virtually uninhabited. At the time, Badme was the name of a plain which the border ran across. Situated below the Abyssinian plateau, it is an extension of the Eritrean region of Gash-Setit, a semi-arid lowland area stretching westward as far as Sudan.
In the last few decades, the area has gradually been settled by farmers from the Eritrean and Tigrayan high plateaus and the Kunamas, the earliest inhabitants, have villages there. When the United Nations federated Eritrea with Ethiopia in 1952, the 1902 line became irrelevant. Ras Mengesha, the Tigrayan ruler, paid very little attention to it, developing agricultural settlements administered by the Tigrayan district of Shire on both sides of the border. Since then, the area has been periodically disputed. In 1976 and 1981, for example, it was the scene of clashes between the Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF) and the Tigrayan People's Liberation Front (TPLF).
The two rebel groups united to fight against Colonel Mengistu's government and the problem was temporarily shelved after the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF) took control of the Eritrean resistance. In 1987 the Mengistu government further complicated the issue by changing administrative boundaries. At the end of the war, in 1991, the Tigray still regarded the area as theirs, although it was patrolled by soldiers from both countries. The intergovernmental committee was then faced with a situation that was very clear on paper - the "colonial" borders were officially accepted by both states, as well as by the Organization of African Unity and the United Nations - but highly complex in practice, especially since all the Kunama tribes' territory had been incorporated into Eritrea under the 1902 treaty and the Kunamas clearly took very little notice of an imaginary straight line drawn across the plain.
In the central border region, the small enclaves already claimed by the TPLF program in the 1970s had been in the same ambiguous position since 1991. But at least this western and central part of the Eritrean-Ethiopian border is clearly defined on paper, which is more than can be said of the line to the east, along the Red Sea, separating the Eritrean Dankalia region from the Ethiopian Afar region as far as Djibouti. According to the 1908 treaty in which this border was established, it was supposed to follow the coastline at a distance of 60 kilometers and a joint committee was to mark it out later in the field. But when the UN opened the files forty years later, they found no record of a demarcation.
The boundaries between the former Italian colony and Ethiopia are fairly well known locally, but they are still disputed in a few places, notably Bada Adi Murug, which the Ethiopians occupied last year. The border runs right through a small fertile region overlooking the Gulf of Thio in the distance, to Burie, on the road to Assab.
J.-L. P.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ) 1998 Le Monde diplomatique
23 year old female Eritrean soldier Asmert who regrets that the
world gives so little attention to this war (Photo: Arnold Karskens).
| i don't know |
At which London landmark does the ‘Ceremony of the Keys’ take place? | Ceremony of the Keys at Tower of London
By Laura Porter
Updated March 23, 2016.
The Ceremony of the Keys at The Tower of London is a 700 year old tradition that takes place every night. Essentially it's locking all the doors to the Tower of London and the public are allowed to escort the warden, as long as they apply in advance.
The Ceremony of the Keys involves the formal locking of the gates at the Tower of London . As the Tower must be locked - it houses the Crown Jewels ! - the Ceremony of the Keys has happened every night for around 700 years. Literally, they never miss a night because you can't leave the door open, can you?
What Happens During The Ceremony of the Keys?
The Chief Yeoman Warder is escorted around the Tower locking all the doors until he is 'challenged' by the sentry whom he must answer before completing the task. The same wording is used every night.
Visitors are admitted to the Tower under escort at 21.30 (9.30pm) precisely. Between 40-50 visitors are admitted to watch the Ceremony of the Keys each night.
continue reading below our video
Before Your Road Trip, Watch This
(Latecomers are not admitted as there is a strict schedule.)
Every night, at exactly 21.52 (eight minutes to 10pm), the Chief Yeoman Warder of the Tower comes out of the Byward Tower, dressed in red, carrying a candle lantern in one hand and the Queen's Keys in the other hand.
He walks to Traitor's Gate to meet two/four members of the duty regiment Foot Guards who escort him throughout the ceremony. One soldier takes the lantern and they walk in step to the outer gate. All guards and sentries on duty salute the Queen's Keys as they pass.
The Warder locks the outer gate and they walk back to lock the oak gates of the Middle and Byward Towers.
All three then return towards Traitor's Gate where a sentry awaits them.
Sentry: "Halt, who comes there?"
Chief Yeoman Warder: "The Keys!"
Sentry: "Whose Keys?"
Warder: "Queen Elizabeth's Keys."
Sentry: "Pass Queen Elizabeth's Keys and all's well."
All four men walk to the Bloody Tower archway and up towards the broadwalk steps where the main Guard is drawn up. The Chief Yeoman Warder and escort halt at the foot of the steps and the officer in charge gives the command to the Guard and escort to present arms.
The Chief Yeoman Warder moves two paces forward, raises his Tudor bonnet high in the air and calls "God preserve Queen Elizabeth." The guard answers "Amen" exactly as the clock chimes 10pm (22.00) and 'The Duty Drummer' sounds The Last Post on his bugle.
The Chief Yeoman Warder takes the keys back to the Queen's House and the Guard is dismissed.
Visitors are escorted to the exit at 22.05 (10.05pm).
Review
I attended the Ceremony of the Keys on a dry, dark October evening. There were about 50 people in the group and the Yeoman Warder who escorted us was very theatrical and entertaining. He was strict about no photography and mobile phones off so don't forget.
As the ceremony itself is very short, he gave us a talk about the Tower of London and it's history, as well as what would happen in the ceremony, while we were waiting. We stood outside Traitor's Gate which kept us all quiet.
The 'escort' – four Foot Guards – marched into position for us and the slippery cobble stones meant one Guard went flying! Oh dear. No-one said anything. No-one laughed. Quite frankly they have guns and we weren't going to be silly about such an accident.
Our Yeoman Warder ushered us along to see the final part of ceremony and then gave us more history about the Tower before escorting out. He was an excellent guide.
How to Apply For The Ceremony of the Keys
Tickets are free but you must book online in advance. To apply you need to include all of the names in your party. You can book for up to six in a group between 1 April and 31 October and up to 15 in a group between 1 November to 31 March inclusive.
Important Notes
Bring your original ticket issued by the Tower of London.
Latecomers will not be admitted.
There are no toilet or refreshment facilities available.
Photography is not permitted during any part of the ceremony.
| Tower of London |
Barolo, Barbaresco and Moscato are wines from which European country? | Ceremony of the Keys At The Tower of London
THE CEREMONY OF THE KEYS
AT THE TOWER OF LONDON
A TRULY WONDERFUL EXPERIENCE
ENJOY A MEMORABLE EVENING
The Yeoman Warders (more commonly known as the “Beefeaters”) are the ceremonial guards of the Tower of London.
In bygone times they were the actual guardians of the Tower and their responsibilities included maintaining the security of the fortress, keeping an eye on prisoners and protecting the Crown Jewels.
These days their role is more symbolic – in the morning, they open up the complex to the tourists who flock here in their thousands, they give their entertaining and informative tours around the site every half hour every during the day.
But one of the most unique traditions they take part in is that of the Ceremony of the Keys, a nighttime ritual that has taken place for over seven hundred years, whatever the weather, in peace or wartime.
Best of all, this is a daily event that the general public is welcome to attend free of charge (although you do need to apply in writing well in advance click here for details).
Having applied for your ticket to the ceremony, you must arrive at the Tower of London at 9.30pm precisely. Timing is everything on this one as the Tower (if you’ll pardon the pun) takes no prisoners as far as latecomers goes. You simply will not be admitted.
The ceremony itself begins at 9.53 every evening, when the Chief Yeoman Warder appears from the Byward Tower, down by the river, and makes his way along Water Lane carrying a candle lantern in one hand and the Queen’s Keys in the other.
There, he is joined by an armed guard of four men and, together, they take a tour of the precincts, locking each of the gates that lead from the Tower.
As they pass through the Bloody Tower, they are challenged by the sentry there on duty who shouts “Halt. Who comes there?” “The keys.”, comes the reply. “Whose keys?” “Queen Elizabeth’s keys” “Pass, Queen Elizabeth’s keys. All’s well”. The Escort to the Keys then proceeds through the Bloody Tower, whereupon the Chief Warder raises his hat and calls out “God Save Queen Elizabeth”, to which the guard and the assembled Yeoman Warders all respond “Amen”.
As the first note of ten o’clock strikes, the last post is sounded and the Chief Warder marches off to lodge the keys in the Queen’s House for the night.
This is one of the unique traditions of this country and it makes the hairs on the back of your neck stand on end – it truly is fabulous!
For full details on how to attend this fantastic ceremony visit the Tower of London’s Website .
QUICK VISITOR INFO
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Which Scottish hero was made Guardian of Scotland in 1297? | Site where Wallace made Scots Guardian uncovered in Selkirk - The Scotsman
Site where Wallace made Scots Guardian uncovered in Selkirk
William Wallace. Picture: Ian Rutherford
GEORGE MAIR
Have your say
Archaeologists believe they have uncovered the remains of the medieval Borders kirk where Sir William Wallace was appointed Guardian of Scotland more than 700 years ago.
The Scottish hero was made Guardian of Scotland in 1297, after defeating the English at the Battle of Stirling Bridge.
A ceremony took place in front of gathered nobles and clergy in the Kirk o’ the Forest, in Selkirk. The scene was depicted in Mel Gibson’s Oscar-winning epic Braveheart, but the church itself was demolished and later churches built on the site in the 16th and 18th centuries.
A geophysics survey carried out within the ruins of the 18th century Auld Kirk was expected to show traces of its 16th century predecessor.
Instead, it revealed the remains of a medieval chapel, pinpointing the spot where Wallace was honoured.
Dr Chris Bowles, Scottish Borders Council’s archaeologist, said: “The association between William Wallace and this area is quite well documented, with Wallace using guerrilla tactics to fight the English from the Ettrick Forest.
“We knew vaguely this site was associated with Wallace, and the Scottish nobles made him Guardian of Scotland at the Kirk o’ the Forest in recognition of his military successes.
“We had been expecting the survey to uncover a 16th century church that we know to have existed and which was a replacement to the medieval church, but the only evidence in the survey is in relation to the medieval church.
“What we found was the foundation footprint of a medieval chapel within the footprint of the 18th century church. There are certainly wall lines forming an east-west aligned rectangle. The measurements are similar to St Margaret’s Chapel in Edinburgh Castle and point to it possibly being a Romanesque chapel.
“If it is the Kirk o’ the Forest, it is where Wallace was honoured. He went on to become the legendary figure he remains today.”
Dr Bowles, who commissioned the survey by the University of Durham in conjunction with the Selkirk Conservation Area Regeneration Scheme (CARS), said: ”It was in the back of my mind that if we found any evidence of the medieval church we could have something that could be an attraction to people..
| William Wallace |
In mathematics, what is an angle called which measures more than 90 degrees but less than 180 degrees? | William Wallace | People Don't Have to Be Anything Else Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
People Don't Have to Be Anything Else Wiki
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William Wallace was a Scottish knight and the primary leader of the Wars of Scottish Independence. He was made Guardian of Scotland from 1297 - 1298. He was captured and executed in 1305, but continued to have far-reaching effects on his war and his people, and was regarded as a martyred hero.
Full Name
executed - hanged, drawn and quartered
Education
Elizabeth Wallace of Lamington
Connections
Wallace fought with Andrew Moray, his second-in-command during the wars. They led many battles together and joint leaders.
Wallace was a colleague of Robert the Bruce, and deeply respected him. He resigned his post as Guardian of Scotland in 1298, so that Bruce could claim the title.
Wallace was corresponding with Philip IV of France, and likely traveled to the French court to meet with him around 1300, to plead with the French king to help the Scottish cause.
Wallace was an ally to some extent of Haakon V of Norway. He was found to be carrying letters of safe passage from Haakon when he was captured in 1305.
Wallace was a colleague and supporter of John Balliol.
Edward I of England was Wallace's primary enemy. Edward's men eventually captured Wallace in 1305, and he was handed over to the English king in London . Edward then commanded a gruesome execution, and for Wallace's body parts to be scattered through-out the kingdom and displayed as an example.
How Added - Random people generator.
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Which horse came second in the 1973 Grand National at Aintree? | BBC SPORT | Other Sport | Horse Racing | Red Rum: Aintree favourite
Red Rum: Aintree favourite
Red Rum is not just a racing hero, he is a sporting legend.
His feats on the racecourse remain unsurpassed and his place in the public's affection is undiminished 25 years after the end of his career.
RED RUM FACTFILE
Main jockeys: Brian Fletcher, Tommy Stack
Career highlights: Three Grand National wins (also second twice); Scottish Grand National
His death made the front pages of the national newspapers and his name is still probably the first that non-turf fans will give when asked to name a racehorse.
Red Rum's legend centres not just around his amazing feats on the racecourse but also the circumstances in which he achieved them.
He was bred to be a sprinter but ended up - after overcoming a career-threatening disease - winning one of the world's most arduous steeplechases not just once, but three times.
His sound jumping (he fell just once in over 100 races), stamina and bravery were perfectly suited to the demanding Grand National fences and his record of three wins (and two seconds) will surely never be matched.
Red Rum was bred in Ireland and sold for a mere 400 guineas as a yearling.
Appropriately, he ran his first race at Aintree, and dead-heated for first.
Potential disaster struck relatively early in his career when Red Rum was diagnosed as suffering from pedalostitis, a debilitating bone disease which can cripple horses.
In stepped Southport trainer Donald 'Ginger' McCain, who bought the horse for 6,000 guineas for owner Noel le Mare.
McCain's training regime, which took place on the local beach, proved effective in curing Red Rum of his bone problems.
The horse then won five races and as a consequence started joint favourite for the 1973 Grand National.
Ironically, Red Rum was the villain of the piece in his first victory in a race that witnessed one of the classic Grand National finishes.
Crisp, ridden by Richard Pitman and carrying the top weight of 12 stone, had led for the entire second circuit and jumped the final fence more than 15 lengths clear of Red Rum, under Brian Fletcher.
There will never be another horse like him
Red Rum's trainer Ginger McCain
But Crisp was tiring dramatically and Red Rum, carrying 23 pounds less, managed to reel in his rival on the notoriously long run-in to snatch victory on the winning line by just three-quarters of a length.
The time of nine minutes, 1.9 seconds set a new record, 20 seconds faster than the previous best mark, and one which would stand for another 16 years.
The following year it was Red Rum's turn to shoulder the top weight and, guided once again by Fletcher, he cruised home to become the first - and to date last - back-to-back winner since Reynoldstown in 1936.
Three weeks later, he won the Scottish Grand National carrying 11st 13lb.
He is the only horse to have achieved this double - a statue of the horse at Ayr now marks the feat.
The 1975 National saw Red Rum, a heavily backed 7/2 favourite beaten into second place by L'Escargot.
The following year, ridden for the first time by Tommy Stack, Red Rum again came second, this time losing out to Rag Trade.
By the time the 1977 Grand National came round, Red Rum was a 12-year-old and was generally seen to be a spent force.
But he lined up for Aintree's big race and to the delight of both the local crowd and the watching millions on TV, came home for a third success by a winning margin of 25 lengths.
The horse was prepared for a sixth attempt at the Grand National the following season but suffered a hairline fracture the day before and was subsequently retired.
Red Rum stayed in the spotlight, and led the pre-race parade in many Grand Nationals thereafter.
He died in 1995 at the age of 30 and was fittingly buried by the winning post on the Grand National course at Aintree.
A life-size bronze statue was also erected at the course in tribute to the horse, who is a National - and a national - legend.
| Potato chip |
What is the Indian term for cauliflower or cabbage? | BBC News | GRAND NATIONAL | Aintree trivia
Red Rum - the only winner of three Nationals
The course
The race is 4.5 miles long, two circuits of the left-handed track.
The horses face 30 fences, all but two of which (Chair and water) are jumped twice.
The tallest fence is The Chair at 5ft 2in.
Aintree fences are unusual in that the landing side is usually lower than take-off. The biggest disparity used to be on the inside at Becher's but this, and other fences, have been made safer in recent years by levelling off the ground.
After the final fence, the horses face a 494-yard run-in with a kink - The Elbow - half way along.
The record time is held by 1990 winner Mr Frisk at 8min 47.8sec.
The greatest number of finishers was 23 in 1984; fewest was two in 1928.
The horses
The race is limited to a maximum of 40 runners.
Outsider Choisty "won" a virtual Grand National 2000 run by bookmaker Victor Chandler on 29 March, beating Dark Stranger, Micko's Dream and Star Traveller. He remained a 50-1 chance despite his "victory".
Last year's winner, Bobbyjo, goes again but has 11st 6lbs rather than the minimum 10st he carried 1999.
No horse has won consecutive Grand Nationals since the great Red Rum in 1973 and 1974. He also won in 1977 and came second in 1975 and 1976.
The record number of appearances is eight, by Manifesto between 1895 and 1904. The horse won in 1897 and 1899, and was third in 1900, 1902 and 1903. His final appearance was at the advanced age of 16, when he completed the course in eighth.
Other multiple winners are Abd-El-Kadr (1850-51), Peter Simple (1849, 1853), The Colonel (1869-70), The Lamb (1868, 1871) and Reynoldstown (1935-36).
The winner of the first Grand National, held in 1839, was the 5/1 favourite Lottery, ridden by Jem Mason.
The award for the unluckiest horse goes to Devon Loch, who seemed to try to jump a non-existent fence and fell 50 yards from the finish when clear in 1956. Davy Jones was leading at the final fence in 1936 when a broken buckle on his reins caused him to run out.
ESB and Reynoldstown were the respective benficiaries of the above mishaps, but the luckiest winner overall must have been Foinavon, a 100-1 shot who was the only horse to negotiate a mass pile-up at the 23rd fence (which now bears his name) and came out with a lead of 100 yards. He hung on to win by 15 lengths.
Only two greys have won the National, The Lamb in 1868 and 1871, and Nicolaus Silver in 1961.
The people
The leading jockey in the National's early years was Tom Olliver who won in 1842 (Gay Lad), 1843 (Vanguard) and 1853 (Peter Simple). He also finished second three times and third once.
Olliver's feat was bettered by his protege, George Stevens, on Freetrader (1856), the sisters Emblem (1863) and Emblematic (1864), and The Colonel (1869 and 1870) for an unrivalled five victories.
In modern times, the most successful jockey has been Brian Fletcher, who won in 1968 on Red Alligator, then in 1973 and 1974 on Red Rum.
Fred Winter is one of the jockeys to have recorded two victories, in 1957 (Sundew) and 1962 (Kilmore). He is unique, however, in that he also trained two winners - Jay Trump in 1965 and Anglo a year later.
Among trainers in the modern era, Fred Rimell holds sway with four wins - ESB in 1956, Nicolaus Silver in 1961, Gay Trip in 1970 and Rag Trade in 1976. Triple-winning trainers include Vincent O'Brien, Tim Forster, Neville Crump and Ginger McCain.
One racing family with a strong connection to the modern National is the Pitman family. Jenny trained winners Corbiere (1983) and Royal Athlete (1995), and also Esha Ness, "winner" of the void 1993 race. Son Mark rode her Garrison Savanah into second in 1991, and her then husband, Richard, was caught close home on Crisp by Red Rum in 1973.
Keith Brown and Ken Evans are on no National roll of honour. They were the starter and recall official in 1993, when a false start was not called back. Part of the field continued, part did not. The race was void.
Winning a National is always an emotional moment, but one always singled out is the 1981 victory of Aldaniti, ridden by Bob Champion who had recovered from cancer after a long and debilitating course of chemotherapy.
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In the fairy tale ‘The Princess and the Pea’, how many mattresses did the princess sleep on and still feel the pea through? | The Princess and the Pea - Hans Christian Andersen - Fairy Tales
Hans Christian Andersen - Fairy Tales
The Princess and the Pea
Hans Christian Andersen (1835)
Once upon a time there was a prince who wanted to marry a princess; but she would have to be a real princess. He travelled all over the world to find one, but nowhere could he get what he wanted. There were princesses enough, but it was difficult to find out whether they were real ones. There was always something about them that was not as it should be. So he came home again and was sad, for he would have liked very much to have a real princess.
One evening a terrible storm came on; there was thunder and lightning, and the rain poured down in torrents. Suddenly a knocking was heard at the city gate, and the old king went to open it.
It was a princess standing out there in front of the gate. But, good gracious! what a sight the rain and the wind had made her look. The water ran down from her hair and clothes; it ran down into the toes of her shoes and out again at the heels. And yet she said that she was a real princess.
“Well, we’ll soon find that out,” thought the old queen. But she said nothing, went into the bed-room, took all the bedding off the bedstead, and laid a pea on the bottom; then she took twenty mattresses and laid them on the pea, and then twenty eider-down beds on top of the mattresses.
On this the princess had to lie all night. In the morning she was asked how she had slept.
“Oh, very badly!” said she. “I have scarcely closed my eyes all night. Heaven only knows what was in the bed, but I was lying on something hard, so that I am black and blue all over my body. It’s horrible!”
Now they knew that she was a real princess because she had felt the pea right through the twenty mattresses and the twenty eider-down beds.
Nobody but a real princess could be as sensitive as that.
So the prince took her for his wife, for now he knew that he had a real princess; and the pea was put in the museum, where it may still be seen, if no one has stolen it.
There, that is a true story.
| twenty |
At which university did British spies Burgess, Blunt, Maclean and Philby meet? | The Princess and the Pea - In your dreams by Jane Teresa Anderson
The Princess and the Pea
2 comments Blog , This waking life authentic , bed , duck , Hans Christian Andersen , metaphor , moral , prince , princess , swan , tale
What’s the moral of the story of The Princess and the Pea? I’ve been putting people on the spot with this question, and I’ve received so many different replies. Before reading on, if you remember the story, give yourself a few moments and jot down the moral that you’ve always taken from this tale.
Need a memory jogger? In this Hans Christian Andersen tale, published in 1835, a prince searches the kingdom for a real princess to marry. He meets plenty of princesses, but each has a fault, so he returns to the castle alone. One night, during a storm, a girl knocks at the door. She’s wet and bedraggled, yet claims to be a princess. The Queen decides to test this by giving her a bed for the night, twenty mattresses high, topped with twenty feather beds. Beneath all those mattresses and feathers, the Queen places a pea.
The next morning, when asked how she had slept, the princess replied that she had had a terrible night and had hardly slept because the bed was so uncomfortable due to something hard that left her skin bruised. The Queen rejoiced, because only a real princess would feel the pea through all those mattresses. Of course, the prince and princess married and lived happily ever after.
So, what’s the moral of the story? If you haven’t written one down, do so now. And if you had written one down and you now have a new thought about the moral of this tale, write that down before reading on.
I bought Vashti-Sita Bardsley’s ‘The Princess and the Pea’ brooch.
I’ve been thinking about this since I went to Vashti-Sita Bardsley ’s exhibition of jewellery created around the hero’s journey, and bought The Princess and the Pea – a brooch.
As a child, and as a mother reading the story to my children, I thought the princess was very rude to mention her discomfort, yet at the same time I realised that if she had kept her discomfort to herself, she wouldn’t have married the prince and lived happily ever after.
What would Hans Christian Andersen tell us today, about the moral of his 1835 story, The Princess and the Pea?
Views I collected as I asked around included that princesses are picky and rude, that it’s not good to be hypersensitive, that one’s true nature always shows through, that we shouldn’t judge a person by appearances. That’s just for starters.
I realised that my view had shifted since early motherhood, and for me the story is about authenticity, and the pea – given the bed and sleep theme – can be likened to dreams that help us to recognise uncomfortable or painful issues that we need to acknowledge and heal to live happily ever after. If we deny uncomfortable issues, turn our backs on our dreams, and pretend that all is well, we never get to experience – and here we slide into another Hans Christian Andersen tale – the joyful transformation from ugly duckling feeling to beautiful swan knowing.
It is said that Hans Christian Andersen, when asked to write his autobiography, replied that it was already written, as The Ugly Duckling. He struggled throughout his life with issues of authenticity and belonging. I wonder what he would tell us today, about the moral of The Princess and the Pea.
And what’s your personal take on the moral of the story?
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The Kyat is the national currency of which Asian country? | Myanmar's kyat: Asia's best currency to date this year, Economy News & Top Stories - The Straits Times
The Straits Times
ePaper
Myanmar's kyat: Asia's best currency to date this year
A man counts 1,000 kyat notes at a black market petrol stall in Yangon, Myanmar. PHOTO: BLOOMBERG NEWS
Published
http://str.sg/433o
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SINGAPORE (BLOOMBERG) - Myanmar's kyat has become Asia's top currency of 2016, a clear sign the nation is starting to emerge from decades of isolation.
Spurred by Aung San Suu Kyi's victory in the country's first open elections since 1990, the kyat is up more than 10 per cent, finally on track for an annual gain after falling every year since a managed float in 2012.
A series of reforms has revitalized Myanmar's economy and society since the military junta was officially dissolved in 2011, and the nation's opening-up has accelerated since Suu Kyi's National League for Democracy party won elections in November. Cash is pouring in now, laying the foundations for further appreciation.
For Andrew Lee, who returned to the country of his birth four years ago to open General Electric's business there, the kyat's rally is proof that he made the right choice. A stronger currency is essential for the burgeoning economy, he says, making imports cheaper while reducing the cost of funding government infrastructure projects in dollars.
"The appreciation is good for the economy," said Mr Lee, who moved to the US with his family aged 12 in 1979, when Myanmar was in the grip of a military dictatorship. "We're optimistic about the new government. We know there's still a lot of work to be done on the country's infrastructure."
While Suu Kyi herself is constitutionally barred from the presidency, she's widely seen as the power behind the throne, and the NLD's first act on taking power in March was to grant her the new role of "state councilor," with the formal power to advise the new government. The daughter of 1940s independence leader Aung San, her life story was the subject of the 2011 film, The Lady.
New leadership is helping inspire confidence. The Asian Development Bank predicts Myanmar's economy will grow faster than its neighbors, with expansion exceeding 8 percent in 2016 and early 2017 as the nation starts to attract the US$80 billion it needs for power, transport and technology projects through 2030.
Foreign direct investment increased by US$1.48 billion to US$9.48 billion in the financial year ended March 31, according to a government-controlled newspaper. Inflows are set to increase after the US lifted sanctions on 10 state-owned enterprises and banks in May, though other trading restrictions remain in place.
"There could be a lot of FDI coming into the country as soon as the sanctions are removed, in which case we would see the kyat strengthen," said Nicolas Nguyen, country manager for Myanmar at investment firm Rising Dragon, who moved to Yangon three years ago.
Asian banks see Myanmar's currency continuing to beat its Asian peers. Malayan Banking Bhd sees the kyat strengthening as much as 19 per cent toward a two-year high of 1,000 per US dollar by early 2017, from 1,186 on Tuesday. New Crossroads Asia, an investment advisory business in Yangon, predicts it will reach 1,150 within the next three months as prices climb for commodities Myanmar exports such as gas, wood products and legumes.
The kyat is rebounding from a 21 pe rcent loss in 2015 and a record-low of 1,344 per dollar reached on Jan 25 this year. It's also benefiting from government measures to prevent the so-called dollarization of the economy, including restrictions preventing hotels, restaurants and other businesses from charging in the US currency.
The Central Bank of Myanmar wants a stable currency market, according to Win Thaw, director general and head of the foreign-exchange department at the monetary authority.
Not everyone's so optimistic about the kyat. BMI Research, part of Fitch Group, is skeptical of the rally and predicts that rising inflation, a widening current-account deficit and expansionary fiscal policy will erode the currency's value.
"Over the medium term, we're not particularly constructive on the kyat," said Andrew Wood, Singapore-based head of Asia country risk at BMI, who predicts a retreat to 1,310 per dollar by year-end. "It's not the growth that hurts the currency, but the significant potential for overheating."
In a sign of confidence, though, businesses including supermarkets have started giving discounts on imported goods such as toothpaste, cookies and washing machines, said Vijay Dhayal, vice president of New Crossroads Asia, founded by Billy Selig, a former managing director at Cantor Fitzgerald LP. Last year, they raised prices by as much as 30 perent.
"The worst is over for the kyat," Mr Dhayal said from Yangon. "There's a whole positive sentiment about the new government, that the economy will grow and they will be more liberal toward foreign investments."
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| Myanmar |
How many spikes are on the crown of The Statue of Liberty in New York USA? | Kyat of Burma (Myanmar) - paper monetary unit, the note, a denomination, modern money of Burma (Myanmar)
Kyat of Burma (Myanmar)
of 678 500 sq. km
a burmese (state)
MM (MMR) 104
Before war of 1937 in territory of Burma in circulation there were denominations of the Reserve bank of India. It were Indian rupees with a stamp the Lawful legal tender in Burma. Then them have replaced with tickets of the Burmese monetary management which were in London. They have received the name burmese rupees. The burmese rupee was equated to the Indian. Since 1943 during the Japanese occupation the military currency which had the name of local money has started to enter into a state money turnover. Then in their 1945 have replaced money of the British military authorities which were in circulation at the time of occupation of Burma by Englishmen. And only after some years after independence reception, in 1952, the burmese kyat has started to be manufactured.
The Central bank of Burma attends to issue of the domestic currency of Burma. In the kyat country name ja or cha. The Symbol K . 1 kyat is made by 100 pya. In circulation there are monetary units in nominal value 50 pya, 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000 and 5000 kyats.
50 pya, 1 and 5 kyats, because of their low buying power it is possible to meet notes very seldom. The kyat, or ja, is in a turn-over not on all territory of the country. So, for example, in the northeast of Burma instead of the native currency the Chinese money acts.
On October, 1st, 2009 the Central bank of Burma has begun issue of the note of 5000 kyats. The size 150 x 70 mm, on face side represents a white elephant, on the back - Central bank of Burma, with a nominal value inscription in English.
Foreign visitors of the country who come not under the invitation and separately from tourist group, should interchange a part of the money for local exchange certificates of Central bank which act is equal in rights with burmese currency.
As to the state currency its free importation and exportation is forbidden. It is possible to import a foreign exchange without restrictions only provided that during half a year it will be removed from the country. At departure from the kyat country interchanges on a foreign exchange only within 25 % from the exchange sum.
It is updated 04.2012
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What type of animal is Beatrix Potter’s Mr Tod? | The 23 Original Tales | Peter Rabbit
The 23 Original Tales
The Tale of Peter Rabbit
1902
The Tale of Peter Rabbit was first published by Frederick Warne in 1902 and endures as Beatrix Potter’s most popular and well-loved tale. It tells the story of a very mischievous rabbit and the trouble he encounters in Mr McGregor’s vegetable garden!
The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin
1903
Beatrix Potter’s famous tale of a naughty squirrel who loses his tail. Nutkin, his brother Twinkleberry and all his cousins make their way over to Owl Island to gather nuts, but Old Brown, the terrifying owl guardian of the island, has decided he has had enough of silly Nutkin’s cheekiness!
The Tailor of Gloucester
1903
This tale tells the story of a poor tailor trying to survive in his freezing workshop over a hard winter. He has a terribly important commission to complete before Christmas Day, but is ill and tired. Luckily some very kind mice live in the dresser and set about helping the tailor with his work.
The Tale of Benjamin Bunny
1904
Peter Rabbit’s cousin, Benjamin Bunny, has been a very popular character since this book’s first publication in 1904. In this tale, we hear all about his and Peter’s adventures in Mr McGregor’s vegetable garden, and what happens to them when they meet a cat!
The Tale of Two Bad Mice
1904
Chaos ensues when Tom Thumb and Hunca Munca, two naughty little mice, creep into Lucinda and Jane’s doll’s house one morning. They set about taking things to make their little home more comfortable, but end up creating a terrible mess.
The Tale of Mrs Tiggy-Winkle
1905
A little girl called Lucie discovers a hidden home high in the hills. She knocks on the door, and meets Mrs Tiggy-Winkle who does all the washing and ironing for the neighbouring animals. Lucie spends a lovely day helping her, but it’s only later that she realises Mrs Tiggy-Winkle is a hedgehog!
The Tale of the Pie and the Patty-Pan
1905
The Tale of the Pie and the Patty Pan features the houses, gardens and streets of the village of Sawrey, where Beatrix Potter lived, at Hill Top, her first farm. The inhabitants, however, are animals rather than people, and problems arise when Ribby the cat invites Duchess the dog to tea.
The Tale of Mr Jeremy Fisher
1906
This tale tells of an optimistic and slightly accident-prone frog, who sets off on a fishing expedition across the pond, only to find himself bitten on the toe by a water-beetle, fighting with a stickleback, and eventually nearly eaten by a trout!
The Story of a Fierce Bad Rabbit
1906
This, along with The Tale of Miss Moppet, was intended for very young children. It is a simple tale of what befalls a rude little rabbit that doesn’t say ‘please’ before he takes something that belongs to someone else.
The Story of Miss Moppet
1906
The Story of Miss Moppet recounts the tale of a pussy cat, Miss Moppet, chasing a mouse. It turns out to be a bit of a battle of wits, and who do you think will win?
The Tale of Tom Kitten
1907
This tale is set in the cottage garden Beatrix created herself at Hill Top, the farm she owned near the village of Sawrey. Tom and his sisters look so smart in their new clothes. When their mother sends them outside, she couldn’t possibly guess what kind of mess they are going to get themselves into!
The Tale of Jemima Puddle-Duck
1908
Jemima was a real duck belonging to Beatrix Potter. All Jemima wants to do is lay her eggs in peace. At last she flies off and finds the perfect place. Little does the silly duck realise that the charming gentleman who has lent her his woodshed is busily planning a delicious meal of . . . roast duck!
The Tale of Samuel Whiskers or The Roly-Poly Pudding
1908
The first farm that Beatrix Potter owned, Hill Top, was an old house with thick walls and many hiding places for rats and mice. In this tale, the farmhouse is Tom Kitten’s home and the story tells what happens when Tom accidentally comes upon the rat Samuel Whiskers living in a secret hideout behind the attic walls.
The Tale of the Flopsy Bunnies
1909
When the cupboard is bare at the Flopsy Bunny’s burrow, the family all have to go in search of food. They soon find some old lettuces on Mr McGregor’s rubbish heap, but who can imagine the horrors that await them as they enjoy a nap after lunch!
The Tale of Ginger and Pickles
1909
Ginger and Pickles (a terrier and a ginger cat) kept a very popular shop. Their customers loved to buy their provisions there, but they were less keen to pay for them and ran up a great deal of credit, making poor Ginger and Pickles’ lives very difficult indeed.
The Tale of Mrs Tittlemouse
1910
Mrs Tittlemouse is a terribly tidy little wood mouse. She is always sweeping her burrow, polishing and tidying. It seems that no sooner has she started than another messy visitor appears to leave their muddy footprints everywhere. Beatrix made beautiful studies of insects, to produce delightful pictures of the spiders to bees, found in Mrs. Tittlemouse’s home.
The Tale of Timmy Tiptoes
1911
Beatrix wrote this story to appeal to her American fans and featured animals of American origin (grey squirrels, chipmunks and a black bear) living in the Lake District woods! Poor Timmy Tiptoes ends up deep inside the trunk of a dead tree, with no means of getting out. Luckily, the chipmunk who lives there is very kind.
The Tale of Mr Tod
1912
The Tale of Mr Tod brings back Beatrix Potter’s most popular heroes, Peter Rabbit and Benjamin Bunny, in an adventure that also features two very disagreeable villains. Fortunately Tommy Brock the badger and Mr Tod the fox dislike each other so much that when Tommy Brock kidnaps Benjamin’s young family, Mr Tod unwittingly becomes the rabbits’ ally.
The Tale of Pigling Bland
1913
This tale was published the year that Beatrix Potter was married and settled down to farming life for good. She had already been keeping pigs, and she sketched them for this story, using her own farmyard as the setting. One little black pig was a household pet and features as the “perfectly lovely” Pig-wig.
Appley Dapply’s Nursery Rhymes
1917
Beatrix Potter gathered material for a book of rhymes over many years. In 1917, when her publisher needed her help, she suggested that the nursery rhymes could be brought out quickly, using her existing collection of rhymes and drawings. The fact that the illustrations were painted at different times explains why the style occasionally varies.
The Tale of Johnny Town-Mouse
1918
Do you ever feel that the grass is always greener on the other side of the fence? Well, so did Johnny Town-Mouse and Timmy Willie. One was a town mouse and one was a country mouse, and when they end up in each other’s worlds they soon discover that they were much happier where they started!
Cecily Parsley’s Nursery Rhymes
1922
Cecily Parsley’s Nursery Rhymes is a sequel to Beatrix Potter’s first rhyme collection, Appley Dapply’s Nursery Rhymes. Like the previous book, it contains material she had produced and collected over a period of many years. The Cecily Parsley sequence of illustrations, for example, were first made into a little booklet twenty-five years earlier, in 1897.
The Tale of Little Pig Robinson
1930
The setting of Little Pig Robinson is based on various English seaside towns where Beatrix Potter spent holidays when she was young. It tells the charming story of an adventurous pig who sets off on an incredible voyage aboard the ‘Pound of Candles’.
Writers In Residence
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Which US outlaw married his cousin, Zerelda ‘Zee’ Mimms, in 1874? | THE TALE OF MR. TOD by Beatrix Potter - Pavilion Press Store
THE TALE OF MR. TOD by Beatrix Potter
THE TALE OF MR. TOD by Beatrix Potter
THE TALE OF MR. TOD by Beatrix Potter
CLEVER FOX GETS OUT-FOXED
Illustrated with generous color pictures by Beatrix Potter. Clever and shifty Mr. Tod the Fox plots against other animals. He finds out something unexpected
mini paperback
I have many boois about well-behaved pople.
Now, for a change, I am going to make a
story about two disagreeable people, called
Tommy Brock and Mr. Tod. Nobody could call Mr.
Tod “nice.” The rabbits could not bear him; they
could smell him half a mile off. He was of a
wandering habit and he had foxy whiskers; they
never knew where he would be next.
One day he was living in a stick- house in the
coppice, causing terror to the family of old Mr.
Benjamin Bouncer. Next day he moved into a
pollard willow near the lake, frightening the wild
ducks and the water rats.
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| i don't know |
From which country do Blue Mountain coffee beans come? | Would you spend $40 a pound for a cup of Jamaica Blue Mountain Coffee?
55, wow.
SkippyFlipjack
I’d love to be someone who could really appreciated the difference between Blue Bottle (a Bay Area and NYC gourmet variety) and Starbucks, but to me all coffee is divided into two types: nasty coffee and Mmm, that’s good coffee.
That said, I’m not sure that it’s so easy to appreciate the difference between coffees when covering up the flavor with cream and sugar. I usually drink it black because I find that’s the way to really get the flavor of the coffee. (Unless it’s ‘nasty coffee’, then cream and sugar is required.)
If you want to go full-gourmet, look up civet coffee (mentioned below) or the elephant variety which is a higher-volume (yes, exactly) method of producing something similar. (I only read about the elephant method recently; they charge something like $50 for a cup and they don’t ship.)
Carl Kerstann
I bought Blue Mountain a couple of years ago, it must not have been as fashionable then, I don’t remember it being that expensive. It was good but I prefer my French dark roast. I’ll have to try the sweetened condensed milk even though I certainly don’t need the fat or calories.
Merv
Lets see I take the really good coffee I get now for $11 a pound and add $30 to it to get Blue Mountain. There better be some fairy dust in it to make me pay the difference.
kevinbgoode
I have a sample bag of Jamaican Blue Mountain at the office – this was included with my last online coffee order. I haven’t tried it yet, but am sure the office junkies will have a report, especially since we are in education and this is final exam week!
As a side note – I’m a bit spoiled and order my coffee online – it is freshly roasted that day or the next and shipped immediately. It might sound expensive, but isn’t really that much more than buying an upscale brand like Caribou or Starbucks in the supermarket – and the taste is just wonderful. And the price range is really about $12-13 a pound for most blends – that, of course, wouldn’t include Jamaican Blue Mountain. I won’t put a link here since John is reviewing a sample from another company. . .but it really isn’t much more expensive. I regularly take some of the beans to the office and everyone loves it, no matter what flavor or blend I’ve selected.
Robertogee
BTW . . . coffee beans in freezer = BAD. Google it. (I used to think it = GOOD too. I was wrong.)
Robertogee
To each her and his own. I have never understood the appeal of Jamaican Blue Mountain. The curiosity factor made me try it, initially, over 20 years ago. As I recall, it was about $20 a pound then.
Bland and blah.
Recently tried another cup in a coffee shop. Because I hadn’t tried it in 20 years. Because they suggested it.
Bland and blah again.
So I STILL don’t get it.
Yes, I’m a coffee snob. Hario Skerton ceramic grinder. Chemex. Lean toward French Roasts or blends from Whole Foods.
JBM is simply, and remains, the most boring coffee (at any price) I’ve ever consumed in my life. But to each their own.
Whispers2u
You should try Kona Joe. It’s $55/lb. He grows his coffee like fine grapes.
josephebacon
microdot
The most expensive coffee is a variety of African Arabica…the beans of course have passed through the digestive system of a type of civet and are harvested from the little civet turds. The price of that makes any one who is trying to look cool by buying the Jamaican Blue Mountain a mere wannabee piker, but for anyone who thinks they need a 40 buck cuppa to enhance their image, I say….KEEEL THEM! This is how the predatory marketing jerk offs rationalize raising the price of coffee for the rest of us….
Mike_in_the_Tundra
Well, you guys have just switched my morning around. My favorite place for coffee is on the other side of Minneapolis. I hadn’t planned on going there this morning, but now I really want to go. It’s funny to hear about the sweetened condensed milk. Whenever Abuelo was around, there had to be sweetened condensed milk for his coffee. God help you if there wasn’t any.
Steve Sparks
You gotta get a better grinder that treats the beans with more respect. Even the $40 Cuisinart burr mill grinder’ll do, but $120 worth of Baratza would be ace. Love the cafetiere. (Also I buy Colombian Supremo green at about $6/lb and roast it myself, it’s insanely good.)
HeartlandLiberal
Same here, from a Hoosier for the past 30 years. I buy coffee $9.00 – $12.00 a pound at a local imported and specialty food market, Kenya AA, Guatemala Antigua, Copenhagen Blend, and a couple of other favored varieties, mix up batches so I have 50/50 caffein/decaf, and make it in a regular drip grind coffee maker. Tastes good, I get my usual 2 – 3 large mugs every morning.
What I do NOT and never will understand is paying $5.00 for a large coffee at a place like Starbucks, where the coffee tastes like it was burned over a fire that used dirty underwear to fuel it. And just looking at the abuse of language in the naming of the varieties and sizes offends my sense of decency and propriety as a student of language and its history and use.
Naja pallida
You can buy various coffee plants online, but almost all of them come small that it would take 3-4 years, or more, before they start producing a good amount of fruit. If you are a regular coffee drinker, you’d have to have probably a dozen plants to produce enough to supply a daily habit. :)
devis1
Because I was quite happy with the coffee in my standard cuisinart, but it tastes terrible from the Keurig. I don’t know if it’s because it flows threw so fast but they recommend NOT packing it down in the cup.
devis1
Does the VUE have the my K-cup and can you recommend any cheaper coffees that taste good using the machine. I didn’t have much time to ‘shop around’ and went with the b-70 even though some reviews warned about getting a good cup of coffee using the My-k.
josephebacon
I have both the Keurig Vue and Tassimo. Tassimo is the better of the two single serve machines, but there are fewer T-Disc varieties than Vue cups. For the good stuff (Blue Mountain), I use a French Press.
josephebacon
I do notice the difference. I keep my coffee beans in the freezer until I grind it. Sure tastes better, especially with a French press.
josephebacon
John, Trader Joe’s was pure 100% Blue Mountain, 8 oz can approx $35. Cost Plus World Market had 8 oz bags approx $40. Both were incredible. I haven’t tried the Marley Blue Mountain. Brookstone is selling it for $119.99, They’re selling it in 8 Ounce and 2 lb. sizes. I’m sure hoping that the $119.99 price tag is for the 2 pound bag!
I’d heard that before, but wasn’t sure if it was true. I know people who drink espresso will tell you they drink it at night without a problem. I’d never really wanted to try :)
devis1
That’s interesting. I didn’t know that the darker had less caffeine. I just assumed stronger meant more caffeine.
devis1
Was more of a coffee drinker years ago but recently down to 1 or 2 cups in the morning. The caffeine began keeping me up at night so I had to stop it later in the day. Was buying the cheapest I could stand(funny how you can adjust to your budget) and things were rolling along fine til my coffe machine stopped working 2 weeks ago. Wound up getting a Keurig one cup machine but swore I would buy the My k-cup and use my own cheap coffee. The machine came with a twelve pack and I was in heaven, drunk on caffeine, French Roast and the other choice delights. So, I bought the My K-cup and another 18 pack of Tully’s french roast but that was to be it. Ran out of these on Friday and finally began using my store brand dark roast–now it tastes like dishwater. Tried making smaller cups but made no difference. Tonight I went out and bought more Tully’s and will be up all night because I just couldn’t wait til morning for a good cup of coffee! Yeah, I could see myself spending $40/lb for something I REALLY REALLY am jonesing for!
josephebacon
Trader Joe’s had 8 ounce cans of Blue Mountain several years ago. So good. Now I’ve seen Blue Mountain in Whole Foods stores under the Marley label. To me, it’s the XO Cognac of coffees!
Phil
My Midwestern sensibilities make me scratch my head over this post. I like a good cup of coffee, but I get it from a decent, mass produced, already-ground brand or a bean coffee, ground in the store – think Mrs. Olson or something that gets ready around 8 am. Put it in my 10 cup, stove-top percolator (which doesn’t require more than a good cleaning in the kitchen sink and doesn’t get calcified from tap water), and I’m happy, caffeinated, and end up with more money in my wallet! And you can’t beat the smell of fresh perked coffee.
Drew2u
I’m trying to find if there’s a coffee or a coffee-like plant that can grow in the north-central U.S. I’d rather grow my own coffee for that price (or get a $2 gas station coffee and donate the other $38 to charity)
RetiredCatholic
I like espresso, but the darker the roast the less caffeine. Medium roast is what I drink in the morning. I do espresso in the afternoon.
Charles Kinnaird
Jamaica Blue Mountain! I have never handed over the bucks to buy the beans, but whenever the coffee shop in the mall posted that they were brewing it, I always bought a cup. I enjoyed reading your coffee-making techniques.
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Which 1975 film features the character Frank N Furter? | The Rocky Horror Picture Show (1975) - IMDb
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The Rocky Horror Picture Show ( 1975 )
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A newly engaged couple have a breakdown in an isolated area and must pay a call to the bizarre residence of Dr. Frank-N-Furter.
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Title: The Rocky Horror Picture Show (1975)
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2 wins & 4 nominations. See more awards »
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A straitlaced, square couple, seeking shelter from a storm, find themselves in the castle of a transgender alien mad scientist intent on creating a buff bodybuilder.
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Good girl Sandy and greaser Danny fell in love over the summer. When they unexpectedly discover they're now in the same high school, will they be able to rekindle their romance?
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A live stage production of the musical, filmed at the Playhouse Theatre in London, commemorating the 40th anniversary of the release of The Rocky Horror Picture Show (1975).
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Two youngsters from rival New York City gangs fall in love, but tensions between their respective friends build toward tragedy.
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Edit
Storyline
It's the weird and wonderful as newly engaged couple Brad and Janet encounter a problem when their car halts in the rain. They both look for contact, only to find themselves at the castle of Dr. Frank-N-Furter, a transvestite. A place to stay is offered, but will Brad and Janet want to remain there? Especially when a large group of Transylvanians dance to the 'Time Warp', Dr. Frank-N-Furter builds his own man and a whole host of participation for the audience to enjoy. Written by simon
A Different Set Of Jaws. See more »
Genres:
31 August 1975 (Italy) See more »
Also Known As:
Orgía de horror y locura See more »
Filming Locations:
(edited)
Sound Mix:
Chace Surround (Remix for video release)| Mono (35 mm optical prints)| 4-Track Stereo (35 mm magnetic prints)
Color:
Did You Know?
Trivia
Tim Curry was very reluctant to talk about the film for years due to some not-very-good memories about his more rabid fans. He even told VH-1 that he grew "chubby and plain" in order to try escaping the role of Frank. These days, he's more open to talk about the film and even sees it as a "Rite of passage" for teenagers. See more »
Goofs
When Riff Raff is talking to Brad and Janet at the front door, he is tapping the door with his forefinger in frontal shots, but not when the camera is behind him. See more »
Quotes
Frank : One from the vaults... Don't be upset. It was a mercy killing. He had a certain naive charm, but no muscle.
See more »
Crazy Credits
At the very end of the film, The credits read: "The characters portrayed in this film are ENTIRELY FICTITIOUS and bear no resemblance to anyone living OR DEAD!" See more »
Connections
| The Rocky Horror Picture Show |
What is the nickname of English football club Sheffield Wednesday? | The Rocky Horror Picture Show | Rocky Horror Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
The Rocky Horror Picture Show
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The Rocky Horror Picture Show is a 1975 musical science fiction comedy horror film directed by Jim Sharman. The screenplay was written by Sharman and Richard O'Brien based on the 1973 musical stage production, The Rocky Horror Show , music, book and lyrics by O'Brien. The production is a satirical tribute to the science fiction and horror B movies of the 1930s through early 1970s. The film stars Tim Curry, Susan Sarandon and Barry Bostwick along with cast members from the original productions.
Contents
[ show ]
Plot
The movie starts with a pair of red lips singing about the chain of events that science fiction has been following ("Science Fiction/Double Feature"). During which the characters are introduced which are Brad, Janet, Frank N Furter, Columbia, Magenta, Riff-Raff, and Dr. Scott.
After the song it shows Brad Majors and Janet Weiss both at a wedding for their friends and when everyone is cleared out Brad proposes to Janet. Through song ("Dammit Janet"). She, of course, says yes.
Only hours later the newly engaged couple of Brad and Janet are stuck in a thunder storm while driving down a distant country road. While they are driving down the road they are passed by several people dressed in leather riding on motercycles pass them going the oppisite way they are going. They than get a flat tire at the end of the road were Brad remembers a castle that they had past a mile behind and tells Janet to stay in the car while he goes to the castle to see if they have a phone he could use. But Janet comes with him.
After getting back to the castle they go through a gate that has a message- "ENTER AT YOUR OWN RISK!"- on it, but they go in anyway. Approaching the castle they see that all the lights are on and the windows are showing the many lights inside. Brad and Janet are so happy that they sing (with a small verse by Riff-Raff) a song ("Over at Frankenstein`s Place").
They are greeted at the door by the butler Riff-Raff and also meet the maid his sister Magenta who show them the rest of their kind (called the Transylvanians) and they all sing the show's must popular song ("Time Warp"). At the end they try to back away from the Transylvanians but they are stopped by the sudden appearance of Frank N Furter.
He comes down from an elevator and sings a song ("Sweet Transvestite") and then tells Brad and Janet that they are invited to his labrotory to see him finish his creation. After being undressed and redressed by Magenta and Riff-Raff, Brad and Janet are taken up to the lab. There they see Frank in a green rubbed lab coat with pink glooves and gives the spark of life to his creation Rocky Horror.
They both give a song ("I Can Make You A Man") and then as Rocky is about to be taken by Frank one of the doors that lead off from the laboratory burst open. Eddie, an ex-delivery boy, comes out of a frozen bunker and it turns out he was Frank`s former play toy before he had started to make Rocky; and that Eddie was a partial brain donor for Rocky.
Coming out on an motorcycle he jumps out and sings another song ("Hot Patootie-Bless My Soul") that Rocky sings along to. Fran N Furter in a jealous rage runs into the ice bunker and tear an ice pick from the wall and intterupts the song by chasing Eddie into the bunker and kills him off-screen. To gain back Rocky Frank sing a reprise song to the one he and Rocky sang earlier ("I Can Make You A Man (Reprise)").
They than go off into a bridal suite and Brad and Janet are kept in seperate rooms. Later during the night Frank goes to Janet's room disguised as Brad and has sex with her, promising not to tell Brad. Afterwards, during the night, Frank goes to Brad disquised as Janet and has sex with him, too.
Riff-Raff and Magenta are up stairs in the lab where Rocky is sleeping in his birth tank but when they try to have intercourse Rocky wakes up, so using a candle flame (very Frankenstein Monster like) to scare Rocky off. After they're done Riff-Raff sees on a television monitor that Rocky was outside the castle and unleashes the dogs on him. But all in vain because he vanishes off the monitor after Riff-Raff goes and tells Frank about the missing creation.
Janet meanwhile is searching for Brad and sees him with Frank on the television monitor and starts to cry, but then she finds Rocky hiding in his birth tank, injured by the chasing dogs. While tending his wounds Janet eventually has sexual intercourse with Rocky in the birth tank and starts to sing ("Touch-a, Touch-a, Touch Me") while Columbia and Magentia watch from their room on their television moniter.
Rocky and Janet are interrupted by Brad, Frank, and Riff-Raff, who Frank is torturing for the loss of Rocky with a whip. Then Riff-Raff looks up at the televison monitor and sees that there is a stranger at the door who Brad reconizes as Dr. Evert Scott, a teacher he used to have. When Dr. Scott is in the Zen Room Frank uses a magnet to pull Scott into the room (he is in a wheel chair) and, after passing through the entire castle, Dr. Scott flies into the room.
That is also when Frank hears a cry from the birth-tank. He lifts up a blanket and discoveries Janet and Rocky together, much to his rage. Frank N Furter is intterupted by Magentia who says that 'dinner is ready' and Frank, annoyed, says that formal dress will not be needed and storms out. They go to dinner, celebrating Rocky`s birthday. They all ironically wear party hats, and Evert Scott tells them that he is there with a purpose.
Frank says that Scott is researching UFO`s and aliens for the government, but Dr. Scott says that he is actually looking for his nephew, Eddie. Columbia realizes what the birthday dinner was all about and runs out screaming to the next room. Scott sings with help of Janet, Riff-Raff, Frank, and Magenta a song explaining that Eddie had always been a 'no-good kid' ("Eddie").
Now very angered, Frank N Furter rips off the table cloth and shows the guest that the dinner they had been eating was from Eddie's corpse and they had actually been dining on top of it. Horrified, Janet leaps into Rocky`s arms and Frank throws off his birthday hat and slaps Janet, then chases her singing ("Wise Up, Janet Weiss!") into the lab tailed by everyone.
Frank captures Brad, Janet, Rocky, Scott, and Columbia (after stating that she loved him) by turning them to stone; and Frank N Furter says simply that it was getting to hard to have fun. Magentia and Riff-Raff are praised by Frank N Furter for being his most loyal servants and to prepare for the "Floor Show".
So now, everyone but Riff-Raff and Magenta are dressed in fish nets and leather and start to sing a three part called "Rose Tint My World" ("Floor Show") ("Fanfare/Don`t Dream It") and ("Wild and Untamed Thing"). But then, after a swiming scene in a pool hidden under a fake radio tower that is covered by a stage curtain as the song closes, Riff-Raff and Magenta some in dressed in space suit-type clothes and they sing that they were taking Frank N Furter prisoner and returning to their homeplanet of Transsexual in the galaxy of Transylvania.
At first, when Riff-Raff points an antimatter gun at Frank, he doubts it works and sings a song to explain what he had been doing ("I`m Going Home"), but they say that when they said they were going back they meant only themselves and they were going to kill Frank N Furter, who rises to his full height. Then Columbia screams and Riff-Raff swirls around and kills her with a single blast; Frank, now sure that the gun works, he tries to climb up the stage curtain. But a single blast kills him and Frank tears the stage curtain off as his body falls to the floor, and Rocky goes to his master and carries the corpse with him up the fake radio tower. After several hits with the antimatter gun, Rocky dies and the fake radio tower becomes electric, and, had Rocky been alive, eletrocutes his body. The tower breaks and the dead bodies topple backwards into the swimming pool.
Riff-Raff and Magenta let Brad, Janet, and Scott go as they prepare to Time Warp back to their home planet and the humans all escape as they set off in the castle itself. The narrator comes in and sings/reads the final ending song ("Science Fiction/Double Feature (Reprise)"):
And crawling on the planets face,
Some insects called the the human race.
Lost in time and lost in space.
And Meaning.
Charles Gray as The Criminologist
Minor Cast
Hilary Farr as Betty Hapschatt
Trevor White as Rocky Horror (singing voice)
The Transylvanians - Perry Bedden, Christopher Biggins, Gaye Brown, Ishaq Bux, Stephen Calcutt, Hugh Cecil, Imogen Claire, Tony Cowan, Sadie Corre, Fran Fullenwider, Lindsay Ingram, Peggy Ledger, Annabel Leventon, Anthony Milner, Pamela Obermeyer, Tony Then. Kimi Wong, and Henry Woolf.
Uncredited cast (Wedding guests, Floor Show Audience) - Lewis Alexander, Gina Barrie, Hyma Beckley, Ernest Blyth, Rufus Collins, Victor Harrington, Mark Johnson, Juba Kennerley, Petra Leah, Frank Lester, Aileen Lewis, John Marquand, and Koo Stark.
Crew
Art Direction - Terry Ackland-Snow
Makeup Department - Ramon Gow, Pierre La Roche, Peter Robb-King, Graham Freeborn, Ernest Gasser, Helen Lennox, Mike Lockey, and Jane Royle.
Production Management - John Comfort
Assistant Director - Mike Gowans and Bob Howard
Art Department - Dick Frift, Ian Whittaker, Don Bradburn, Norman Dorme, Bob Douglas, Bob Hedges, John Leuenberger, Bryn Siddall, John Siddall, and Bob Spencer.
Sound Department -Ron Barron, Ian Fuller, Bill Rowe, Peter Glossop, Doug Smith, and Len Tremble.
Special Effects - Colin Chilvers, Wally Veevers, and Roy Spencer.
Camera and Electrical Department - Dennis Lewiston, Mike Roberts, Fred Anderson, John Jay, Jack Roche, and Ronnie Rogers.
Casting Department - Celestia Fox
Publicist - Geoff Freeman
Assistant choreographer - Gillian Gregory
Stand-ins - Janette Scott, Liz Coke, John Birkinshaw, Alan Harris, Eric Kent, Dave Murphy, Gerry Paris, Erica Simmons, Melita Smith, Richard Smith, and Tuppence Smith.
Sequels
Main article: Shock Treatment
Following the unexpected and overwhelming success of The Rocky Horror Picture Show on the midnight circuit, Richard O'Brien approached producer Michael White with the idea of making a sequel. In 1978, he began work on a script titled Rocky Horror Shows His Heels, which found Frank and Rocky resurrected, Brad and Dr. Scott turned gay, and Janet on the verge of giving birth to Frank's baby. Director Jim Sharman was resistant to revisit the material and Tim Curry had no desire to reprise the role of Frank, but O'Brien had put some work into the songs, so he decided to retain them and simply revise the story.
The new script was titled The Brad and Janet Show. This version is closer to what became Shock Treatment and was planned to be produced, but the filmmakers were plagued with a variety of problems. Dr. Scott had been included in the script, but Jonathan Adams was not interested in reprising his role. Tim Curry had committed to portray Farley Flavors, but when he discovered Barry Bostwick was unavailable and he'd have to play the dual roles of Farley and Brad, Curry backed out too, fearing he couldn't pull off a convincing American accent. The filmmakers intended to shoot on location in Denton, Texas, but production screeched to a halt in 1980 when the Screen Actors Guild went on strike.
With only a small window when cast and crew were available, the filmmakers had to get creative. Television had been a heavy motif in the script, so production designer Brian Thompson came up with the notion to rework the story and set it in a giant TV studio utilizing a film studio in England which shaved a million dollars from the budget and gave them the luxury of working in a controlled environment. The script endured a final draft in which all of the locations were changed to television shows, and the role of Dr. Scott morphed into game show host Bert Schnick. "I was frightened the strike was going to finish too soon and we’d have to go back to our original conception," commented O'Brien.
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What is a straight line passing from side to side through the centre of a circle called? | Diameter - definition of diameter by The Free Dictionary
Diameter - definition of diameter by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/diameter
n.
1. Abbr. d or diam. Mathematics
a. A straight line segment passing through the center of a figure, especially of a circle or sphere, and terminating at the periphery.
b. The length of such a segment.
2. Thickness or width.
3. A unit of magnification equal to the number of times an object's linear dimensions is increased by the magnifying apparatus.
[Middle English diametre, from Old French, from Latin diametrus, from Greek diametros (grammē), diagonal (line) : dia-, dia- + metron, measure; see mē-2 in the Appendix of Indo-European roots.]
di·am′e·tral (-trəl) adj.
diameter
n
1. (Mathematics)
a. a straight line connecting the centre of a geometric figure, esp a circle or sphere, with two points on the perimeter or surface
b. the length of such a line
2. the thickness of something, esp with circular cross section
[C14: from Medieval Latin diametrus, variant of Latin diametros, from Greek: diameter, diagonal, from dia- + metron measure]
di•am•e•ter
it is one metre in diameter → misura un metro di diametro
diameter
(daiˈӕmitə) noun
(the length of) a straight line drawn from side to side of a circle, passing through its centre. Could you measure the diameter of that circle? middellyn, deursnee قُطْر диаметър diâmetro průměr der Durchmesser diameter διάμετρος diámetro diameeter, läbimõõt قطر halkaisija diamètre קוטר व्यास, मोटाई dijametar, promjer átmérő garis tengah þvermál diametro 直径 직경 diametras diametrs diameter middellijn diameter , tverrmål średnica قطر (دايره): پرېړ والى پنډوالى diâmetro diametru диаметр priemer premer prečnik diameter เส้นผ่าศูนย์กลาง çap 直徑 діаметр; поперечник دائرے کا قطر đường kính 直径
diameter
| Diameter |
Which word represents the letter ‘K’ in the NATO Phonetic Alphabet? | Geometry - Example Problems
Geometry
See Geometry (encyc) in the encyclopedia.
Contents
6. solution Find the value of a if the distance between the points
is 2.
7. solution Find the relation between x and y,if the point (x,y)is equidistant from
8. solution Find the area of the triangle formed by
9. solution Find the area of the triangle formed by
10. solution Find the area of the triangle formed by
11. solution Find the value of x if the area of the triangle formed by
is 5 square units
12. solution Find the centroid of a triangle whose vertices are formed by
13. solution Find the point which divides the line segment joining (-1,2) and (4,-5) in the ratio 3:2
14. solution Find the point which divides the line segment joining (4,5) and (-3,4) in the ratio -6:5
15. solution Find the ratio in which the point P(2,1)divides the line segment joining the points A(1,-2) and B(4,7).
16. solution Find the ratio in which the X-axis divides the line joining the points (2,4) and (-4,3).
17. solution Show that the triangle formed by the points(4,4),(3,5) and (-1,-1) is a right-angled triangle.
18. solution Show that the points (-1,7),(3,-5),(4,-8) are collinear.
19. solution Find the value of k,if the points (k,2-2k),(-k+1,2k),(-4-k,6-2k) are collinear
20. solution Find the equation of the locus of points which are 5 units away from A(4,-3).
21. solution Find the equation of the locus of points which are equidistant from
22. solution Find the equation of locus of points P such that distance of P from origin is twice the distance of P from
23. solution Given that the points
are points on a triangle, find the locus of P such that the area of the triangle PAB is 8.5 square units.
24. solution Find the locus of a point P, the square of whose distance from origin is 4 times its y coordinate.
25. solution Find the locus of P if the ratio of the distances from P to
is 2:3.
1. solution Find the equation of the straight line making an angle of
with the X-axis in positive direction and passing through the point
2. solution Find the equation of the straight line which makes intercepts 5 and 6 on the X and Y-axis respectively.
3. solution Find the equation of the straight line which makes intercepts whose sum is 5 and product is 6.
4. solution Find the equation of the straight line passing through the point
and making intercepts whose sum is zero.
5. solution Find the slope of the straight line joining
6. solution Find the value of x,if the slope of the line joining
is 2.
7. solution Find the equation of the straight line passing through the points
8. solution Find the equation of a straight line joining the points
9. solution Find the value of y, if the line joining
i sparallel to the line joining
10. solution Find the equation of the straight line which makes
with X-axis and passing through
11. solution Find the equation of the straight line passing through
and cutting off equal intercepts on the coordinate axes.
12. solution Find the equation of the straight line passing through
and making intercepts in the ratio 2:3.
13. solution Find the equation of the straight line passing through
and perpendicular to the line joining
.
14. solution Find the equation of the straight line passing through
and parallel tothe line joining
.
15. solution Show that the points
are collinear.
16. solution Show that the points
are collinear.
17. solution
are the vertices of a triangle.Find the equations of i)AB. ii)Median through A. iii)Altitude through B. iv)Perpendicular bisector of side AB.
18. solution Find the equation of the straight line whose distance from origin is 4units and the normal from the orgin to the straight line makes an angle of
with the X-axis in positive direction.
19. solution Show that the equation of the straight line passing through
and making an angle of
with the X-axis in positive direction is
.
20. solution Find the equation of the straight line in symmetric form having slope
and passing through
21. solution Find the equation of the straight line in symmetric form having slope
and passing through
.
22. solution Distance of a straight line from the origin is p.The normal on the straight line from the origin makes an angle
with the X-axis in positive direction.Find the equations of straight lines whose values are
23. solution Write the various forms of equation of a straight line.
24. Theorm If the equations
represent the same straight line then prove that
25. Theorm Change the equation
into normal form.
26. Solution Transform the equation
into i)Slope-intercept form ii).Intercept form iii).Normal form.
27. Solution Transform the equation
into normal form.
28. Theorm The ratio in which the straight line
divides the line joining the points
is
29. Solution Find the ratio in which the straight line
divides the line joining the points
30. Solution Find the ratio in which the straight line
divides the line joining the points
are mid points of sides of a triangle,find the equations of the sides of a triangle.
32. Solution Find the point on the straight line
which is equidistant from the points
33. Solution If the perpendicular distance of the straight line
is p, prove that
.
34. Solution Find the equation of the straight line passing through the point of intersection of the lines
and passing through the point
35. Solution Find the equation of the altitude from A to side BC of triangle ABC formed by
36. Solution Find the equations of the medians of the triangle formed by
37. Solution Show that the feet of the perpendicular from
to the lines
38. Solution The three straight lines
are concurrent if
39. Solution Prove that the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle are concurrent.
40. Solution Find the point of intersection of diagonals of the quadrilateral with vertices
41. Solution Find the value of k if the lines
are concurrent.
42. Solution A variable straight line drawn through the point of intersection of the straight lines
and
meets the coordinate axes at A and B. Show that the locus of the midpoint of AB is
43. Solution Show that the four lines
form a rhombus whose area is
.
44. Solution Find the circumcenter of the triangle formed by the points
45. Solution Two vertices of a triangle are
. If the orthocenter of the triangle is the origin,find the third vertex.
Straight Lines-II
1. solution Find the equation to the pair of lines passing through the origin and perpendicular to the pair
is
2. solution Find the equation to the pair of lines through the origin and forming an equilateral triangle with the line
.Find also the area of the triangle.
3. solution Find the condition that the lines represented by
are such that the slope of one line is
times that of the other.
4. solution Find the area of the triangle formed by the lines
5. solution Find the equation to the two lines represented by the equation
6. solution Find the centroid of the triangle formed by the lines
and
7. solution Show that if one of the lines given by
coincides with one of the lines of
then
8. solution Show that the lines
form an equilateral triangle with the line
and find its area.
9. solution The distance of a point
from a pair of lines passing thro'the origin is d units.Show that the equation of the pair of lines is
be two sides of a parallelogram and
is one diagonal,prove that the other diagonal is
11. solution Find the equation to the pair of angle bisectors of the pair of lines
12. solution If the pair of line
are such that each pair bisects the angle between the other pair,then show that
13. solution Prove that one of the lines
will bisect the angle between the coordinate axes if
14. solution Prove that the pair of lines
is equally inclined with the pair
15. solution Find the bisecting line of the acute angle between the lines
16. solution Find the value of k for which the equation
represents two straight lines. Find their point of intersection.
17. solution Find the value of k for which the equation
represents two straight lines. Find their point of intersection.
18. solution Find the equation to the pair of bisectors of angles between
19. solution Find the equation of the lines which pass through the point of intersection of the pair of lines
and are at right angles to them.
21. solution If
represents a pair of lines then show that the square of the distance from the origin to their point of intersection is
22. solution Find k if the equation
represent a pair of parallel lines.Also find the distance between them.
23. solution The equation
represents a pair of parallel lines. Prove that the equation of the line midway between the two parallel lines is
24. solution Show that the pair of lines
form a parallelogram with the pair of lines
.Find its area.
25. solution Show that the two pairs of lines
form a square.
26. solution Show that the lines joining the origin to the points of intersection of two curves
will be at right angles to one another if
27. solution If the chord
of the curve
subtends a right angle at the origin ,prove that
Circles
1. i). The equation of a circle whose centre is (a,b) and radius r is
ii). The equation of a circle is
radius is
centre is (-g,-f)
iii). Equation of the circle described on the line segment AB where A=(x1,y1),B=(x2,y2) is
2. solution Find the equation to the circle of radius 3 and centre (3,-2).
3. solution Find the equation of the circle which passes through (-7,1) and has centre (-4,-3).
4. solution Find the centre and radius of the circle
5. solution Find the centre and radius of the circle
6. solution If the radius of the circle
is 7,find the value of k.
7. solution If the equation
represents a circle,find the values of a and b.
8. solution Find the position of the point (3,1) with respect to
9. solution Find the power of the point (2,-1) with respect to
10. solution Find the power of the point (a+b,a-b) with respect to
11. solution Find the equation to the point circle with centre (-2,3).
12. solution Find the equation to the circle passing through (0,0) and concentric with
13. solution One end of the diameter of the circle
is (3,5).Find the other end of the diameter.
14. solution Find the equation to the circle on the line segment joining the following points as diameter i).
ii).
15. solution Find the equation to the circle passing through the points
16. solution Find the equation to the circle passing through the points
17. solution Show that the points
are concyclic.
18. solution Find the circle which passes through (-1,2),(3,-2) and has its centre on the line
19. solution Find the circle which passes through (4,-3),(-1,2) and has its centre on the line
20. solution Find the length of the chord
of the circle
21. i).The equation of the circumcircle of the triangle formed by the line
with the coordinate axes is
ii).If the two lines
meet the coordinate axes in four distinct points ,then those points are concyclic if
iii). If the two lines
meet the coordinate axes in four distinct points ,then the equation to the circle passing through those points is
iv).If L=0 is a straight line intersecting the circle S=0,then the equation of the circle passing through the points of intersection is
where L is a parameter.
21. solution Find the equation to the circumcircle of the traingle formed by the line 7x-3y-2=0 with the coordinate axes.
22. solution Show that the lines
intersect the coordinate axes in concyclic points. Also find the equation of the circle passing through those points.
23. solution Show that the pair of straight lines
meet the coordinate axes in concyclic points.Also find the equation of the circle through those cyclic points.
24. solution Find the equation of the circle which passes through the points of intersection of
and
and also through the point (1,1).
25. solution Find the equation of the circle which passes through the points of intersection of
and
and also through the point (2,3).
26. solution Find the equation to the circle passing through the points of intersection of the circle
and the line
and which has its centre on y-axis.
27. solution Find the equation to the circle passing through the points (1,-2),(4,-3) and having the centre on the line
28. solution Find the equation of the circle which passes through (1,1),(2,2) and whose radius is unity.
29. solution Find the equation to the circle on AB as diameter and hence find the circle passing through
30. solution Find the equation to the circle on AB as diameter and hence find the circle passing through
31. solution Find the equations of the tangents from the point(0,1) to the circle
32. solution Find the locus of the point from which the lengths of the tangents to the circles
and
are in the ratio 2:3.
33. solution Find the equations of the tangents to the circle
and parallel to
34. solution Find the equations of the tangents to the circle
and parallel to
.
35. solution Find the equation of the circle which passes through (1,-2),(3,-4) and touches the X-axis.
36. solution Prove that the locus of a point tangents from which to the circle
are inclined at an angle alpha is
.
37. solution Find the equations of circles which touch the axis of x at the origin and the line
38. solution Find the locus of point of intersection of two perpendicular tangents to the circle
39. solution Show that the line x+y+1=0 touches the circle
and find the point of contact.
40. solution Show that the line 3x=y+13 touches the circle
and find the point of contact.
41. solution Prove that the tangent to the circle
at (1,-2) also touches the circle
and find the point of contact.
42. solution Find the equation of the tangent at(1,2) to the circle
. Find also the equation of the tangent parallel to the above tangent.
43. solution Find the equation to the circle passing through the points of intersection of the lines x+2y-4=0 and the circle
and touching the line x+2y=5.
44. solution Find the equation to the circle passing through the points of intersection of the lines x+2y-1=0 and the circle
and touching the line 2x-y+3=0.
45. solution Find the equation of the circle with centre on the line 2x+y=0 and which touches the lines 4x-3y+10=0 and 4x-3y-30=0.
46. solution Find the equation of the chord of contact of (4,-1) with respect to the circle
.
47. solution Find the pole of the line 3x+4y-45=0 with respect to the circle
48. solution Show that the lines 2x+3y-12=0 and 3x+2y-2=0 are conjugate lines with respect to the circle
49. solution What is the value of k if (4,k) and (2,3) are conjugate points with respect to the circle
50. solution Find the value of k if the points (4,2) and (8,k) are conjugate with respect to
51. solution Find the value of k if the lines 2x+3y-4=0 and kx+4y-2=0 are conjugate with respect to
52. solution Show that the poles of tangents of the circle
with respect to the circle
lie on the curve
53. solution Find the locus of the point whose polars with respect to the circles
and
54. solution Show that the locus of the poles of the tangents to the circle
with respect to the circle
is
55. solution Write down the equation of the chord of the circle
bisected at the point (2,0).
56. solution Find the equation of the chord of the circles i).
having
57. solution Find the equation of the chord of the circle
having
58. solution Find the midpoint of the chord
with respect to the circle
59. solution Find the middle point of the chord of the circle
intercepted by the line
60. solution Find the mid point of the chord of the circle
intercepted by the line
61. solution Find the equation of the chord of the circle
having mid point (3,-2). Also find the pole of that chord with respect to the circle.
62. solution Find the equation of the chord of the circle
having mid point (1,2). Also find the pole of that chord with respect to the circle.
63. solution Find the locus of the midpoints of chords of the circle
,subtending a right angle at the point (a,b).
64. solution Find the equation of the tangents drawn from the origin to the circle
65. solution Find the equation to the pair of tangents drawn from
to the circles
66. solution Show that the pair of tangents drawn from
to the circles
are at right angles if
67. solution Find the angle between the pair of tangents drawn from (1,3) to the circles
68. solution Tangents are drawn to the circle
from a point which always lies on the line
. Prove that the locus of the mid-point of the chords of contact is
.
69. solution Find the equation of the pair of tangents drawn from the point
to the circle
and hence find the angle between them.
70. solution Find the condition that the pair of tangents from the origin to the circle
may be at right angles.
71. solution State whether the following pair of circles intersect or do not intersect or touch each other.
and
72. solution If the polar of the point
w.r.t the circle
, show that the point lies on the curve
73. solution The polar of P w.r.t the circle
touches the circle
.Prove that its locus is given by the equation
.
74. solution Find the condition that the two circles
and
75. solution Find the equation of the common chord of the circles
and
. Find the points of intersection of the circles.Also find the length of the common chord.
76. solution Find the locus of the poles of the line
w.r.t the circles which touch the coordinate axes and whose centre lies in the first quadrant.
77. solution Show that the circle
touch each other and find the point of contact.
78. solution If the two circles
touch each other,prove that
79. solution Find the equations of the direct common tangents to the circles
80. solution Find the equation of the pair of direct common tangents to the following circles.
81. solution Find the equations to the transverse common tangents of the circles
.
82. solution Find the equations to the transverse common tangents of the circles
.
83. solution Find the equations of common tangents to the circles
.
84. solution Write down the equation of the common tangent if the two circles
touch each other.
85. solution Show that the circles
touch each other if
86. solution Find the length of the common chord of the two circles
.
87. solution Find the length of the common chord of the two circles
88. solution Prove that the length of the common chord of the circles
is
. Hence find the condition that the circles may touch.
89. solution Find the equation to the circle whose diameter is the common chord of two circles
. Hence find the length of the common chord.
90. solution Find the equation of the circle described on the common chord of the circles
as diameter.
91. solution Find the equation of the circle having the common chord of the circles
as diameter.
92. solution Show that the length of the common of the two circles
and
is
93. solution Find the equation of the circle which passes through the points of intersection of
and touch the line
94. solution Find the equation of the circle which passes through the points of intersection of
and touch the line
95. solution Find the equation of the circle whose radius is 5units and which touches the circle
at the point (5,5).
96. solution Find the equation of the circle of radius
and passing through the points of intersection of the circles
.
97. solution Find the equation of the circle which touches the line
at the origin and passes through the point
.
98. solution Find the angle between the circles
and
99. solution Find the acute angle of intersection of the following circles.
100. solution If the circles
and
cut each other orthogonally, find the value of c.
101. solution If the circles
and
cut each other orthogonally, find the value of k.
102. solution Find the equation passing through the origin and cutting the circles
orthogonally.
103. solution Find the equation passing through the origin and cutting the circles
orthogonally.
104. solution Find the equation passing through the origin and which has its centre on the line
and cuts circle
105. solution Find the equation of the circle which cut orthogonally the circles
and touch the line
106. solution Prove that the two circles which pass through the points
and touch the line
107. solution Find the equation of the circle which cuts orthogonally three circles
and
108. solution Find the equation of the circle which is orthogonal to each of the circles
109. solution Find the equation of the circle which is orthogonal to each of
110. solution Find the circle which passes through the points of intersection of the circles
and cuts the circle
111. solution Find the equation of the circle which is orthogonal to
and which touches the line
112. solution Find the equation to the radical axis of the two circles
113. solution Find the equation of the radical axis of the circles
114. solution Find the radical centre of the circles
115. solution Find the radical centre of the circles
116. solution Find the radical centre of the circles
117. solution Find the equation to the circle which is orthogonal to each of
118. solution Find the equation to the circle which is orthogonal to each of
119. solution Find the equation to the circle passing through (1,-1) and belonging to the coaxal system determined by the circles
120. solution Find the equation of the circle belonging to the coaxal system determined by the circles
and cuts the circle
121. solution Find the equation to the circle touching the line
and belonging to the coaxal system determined by
and the radical axis
is the radical axis and the circle
is a member of a coaxal system.Find the circle touching the line
and belonging to the system.
123. solution Find the limiting points of the coaxal system determined by the circles
124. solution Find the limiting points of the coaxal system determined by the circles
125. solution Find the limiting points of the coaxal system determined by the circles
126. solution If (1,2) and(3,1) are the limiting points of a coaxal system of circles find the radical axis.
127. solution (2,1) is one limiting point of a coaxal system of which the radical axis is
.Find the other limiting point.
128. solution Find the other limiting point of the coaxal system of which one limiting point is (3,1) and radical axis is
129. solution Find the equation of the circle which belongs to the coaxal system determined by (0,-3) and (-2,-1) and which is orthogonal to the circle
130. solution Find the equation of a circle which passes through the origin and belongs to the coaxal system of which (1,2) (4,3)are the limiting points.
131. solution Find the equation of the circle belonging to the coaxal system of which the limiting points are
and which passes through (2,-1)
132. solution Tangents are drawn parallel to the line
to touch the circles of the coaxal system
. Show that the locus of their points of contact is the curve
133. solution Find the equation to the system of circles orthogonal to the coaxal system
134. solution Find the coaxal system which is orthogonal to the coaxal sytem
135. solution Show that as k varies the circles
form coaxal system.Find the radical axis.
136. solution The origin is a limiting point of a system of coaxal circles of which
is a member.Show that the equations of the circles of the orthogonal system are
for different values of k.
Plane
1. solution Write the equation of the parabola whose focus is (1,2) and directrix is
2. solution Write the equation of the parabola whose focus is (-1,1) and directrix is
3. solution Determine the equation of the parabola with vertex at (6,2), its axis parallel to Y-axis and passes through (2,4).
4. solution Find the focus of the parabola i).
. ii).
iii).
5. solution Find the equation of the parabola whose axis is parallel to the Y-axis and which passes through the points
6. solution Find the equation of the parabola whose axis is parallel to X-axis and which passes through
7. solution Find the equation of the parabola whose axis is parallel to X-axis and passing through the points
8. solution Find the equation of the parabola whose axis is parallel to Y-axis and passing through
9. solution Find the equation of the parabola whose focus is (3,-4) and directrix is
10. solution Obtain the equation of the parabola whose focus is (4,5) and vertex is (3,6)
11. solution Find the vertex,latusrectum,axis,tangent at the vertex,focus and directrix of the parabola
12. solution Find the vertex,latusrectum,axis,tangent at the vertex,focus and directrix of the parabola
13. solution Find the equation of the tangent to the parabola i)
inclined at 60 degrees to X-axis. ii).
at
14. solution Find the equation of the normal to the parabola i).
at
.Find p and also the point of contact.
16. solution Find the value of p if the line
touches the parabola
17. solution Find the condition if
is a tangent to
18. solution If the line
is a tangent to the parabola
prove that the condition is
19. solution Show that the line
is a tangent to
.Find the point of contact.
20. solution Show that the equation of common tangents to the circle
and the parabola
21. solution Find the equations of common tangents to the circle
and to the parabola
22. solution Show that the locus of the point of intersection of perpendicular tangents to the parabola
is the directrix
23. solution Show that the equation of the chord joining the points
on the parabola
is
24. solution Show that the locus of the foot of the perpendicular from the focus to the tangent of the parabola
is
,the tangent to the vertex.
25. solution Find the equation to the pair of tangents to the parabola
which pass through
26. solution If a chord of the parabola
touches the parabola
. Show that the tangents at its extremities meet on the parabola
27. solution Find the locus of the midpoints of chords of the parabola
which subtend a right angle at the vertex of the parabola.
28. solution Show that the locus of the midpoints of chords of
which subtend a constant angle alpha at the vertex is
.
29. solution Prove that the locus of the midpoints of the focal chords of the parabola
is another parabola whose vertex is the focus of
.
30. solution Show that the locus of the poles of chords which are normal to the parabola
is
31. solution Show that the locus of the poles of the chords of the parabola
which subtend a constant angle alpha at the vertex is the curve
32. solution Show that the locus of the poles of chords of the parabola
which subtend a right angle at the vertex is
33. solution Show that the locus of poles of chords of the parabola
which are at a constant distance 'a' from the focus is
33. solution The chord of contact of tangents from a point P to the parabola
touches the circle
.Prove that the locus of P is
34. solution Show that the locus of the midpoints of chords of the prabola
which touch the circle
35. solution Show that the locus of poles of chords of the parabola
at a constant distance b from the vertex is
36. solution The polar of P w.r.t the parabola
touches the circle
. Find the locus of P.
37. solution Show that the locus of the poles of chords of the parabola
which are at constant distance 'd' from the focus is
.
38. solution Show that the locus of the midpoints of chords of the parabola
and which touch the circle
is
39. solution A tangent to the parabola
meets
at P and Q. Prove that the locus of the midpoint of PQ is
40. solution Prove that the locus of midpoints of chords of constant length 2l of the parabola
is
41. solution If the normals at the points
on the parabola
meet on the parabola, prove that
42. solution Prove that the locus of the point of intersection of two perpendicular normals to the parabola
is the parabola
43. solution A chord which is normal at "t" to the parabola
subtends a right angle at the vertex. Then prove that
44. solution Prove that the circle on a focal radius of a prabola,as diameter touches the tangent at the vertex.
45. solution The line
meets the parabola
at P,Q. The lines joining P and Q to the focus meet the parabola in M,N.Show that the equation to MN is
46. solution Show that the locus of the point,two of the normals from which to the parabola
are coincident is
47. solution From the points of
tangents are drawn to
. Show that the chords of contact pass through a fixed point.
48. solution P is a point on the line
.The polar of P w.r.t the parabola
meets the curve in Q and R.Show that the locus of the midpoint of QR is
49. solution Show that the tangent at one extremity of a focal chord of a parabola is parallel to the normal at the other extremity.
50. solution Prove that the length of the chord of contact of tangents drawn from
to the parabola
.
The Ellipse
1. solution Find the eccentricity,coordinates of focus,length of latus rectum and equations of directrices of the ellipse
2. solution Find the lengths of major axis, minor axis, latus rectum, eccentricity, centre, foci, equations of directrices of the ellipse
3. solution Find the eccentricity,coordinates of focus,length of latus rectum and equations of directrices of the ellipse
4. solution Find the lengths of major axis, minor axis, latus rectum, eccentricity, centre, foci, equations of directrices of the ellipse
5. solution Find the lengths of major axis, minor axis, latus rectum, eccentricity, centre, foci, equations of directrices of the ellipse
6. solution If the two ends of major axis of an ellipse are (5,0),(-5,0). Find the equation of ellipse if its focus lies on the line
7. solution Find the equation of the ellipse in the usual form,if it passes through the points (-2,2) and (3,1).(axis are along the coordinate axes and centre at the origin).
8. solution Find the equation of the ellipse with a focus at(1,-1),e=2/3 and directrix is
9. solution Find the eccentricity of the ellipse ,if its length of the latus rectum is equal to half of its major axis.
10. solution Find the equation of the ellipse referred to its major axis and minor axis as the axes of coordinates a and y axes respectively with latus rectum of length 4 and distance between foci
11. solution Find the equation of ellipse with length of latus rectum 15/2 and distance between foci 2.
12. solution Show that the condition for a straight line
be a tangent to the ellipse
is
13. solution If the length of the latus rectum is equal to half of its minor axis of an ellipse in the standard form,then find the eccentricity of the ellipse.
14. solution Find the equations of tangent and normal to the ellipse
at the point whose ordinate is 1.
15. solution Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the ellipse
at (2,-1).
16. solution Find the equation of tangents to the ellipse
which is parallel to
17. solution Find the equations to the tangents to the ellipse
drawn from the point (1,2).
18. solution Show that the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the centre on any tangent to the ellipse lies on the curve
19. solution If the normal at one end of a latus rectum of the ellipse
passes through one end of the minor axis,then show that
20. solution Show that the points of intersection of the perpendicular tangents to an ellipse lies on a circle.
21. solution Find the equation of the tangents to the ellipse
is perpendicular to
22. solution Find the coordiantes of the points on the ellipse
at which the normal is parallel to the line
23. solution Prove that the sum of the squares of the perpendiculars on any tangent of the ellipse
(a > b) from two points on the minor axis,each at a distance of
from the centre is
24. solution Find the locus of the point of intersection of the two tangents to the ellipse
,which include an angle theta.
25. solution Find the pole of the line
with w.r.t the ellipse
26. solution Find the pole of the line
w.r.t the ellipse
27. solution Find the pole of the line
w.r.t the ellipse
28. solution Find the equation of a straight line through the point (2,1) and conjugate to the straight line
w.r.t the ellipse
29. solution Show that the two lines
are conjugate w.r.t the ellipse
30. solution Find the value of k,if the lines
are conjugate w.r.t the ellipse
31. solution Find the value of k if
are conjugate w.r.t the ellipse
32. solution Show that the poles of the tangents of
w.r.t the ellipse
33. solution Show that the poles of normal chords of the ellipse
lie on the curve
34. solution Show that the poles of the tangents to the circle
w.r.t the ellipse
lies on
35. solution Show that the poles of the tangents to the auxiliary circle w.r.t the ellipse
is the curve
36. solution Prove that the product of the perpendicular from the foci on any tangent to the ellipse
is equal to
37. solution Find the equation of the pair of tangents to the ellipse
from the point
.
38. solution A chord PQ of an ellipse subtends a right angle at the centre of the ellipse
.Show that the point of intersection of tangents at P and Q lies on the ellipse
39. solution Prove that the pair of tangents drawn to
are perpendicular to eachother.
40. solution Show that the equation of the auxiliary circle of the ellipse
is
41. solution Tangents at right angles are drawn to the ellipse
.Show that the locus of the midpoints of chords of contact is the curve
42. solution Find the locus of the midpoints of chords of an ellipse,whose poles lie on the auxiliary circle.
43. solution P is a point on the ellipse
and Q is its corresponding point on the auxiliary circle. Prove that the locus of the point of intersection of the normals at P and Q is the circle given by
44. solution Find the equation of the ellipse whose vertices are
and whose focus lies on the line
45. solution Find the equation of the ellipse whose vertices are
and whose eccentricity is 5/6.
46. solution Find the point of contact of the tangent line
to the ellipse
47. solution Find the value of k if the line
is a tangent to the ellipse
48. solution Find the value of k and hence the point of contact of the tangent line
with the ellipse
49. solution Find the equations to the tangents to the ellipse
which are parallel to
50. solution Show that the locus of poles of chords of ellipse
which touch the parabola
1. solution Write down the equation to the hyperbola whose focus is
,directrix is the line
2. solution Find the equation to the hyperbola whose focus is
eccentricity
and directrix is
3. solution What is the equation to the hyperbola if the latusrectum is 9/2 and eccentricity is 5/4.
4. solution Obtain the equation of the hyperbola in standard form whose latusrectum is 4 and eccentricity is 3.
5. solution Determine the equation to the hyperbola whose centre is (0,0),distance between the foci is 18 and that between the directrices is 8.
6. solution A hyperbola has one focus at the origin and its eccentricity is
.One of its directrices is
.Find the equation of the hyperbola.
7. solution Find the centre,eccentricity,length of latusrectum,foci,vertices and equations to the directrices of the hyperbola
8. solution Find the centre,eccentricity,length of latusrectum,foci,vertices and equations to the directrices of the hyperbola
9. solution What are the coordinates of the foci of the hyperbola
10. solution Write down the equations of the directrices of the hyperbola
11. solution Show that the ellipse
and the hyperbola
12. solution Find the equations to the tangents to the hyperbola
which are perpendicular to
13. solution Find the equations of the tangents to the hyperbola
which make equal intercepts on the axes.
14. solution Find the value of k if the line
is a tangent to
15. solution Find the equations of tangents to the hyperbola
which make an angle of 60 degrees with X-axis.
16. solution Prove that the line
touches the hyperbola
and find the point of contact.
17. solution Show that the line
touches the hyperbola
18. solution Find the equations of the tangents to the hyperbola
drawn parallel to to the line
19. solution Find the equation of the normal at (1,0)on the hyperbola
20. solution Show that the locus of poles w.r.t hyperbola
of tangents to the parabola
is
21. solution Show that the locus of the pole of any tangent to the circle
w.r.t the hyperbola
22. solution The polar of any point on the ellipse
w.r.t the hyperbola
23. solution If the polar of a point w.r.t ellipse
touch the hyperbola
,then show that the locus of point is is the hyperbola.
24. solution Prove that the locus of points the polars of which w.r.t the hyperbola
touch the circle
25. solution Show that the locus of the poles w.r.t the parabola
of tangents to the hyperbola
is
26. solution Find the line passing through the point (-2,1) and conjugate to the line
w.r.t
27. solution Find the equation to the line passing through (1,2) and conjugate to the line
w.r.t hyperbola
28. solution Show that the locus of poles w.r.t parabola
of the tangents to the hyperbola
is the ellipse
29. solution Show that the locus of the foot of perpendicular from the centre of the hyperbola
on a variable tangent is
30. solution Tangents to the hyperbola
make angles
with the transverse axis. Find the locus of their point of intersection if
31. solution Tangents drawn from
to the hyperbola
32. solution Find the equation of the chord of the hyperbola
which is bisected at the point
33. solution Find the equation to the hyperbola whose asymptotes are
and vertices are
34. solution The asymptotes of the hyperbola are parallel to the lines
. Its centre is at
and passes thro' the point
.Find its equation.
35. solution Find the equation of the hyperbola whose asymptotes are
and passing thro'
36. solution Find the equation of the hyperbola whose asymptotes are
and passing thro'
37. solution Find the locus of midpoints of the chords of the parabola
which are parallel to
38. solution Show that the locus of midpoints of the chord of the hyperbola
,which touch the parabola
39. solution Show that the locus of midpoints of the chord of the hyperbola
,which pass through the focus
is
40. solution P is any point on the hyperbola
whose vertex is A(a,0).Show that the locus of the middle point of AP is
41. solution A tangent of the auxiliary circle of the hyperbola
intersects it in P and Q.Find the locus of midpoint of PQ.
42. solution Find the locus of midpoints of the chords of hyperbola
drawn parallel to the line
43. solution Find the asymptotes of the hyperbola
44. solution Find the asymptotes of the hyperbola
45. solution If e1,e2 are the eccentricities of a hyperbola and its conjugate,prove that
46. solution If a tangent at a point P to a hyperbola meets the asymptotes in Q and R show that P is the midpoint of QR.
47. solution Show that the points of intersection of the asymptotes of hyperbola with its directrices lie on the auxiliary circle.
48. solution Show that the midpoints of normal chords of
is
49. solution Show that the locus of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the centre of the hyperbola
on any normal to it is
50. solution Prove that the product of the perpendiculars from any point on the hyperbola
to its asymptotes is constant.
51. solution Show that the portion of any tangent to the hyperbola,intercepted between the asymptotes is bisected at the point of contact.
Polar Coordinates
1. solution What are the polar coordinates of
2. solution What are the cartesian coordinates of the points
i).
3. solution Determine the lengths of the sides of the triangle whose vertices are
4. solution Find the distance between the points below
i).
5. solution Find the area of the triangle formed by the points
6. solution Find the area of the triangle formed by the points
7. solution Prove that the points
are collinear.
8. solution Find the equation of the line joining the points
9. solution Find the equation of the line joining the points
10. solution Find the equation of the line passing thro'the point
parallel and perpendicular to the line
11. solution Find the equation of the line passing thro'
and parallel to
12. solution Find the equation of the line passing thro'
and parallel to
13. solution Find the length of the perpendicular from the origin on the line
.Also determine the angle made by the perpendicular with the intial line.
14. solution Find the perpendicular distance from the origin to
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Which group of islands were claimed by the British in 1833? | Our History | Falkland Islands Government
Back
Our History
The Falkland Islands had no indigenous population prior to their settlement by our ancestors– the Islands were entirely unoccupied. First claimed by Britain in 1765, the British, French and Spanish periodically had garrisons in the Islands until 1811, when all the garrisons were withdrawn. Subsequently, British and American ships frequently visited the islands.
On 6th October 1832, an Argentine military garrison landed in an attempt to establish Argentine sovereignty over the Falkland Islands, disregarding the British claim of 67 years prior. Less than 3 months later, on 2nd January 1833, the Royal Navy evicted the Argentine military garrison with no loss of life. The civilian population in the Islands, who had sought permission from Britain to live there, were invited to stay. All but two of them, with their partners, did so. A year later, a small, permanent British administration was established. With an increasing population, in 1845 Stanley was founded, and remains our Capital to this day.
We enjoyed a peaceful existence until 1st April 1982, when an Argentine military force invaded our home. For 74 days we lived under foreign occupation, until our liberation by British forces on 14th June 1982. Nearly 1000 Falkland Islands, British and Argentine lives were lost as a result of this act of aggression.
Since 1982, our lives have been transformed following the establishment of commercial fisheries. Financially self-sufficient and almost entirely self-governing, we determine our own future and way of life.
Our community today has been formed through voluntary immigration and settlement over the course of nearly two hundred years. We are a diverse society, with people from over 60 nations having made the Islands their home. At out heart are those Falkland Islanders whose families have been in the Islands for nine generations.
For a comprehensive timeline of events in the Falkland Islands and in South Georgia, you may wish to read Main Events in the History of the Falkland Islands and South Georgia compiled by David Tatham. The timeline is also available in Spanish here: Principales Eventos en la Historia de las Islas Falkland y Georgia del Sur
Historical dates
1592 First recorded sighting on August 14, by English sea captain John Davis in the ship ‘Desire’.
1594 First recorded claim on February 2, by Richard Hawkins for Queen Elizabeth I
1690 First recorded landing made by English navigator, Captain John Strong in his ship the ‘Welfare’. He named the channel dividing the two main islands ‘Falkland Sound’ after Viscount Falkland, then Treasurer of the Royal Navy.
Over the years several French ships visited the Islands, which they called Les Iles Malouines after the French port of St. Malo.
1740 Lord Anson passed the Islands on an exploration voyage and urged Britain to consider them as a preliminary step to establishing a base near Cape Horn.
1764 The French diplomat and explorer, Louis Antoine de Bougainville, established a settlement at Port Louis on East Falkland.
1765 Unaware of the French settlement, Commodore John Byron landed at Port Egmont on West Falkland and took possession of the Islands for the British Crown.
1766 Captain John MacBride established a British settlement at Port Egmont.
The Spanish Government protested about the French settlement and Bougainville was forced to surrender his interests in the Islands in return for an agreed sum of money. A Spanish Governor was appointed and Port Louis was renamed Puerto de la Soledad, and placed under the jurisdiction of the Captain-General of Buenos Aires; then a Spanish colony.
1770 British forced from Port Egmont by the Spanish.
1771 Serious diplomatic negotiations involving Britain, Spain and France produce the Exchange of Declarations, whereby Port Egmont was restored to Britain.
1774 Britain withdrew from Port Egmont on economic grounds as part of a redeployment of forces due to the approaching American War of Independence, leaving behind a plaque as the mark of continuing British sovereignty.
1786 Lieutenant Thomas Edgar RN charts West Falkland island.
1811 The Spanish garrison withdrew from Puerto de la Soledad. At this time, South American colonies were in a state of revolt against Spain.
1816 The provinces which constituted the old Spanish vice-royalty declared independence from Spain as the United Provinces of the River Plate. Spain refused to recognise any such independence.
1820 A Buenos Aires privateer claimed the Falkland Islands in what was probably an unauthorised act – which was never reported to the Buenos Aires government. No occupation followed this.
1823 A private attempt was made to establish a settlement on the Islands, but this failed after a few months. The organisers requested the Buenos Aires government to appoint one of their employees the unpaid ‘Commander’ of the settlement.
1825 Britain and the Government of Buenos Aires signed a Treaty of Amity, Trade and Navigation without including and recognition of territory or legal rights.
1826 Louis Vernet, a naturalised citizen of Buenos Aires (originally French with German connections), undertook a private venture and established a new settlement at Puerto de la Soledad, having first informed the British Consul.
1829 Buenos Aires announced a claim to the Falkland Islands based on inheritance from Spain. Luis Vernet was appointed unpaid Commander of Soledad and Tierra del Fuego. Britain registered a formal protest, asserting her own sovereignty over the Falkland Islands.
Vernet made the first of several approaches to Britain then to re-assert its sovereignty over the Islands. Earlier he had got the British Consul in Buenos Aires to countersign his land grants.
1831 Vernet seized three American sealing ships, in an attempt to control fishing in Falkland waters. In retaliation, the US sloop ‘Lexington’ destroyed Puerto de la Soledad, and proclaimed the Islands ‘free of all government’. Most of the settlers were persuaded to leave on board the ‘Lexington’.
1832 Diplomatic relations between the US and Argentina broke down until 1844. Supporting Britain, the US questioned the claim that all Spanish possessions had been transferred to the Government of Buenos Aires and confirmed its use of the Falklands as a fishing base for over 50 years. The US declared that Spain had exercised no sovereignty over several coasts to which Buenos Aires claimed to be heir, including Patagonia.
Buenos Aires appointed an interim Commander to the Islands, Commander Mestivier, who arrived in October (with a tiny garrison and some convicts). Britain’s Minister protested once more.
December 20, Commander Onslow, aboard Clio, returned to Port Egmont and rebuilds the fort.
1833 Commander Mestivier had been murdered by his own men by the time Captain Onslow sailed from Port Egmont in the warship ‘Clio’ and took command of Port Louis for Britain. The remains of the garrison from Buenos Aires left peacefully.
Buenos Aires protested, only to be told: “The British Government upon this occasion has only exercised its full and undoubted right … The British Government at one time thought it inexpedient to maintain any Garrison in those Islands: It has now altered its views, and has deemed it proper to establish a Post there.”
Since this time, British administration has remained unbroken apart from a ten week Argentine occupation in 1982.
1845 Stanley officially became the capital of the Islands when Governor Moody moved the administration from Port Louis. The capital was so named after the Colonial Secretary of the day, Edward Geoffrey Smith Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby.
1914 Battle of the Falkland Islands, one of the major naval engagements of the First World War in which British victory secured the Cape Horn passage for the remainder of the war.
1947 The Falkland Islands are listed at the United Nations as a Non-Self Governing Territory (NSGT) subject to the UN’s decolonisation process.
1960 UN Resolution 1514 grants the right of Self-Determination to all peoples of NSGTs.
1965 United Nations Assembly passed Resolution 2065, following lobbying by Argentina. This reminded members of the organisation’s pledge to end all forms of colonialism. Argentine and British Governments were called upon to negotiate a peaceful solution to the sovereignty dispute, bringing the issue to international attention formally for the first time.
1966 Through diplomatic channels, Britain and Argentina began discussions in response to UN Assembly pressure.
1967 The Falkland Islands Emergency Committee was set up by influential supporters in the UK to lobby the British Government against any weakening on the sovereignty issue. In April, the Foreign Secretary assured the House of Commons that the Islanders’ interests were paramount in any discussions with Argentina.
1971 Communications Agreement was signed by the British and Argentine governments whereby external communications would be provided to the Falkland Islands by Argentina.
1982 On 2 April Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands and diplomatic relations between the two nations were broken off. Argentine troops occupied the Islands for ten weeks before being defeated by the British. The Argentines surrendered on 14 June, now known as Liberation Day.
1990 Diplomatic relations between Britain and Argentina were restored.
1999 At the instigation of, and with the involvement of, Falkland Islands Councillors, a Joint Statement was signed between the British and Argentine Governments on 14 July. This was designed ‘to build confidence and reduce tension’ between the Islands and Argentina. Two Councillors from the Islands witnessed the signing on behalf of the Falkland Islands Government.
2009 Following almost ten years of discussion and negotiation, a new Constitution for the Falkland Islands took effect on 1 January 2009. Marking an important milestone in the history of the Falkland Islands, the new Constitution provides enhanced local democracy and internal self-government, and enshrines the right of self-determination.
2013 Referendum held in March, overseen by international observers. Falkland Islanders voted to determine their future, 99.8% of the electorate voted YES to maintaining current political status as a British Overseas Territory.
To speak to a Falkland Islands Government representative in London, please call:
+44 (0)20 7222 2542
To speak to a Falkland Islands Government representative in Stanley, please call:
+500 27451
Follow us on Twitter! @FalklandsGov
Please get in touch by email by clicking on this link
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Which saint was the first British Christian martyr? | Argentina invades Falklands - Apr 02, 1982 - HISTORY.com
Argentina invades Falklands
Publisher
A+E Networks
On April 2, 1982, Argentina invades the Falklands Islands, a British colony since 1892 and British possession since 1833. Argentine amphibious forces rapidly overcame the small garrison of British marines at the town of Stanley on East Falkland and the next day seized the dependent territories of South Georgia and the South Sandwich group. The 1,800 Falkland Islanders, mostly English-speaking sheep farmers, awaited a British response.
The Falkland Islands, located about 300 miles off the southern tip of Argentina, had long been claimed by the British. British navigator John Davis may have sighted the islands in 1592, and in 1690 British Navy Captain John Strong made the first recorded landing on the islands. He named them after Viscount Falkland, who was the First Lord of the Admiralty at the time. In 1764, French navigator Louis-Antoine de Bougainville founded the islands’ first human settlement, on East Falkland, which was taken over by the Spanish in 1767. In 1765, the British settled West Falkland but left in 1774 for economic reasons. Spain abandoned its settlement in 1811.
In 1816 Argentina declared its independence from Spain and in 1820 proclaimed its sovereignty over the Falklands. The Argentines built a fort on East Falkland, but in 1832 it was destroyed by the USS Lexington in retaliation for the seizure of U.S. seal ships in the area. In 1833, a British force expelled the remaining Argentine officials and began a military occupation. In 1841, a British lieutenant governor was appointed, and by the 1880s a British community of some 1,800 people on the islands was self-supporting. In 1892, the wind-blown Falkland Islands were collectively granted colonial status.
For the next 90 years, life on the Falklands remained much unchanged, despite persistent diplomatic efforts by Argentina to regain control of the islands. In 1981, the Falkland Islanders voted in a referendum to remain British, and it seemed unlikely that the Falklands would ever revert to Argentine rule. Meanwhile, in Argentina, the military junta led by Lieutenant General Leopoldo Galtieri was suffering criticism for its oppressive rule and economic management, and planned the Falklands invasion as a means of promoting patriotic feeling and propping up its regime.
In March 1982, Argentine salvage workers occupied South Georgia Island, and a full-scale invasion of the Falklands began on April 2. Under orders from their commanders, the Argentine troops inflicted no British casualties, despite suffering losses to their own units. Nevertheless, Britain was outraged, and Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher assembled a naval task force of 30 warships to retake the islands. As Britain is 8,000 miles from the Falklands, it took several weeks for the British warships to arrive. On April 25, South Georgia Island was retaken, and after several intensive naval battles fought around the Falklands, British troops landed on East Falkland on May 21. After several weeks of fighting, the large Argentine garrison at Stanley surrendered on June 14, effectively ending the conflict.
Britain lost five ships and 256 lives in the fight to regain the Falklands, and Argentina lost its only cruiser and 750 lives. Humiliated in the Falklands War, the Argentine military was swept from power in 1983, and civilian rule was restored. In Britain, Margaret Thatcher’s popularity soared after the conflict, and her Conservative Party won a landslide victory in 1983 parliamentary elections.
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The plant ‘Amaranthus Caudatus’ is better known as Love-Lies-‘what’? | Amaranthus caudatus 'Love Lies Bleeding' Red Seeds
Description
Details
Amaranthus caudatus is the hanging or drooping amaranthus, the deep red variety also known as Love-Lies-Bleeding.
Well-grown plants are spectacular bushy half-hardy annuals with large, almost tropical leaves, over and through which the familiar tassels cascade to the ground. Each of these fascinating crimson or purple tassels is a colony of tightly packed, tiny flowers and lasts for many weeks on the plant.
Watering plants well in dry weather, feeding regularly and supporting the heavily laden stems if necessary, all help to produce the longest tassels. With neglect it will flower when only a very few inches high, but with generous treatment, specimens three or four feet or more with enormous drooping tassels of red flowers can be obtained.
This ever-popular annual is perhaps more versatile than you might imagine – good in the border, most effective as a cut flower in arrangements, a good pot-plant and, not often appreciated – if carefully dried, the colour of the spikes remains unchanged for a considerable time.
Sowing: Sow in late spring or early summer.
Amaranthus seeds can be either sown early indoors or directly where they are to flower. They are susceptible to frost so be sure to sow only after the last chance of frost has past and the soil has warmed a little.
Amaranthus prefers high light levels after germination and prefer a sunny situation. They will tolerate some shade but should receive sun half the day or more.
Sowing Indoors:
Seeds may be started indoors at around 21°C (70°F) 6 to 8 weeks before it is safe to plant outside, Sow into pots or trays filled with finely sifted compost. Lightly cover seed with soil, and make sure the seedlings have plenty of light and protection from cold. Germination is usually around 10 to 14 days.
Seedlings should be ready to transplant in three to four weeks depending on cell size. The plants grow quickly and each cell will need to be potted on fairly soon to prevent premature flowering. Transplant to 7cm (3in) pots containing sieved compost to grow on Transplant outdoors in late May or early June into moist, well-drained soil, 30 to 45cm (12 to 18in) apart.
Sowing Direct:
If sowing directly where they are to flower, prepare the ground well and rake to a fine tilth. If sowing more than one annual in the same bed, mark the sowing areas with a ring of sand and label. Ensure that any weeds are removed, especially during the early stages of growth. In cooler climates they will grow faster under a cloche or plastic tunnel.
Sow in early summer when soil temperatures are above 21°C (70°F). Sow thinly 1mm (¼ in) deep in rows 30cm (12”) apart. Thin out once they have reached 5cm (3in). The seedlings will appear in rows and can be easily told from nearby weed seedlings. Continue to thin the seedlings out so they are finally 30cm (12”) apart by early summer.
Cultivation:
Pinch out the centre stem to encourage side branching. Water regularly and fertilise with a water soluble balanced fertiliser. The plants are surprisingly stable for such an apparently top heavy plant, however if grown in an open, more exposed situation, a bit of support will help you to enjoy this plant right through until autumn.
At the end of the season leave a few plants to die down and self seed, others can be pulled up and composted.
Cut Flowers:
The botanical name of Love-Lies-Bleeding derives from Greek and means 'unfading flower'. This is an accurate description as the flowers are very long lasting cut flowers and they can be easily dried to extend the amount of time that you get to enjoy them.
For fresh flower arrangements, cut amaranths when three quarters of the flowers are open on the stem. They will last 7 to 10 days in a vase. If you want to dry them, harvest when the seed begin to set and the flowers are firm to the touch. Cut and hang upside down for at least 10 days preferably in a warm position. High heat during the drying process allows the flowers to better retain their colour.
Harvesting Seeds:
Amaranthus caudatus grows quickly from seed and well grown plants should produced tassels as long as your arm. By the end of summer the flowers will be full of seeds. Hold a container under the flowers and massage the flower heads to collect the seeds. The seeds will pour out providing you with more than you could possibly use. Store in a cool, dry place until you next require them.
Plant Uses:
Cottage/Informal Gardens or Flowers Borders and Beds. Container planting.
Culinary Uses:
Amaranthus leaves may be eaten as a salad vegetable. In Africa, it is usually cooked as a leafy vegetable. Some gardeners prune larger plants for their tender leaves and tips. Others prefer to time plantings two weeks apart and pull up the young tender plants to eat.
Origin:
Amaranthus is a broad genus of about 60 species of short-lived herbs that breed mostly in the temperate and tropical regions. It primarily serves as an annual ornamental, and its leaves and seeds are edible with nutritional properties. Members of the genus Amaranthus share many characteristics and uses with members of the closely related Celosia genus.
Nomenclature:
The genus name Amaranthus originally comes from the Greek word Auapavboc meaning "one that does not wither" or 'unfading'. The European translation comes from the word amaranton, Nicander’s name for the ‘everlasting’ flowers.
The original spelling is amarant; the more common spelling amaranth seems to have come from a folk etymology assuming that the final syllable derives from the Greek word anthos (meaning 'flower'), common in botanical names.
The species name caudatus comes from the Latin cauda'ta (caudatum) meaning 'with a tail', referring to the shape of the inflorescence.
Common names include: Drooping Amaranthus, Prince's Feather, Kiss-Me-Over-The-Garden-Gate, Purple Amaranth, Foxtail Amaranth, Tassel Amaranth, Tassel Flower, Teasel flower.
Additional Information
| Bleeding |
In zoology, what is an animal called which feeds on decomposing organic matter? | 1000+ images about Amaranthus caudatus. on Pinterest | Search, Spikes and Pony tails
Love-lies-bleeding. Amaranthus caudatus. Long red tassels in summer and fall are excellent fresh cut or dried. Leaves are edible and nutritious.
See More
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BS is the international car registration of which country? | Bahamas Country Code 1 242 Country Code BS
About Bahamas Hide
CountryCode.org is your complete guide to make a call from anywhere in the world, to anywhere in the world. This page details Bahamas phone code.
The Bahamas country code 1-242 will allow you to call Bahamas from another country. Bahamas telephone code 1-242 is dialed after the IDD. Bahamas international dialing 1-242 is followed by an area code.
The Bahamas area code table below shows the various city codes for Bahamas. Bahamas country codes are followed by these area codes. With the complete Bahamas dialing code, you can make your international call.
English (official), Creole (among Haitian immigrants)
Electricity
Type A North American/Japanese 2-blade
Type B American 3-pin
| The Bahamas |
Which golfer won the 1997 US Masters? | Bahamas Country Code 1 242 Country Code BS
About Bahamas Hide
CountryCode.org is your complete guide to make a call from anywhere in the world, to anywhere in the world. This page details Bahamas phone code.
The Bahamas country code 1-242 will allow you to call Bahamas from another country. Bahamas telephone code 1-242 is dialed after the IDD. Bahamas international dialing 1-242 is followed by an area code.
The Bahamas area code table below shows the various city codes for Bahamas. Bahamas country codes are followed by these area codes. With the complete Bahamas dialing code, you can make your international call.
English (official), Creole (among Haitian immigrants)
Electricity
Type A North American/Japanese 2-blade
Type B American 3-pin
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How many points is the ‘J’ tile worth in the game of Scrabble? | Scrabble FAQ: Answers to Your Scrabble Questions | Hasbro
(8 points)- J, X
(10 points)-Q, Z
I looked up a legitimate word using the SCRABBLE online dictionary and it wasn't there. Why not?
The SCRABBLE online dictionary offers only words found in the The Official Scrabble Players Dictionary, Fourth Edition which lists over 100,000 playable two- to eight-letter words. For a word to be included in The Official SCRABBLE Players Dictionary, it must be found in two of the five most popular American dictionaries.
Additionally, The Official Scrabble Players Dictionary lists shorter words and longer words are included as inflections of the shorter word. The SCRABBLE online dictionary is only able to search the shorter listings. For example, searching for FOCUS in our online dictionary will also turn up FOCUSED and FOCUSING, but searching for either of the longer words will turn up no results.
What are acceptable plays in SCRABBLE?
In SCRABBLE, it is acceptable to simply add one or more letters to a word, to either the front or back or to both the front and back.
If you want, you can add just an S to a word already on the board.
You may play at right angles to a word.
You may play parallel to a word as long as adjacent letters form words horizontally and vertically.
What is an unacceptable play in SCRABBLE?
You may not play tiles diagonally across the board in SCRABBLE.
Note: The tiles you play must be contained in one word or played in a straight line.
Can you extend a word in two directions simultaneously in one turn? For instance, ARM is on the board, and I'd like to extend it to CHARMED in one turn? Is that within the rules of SCRABBLE?
Yes, it is perfectly acceptable to extend in front of and/or at the end of a word in one turn, as long as all the letters are played in the same turn. So, in this case, since the C, H, E and D are all used to spell CHARMED, it's well within the rules of SCRABBLE to do so.
Can I exchange tiles whenever I want?
A player may exchange tiles (from one to seven) as long as there are at least seven tiles still in the bag. Decide which tiles you want to exchange first. Then remove them from your rack and place them facedown on the table. Only then may you draw your new tiles, place them on your rack, and replace the exchanged tiles back into the pool.
When playing Scrabble, how do I challenge a word played by another player? When can I challenge? What is the outcome if the challenge is incorrect?
Any play may be challenged before the next player starts a turn. If the play challenged is unacceptable, the challenged player takes back his/her tiles and loses that turn (and any score.) If the play challenged is acceptable, the challenger loses his/her next turn. All words (not just one) made in one play are challenged simultaneously. If any word is unacceptable, the entire play is unacceptable. Only one turn is lost on any challenge.
When do bonus squares increase the score of a play in SCRABBLE?
The bonus is only scored for the player who originally covers the bonus square, and only for the one turn. Subsequent turns that use a letter already covering a bonus square don’t score the bonus points. For example, suppose FAZE is placed with the Z on the Double Word Score square and scores a total of 32 pt. If someone later adds an S to form FAZES, the Double Word Score is NOT counted.
How do the remaining or unplayed tiles in SCRABBLE affect scoring?
When the game of SCRABBLE ends, each players' total is reduced by the sum of his or her unplayed letters. In addition, if a player used all letters, the sum of the other players' unplayed letters is added to that player's score.
Where can I find a copy of the Official Scrabble Tournament rules?
The Official SCRABBLE Tournament rules are available on the SCRABBLE Tournaments page .
How much time do players have to make a play during a SCRABBLE game at a club or tournament?
There are two commonly accepted methods for controlling the time of a SCRABBLE game. First, a three-minute hourglass may be used to time each play. After 54 minutes the game is over and both players now have one more play before totaling the final scores. Second, chess clocks are set up so that each person is given 25 minutes to complete all his/her turns. That way, a player may play quickly for easy plays and save up time in order to take five or more minutes for the difficult plays. If a player uses more than 25 minutes, then s/he is penalized 10 pt. every minute or fraction of a minute used more than the original 25.
Can I purchase a new set of tiles or other replacement parts for my SCRABBLE game?
SCRABBLE replacement parts order forms for both Standard SCRABBLE and SCRABBLE Deluxe Edition for U.S. customers can be found on the Hasbro Customer Care web page. Canadian customers may contact our offices in Canada at 450-670-9820 to discuss the availability and cost of replacement parts.
How can I purchase SCRABBLE replacement score pads in the United States and Canada?
SCRABBLE replacement score pads can be ordered through Hasbro Customer Care .
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Which film director’s epitaph reads ‘I’m in on a plot’? | Scrabble: Should letter values change? - BBC News
BBC News
Scrabble: Should letter values change?
By Laura Gray BBC News
15 January 2013
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The values of the letters in Scrabble were assigned according to the front page of a US newspaper in the 1930s. Is it time the scoring system was updated to reflect today's usage?
All Scrabble players know that Q and Z are the highest scoring tiles. You can get 10 points for each, in the English language version of the game.
But according to one American researcher, Z really only deserves six points.
And it's not just Z that's under fire. After 75 years of Scrabble, some argue that the current tile values are out of date as certain letters have become more common than they used to be.
"The dictionary of legal words in Scrabble has changed," says Joshua Lewis, researcher and creator of a software program which allocates new, up-to-date values to Scrabble tiles.
"Among the notable additions are all of these short words which make it easier to play Z, Q and X, so even though Q and Z are the highest value letters in Scrabble, they are now much easier to play."
Joshua Lewis's program is called Valett and it recalculates the letter valuations by looking at three things.
What is Scrabble?
Players make words on a board and earn points according to the value of the letters they use
They have seven letters each
Every word has to join a word already on the board
So to get rid of all your letters, you would usually need to think of an eight-letter word
The winner is the player with the most points when all the spare letters have been used and one player has no letters left
How to win at Scrabble
Firstly, there is the frequency of the letters in the English language. Secondly, the frequency by word length - how many times a letter appears in two, three, seven, and eight-letter words.
And finally, he looked at how easy it is to play the letter with other letters. For example, Q is a difficult letter to play so would warrant a higher score than S, which can be played with many more.
According to Lewis's system, X (worth eight points in the current game) is worth only five points and Z (worth 10 points now) is worth six points.
Other letter values change too, but less radically. For example, U (one point currently) is worth two in the new version, G (two points) becomes three and M (three points) becomes two.
Not all letters change under these proposals but those that do tend to have fallen in value. In explaining why his overall point distribution is lower, Lewis blames Q which, as he puts it, is an "outlier", much harder to play than other letters.
It is a game of luck and changing the tile values wouldn't achieve anything
Philip Nelkon, Mattel, Scrabble manufacturer
"You get this justified separation between Q at 10 and Z and J at six, and in general the non-Q letters are a bit more compressed in value."
He looked at increasing the value of Q to 12, but decided against putting too much power in a single tile.
Lewis is not the first to propose an updated version of Scrabble, says John Chew, co-president of the North American Scrabble Players Association. He says he hears from people once or twice a year saying that the tile values are incorrect.
In fact this has been happening ever since the game was invented in 1938 by the American architect Alfred Butts, who calculated a value for each tile by measuring how frequently each letter appeared on the front page of the New York Times.
Letter scores that would change
Source: Joshua Lewis
"Alfred Butts had a selection bias in favour of printed newspaper English which many people have suggested ought to be rectified," says Chew.
But is there a market for a revised version of Scrabble?
If the tile values changed there would be "catastrophic outrage", says Chew.
"Some people would just continue playing with the old tile distributions because people who've played the game often enough tend to remember that the Q is worth 10 points, the Z is worth 10 points and so on."
What's more, he says, seasoned Scrabble players know there is an important difference between the value written on a Scrabble tile and that tile's real value when played in a game, a notion he calls "equity value". So a blank tile or an S have an equity value that far outstrips their face value because they can easily earn a player so many points.
So could Scrabble tiles really be changed to adapt to our evolving vocabulary?
No, according to Mattel, the company which manufactures Scrabble in Europe.
"Mattel has no plans to change Scrabble tiles. It is not a game where fairness is paramount, it is a game of luck and changing the tile values wouldn't achieve anything," says Philip Nelkon, Scrabble's UK representative.
More or Less: Behind the stats
Listen to More or Less on BBC Radio 4 and the World Service, or download the free podcast
More stories from More or Less
Even Joshua Lewis, inventor of the new system believes the traditional valuations can make the game more exciting.
"You're really lucky if you pick an X because it's over-valued and unlucky if you pick a V. So if they were to re-do the values of the tiles that would reduce the level of luck.
"That might be desirable in tournaments but it might not be as good in casual play where you want the less skilled players to have a shot periodically at beating the more highly skilled players."
So those players who rely on good luck when playing Scrabble can breathe a sigh of relief.
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Vincent Crummles appears in which novel by Charles Dickens? | Nicholas Nickleby, by Charles Dickens : chapter23
Nicholas Nickleby, by Charles Dickens
Chapter 23
Treats of the Company of Mr Vincent Crummles, and of his Affairs, Domestic and Theatrical
As Mr Crummles had a strange four-legged animal in the inn stables, which he called a pony, and a vehicle of unknown design, on which he bestowed the appellation of a four-wheeled phaeton, Nicholas proceeded on his journey next morning with greater ease than he had expected: the manager and himself occupying the front seat: and the Master Crummleses and Smike being packed together behind, in company with a wicker basket defended from wet by a stout oilskin, in which were the broad-swords, pistols, pigtails, nautical costumes, and other professional necessaries of the aforesaid young gentlemen.
The pony took his time upon the road, and — possibly in consequence of his theatrical education — evinced, every now and then, a strong inclination to lie down. However, Mr Vincent Crummles kept him up pretty well, by jerking the rein, and plying the whip; and when these means failed, and the animal came to a stand, the elder Master Crummles got out and kicked him. By dint of these encouragements, he was persuaded to move from time to time, and they jogged on (as Mr Crummles truly observed) very comfortably for all parties.
‘He’s a good pony at bottom,’ said Mr Crummles, turning to Nicholas.
He might have been at bottom, but he certainly was not at top, seeing that his coat was of the roughest and most ill-favoured kind. So, Nicholas merely observed that he shouldn’t wonder if he was.
‘Many and many is the circuit this pony has gone,’ said Mr Crummles, flicking him skilfully on the eyelid for old acquaintance’ sake. ‘He is quite one of us. His mother was on the stage.’
‘Was she?’ rejoined Nicholas.
‘She ate apple-pie at a circus for upwards of fourteen years,’ said the manager; ‘fired pistols, and went to bed in a nightcap; and, in short, took the low comedy entirely. His father was a dancer.’
‘Was he at all distinguished?’
‘Not very,’ said the manager. ‘He was rather a low sort of pony. The fact is, he had been originally jobbed out by the day, and he never quite got over his old habits. He was clever in melodrama too, but too broad — too broad. When the mother died, he took the port-wine business.’
‘The port-wine business!’ cried Nicholas.
‘Drinking port-wine with the clown,’ said the manager; ‘but he was greedy, and one night bit off the bowl of the glass, and choked himself, so his vulgarity was the death of him at last.’
The descendant of this ill-starred animal requiring increased attention from Mr Crummles as he progressed in his day’s work, that gentleman had very little time for conversation. Nicholas was thus left at leisure to entertain himself with his own thoughts, until they arrived at the drawbridge at Portsmouth, when Mr Crummles pulled up.
‘We’ll get down here,’ said the manager, ‘and the boys will take him round to the stable, and call at my lodgings with the luggage. You had better let yours be taken there, for the present.’
Thanking Mr Vincent Crummles for his obliging offer, Nicholas jumped out, and, giving Smike his arm, accompanied the manager up High Street on their way to the theatre; feeling nervous and uncomfortable enough at the prospect of an immediate introduction to a scene so new to him.
They passed a great many bills, pasted against the walls and displayed in windows, wherein the names of Mr Vincent Crummles, Mrs Vincent Crummles, Master Crummles, Master P. Crummles, and Miss Crummles, were printed in very large letters, and everything else in very small ones; and, turning at length into an entry, in which was a strong smell of orange-peel and lamp-oil, with an under-current of sawdust, groped their way through a dark passage, and, descending a step or two, threaded a little maze of canvas screens and paint pots, and emerged upon the stage of the Portsmouth Theatre.
‘Here we are,’ said Mr Crummles.
It was not very light, but Nicholas found himself close to the first entrance on the prompt side, among bare walls, dusty scenes, mildewed clouds, heavily daubed draperies, and dirty floors. He looked about him; ceiling, pit, boxes, gallery, orchestra, fittings, and decorations of every kind — all looked coarse, cold, gloomy, and wretched.
‘Is this a theatre?’ whispered Smike, in amazement; ‘I thought it was a blaze of light and finery.’
‘Why, so it is,’ replied Nicholas, hardly less surprised; ‘but not by day, Smike — not by day.’
The manager’s voice recalled him from a more careful inspection of the building, to the opposite side of the proscenium, where, at a small mahogany table with rickety legs and of an oblong shape, sat a stout, portly female, apparently between forty and fifty, in a tarnished silk cloak, with her bonnet dangling by the strings in her hand, and her hair (of which she had a great quantity) braided in a large festoon over each temple.
‘Mr Johnson,’ said the manager (for Nicholas had given the name which Newman Noggs had bestowed upon him in his conversation with Mrs Kenwigs), ‘let me introduce Mrs Vincent Crummles.’
‘I am glad to see you, sir,’ said Mrs Vincent Crummles, in a sepulchral voice. ‘I am very glad to see you, and still more happy to hail you as a promising member of our corps.’
The lady shook Nicholas by the hand as she addressed him in these terms; he saw it was a large one, but had not expected quite such an iron grip as that with which she honoured him.
‘And this,’ said the lady, crossing to Smike, as tragic actresses cross when they obey a stage direction, ‘and this is the other. You too, are welcome, sir.’
‘He’ll do, I think, my dear?’ said the manager, taking a pinch of snuff.
‘He is admirable,’ replied the lady. ‘An acquisition indeed.’
As Mrs Vincent Crummles recrossed back to the table, there bounded on to the stage from some mysterious inlet, a little girl in a dirty white frock with tucks up to the knees, short trousers, sandaled shoes, white spencer, pink gauze bonnet, green veil and curl papers; who turned a pirouette, cut twice in the air, turned another pirouette, then, looking off at the opposite wing, shrieked, bounded forward to within six inches of the footlights, and fell into a beautiful attitude of terror, as a shabby gentleman in an old pair of buff slippers came in at one powerful slide, and chattering his teeth, fiercely brandished a walking-stick.
‘They are going through the Indian Savage and the Maiden,’ said Mrs Crummles.
‘Oh!’ said the manager, ‘the little ballet interlude. Very good, go on. A little this way, if you please, Mr Johnson. That’ll do. Now!’
The manager clapped his hands as a signal to proceed, and the savage, becoming ferocious, made a slide towards the maiden; but the maiden avoided him in six twirls, and came down, at the end of the last one, upon the very points of her toes. This seemed to make some impression upon the savage; for, after a little more ferocity and chasing of the maiden into corners, he began to relent, and stroked his face several times with his right thumb and four fingers, thereby intimating that he was struck with admiration of the maiden’s beauty. Acting upon the impulse of this passion, he (the savage) began to hit himself severe thumps in the chest, and to exhibit other indications of being desperately in love, which being rather a prosy proceeding, was very likely the cause of the maiden’s falling asleep; whether it was or no, asleep she did fall, sound as a church, on a sloping bank, and the savage perceiving it, leant his left ear on his left hand, and nodded sideways, to intimate to all whom it might concern that she WAS asleep, and no shamming. Being left to himself, the savage had a dance, all alone. Just as he left off, the maiden woke up, rubbed her eyes, got off the bank, and had a dance all alone too — such a dance that the savage looked on in ecstasy all the while, and when it was done, plucked from a neighbouring tree some botanical curiosity, resembling a small pickled cabbage, and offered it to the maiden, who at first wouldn’t have it, but on the savage shedding tears relented. Then the savage jumped for joy; then the maiden jumped for rapture at the sweet smell of the pickled cabbage. Then the savage and the maiden danced violently together, and, finally, the savage dropped down on one knee, and the maiden stood on one leg upon his other knee; thus concluding the ballet, and leaving the spectators in a state of pleasing uncertainty, whether she would ultimately marry the savage, or return to her friends.
‘Very well indeed,’ said Mr Crummles; ‘bravo!’
‘Bravo!’ cried Nicholas, resolved to make the best of everything. ‘Beautiful!’
‘This, sir,’ said Mr Vincent Crummles, bringing the maiden forward, ‘this is the infant phenomenon — Miss Ninetta Crummles.’
‘Your daughter?’ inquired Nicholas.
‘My daughter — my daughter,’ replied Mr Vincent Crummles; ‘the idol of every place we go into, sir. We have had complimentary letters about this girl, sir, from the nobility and gentry of almost every town in England.’
‘I am not surprised at that,’ said Nicholas; ‘she must be quite a natural genius.’
‘Quite a —!’ Mr Crummles stopped: language was not powerful enough to describe the infant phenomenon. ‘I’ll tell you what, sir,’ he said; ‘the talent of this child is not to be imagined. She must be seen, sir — seen — to be ever so faintly appreciated. There; go to your mother, my dear.’
‘May I ask how old she is?’ inquired Nicholas.
‘You may, sir,’ replied Mr Crummles, looking steadily in his questioner’s face, as some men do when they have doubts about being implicitly believed in what they are going to say. ‘She is ten years of age, sir.’
‘Not more!’
‘Not a day.’
‘Dear me!’ said Nicholas, ‘it’s extraordinary.’
It was; for the infant phenomenon, though of short stature, had a comparatively aged countenance, and had moreover been precisely the same age — not perhaps to the full extent of the memory of the oldest inhabitant, but certainly for five good years. But she had been kept up late every night, and put upon an unlimited allowance of gin-and-water from infancy, to prevent her growing tall, and perhaps this system of training had produced in the infant phenomenon these additional phenomena.
While this short dialogue was going on, the gentleman who had enacted the savage, came up, with his walking shoes on his feet, and his slippers in his hand, to within a few paces, as if desirous to join in the conversation. Deeming this a good opportunity, he put in his word.
‘Talent there, sir!’ said the savage, nodding towards Miss Crummles.
Nicholas assented.
‘Ah!’ said the actor, setting his teeth together, and drawing in his breath with a hissing sound, ‘she oughtn’t to be in the provinces, she oughtn’t.’
‘What do you mean?’ asked the manager.
‘I mean to say,’ replied the other, warmly, ‘that she is too good for country boards, and that she ought to be in one of the large houses in London, or nowhere; and I tell you more, without mincing the matter, that if it wasn’t for envy and jealousy in some quarter that you know of, she would be. Perhaps you’ll introduce me here, Mr Crummles.’
‘Mr Folair,’ said the manager, presenting him to Nicholas.
‘Happy to know you, sir.’ Mr Folair touched the brim of his hat with his forefinger, and then shook hands. ‘A recruit, sir, I understand?’
‘An unworthy one,’ replied Nicholas.
‘Did you ever see such a set-out as that?’ whispered the actor, drawing him away, as Crummles left them to speak to his wife.
‘As what?’
Mr Folair made a funny face from his pantomime collection, and pointed over his shoulder.
‘You don’t mean the infant phenomenon?’
‘Infant humbug, sir,’ replied Mr Folair. ‘There isn’t a female child of common sharpness in a charity school, that couldn’t do better than that. She may thank her stars she was born a manager’s daughter.’
‘You seem to take it to heart,’ observed Nicholas, with a smile.
‘Yes, by Jove, and well I may,’ said Mr Folair, drawing his arm through his, and walking him up and down the stage. ‘Isn’t it enough to make a man crusty to see that little sprawler put up in the best business every night, and actually keeping money out of the house, by being forced down the people’s throats, while other people are passed over? Isn’t it extraordinary to see a man’s confounded family conceit blinding him, even to his own interest? Why I KNOW of fifteen and sixpence that came to Southampton one night last month, to see me dance the Highland Fling; and what’s the consequence? I’ve never been put up in it since — never once — while the “infant phenomenon” has been grinning through artificial flowers at five people and a baby in the pit, and two boys in the gallery, every night.’
‘If I may judge from what I have seen of you,’ said Nicholas, ‘you must be a valuable member of the company.’
‘Oh!’ replied Mr Folair, beating his slippers together, to knock the dust out; ‘I CAN come it pretty well — nobody better, perhaps, in my own line — but having such business as one gets here, is like putting lead on one’s feet instead of chalk, and dancing in fetters without the credit of it. Holloa, old fellow, how are you?’
The gentleman addressed in these latter words was a dark– complexioned man, inclining indeed to sallow, with long thick black hair, and very evident inclinations (although he was close shaved) of a stiff beard, and whiskers of the same deep shade. His age did not appear to exceed thirty, though many at first sight would have considered him much older, as his face was long, and very pale, from the constant application of stage paint. He wore a checked shirt, an old green coat with new gilt buttons, a neckerchief of broad red and green stripes, and full blue trousers; he carried, too, a common ash walking-stick, apparently more for show than use, as he flourished it about, with the hooked end downwards, except when he raised it for a few seconds, and throwing himself into a fencing attitude, made a pass or two at the side-scenes, or at any other object, animate or inanimate, that chanced to afford him a pretty good mark at the moment.
‘Well, Tommy,’ said this gentleman, making a thrust at his friend, who parried it dexterously with his slipper, ‘what’s the news?’
‘A new appearance, that’s all,’ replied Mr Folair, looking at Nicholas.
‘Do the honours, Tommy, do the honours,’ said the other gentleman, tapping him reproachfully on the crown of the hat with his stick.
‘This is Mr Lenville, who does our first tragedy, Mr Johnson,’ said the pantomimist.
‘Except when old bricks and mortar takes it into his head to do it himself, you should add, Tommy,’ remarked Mr Lenville. ‘You know who bricks and mortar is, I suppose, sir?’
‘I do not, indeed,’ replied Nicholas.
‘We call Crummles that, because his style of acting is rather in the heavy and ponderous way,’ said Mr Lenville. ‘I mustn’t be cracking jokes though, for I’ve got a part of twelve lengths here, which I must be up in tomorrow night, and I haven’t had time to look at it yet; I’m a confounded quick study, that’s one comfort.’
Consoling himself with this reflection, Mr Lenville drew from his coat pocket a greasy and crumpled manuscript, and, having made another pass at his friend, proceeded to walk to and fro, conning it to himself and indulging occasionally in such appropriate action as his imagination and the text suggested.
A pretty general muster of the company had by this time taken place; for besides Mr Lenville and his friend Tommy, there were present, a slim young gentleman with weak eyes, who played the low-spirited lovers and sang tenor songs, and who had come arm-in-arm with the comic countryman — a man with a turned-up nose, large mouth, broad face, and staring eyes. Making himself very amiable to the infant phenomenon, was an inebriated elderly gentleman in the last depths of shabbiness, who played the calm and virtuous old men; and paying especial court to Mrs Crummles was another elderly gentleman, a shade more respectable, who played the irascible old men — those funny fellows who have nephews in the army and perpetually run about with thick sticks to compel them to marry heiresses. Besides these, there was a roving-looking person in a rough great-coat, who strode up and down in front of the lamps, flourishing a dress cane, and rattling away, in an undertone, with great vivacity for the amusement of an ideal audience. He was not quite so young as he had been, and his figure was rather running to seed; but there was an air of exaggerated gentility about him, which bespoke the hero of swaggering comedy. There was, also, a little group of three or four young men with lantern jaws and thick eyebrows, who were conversing in one corner; but they seemed to be of secondary importance, and laughed and talked together without attracting any attention.
The ladies were gathered in a little knot by themselves round the rickety table before mentioned. There was Miss Snevellicci — who could do anything, from a medley dance to Lady Macbeth, and also always played some part in blue silk knee-smalls at her benefit — glancing, from the depths of her coal-scuttle straw bonnet, at Nicholas, and affecting to be absorbed in the recital of a diverting story to her friend Miss Ledrook, who had brought her work, and was making up a ruff in the most natural manner possible. There was Miss Belvawney — who seldom aspired to speaking parts, and usually went on as a page in white silk hose, to stand with one leg bent, and contemplate the audience, or to go in and out after Mr Crummles in stately tragedy — twisting up the ringlets of the beautiful Miss Bravassa, who had once had her likeness taken ‘in character’ by an engraver’s apprentice, whereof impressions were hung up for sale in the pastry-cook’s window, and the greengrocer’s, and at the circulating library, and the box-office, whenever the announce bills came out for her annual night. There was Mrs Lenville, in a very limp bonnet and veil, decidedly in that way in which she would wish to be if she truly loved Mr Lenville; there was Miss Gazingi, with an imitation ermine boa tied in a loose knot round her neck, flogging Mr Crummles, junior, with both ends, in fun. Lastly, there was Mrs Grudden in a brown cloth pelisse and a beaver bonnet, who assisted Mrs Crummles in her domestic affairs, and took money at the doors, and dressed the ladies, and swept the house, and held the prompt book when everybody else was on for the last scene, and acted any kind of part on any emergency without ever learning it, and was put down in the bills under my name or names whatever, that occurred to Mr Crummles as looking well in print.
Mr Folair having obligingly confided these particulars to Nicholas, left him to mingle with his fellows; the work of personal introduction was completed by Mr Vincent Crummles, who publicly heralded the new actor as a prodigy of genius and learning.
‘I beg your pardon,’ said Miss Snevellicci, sidling towards Nicholas, ‘but did you ever play at Canterbury?’
‘I never did,’ replied Nicholas.
‘I recollect meeting a gentleman at Canterbury,’ said Miss Snevellicci, ‘only for a few moments, for I was leaving the company as he joined it, so like you that I felt almost certain it was the same.’
‘I see you now for the first time,’ rejoined Nicholas with all due gallantry. ‘I am sure I never saw you before; I couldn’t have forgotten it.’
‘Oh, I’m sure — it’s very flattering of you to say so,’ retorted Miss Snevellicci with a graceful bend. ‘Now I look at you again, I see that the gentleman at Canterbury hadn’t the same eyes as you — you’ll think me very foolish for taking notice of such things, won’t you?’
‘Not at all,’ said Nicholas. ‘How can I feel otherwise than flattered by your notice in any way?’
‘Oh! you men are such vain creatures!’ cried Miss Snevellicci. Whereupon, she became charmingly confused, and, pulling out her pocket-handkerchief from a faded pink silk reticule with a gilt clasp, called to Miss Ledrook —
‘Led, my dear,’ said Miss Snevellicci.
‘Well, what is the matter?’ said Miss Ledrook.
‘It’s not the same.’
‘Not the same what?’
‘Canterbury — you know what I mean. Come here! I want to speak to you.’
But Miss Ledrook wouldn’t come to Miss Snevellicci, so Miss Snevellicci was obliged to go to Miss Ledrook, which she did, in a skipping manner that was quite fascinating; and Miss Ledrook evidently joked Miss Snevellicci about being struck with Nicholas; for, after some playful whispering, Miss Snevellicci hit Miss Ledrook very hard on the backs of her hands, and retired up, in a state of pleasing confusion.
‘Ladies and gentlemen,’ said Mr Vincent Crummles, who had been writing on a piece of paper, ‘we’ll call the Mortal Struggle tomorrow at ten; everybody for the procession. Intrigue, and Ways and Means, you’re all up in, so we shall only want one rehearsal. Everybody at ten, if you please.’
‘Everybody at ten,’ repeated Mrs Grudden, looking about her.
‘On Monday morning we shall read a new piece,’ said Mr Crummles; ‘the name’s not known yet, but everybody will have a good part. Mr Johnson will take care of that.’
‘Hallo!’ said Nicholas, starting. ‘I—’
‘On Monday morning,’ repeated Mr Crummles, raising his voice, to drown the unfortunate Mr Johnson’s remonstrance; ‘that’ll do, ladies and gentlemen.’
The ladies and gentlemen required no second notice to quit; and, in a few minutes, the theatre was deserted, save by the Crummles family, Nicholas, and Smike.
‘Upon my word,’ said Nicholas, taking the manager aside, ‘I don’t think I can be ready by Monday.’
‘Pooh, pooh,’ replied Mr Crummles.
‘But really I can’t,’ returned Nicholas; ‘my invention is not accustomed to these demands, or possibly I might produce —’
‘Invention! what the devil’s that got to do with it!’ cried the manager hastily.
‘Everything, my dear sir.’
‘Nothing, my dear sir,’ retorted the manager, with evident impatience. ‘Do you understand French?’
‘Perfectly well.’
‘Very good,’ said the manager, opening the table drawer, and giving a roll of paper from it to Nicholas. ‘There! Just turn that into English, and put your name on the title-page. Damn me,’ said Mr Crummles, angrily, ‘if I haven’t often said that I wouldn’t have a man or woman in my company that wasn’t master of the language, so that they might learn it from the original, and play it in English, and save all this trouble and expense.’
Nicholas smiled and pocketed the play.
‘What are you going to do about your lodgings?’ said Mr Crummles.
Nicholas could not help thinking that, for the first week, it would be an uncommon convenience to have a turn-up bedstead in the pit, but he merely remarked that he had not turned his thoughts that way.
‘Come home with me then,’ said Mr Crummles, ‘and my boys shall go with you after dinner, and show you the most likely place.’
The offer was not to be refused; Nicholas and Mr Crummles gave Mrs Crummles an arm each, and walked up the street in stately array. Smike, the boys, and the phenomenon, went home by a shorter cut, and Mrs Grudden remained behind to take some cold Irish stew and a pint of porter in the box-office.
Mrs Crummles trod the pavement as if she were going to immediate execution with an animating consciousness of innocence, and that heroic fortitude which virtue alone inspires. Mr Crummles, on the other hand, assumed the look and gait of a hardened despot; but they both attracted some notice from many of the passers-by, and when they heard a whisper of ‘Mr and Mrs Crummles!’ or saw a little boy run back to stare them in the face, the severe expression of their countenances relaxed, for they felt it was popularity.
Mr Crummles lived in St Thomas’s Street, at the house of one Bulph, a pilot, who sported a boat-green door, with window-frames of the same colour, and had the little finger of a drowned man on his parlour mantelshelf, with other maritime and natural curiosities. He displayed also a brass knocker, a brass plate, and a brass bell-handle, all very bright and shining; and had a mast, with a vane on the top of it, in his back yard.
‘You are welcome,’ said Mrs Crummles, turning round to Nicholas when they reached the bow-windowed front room on the first floor.
Nicholas bowed his acknowledgments, and was unfeignedly glad to see the cloth laid.
‘We have but a shoulder of mutton with onion sauce,’ said Mrs Crummles, in the same charnel-house voice; ‘but such as our dinner is, we beg you to partake of it.’
‘You are very good,’ replied Nicholas, ‘I shall do it ample justice.’
‘Vincent,’ said Mrs Crummles, ‘what is the hour?’
‘Five minutes past dinner-time,’ said Mr Crummles.
Mrs Crummles rang the bell. ‘Let the mutton and onion sauce appear.’
The slave who attended upon Mr Bulph’s lodgers, disappeared, and after a short interval reappeared with the festive banquet. Nicholas and the infant phenomenon opposed each other at the pembroke-table, and Smike and the master Crummleses dined on the sofa bedstead.
‘Are they very theatrical people here?’ asked Nicholas.
‘No,’ replied Mr Crummles, shaking his head, ‘far from it — far from it.’
‘I pity them,’ observed Mrs Crummles.
‘So do I,’ said Nicholas; ‘if they have no relish for theatrical entertainments, properly conducted.’
‘Then they have none, sir,’ rejoined Mr Crummles. ‘To the infant’s benefit, last year, on which occasion she repeated three of her most popular characters, and also appeared in the Fairy Porcupine, as originally performed by her, there was a house of no more than four pound twelve.’
‘Is it possible?’ cried Nicholas.
‘And two pound of that was trust, pa,’ said the phenomenon.
‘And two pound of that was trust,’ repeated Mr Crummles. ‘Mrs Crummles herself has played to mere handfuls.’
‘But they are always a taking audience, Vincent,’ said the manager’s wife.
‘Most audiences are, when they have good acting — real good acting — the regular thing,’ replied Mr Crummles, forcibly.
‘Do you give lessons, ma’am?’ inquired Nicholas.
‘I do,’ said Mrs Crummles.
‘There is no teaching here, I suppose?’
‘There has been,’ said Mrs Crummles. ‘I have received pupils here. I imparted tuition to the daughter of a dealer in ships’ provision; but it afterwards appeared that she was insane when she first came to me. It was very extraordinary that she should come, under such circumstances.’
Not feeling quite so sure of that, Nicholas thought it best to hold his peace.
‘Let me see,’ said the manager cogitating after dinner. ‘Would you like some nice little part with the infant?’
‘You are very good,’ replied Nicholas hastily; ‘but I think perhaps it would be better if I had somebody of my own size at first, in case I should turn out awkward. I should feel more at home, perhaps.’
‘True,’ said the manager. ‘Perhaps you would. And you could play up to the infant, in time, you know.’
‘Certainly,’ replied Nicholas: devoutly hoping that it would be a very long time before he was honoured with this distinction.
‘Then I’ll tell you what we’ll do,’ said Mr Crummles. ‘You shall study Romeo when you’ve done that piece — don’t forget to throw the pump and tubs in by-the-bye — Juliet Miss Snevellicci, old Grudden the nurse. — Yes, that’ll do very well. Rover too; — you might get up Rover while you were about it, and Cassio, and Jeremy Diddler. You can easily knock them off; one part helps the other so much. Here they are, cues and all.’
With these hasty general directions Mr Crummles thrust a number of little books into the faltering hands of Nicholas, and bidding his eldest son go with him and show where lodgings were to be had, shook him by the hand, and wished him good night.
There is no lack of comfortable furnished apartments in Portsmouth, and no difficulty in finding some that are proportionate to very slender finances; but the former were too good, and the latter too bad, and they went into so many houses, and came out unsuited, that Nicholas seriously began to think he should be obliged to ask permission to spend the night in the theatre, after all.
Eventually, however, they stumbled upon two small rooms up three pair of stairs, or rather two pair and a ladder, at a tobacconist’s shop, on the Common Hard: a dirty street leading down to the dockyard. These Nicholas engaged, only too happy to have escaped any request for payment of a week’s rent beforehand.
‘There! Lay down our personal property, Smike,’ he said, after showing young Crummles downstairs. ‘We have fallen upon strange times, and Heaven only knows the end of them; but I am tired with the events of these three days, and will postpone reflection till tomorrow — if I can.’
| Nicholas Nickleby |
A quincentenary is an anniversary of how many years? | David Perdue's Charles Dickens Page - Dickens and the Theatre - Three Actors - Herb Moskovitz
Reprinted with kind permission of the author
A Boy's Love of Theatre
John Dickens loved the theatre. He introduced his children to the wonders of the stage when they were very young. In the years the children were growing up, live theatre could be seen all over England. Probably the first live performance John's son, Charles, saw was a pantomime.
Young Charles saw the great clown Grimaldi when he was about eight years old.
In Rochester, he and his family would see shows at the Theatre Royal. He saw Shakespeare's Richard III and reported that the witches in Macbeth made his heart "leap with terror." Comedies by Goldsmith "brought tears of laughter to his eyes." Goldsmith and Shakespeare remained his favorite playwrights when he was an adult.
These theatres weren’t very good. They were small, dark and dirty, but they brought the magic of theatre into his life forever.
Young Charles had an expressive mobile face and he quickly learned that he could please his family and his father's friends by entertaining them. He would happily perform songs while standing on a chair or table, eager to hear the applause it would bring. He grew up loving the sound of applause.
At home, young Charles would put on a variety of theatrical ventures in the living room: pantomimes, comedies, melodramas, magic-lantern shows, and charades. Charles was an actor, producer, director and a playwright.
He would sing songs such as "The Cat's Meat Man" a comic song that was part of his repertoire for years.
Charles also participated in school theatricals; in such favorites as the melodrama, The Miller and His Men.
One of his relatives made him a toy theatre. This toy would have allowed him to develop a talent of portraying many characters in the same scene.
And here we see toy theatre characters ... from The Miller and his Men.
He later wrote about toy theatres in his story, A Christmas Tree.
As he grew up he developed his talents for acting and mimicry. At Wellington House Academy he entertained his fellow clerks, as one of them reported, with imitations of "the low population of the streets of London in all their varieties" and "the popular singers…whether comic or patriotic…He could give us Shakespeare by the ten minutes, and imitate all the leading actors of that time."
In March of 1832, when he was twenty, he recognized his own talents and wrote to George Bartley, the manager of the Covent Garden Theatre, requesting an audition. He gave his age and "exactly what I thought I could do; and that I believed I had a strong perception of character and oddity, and a natural power of reproducing in my own person what I observed in others." Bartley set an appointment for April, and young Charles practiced his repertoire of songs and comic skits. But on the appointed day, he had "a terrible bad cold and an inflammation of the face."
He never again attempted a professional actor's life, but contented himself by becoming a voracious theatergoer.
When he was an office boy at Ellis and Blackmore’s he loved to go to the theatre. Much of it was second rate theatre but he wouldn’t have cared at the time.
But he knew enough to admire good acting. When he was a shorthand writer at Doctors' Commons he went to the theatre nearly every night for at least three years. To quote Dickens, "going to where there was the best acting: and always to see Mathews, whenever he played."
Charles Mathews the Elder
Charles Mathews the Elder was one of Dickens' favorite actors in his youth. Mathews gave solo performances in what he called "At Homes." He would start with a comic lecture; deliver varied monologues as different characters, and sing comic songs throughout the evening. For his finale he presented what he called a "monopolylogue", which was a one-act play in which, by using quick costume changes and exits and entrances, Mathews would play the entire cast of five or six parts. We will see how Dickens borrowed what he saw Mathews do, when he did his own amateur theatricals and public readings.
19th Century Theatre
Now, to understand where Charles Dickens fit into the 19th Century theatrical world and vice versa, we will need to take a quick look at British Theatre during the early part of Victoria's reign. As you have seen by reading Nicholas Nickleby, that theatrical world had very little resemblance to our own - it was a "whirl of entertainments." Because of a rather stupid 1737 law called the Theatre Regulation Act, only two theatres were allowed to perform serious drama - The Covent Garden and the Drury Lane. They did what was called "Legitimate Theatre." This was the theatrical world of the most celebrated British actor of his day, William Charles Macready.
All of the other theatres could not put on plays that relied on spoken dialogue. So the lesser theatres developed alternate entertainments combining music, dance, scenic splendor, pageantry, costuming, acrobatics and equine performances. And they could put them all on in a single long evening.
Actors would put on a show with pantomime or they would be grouped in tableaux. In a tableaux, the actors would stand like waxworks, reproducing on the stage with accurate scenery and costumes, favorite paintings or even Dickens novels...imitating a series of Phiz's illustrations to tell the story.
Melodrama was acceptable for the minor illegitimate theatres, since tragedy could only be done by the legitimate. But the dialogue would be a hodgepodge of verse, prose and blank verse. The theatres themselves were usually small and smoky from the flaring limelights. (The limelights also made the theatres dangerous fire hazards)
Audiences were rowdy and would throw orange peels at the stage if the acting displeased them. They would also throw pennies…which were quite larger than our own…they would throw pennies at the actors…but with the intention of injuring them, not rewarding them.
This was the theatrical world of Vincent Crummles.
Influence of theatre in Dickens work
Dickens used what he knew of the theatre in much of his works. He wrote several Sketches by Boz that have interesting descriptions of the Victorian theatres that he knew.
There is an extended section on "Astley’s" and another one on "Private Theatres," that offer an interesting view of the theatre of Dickens's youth. One could actually buy a part in a production. The sketch, "Private Theatres" starts out with a price list of parts that could be purchased in Richard III. The larger roles had a higher price: "Richard the Third. - Duke of Glo'ster 2ls.; Earl of Richmond, 1l; Duke of Buckingham, 15s.; Catesby, 12s." And so forth.
Astley’s Amphitheatre, which was a rather remarkable combination of theatre and circus, was talked about at length in the Sketches. Dickens revisits Astley's in his novels when Mr. George goes there in Bleak House and Kit Nubbles and his family attend in Old Curiosity Shop.
Also in Sketches by Boz, Dickens has a hilarious description of amateur theatricals in the sketch, "Mrs. Joseph Porter." One of the audience members knows his Shakespeare better than the actors, and has no problem with telling them their mistakes as the show progresses.
Dickens would draw upon the theatre for characters in his novels and stories as well. His first novel, The Pickwick Papers, introduces us to
Alfred Jingle, an itinerant actor who continually embarrasses Pickwick and friends.
Mr. Wopsle performs in amateur plays in Great Expectations and other writings bring us an assortment of actors,
Punch and Judy men,
and circus performers. But the most theatrical of all of Dickens's work is Nicholas Nickleby.
Mr. Crummles and his troupe of actors are among the most memorable characters introduced in the novel. The novel itself reads like a melodramatic stage play, and indeed is very suitable to being adapted as a play;
as proven by the Royal Shakespeare Company.
The novel was dedicated to the most illustrious actor of Dickens’s time: William Charles Macready.
William Charles Macready
William Charles Macready was the most eminent tragedian of the early nineteenth century after the great romantic actor Edmund Kean died in 1833. Macready was a widely read and cultivated man, but actors of the period were looked down upon, and he loathed his own profession.
He sought to raise the professional style of acting and carefully thought out every action he would take on the stage. He was attempting to uphold the standards of fine drama in a period of decline, and in fact, he pointed the way toward the drawing-room realism of the 19th century.
Macready felt (and Dickens agreed with and defended him) that an actor had a right to challenge an audience's preconceptions.
Because the cultivation of theatrical art was uppermost in his mind, his rehearsal practice was extensive. But nineteenth century actors considered rehearsals a waste of time.
Actress Fanny Kemble recalled, "He was unpopular in the profession, his temper was irritable and his want of consideration of the persons working with him strange in a man of so many fine qualities. His artistic vanity and selfishness were unworthy of a gentleman, and rendered him an object of both dislike and dread to those who were compelled to encounter them."
Macready’s greatest success on stage was as Macbeth, but even here other actors shunned him. But with good reason. He would get so wrapped up in his character that it was actually physically dangerous to duel opposite him. His Macbeth may really have been trying to kill Macduff.
If an actor bumped into him onstage, Macready would let out a torrent of oaths. Once when he was lying on stage playing a dead character, another actor accidentally stepped on his hand. The corpse sat up, said, "Beast! Beast of Hell!" then realized where he was and promptly dropped dead again.
Dickens's lifelong friend, John Forster introduced Macready to Dickens on June 16, 1837, and they became close friends very quickly. Within days of being introduced, they were frequently walking, dining and consulting together.
Dickens told Macready that, as "a mere boy, I was one of your faithful and devoted adherents in the pit," becoming 'more earnest' in his study as he grew older. He wrote enthusiastically about many of Macready's performances, including his 'fresh, distinct, vigorous and enjoyable' Benedick in Much Ado About Nothing.
When Macready was devastated by the loss of his three-year-old daughter in 1840 he noted in his diary, "Received a dear and most affectionate note from Dickens which comforted me as much as I can be comforted."
A few months after that, Macready wrote to Dickens and pleaded with him to spare Little Nell's life. Although Dickens still killed Little Nell off, he enclosed a personal note to Macready along with his copy of Master Humphrey's Clock that contained the death of Nell.
In 1841, Macready may have performed his most critical act of friendship to Dickens. He patched up a serious quarrel between Dickens and Forster. After an escalating argument Dickens ordered Forster out of his house. Macready "spoke to both of them and observed that for an angry instant they were about to destroy a friendship valuable to them both."
When Dickens and his wife, Catherine toured the United States in 1842, it was Macready who watched over the Dickens children. Though it has been reported that the children really didn’t care for the chilly severity of the Macready household.
In 1842 Macready wrote in his diary, that Dickens was "a friend who really loves me." Dickens quarreled with all of his friends but not once, it seems, did he quarrel with Macready. Yet, as we have seen, Macready was a morose egotist with a violent temper. In an ode, Tennyson called him "moral, grave, sublime."
Macready always attended the celebratory dinners that marked the completion of Dickens' novels and he was deeply moved by the high compliment when Dickens dedicated Nicholas Nickleby to him. It may have been more fitting if Dickens had a great actor in the novel instead of Vincent Crummles...but we will let that pass.
Macready was a manager of the Covent Garden Theatre in 1837 to 1839, and it was hoped that he would halt what was perceived as a decline in dramatic art. He mounted new works by contemporary playwrights and staged thirteen major revivals of Shakespeare.
Dickens was a tireless artistic advisor to Macready during this period. Although Macready was most noted for his portrayal of Macbeth it was his production of King Lear that most influenced Dickens' writing. It was Macready's conception of King Lear (in what we would perceive as being more melodramatic than tragic) that helped Dickens in his portrayal of Little Nell and her grandfather in The Old Curiosity Shop.
In 1849, Macready was a central figure in a tragic event that illustrates how important theatre was to 19th century audiences. He was appearing as Macbeth at New York’s Astor Place Opera House.
The famous Philadelphian actor, Edwin Forrest, who had a dislike of Macready, mounted a competing production at the Broadway Theatre. Forrest attracted a following of mostly middle class Americans, who thought he championed American values. The upper class members of New York Society were supporting Macready. The animosity between the fans of the two actors would be akin to rival football team fanatics today.
On May 7th the Astor Place Opera House was full of Forrest supporters who ruined Macready's performance by throwing fruits and pennies onto the stage. Things escalated. On May 10, 1849, a crowd of about 10,000 to 15,000 gathered outside the Astor Place Opera House and a few members of the crowd threw paving stones and brickbats through the windows, injuring members of the audience. The police arrived, but when they proved to be ineffective, the state militia was called in. When the crowd attacked the front doors of the theatre, the militia formed a barricade in front of the doors. The mob continued to attack.
A volley of bullets was fired over the head of crowd. They continued the assault. The militia fired into the crowd. Twenty-two people were killed.
Newspapers observed that twice as many Americans had lost their lives in the Astor Place Riot as at the Battle of New Orleans; five times more than died in the Boston Massacre. It was the first time that American troops had ever fired on Americans. New York City, and the nation, were torn apart.
A number of years ago, the Philadelphia Inquirer listed some of the worst moments of the last millennium. The Astor Place Riots made the list.
The friendship lasted until Dickens's death in 1870. At Christmas of 1869 Dickens wrote to Macready, "It needs not Christmas time to bring the thought of you and of our loving and close friendship round to my heart, for it is always there."
Dickens as Playwright
Did you know that Dickens was also a playwright? His first attempt was at age 9 when he wrote Misnar, The Sultan Of India, based on Tales of the Genii.
In 1833 he wrote an operatic Shakespearean satire of Othello which was performed by members of his family.
Dickens loved Shakespeare and there are hundreds of references to the Bard's works in all of his novels, stories, and letters.
A farce, The Strange Gentleman, was the first Dickens play to be produced on the public stage. It was an afterpiece at the St. James Theatre for an entire season and was published by Chapman and Hall.
Three years later, he wrote The Village Coquettes, which he claimed would be "the first time that a drama has been united to music, or poetry to songs." However the public didn't like it and it closed with only 16 public performances.
In fact after he became famous, Dickens didn't like it and he wouldn't allow anyone to produce it and if he found a copy of the script he would destroy it.
In 1837, the night Mary Hogarth died, she had attended a farce that Dickens had written. As was typical of the period, there was a short curtain raiser, the main piece and a concluding farce. An evening at the theatre was literally for the entire evening.
One year later, in 1838, Dickens agreed to prepare a little play for Macready, then the manager of Drury Lane Theatre. It was called The Lamplighter, and when completed the author read aloud the "unfortunate little farce" (as he subsequently termed it) in the greenroom of the theatre. Although the play went through rehearsal, it was never presented before an audience, for the actors would not agree about it, and, at Macready's suggestion, Dickens consented to withdraw it, declaring that he had 'no other feeling of disappointment connected with this matter' but that which arose from the failure in attempting to serve his friend.
He had three plays produced and performed before he came to realize he was better as an author of novels.
Although many of his plays survive, they aren't very good and have fallen into obscurity.
But the characters created in his novels certainly did not. And he paints his theatrical characters with loving care and a familiarity that could only have been drawn from his own knowledge of the profession.
Vincent Crummles
Vincent Crummles, the head of the theatrical company in Nicholas Nickleby is referred to by his company as "old bricks and mortar" "because his acting is rather in the heavy and ponderous way."
Crummles is a composite of many actors that Dickens knew…a man dedicated to his profession, with an encyclopedic knowledge of the stage, but with a few human flaws so that he not a romanticized character. His acting company see his flaws but they stay with him since he is the benevolent head of their family.
Perhaps his most serious flaw is his excessive devotion to his daughter, the Infant Phenomenon. One actor-manager, Thomas Donald Davenport is thought to be a likely prototype for Crummles. His daughter, Jean Margaret Davenport, is a likely candidate for the model of the Infant Phenomenon.
The term "Infant Phenomenon" was used widely in the early 19th century to describe child performers. Dickens would no doubt have seen many of them during his days of seeing every show he could. Dickens may have seen Miss Davenport's debut at the Richmond Theatre in 1836. She was performing in Portsmouth (where Nicholas is with the Crummles troupe) shortly before Dickens wrote the chapters introducing the Crummles in Nicholas Nickleby.
Another theatrical character whom Dickens satirized in Nicholas Nickleby is the unscrupulous playwright who stole ideas from Dickens's own novels for theatrical presentation...often before the novel was completed. (This would be a normal occurrence for Dickens stories.) Of course, the playwright would have to guess what ending Dickens intended, and was usually wrong.
Nicholas Nickleby was published between April 1838 and October 1839, yet before 1838 ended, playwrights such as Edward Stirling, wrote and produced plays based on the novel. Not knowing what Dickens intended for his characters, the plays had Ralph trying desperately to kill Smike, or Smike inherits a fortune and lives happily ever after.
Not understanding Dickens's talents of creating believable characters, the evil characters in these plays were nothing but evil, and the good characters were impossibly good. Nicholas in the plays was impossibly sweet.
As a response Dickens created
"Mr. Snittle Timberry...(who) was a literary gentleman…who had dramatised in his time two hundred and forty-seven novels as fast as they had come out - some of them faster than they had come out-"
Other dramatizations of his novels were done with Dickens's blessings. And, of course, many new theatrical and cinematic versions continue to be produced today.
Dickens as Actor-Manager
Acting
There is no documentation about young Dickens appearing on stage but as his own sketch about "Private Theatres" tells us, members of the public could pay to be on stage in the small private theatres of his youth. It is highly likely that he did this.
The first performance by Dickens, of which we have any knowledge, was in an amateur theatrical in Montreal in 1842. After that, he became heavily involved in more amateur theatricals. As he had in the past with his family, he now organized his friends, and once again took complete control. Dickens would act as the director, assigning parts and organizing the rehearsals; write the prologues, and supervise the scenery, costumes and lighting.
Above we see Dickens at age 35 in a role in a play, "Used Up" cowritten by Charles Mathews.
Macready coached Dickens in his amateur theatricals. He considered Dickens a worthy actor. In fact, though he was contemptuous of non-professional acting he said that Dickens was one of only two amateurs with any pretension to theatrical talent.
Directing
Dickens came close to emulating his professional friend when he put on his amateur theatricals. But he managed to keep his company’s respect and, no doubt, love.
Dickens wrote to Forster, "Everybody was told they would have to submit to the most iron despotism, and didn’t I come Macready over them? Oh no. By no means. Certainly not. The pains I have taken with them, and the perspiration I have expended, during the last ten days, exceed in amount anything you can imagine. I had regular plots of the scenery made out, and lists of the properties wanted; and had them nailed up by the prompter’s chair. Every letter that was to be delivered, was written, every piece of money that had to be given, provided; and not a single thing lost sight of. I prompted, myself, when I was not on...The bedroom scene in the interlude was well furnished … with a ‘practicable’ fireplace blazing away like mad, and everything in a con-cat-e-nation accordingly."
Queen Victoria herself saw Dickens perform six different characters in a charity performance of a farce he had written, "Mr. Nightingale’s Diary." It was reported that he was "hilariously credible whether camouflaged as a crusty naval officer, a whining hypochondriac, an old peasant woman or whoever."
Dickens played Captain Bobadil in Ben Jonson's Every Man in His Humour to great acclaim in 1847. One reviewer wrote, "Dickens was glorious. He literally floated in brag-ga-do-ci-o. His air of supreme conceit and frothy pomp in the earlier scenes came out with prodigious force in contrast with the subsequent humiliation which I never saw so thoroughly expressed before. It was a capital conception and acted to its height."
The poet Leigh Hunt said of Dickens’s performance as Bobadil, that it had "a spirit of intelligent apprehension beyond everything the existing stage has known." John Forster noted that Dickens flung himself into that and every other role with the same "passionate fullness" he brought to his writing. Forster went on to say that Dickens continued behaving like Ben Jonson's swaggering loudmouth even when he was off the stage and out of his costume. Shades of Daniel Day Lewis.
Poets, playwrights, famous actors...all lauded Dickens’s acting, but my favorite recorded compliment was from the master carpenter at one amateur production: "Ah, sir, it’s a universal observation in the profession, sir, that it was a great loss to the public when you took to writing books."
A role in Wilkie Collins's play The Frozen Deep led to two major events in Dickens's life.
Dickens played a man who gave up his own life so that the woman he loved could find true happiness – with another man – the man she loved. This plot twist gave Dickens the idea for his next book, A Tale of Two Cities.
The second important event was that Dickens fell in love with a young actress in the cast. Ellen Ternan, became "the invisible woman," in his life. Their love affair was the subject of a 2013 movie directed by Ralph Fiennes.
His amateur theatrical acting led eventually to Dickens' professional acting career – the public readings.
Public Readings
Dickens supported many charities, and in 1853 was asked to give public readings of A Christmas Carol and Cricket on the Hearth on behalf of the Working Men's Institute.
On December 30, 1853 he read at the Birmingham Town Hall. He had ordered the tickets to be priced low so that poor people could afford them. Over 2,000 "working people" gave him a standing ovation when he appeared. He said, "My good friends..."
They stood and applauded again. "I have always wished to have the great pleasure of meeting face to face at this Christmastime."
The readings went very well and for the next few years he would frequently read selections from his novels to an audience for the benefit of various charities. With a large family to support, and the purchase of Gad’s Hill Place to consider, he came up with a groundbreaking idea.
Dickens was the first author to go on the public stage reading his works for money. Even the idea of a public appearance as a marketing strategy was unknown at the time. After one of the first readings, the London Illustrated Times said, "Mr. Dickens has invented a new medium for amusing an English audience, and merits the gratitude of an intelligent public."
In 1858 he started a reading tour that took him all over England, as well as Scotland and Ireland.
But Dickens didn’t merely read from his works. He acted them!
With his considerable talent and acting experience he was a smashing success. Borrowing what he had seen of Charles Mathews the Elder, he was able to create theatrical scenes with many characters, but with himself as the only one actor.
He was a born actor. Contemporary accounts emphasize his expressive eyes and his gift for gesture. "He rubs and pats his hands," reported one observer, "he flourishes all his fingers, he shakes them, he points them, he makes them equal to a whole stage company in the performance of the parts."
Thomas Carlyle, after seeing Dickens in a performance in 1863 said, "Charley, you carry a whole company of actors under your hat."
His intense concentration in acting gave him a strong, almost a hypnotic power over his audiences when he gave public readings from his works.
What were these evenings like? By all accounts the readings were something to behold. Let us look at some comments by some of his contemporaries who were fortunate enough to see him. Mark Twain writes...
"Mr. Dickens read scenes from his printed books. From my distance he was a small and slender figure, rather fancifully dressed, and striking and picturesque in appearance. He wore a black velvet coat with a large and glaring red flower in the buttonhole. He stood under a red upholstered shed behind whose slant was a row of strong lights -- just such an arrangement as artists use to concentrate a strong light upon a great picture. Dickens's audience sat in a pleasant twilight, while he performed in the powerful light cast upon him from the concealed lamps. He read with great force and animation, in the lively passages, and with stirring effect. It will be understood that he did not merely read but also acted. His reading of the storm scene in which Steerforth lost his life was so vivid and so full of energetic action that his house was carried off its feet, so to speak."
An other report tells us that "All his acting talents were brilliantly employed as he alone, in evening dress, standing at a reading table, peopled the stage with different characters, different voices, different mannerisms. His fingers drummed on the desk as he described dancers at a ball; his face contracted into the mean, pinched sneer of Scrooge, and expanded again into the complacent beaming moon of a London alderman; his voice wheezed the ginny snuffle of Mrs. Gamp or rose to a convincing falsetto for little Paul Dombey."
Dickens came to the United States in 1868 for a reading tour. He gave 82 readings in the states and earned 20,000 pounds.
Between December 9, 1867 and April 20, 1868, he gave 22 readings at New York City's first Steinway Hall at 71 East 14th and four readings between January 16, 1868 and January 21 at Plymouth Church in Brooklyn.
In January and February he appeared in Philadelphia at The Concert Hall at 1217 Chestnut Street. This building was fifty feet wide, had a stone block facing and three high arched windows in the front.
Tickets were $2 each. Philadelphia acted much the same way that it acts today when tickets for an important rock concert go on sale. The night before the tickets were to be sold, 50 people were camped out on the sidewalk in the 18-degree cold, securely established with mattresses, blankets and whisky.
The first six readings were sold out in four hours. Hundreds of people were disappointed and scalpers, who managed to get their hands on tickets, resold them at exorbitant prices. The Concert Hall could only hold 1,400. (I wonder why they didn’t use the Academy of Music, which has twice as many (2,897) seats.)
During all his Philadelphia readings Dickens had what he called an "intolerable cold." But his audiences did not suspect anything was amiss. Indeed, The Evening Bulletin of February 14 noted that "Mr. Dickens was evidently in the best of humors." Little did they know that Dickens worked his pulse up to 124 most nights, so intense were his readings.
The stage setting was simple and had been designed by Dickens himself. A maroon screen ran along the back extending to the wings. A carpet was on the floor to assist with the acoustics. Above Dickens's head was a row of gas jets which illuminated him and his books, but which were screened so that they threw no glare into the audience's eyes.
A reading desk, about two feet by three feet and three feet high held his books, a pitcher of water and a glass.
Illuminated by the bright lights, framed and thrown into relief by the dark backdrop, and obstructed little by the table and its appointments, he could register on the audience every movement in all his body. The Inquirer of January 14 called the arrangement, "a model of convenience and a gem of invention."
At 8:00 sharp, Dickens would walk onto the stage, without any announcement. He carried the books quickly to his reading desk, put the books down, bowed, smiled and waited for the applause to stop. It was a long wait. He wanted to begin, but the normally reserved Philadelphians lauded him with cheer after cheer and roar after roar. When at last the audience had shown their approval, he would pick up a book, open it, look at the audience and say, "Ladies and gentlemen, I am happy to have the honor of reading to you tonight," name the work and begin reading.
The books were printed copies of his own works, adapted with pen and pencil markings and heavily annotated. This is his reading copy of A Christmas Carol, now in the New York Public Library.
And a copy of Martin Chuzzlewit.
The audiences, expecting a lengthy introduction, overtures and pomp and flourishes were at first taken aback, but very quickly Dickens vanished from the stage and his characters took his place. One moment he would be gruff old Scrooge, and the next he would be timid Bob Cratchit, then hearty, good-natured Fred. His years of theatrical training, from the toy theatre of his childhood, through the amateur theatricals, were paying off.
Most expressive were his eyes and his hands. Especially his eyes. The Press of January 24 admired "his eyes, wonderful eyes they are," that – as the story and the character demand-droop, gleam, shine, blaze, and glare. Performing mostly from memory, Dickens seldom referred to his text and his eloquent eyes were continually on the audience.
When reading A Christmas Carol, he used his hands and his eyes to describe the dancing at Fezziwig’s ball, and put his whole self into the mashing of the potatoes, the sweetening of the apple sauce, and the dusting of the plates-as if he were there and taking part.
The Evening Telegraph reported that when Buzfuz cried, "Call Sam Weller" that Dickens had to stop "for some minutes, so deafening was the welcome."
For his reading from Nicholas Nickleby, Dickens did not enlist that worthy actor, Vincent Crummles, but instead chose the high-spirited encounter with John Browdie, the pathos of Smike and the scene that ended with Nicholas thrashing Squeers, with, as one reviewer commented, "startling reality."
At the end of the evening, Dickens did not take a curtain call.
In the summer of 1868, Dickens's son, Charley, was in the library at Gad’s Hill when he heard what sounded like a tramp beating his wife outside. Charley rushed outside to save the poor woman from her husband, only to find his father creating a reading of the murder of Nancy by Bill Sikes. Dickens was crying out in the woman’s voice and responding with the murderer's. Dickens asked his son what he thought of it. Charley responded, "The finest thing I have ever heard, but don’t do it" Charley saw how much his father was throwing himself into the roles and feared he might further injure his health.
When Dickens added "The Murder" to his readings for the farewell tour of 1869, a critic for The Times wrote, "He has always trembled on the boundary line that separates the reader from the actor, now he clears it by a leap."
Dickens made far more money doing the readings (about 45,000 pounds), than all of his books combined. And of course, the readings made the public go out and buy more of the books. But I think what was even more important to Dickens than the money was the applause.
He once said of audiences: "There’s nothing in the world equal to seeing the house rise at you, one sea of delightful faces, one hurrah of applause!"
Dickens received lots of praise, standing ovations and good notices but the one that probably meant the most to him was in 1869, when Macready, who had just seen him do a public reading of Sikes and Nancy, said
"In my-er-best times-er-you remember them my dear boy-er-gone, gone…it comes to this –er-TWO MACBETHS!"
Dickens used all of his acting talents in the readings. But at a cost. After each Sikes and Nancy reading he would collapse onto a sofa, totally drained, and be unable to speak for some time. His son, Charley is not the only one who believed that the readings contributed heavily to his early death.
Finally admitting his failing health, Dickens scheduled a series of final readings.
The Final Performance
The last one was held on March 15, 1870, at St. James Hall. He read from Christmas Carol and the "Trial from Pickwick" and although he was tired and in pain, he read with verve and brilliance.
After Dickens finished his readings he addressed the audience, "I have enjoyed an amount of artistic delight and instruction which perhaps it is given few men to know; from these garish lights I vanish now for evermore, with a heartfelt, grateful, respectful, and affectionate farewell."
He walked off the stage very slowly. Thunderous applause brought him back. With tears streaming down his face, he kissed his hand to his friends, and then left the stage forever.
Three months later, the statement, "From these garish lights I vanish now for evermore." was inscribed on his funeral card distributed at Westminster Abbey.
A fitting final scene for a man who loved anything and everything about the theater.
Towards the end of his life, Dickens said to a friend that notion of an ideal existence would have been, not a novelist, but as the manager of a great theater, with a wonderful company and he should have absolute control of it, decide what would be put on and how it was staged and everything to do with sets, lights and costumes.
The theater genes have been passed down to his family. Many current members of the Dickens family act and do public readings.
Most notable are great-great-grandson, Gerald Dickens, who often appears in the United States doing public readings, especially of A Christmas Carol...
And great-great-great-grandson Harry Lloyd is a professional actor who appeared recently in Robin Hood, Doctor Who, Game of Thrones, Iron Lady, The Hollow Crown, The Fear and Wolf Hall.
Harry has had two roles in television series adaptations of the Inimitable's works: twelve years ago as young Steerforth in David Copperfield
and a few years ago as Herbert Pocket in Great Expectations.
His great-great-great-grandfather would be so proud.
Copyright © 1997-
David A. Perdue, All Rights Reserved.
URL: http://charlesdickenspage.com/dickens_and_the_theatre-moskovitz.html
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Which cartoon character is depicted on the welcome sign in Crystal City, Texas, ‘the spinach capital of the world’? | Popeye the Sailor (character) | Paramount Cartoons Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Popeye the Sailor (character)
Famous , Max Fleischer
Popeye the Sailor Man is a fictional hero notable for appearing in comic strips and animated films as well as numerous television shows. He was created by Elzie Crisler Segar , [1 ] and first appeared in the daily King Features comic strip Thimble Theatre on January 17, 1929. Popeye has now become the strip's title as well.
Although Segar's Thimble Theatre strip, first published on December 19, 1919, was in its tenth year when Popeye made his debut, the sailor quickly became the main focus of the strip and Thimble Theatre became one of King Features' most popular properties during the 1930s. Thimble Theatre was carried on after Segar's death in 1938 by several writers and artists , most notably Segar's assistant Bud Sagendorf . The strip, now titled Popeye, continues to appear in first-run installments in its Sunday edition , written and drawn by Hy Eisman . The daily strips are reprints of old Sagendorf stories.
In 1933, Max and Dave Fleischer 's Fleischer Studios adapted the Thimble Theatre characters into a series of Popeye the Sailor theatrical cartoon shorts for Paramount Pictures . These cartoons proved to be among the most popular of the 1930s, and the Fleischers—and later Paramount's own Famous Studios —continued production through 1957. The cartoons are now owned by Turner Entertainment , a subsidiary of Time Warner , and distributed by sister company Warner Bros. Entertainment.
Over the years, Popeye has also appeared in comic books , television cartoons , arcade and video games, hundreds of advertisements and peripheral products, and a 1980 live-action film directed by Robert Altman starring comedian Robin Williams as Popeye.
Contents
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In most appearances (except during the World War II era), Popeye is a middle-aged sailor with a unique way of speaking, disproportionately muscular forearms with two anchor tattoos , thinning hair, and an ever-present corncob pipe (which he toots like a steamship's whistle at times). Popeye is generally depicted as having only one eye, his left. In at least one Fleischer cartoon, Bluto refers to Popeye as a "one-eyed runt ." Mostly quiet as to how he lost his right eye, the sailor claims it was in "the mos' arful battle" of his life. Later versions of the character had both eyes, with one of them merely being squinty, or "squinky" as he put it. According to the official site, Popeye is 34 years old and was born in a typhoon off Santa Monica, California (however, in Popeye, the Ace of Space his original age is given as 40 by an alien aging machine).
Popeye's strange, comic and often supernatural adventures take him all over the world, and place him in conflict with enemies such as the Sea Hag and Bluto. His main base of operations is the fictional town of Sweethaven. Popeye's father is the degenerate Poopdeck Pappy , who does not share his son's moral righteousness and is represented as having abandoned Popeye in some sources. Popeye's sweetheart (and in some sources, wife) over the years is Olive Oyl ; although the two characters often bickered, especially in early stories after his first appearance. Popeye is the adoptive father of Swee'Pea , an infant foundling left on his doorstep. (Sweet Pea is a term of affection used by Popeye; in the cartoon We Aim to Please, he addressed Olive Oyl as "Sweet Pea" at one point.)
In addition to a gravelly voice and a casual attitude towards grammar , Popeye is known for having an apparent speech impediment (a common character-distinguishing device in early cartoons), which either comes naturally or is caused by the ever-present pipe in his mouth. Among other things, he has problems enunciating a trailing "t"; thus, "fist" becomes "fisk" (as sung in his theme song, which makes it conveniently rhyme with "risk") and "infant" becomes "infink." This speech impediment even found its way into some of the titles of the cartoons.
Popeye is depicted as having superhuman strength , though the nature of his strength changes depending on which medium he is represented in. Originally, the comic-strip Popeye gained his strength and invulnerability in 1929 by rubbing the head of the rare Whiffle Hen. [2 ] From early 1932 onward, especially the cartoons, Popeye was depicted as eating spinach to become stronger. The animated shorts depicted Popeye as ridiculously strong, but liable to be pummeled by the much larger Bluto before his eating of the spinach.
When fed up with this treatment or exhausted, he would eat spinach, which would instantly restore and amplify his strength to an even greater level. In the comic strips, spinach is presented as a panacea , infusing Popeye not only with his extraordinary strength, but also making him invulnerable to all sorts of threats (including bullets, a basilisk 's petrifying gaze, or aliens ' weapons) and even capable of feats like flight or extraordinarily fast swimming (usually with the aid of his pipe as a propeller). In the animated shorts, Popeye's ingestion of spinach – which is almost invariably canned – is equally fanciful and often involves squeezing the can until the top opens, or sucking the spinach through his pipe, and on rare occasions, even ingesting the can as well. Occasionally, spinach has a similar invigorating power on other characters.
Other differences in Popeye's story and characterization show up depending upon which medium he is presented in. While Swee'Pea is definitively the adopted child of Popeye in the comic strips, he is often depicted as being related to Olive Oyl in cartoons. The cartoons also occasionally feature family members of Popeye that have never appeared in the strip, notably his look-alike nephews Peepeye, Pupeye, Pipeye, and Poopeye.
Even though there is no absolute sense of continuity in the stories, certain plot and presentation elements remain mostly constant, including purposeful contradictions in Popeye's capabilities. Though at times he seems bereft of manners or uneducated, Popeye is often depicted as capable of coming up with solutions to problems that (to the police, or, most importantly, the scientific community ) seem insurmountable. Popeye has, alternatively, displayed Sherlock Holmes -like investigative prowess, determining for instance that his beloved Olive was abducted by estimating the depth of the villains' footprints in the sand, scientific ingenuity (as his construction, within a few hours, of a "spinach-drive" spaceship ), or oversimplified (yet successful) diplomatic argumentation, by presenting to diplomatic conferences his own existence (and superhuman strength) as the only true guarantee of world peace.
Popeye's vastly versatile exploits are deemed even more amusing by a few standard plot elements. One is the love triangle between Popeye, Olive and Bluto, and the latter's endless machinations to claim Olive at Popeye's expense. Another is his (near-saintly) perseverance to overcome any obstacle to please Olive – who, quite often, treats him like dirt, and ends up being the only character capable of beating him up. Finally, in terms of the endless array of villain plots, Popeye mostly comes to the truth by "accidentally" sneaking on the villains, the moment they are bragging about their schemes' ingenuity, thus revealing everything to an enraged Popeye, who uses his "fisks" in the name of justice.
Thimble Theatre and Popeye comic strips
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Thimble Theatre was created by King Features Syndicate comic writer/artist E.C. Segar , and was his third published strip. The strip first appeared in the New York Journal , a newspaper operated by King Features owner William Randolph Hearst , on December 19, 1919 before later expanding into more papers. In its early years, the strip featured characters acting out various stories and scenarios in theatrical style (hence the strip's name.)
Thimble Theatre and Popeye comic strips
Thimble Theatre's first main characters/actors were the thin Olive Oyl and her boyfriend, Harold Hamgravy .
Popeye's first appearance in Thimble Theatre (January 17, 1929)
After the strip moved away from its initial focus, it settled into a comedy- adventure style featuring Olive, Ham Gravy, and Olive's enterprising brother, Castor Oyl . Olive's parents, Cole and Nana Oyl, also made frequent appearances.
Popeye first appeared in the strip on January 17, 1929 as a minor character. He was initially hired by Castor Oyl and Ham to crew a ship for a voyage to Dice Island, the location of a casino owned by the crooked gambler Fadewell. Castor intended to break the bank at the casino using the unbeatable good luck conferred by stroking the hairs on the head of Bernice the Whiffle Hen. Weeks later, on the trip back, Popeye was shot many times by Jack Snork, a stooge of Fadewell's but survived by rubbing Bernice's head. After the adventure, Popeye left the strip—but due to reader reaction he was quickly brought back.
The Popeye character became so popular that he was given a larger role, and the strip was expanded into many more newspapers as a result. Though initial strips presented Olive as being less than impressed with Popeye, she eventually left Ham Gravy to become Popeye's girlfriend—and Ham Gravy left the strip as a regular. Over the years, however, she has often displayed a fickle attitude towards the sailor. Castor Oyl continued to come up with get-rich-quick schemes and enlisted Popeye in his misadventures. Eventually he settled down as a detective and later on bought a ranch out West. Castor has seldom appeared in recent years.
In 1933, Popeye received a foundling baby in the mail, whom he adopted and named " Swee'Pea ." Other regular characters in the strip were J. Wellington Wimpy , a hamburger -loving moocher who would "gladly pay you Tuesday for a hamburger today" (he was also soft-spoken and cowardly, which may have led to the coinage of the word wimpy); George W. Geezil , a local cobbler who spoke in a heavily affected accent and habitually attempted to murder or wish death upon Wimpy; and Eugene the Jeep , a yellow, vaguely dog-like animal from Africa with magical powers. In addition, the strip featured the Sea Hag , a terrible pirate , as well as the last witch on earth (her even more terrible sister excepted); Alice the Goon , a monstrous creature who entered the strip as the Sea Hag's henchman and continued as Swee'Pea's babysitter ; and Toar, a caveman.
Segar's strip was quite different from the cartoons that followed. The stories were more complex, with many characters who never appeared in the cartoons (King Blozo, for example). Spinach usage was rare and Bluto made only one appearance. Segar would sign some of his early Popeye comic strips with a cigar , due to his last name being a homophone of "cigar" (pronounced SEE-gar).
The Popeye character became so popular that he was given a larger role, and the strip was expanded into many more newspapers as a result. Though initial strips presented Olive as being less than impressed with Popeye, she eventually left Ham Gravy to become Popeye's girlfriend—and Ham Gravy left the strip as a regular. Over the years, however, she has often displayed a fickle attitude towards the sailor. Castor Oyl continued to come up with get-rich-quick schemes and enlisted Popeye in his misadventures. Eventually he settled down as a detective and later on bought a ranch out West. Castor has seldom appeared in recent years.
In 1933, Popeye received a foundling baby in the mail, whom he adopted and named " Swee'Pea ." Other regular characters in the strip were J. Wellington Wimpy , a hamburger -loving moocher who would "gladly pay you Tuesday for a hamburger today" (he was also soft-spoken and cowardly, which may have led to the coinage of the word wimpy); George W. Geezil , a local cobbler who spoke in a heavily affected accent and habitually attempted to murder or wish death upon Wimpy; and Eugene the Jeep , a yellow, vaguely dog-like animal from Africa with magical powers. In addition, the strip featured the Sea Hag , a terrible pirate , as well as the last witch on earth (her even more terrible sister excepted); Alice the Goon , a monstrous creature who entered the strip as the Sea Hag's henchman and continued as Swee'Pea's babysitter ; and Toar, a caveman.
Segar's strip was quite different from the cartoons that followed. The stories were more complex, with many characters who never appeared in the cartoons (King Blozo, for example). Spinach usage was rare and Bluto made only one appearance. Segar would sign some of his early Popeye comic strips with a cigar , due to his last name being a homophone of "cigar" (pronounced SEE-gar).
Thimble Theatre soon became one of King Features' most popular strips during the 1930s and, following an eventual name change to Popeye in the 1970s, remains one of the longest running strips in syndication today. The strip carried on after Segar's death in 1938, at which point he was replaced by a series of artists. In the 1950s, a spinoff strip was established, called Popeye the Sailorman. Acknowledging Popeye's growing popularity, the Thimble Theatre strip was re-named Thimble Theatre Starring Popeye during the 1960s and 1970s, and was eventually retitled, simply, Popeye, the name under which the strip continues to run.
Artists after Segar
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After Segar's death in 1938, many different artists were hired to draw the strip. Tom Sims , the son of a Coosa River channel-boat captain, continued writing Thimble Theatre strips and established the Popeye the Sailorman spin-off. Doc Winner and Bela Zaboly , [3 ] successively, handled the artwork during Sims's run. Eventually, Ralph Stein stepped in to write the strip until the series was taken over by Bud Sagendorf in 1959.
Sagendorf wrote and drew the daily strip until 1986, and continued to write and draw the Sunday strip until his death in 1994. Sagendorf, who had been Segar's assistant, made a definite effort to retain much of Segar's classic style, although his art is instantly discernible. Sagendorf continued to use many obscure characters from the Segar years, especially O.G. Wotasnozzle and King Blozo. Sagendorf's new characters, such as the Thung, also had a very Segar-like quality. What set Sagendorf apart from Segar more than anything else was his sense of pacing. Where plotlines moved very quickly with Segar, it would sometimes take an entire week of Sagendorf's daily strips for the plot to be advanced even a small amount.
From 1986 to 1992, the daily strip was written and drawn by Bobby London , who, after some controversy , was fired from the strip for a story that could be taken to satirize abortion . [4 ] London's strips put Popeye and his friends in updated situations, but kept the spirit of Segar's original. One classic storyline, titled "The Return of Bluto", showed the sailor battling every version of the bearded bully from the comic strip, comic books, and animated films. The Sunday edition of the comic strip is currently drawn by Hy Eisman , who took over in 1994. The daily strip began featuring reruns of Sagendorf's strips after London was fired, and continues to do so today.
On January 1, 2009, 70 years since the death of his creator, Segar's character of Popeye (though not the various films, TV shows, theme music and other media based on him) became public domain [5 ] in most countries, but remains under copyright in the United States.
Theatrical cartoons
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In November 1932, King Features signed an agreement with Fleischer Studios , run by producer Max Fleischer and his brother, director Dave Fleischer , to have Popeye and the other Thimble Theatre characters begin appearing in a series of animated cartoons. The first cartoon in the series was released in 1933, and Popeye cartoons, released by Paramount Pictures , would remain a staple of Paramount's release schedule for nearly 25 years.
The plotlines in the animated cartoons tended to be simpler than those presented in the comic strips, and the characters slightly different. A villain, usually Bluto, made a move on Popeye's "sweetie," Olive Oyl. The bad guy then clobbered Popeye until Popeye ate spinach, giving him superhuman strength. Thus empowered, the sailor made short work of the villain.
The animated Popeye shorts were the first stories to suggest that Popeye's enormous strength came from a love of spinach; in the Thimble Theatre strips, Popeye did say he owed his strength to spinach, but was rarely seen actually using it until the cartoons. The 1954 Popeye cartoon Greek Mirthology depicts the fictional origin of spinach consumption in Popeye's family. Popeye's Greek ancestor, Hercules , originally sniffed garlic to gain his supernatural powers. When the evil Brutus removes the scent of the garlic using chlorophyll (an obvious incongruity), Hercules ends up getting blown (literally) into a spinach field, and, upon eating the leafy green substance, finds it empowers him many times more than garlic. (This story should be dismissed as just one of many fictional stories Popeye told his nephews so they would eat their spinach, a common theme in the Famous Studios cartoons.) The 1980 Popeye film depicted Popeye as initially disliking the vegetable until Bluto force-fed him some, resulting in great strength.
Many of the Thimble Theatre characters, including Wimpy, Poopdeck Pappy, and Eugene the Jeep, eventually made appearances in the Paramount cartoons, though appearances by Olive Oyl's extended family and Ham Gravy were notably absent. Popeye was also given more family exclusive to the shorts, specifically his look-alike nephews Pipeye, Peepeye, Pupeye, and Poopeye.
Fleischer Studios
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Popeye made his film debut in Popeye the Sailor , a 1933 Betty Boop cartoon (Betty only makes a brief appearance, repeating her hula dance from Betty Boop's Bamboo Isle ). It was for this short that Sammy Lerner 's "I'm Popeye the Sailor Man" song was written. I Yam What I Yam became the first entry in the regular Popeye the Sailor series.
For the first few cartoons, the opening-credits music consisted of an instrumental of " The Sailor's Hornpipe ," followed by a vocal variation on "Strike Up the Band (Here Comes a Sailor)," substituting the words "for Popeye the Sailor" in the latter phrase. After that the "I Yam What I Yam" tune was used as the theme song. As Betty Boop gradually declined in quality as a result of the Hays Code being enforced in 1934, Popeye became the studio's star character by 1936.
The character of Popeye was originally voiced by William "Billy" Costello , also known as "Red Pepper Sam." When Costello's behavior allegedly became a problem because of the MPAA Code, he was replaced by former in-betweener animator Jack Mercer , beginning with King of the Mardi Gras in 1935. Jack Mercer copied Costello's gravelly voice style familiar to audiences. Olive Oyl was voiced by a number of actresses, the most notable of which was Mae Questel , who also voiced Betty Boop. Questel eventually took over the part completely until 1938. William Pennell was the first to voice the Bluto character from 1933 to 1935's "The Hyp-Nut-Tist", after which Gus Wickie voiced Bluto until his death in 1938, his last work as the "Chief" in Big Chief Ugh-A-Mug-Ugh.
Thanks to the animated-short series, Popeye became even more of a sensation than he had been in comic strips. During the mid-1930s, polls taken by theater owners proved Popeye more popular than Mickey Mouse [6 ] [7 ], and by 1938, polls showed that the sailor was Hollywood's most popular cartoon character, leaving Mickey in a third place (The second place was taken over by Donald Duck ). despite this, Popeye would lose that place beginning in 1942, when Bugs Bunny became more popular than him. In 1935, as Popeye was able to surpass Mickey Mouse in popularity, Paramount added to Popeye's popularity by sponsoring the "Popeye Club" as part of their Saturday matinée program, in competition with Mickey Mouse Clubs. Popeye cartoons, including a sing-along special entitled Let's Sing With Popeye , were a regular part of the weekly meetings. For a 10-cent membership fee, club members were given a Popeye kazoo , a membership card, the chance to become elected as the Club's "Popeye" or "Olive Oyl," and the opportunity to win other gifts.
The original 1932 agreement with the syndicate called for any films made within ten years and any elements of them, to be destroyed in 1942. This would have erased all Fleisher films, which are considered the best of the series. King was not sure what effect the cartoons would have on the strip; if the effect was very negative, King was very eager to erase any memory of the cartoons by destroying them. However, the films were not destroyed, either through oversight or because of their success.[ citation needed ]
The Popeye series, like other cartoons produced by the Fleischers, was noted for its urban feel (the Fleischers operated in New York City, specifically in Broadway), its manageable variations on a simple theme (Popeye loses Olive to bully Bluto and must eat his spinach and defeat him), and the characters' "under-the-breath" mutterings. The voices for Fleischer cartoons produced during the early and mid-1930s were recorded after the animation was completed. The actors, Mercer in particular, would therefore improvise lines that were not on the storyboards or prepared for the lip-sync . Even after the Fleischers began pre-recording dialog for lip-sync shortly after moving to Miami, Mercer and the other voice actors would record ad-libbed lines while watching a finished copy of the cartoon. [8 ] Fleischer Studios produced 108 Popeye cartoons, 105 of them in black-and-white . The remaining three were two-reel (double-length) Technicolor adaptations of stories from the Arabian Nights billed as "Popeye Color Features": Popeye the Sailor Meets Sindbad the Sailor (1936), Popeye the Sailor Meets Ali Baba's Forty Thieves (1937), and Aladdin and His Wonderful Lamp (1939).
The Fleischers moved their studio to Miami, Florida in September 1938 in order to weaken union control and take advantage of tax breaks. The Popeye series continued production, although a marked change was seen in the Florida-produced shorts: they were brighter and less detailed in their artwork, with attempts to bring the character animation closer to a Disney style. Mae Questel, who started a family, refused to move to Florida, and Margie Hines , the wife of Jack Mercer, voiced Olive Oyl through the end of 1943. Several voice actors, among them Pinto Colvig (better known as the voice of Disney's Goofy ), succeeded Gus Wickie as the voice of Bluto between 1938 and 1943.
In 1941, with World War II becoming more of a source of concern in the United States, Popeye was enlisted into the U.S. Navy , as depicted in the 1941 short The Mighty Navy. His costume was changed from the black shirt and jeans he wore in the original comic to an official white Navy suit, which Popeye continued to wear in animated cartoons until the 1960s. Popeye periodically appeared in his original costume when at home on shore leave, as in the 1942 entry Pip-Eye, Pup-Eye, Poop-Eye, An' Peep-Eye, which introduced his four identical nephews, and in the 1950 and 1952 Famous cartoons Popeye Makes a Movie and Big Bad Sindbad, which featured clips from 1937's Popeye the Sailor Meets Ali Baba's Forty Thieves and 1936's Popeye the Sailor Meets Sindbad the Sailor respectively. (See: List of Popeye the Sailor theatrical cartoons (Fleischer Studios) .)
Famous Studios
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In May 1941, Paramount Pictures assumed ownership of Fleischer Studios, which had borrowed heavily from Paramount in order to move to Florida and expand into features ( Gulliver's Travels and Mister Bug Goes to Town ). [9 ] By the end of the year, Max and Dave Fleischer were no longer on speaking terms with each other, communicating solely by memo. [10 ] Paramount fired the Fleischers and began reorganizing the studio, which they renamed Famous Studios .
With Famous Studios headed by Sam Buchwald , Seymour Kneitel , Isadore Sparber and Dan Gordon , production continued on the Popeye shorts. The early Famous-era shorts were often World War II-themed, featuring Popeye fighting Nazis and Japanese soldiers, most notably the 1942 short You're a Sap, Mr. Jap . As Popeye was popular in South America, Famous Studios set the 1944 cartoon We're on our Way to Rio in Brazil , as part of a "good neighbor" policy between the US government and the rest of the continent during the war.
In late 1943, the Popeye series was moved to Technicolor production, beginning with Her Honor the Mare. Though these cartoons were produced in full color, some films in the late-1940's period were released in less-expensive two-color (usually) processes like Cinecolor and Polacolor. Paramount had begun moving the studio back to New York that January, and Mae Questel reassumed voice duties for Olive Oyl. Jack Mercer was drafted into the Navy during World War II, and scripts were stockpiled for Mercer to record whenever he was on leave. When Mercer was unavailable, Harry Welch stood in as the voice of Popeye (and Shape Ahoy had Mae Questel doing Popeye's voice as well as Olive's). New voice cast member Jackson Beck began voicing Bluto within a few years; he, Mercer, and Questel would continue to voice their respective characters into the 1960s. Over time, the Technicolor Famous shorts began to adhere even closer to the standard Popeye formula, and softened, rounder character designs – including an Olive Oyl design which gave the character high heels and an updated hairstyle – were evident by late 1946. (See List of Popeye the Sailor theatrical cartoons (Famous Studios) .)
Theatrical Popeye cartoons on television
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Famous/Paramount continued producing the Popeye series until 1957, with Spooky Swabs being the last of the 125 Famous shorts in the series. Paramount then sold the Popeye film catalog to Associated Artists Productions (a.a.p.), which was bought out by United Artists in 1958 and later merged with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , which was itself purchased by Turner Entertainment in 1986. Turner sold off the production end of MGM/UA shortly after, but retained the film catalog, giving it the rights to the theatrical Popeye library.
The black-and-white Popeye shorts were shipped to South Korea in 1985, where artists retraced them into color. The process was intended to make the shorts more marketable in the modern television era, but prevented the viewers from seeing the original Fleischer pen-and-ink work, as well as the three-dimensional backgrounds created by Fleischer's "Stereoptical" process. Every other frame was traced, changing the animation from being "on ones" (24 frame/s) to being "on twos" (12 frame/s), and softening the pace of the films. These colorized shorts began airing on Superstation WTBS in 1986 during their Tom & Jerry and Friends 90-minute weekday morning and hour-long weekday afternoon shows. The retraced shorts were syndicated in 1987 on a barter basis, and remained available until the early 1990s. Turner merged with Time Warner in 1996, and Warner Bros. (through its Turner subsidiary) therefore currently controls the rights to the Popeye shorts.
For many decades, viewers could only see a majority of the classic Popeye cartoons with altered opening and closing credits. a.a.p. had, for the most part, replaced the original Paramount logos with their own. In 2001, the Cartoon Network , under the supervision of animation historian Jerry Beck , created a new incarnation of The Popeye Show . The show aired the Fleischer and Famous Studios Popeye shorts in versions approximating their original theatrical releases by editing copies of the original opening and closing credits (taken or recreated from various sources) onto the beginnings and ends of each cartoon, or in some cases, in their complete, uncut original theatrical versions direct from such prints that originally contained the front-and-end Paramount credits.
The series, which aired 135 Popeye shorts over forty-five episodes, also featured segments offering trivia about the characters, voice actors, and animators. The program aired without interruption until March 2004. The Popeye Show continued to air on Cartoon Network's spin-off network Boomerang . The restored Popeye Show versions of the shorts are sometimes seen at revival film houses for occasional festival screenings. The Popeye Show is currently airing on Cartoon Network in Pakistan as well as in India . A daily half-hour block of Popeye is currently airing on the Boomerang network.
Home video
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Further information: Popeye the Sailor (Warner DVD series) MGM/UA Home Video had planned a VHS and Beta release of the Fleischer and Famous Studios cartoons in 1983. However, UA was informed by King Features Syndicate that only King Features had the legal right to release Popeye cartoons on video.[ citation needed ] United Artists did not challenge King Features' claim, and the release was canceled.[ citation needed ] While King Features owns the rights to the Popeye characters, and licensed the characters to appear in the Fleischer/Famous cartoons, King Features does not have any ownership in the films themselves.
A clause in the original contract between Paramount Pictures and King Features stated that after ten years, the prints and negatives of the Popeye cartoons were to be destroyed , [11 ] a clause the syndicate had for all of its licensed properties. The clause was never enforced for Popeye.
While many of the Paramount Popeye cartoons remained unavailable on video, a handful of those cartoons had fallen into public domain and were found on numerous low budget VHS tapes and later DVDs. Among these cartoons are a handful of the Fleischer black-and-whites, several 1950s Famous shorts (many of which went public domain after the MGM/UA merger), and all three Popeye Color Specials. When Turner Entertainment acquired the cartoons in 1986, a long and laborious legal struggle with King Features kept the majority of the original Popeye shorts from official video releases for more than 20 years. King Features instead opted to release a DVD boxed set of the 1960s made-for-television Popeye cartoons, which it retained the rights to, in 2004. In the meantime, home video rights to the Turner Entertainment library were transferred from MGM/UA Home Video to Warner Home Video in 1999.
In 2006, Warner Bros. finally reached an agreement with King Features Syndicate and its parent company Hearst Corporation . Warner Home Video announced it would release all of the Popeye cartoons produced for theatrical release between 1933 and 1957 on DVD, restored and uncut. The studio also plans to release DVD sets of the Popeye cartoons made for television in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, the rights to which are controlled by Hearst Entertainment. [12 ] This is similar in most respects to the Looney Tunes Golden Collection DVD sets also released by Warner, except the Popeye shorts will be released in chronological order.
The first of Warner's Popeye DVD sets, covering the cartoons released from 1933 until early 1938, was released on July 31, 2007. Popeye the Sailor: 1933-1938, Volume 1 , a four-disc collector’s edition DVD, contains the first 60 Fleischer Popeye cartoons, including the color specials Popeye the Sailor Meets Sindbad the Sailor and Popeye the Sailor Meets Ali Baba’s Forty Thieves. Restoration timelines caused Warners to re-imagine the Popeye DVD sets as a series of two-disc sets. This DVD set was included, either erroneously or through fraud, in a batch of boxed sets sold in discount outlets for $3 or less in the summer of 2009. [1 ]
A second volume of Popeye cartoons from Warner Home Video, Popeye the Sailor: 1938-1940, Volume 2 was released on June 17, 2008. [13 ] It includes the final color Popeye special Aladdin and his Wonderful Lamp. [14 ] Warner also released Popeye & Friends, Volume One, a single DVD featuring eight color Popeye cartoons from Hanna-Barbera 's 1978 TV series The All-New Popeye Hour , on the same day (Hanna-Barbera is also a division of WB). [15 ]
Popeye the Sailor: 1941-1943, Volume 3 was released on November 4, 2008. [16 ] It includes three seldom shown wartime Popeye cartoons: You're A Sap, Mister Jap (1942), Scrap The Japs (1942), and Seein' Red, White, and Blue (1943). A second single-disc volume of H-B produced Popeye TV cartoons was also scheduled for release titled Popeye & Friends, Volume Two, [17 ] but Warner decided to cancel the release of this DVD.
Original television cartoons
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In 1960, King Features Syndicate commissioned a new series of cartoons entitled Popeye the Sailor , but this time for television syndication. Al Brodax served as executive producer of the cartoons for King Features. Jack Mercer , Mae Questel , and Jackson Beck returned for this series, which was produced by a number of companies, including Jack Kinney Productions , Rembrandt Films ( William L. Snyder and Gene Deitch ), Larry Harmon Productions , Halas and Batchelor , Paramount Cartoon Studios (formerly Famous Studios), and Southern Star Entertainment (formerly Southern Star Productions ). The artwork was streamlined and simplified for the television budgets, and 220 cartoons were produced in only two years, with the first set of them premiering in the autumn of 1960, and the last of them debuting during the 1961–1962 television season. Since King Features had exclusive rights to these Popeye cartoons, 85 of them were released on DVD as a 75th anniversary Popeye boxed set in 2004.
For these cartoons, Bluto's name was changed to "Brutus," as King Features believed at the time that Paramount owned the rights to the name "Bluto." Many of the cartoons made by Paramount used plots and storylines taken directly from the comic strip sequences-as well as characters like King Blozo and the Sea Hag. [19 ] The 1960s cartoons have been issued on both VHS and DVD.
On September 9, 1978, The All-New Popeye Hour debuted on the CBS Saturday morning lineup. It was an hour-long animated series produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions , which tried its best to retain the style of the original comic strip (Popeye returned to his original costume and Brutus to his original name of Bluto), while complying with the prevailing content restrictions on violence. In addition to providing many of the cartoon scripts, Mercer continued to voice Popeye, while Marilyn Schreffler and Allan Melvin became the new voices of Olive Oyl and Bluto, respectively. (Mae Questel actually auditioned for Hanna-Barbera to recreate Olive Oyl, but was rejected in favor of Schreffler.) The All-New Popeye Hour ran on CBS until September 1981, when it was cut to a half-hour and retitled The Popeye and Olive Show. It was removed from the CBS lineup in September 1983, the year before Jack Mercer's death. These cartoons have also been released on VHS and DVD. During the time these cartoons were in production, CBS aired The Popeye Valentine's Day Special – Sweethearts at Sea on February 14 ( St. Valentine's Day , of course), 1979. In the UK, the BBC aired a half-hour version of The All-New Popeye Show, from the early-1980s to 2004.
Popeye briefly returned to CBS in 1987 for Popeye and Son , another Hanna-Barbera series, which featured Popeye and Olive as a married couple with a son named Popeye Jr., who hates the taste of spinach but eats it to boost his strength. Maurice LaMarche performed Popeye's voice; Mercer had died in 1984. The show lasted for one season.
In 2004, Lions Gate Entertainment produced a computer-animated television special, Popeye's Voyage: The Quest for Pappy , which was made to coincide with the 75th anniversary of Popeye. Billy West performed the voice of Popeye; after the first day of recording, his throat was so sore he had to return to his hotel room and drink honey . The uncut version was released on DVD on November 9, 2004; and was aired in a re-edited version on Fox on December 17, 2004 and again on December 30, 2005. Its style was influenced by the 1930s Fleischer cartoons, and featured Swee'Pea, Wimpy, Bluto (who is Popeye's friend in this version), Olive Oyl, Poopdeck Pappy and the Sea Hag as its characters. On November 6, 2007, Lionsgate Entertainment re-released Popeye’s Voyage on DVD with redesigned cover art.
Popeye has made brief parody appearances in modern animated productions, including:
Popeye co-stars in a short from Seth MacFarlane's Cavalcade of Cartoon Comedy giving Bob Dylan a hard time about him not singing his hit song, " Blowin' in the Wind ".
Popeye appeared in the Robot Chicken episodes "The Sack," "Squaw Bury Shortcake," and "Yancy the Yo-Yo Boy" voiced by Dave Coulier (which he was known to perform often during his co-starring role on the ABC sitcom Full House ).
Popeye appeared in the South Park Imaginationland three-parter as one of the members of The Council of Nine. Popeye's appearance in one scene evoked that of the character Karl in the movie Sling Blade , as Popeye sharpened a blade, much as Karl sharpened a lawnmower blade near the end of Sling Blade.
Theme song
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Popeye’s theme song, titled "I'm Popeye The Sailor Man", composed by Sammy Lerner in 1933 for Fleischer’s first Popeye the Sailor cartoon, [20 ] has become forever associated with the sailor. As one cartoon historian has observed, the song itself was inspired by the first two lines of the "Pirate King" song in Gilbert and Sullivan 's operetta, The Pirates of Penzance : "For I am a Pirate King! (Hoorah for the Pirate King!)"[ citation needed ] The tune behind those two lines is identical to the "Popeye" song except for the high note on the first "King". The Sailor's Hornpipe has often been used as an introduction to the tune.
A cover of the song, performed by Face To Face , is included on the 1995 tribute album Saturday Morning: Cartoons' Greatest Hits , produced by Ralph Sall for MCA Records .
Other media
The success of Popeye as a comic-strip and animated character has led to appearances in many other forms.
Comic books
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There have been a number of Popeye comic books, from Dell , King Comics , Gold Key Comics , Charlton Comics and others, written and illustrated by Bud Sagendorf from the beginning. In the Dell comics, Popeye became something like a freelance police assistant, fighting the Mafia and Bluto's criminal activities. The new villains included the Ming dwarves, who were identical.
A variety of artists have created Popeye comic book stories since then; for example, George Wildman drew Popeye stories for Charlton Comics from 1969 until the late 1970s. The Gold Key series was illustrated by Wildman and scripted by Bill Pearson , with some issues written by Nick Cuti . Later publications include one-shots by Ocean Comics that recount Popeye's life with a more realistic art style. Ocean's Popeye Special #1 from 1987 was edited by Pearson, who also lettered and inked the book-length story, "Borned to the Sea!", and the front cover.
Popeye also appeared in the British " TV Comic " series, a News of the World publication, becoming the cover story in 1960 with stories written and drawn by 'Chick' Henderson. Bluto was referred to as Brutus and was Popeye's only nemesis throughout the entire run.
In 1989, a special series of short Popeye comic books were included in specially marked boxes of Instant Quaker Oatmeal , and Popeye also appeared in TV commercials for Quaker Oatmeal , which featured a parrot delivering the tag line "Popeye wants a Quaker!". The plots were similar to those of the films: Popeye loses either Olive Oyl or Swee'Pea to a musclebound antagonist, eats something invigorating, and proceeds to save the day. In this case, however, the invigorating elixir was not his usual spinach, but rather one of four flavors of Quaker Oatmeal. (A different flavor was showcased with each mini-comic.) The comics ended with the sailor saying, "I'm Popeye the Quaker Man!", which offended members of the Religious Society of Friends or Quakers . Members of this religious group (which has no connection to the cereal company) are pacifists and do not believe in using violence to resolve conflicts. For Popeye to call himself a "Quaker man" after beating up someone was offensive to the Quakers and considered a misrepresentation of their faith and religious beliefs. After a brief protest, the Quaker Oatmeal Company pulled the comic books and commercials in 1990, and the promotional campaign remains little-known.
In 1999, to celebrate Popeye's 70th anniversary, a one-shot comic book written by Peter David was released by Ocean Comics. Entitled The Wedding of Popeye and Olive Oyl, the comic book brought together a large portion of the casts of both the comic strip and the animated shorts, and Popeye and Olive Oyl were finally wed after decades of courtship. This marriage has not been reflected in all media since the comic was published, however.
Radio
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Popeye was adapted to radio in several series broadcast over three different networks by two sponsors from 1935 to 1938. Popeye and most of the major supporting characters were first featured in a thrice-weekly 15-minute radio program , Popeye the Sailor, which starred Detmar Poppen as Popeye along with most of the major supporting characters—Olive Oyl (Olive Lamoy), Wimpy (Charles Lawrence), Bluto ( Jackson Beck ) and Swee'Pea ( Mae Questel ). In the first episode, Popeye adopted Sonny (Jimmy Donnelly), a character later known as Matey the Newsboy. This program was broadcast Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday nights at 7:15 pm. September 10, 1935 through March 28, 1936 on the NBC Red Network (87 episodes), initially sponsored by Wheatena , a whole-wheat breakfast cereal , which would routinely replace the spinach references. Music was provided by Victor Irwin's Cartoonland Band. Announcer Kelvin Keech sang (to composer Lerner's "Popeye" theme) "Wheatena is his diet / He asks you to try it / With Popeye the sailor man." Wheatena paid King Features Syndicate $1,200 per week.
The show was next broadcast Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays at 7:15 – 7:30 pm on WABC , and ran from August 31, 1936 to February 26, 1937 (78 episodes). Floyd Buckley played Popeye, and Miriam Wolfe portrayed both Olive Oyl and the Sea Hag. Once again, reference to spinach was conspicuously absent. Now Popeye would sing, "Wheatena's me diet / I ax ya to try it / I'm Popeye the Sailor Man". [21 ] [22 ]
The third series was sponsored by the maker of Popsicle three nights a week for 15 minutes at 6:15 pm on CBS from May 2, 1938 through July 29, 1938.
Of the three series, only 20 of the 204 episodes are still known to exist.
Films
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Main article: Popeye (film) Director Robert Altman used the character in Popeye , a 1980 live-action musical feature film starring Robin Williams as Popeye (his first movie role), Paul Smith as Bluto and Shelley Duvall as Olive Oyl, with songs by Harry Nilsson . The script was by Jules Feiffer , who adapted the 1971 Nostalgia Press book of 1936 strips for his screenplay, thus retaining many of the characters created by Segar. A co-production of Paramount Pictures and Walt Disney Productions , the movie was filmed almost entirely on Malta , in the village of Mellieħa on the northwest coast of the island. The set is now a tourist attraction called Popeye Village . The US box office earnings were double the film's budget, making it somewhat of a success.
In 2010, it was announced that Sony Pictures would produce a Popeye 3-D movie. [23 ]
Video and pinball games
In 2005, Namco released a Game Boy Advance video game called Popeye: Rush for Spinach .
Released June 2007, the video game The Darkness featured televisions that played full-length films and television shows that had expired copyrights. Most of the cartoons viewable on the "Toon TV" channel are Famous Studios Popeye shorts.
In fall 2007, Namco Networks released the original Nintendo Popeye arcade game for mobile phones with new features including enhanced graphics and new levels.
Marketing, tie-ins, and endorsements
From early on, Popeye was heavily merchandised. Everything from soap to razor blades to spinach was available with Popeye's likeness on it. Most of these items are rare and sought-after by collectors, but some merchandise is still being produced.
Games and toys
In 2006, King Features Syndicate produced a radio spot and an industrial for the United States Power Squadrons featuring Robyn Gryphe as Olive and Allen Enlow as Popeye.
Sports
Since 1940, Popeye has been the mascot of the Flamengo (Rio de Janeiro – Brazil), the most popular soccer team with almost 50 millions fans around the world.
Cultural origins and impact
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One historian believes Popeye was inspired from Frank "Rocky" Fiegel , [29 ] a man who was handy with his fists during Segar's youth in Chester, Illinois. Fiegel was born on January 27, 1868. He lived as a bachelor his entire life. It was said that later Segar sent checks to Fiegel in the 1930s. Fiegel died on March 24, 1947 at the age of 79.
Culturally, [30 ] many consider Popeye a precursor to the superheroes who would eventually come to dominate the world of comic books . [31 ] Some observers of popular culture point out that the fundamental character of Popeye, paralleling that of another 1930s icon, Superman , is very close to the traditional view of how the U.S. sees itself as a nation: possessing uncompromising moral standards and resorting to force when threatened, or when he "can't stands no more" bad behavior from an antagonist.[ citation needed ] This theory is directly reinforced in certain cartoons, when Popeye defeats his foe while a US patriotic song, usually either " Stars and Stripes Forever ," " Yankee Doodle ," or " Columbia, Gem of the Ocean ," plays on the soundtrack. One of Popeye's catchphrases is "I yam what I yam, and that's all what I yam," which may be seen as an expression of individualism.
Such has been Popeye's cultural impact that the medical profession sometimes refers to the biceps bulge symptomatic of a tendon rupture as the "Popeye muscle." [32 ] [33 ] Note, however, that under normal (non-spinach-influenced) conditions, Popeye has pronounced muscles of the forearm , not of the biceps.
At the end of his song "Kansas City Star," Roger Miller 's character of a local TV kids show announcer says, "Stay tuned, we'll have a Popeye cartoon in just a minute."
The 1988 film Who Framed Roger Rabbit featured many classic cartoon characters, and the absence of Popeye was noted by some critics. Popeye actually had a role planned for the film, but Disney could not get the rights from Paramount in time. [34 ]
Most prominently, Popeye has been associated with the vegetable spinach, and is credited by many[ who? ] with popularizing the vegetable among children.
In 1973, Cary Bates created Captain Strong , a takeoff of Popeye, for DC Comics , [35 ] as a way of having two cultural icons – Superman and (a proxy of) Popeye – meet. [36 ]
Spinach
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The popularity of Popeye helped boost sales of the leafy vegetable . Spinach consumption increased 33 percent in the United States between 1931 and 1936 as Popeye gained popularity, saving the spinach industry in the 1930s.[ citation needed ] Using Popeye as a role model for healthier eating may work; a 2010 study revealed that children increased their vegetable consumption after watching Popeye cartoons. [37 ] The spinach-growing community of Crystal City, Texas , erected a statue of the character in recognition of Popeye's positive effects on the spinach industry. There is another Popeye statue in Segar's hometown, Chester, Illinois , and a third in Alma, Arkansas , which claims to be "The Spinach Capital of the World," and is home to Allen Canning , which markets Popeye-branded canned spinach. In addition to Allen Canning's Popeye spinach, Popeye Fresh Foods markets bagged, fresh spinach with Popeye characters on the package. In 2006, when spinach contaminated with E. coli was accidentally sold to the public , many editorial cartoonists lampooned the affair by featuring Popeye in their cartoons. [38 ]
A frequently circulated story claims that Fleischer's choice of spinach to give Popeye strength was based on faulty calculations of its iron content. In the story, a scientist misplaced a decimal point in an 1870 measurement of spinach's iron content, leading to an iron value ten times higher than it should have been. This faulty measurement was not noticed until the 1930s. [39 ] [40 ] [41 ]
Word coinages
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The strip is also responsible for popularizing, although not inventing, the word " goon " (meaning a thug or lackey); goons in Popeye's world were large humanoids with indistinctly drawn faces that were particularly known for being used as muscle and slave labor by Popeye's nemesis, the Sea Hag . One particular goon, the aforementioned female named Alice, was an occasional recurring character in the animated shorts, but she was usually a fairly nice character.
Eugene the Jeep was introduced in the comic strip on March 13, 1936. Two years later the term "jeep wagons" was in use, later shortened to simply " jeep " with widespread WWII usage and then trademarked by Willys-Overland as "Jeep". [42 ] Some dispute this claim, however, as the WWII jeep was designated a "general purpose vehicle," with "GP" or "GPV" aka "jeep" appearing on the paperwork.
Events and honors
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The Popeye Picnic is held every year in Chester, Illinois on the weekend after Labor Day . Popeye fans attend from across the globe, including a visit by a film crew from South Korea in 2004. The one-eyed sailor's hometown strives to entertain devotees of all ages. [43 ]
In honor of Popeye’s 75th anniversary, the Empire State Building illuminated its notable tower lights green the weekend of January 16–18, 2004 as a tribute to the icon’s enormous love of spinach. This special lighting marked the only time the Empire State Building ever celebrated the anniversary/birthday of a comic strip character. [44 ]
Reprints
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A muskellunge is what type of creature? | Popeye
Popeye
2008/9 Schools Wikipedia Selection . Related subjects: Cartoons
Popeye (Thimble Theatre)
The cover of [[Popeye #50]] (Oct.-Dec. 1959), featuring Popeye with his characteristic corncob pipe and single good eye, and his girlfriend Olive Oyl. Art by Bud Sagendorf, who wrote and drew the strip from 1959 to 1994.
Author(s)
E.C. Segar (creator, 1929 – 1937, 1938)
Doc Winner (1937, 1938)
Tom Sims & Bela Zamboly (1938 - 1955)
Ralph Stein & Bela Zamboly (1955 – 1959)
Bud Sagendorf (1959 – 1994)
New strips on Sundays, reprints Monday through Saturday
Launch date
1992 - 07-30 (date of last daily strip, Sunday strips continue)
Syndicate(s)
Genre(s)
Humor, adventure
Popeye the Sailor is a fictional hero famous for appearing in comic strips and animated films as well as numerous TV shows. He was created by Elzie Crisler Segar, and first appeared in the daily King Features comic strip Thimble Theatre on January 17, 1929 .
Although Segar's Thimble Theatre strip, first published on December 19, 1919 , was in its tenth year when Popeye made his debut, the sailor quickly became the main focus of the strip and Thimble Theatre became one of King Features' most popular strips during the 1930s. Thimble Theatre was carried on after Segar's death in 1938 by several writers and artists, including Segar's assistant Bud Sagendorf. The strip, now titled Popeye, continues to appear in first-run installments in Sunday papers, written and drawn by Hy Eisman.
In 1933, Max and Dave Fleischer's Fleischer Studios adapted the Thimble Theatre characters into a series of Popeye the Sailor theatrical cartoon shorts for Paramount Pictures. These cartoons proved to be among the most popular of the 1930s, and the Fleischers—and later Paramount's own Famous Studios—continued production through 1957.
Since then, Popeye has appeared in comic books, television cartoons, a 1980 live-action film ( Popeye, directed by Robert Altman), arcade and video games, and hundreds of advertisements and peripheral products.
Fictional character biography
In most appearances (except during the World War II era), Popeye is a middle-aged independent sailor (or "sailor man," as he puts it) with a unique way of speaking, muscular forearms with two (sometimes one) anchor tattoos, thinning red hair, and an ever-present corncob pipe (which he toots like a steamship's whistle at times). Despite some mistaken characterizations over the years, Popeye is generally depicted as having only one blue eye, his left. In at least one Fleischer cartoon, Bluto refers to Popeye as a "one-eyed runt." It has never been revealed specifically how Popeye lost his right eye, though he claims it was in "the mos' arful battle" of his life. Later versions of the character had both eyes, with one of them merely being squinty, or "squinky" as he put it.
Popeye's strange, comic, and often supernatural adventures take him all over the world, and place him in conflict with enemies such as the Sea Hag and Bluto. His main base of operations is the fictional town of Sweet Haven. Popeye's father is the degenerate Poopdeck Pappy, who does not share his son's moral righteousness and is represented as having abandoned Popeye in some sources. Popeye's sweetheart (and in some sources, wife) for over 77 years has been Olive Oyl, although the two characters often bickered, especially at the beginning of Popeye's appearances. Popeye is the adoptive father of Swee'Pea, an infant foundling left on his doorstep. (Sweet Pea is a term of affection used by Popeye; in the cartoon We Aim to Please, he addressed Olive Oyl as "Sweet Pea" at one point.)
In addition to a gravelly voice and a casual attitude towards grammar, Popeye is known for having an apparent speech impediment (a common character-distinguishing device in early cartoons), which either comes naturally or is caused by the ever-present pipe in his mouth. Among other things, he has problems enunciating a trailing "t"; thus, "fist" becomes "fisk" (as sung in his theme song, which makes it conveniently rhyme with "risk") and "infant" becomes "infink." This speech impediment even found its way into some of the titles of the cartoons.
Popeye is depicted as having superhuman strength, though the nature of his strength changes depending on which medium he is represented in. Originally, the comic-strip Popeye gained his strength and invulnerability in 1929 by rubbing the head of the rare Whiffle Hen. He later said he was strong because he ate spinach. From early 1932 onward in the comic strip and especially the cartoons Popeye was depicted as eating spinach to become stronger. The animated shorts depicted Popeye as ridiculously strong, but liable to be pummeled by the much larger Bluto. When fed up with this treatment—or when exhausted for whatever reason—he would eat spinach, which would instantly restore and amplify his strength to an even greater level. (At normal strength, Popeye appears capable of lifting or pressing approximately 4,000 lb (1,800 kg); when invigorated by spinach, he can lift or press about 36 tons.)
Other differences in Popeye's story and characterization show up depending upon which medium he is presented in. While Swee'Pea is definitively the adopted child of Popeye in the comic strips, he is often depicted as being related to Olive Oyl in cartoons. The cartoons also occasionally feature family members of Popeye that have never appeared in the strip, notably his look-alike nephews Peepeye, Pupeye, Pipeye, and Poopeye.
Thimble Theatre and Popeye comic strips
Thimble Theatre was created by King Features Syndicate comic writer/artist E.C. Segar, and was his third published strip. The strip first appeared in the New York Journal, a newspaper operated by King Features owner William Randolph Hearst, on December 19, 1919 before later expanding into more papers. In its early years, the strip featured characters acting out various stories and scenarios in theatrical style (hence the strip's name).
Thimble Theatre's first main characters/actors were the thin Olive Oyl and her boyfriend, Harold Hamgravy. After the strip moved away from its initial focus, it settled into a comedy-adventure style featuring Olive, Ham Gravy, and Olive's enterprising brother, Castor Oyl. Olive's parents, Cole and Nana Oyl, also made frequent appearances.
Popeye first appeared in the strip on January 17, 1929 as a minor character. He was initially hired by Castor Oyl and Ham to crew a ship for a voyage to Dice Island, the location of a casino owned by the crooked gambler Fadewell. Castor intended to break the bank at the casino using the unbeatable good luck conferred by stroking the hairs on the head of Bernice the Whiffle Hen. Weeks later, on the trip back, Popeye was shot many times by a stooge of Fadewell's but survived by rubbing Bernice's head.
The Popeye character became so popular that he was given a larger role, and the strip was expanded into many more newspapers as a result. Though initial strips presented Olive Oyl as being less than impressed with Popeye, she eventually left Ham Gravy to become Popeye's girlfriend. Over the years, however, she has often displayed a fickle attitude towards the sailor. Castor Oyl continued to come up with get-rich-quick schemes and enlisted Popeye in his misadventures.
In 1933, Popeye received a foundling baby in the mail, whom he adopted and named " Swee'Pea." Other regular characters in the strip were J. Wellington Wimpy, a hamburger-loving moocher who would "gladly pay you Tuesday for a hamburger today" (he was also soft-spoken and cowardly, hence his name); George W. Geezil, a local cobbler who spoke in a heavily affected accent and habitually attempted to murder or wish death upon Wimpy; and Eugene the Jeep, a yellow, vaguely dog-like animal from Africa with magical powers. In addition, the strip featured the Sea Hag, a terrible pirate, as well as the last witch on earth; and Alice the Goon, a monstrous creature who entered the strip as the Sea Hag's henchman and continued as Swee'pea's baby sitter.
Segar's strip was quite different from the cartoons that followed. The stories were more complex, with many characters who never appeared in the cartoons (King Blozo, for example). Spinach usage was rare and Bluto made only one appearance. Segar would sign some of his early Popeye comic strips with a cigar, due to his last name being a homonym of "cigar" (pronounced SEE-gar).
Thimble Theatre soon became one of King Features' most popular strips during the 1930s and, following an eventual name change to Popeye in the 1970s, remains one of the longest running strips in syndication today. The strip carried on after Segar's death in 1938, at which point he was replaced by a series of artists. In the 1950s, a spinoff strip was established, called Popeye the Sailorman. Acknowledging Popeye's growing popularity, the Thimble Theatre strip was re-named Thimble Theatre Starring Popeye during the 1960s and 1970s, and was eventually retitled, simply, Popeye, the name under which the strip continues to run.
Artists after Segar
After Segar's death in 1938, many different artists were hired to draw the strip. Tom Sims, the son of a Coosa River channel-boat captain, continued writing Thimble Theatre strips and established the Popeye the Sailorman spin-off. Doc Winner and Bela Zaboly, successively, handled the artwork during Sims's run. Eventually, Ralph Stein took over the writing, and wrote the comic strip until the series was taken over by Bud Sagendorf in 1958.
Sagendorf wrote and drew the daily strip until 1986, and continued to write and draw the Sunday strip until his death in 1994. Sagendorf, who had been Segar's assistant, made a definite effort to retain much of Segar's classic style, although his art is instantly discernable. Sagendorf continued to use many obscure characters from the Segar years, especially O.G. Wotasnozzle and King Blozo. Sagendorf's new characters, such as the Thung, also had a very Segar-like quality. What set Sagendorf apart from Segar more than anything else was his sense of pacing. Where plotlines moved very quickly with Segar, it would sometimes take an entire week of Sagendorf's daily strips for the plot to be advanced even a small amount.
From 1986 to 1992, the daily strip was written and drawn by Bobby London, who, after some controversy, was fired from the strip for a story that could be taken to satirize abortion . London's strips put Popeye and his friends in updated situations, but kept the spirit of Segar's original. One classic storyline, titled "The Return of Bluto," showed the sailor battling every version of the bearded bully from the comic strip, comic books, and animated films. The Sunday edition of the comic strip is currently drawn by Hy Eisman, who took over in 1994. The daily strip began featuring reruns of Sagendorf's strips after London was fired, and continues to do so today.
Theatrical cartoons
In November 1932, King Features signed an agreement with Fleischer Studios, run by producer Max Fleischer and his brother, director Dave Fleischer, to have Popeye and the other Thimble Theatre characters begin appearing in a series of animated cartoons. The first cartoon in the series would be released in 1933, and Popeye cartoons, released by Paramount Pictures, would remain a staple of Paramount's release schedule for over 20 years.
The plot lines in the animated cartoons tended to be simpler than those presented in the comic strips, and the characters slightly different. A villain, usually Bluto, made a move on Popeye's "sweetie," Olive Oyl. The bad guy then clobbered Popeye until Popeye ate spinach, giving him superhuman strength. Thus empowered, the sailor made short work of the villain.
The animated Popeye shorts were the first stories to suggest that Popeye's enormous strength came from a love of spinach; in the Thimble Theatre strips, Popeye was depicted as disliking the vegetable, a theme later picked up in the Robert Altman Popeye film. The 1954 Popeye cartoon Greek Mirthology depicts the fictional origin of spinach consumption in Popeye's family. Popeye's Greek ancestor, Hercules, originally sniffed garlic to gain his supernatural powers. When the evil Brutus removes the scent of the garlic using chlorophyll (an obvious incongruity), Hercules ends up getting punched into a spinach field, and, upon eating the leafy green substance, finds it empowers him many times more than garlic.
Many of the Thimble Theatre characters, including Wimpy, Poopdeck Pappy, and Eugene the Jeep, eventually made appearances in the Paramount cartoons, though appearances by Olive Oyl's extended family and Ham Gravy were notably absent. Popeye was also given more family exclusive to the shorts, specifically his look-alike nephews Pipeye, Pupeye, Poopeye, and Peepeye.
Fleischer Studios
Popeye in Fleischer's Little Swee' Pea (1936).
Popeye made his film debut in Popeye the Sailor, a 1933 Betty Boop cartoon (Betty only makes a brief appearance, repeating her hula dance from Betty Boop's Bamboo Isle). It was for this short that Sammy Lerner's famous "I'm Popeye the Sailor Man" song was written. I Yam What I Yam became the first entry in the regular Popeye the Sailor series.
Songwriter Sammy Lerner's theme song, "I'm Popeye the Sailor Man", composed for the first Popeye cartoon, became forever associated with the sailor. As one cartoon historian has observed, the song itself was inspired by the first two lines of the "Pirate King" song in Gilbert and Sullivan's operetta, The Pirates of Penzance: "For I am a Pirate King! (Hoorah for the Pirate King!)" The tune behind those two lines is identical to the "Popeye" song except for the high note on the first "King."
For the first few cartoons, the opening-credits music consisted of an instrumental of " The Sailor's Hornpipe," followed by a vocal variation on "Strike Up the Band (Here Comes a Sailor)," substituting the words "for Popeye the Sailor" in the latter phrase. As Betty Boop would gradually decline in quality as a result of the Hays Code being enforced in 1934, Popeye would become the studio's star character by 1936.
The character of Popeye was originally voiced by William "Billy" Costello, also known as "Red Pepper Sam." When Costello's behaviour became a problem, he was replaced by former In-betweener animator Jack Mercer, beginning with King of the Mardi Gras in 1935. Both actors performed Popeye's gravelly voice in a similar style. Olive Oyl was voiced by a number of actresses, the most notable of which was Mae Questel, who also voiced Betty Boop. Questel eventually took over the part completely until 1938. Gus Wickie voiced Bluto during the series' first five years of production until his death in 1938, his last work as the "Chief" in Big Chief Ugh-A-Mug-Ugh.
Popeye and Olive Oyl in A Date to Skate (1938).
Thanks to the film series, Popeye became even more of a sensation than he had in comic strips. During the mid-1930s, polls taken by theatre owners proved Popeye more popular than Mickey Mouse. In 1935, as Popeye was able to surpass Mickey Mouse in popularity, Paramount added to Popeye's popularity by sponsoring the "Popeye Club" as part of their Saturday matinée program, in competition of Mickey Mouse Clubs too. Popeye cartoons, including a sing-a-long special entitled Let's Sing With Popeye, were a regular part of the weekly meetings. For a 10-cent membership fee, club members were given a Popeye kazoo , a membership card, the chance to become elected as the Club's "Popeye" or "Olive Oyl," and opportunities to win other valuable gifts.
The Popeye series, like other cartoons produced by the Fleischers, was noted for its urban feel (the Fleischers operated out of New York City ), its manageable variations on a simple theme (Popeye loses Olive to bully Bluto and must eat his spinach and defeat him), and the characters' "under-the-breath" mutterings. The voices for Fleischer cartoons produced during the early and mid-1930s were recorded after the animation was completed. The actors, Mercer in particular, would therefore improvise lines that were not on the storyboards or prepared for the lip-sync. Even after the Fleischers began pre-recording dialog for lip-sync in the late-1930s, Mercer and the other voice actors would record ad-libbed lines while watching a finished copy of the cartoon. Fleischer Studios produced 108 Popeye cartoons, 105 of them in black and white. The remaining three were two-reel (double-length) Technicolor adaptations of stories from the Arabian Nights billed as "Popeye Colour Features": Popeye the Sailor Meets Sindbad the Sailor (1936), Popeye the Sailor Meets Ali Baba's Forty Thieves (1937), and Aladdin and His Wonderful Lamp (1939).
The Fleischers moved their studio to Miami, Florida in September 1938 in order to weaken union control and take advantage of tax breaks. The Popeye series continued production, although a marked change was seen in the Florida-produced shorts: they were brighter and less detailed in their artwork, with attempts to bring the character animation closer to a Disney style. Mae Questel, having just started a family, refused to move to Florida, and Margie Hines, the wife of Jack Mercer, voiced Olive Oyl through the end of 1943. Several voice actors, among them Pinto Colvig (better known as the voice of Disney's Goofy), succeeded Gus Wickie as the voice of Bluto between 1938 and 1943.
In 1941, with World War II becoming more of a source of concern in America, Popeye was enlisted into the U.S. Navy, as depicted in the 1941 short The Mighty Navy. His costume was changed from the black shirt and white neckerchief to an official white Navy suit, which Popeye continued to wear in animated cartoons until the 1960s. Popeye periodically appeared in his original costume when at home on shore leave, as in the 1942 entry Pip-Eye, Pup-Eye, Poop-Eye, An' Peep-Eye, which introduced his four identical nephews.
Famous Studios
In May 1941, Paramount Pictures assumed ownership of Fleischer Studios, which had borrowed heavily from Paramount in order to move to Florida and expand into features ( Gulliver's Travels and Mister Bug Goes to Town). By the end of the year, Dave Fleischer, who was no longer on speaking terms with his brother, had moved to California to head Columbia's Screen Gems animation studio. Paramount fired the Fleischers and began re-organizing the studio, which they renamed Famous Studios.
Appointing Sam Buchwald, Seymour Kneitel, Isadore Sparber, and Dan Gordon as Famous' heads, production continued on the Popeye shorts. The early Famous-era shorts were often World War II -themed, featuring Popeye fighting Nazis and Japanese soldiers.
In late 1943, the Popeye series was moved to all- Technicolor production, beginning with Her Honour the Mare. Paramount had begun moving the studio back to New York earlier that year, and Mae Questel re-assumed voice duties for Olive Oyl. Jack Mercer was drafted into the Navy during World War II, and scripts were stockpiled for Mercer to record whenever he was on leave. When Mercer was unavailable, Questel stood in as the voice of Popeye in addition to her role as Olive Oyl. New voice cast member Jackson Beck began voicing Bluto when the series went to colour: he, Mercer, and Questel would continue to voice their respective characters into the 1960s. Over time, the Technicolor Famous shorts began to adhere even closer to the standard Popeye formula, and softened, rounder character designs - including an Olive Oyl design which gave the character high heels and an updated hairstyle - were evident by 1948.
Theatrical Popeye cartoons on television
Famous/Paramount continued producing the Popeye series until 1957, with Spooky Swabs being the last of the 125 Famous shorts in the series. Paramount then sold the Popeye film catalog to Associated Artists Productions (AAP). AAP was bought out by United Artists in 1958 and later merged with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, which was itself purchased by Turner Entertainment in 1986. Turner sold off the production end of MGM/UA in 1988, but retained the film catalog, giving it the rights to the theatrical Popeye library.
The black-and-white Popeye shorts were shipped to South Korea in 1985, where artists retraced them into colour. The process made the shorts more marketable in the modern television era, but prevented the viewers from seeing the original Fleischer pen-and-ink work, and slowed down the pace of the drawings, as well as the three-dimensional backgrounds created by Fleischer's "Stereoptical" process. These colorized shorts began airing on Superstation WTBS in 1986 during their Tom & Jerry and Friends 90-minute weekday morning and hour long weekday afternoon shows. The retraced shorts were syndicated in 1987 on a barter basis, and remained available until the early 1990s. Turner merged with Time Warner in 1996, and Warner Bros. (through its Turner subsidiary) therefore currently controls the rights to the Popeye shorts.
Popeye, Olive Oyl, and Bluto in a scene from Famous Studios' Floor Flusher (1953).
For many decades, viewers could only see a majority of the classic Popeye cartoons with altered opening and closing credits. AAP had, for the most part, replaced the original Paramount logos with their own. In 2001, the Cartoon Network, under the supervision of animation historian Jerry Beck, created a new incarnation of The Popeye Show. The show aired the Fleischer and Famous Studios Popeye shorts in versions approximating their original theatrical releases by editing copies of the original opening and closing credits (taken or recreated from various sources) onto the beginnings and ends of each cartoon, or in some cases, in their complete, uncut original theatrical versions direct from such prints that originally contained the front-and-end Paramount credits.
The series, which aired 135 Popeye shorts over forty-five episodes, also featured segments offering trivia about the characters, voice actors, and animators. The program aired without interruption until March 2004. The Popeye Show continued to air on Cartoon Network's spin-off network Boomerang . The restored Popeye Show versions of the shorts are sometimes seen at revival film houses for occasional festival screenings.
Home video
MGM/UA Home Video had planned a VHS and Beta release of the Fleischer and Famous Studios cartoons in 1983. However, UA was informed by King Features Syndicate that only King Features had the legal right to release Popeye cartoons on video. United Artists did not challenge King Features' claim, and the release was canceled. While King Features owns the rights to the Popeye characters, and licensed the characters to appear in the Fleischer/Famous cartoons, King Features does not have any ownership in the films themselves.
A clause in the original contract between Paramount Pictures and King Features stated that after ten years, the prints and negatives of the Popeye cartoons were to be destroyed, a clause the syndicate had for all of its licensed properties. The clause was never enforced for Popeye.
While most of the Paramount Popeye catalog remained unavailable on video, a handful of Popeye cartoons from the 1930s through the 1950s had fallen into public domain and were made available on numerous low budget VHS tapes and later DVDs. Among these cartoons are a handful of the Fleischer black and whites, several 1950s Famous shorts, and all three Popeye Colour Specials. When Turner Entertainment acquired the cartoons in 1986, a long and laborious legal struggle with King Features kept the majority of the original Popeye shorts from official video releases for more than twenty years. King Features instead opted to release a DVD boxed set of the 1960s made-for-television Popeye cartoons, which it retained the rights to, in 2004.
In 2006, Warner Bros. reached an agreement with King Features Syndicate and its parent company Hearst Corporation. Warner Home Video announced it would release all of the Popeye cartoons produced for theatrical release between 1933 and 1957 on DVD, restored and uncut. The studio also plans to release DVD sets of the Popeye cartoons made for television in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, the rights to which are controlled by Hearst Entertainment . This is similar in most respects to the Looney Tunes Golden Collection DVD sets also released by Warner, except the Popeye shorts will be released in chronological order.
The first of Warner's Popeye DVD sets, covering the cartoons released from 1933 until early 1938, was released on July 31, 2007. Popeye the Sailor: 1933-1938, Volume 1, a four-disc collector’s edition DVD, contains the first 60 Fleischer Popeye cartoons, including the colour specials Popeye the Sailor Meets Sindbad the Sailor and Popeye the Sailor Meets Ali Baba’s Forty Thieves. Restoration timelines caused Warners to re-imagine the Popeye DVD sets as a series of two-disc sets. A second volume of Popeye cartoons from Warner Home Video, Popeye the Sailor: 1938-1940, Volume 2 is scheduled for release on June 17, 2008. It will include the final colour Popeye special Aladdin and his Wonderful Lamp. Warner is also planning to release on June 17 a single DVD featuring eight colour made for TV Popeye cartoons made for the 1978 series The All-New Popeye Hour produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions (whose library is largely owned by WB). This collection is titled Popeye & Friends, Volume One.
Original television cartoons
In 1960, King Features Syndicate commissioned a new series of Popeye cartoons, but this time for television syndication. Al Brodax served as executive producer of the cartoons for King Features. Jack Mercer, Mae Questel, and Jackson Beck returned for this series, which was produced by a number of companies, including Jack Kinney Productions, Rembrandt Films, Larry Harmon Productions and Paramount Cartoon Studios (formerly Famous Studios). The artwork was streamlined and simplified for the television budgets, and 220 cartoons were produced in only two years, with the first set of them premiering in the autumn of 1960, and the last of them debuting during the 1961-1962 television season. Since King Features had exclusive rights to these Popeye cartoons, about half of them were released on DVD as a 75th anniversary Popeye boxed set in 2004.
For these cartoons, Bluto's name was changed to "Brutus," as King Features believed at the time that Paramount owned the rights to the name "Bluto." Many of the cartoons made by Paramount used plots and storylines taken directly from the comic strip sequences-as well as characters like King Blozo and the Sea Hag. The 1960s cartoons have been issued on both VHS and DVD.
On September 9, 1978 , The All-New Popeye Hour debuted on the CBS Saturday morning lineup. It was an hour-long animated series produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions, which tried its best to retain the style of the original comic strip (Popeye returned to his original costume and Brutus to his original name of Bluto), while complying with the prevailing content restrictions on violence. In addition to providing many of the cartoon scripts, Jack Mercer continued to voice Popeye, while Marilyn Schreffler and Allan Melvin became the new voices of Olive Oyl and Bluto, respectively. (Mae Questel actually auditioned for Hanna-Barbera to recreate Olive Oyl, but was rejected in favour of Schreffler.) The All-New Popeye Hour ran on CBS until September 1981, when it was cut to a half-hour and retitled The Popeye and Olive Show. It was removed from the CBS lineup in September 1983, the year before Jack Mercer's death. These cartoons have also been released on VHS and DVD. During the time these cartoons were in production, CBS aired The Popeye Valentine's Day Special - Sweethearts at Sea on February 14 ( St. Valentine's Day, of course), 1979. In the UK , the BBC aired a half-hour version of The All-New Popeye Show, from the early-1980s to 2004.
Popeye briefly returned to CBS in 1987 for Popeye and Son, another Hanna-Barbera series, which featured Popeye and Olive as a married couple with a son named Popeye Jr., who hates but respects spinach. Maurice LaMarche performed Popeye's voice; Jack Mercer had died in 1984. The show lasted for one season.
In 2004, Lions Gate Entertainment produced a computer-animated television special, Popeye's Voyage: The Quest for Pappy, which was made to coincide with the 75th anniversary of Popeye. Billy West performed the voice of Popeye; after the first day of recording, his throat was so sore he had to return to his hotel room and drink honey . The uncut version was released on DVD on November 9, 2004; and was aired in a re-edited version on FOX on December 17, 2004 and again on December 30, 2005. Its style was influenced by the 1930s Fleischer cartoons, and featured Swee' Pea, Wimpy, Bluto (who is Popeye's friend in this version), Olive Oyl, Poopdeck Pappy, and The Sea Hag as its characters. On November 6, 2007, Lionsgate Entertainment will re-release Popeye’s Voyage on DVD with redesigned cover art.
Popeye has made brief parody appearances in modern animated productions, including The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie (2004), and the TV shows Drawn Together, Robot Chicken, South Park, The Simpsons (in the episode " Jaws Wired Shut," for instance), and Family Guy. Popeye imitations are a frequent element of comedian Dave Coulier's routines, and were performed often during his co-starring role on the ABC sitcom Full House.
Cultural origins and impact
One historian believes Popeye was inspired from Frank "Rocky" Fiegel , a man who was handy with his fists during Segar's youth in Chester, Illinois. Fiegel was born on January 27, 1868. He lived as a bachelor his entire life and never got married. It was said that later Segar sent checks to Fiegel in the 1930s. Fiegel died on March 24, 1947 at the age of 79.
Culturally, , many consider Popeye a precursor to the superheroes who would eventually come to dominate the world of comic books. Some observers of popular culture point out that the fundamental character of Popeye, paralleling that of another 1930s icon, Superman , is very close to the traditional view of how the U.S. sees itself as a nation: possessing uncompromising moral standards and resorting to force when threatened, or when he "can't stands no more" bad behaviour from an antagonist. This theory is directly reinforced in certain cartoons, when Popeye defeats his foe while a US patriotic song, usually either " Stars and Stripes Forever," " Yankee Doodle," or " Columbia, Gem of the Ocean," plays on the soundtrack. One of Popeye's catchphrases is "I yam what I yam, and that's all that I yam," which may be seen as an expression of individualism.
Such has been Popeye's cultural impact that the medical profession sometimes refers to the biceps bulge symptomatic of a tendon rupture as the "Popeye muscle." . Note, however, that under normal (non-spinach-influenced) conditions, Popeye has pronounced muscles of the forearm, not of the biceps.
At the end of his song "Kansas City Star," Roger Miller's character of a local TV kids show announcer says, "Stay tuned, we'll have a Popeye cartoon in just a minute."
The 1988 film Who Framed Roger Rabbit featured many classic cartoon characters, and the absence of Popeye (due to rights issues) was noted by some critics.
Most prominently, Popeye has been associated with the vegetable spinach, and is credited by many with popularizing the vegetable among children.
Spinach
Early references to spinach in the Fleischer cartoons and subsequently in further stories of Popeye are attributed to the publication of a study which, because of a misprint, attributed to spinach ten times its actual iron content. The error was discovered in the 1930s but not widely publicized until T.J. Hamblin wrote about it in the British Medical Journal in 1981.
The popularity of the Popeye helped boost sales of the leafy vegetable and the spinach-growing community of Crystal City, Texas erected a statue of the character in gratitude. There is another Popeye statue in Segar's hometown, Chester, Illinois, and a third in Alma, Arkansas, which claims to be "The Spinach Capital of the World," and is home to Allen Canning which markets Popeye-branded canned spinach. There is yet another statue of Popeye at Universal Orlando Resort in the Islands of Adventure theme park, which has Popeye-themed rides.
In addition to Allen Canning's Popeye spinach, Popeye Fresh Foods markets bagged, fresh spinach with Popeye characters on the package.
In 2006, when spinach contaminated with E. coli was accidentally sold to the public, many editorial cartoonists lampooned the affair by featuring Popeye in their cartoons.
Word coinages
The strip is also responsible for popularizing, although not inventing, the word ' goon' (meaning a thug or lackey); goons in Popeye's world were large humanoids with indistinctly drawn faces that were particularly known for being used as muscle and slave labor by Popeye's nemesis the Sea Hag. One particular goon, the aforementioned female named Alice, was an occasional recurring character in the animated shorts, but was usually a fairly nice character.
It is believed by some that the name " Jeep" was also coined in the strip, though some debate a connection between the comic strip character Eugene the Jeep and the automobiles that share its name.
Deficient English in Popeye
In the 1980s, Popeye was banned in Singapore from local TV stations because the cartoon series promoted wrong or distorted usage of English grammar.
Although educators in Singapore saw nothing wrong with the series, the improper use of English used by Popeye in his dialogue would encourage young children to imitate its language. Among the kind of fractured English that Singaporean educators pointed out from Popeye was the use of "me" instead of "my" to describe his ownership of an object. Popeye also tends to mutter under his breath more or less continuously, for instance while walking along the street, observing the various places of business, merchants, and passersby.
Events and honours
The Popeye Picnic is held every year in Chester, Illinois on the weekend after Labor Day. Popeye fans attend from across the globe, including a visit by a film crew from South Korea in 2004. The one-eyed sailor's hometown pulls out all of the stops to entertain devotees of all ages.
In honour of Popeye’s 75th anniversary, the Empire State Building illuminated its world-famous tower lights green the weekend of January 16–18, 2004 as a tribute to the icon’s enormous love of spinach. This special lighting marked the only time the Empire State Building ever celebrated the anniversary/birthday of a comic strip character.
Reprints
Popeye the Sailor, Nostalgia Press, 1971, reprints three daily stories from 1936.
Thimble Theatre, Hyperion Press, 1977, ISBN 0-88355-663-4, reprints daily from September 10, 1928 missing 11 dailies which are included in the Fantagraphics reprints.
Popeye, the First Fifty Years by Bud Sagendorf, Workman Publishing, 1979 ISBN 0-89480-066-3, the only Popeye reprint in full colour.
The Complete E. C. Segar Popeye, Fantagraphics, 1980s, reprints all Segar Sundays featuring Popeye in 4 volumes, all Segar dailies featuring Popeye in 7 volumes, missing 4 dailies which are included in the Hyperion reprint, November 20 – November 22, 1928 August 22, 1929 .
Popeye. The 60th Anniversary Collection, Hawk Books Limited, 1989, ISBN 0-948248-86-6 featuring reprints a selection of strips and stories from the first newspaper strip in 1929 onwards, along with articles on Popeye in comics, books, collectables, etc.
E. C. Segar's Popeye, Fantagraphic Books, 2000s, reprints all Segar Sundays and dailies featuring Popeye in 6 volumes. Vol. 1 "I Yam What I Yam," covered 1928-1930. Vol. 2 "Well Blow Me Down!" covers 1930-32.
Thimble Theatre/Popeye characters
Popeye and his identical quadruplet nephews (Pipeye, Pupeye, Poopeye, Peepeye), in a scene from Famous Studios' Me Musical Nephews (1942).
Characters originating in the comic strips
Olive Oyl
Castor Oyl (Olive Oyl's brother)
Cole Oyl (Olive Oyl's father)
Nana Oyl (Olive Oyl's mother)
Ham Gravy (full name Harold Hamgravy, Olive Oyl's original boyfriend)
Popeye the Sailor
The Sea Hag's vultures, specifically Bernard
J. Wellington Wimpy
George W. Geezil (the local cobbler who hates Wimpy)
Rough House (a cook who runs a local restaurant, The Rough House)
Swee'Pea (Popeye's adopted baby son in the comics, Olive's cousin in the cartoons)
King Blozo
Goons, specifically Alice the Goon
Poopdeck Pappy (Popeye's 99-year-old long-lost father; also a sailor)
Eugene the Jeep
Bill Barnacle (a fellow sailor)
Oscar
Dufus (the son of a family friend)
Granny (Popeye's grandmother and Poopdeck's mother)
Bernice (The "Whiffle Bird" in 1960s King Features TV shorts)
O. G. Watasnozzle
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Misogamy is the hatred of what? | Misogamy - definition of misogamy by The Free Dictionary
Misogamy - definition of misogamy by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/misogamy
Also found in: Thesaurus , Medical , Encyclopedia .
mi·sog·a·my
mis′o·gam′ic (mĭs′ə-găm′ĭk) adj.
mi·sog′a·mist n.
misogamy
mis•o•gam•ic (ˌmɪs əˈgæm ɪk, ˌmaɪ sə-) adj.
mi•sog′a•mist, n.
misogamy
1.
misogamy - hatred of marriage
hate , hatred - the emotion of intense dislike; a feeling of dislike so strong that it demands action
Translations
mi·sog·a·my
n. misogamia, aversión al matrimonio.
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Card is disabled, and his erratic, almost neurotic behavior (years after the movement he can fall asleep only when fully dressed) and life of drug abuse, AA, bitterness, and misogamy are the legacies of the living nightmare and abuse he experienced.
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Aotearoa is the local name for which country? | misogamy - Dictionary Definition : Vocabulary.com
Random Word
misogamy
If you know a confirmed bachelor who dates a lot but never settles down, he may not have met the right person yet — or he may suffer from misogamy, a hatred of marriage.
Misogamy is made up of two Greek words, mis meaning "hate," and gamy meaning "marriage." You might get it confused with another mis- word that sounds similar, misogyny, which is completely different as it means "a hatred of women."
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British companies, Wagtail, Kelham Island and Revolution are all what types of which industry? | The River Commons Report by Katya_Porohina - issuu
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Exploration into possible initiatives on River Don corridor between Hillsborough and Kehlam Island in Sheffield
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The River Commons Projects Report
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Introduction 4 About this Publication 5 Timeline of Previous Initiatives 6 RIBA ‘Forgotten Spaces’ Sheffield MAUD Design Studios 2011 13 The River Commons Public Event Outcomes so far 69 Next Steps 72 Contributors 73
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The River Commons Projects Report
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Introduction Water shapes cities by being the conduit and locus of activities and exchanges and plays a significant role in their complex ecology (including at economic and environmental levels). Our particular interest is to explore water in urban contexts as a prime site for actions, interventions and activities that address social and environmental justice. How can we create the conditions for the emergence of a resilient system of ethical actors working interdependently around/in/with urban waters? How can we trigger a shift towards more just society through rethinking access, management and use of urban waterways? Sheffield, famously, is built on seven hills (like Rome), however it also has five rivers that flow into the city from the Peak District and surrounding countryside. These generated the power for the grinding wheels of the city’s well known cutlery trade, and later powered steam engines and forge hammers. The rivers also acted as a drain and industrial waste conduit and for this reason were, until not so long ago, heavily polluted, and devoid of life. As buildings backed straight onto, or even bridged over, the rivers (the station is built over a curvetted section of river) they became invisible. In recent years, with the decline of industry, different political and economic contexts and increasing environmental awareness, river walks and residential river-side developments have appeared along the River Don from the city centre, East to the Meadowhall shopping centre and M1 motorway. However, the Upper River Don, from the city to the North-West area of Hillsborough, is a lost world. Running parallel with a major road and close to the Super-
tram track it is almost invisible. For a large part it is also inaccessible, cut off by private car-parks, industrial estates and empty sites. This section of river is full of surprises: derelict water wheels, curiously named islands such as Bacon Island and an abandoned graveyard. Sheffield City Council (SCC) published the Upper Don Valley Physical Regeneration Strategy in 2006. The Vision for the Upper Don Valley in the 21st century proposes to dramatically transform it from a place often characterised by derelict land and disused buildings, which few people know or visit, to an exciting gateway where both existing and new businesses can prosper and grow, alongside housing and leisure, bringing a step change in the quality of the environment. The context in which this document was produced is one that preceded the economic recession and, with it, the collapse of regeneration led by private development. How can we rewrite a vision for the Upper Don Valley that is rooted into a different economic model, based on justice?
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Following the research carried out for the Forgotten Spaces competition, the River Commons project was initiated with the explicit aim to create, conceive and implement some positive action to improve accessibility, in a broad sense, of the Upper Don. One aspect of the project is about collaborative mapping of initiatives, skills and intentions of all actors with an interest in Sheffield Rivers. Studio Polpo produced an evolving embroidered map, presented here, as a starting point for many discussions and exchanges about identifying and implementing interventions and actions.
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This publication is a collaboration between Studio Polpo and Shalesmoor Kelham Island and Neepsend Network (SKINN), it is a working document that presents project’s ideas that were developed since the start of The River Commons including the proposals from RIBA Forgotten Spaces competition and extracts from MAUD design studio reports produced by students. The document also presents ideas that were gathered during the workshop at the River Commons Public event described below. This is not a final report of the research programme but rather a snapshot of the activities that the River Commons has developed so far. Further stages involve collection of case studies on most popular and relevant ideas and development of these ideas into feasible projects.
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Studio Polpo’s investigations of the Upper Don river in Sheffield started in the context of an entry for the RIBA Forgotten Spaces Sheffield 2011 competition, developed with architectural critic Steve Parnell. The proposals put forward for the competition fell slightly outside the brief in that they did not refer to a specific site but a large linear area of the city. The suggestions for what might happen along the Upper River Don, ranged from very simple to complex: picnic benches, fishing platforms, bird-watching hides, playgrounds, kayak platforms plus a micro-brewery-cum-boathouse at Hillsborough Corner. These would be linked by a walkway that is pontoon in places, path in others.
The River Commons project was also the context for a design studio in the MA in Urban Design (MAUD) at Sheffield School of Architecture (SSoA): UNLOCKING POTENTIAL + JOINING THE DOTS– BEING PROPOSITIONAL WHILST OPERATING IN THE CONTEXT OF EXISTING INITIATIVES AROUND THE RIVER DON. Student’s task was to propose interventions, programmes and strategies that take advantage of existing initiatives around Sheffield rivers, with a particular focus on a specific stretch of the River Don. A synthesis and summary of work MAUD students is presented here.
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The River Commons project was initiated by Studio Polpo to work with a number of actors in and around Sheffield to catalyse, support, implement and disseminate initiatives that make Sheffield Rivers more accessible.
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2008, 'Sheffield Waterways Regeneration Strategy'
The River Commons Projects Report
'Vision of the city of rivers; an integrated strategy, linked to the wider policy agenda with a clear, prioritised action plan.'
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2004,'British Land's River Don District Masterplan'
2008, 'Sheffield's Economic Masterplan'
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The plan extends the central core of the City Centre. It proposes an extension of the business area along an arc connected by key routes from the Wicker/Riverside to The Moor.
Second stage of the Lower Don Valley Vision & Masterplan project. Themes of the report touch on issues of sustainability, environment and connectivity. (The British Land Company PLC)
(Creative Sheffield)
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2004, ‘Lower Don Valley Vision and Masterplan Report’ Each of its core objectives is a commitment to achieve sustainable development from an economic, social and environmental perspective.
1984, ‘An Employment and Environmental Plan for the Lower Don Valley'
(Sheffield City Council, British Land)
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2008, Sheffield Central Riverside Regeneration Strategy'
(Sheffield City Council)
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Strategy identifies actions required to facilitate regeneration and development in this area. There are no definitive proposals at this stage but rather a range of ideas and options for comment and discussion.
(Sheffield City Council)
(Sheffield City Council)
2007, Sheffield's Green and Open Space Strategy 2010-2030’ (Sheffield City Council)
Series of separate studies including a baseline study, an economic study, a land-use and property market study of the city centre retail environment and a strategy for transport and movement in the city centre.
2007, ‘Wicker Riverside Action Plan 2007-2017'
(Sheffield City Council)
8km path from Sheffield City Centre to Meadowhall along the banks of the River Don
2004, Upper Don Walk
(Contact: Simon Ogden, Sheffield City Coucil)
(Contact: Helen Batt, River Stewardship Company)
2010, River Commons
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Project aimed at developing new knowledge, models and integrated designs, leading to improved policies and practice in the regeneration of urban river corridors. Part of the UK EPSRC Sustainable Urban Environment (SUE) programme.
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(Contact: Sue Hornby, University of Sheffield)
Walk, connecting the Five Weirs Walk with the Pennine Trail.
2010, Blue Loop
(Contact: Tony Canning, Sheffield City Kayak Club)
2007, River Stewardship Company
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Project aims to reconnect communities around Sheffield with their local waterways and joins together the two major waterways in the area: the River Don and Tinsley Canal in the Lower Don Valley. (Contact: Kate Beaumont, Groundwork)
Social enterprise aiming to provide a maintenance and management service for Sheffield’s rivers
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(Contact: Helen Batt, River Stewardship Company)
Charity, Its primary aim was to open up the 8km of River Don to public access through Sheffield's East End.
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2003, The Sheffield Waterways Strategy Group (SWSG)
(Contact: Simon Ogden, Sheffield City Coucil)
1996, Environment Agency
Growing out of the Sheffield First Partnership - business, voluntary, community sector partners, and public sector agencies work together with local people.Informal group.
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(Contact: Simon Ogden, Sheffield City Coucil)
Orhanisation was formed to protect or enhance the environment, taken as a whole" so as to promote "the objective of achieving sustainable development". Protection of the environment relates to threats such as flood and pollution. (Contact: Jonathan Moxon, Environment Agency)
1989, National Rivers Authority
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2011, Riverlution
Annual festival in September. Event at Kelham Island Museum run in partnership with the Upper Don Walk Trust.
Strategy promoted redevelopment of large brownfield areas in the Lower Don Valley, by restoring grossly degraded environments including the waterways of the River Don and the Sheffield Canal.
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Framework to guide public and private development and investment decisions in the Nursery Street and Wicker area
2007, Down by the Riverside Festival
1990, ‘A Vision of the Lower Don Valley: Design Principles for Development'
1986, The Five Weirs Walk Trust Ltd
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Long-term strategy for the future use and management of the city's green and open spaces
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2000, 'Sheffield City Centre Masterplan'
1986 -2007, Five Weirs Walk
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Sheffield Central Riverside occupies a strategic position where the UDV and LDV meet with the City Centre. The strategy puts forward the Council’s approach to regeneration in this area.
2006, ‘Upper Don Valley Physical Regeneration Strategy'
Strategy promoted redevelopment of large brownfield areas in the Lower Don Valley, by restoring grossly degraded environments including the waterways of the River Don and the Sheffield Canal.
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2004, Upper Don Walk Trust
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Charity formed to develop a riverside walk, connecting five Weirs Walk with the Pennine Trail. Brooklyn Bridge initiative starts here. (Contact: Tony Canning, Sheffield City Kayak Club)
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2004, Groundwork South Yorkshire
Supply and distribution of drinking water, sewerage and sewage disposal, land drainage and flood risk management, fisheries, water quality management, pollution prevention, water resource management.
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Working in partnership with small community groups and multinational businesses on projects that support environment, create employment and encourage healthy living.
(Contact: Jonathan Moxon, Environment Agency)
(Contact: Kate Beaumont, Groundwork)
park and turning earsal of Sheffield's
Site Analysis
vers occupies a equivalent to a y and Rivelin are a the Peaks right The 2007 Sheffield flood reminded Sheffielders of ould be a linear tastic countryside their rivers can have in the city. Normally, however,
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just quite what a presence they are almost entirely forgotten which is strange considering how important they were in the city’s estabmall breweries andlishment. This is especially true north west of the city centre where rivers Loxley heffield's uniqueand Rivelin join the Don at Hill borough. There are glimpses here and there of beside or near this these rivers, especially where a road or path crosses them, but they are in the ham Island to knowledgement of main only visible with a conscious effort. And if they are ever thought of, it is t is probably not with a sense of utility rather than amenity. Years of industry using the rivers and 3turning their back on them has resulted in these rivers being completely 3feels like a lost then inaccessible to public in this part of the city. And therefore forgotten – lost LOXthe h as that at NeepLEY VA LOXLE Y VAplaces. EY ( TO riverside d land, the crum- even. And with them,LLmany LLEY W L ( TOW ARD P ARD P EAK D EAK D ISTRIC TOWA ISTRIC T) T )Loxley between Malin R D particularly the case on thePpleasant stretch of the EAK D ISTRIC T and Hillsborough Corner. Although this) is one of the few stretches of river
partially lined with housing, it is impossible to get to the river unless you own one of the few houses that backs onto it. At the Malin Bridge end, next to the Park & Ride, there are two wire fences and a wall keeping people from enjoying the river. Benches are positioned facing the car park and turning their back on the river in a familiar rehearsal of Sheffield’s bad habit. This north west stretch of Sheffield’s rivers occupies around 15 hectares of the city – an area equivalent to a good sized park. In fact, the rivers Loxley and Rivelin are a green corridor that bring the nature of the Peaks right into the city centre via the Don. They could 4 be a linear park linking Sheffield’s centre to its fantastic countryside – a unique urban feature. Sheffield is also home to a number of small breweries and good real ale pubs which also add to Sheffield’s uniqueness. These too happen to be located beside or near this north west stretch of the river from Kelham Island to Hillsborough Corner yet there is no acknowledgement of this fact or attempt to utilise it. The fact is probably not even recognised. This stretch of the River Don currently feels like a lost world. Isolated pockets of industry, such as that at Neepsend for example, are set amongst wild land, the crumbling Wardsend Cemetry lies buried in ivy and fallen trees. Numerous derelict former industrial premises are strung along the river, creating both a recent archaeology of Sheffield but also a fantastic opportunity for renewal with a stong sense of history and continuity. There is no where else quite like this.
1. CENTRAL RIVER PLAN 1:2500
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the rivers in the North West of Sheffield from its
them for recreational purposes. role of utility to toone of amenity – to create a walkway linking the green Instead historic of them being a potential burden due flooding, the people of Sheffield could actively benefit their finger of aRivelin Valley toflooding, the centre of Sheffield and to link with the path that Instead of them being potential burden duefrom to ongoing proactive management. A linear (water) park the people of Sheffield could actively benefit from their already exists at Kelham The ambition is to not only remember the rivers through city would add to Sheffield's toIsland. be ongoing the proactive management. A linear claim (water) park Britain's greenest city and abut truly unique feature. to positively throughof theSheffield city would add to Sheffield's claim to be provide access to them for recreational purposes. Where banks are a path, we are proposBritain'sthe greenest cityunsuitable and a trulyfor unique feature. ing a floating walkway, constructed from Where the banks are unsuitable for apredominantly path, we are propostimber and using live willow as guards. In other, more ing a floating walkway, constructed predominantly from built-up sections, walkway cantilever from timber and using the liveof willow ascould guards. In other, morethe Instead them being a where potential burden due to flooding, the people of Sheffield sides of the river. Every so often along the river, built-up sections, the walkway could cantilever from the there are additional “forgotten spaces” , small interventions could actively benefit from their ongoing proactive management. A linear (water) sides of the river. Every so often along the river, where could be introduced, such as fishing platforms, viewing there are additional “forgotten spaces” , smallwould interventions park through the city add to Sheffield’s claim to be Britain’s greenest city towers, picnic spots, exercise children's play could be introduced, such as equipment, fishing platforms, viewing equipment, or simply seating. and a truly unique feature. Where the banks are unsuitable for a path, we are towers, picnic spots, exercise equipment, children's play The two islands alongseating. the river- ‘Bacon Island’ near Neepequipment, or simply proposing a floating walkway, constructed predominantly from timber and ussend, andislands the island near bothNeephave The two along theHillsborough river- ‘BaconCollege Island’ near the potential to be places of adventure and discovery, ing live willow as guards. In other, more built-up sections, the walkway could send, and the island near Hillsborough College both have either as picnic adventure play areas, or wildlife the potential tospots, be places of adventure and discovery, cantilever from the sides of the river. Every so often along the river, where there habitats. this whole stretch ofplay river is easily accessible either as and picnic spots, adventure areas, or wildlife by tram, and hence from the station, encouraging vistors are additional “forgotten spaces”, small interventions could be introduced, such habitats. and this whole stretch of river is easily accessible to city to hence experience bythe tram, and from it. the station, encouraging vistors as fishing platforms, viewing towers, picnic spots, exercise equipment, children’s Facilities variety of uses to the cityfortoaexperience it. could be built along the trail where other forgotten spaces will no doubt be subseplay equipment, or simply seating. Facilities for a variety of uses could be built along the trail quently rediscovered. where other forgotten spaces will no doubt be subseSo why not: Kayak down the river from Hillsborough to quently rediscovered. Kelham Island/leave theislands kids at thefrom adventure playground So why not: Kayak down the river Hillsborough to The two along the river‘Bacon Island’ near Neepsend, and the island on an island while you run the river/spend a Kelham Island/leave thehave kidsaat thealong adventure playground near Hillsborough College both have the potential to be places of adventure and Sunday following traila and finish with grilled fish a on an island whilethe youale have run along the river/spend at a riverside spot;/walk Shalesmoor to the Peakfish Sunday following the alefrom trail and finish with grilled discovery, either as picnic spots, adventure play areas, or wildlife habitats. and District without seeing traffic/go with the kids toPeak spot at a riverside spot;/walk from Shalesmoor to the this whole stretch of river is easily accessible by tram, and hence from the station, herons and kingfishers from a hide in the trees/ meet District without seeing traffic/go with the kids to spot your mates for a day of fishing on aninisland/or just walk herons and kingfishers from avisitors hide the trees/ meet encouraging to the city to experience it. the yourdog? mates for a day of fishing on an island/or just walk
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HI HIL LL L SB SB OR OR OU OU GH GH PA PA RK RK
Proposal
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The proposal is a strategy to turn the rivers in the North West ofisSheffield from its historic roleinofthe utility The proposal a strategy to turn the rivers to oneWest of amenity – to create the North of Sheffield from a itswalkway historic linking role of utility green of Rivelin Valley atowalkway the centre of Sheffield to onefinger of amenity – to create linking the and tofinger link with the path that to already existsofatSheffield Kelham green of Rivelin Valley the centre Island. The ambition is to not only remember the and to link with the path that already exists at Kelham rivers Sheffield butisto provide access Island.of The ambition topositively not only remember the to them recreational proposal is a strategy tototurn riversfor ofThe Sheffield butpurposes. to positively provide access
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NORTH BY NORTHWEST The River Commons Report NORTH BY Projects NORTHWEST PROPOSAL PROPOSAL
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KEY KEY SUPERTRAM LINE/STOP SUPERTRAM LINE/STOP NEW RIVER WALKWAY NEW RIVER WALKWAY ACCESSIBLE RIVER
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ACCESSIBLE RIVER DERELICT BUILDING/ EMPTY SITE DERELICT BUILDING/ EMPTY SITE SMALL BREWERY/ REAL ALE PUB SMALL BREWERY/ REAL ALE PUB
the dog?
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Facilities for a variety of uses could be built along the trail where other forgotten spaces will no doubt be subsequently rediscovered.
FISHING PLATFORM FISHING PLATFORM
LOXLE Y VAL LEY ( T LOXLE OWAR Y VAto D PEIsland/leave LLEY AK DIS So why not: Kayak down the river from Hillsborough Kelham ( TOW TRICT ARD P ) Ea AKrun kids at the adventure playground on an island while you have DISTR along ICT )
the the river/spend a Sunday following the ale trail and finish with grilled fish at a riverside spot/walk from Shalesmoor to the Peak District without seeing traffic/go with the kids to spot herons and kingfishers from a hide in the trees/ meet your mates for a day of fishing on an island/or just walk the dog?
KAYAK STOP/SHELTER KAYAK STOP/SHELTER
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ADVENTURE PLAY/ EXERCISE ADVENTURE PLAY/ EXERCISE BIRDWATCHING HIDE BIRDWATCHING HIDE
* * “tell you what luv - you get ’tram out I’ll meet “tellt’Hillsborough, you what luv - and you get ’tram you and the kids byand the I’ll new out t’Hillsborough, meet Brewery, we can some dinner you and the kidsget by the new and walkwe back down river -dinner they’ll Brewery, can get some love it -there’s and and walk backplaygrounds down river - they’ll allsorts” love it -there’s playgrounds and allsorts”
BOATHOUSE WITH SHOWERS WC AND CHANGING BOATHOUSE WITH SHOWERS WC AND CHANGING INFORMATION CENTRE INFORMATION CENTRE
Grenoside
Train Station University of Sheffield
Location of MAUD projects page 12
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s mo o r ,K al e e
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In this 3 week long project students were asked to propose interventions, programmes and strategies that take advantage of existing initiatives with a particular focus on a specific area of the stretch of the Upper Don between Kehlam Island and Hillsborough and to produce scenarios for short, medium and longer term (1month, 1 year and 5 years). The area was divided into three linear overlapping sites (see page 12 ‘ Location of MAUD projects’), each site split between two groups. Following pages present some extracts from students’ final reports.
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MAUD_UDP2: Unlocking potential + joining the dots_being propositional whilst operating in the context of existing initiatives around the River Don. Tutors: Cristina Cerulli, Florian Kossak, Julia Udall
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The University of Sheffield MA in Urban Design (MAUD) programme aims to produce graduates with highly developed design skills and understanding of broad social, environmental and economic context.
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3a
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Description: ‘Aiming to unlock the potential of the river Loxley, by organising different layer spaces, reusing exciting abandoned resources and achieving closer connection between residence and the river.’
Holme Lane is an area undergoing change; much of the traditional retail use close to the centre and along the North side of the road has diminished, whilst takeaways and certain specialist retailers and services have begun to dominate. At the same time, large-scale industrial use closer to Rivelin Valley, on the south side of the road, has been in decline, whilst local demand for housing has been on the increase. The entrance to Holme Lane from Hillsborough Corner has suffered from an element of neglect, including a long stretch of buildings still awaiting renovation. At present there is little to make shoppers venture along Holme Lane, except for a specific purpose (e.g. visit to medical centre or specialist retailer etc.) or on route to another area. The road suffers from high volumes of traffic, particularly at peak times, but in terms of numbers of pedestrians/shoppers it is much quieter than the rest of the centre. Cognitive mapping using ‘walking’ as a survey technique
page 14
The River Commons Projects Report
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Traffic
!;:+8>,5):,5,1.+70*\-/-6,)+89.,1)0*5)0--,117D767./L) “BBB,*-89+0=,) 06.,+*0.7>,) ;,0*1) 83) .+0*1:8+.) –) !) ?8965) 91,) .4,) -,*.+,);8+,)73)!)-8965)6,0>,);/)D7@,)1,-9+,6/”) “Make) 0) ?06@\-/-6,) +89.,) 066) 068*=) C8<6,/) .8) 67*@) ?7.4) R067*) H+75=,)0*5)$7>,67*)–);0/),*-89+0=,);8+,):,8:6,).8)6,0>,)b.4,7+c)-0+) 0.)48;,)73).4,/)40>,)0).+0337-A3+,,)?06@7*=)0+,0”) ) $7>,+175,\=+,,*)7;:+8>,;,*.1) “BBB0)3,?).+,,1\=+,,*,+/)?8965)D,)welcomed”)“STOP)!CCJVGC)&'RO!"V) THE LOCAL RESIDENT QUESTIONNAIRE %P)$'HH!IE)!")RIVER”d) Improved pedestrian/cycle routes and accessibility: Better use of space: ) “...encourage alternative means of transport”,“Make a walk/cycle route all along “Holme Lane is a prime candidate for key worker/student accommodation... Loxley to link with Malin Bridge and Rivelin – may encourage more people to the shops fail to thrive” “...a market day using the top car park of Hillsborough H,..,+) 91,)leave 83) 1:0-,) ^+,175,*.7062) :,+38+;0*-,2) ;0+@,.12) :0>,;,*.) [their] car at home if they have a traffic-free walking area” Barracks... would certainly bring people from around, and out of, Sheffield to the area” -03,1),.-B_) Riverside/green improvements: “...a few trees/greenery would be welcomed”, “STOP ILLEGAL DUMPING OF Sort out the nuisance and anti-social behavior: “E86;,) C0*,) 71) 0) :+7;,) RUBBISH -0*5750.,) 38+) @,/) ?8+@,+\1.95,*.) IN RIVER”! “We have far too many pubs around Hillsborough Corner causing trouble...” “[Need] something to engage the disaffected youth!” “Have a local bobby about 0--8;;850.78*BBB).4,)148:1)3076).8)thrive”)“BBB0);0+@,.)50/) 917*=) [and] sort violent pubs” .4,).8:)-0+) :0+@) 83) E7661D8+89=4) H0++0-@1BBB) ?8965) -,+.07*6/) D+7*=) :,8:6,)3+8;)0+89*52)0*5)89.)832)I4,337,65).8).4,)0+,0”) “More)39*)7*).4,)0+-05,2)?4,+,).4,+,)0+,)„temporary)148:1‟BBB)1,.)
Analysis summary Emerging policies in the Sheffield Development Framework indicate that Holme Lane is in a state of transition and that former industrial uses are no longer appropriate. One policy suggests increasing high quality development and environmental improvements along the riverfront by allowing high density residential development in this location. This would provide new residents to support Hillsborough Centre. There is also potential developer contributions available from new developments to help promote a continuous cycle/footpath along the riverfront. Land as already been set aside as part of the new Park and Ride facility on Holme Lane is allow access to the river at this point. As housing use begins to take hold on the north of the river there is likely to be an increase in demand for more convenience shopping on the north side of the road, which may further revitalise shopping in the area, especially if the number of specialist stores begins to increase and developments closer to Hillsborough Corner start to take shape It will be necessary to support and actively campaign to ensure these developments succeed, as well as continuing to encourage future investment opportunities through careful marketing activity. This will help to ensure sensitive improvement, which allows the riverside to become a prominent feature, increasing the areas attractiveness to homeowners, visitors and investors alike.
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Graphical representation of activities
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The River Commons Projects Report
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Mid - Term (One Year) Proposals
""J(#!Z!#[)L)^:9.)1/;D861)0*5):48.8148:):7-.9+,1)148?7*=),<71.7=)0*5):+8:81,5_) Before
Before
After
After
Innovative planting strategy; Soundscapes using the natural flow of the river; River walkways to neighboring destinations through rambling activities; Vertical gardens along the river edge; Bicycle routes to other sites along the river; Water wheels to generate electricity to light pedestrian walkways; Workshops with local residents to increase awareness about the river and the area; Boating facilities; Reuse of abandoned buildings for organising local community festivals; Spaces for hosting fairs; Open air amphitheater for life performances; Open air lunch and dining arrangements along the river side.
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Description: ‘Access to hidden beauty as a connecting element.’
MA in Urban Design
The only path along river is mud. Dirt track at the side of the river used for lorries going up and down the hill behind. Large area that has the potential to be redeveloped into something exciting.
3 Cemetery to the edge of the site is whereProject some the victims of the mass floods that Location: happened in the mid- 1800s rest. The cemetery that has been left to ruin and unlooked after for decades. 4 The only path along river is mud. Dirt track at the side of the river used for lorries going Sheet Contents: up and down the hill behind. Large area that has the potential to be redeveloped into Riverside something exciting.
Sheet Number: 26
4
MAUD
2 Adrain Long Surrounded by high-rise barriers these industry sites or empty private waste lands Jie Gao Jinfeng Guo block the view of the river making people no realise there is the river behind. Group Members:
3b
The River Commons Projects Report
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Short Term (One Month) Proposals
Strategy Current situation
Propose four participation activities to engage people in regeneration of the river. Increase the awareness among people of River Don. All of these activities are low cost.
Site 1b is dominated by different land uses, which are separated from each other. The area is influenced by presence of gambling facilities, the College, the industry and a lot of barriers in between. Only the Pub can be seen as a connecting element in parts, because people who also use some of the other functions go come together in this place. But the functions are still very isolated from each other and the river does not play a big role in this site at all. It does not even feel like there is a river, as it is hardly used by local people. Development after five years Our concept is to start several small interventions and projects relating to the river, which can effect connections between the different land uses and make the river become more important. Over the years the collectivity of river events could then attract more Step Proposals and more people to Hillsborough and provide a stronger connection to the city.
Existing connections & proposals’ locations
Networks
The major elements, local pub, casino, stadium, college, cemetery, industry, are very independent. Very few connections among them are existing, as blue lines showing. The river and hill are separated from them.
All of the different functions have their own networks. With the help of our proposals, we would like to activate and connect these networks.
01 Candle festival
02 Walking in the water
18 18 17 17
Connections & Proposals Locations
or elements, local pub, stadium, college, cemdustry, are very indepent. w connections among e existing, as blue lines . r and hill are seperated m.
Short Term Proposals
20 20 07 07 08 08
14 14 21 21
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After one year geocaching could be started along the riversides. Geocaching can be compared to our Treasure Hunt proposal, which is played using GPS-enabled devices. A specific set of GPS coordinates navigates participants through a realworld outdoor site and attempt to find geocache (container) hidden at that location. Geocaching stories and photos can then be shared online.
The river don is very popular with fishing for people of all abilities, fishing events happen over the summer. There are many types of fish in the river such as marble, trout, pike, mino and more. Only trout can be taken home.
Treasure hunt website
Fishing centre
Geocaching is the first step of a bigger project, which focuses on our site. After having collected many stories and photos of the riversides, a website could be established, which shows the richnes of Hillsborough from different point of views. The website contains photos, videos, recordings and stories, which have been collected by people of all kinds along the river and its surroundings. Our vision is to show the richness of our site to other people. But it also shows the richness of people, who engage with this site in many different ways.
The centre aims to encourage members of the public to get involved and participate with the river through the form of activities. The main activity being fishing where they can learn how to fish and get hands on teaching with professionals within the learn to fish centre. The river exploration centre side aims to get people aware of the history and geographical facts of the river Don in an exciting and interactive way. The prominence of the site on the busy road also aims to get members of the public to be more aware that the river Don actually exists on their doorstep and would be boldly advertised on its building frontage. Members of the public are strongly encouraged to continue their visit outside the centre by following the brightly lit path along the river where there will be various points to stop off and practise their fishing skills or beauty spots where they can sit or stand for a moment or two and take in the sheer natural beauty of the river Don. Along the river Don seasonably built cabins on stilts would be erected to accommodate places where people can go to learn about specific aspects of the river and form shelters where they can go to relax or escape the cold.
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Fishing in the river Don
Ne t w o
Site features
Opportunities
The site is divided into residential, commercial and industrial areas. The river flows through the industrial area, meaning that it is quite separated from the public. The Hillsborough college is located on the banks of the river, however due to health and safety regulations and surrounding industrial development, there is no student’s presence on the river either.
There is a big potential for development near well-established residential sites. Dramatic landscape features. Hillsborough college. A few recreational spaces around the river with developed walkways would get some life in the area. Hence connections from residential area to river banks are key part of design to make the site accessible.
Land use
The River Commons Projects Report
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Strategy Aims of the strategy There is a poor connectivity between residential and industrial stretch. By connecting the site and creating access points from the surrounding areas to the water edge, the life near and around the site would be more active. Hence, such interventions like activity center, walk stops, amphitheaters, etc. will increase the quality of life around the river.
-To guide the development of a network of quality paths that encourage residents, workers and visitors to become more involved in walking and cycling as part of their daily recreation. -Paths are popular for recreation because they allow people to exercise in their own time.
-No cost to use them. -Spaces are safe and are inviting of social engagement. -Critical in relation to initiatives that aim to reduce the use of vehicles -Increasingly popular as commuter routes for people who are looking for healthier options to access their workplace and recreation facilities.
Purpose of walking and cycling strategy
Benefits of walking and cycling
Provides a 5-year plan to remove barriers that discourage the use of paths for recreation that discourage the use of paths for recreation, health recreation and community activities. While there is a considerable use of paths in Sheffield, the Walking and Cycling Strategy recognises a number of barriers that restrict use. These barriers include:
-enhanced social interaction within neighbourhood -involvement by a diverse range of age groups and physical abilities -minimal or no financial outlay or requirement for specialised equipment -opportunity for increased activity in local neighborhoods which enhances perceptions of safety -decreases the pressure on the public transport system
-missing links and detours that make it difficult to navigate the path network to community destinations such as schools, work places and recreation facilities -paths that are indirect and do not respond to residents’ preferred routes of travel -lack of secure bike storage facilities at schools and transport interchanges. -poor condition of path surfaces. -poor infrastructure including a lack of seating, and directional and distance signage Scope of walking and cycling strategy Considers all on-road path opportunities including those located: -alongside water ways -in environmental areas -on road carriage ways (bike lanes) -in open spaces The strategy is associated with shared-use paths (e.g. walking and cycling) and single use paths (e.g. pedestrian or bike only). Strategy reflects on the reactions from people to the ideas on enhancement of walking and cycling routes.
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Group Members:
Group Members:
PRAWIT SOPAPORNAMORN PRAWIT SOPAPORNAMORN Group Members: BING HAN BING HAN LU HE LU HE This bridge is our site’s starting point.Its PRAWIT SOPAPORNAMORN LU GAN LU GAN CHEN XIONG CHEN XIONG Walking path from the startwith point.River be style is attractive. Chen HAN Xiong condition is andthe River condition is not good oldgood treescan BING Projectto Project seen closely andgrass.This a bridge connect path and unpleasant river usedwalking to Location: LU HE Location: A61(main road).Atogas is crossing be wide enough fill pipe the whole space.the river. LUProject GAN location: But now,water is not enough and theland Loxley Site 2b CHEN XIONG N
SITE 2B
is exposed and covered by grass Sheet Contents:
ntents: PART 2:SITE ANALYSIS
Project ALKINGLocation: AS A TOOL
PART 2:SITE ANALYSIS
MAUD_UDP2
Conjuction and open space
River condition is not good with old trees Sheet Number: 12 and unpleasant grass.This river used to A historic building is kept inside with an SSoA bebe wide toMembers: fill the whole space. SSoA Group old wheel.It may a listenough biulding Oldwater but syill occupied warehouses.Not But now,water is notSOPAPORNAMORN enough goodMAUD looking appearance but still PRAWIT MAUD and theland is exposed and covered BING HAN by grass functioning. MA in Urban Design
MA in Urban Design
Project Description: Sheet Contents: ‘Topic for this project: FUNC-LUTION (FUNC=FUNCTION LUTION=REVOLUTION
PART 1:WALKING AS A TOOL Using new created green space First site visiting and river of good relations, to enhance the value of surrounding land, the nature of changes in land use. The function of land use is going to have a revolution.’
Design 043
old water wheel.It may be a list biulding
Sheet Contents:
Group members:
Project Location:
Walking path from the start point.River can be seen closely and a bridge connect walking pat A61(main road).A gas pipe is crossing the river
LU HE LU GAN CHEN XIONG
Project Location:
A historic bu old water The road is blocked,but some people are w
This bridge is our site’s starting point.Its still using this path.The blocking road may condition is good andthe style is attractive. be still in construction.
N
The road isbublocked,but some people are Nearby our site’s starting points.ItThe is anroad is Riverpoint.keep condition this is not good with old trees SITE 2B Reserved SheffieldOld City Council.(with A hotel at the starting but syill occupied warehouses.Not empty land in google map but instill fact,using th still using this path.The blocking may unpleasant river used to trees and leaves)The sign shows ‘ road its fuction need grass.This to be good looking appearance but still building style,but and it is covered by bricks from dimolished be wide enough to fill the whole space. be in construction. NOstill DUMPING OR TIPPING’ . changed. functioning. be still in co page 36can be used as a social square. biuldings.It But now,water is not enough and theland is exposed and covered by grass Sheet Contents: PART 1:WALKING AS A TOOL
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COMMERCIAL ELEMENT: EXISTING CAR SELL & NEW SHOPS
SPORTS AREA CAR PARK
SPORT ELEMENT: EXISTING KARTING GAME & NEW ACTIVITY CENTRE
SOCIAL ELEMENT: ART DISTRICT & MUSEUM
HOTEL ART DISTRICT
Sheet Number: 23
COMMERCIAL AREA
SQUARE Six elements merging together to show the connections and relationship with each other. According to activities we planned, five years ago, this functions will be formed together to show a new function landuse plan.
SQUARE
Timeline of MAUD_UDP2 Activities Project Title:
TIMELINE FOR FINE YEARS
Group Members: PRAWIT SOPAPORNAMORN BING HAN LU HE LU GAN CHEN XIONG Project Location:
ONE MONTH ACTIVITIES for 10 people
ONE YEAR ACTIVITIES for 10~100 people
FIVE YEARS ARCHITECTURE for 100~1000 people
N
MAUD_UDP2 TIMELINE FOR FINE YEARS TIMELINE FOR FINE YEARS
Group: 4
ers: Group Members: PRAWIT SOPAPORNAMORN PORNAMORN BING HAN FIVE YEARS ARCHITECTURE ONE MONTH ACTIVITIES 10 people ONEfor MONTH ACTIVITIES LU HE
Project N Location:
ONE YEAR ACTIVITIES 10~100people ONE YEAR ACTIVITIES
N
Project Location:
Exihibitions are holding in different moths and seasons in one year., and these exihibitions will create social and art environment for this area.
MA in Urban Design
FIVE YEARS ARCHITECTURE
N
MUSEUM FOR HISTORY AND ART for 100~1000 people Sheet Contents: After exiibitions happend monthly, the best location forEXIHIBITIONS exihibition for 100 people PART is located. It is better to3:ACTIVITIES have a fixed &building to use as exihibition fishing ENGAGEMENT frequently. club Exihibitions are going to hold in this area, and By the exihibitions happened monthly, different types of artists there is no limitation of types of exihibitions. can be attracted to this area. Then we will supply workshopsfirst andweek in one month: choose location temporay offices to them. of exihibition; conmunicate with relavent In five years, this area will be used as art district. The museum will conmunication groups; make a plan for long term display history of this site and tell stories to vistors. When whole exihibition. there is an exihibition, more people can be invited to this museum.
second week: choose date of exihibition; design flyers and delivery flyers to people.
D MAUD
ONE YEAR ACTIVITIES
SITE 2B
er exiibitions happend monthly, the best location for exihibition EXIHIBITIONS for 100 people 3:ACTIVITIES ocated. It is better to have&a fixed building to use as exihibition ITIES &PART ENGAGEMENT quently. T Exihibitions are going to hold in this area, and the exihibitions happened monthly, differentthere types is of noartists limitation of types of exihibitions. be attracted to this area. Then we will supply workshops first weekand in one month: choose location mporay offices to them. of exihibition; conmunicate with relavent five years, this area will be used as art district. Theconmunication museum will groups; make a plan for g term display history of this site and tell stories to vistors. When whole exihibition. re is an exihibition, more people can be invited to this museum.
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The River Commons Projects Report
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second week: choose date of exihibition; design flyers and delivery flyers to people.
third week: hold the exihibition; collect information during the process. final week of one month: evaluate whole event and figure out if this is a right place FISHING AREA toSECTION hold exihibition.
Sheet Number: 17
third week: hold the exihibition; collect information during the process.
SSoA
final week of one month: evaluate whole event and figure out if this is a right place to hold exihibition.
CONCERT AREAW SECTION
MAUD
MA in Urban Design
Exihibitions are holding in different moths and seasons in one year., and these exihibitions will create social and art environment for this area.
MUSEUM FOR HISTORY AND ART for 100~1000 people After exiibitions happend monthly, the best location for exihibition is located. It is better to have a fixed building to use as exihibition frequently. By the exihibitions happened monthly, different types of artists can be attracted to this area. Then we will supply workshops and temporay offices to them. In five years, this area will be used as art district. The museum will long term display history of this site and tell stories to vistors. When there is an exihibition, more people can be invited to this museum.
Long Term (Five Years) Proposals
P2
View of the whole river
OPEN SPACE
N CENTRAL SQUARE RIVERCENTRAL VIEW SQUARE RIVER VIEW
Group Members: PRAWIT SOPAPORNAMORN BING HAN LU HE LU GAN CHEN XIONG N Project Location: CENTRAL SQUARE RIVER VIEW NEW VIEW BRIDGE Central square river view and view from theFROM bridge NEW VIEW FROM BRIDGE CENTRAL SQUARE RIVER VIEW NEW VIEW FROM BRIDGE CENTRAL SQUARE RIVER VIEW SITE 2B
Sheet Contents:
PART 4:DESIGN PART 4:DESIGN PROPOSITIONS PROPOSITIONS CONCEPTIAL ANALYSIS CONCEPTIAL ANALYSIS
PART 4:DESIGN PROPOSITIONS CONCEPTIAL ANALYSIS Open space and river views
Open space and river views Open space and river views
Sheet Number: 29
RN
to its north. Beijing 798 Art Zone, characterized by modern art, has become the exhibition center of Chinese culture and art, and also the world -famous cultural and creative industries centralized area .
Detailed Design Project Title:
Group Members: PRAWIT SOPAPORNAMORN BING HAN LU HE LU GAN CHEN XIONG Project Location:
N
Group Members: PRAWIT SOPAPORNAMORN BING HAN LU HE LU GAN CHEN XIONG Project Location:
N
Sheet Contents: PART 5:DETAILED DESIGN Icon buildings
Lay-out Plan Actually, everyong recognises this area is used for indutry. Therefore, the industrial architecture style should be conserved as the main concept. The concrete and steel are used as the main material as well.
Project Title:
SITE 2B Group Members: PRAWIT SOPAPORNAMORN BING HAN LU HE LU GAN CHEN XIONG
Sheet Number: 33
For this area, the existing structure should be kept and adjusted the function from the hotel to museum and art district. The museum is able to present the history of Sheffield industry.
SSoA
For the lay-out, the water-wheel is used as the sculpture. It is able to attract everyone who come to this area. Moreover, it can show many people know about the history of water-wheel, and why it is important, and How it relate with river Don.
Recognising that this area is used for industry, the industrial architecture style should be conserved as the main concept. The concrete and steel are used as the main material as well. The exhibition zone 1&2 and notice board are provided for everyone who wants to show their works. For this area, the existing structure should be kept and adjusted the function from the hotel to museum and art district. The museum is able to present the history of Sheffield industry. For the lay-out, the water-wheel is used as the sculpture. It is able to attract everyone who come to this area. Moreover, it can show many people know about the history of waterwheel, and why it is important, and How it relate with river Don. The exhibition zone 1&2 and notice board are provided for everyone who wants to show their works.
MAUD
MA in Urban Design
798 Art Factory_Exterior SheetDesign. Contents: Beijing 798 Art Zone, named after the 798 factory which was built in 1950s, is located in the northeast corner of Beijing city. N Project The Dashanzi Art District (DAD) is its another name as it sits in Dashanzi zone. The art zone covers an area of 0.6 square Location: PART 5:DETAILED DESIGN kilometer, with Jiuxianqiao Road to its west, Beijing-Baotou railway to its east, Jiangtai Road to its south and Jiuxianqiao SITE 2B Icon buildings Road North to its north. Beijing 798 Art Zone, characterized by modern art, has become the exhibition center of Chinese Project Title: The Conceptual Design. culture and art, and also the world -famous cultural and creative industries centralized area.
MAUD_UDP2
Group: 4 style, featuring simThe architectural ple design and varied composition, follows the Bauhaus way. Attracted Group Members: by ordered design, convenient traffic, PRAWIT SOPAPORNAMORN unique style Bauhaus architecture, BING of HAN many artLU organizations artists HE Sheet and Number: 37 GANthe vacant plants and came to LU rent CHEN XIONG transformed them. Gradually there formed a district gathering galleries, art studios, cultural companies, fashN Project ion shopsLocation: etc.
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Sheet Contents: PART 5:DETAILED DESIGN Icon buildings
Ground Floor Plan
First Floor Plan
Second Floor Plan
The architectural style, featuring simple design and varied composition, follows the According to the main function of museum, Bauhaus way.andAttracted by ordered design, convenient traffic, unique style of Bauhaus Ground floor plan, the function is adjusted for museum, reception office. architecture, many art organizations and artists came to rent the vacant plants and First floor plan, the function is adjusted for museum. Second floor plan, the function is adjusted for a amall gallery, meeting room transformed them. Gradually there formed a district gathering galleries, art studios, and the main office. It is designed for support many staffs who can organise the activities along the river. cultural companies, fashion shops etc.
Sheet Number: 34
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Hotel zone
Restaurant zone
This area includes many industrial buildings and there are a lot of good views such as river view. Therefore, this area should be renovated from manufactory to restaurant because the existing structure can still be used. It is able to save cost and make something special in this area. The outdoor restaurant and parking area are provided to support everyone who come to these restaurants.
This area is difficult to access as private zone. Therefore, it is suitable to renovate from manufactory to hotel area. The industrial style should be kept and made it like special hotel in Sheffield.
Hotel Zone
Picture A_The existing structure. Picture A_The existing structure.
Picture B_After renovation image.` Picture B_After renovation image.`
After
Group:4 4 Group:
GroupMembers: Members: Group PRAWITSOPAPORNAMORN SOPAPORNAMORN PRAWIT BINGHAN HAN BING LULUHEHE GAN LULUGAN CHENXIONG XIONG CHEN Project Project Location: Location:
NN
SheetContents: Contents: Sheet PART5:DETAILED 5:DETAILED DESIGN PART DESIGN Iconbuildings buildings Icon
SheetNumber: Number:3636 Sheet
SSoA SSoA
restaurant zone, ForFor thethe restaurant zone, For the Hotel zone, This area is difficult to access as private zone. Therefore, it is suitable to renovate from manufactory to hotel area. The industrial style should be kept and made it like special This area includes many manufactories(Picture A) and there of good as riverview. Therefore, thisshould area should be renovated from manufactory to This area includes many manufactories(Picture A) and there are aare lotaoflot good viewsviews suchsuch as riverview. Therefore, this area be renovated from manufactory to hotel in Sheffield restaurant because the existing restaurant because the existing structure is able to save make something special in area. this area. The outdoor restaurant and parking area are provided to support everyone structure cancan be be stillstill use.use. It isItable to save costcost andand make something special in this The outdoor restaurant and parking area are provided to support everyone who who MA Urban Design come to these restaurants MA in in Urban Design come to these restaurants
MAUD MAUD
Extracts from the ‘Don Valley Drift’, presenting a stranger’s journey through the area.
Strategy Digital notice board
Digital notice board - the upcoming events
The Digital Notice Board is implemented as the starting point of the future development of the Neepsend area. It enables communication within different stake-holders in this area. Furthermore the Notice Board possesses a variety of other functions which are the basis for other parts of the project.
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043
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Car parks are totally empty in the evening and at weekends, without attractions. The selected site, visible to the river, will be restructured to occasionally hold vents by local communities, organisations, etc. This will bring more people to our sites during off-working hours.
7LEVIH'EV4EVO P
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River corridor
Brown field
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The ‘stage’ strategy will be adopted, which starts from rebuilding the fame of this area by opening the site to public and implement sustainable approaches. Bring commercial function to the site then diversity the land uses to attract variously potential investments. In long term, the site will be used multifunctionally by Neepsend and the whole city.
rk
The River Commons Projects Report
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s mo o r ,K al e e
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Long Term (Five Years) Proposals
River corridor
Traffic
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In long term development landscape design is proposed in vacant land next to the river. It includes different kinds of shrubs, trees and flowering plants which looks different in different seasons. The highlight factor of the garden would be the NARCISSUS plant - blooms only in month of February would drive in a lot of people to see. Tree 1. Botanical name: Ginko bilobé Common name: Maidenhair Tree 2. Botanical name: Cotoneaster x watereri Family name: Rosaceac Shrub 3. Botanical name: Hebe rakaiensis 4. Botanical name: Skimmia japonica Common name: Skimmia 5. Botanical name: Rhododendron yakushimanum Common name: Dwarf Rhododendron
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Climber 6. Botanical name: Hydrangea anomaia subsp. petiolaris Common name: Climbing Hydrangea Bulbs 7. Botanical name: Crocus speciosus Common name: Autumn crocus 8. Botanical name: Narcissus ‘February Gold’ Common name: Daffodil
0EVKI:ILMGPIWHERKIV[EPOMRKTISTPI 0EVKI:ILMGPIWHERKIV[EPOMRKTISTPI
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The River Commons Projects Report
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Analysis Group:
6
Land use map/ Influence of functions The Kelham Island site displays a multi-functional use of land. There is the Kelham Island Museum to add to the cultural flavor, two of the country’s most famous pubs and brewery giving it fizzy importance, a climbing foundry to add an energizing taste, industries that savor the heritage significance, creative industry that relishes an increasing value and residences to complete the platter.
Group members: I Lan Kuan Jenny Ohlenschlager Nandini Subramanian Xiaoqi Wang Yihao Wu
KEY The Kelham Island site displays a multi-functional use of land. There is the Kelham Museum to
production service
the country’s most famous pubs
Project location:
‘The project concentrated on reestablishing the lost glory of the River Don and its surroundings.’
Land Use Map
conversion
Entrance into the site Existing movement plan The transformation from a purely industrial area to accommodate other functions is apparent and the industrial buildings are reused and regenerated for this purpose. The area’s importance was apparent when Sheffield City Council included it into the City Center Area in 2008 Masterplan.
Sheet Number: 03 The transformation from a purely industrial area to accommodate other functions is apparent and the industrial buildings are reused and regenerated for this purpose. page 52 Council included it into the City Center Area in 2008 Masterplan.
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Transformation of theOF Kelham Island ISLAND TRANSFORMAION THE KELHAM
Theelements Council proposed the area Relation of the site to the city/location of key
The Council proposed the area to be residential, with a few offices, to cater to TRANSFORMAION OF THE KELHAM ISLAND the offices and creative industry in and around the area. They also proposed it to become purely pedestrian.
With the market place being industries situated here; this
TRANSFORMAION OF THE KELHAM ISLAND TRANSFORMAION OF THE KELHAM ISLAND
Despite being included into the City Centre area, the Kelham Island was still separated from it due to the main expressway along its border.
to be a residential, with a few offices, to cater to the offices and very close-by, the areaindustry would have been better suited to creative in and around the area.bond They also proposed could have a stronger with the itcenter of the city. to be purely pedestianised.
be the cultural center of the city, because of the Museum and various creative
The sepa the s reac
The Council proposed the area to be a residential, with a few offices, to cater to the offices and creative industry in and around the area. They also proposed it to be purely pedestianised.
With close been cultu beca vario situa esta with
Strengths: INCLUSION INTO THE CITY CENTER BY THE COUNCIL INCLUSION INTO THE CITY CENTER BY THE COUNCIL PROJECTED PLAN FOR 2016-17 INCLUSION INTO THE CITY CENTER BY PROJECTED PLAN FOR 2016-17 INCLUSION INTO THE CITY CENTER BY THE COUNCIL PROJECTED PLAN FOR 2016-17 PROJECTED PLAN
ON OF THE KELHAM ISLAND
RMAION OF THE KELHAM ISLAND
E CITY CENTER BY THE COUNCIL
EDTHE PLAN FOR 2016-17 TO CITY CENTER BY THE COUNCIL OJECTED PLAN FOR 2016-17
THE COUNCIL FOR 2016-17 1) Canal flowing
through our
site Sheet Content: of the 2) Many industrial buildings that Transformation Kelham Island form the heritage Inclusion of the Kelham Island into the City Center area by Council 3) About 10min walk to University of Sheffield/Students accommodation The Council proposed Sheet Number: 04 the area be a residential, with a few 4) Next to the city centre and tooffices, to cater to the offices and industry in and around SSoA train station - about 15min walk creative the area. They also proposed it to be purely pedestianised. 5) Some public spaces have MAUD been design and built in the site e.g. museum 6) Some industrial buildings have been regenerated into residential spaces 7) Footpath and cycle route exist
Sheet Content: Transformation of the Kelham Island Inclusion of the Kelham Island into the City Center area by Council
CAD Kelh Netw in th prom
MA in Urban Design
Loc
Transformation of the
Kelham Island 1) Canal floods of the Kelham 2) Unable to access to most area Inclusion Island into the City Center area by Council of the waterfront a) Private area b) Industrial buildings in use Sheet Number: 04 c)The old building was designed too closely to the SSoA waterfront 3) Connection with surrounding areas are cut off by expressway MAUD 4) Exist footpath or cycle route Opportunities: don’t have connections with each other 1) City council have a plan for regeneration 5) Only residence, no 2) Some people doing using the footpath or the cycle route commercial and very few 3) Big opportunities for service industry entertainment places 4) Good place for living after regeneration 6) At the edge of the city
S.W
Sh
MA in Urban Design
Threats: 1) Floods may destroy infrastructure in the site 2) The expressway may make the site totally isolated from the city 3) The existing industry buildings may resist people from moving within the site 4) Remote area, safety is a problem
SS
rest possibility
walking as close as possible to the river
RULES: Walk as close as possible to the river Cross every bridge Have lunch on site
walkway end activity nodes
‘SWOT’ analysis of the area
Composed map of the survey for proposing the concept
daytime nighttime missing furniture
Strengths:
Opportunities:
- The river - Many industrial buildings that form the heritage - About 10 min walk to the University of Sheffield/ student accommodation - About 15 min walk to the city centre and train station - Some industrial buildings regenerated into residential spaces - Footpath and cycle route exists
- City council have a plan for regeneration - People using the footpath or the cycle route - Big opportunities for service industry - Good place for living after regeneration
Weaknesses:
Threats:
inaccessible areas potential building fabric potential at ground level
- River floods - Inaccessible areas of the waterfront a) private area b) industrial buildings in use c) the old buildings designed too closely to the river - Connection with surrounding areas are cut off by expressway - Existing footpaths and cycle route don’t have connection with each other - Lack of residential amenities - No commercial/ very few entertainment facilities - At the edge of the city
greenspace
CONCEPT
1 year design
The Don Pocket Concept is a spatially and socially graded open space concept for the Kelham Island area.
The propo walkways a walkway th the differe give the ch through th may seem
It is divided into 6 different types1ofmonth pockets.design All these are connect through and adventure walk.
1 year design
1 year design
The proposal includes walkways and adventure walkways that would connect all the different pockets and also give the chance for one to move through them although they may seem like different projects.
1 month design
This walkw Uppen and
The basis of the concept eveolved from the idea of connecting the Upper and Lower Don walk.
1 month design
1 month design The Upper
1 month design
Don Walking Trust could be involved in this proposition.
1 month design
connecting the upper and lower don walk
pockets in third constructionentrances stage
pocket plan and pocket typology
adventure walk
pockets in first construction stage pockets in second construction stage pockets in third construction stage
connecting the upper and lower don walk
pocket plan and pocket typology pockets in first construction stage pockets in second construction stage pockets in third construction stage
et plan and pocket typology
connecting the upper and lower don walk entrances adventure walk
public / informal users residents, artists use temporary COMMON POCKET involved riverlution, upper don walk, opening up privateriverside spacecafe type
semi-public / public users residents, workers, WETLAND POCKET pocket topography tourists, reclaiming natureartists use temporary - permanent type nvolved public / residence informal developer, users ki museum, city council residents, artists temporary use riverlution, upper don walk, involved riverside cafe
ype
private residents and friends permanent residence developer, NICHE POCKET residents, city council
creating everyday
SSoA
The activity could involve events for children or adults gardens create a depending on the nature ofRooftop the strong community within one event, it could just be a house and, like in many cases gathering of the local community for a bonfire,here, or within the whole apartment complex. even a playground for the children on specific days. This is a semi-private place that could develop strong neighbour connection within Niches are daily hubs for the complex also. everyone. They are a stage to meet people, exchange There could be apartment knowledge and create parties or apartment meetings networks. apart from just interactions.
Wetland pocket, reclaiming nature
Roof pocket, enabling to meet neihbours
pocket plan and pocket typology
COMMON POCKET opening up private space
WETLAND POCKET reclaiming nature
connecting the upper and lower don walk entrances adventure walk
SSoA
At an informal level, the citizens can reclaim their city-nature through the wetlands on a temporary basis.
ROOF POCKET COMMON enabling to meet neigbours
They could also host various Content: events forSheet the whole area but is very much concentrated on the Pocket Typologies: local residents only. 1.Wetland
MA in Urba
POCKET DEVELOPMENT POCKET opening up private space
Common pocket are about opening up private space and making it accessable to the public for their use.
NICHE POCKET creating everyday HUBs
BALCONY POCKET
use the potential of the area Common pocket, opening up private space extending habitat
public reclaiming nature type semi-private users residents, artiste, visitors, users residents and friends type workers, caterers use permanent type public / informal users use permanent involved residence developer, ROOF POCKET users residents, artists involved KI residents, city council HUBs use temporary enabling to meet neigbours use type
MAU
Niche pocket, creating everyday hubs
It could be temporary or permanent. It is about creating a neighbourhood Balconycooperative Pockets are the Pocket Typologies:feeling and responsibility. opportunity to show the 5. Rooftop Pockets personal benefits and haveliving a party type The pocket could amenities next to a river. or just a spcae for one-on-one for a community users interaction orIt should be a restriction on the meeting. developers that every wall
Sheet Content:
typ privat - public semi-public / public users KI island and friends residents,use workers, permanentSheet Number: 30 tourists, artists involved KI and friends DEVELOPMENT POCKETuse Sheet Content: temporary - permanent SSoA The biggest pocket uses the Typologies: use thePocket potential of the area involved potential of the area and sets residence developer,
Balcony pocket, extending habitat
private residents and friends permanent facing the river should have balconies that tap on the residence developer, advantage of living along the river. residents, city council
type users
public residents, artiste, visitors, workers, caterers permanent KI
ROOF POCKET enabling to meet neigbours type users use
semi-private residents and friends permanent residence developer, residents, city council
riverlution, upper don walk, use involved involved 4. Niches Pocket movement COMMON POCKET type public standards for the general type semi-private type private don pockets riverside cafe involved transformation of the area. NICHE POCKET ki museum, city council ROOF POCKET BALCONY POCKET artiste, visitors, MAUD Sheet Number: 34 opening up private space The use of such a pocket will users residents, residents and friends users residents and friends Most civilizations started along users the river. The Shef¿ eld steel typ privat - public be on a very private level - for a This bring functions and people creating everyday HUBs enabling to meet neigbours extendingworkers, habitat caterers industries are no different. The rivers thus became the driDEVELOPMENT POCKET private party, for individual conan outside hub together. It use permanent use permanent users KI islandinshould and friends ving factors for developing the city but slowly lost its signi¿Sheet Content: templation or for just having a be an example for the SSoA use the of the area semi-public / public developer, cance as the industrial revolution diminished. residence developer, cup ofpotential tea. use permanent whole area for future involved involved residence use permanent Pocket Typologies: development and could be an type public type semi-private type private residents,residents, workers, city council 2. Common pocket In Kelham Island, there is already a bevy of functions and involved KI example for the whole city as residents, city council involved KI and friends COMMON POCKET MAUD privat - public the transformation to various others, with re- visitors, users from industrial residents, artiste, well.Number: 33 users residents and friends Sheet users residents and friends typ tourists, artists sidential and the use for creative activities being the prime WETLAND POCKET NICHE POCKETMost civilizations started along the river. The ROOF POCKET BALCONY POCKET Shef¿eld steel opening up private The functions would involve all focus, is obvious. But theworkers, river still seems tocaterers be neglected. use space permanent use permanent users KI island and friends creating everyday temporary - permanent the events mentioned so habitat far in industries are no different. The rivers thus became the dri-to meet neigbours reclaiming nature HUBs Though there are a few stretches of walkways, many are prienabling extending SSoA Sheet Content: permanent involved residence developer, the above pockets. involved residence developer, vatized oruse used for parking. The site’s listed buildings (which use permanent ving factors for developing the city but slowly lost its signi¿residence developer, Pocket Typologies: were industrial) don’t offer any balconies or walkways overtype semi-public / public involved KI cance as the industrial revolution diminished. residents, city councilMAUD residents, city council pocket involved KI and3. Balcony friends looking the riverside. The wetlands along the river are not ki museum, city council type public COMMON / informal type public POCKET type semi-private type private public-accessible hence making the river also inaccessible. users residents, workers, Sheet Number: 31 WETLAND POCKET Most civilizations NICHE POCKET And to top it off, the Council wants to propose a mini version ROOFartiste, POCKET BALCONY POCKET In Kelham Island, there is already a bevy ofresidents functions and and friends users residents, artists users residents, visitors, started along the river. The Shef¿ eld steel opening up private space users users residents and friends tourists, artists of the Brooklyn Bridge. themeet transformation from industrial to various others, with reindustries are use no different.temporary The east rivers thus became the drireclaiming nature creating everyday HUBs enabling to neigbours extending habitat workers, caterers POCKET permanent use permanent Sheet Content: sidential and the use for creativeuse activities being the DEVELOPMENT prime usepeotemporary - permanent offer ving factors for developing the city but slowlyThe lostsite itsdoesn’t signi¿ - any public area that could retain SSoA goyt stream runway ple, be it in terms of size, quality or even views – although involved riverlution, upper don walk, focus, is obvious. But the river still seems to be neglected. use permanent use the potential of the area type semi-public / public involved residence developer, involved Pocket residence developer, Typologies: cance as the industrial revolution diminished. involved residence developer, involved
Development pocket, use the potential of the area MA in Urban Design
don pockets
DEVELOPMENT POCKET use the potential of the area typ users use involved
movement
DEVELOPMENT POCKET use the potential of the area
movement
connecting the upper and lower don walk
pockets in first construction stage pockets in second construction stage pockets in third construction stage
pockets in first construction stage walk pockets in second construction stage
entrances adventure walk
design1month, 1 year and 5 years proposals
movement
privat - public KI island and friends permanent
5 year design
yeardesign design 5 5year
pocket plan and pocket typology pocket plan and pocket typology Rooftop gardens create a strong community within one house and, like in many cases here, within the whole apartment complex.
At an informal level, the citizens can reclaim their city-nature through the wetlands on a temporary basis.
‘Pocket’ typologies
The activity could involve events for children or adults depending on the nature of the event, it could just be a gathering of the local community for a bonfire, or even a playground for the children on specific days.
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Pocket Typologies: 5. Rooftop Pockets
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type type users users typ use users use involved use involved involved
NICHE POCKET BALCONY POCKET creating everyday HUBs extending habitat DEVELOPMENT POCKET use the potential of the area public private residents, artiste, visitors, Sheet Number: 34 residents and friends privat - public workers, caterers permanent KI island and friends SSoA permanent residence developer, KIpermanent residents, city council MAUD KI and friends
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movement don Balcony Pockets are the opportunity to show the personal benefits and The amenities Shef¿eld livingsteel next to a river.
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Sheet Content: Pocket Typologies: 2. Common pocket
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MA in Urban Design
through our senses. Public life in good quality public spaces is an important part of a democratic life and a full life.” – Jan Gehl
now
level
MON POCKET ng up private space
Sheet Content: 1.Wetland COMMON POCKET BALCONY POCKET ROOF POCKET opening up private space extending enabling to habitat meet neigbours type semi-public / public type private type semi-private users residents, workers, users residentsand and friends Sheet Number: 30 users residents tourists, artistsfriends use permanent use permanent use temporary - permanent involved residence developer, SSoA involved residence developer, developer, involved residence residents, city council residents, ki museum,city citycouncil councilMAUD
industries are no different. The rivers thus became the driving factors for developing the city but slowly lost its signi¿cance as the industrial revolution diminished.
In Kelham Island, there is already a bevy of functions and the transformation from industrial to various others, with residential and the use for creative activities being the prime focus, is obvious. But the river still seems to be neglected. Though there are a few stretches of walkways, many are privatized or used for parking. The site’s listed buildings (which were industrial) don’t offer any balconies or walkways overlooking the riverside. The wetlands along the river are not public-accessible hence making the river also inaccessible. And to top it off, the Council wants to propose a mini version of the Brooklyn COMMON Bridge. west POCKET
There could be apartment parties or apartment meetings apart from just interactions.
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vatized or used for parking. The site’s listed buildings (which were industrial) don’t offer any balconies or walkways overlooking the riverside. The wetlands along the river are not public-accessible hence making the river also inaccessible. Sheet Content: And to top it off, the Council wants to propose a mini version of the Brooklyn Bridge. Pocket Typologies:
level
ON POCKET g up private space
pockets in first construction stage pockets in first construction stage pockets in second construction stage pockets in second construction stage WETLAND pockets in third construction stage pockets in POCKET third construction stage BALCONY POCKET reclaiming nature extending habitat
This is a semi-private place that could develop strong neighbour connection within the complex also.
3. Balcony pocket
The site doesn’t offer any public area that could east retain peoNICHE POCKET NICHE POCKET ple, be it in terms of size, quality or even views – although creating everyday HUBs creating HUBs there is potential for this.everyday There is no open space that could DEVELOPMENT POCKET gather people from all over the city or even the site. In short, uselife. the potential of the area there is no public
type public type public Sheetwith Number: 32 “Inusers becoming more privatized privaresidents, artiste, visitors, users residents, artiste, visitors, typa Society privat - steadily public te homes, cars, computers, of¿ces and shopping centers, caterers workers, caterers users KIworkers, island friends the public component of ourand lives is disappearing. It is more SSoA use permanent use permanent and more important to make the cities inviting, so we can use permanent meet our fellow citizens face to face and experience directly involved involved KIKIKI involved and friends MAUD through our senses. Public life in good quality public spaces MA in Urban Design is an important part of a democratic life and a full life.” – Jan Gehl
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Pecha Kucha is a significant event which can offer a platform for the people who want to present themselves, it is more like a social HUB which can send and receive more information to the local people and public.
After Pecha Kucha, there will be a series of events to let the people know more about the whole site.
The first site we choose is the private space besides the Kelham Island Museum. It has already held many events and is a large space which can accommodate more Pecha Kucha is a significant event which can offer a platform people for the Don Pecha Kucha. After that we will hold a series of the Don Pecha for the people who want to present themselves. It is more Kucha events at different locations to attract more people to the site. like a social HUB which can send
After the Pecha Kucha, there will be a series of events to let the people know more about the whole site.
and recieve more information to the local people and the public. The first site we choose is the private space besides the Kelham Island Museum. It has already held many events and is a large space which can accommodate more people for the Don Pecha Kucha. After that we will hold a series of the Don Pecha Kucha events at different locatons to attract more people into the site.
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MA in Urban Design
MA in Urban Design
Event planning We named the events in this site as the Pocket explore. This is because we want people to experience and explore the pockets. It will have three parts, social explore, design explore and final use explore. We hope that these can make the pockets more acceptable and useful to local people. Project Title:
MAUD_UDP2 Group: 6
Group Members: I Lan Kuan Jenny Ohlenschlager Nandini Subramanian Xiaoqi Wang Yihao Wu Project Location: Kelham Island Site 3b
All events will involve organisations that share our theme or concerns regarding the pocket. Everything will be put to test and trough the three stages we can come to the final design. People will have to participate at all levels be it in testing or designing. We named all the events in this site as the Pocket Explore. This is because we want people to experience and explore the pockets. It will have three parts, social explore, design explore and final use explore. We hope that these can make the pockets more acceptable and useful to the local people.
All events will involve organisations that share our theme or concerns regarding the pocket. Everything will be put to test and through the three stages we can come to the final design. People will have to participate at all levels, be it in testing or designing.
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Mid - Term (One Year) Proposals Year 1 activity pocket This one year proposal focuses on the wetland in the site, making them accessible to the public and involving all ages for various activities. Many organisations will also be involved in this venture. Activities could include community events or just an outdoor lunch.
Most of the open spaces in the River Don don’t have any walkway. However, our proposal’s main aim is going to create more open space and walkway along the river which must have layersfocuses for people who live there and work there Thisdifferent one year proposal as well. on the wetland in the site, making them accessible to the public and involving all ages for various activities. Many organisations will also be involved in this venture.
Most of the open spaces in the River Don which don’t have any walkside . However, our proposal’s main aim is going to create more open space and walkside along the river which must have different layers for people who live there and work there as well.
Activities could include community events or just an outdoor lunch.
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River access trough pockets
This one year proposal focuses on the wetland in the site, making them accessible to the public and involving all the ages for various activities. Many organisations will also be involved in this venture. Activities could include community events or just an outdoor lunch. The area already has enough potential - the other side of the river is easily accessible, the wall adjoining the wetland has a good character and at present even hides the parking area behind, and the area in itself is a large one that can easily accommodate about 30 people. The view it could provide is also very pleasing to the eye.
Sheet Content: The present condition
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Present condition of one of the sites
SSoA
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All inaccessible or unexitable areas are going to be opened up to the public. We hope all spaces with oppotunity for social activity will be built up in the first year. In this space, the parking will be shifted from the arched wall to accommodate space for lunch area and also to provide access to the wetland. Steps will be provided to reach the wetland below.
The wetland will be cleaned and can be used for various purposes dependin on the time of the day and the user.
Sheet Content: First year plan
Sheet Number: 61
MAUD First year plan of action on site
MA in Urban Design
Some of the arched windo be converted into doors fo access. For this purpose th present parking area will h be shifted behind.
The locked gate will also b opened up.
The wetland itself can be u for playing, interacting, rel painting or even for event parties and community gatherings.
Long Term (Five Years) Proposals Regeneration strategy - part 1 - 5 years
Regeneration strategy - part 2 - 10 years
The five years strategy involves creating a hub that would be the place to hold any event that needs space to accommodate more people. The hub would attract the whole city and be the place that makes the locals proud.
The second part of the strategy will be to continue attracting people into the pocket and enhance the value of the land. It could accelerate the growth of both the city and itself. This could become the cultural and creative hub of the city. The five year strategy involves creating a hub that would be the place to hold any event that needs space to accommodate more people. It would attract the whole city and be the place that makes the locals proud.
Resting-Hub for Walking
Exhibition Hub for Creative Industry
The second will be to co people into enhance the
It would acc of both the could becom creative hub
10 YEARS
Enhance the Value of Land to Get Follow-up Funding
Meeting Hub for Community
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KEYS
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The area will show growth in the cultural and creative activities all concentrated in the hub we provide. That will start reflecting on the surrounding areas too.
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Project’s Details Concept of factory regeneration Retain the old and adding new space is to be a contradiction. Our strategy to this regeneration is to add new structures on the old ones, while still retaining the outline of the existing building. And we also use prefabricated units, which are easily adapted to the modularized industrial structures.
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Retain the old and adding new spaces is to be a contradiction. Our strategy to this regeneration is to add new structures on the old ones, while still retianing the outline of the existing building. And we also use the prefabricated units, which are easily be adapted to the modularized industrial structures.
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This public event held at Creative Arts Development Space (CADS) in the start of March 2012 was coordinated by Studio Polpo and SKINN. An exhibition presented the work of MAUD_UDP2 projects within a context of existing initiatives around the River Don. Followed by an evening of talks and workshops (featuring head of planning from Sheffield City Council, speakers form the School of Commoning, Riverlution and arts organisations whose work contributes to the area) the event brought together a number of interested parties and great ideas for future interventions.
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The River Commons Public Event This River Commons public event/exhibition was a collaboration between Studio Polpo, SKINN and the School of Architecture at Univesity of Sheffield (TUoSS) and presented works by students of the Masters of Urban Design Projects (MAUD), Studio Polpo, CADS, SKINN, Reverlution & and a series of specially commissioned photographs by Erik Vinnert.
Location: CADS (Creative Arts Development Space), Sheffield Event programme: Thu1st March - Opening night - Exhibition 6-11pm Exhibited work of MAUD students + photographs by Erik Vinnert supported by afterwork drinks + snacks + music (DJ Montrave + Kirti Durrelle) Sat 3rd of March - Exhibition + Presentations and workshops 4-6pm Short presentations by: Studio Polpo SKINN Creative Arts Developmnt Space River Stewardship Company, Riverlution School of Commoning Sheffield City Council The Riverside (Point Blank Theatre)
The aims of the River Commons public event/exhibition were:
Workshop with Studio Polpo and SKINN To present works by some organisations working on improving the Upper River Don To learn more about various parties involved in River related projects. To develop a shared understanding of the socio-technical ecosystem around the Upper River Don To spark conversations between various groups involved in the projects along the river and, above all... To make initial steps towards collaborative actions, interventions, events and projects To implement projects in the Upper River Don area.
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Participating organisations MA in Urban Design (MAUD), School of Architecture, University of Sheffield (SSoA). The MAUD as SSoA, set up and directed by Dr Florian Kossak, is characterized through a strong design focus, the integration of participation and participatory design processes, and an international relevance combined with regional applicability. The strong focus on participatory design of the MA in Urban Design is unique amongst national and international courses in Urban Design. It combines two of the most topical issues in the discourse regarding the production of the built environment: participation and urban design.
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Studio Polpo Studio Polpo is a social enterprise architectural practice set up as a critique of the mainstream system of production of the built environment, including the architectural profession, that sees the places we live shaped by the financial interests of the few. Studio Polpo actively seeks to enable and initiate, rather than respond and react. The social enterprise model allows to instigate projects that benefit local communities, such as River Commons, and to offer free or subsidised design work for ethical projects. Riverlution / River Stewardship Company Riverlution is a River Friends Network designed to bring people together into a network of individuals, groups and organisations that can support each other and share ideas and resources to make rivers and waterways the best they can be across Sheffield.
Event speakers Event was supported by a series of lectures and presentations by organisations and individuals involved in activities related to to the river. 1
Dr. Cristina Cerulli (Studio Polpo / Sheffield School of Architecture) talked about works of Studio Polpo, how River Commons was initiated, and about works by MA in Urban Design students, which were the main part of the exhibition.
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Helen Batt (River Stewardship Company, Riverlution) talked about flood defense and conservation projects on the river and introduced Riverlution.
CADS Creative Arts Development Space is a social enterprise offering quality, affordable studios and event space across Sheffield. With the main space based in Shalesmoor, the organisation runs a number of in-house projects aimed at developing arts, music & creative talents in the city. SKINN
3
Steve Jackson (Point Blank) introduced Point Blank Theatre Company, that owns Riverside Pub and talked about current projects with Riverlution as well as future plans for cultural activities on the river. 4
SKINN is a new, not for profit organisation that is working to make the Shalesmoor, Kelham Island & Neepsend area better for everyone. SKINN aims to improve the area by working on real projects with local businesses, residents, and organisations. SKINN is based at and funded by CADS. Erik Vinnert
Simon Ogden (Five Weirs Walk Trust, Sheffield City Council) introduced work of Five Weirs Walk Trust, past and current projects by the council and future plans for this stretch of the river. 5
Erik Vinnert is a local photographer with an interest in architecture and the built environment. Eric set up the Regeneration Gallery with an UnLtd award for social enterprise, with projects including the Markets Exhibition (which was exhibited at the University of Sheffield and on the Moor), and work with SADACCA on the Wicker. More recently he has produced work for a group exhibition about Portland Works exhibited at Access Space, and portraits for the Portland Works campaign. The photographs part of River Commons Public Event/Exhibition were commissioned by Studio Polpo as part of their research for the River Commons project.
Katja Porohina & Ivan Rabodzeenko (SKINN) talk about the need for more cultural and temporary projects on the river. 6
Steve Rimmer (CADS) introduced CADS as an example of successful re-purpose of ex-industrial building and talked about current cultural and community programmes, introducing various partners and projects. 7
Mark Jagdev from School of Communing (London) was presenting work in community co-organisation and ideas of commons in the areas of land and planning and urban design projects.
4
Videos of the lectures are available on SKINN website: http://www.skinn.org.uk/skinn/current-projects/river-commons-presentation/ (Film quality is variable, apologies for a shaky start)
Erik Vinnert, ‘Lines of communication’
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MAUD student research and project proposals in combination with workshop ideas have helped to set up a clearer context for possible interventions, giving substantial basis for further research into available funding and project partners.
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Public Event Thu, opening night
Sat, talks and workshop
150 people attended
50 people attended
More than 20 people offered their support in the project. The offers varied from creative input and general volunteering to project’s press coverage and publicity, with a condition that there would be enough information about the project and creative and open people to work with.
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Use of already available resources Less rules & restrictions Better Access to the water (1) List obstacles to letting river bank being used. Information board for international projects. (1)
Outdoor cinema overlooking the river(2)
Water-based art installations
Clairity cafes along the river (4) (purifying river water to make it drinkable) -opening up the river -with engineering department -engineering without borders
-Reflections & refractions (2)
Community mother and baby centre with healthcare input on breast feeding etc.
Large scale in river sculptures (1)
A pop-up restaurant in a disused builing cooking fish from the Don (8)
Temporary art installations (3)
BBQ area (2) -summer BBQ -cooking fish caught in river (1) -free of charge!
Helping museum reach its objective
EVENTS: Riverside festival (2) Have one of the tramlines stages along riverside site. (6) Do a “peace by the river” festival The annual river racing in recycled wheels (3) Move some of the Doc/fest screenings to an outdoor riverside area (10) Restaurant Day-bringing external & Sheffield-based restaurants to the riverside space ACTIVITIES: ‘Riverside Sundays’ -spend the morning volunteering to clean up and look after the Don followed by Sunday lunch a local pub / cafe (2) Mini Hydro powered workshops for local enterprise (2) River guerilla lighting (2)
Bridge to the island -ARUP can help Adventure playground for young & old (1) -natural play (Elen Wooley?) Riverside ‘beach’ (3) Floating barge with events on it
Light shows highlighting river / exciting spaces (1) Reggae Dub Beach Club (2) Urban design commons Cafe Community fishing -not just a solitary pursuit -bring the whole family and learn to fish on the Don (1)
Small sauna & pool -fuel from debris -in areas of clear-ups Bird hides (2)
Wild swimming in the Don -collect people’s stories of swimming -informal collective swim event -create a temporary swimming platform -sunbathing, paddling, swimming -need to research legality of swimming -a swimming race (5)
Pop-up clothes selling prints of local Sheff Icons + the Don Kayak tours of sheffield -hosted by Kayak club -start and finish near hotels A boat -a river tram to Meadowhall / elsewhere (1)
River of flowers (3) -research already there at Landscape Dept. -is river a suitable environment
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Next Steps The River Commons Project presents ideas that are jet to be explored and tested in real environment. Something that will be possible to achieve relying on networks of organisations and enthusiasts already operating on the river and those who have joined the River Commons project quite recently. The use of University of Sheffield bursary scheme SURE (Sheffield Undergraduate Research Experience) gives an opportunity to directly involve students in the further research. With the help of this scheme it will be possible to investigate proposed ideas with students and select the most feasible projects that could be applied within the context of current activities on the river and available funding opportunities. The SURE research will involve the mapping of existing stakeholders and funding sources, further investigation into projects’ preferences and development of the programme of actions that rely on analysis of case studies and locally available resources. Here it is important to mention the launch event of the new Nursery Street pocket park - a reclamation project of the run down riverside area on the edge of Sheffield city centre and accompanying river festival Riverlution that will run during the last week of September 2012. Both of these events initiated by Sheffield City Council in a collaboration with Kelham Island Industrial Museum and Environment Agency offer great opportunityw for a joint large scale project.
Nursery Street Park, July 2012 page 72
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All MAUD 2011-2012 students listed above Goran Vodicka James Woodcock Kirti Durelle Steve Rimmer (CADS) Steve Parnell
SKINN.
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Š2012 Cristina Cerulli, Katya Porohina, SKIN Network, Studio Polpo, University of Sheffield and Antenna Press. (Images by kind permission of the photographers).
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercialNoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. ISBN 978-1-908441-02-7
Antenna Press is an independent publisher that promotes transformative practice in collaboration with Studio Polpo.
A ISBN 978-1-908441-02-7 River Commons Report Special Binding 9
781908441027
Designed and realised by SKIN Network. Printed at University of Sheffield.
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Written by Katya Porohina and Cristina Cerulli with contributions by Mark Parsons - Studio Polpo, Florian Kossak - MAUD programme director, Ivan Rabodzeenko, Claire Taylor Shalesmoor Kelham Island and Neepsend Network (SKINN), 2011-2012 Students at MA in Urban Design (MAUD) at the School of Architecture -University of Sheffield, as named in report, Goran Vodicka, James Woodcock, Kirti Durelle, Steve Rimmer (CADS), Steve Parnell.
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Published in 2012 by Antenna Press, Sheffield, UK.
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| Brewery |
Hong Kong, in China, lies at the mouth of which river? | November 2015 - Urban Rambles
Steampunk Festival (late Aug), Lincoln Christmas Market (early Dec)
City population: 94,600 (2011 census)
Urban population: 130,200 (2011 census)
Ranking: 53rd largest city in UK
Date of origin: 1st century BC
‘Type’ of city: Cathedral City
City walkability ( www.walkscore.com ): 81/100 ‘Very Walkable’
City status: since time immemorial
Some famous inhabitants: George Boole (developer of Boolean logic), John Hurt (actor)
THE CONTEXT
Lincoln is situated in a gap in the Lincoln Cliff, a major escarpment through which The River Witham flows. Lincoln is thus divided into two zones, known locally as ‘uphill’ and ‘downhill’.
The uphill area is the historical quarter, including Lincoln Cathedral, Lincoln Castle and the Medieval Bishop’s Palace. It also has residential suburbs to the north and northeast. The downhill area comprises the city centre and the suburbs to the south and south-west. The accurately named street ‘Steep Hill’ connects the two.
This divide gives Lincoln its distinctive character, and makes it feel very different from other cities, in which the chief historical buildings (cathedrals and castles) tend to be centrally located and intermingled with the present-day city centre.
It is not difficult to understand why the Romans were attracted to Lincoln. The gap through the Lincoln Cliff offered a natural east west route-way either by water or on foot. Roman engineers also saw the possibility of linking the River Witham to the River Trent by building a canal. That canal, the Foss Dyke, is remarkably still in use today; and through the ages, the links to Yorkshire and the Midlands via the Foss Dyke have brought trade and prosperity to the city.
Even after the Romans abandoned Britain in the early 5th century, the importance of the port remained and William the Conqueror saw it as an important strategic outpost to his kingdom. The great and prosperous medieval city of Lincoln was built on the wealth (mostly in wool) that traded up and down the River Witham. It was one of the most important cities in the country.
But as Britain industrialised, so Lincoln became something of a backwater, separated from the great routes north (the A1 and the East Coast rail line, which both pass to its west). Today it is perhaps one of the least visited cities and county capitals.
THE WALK
Brayford Pool is a natural lake formed from a widening of the River Witham. It was used as a port by the Romans, and has a long industrial heritage. The Pool has been the focus of Lincoln’s urban regeneration since the early 1990s. Although this has helped bring this area of the city back to life, it is occupied by a dispiriting array of chain bars & restaurants, none of which seems to be markedly thriving. There is one interesting structure amidst the mediocrity; now housing the Handmade Burger Co., Nando’s and Prezzo, the original building was designed in 1959 as a sleek car showroom, featuring a reinforced concrete hyperbolic parabloid shell roof (that’s a mouthful). Petrol pumps originally faced Brayford Pool. A Grade II listing in 2000 saved it from all the re-development around.
The south side of Brayford Pool is now home to the thriving University of Lincoln. It has grown to 10,000 students in little over a decade and has made a marked difference to the city, adding a youthful buzz of . The architecture is striking too, with several good new buildings (notably the Isaac Newton Building, the School of Architecture and much of the student accommodation) and conversion of old railway structures (the Engine Shed).
The Foss Dyke, which runs into Brayford Pool, connects the River Trent at Torksey to the River Witham. It is believed to be the oldest canal in England still in use. Built around 120 AD by the Romans, it was refurbished in 1121, during the reign of King Henry I. Improvements made in 1671 included a navigable lock at Torksey, and warehousing and wharves were built at Brayford Pool.
Next we cut up to the expanse of West Common (100 hectares, 297 acres), which has been an open space since Roman times, when it was used as an area of agricultural production for the military. A race track was built there in 1773 and closed in 1964. The grandstand, the stables and the numbers board still survive, giving added character to this delightful green space, kept now as meadowland.
During The First World War the Common was used to test aircraft assembled in the city’s many industrial plants. The airfield had turf runways and a number of outbuildings, several of which survive as earthworks. Directly south of the grandstand there is an earthwork marking the location of a former training trench.
Ellis’s Windmill merits the very minor detour involved, all of 50 metres. Placed on the top of the hill to get the most wind, this evocative mill is located on Mill Road, so called due to the nine windmills that formerly faced west over the steep slopes of the Lincoln Edge.
Ellis Mill is now the sole survivor of these mills and an excellent example of a small tower mill. The mill you see dates from 1798 but there had been a mill on this site from at least the middle of the 17th century; the mill was working until the 1940s, and was subsequently restored.
Before you take a look at the castle, it’s worth popping into The Lawn, where you will find the Joseph Banks Conservatory, a tropical house themed with plants reminiscent of voyages the botanist took with Captain James Cook. Past the conservatory is the very tranquil walled John Dawber Garden.
Lincoln Castle was constructed during the late 11th century by William the Conqueror on the site of a pre-existing Roman fortress. The castle is unusual in that it has two moats, one of only two in the country. It is still possible to walk around the immense Norman walls which provide a magnificent view of the castle complex, together with panoramic views of the cathedral, the city and the surrounding countryside.
Another major reason to visit the castle is the opportunity to see one of the four surviving originals of the Magna Carta, sealed by King John in 1215. There is also an accompanying exhibition, explaining the origin of the Magna Carta and its far reaching effects. The Bishop of Lincoln, Hugh of Wells, had been one of the signatories to the Magna Carta and was kept for hundreds of years at the cathedral before being transferred to the castle.
Lincoln Cathedral is nearly a thousand years old, and was reputedly the tallest building in the world for more than two centuries (1311–1549). John Ruskin, never one to be shy in his opinions, declared: “I have always held that the cathedral of Lincoln is out and out the most precious piece of architecture in the British Isles and roughly speaking worth any two other cathedrals we have.” Pevsner was also effusive, especially about its setting: “Apart from Durham, there is no English Cathedral so spectacularly placed”.
Standing in the shadow of Lincoln Cathedral, with sweeping views over the ancient city and the countryside beyond, the medieval Bishops’ Palace, just to the south of the cathedral, was once among the most important buildings in the country, being the administrative centre of the largest diocese in medieval England, stretching from the Humber to the Thames; and its architecture reflected enormous power and wealth. The only bit surviving today is the undercrofted West Hall, which is an English Heritage site.
The Lincoln Arboretum, an 9 hectare (22 acre) park to the east of the cathedral, was designed and laid out between 1870 and 1872 by the well-known Victorian gardener Edward Milner, following the national trend for providing public parks for workers to relax in and enjoy the fresh air.
Part of the deal was also to sell 1.2 hectares (3 acres) of the land for residential building purposes to help fund the layout and construction of the Arboretum; these large Victorian houses can be seen on the northern side of the park. This practice of property speculation around the added amenity that a park view offered was a very common way of funding the many Victorian parks that sprung up across the country during this period.
A bandstand was added in 1884, and during the 1890s the arboretum became a very popular music spot, frequently attracting over 40,000 people to concerts.
After being badly neglected in the second half of the twentieth century, a major restoration project was undertaken just after the turn of the millennium, and the park you see today gives enormous pleasure, with its beautiful gardens, lakes and bridges, children’s maze, two fountain features, Victorian bandstand and tea room/café.
The walk ends up passing through terraced streets of small artisan houses to reach the River Witham. Looking across to the south bank, you will see the site of the famous Lincoln engineering company, Ruston & Hornsby, which was a major producer of diesel engines and heavy duty gas turbines. In the 1960s it was Europe’s leading supplier of land-based gas turbines. It is a good example of Lincoln’s strong engineering heritage, much of which sadly was swept away in the de-industrialisation of the 1980s. Happily his plant still survives, now under the ownership of Siemens.
As our route nears its finish point we crossed the High Street at the 16th Century House on High Bridge. This is one of only three bridges in England with shops on them, the others being Pulteney Bridge in Bath (which we cross in the Bath chapter) and Frome Bridge in Somerset, of which this is easily the oldest. The bridge itself is thought to date back to the 12th century, making it possibly the oldest standing bridge in the country.
Lincoln is full of history and medieval buildings, and is probably the most unchanged city of any I have walked through; still dominated by its historic quarter and never really having had a massive population spurt in its history, nor having been significantly damaged by the Luftwaffe in The Second World War, nor having attracted new town status.
And the council is to be applauded too, in its future plans for the city, encapsulated in the Linking Lincoln Masterplan , first devised in 2005, which has as one of its primary aims to “re-stitch the city centre to its wider context” – basically, favouring the pedestrian over the car. Hurrah.
WALK DATA
Typical time: 2.5 hours
OS Map: Explorer 272 Lincoln
Start & Finish: Brayford Pool; parking is available at Brayford Wharf East Car Park; also, a very short walk from the station (LN5 7EQ)
Terrain: a fairly strenuous ascent to the ‘uphill’ bit of the walk; otherwise, straightforward
DIRECTIONS
Start at the NE corner of Brayford Pool. Head W along the Pool until it becomes the Foss Dyke canal, and then continue along Foss Bank
On reaching a footpath sign turn right, with a golf course on your left and then the old Racecourse Stands. Cross the Carholme Rd, and head uphill along a delightful path called Alderman’s Walk that runs alongside West Common
On reaching the Yarborough Rd at the top, cross it, turn left and then shortly right up Upper Long Leys Rd. You will see the Ellis Windmill on your left along Mill St. Immediately after Willis Close, take the footpath right, then left, which comes out into Westgate. The Lawn is just down Union Rd on your right, and the west entrance to the Castle is just on your left
Head east along Westgate, then right down St Paul’s Lane; turn left towards Bailgate, right when on Bailgate, then through the Exchequer Gate to the cathedral. Skirt round the southern side, take the steps down to the Bishop’s Palace, then exit onto Pottergate
Walk down Pottergate, turn right onto the main road, and then shortly left into Lindum Terrace
You will soon see steps down to a green space; cross this diagonally E, go down Arboretum Avenue, then take the first left into the Arboretum Park; walk E across the park to the far end
Then swing back over the miniature lakes, with the bandstand on your right, to exit by the SW gates
Cross over and proceed down Thomas St, across Winn St and turn left when you meet Cannon St; exit into Baggholme Rd, then left and immediately right along the river; cross the delightful arched footbridge and proceed on the far bank until you reach the busy Melville St
Take the (unpleasant) footbridge over Melville St and then continue W, crossing a canal-type bridge and then climbing up some steps to the High St; cross immediately over and descend through the ‘Glory Hole’ back to the river; you will shortly arrive at the bridge where you began.
An Ordnance Survey map of the walk can be also be found at www.walkingworld.com , walk no. 7454
PIT STOPS
Brayford Pool has many chains to choose from, but the more characterful eateries and cafés are to be found in Bailgate, close to the cathedral.
The Ice Cream Parlour , 3 Bailgate, LN1 3AE (Tel: 01522 511447, www.gallonesicecream.com) is recommended, for, amongst other things, ‘its weird and wonderful flavours’.
There is also a quaint café set in the cloisters of the Cathedral called the Refectory, serving local produce.
If you’re into tapas/nibbles, then we recommend Ole Ole , 33 Bailgate, LN1 3AR (Tel: 01522 534222. www.oleolelincoln.co.uk). A typical Trip Advisor review: “We have been several times now and every time it has been excellent. It is lovely to sit and enjoy tapas and sangria in the garden on a warm day.”
QUIRKY SHOPPING
Steep Hill & The Strait provide a great selection of food and drink, exclusive and vintage clothing, old bookstores and other speciality shops.
Bailgate, by the cathedral, is another place for interesting independents. Wander around the cobbled streets and you will find many shops to interest, gifts, food and fashion.
PLACES TO VISIT
Lincoln Castle , Castle Hill, Lincoln LN1 3AA (Tel: 01522 782040, www.lincolncastle.com) offers lots of history, great views and of course the chance to see an original copy of The Magna Carta.
The Collection , 1 Danes Terrace, LN2 1LP (Tel: 01522 550990 www.thecollectionmuseum.com) brings together an award-winning archaeology museum and the region’s premier art gallery, the Usher Gallery.
Lincoln Cathedral Take a look around one of Europe’s finest Gothic buildings.
29th November 2015 / urban rambles / 0 Comments
Civic pride, regenerated docklands, spacious parks
This walk gives you just about everything you could ever wish for from a city walk – fabulous architecture both old & new, seafront and river, two great parks, lots of independent shopping.
BEST FOR
International Food & Drink Festival (July), Cardiff Carnival (Aug), Bute Park Firework Display (Nov)
City population: 346,100 (2011 census),
Urban population: 447,287 (2011 census)
Ranking: 10th largest city in UK
Date of origin: pre-Roman
‘Type’ of city: Port City
City walkability ( www.walkscore.com ): 78/100 ‘Very Walkable’
City status: Cardiff was made a city in 1905, and proclaimed the capital of Wales in 1955.
Some famous inhabitants: Charlotte Church (singer), Roald Dahl (author), Ryan Giggs (footballer), John Humphrys (broadcaster), Colin Jackson (athlete), Ivor Novello (singer), Terry Wogan (broadcaster)
Notable city architects / planners: Alexander Roos (1810-1881), architect to John Crichton-Stuart, 2nd Marquess of Bute.
Films/TV series shot here: Dr Who series, Torchwood series
View of the city from Penarth
CONTEXT
Cardiff’s setting on a flat, marshy plain at the mouth of a river surrounded by hills, not far from the South Wales coalfields, has defined its basic structure.
Cardiff, perhaps more than any other city in the UK, demonstrates how a city can be turned around through regeneration. From having been the largest coal-exporting port in the world, the docklands area had become derelict by the 1980s. But by the 1990s the area, re-named Cardiff Bay, was being transformed with the construction of the Cardiff Bay Barrage.
The name Bute is never far from the story of the city, for it was the Bute family who extended the castle, developed the docks and gave Bute Park and Roath Park to the city. After the natural geography, they have had the largest influence on the shape of the city; the second Marquess, builder of the docks, is often described as “the creator of modern Cardiff”.
City Council leader Phil Bale declared in 2014 that the “City’s ambition is to be amongst the most ‘liveable’ cities in the world.” The council has already come a long way to achieving this aim – just a frightful shopping centre and a big gap between the centre and the bay to sort now…
THE WALK
My elder son was interested in going to Cardiff University to study economics (he ended up in another chapter), so it seemed like a good idea to go and take a closer look at the city. Whilst he practiced being a student by staying in bed oblivious to the outside world, I snuck out really early to see the city before it filled up.
But one is never alone in a city, that’s one of the things I love about city walks. When I popped into a café for a quick cup of coffee and a bacon sandwich, a group of bin men were sitting at the table next to me having something to eat before getting going cleaning up the city centre after a busy Saturday night. It’s a reminder that a city never sleeps. According to a notice fixed to one of the bins in the pedestrian area just outside, the council spends more than £7Mn a year on street cleaning. What a shame we can’t all be a little tidier and spend the money instead on our parks and green spaces which are currently subject to major financial cutbacks.
In much the same way that the Cardiff Bay area has, so Cardiff Castle has been through several regenerations of its own. Originally a Roman fort, it became a Norman stronghold before being transformed into a Gothic fairytale fantasy by the Victorians, a fabulous example of gothic revival.
St John’s Churchyard Gardens, which I came to next, is an example of a small green space in the middle of a busy high street that offers a tiny handkerchief of calm.
Someone on Yelp summarised the gardens neatly: “In among all of this bustling madness you can find a place to sit away from the main pedestrian traffic, street sellers and charity collectors. This is a place to let the city pass you by for a while.” Green spaces, however small, can make a measurable difference to the quality of life in a city.
And you must pop in to The Cardiff Market, maybe just to pick up some fruit for the rest of your walk. The Market Hall, dating from 1891, is an architectural gem, its stalls ranging from butchers, grocers and fishmongers to vintage clothes, second hand records, cafés, even a hairdresser. Ashton’s the fishmongers has traded continuously on the site since 1866. You will love this place, lots of unexpected finds, with some real characters on the stalls dishing out friendly banter to each other and the odd customer. Nothing like a market to bring life to the heart of a city.
Next I turned right through Morgan Arcade to St Mary’s St. Now is probably not the time to stop and take a look around, but you will certainly want to come back later.
The Arcades, of which there are eight in total, follow the lines of the old alleys and lanes of the medieval town. Each arcade has its own character, but the Morgan Arcade (1896) is amongst the most notable and well-preserved with its original wood-framed shop fronts and Venetian windows on the first floor; as is the L-shaped Castle Arcade (1887), which has three storeys at one end and a cast-iron bridge linking its balconies. Interesting architecture, with lots of nooks and crannies, seems to go hand in hand with quirky, fun shopping rather than the dull uniformity of a modern high street.
Heading down St Mary’s St, I was then sucked into the rather characterless ‘no man’s land’ between the city centre and the Bay, which has no doubt flummoxed many a tourist as to wether it’s a walkable distance and whether there is anything interesting to look at en route. Well, I eventually concluded that the most interesting way is probably via Callaghan Square and the Canal Park.
In 2002 Bute Square was renamed Callaghan Square in honour of former UK Prime Minister (and Cardiff South and Penarth MP) Lord Callaghan. It was developed as part of a Private Finance Initiative scheme to link central Cardiff with Cardiff Bay. In the centre is a statue of the 2nd Marquess of Bute.
Canal Park was created on top of the filled-in Sea Lock Pond and canal, a vital link between the sea and canal network from the late 18th Century onwards. Wharves were built to transfer iron and coal from the canal boats to the larger, ocean-going vessels that came into the Pond through the Sea Lock.
From being a key spur to Cardiff’s economic success, trade down the canal dwindled in the 20th century and, after an accident destroyed the Sea Lock in 1952, it was closed down permanently and filled in. Now a long, narrow strip of green space which is popular with locals, its interesting history seems largely forgotten, although there is a canal mural at the southern end.
Before the Coal Exchange was built in Mount Stuart Square, the area had been a residential square with a central garden. It was taken over by commerce as the city grew in propserity and became the biggest coal port in the world.
The Exchange was constructed in the 1880s by Edwin Seward as a base from which to conduct trade negotiations regarding the coal mines of the South Wales Valleys – most of which shipped their coal to Cardiff for distribution.
Following its opening, coal owners, ship owners and their agents met daily on the floor of the trading hall to do business. In its heyday the price of the world’s coal was determined here; and apparently the first ever £1,000,000 business deal was made here during a transaction in 1901.
Inevitably Cardiff’s dependence on coal made the Bute Docks highly vulnerable to any downturn in the demand for it. With the end of the Second World War the docks went into terminal decline. The Coal Exchange shut its doors in 1958 and coal exports finished for good in 1964.
Roald Dahl Plass, which used to be a dock, is named after the children’s author, who was born in Cardiff. The bowl-like shape of the space makes it a popular amphitheatre for hosting open-air concerts.
“Plass” means space in Norwegian, a nod to the author’s roots (both of Dahl’s parents were from Norway) and to the Norwegian Seafarers’ Church which stands nearby, where the author was christened.
People love the space. It hosts a number of events through the year, notably a food fair and a beach complete with sand, paddling pool, fairground rides and side shows. In between times there’s plenty of room for kids to let off steam. One Trip Advisor comment sums it up neatly: “We were lucky to have a sunny day, the open space allows thinking time, space to play, cycle, play football. We sat and enjoyed the sun and people watched.” A new space in a city that really works to bring people together and interact in a positive way. The Plass is also a place of pilgrimage for Dr Who and Torchwood fans, with many episodes having been filmed here.
The Millennium Centre, alongside the Plass, was built with local materials to celebrate the different geological zones of Wales. The centre’s main feature, the bronze-coloured dome, inscribed with verses in Welsh and English, is clad in riveted steel, reflecting South Wales’s industrial past; whilst the multi-coloured layers of slate represent the stone layers in sea cliffs from the slate quarries of the north.
The Senedd (senate), the debating chamber of the Welsh assembly, constructed in 2006, was similarly built with local materials including slate and Welsh oak. The building was designed to be as open and accessible as possible; in the words of the architects, the Richard Rogers Partnership, “The building was not to be an insular, closed edifice. Rather it would be a transparent envelope, looking outwards to Cardiff Bay and beyond, making visible the inner workings of the Assembly and encouraging public participation in the democratic process.” I like that ambition of bringing the outside in and vice versa.
In total contrast, The Pierhead Building is high Victoriana, built in 1897 to house the headquarters of the Bute Dock Company. Incorporating a French-Gothic Renaissance theme, it has lots of impressive detailing including hexagonal chimneys, carved friezes, gargoyles and a highly ornamental and distinctive clock tower. In absolutely no way is it trying to blend in with the surroundings (I suppose it was there first…)
Another building with a rich patina of history is the Lutheran Norwegian Church, built in 1868 as a place of worship for the Norwegian community in Cardiff. In the 19th century, Cardiff was one of Britain’s three major ports, along with London and Liverpool. The Norwegian merchant fleet at the time was the third largest in the world, and Cardiff became one of the major centres of its operations. The church was built to serve the religious needs of Norwegian sailors and expatriates. Clad in iron sheets on the instruction of the Harbour Master, to allow it to be moved if necessary, the contingency turned out to be a stroke of genius when it was easily re-located from the space subsequently occupied by the Millennium Centre during the regeneration of the bay. It is now an arts centre and café, and makes a very welcome break.
The walk turns round on itself just beyond here and now you hug the side of the bay, passing by the Cardiff Bay Wetlands Reserve just on the other side of the St David’s Hotel. A number of bird species including Reed Buntings, Reed Warblers and Sedge Warblers use this habitat.
Hamadryad Park, north of the Butetown Link Road, was salt marsh and inter-tidal mud flats until the closure of Cardiff Bay Barrage in 1999, which created a 198 hectare freshwater lake. It is now used for sports and dog-walking.
Crossing the Clarence Rd Bridge, the path tracks up the western side of the River Taff, and I got a great view of the Millennium Stadium in the distance. Being a rugby fan, I felt I could almost hear the roar of the Welsh supporters urging their team on.
The Millennium Stadium is really a very fine beast of a sports arena, and you get to walk in its shadow along the Millennium Walkway, passing over the flags of all the countries that have ever played there. Even if you only have a little feeling about rugby, this is a truly amazing stadium!
The Millennium Walkway, 750metres, provides pedestrian access along the riverside without reducing the available stadium space. For those of a nervous disposition, walking over a rapid current, it is re-assuring to know that the structure was designed to carry a Class 1 Fire Appliance, so we should be fine.
Few cities have such a spacious green area in the heart of their city as is the case with Bute Park & Arboretum (53 hectares, 130 acres), comprising historic landscape, urban woodland, sports pitches, arboretum, horticultural features and a river corridor.
The park was laid out as a private pleasure garden for the Bute Family by Andrew Pettigrew between 1873 and 1903. In 1947, the fifth Marquess of Bute presented the park to the people of Cardiff, and it is now managed by the Council and is a ‘green lung’ of the city, with more than 2,000 trees.
The park contains a wealth of historic remains dating back to Roman and medieval times; including Cardiff Castle, the Animal Wall, the Gorsedd Stones and the 12th cenury Blackfriars site.
From Bute Park I cut niftily across the city (OK, not the most scenic part of the trip), to reach the northern entrance to Cathays Cemetery (45 hectares, 110 acres), the third largest municipal cemetery in the UK. Opened in 1859, it was intended both as a place of burial and a pleasant environment in which to walk.
And with refreshing practicality, the different denominations – Anglican, Non-conformists and Catholic – each had their chapel of rest but shared the cemetery, albeit they each had different burial areas. Sadly the Catholic chapel had to be demolished in the 1980s, and the other two are in urgent need of repair, a task which the Friends of Cathays Cemetery are supporting. This is a reminder of the huge challenge of green spaces in cities – who is going to fund them? This is especially true in cemeteries, which many people are reluctant to visit or are unaware that they generally welcome the general public to stroll around, delve in to the local history that they present, enjoy abundant wildlife or just while away a pleasant afternoon reading a book. This is one of the finest cemeteries that I have walked through and, on a sunny day, an absolute delight.
The Cemetery Office (which unfortunately you won’t reach until your exit) has a useful map which will point you to some of the most notable graves, chronicling the famous military, community and commercial figures of the 19th and 20th century, including Andrew Pettigrew, the gardening brain behind Bute Park. I duly paid my respects to the great man.
The land for Roath Park (53 hectares, 130 acres) was donated by the Marquis of Bute (him again) to the city in 1887, and officially opened to the public in 1894. Work initially focused on creating the lake from an area of marshland. In 1915 a lighthouse was added in the lake, containing a scale model of the ‘Terra Nova’ ship to commemorate Captain Scott’s ill-fated voyage to the Antarctic from Cardiff in 1910. The park’s atmosphere today still retains the Victorian elegance and its status as a Conservation Area ensures these qualities will be conserved.
Moving south east from the park, I followed the Roath Brook as it flows through the Roath Pleasure Gardens, Roath Mill Gardens and finally reaches Waterloo Gardens (which is a slight detour from the main route). These are all fine examples of Edwardian parks; well designed and with a distinct aura of years gone by. If I lived in Cardiff I would love to live in one of those Edwardian villas overlooking the brook. The mix of trees, streamside plants and formal ornamental planting make the parks very attractive and full of interest.
The route back to town is through some of the town’s less affluent streets and a fair smattering of student properties.
Then suddenly I find myself back on the Cathays Park University Campus, with some very striking buildings dating from the early twentieth century. The Welsh Government Building on the north side of Alexandra Gardens is a classic late 1930s building, very striking; whilst the earlier (1909) main university building on the east side is a good example of the Beaux Arts style.
Finally I came out on Gorsedd Gardens. Situated in front of the National Museum, this garden has as its centrepiece a stone circle constructed in 1899, when the National Eisteddfod of Wales was held in Cardiff. The garden’s name refers to the Gorsedd of Welsh Bards, the ceremonial order that governs the Eisteddfod.
From here’s it’s a short hop back to the start point at Cardiff Castle. Surely my son will be out of bed by now and we can pop down to the arcades for brunch?!
WALK DATA
Leg 1: Town Centre & Cardiff Bay (Waymarks 1-10)
Distance: 7.7kms (4.8miles)
Typical time: 2 hours
OS Map: Explorer Map 151 Cardiff & Bridgend
Start & Finish: Cardiff Castle (from Cardiff railway station, CF10 1EP, it’s a 5 min-walk to join the route between waymark 2 & 3)
Terrain: Pavement throughout
Leg 2: The Parks – Bute, Roath, Cathays (Waymarks 10-20)
Distance: 8.5kms (5.3 miles)
Typical time: 2 ¼ hours
Map: Explorer Map 151 Cardiff & Bridgend
Start & Finish: Bute Park
Terrain: Pavement/gravel paths throughout
Plus another 1.8 km if you walk round the lake in Roath Park; and another 2km if you walk to Waterloo Gardens and back (both recommended)
Leg 1 & 2 combined:
Typical time: 4 ¼ hours
THE ROUTE
Start on the SE side of Cardiff Castle, and proceed S down Working Street, skirting round the right of St John’s Church, passing the graveyard, then St John’s Churchyard Gardens on your left
A little further on take Morgan Arcade or Royal Arcade on your right and walk through to St Mary’s St. Walk left (S); proceed under the railway line until you reach Callaghan Square
Cross to the far side of the roundabout and take a narrow track on the south west side which leads into Canal Parade, then into the start of Canal Park. Follow Canal Park nearly as far as James St, turning left down an alleyway into Mount Stuart Square, turn right, where you will find the Corn Exchange
Exit the square by the SE side, through Mount Stuart Arcade and then turn right into W Bute St. On reaching James St, turn left and then right down New George St, then left along Bute Crescent
You have reached Roald Dahl Plass and there is much beautiful waterfront and architecture to enjoy; time permitting, stroll around the harbour to the Norwegian Church, only about 5 minutes away
Then head W along the waterfront, past the St David’s Hotel, through the wetlands area, to the Hamadryad Park flyover at the western extreme
Go under the main road into the northern part of Hamadryad Park. This is the Taff Trail. Follow it along Clarence Embankment
Then cross the Clarence Rd Bridge and head northwards on the W bank. Proceed until you reach the Wood St Bridge
Cross back over to the E side of the river over Wood St Bridge just after the railway lines, then take the Boardwalk alongside the Millennium Stadium to Castle St; cross the road, then go through the gate into Bute Park
Then head north along the Taff River or through the park until you reach the Weir, a distance of a mile or so
Keep on the E bank after the weir and very shortly take the right ascent out of the park, up Lylys Tal-Y-Bont Rd, over the railway line, into Parkfield Place, then right into North Rd; cross over
Take the second left into New Zealand Rd; at the end of this road cross Whitchurch St, then proceed along Manor St until you reach Allensbank Rd; turn left, cross the road and you will soon reach the western gate of Cathays Cemetry
Cross the cemetery SE towards the chapels, and then proceed out through the main gate
Go left down Fairoak Rd, under the flyover and shortly after cross the road and enter Roath Park. Turn left, walk up to the lake where the lighthouse is
Go round the lake if you have the time (an extra 1.8kms), otherwise retrace back down on the E side of the park to the exit on the SE side
Go under the fly-over again, then first left into Ty-Draw Rd, then into Roath Pleasure Gardens on the right. Follow the brook until it comes out of the gardens, then follow it as it runs alongside the Recreation Ground
Leave Roath Brook before you reach the library and cross the playing fields SW until you reach Lochaber St; go up it, turn into Angus St, then turn right into Moy Rd and follow it down to the end (at this point continue following the brook to the pretty Waterloo Gardens if you have the time; then retrace your steps)
Go up the steps, turn right into Crwys Rd across the bridge and then immediately down the steps on the other side to the end of Harriet St; bear right into Wyeverne Rd, then across the railway line at Corbett Rd
Proceed left down Museum Avenue and then into Alexandra Garden
Proceed to the SE side, past the City Hall on your righ, through Gorsedd Gardens and so back to the start point at Cardiff Castle.
A detailed Ordnance Survey map of the walk can be found at www.walkingworld.com , walk no. 7453
PIT STOPS
Tea spots in the Arcades – so many good ones to choose from!! One we recommend is Barker Tea House, High Street Arcade, CF10 1BB (Tel: 029 2034 1390)
The Norwegian Church Arts Centre and Café , Harbour Drive, Cardiff Bay, CF10 4PA (Tel: 029 2087 7959, www.norwegianchurchcardiff.co.uk) is a great spot to relax and enjoy the view.
Waterloo Gardens Tea House (if you take the small diversion ay Waymark 14), 5 Waterloo Gardens, CF23 5AA (Tel: 029 2045 6073, www.waterlootea.com) is “committed to an ongoing exploration of the world’s finest teas” and definitely merits a visit.
Fish at 85 , 85 Pontcanna St, CF11 9HS (Tel: 029 2002 0212 www.fishat85.co.uk) Essentially a fishmonger’s with a few seats for diners, this very appealing little restaurant keeps everything simple. Not on the route.
QUIRKY SHOPPING
Without any hesitation, head straight to The Arcades . These are full of surprises, lots of different types of shops and myriad cafés too.
The Central Market, near the start of the walk, is another place that you must try and get to.
PLACES TO VISIT
Cardiff Castle , Castle Street, CF10 3RB (Tel: 029 2087 8100, www.cardiffcastle.com) Cardiff Castle’s walls and fairytale towers conceal 2,000 years of history, from Roman origins to lavish 19th century Gothic interiors.
Cardiff Museum , Cathays Park, CF10 3NP (Tel: 029 2039 7951, www.museumwales.ac.uk/cardiff) houses Wales’s national art, natural history and geology collections, as well as a history of Cardiff. There’s plenty to please the eye, from superb Impressionist paintings to gigantic dinosaurs.
Doctor Who Cardiff Walking Tour [Unofficial]. With Cardiff being the home of Doctor Who since the show returned in 2005 you will get to visit over 30 filming locations around Cardiff city centre and Cardiff Bay. 2.5 hour tour.
27th November 2015 / urban rambles / 0 Comments
The best of the countryside and the city? Or a planning cul-de-sac?
Letchworth is where the Garden City Movement began – the belief that cities can be planned to engender healthier, happier lives and offer the best of both town and country. The debate rages on to this day; but whatever side you take, Letchworth’s massive influence on the structure of the 20th century urban environment is incontestable and makes this walk a must.
BEST FOR…
‘Architectural Inspiration’
Victorian & Edwardian (1837-1918)
The Cloisters, Spirella Building, Exhibition Bungalows, extensive residential areas. Download http://www.letchworthgc.com/galleries/see_letchworths_history for lots of interesting details about the houses that you will see along the route
Industrial Heritage
City walkability ( www.walkscore.com ): 77/100 ‘Very walkable’
City status: It’s officially not, but it declared itself to be one nonetheless!
Some famous inhabitants: Laurence Olivier (actor), Michael Winner (film director), Magnus Pyke (scientist)
Notable city architects / planners: Ebenezer Howard , Raymond Unwin
Films/TV series shot here: World’s End (2013: various locations)
THE CONTEXT
The rapid industrial growth during the 19th century meant that British cities, especially London, were filthy, unpleasant places to live and bursting at the seams.
Ebenezer Howard, visionary and planner, started to envision a type of city which combined the best of both town and country. In his words, “There are, in reality, not only two alternatives – town life and country life – but a third alternative, in which all the advantages of the most energetic and active town life, with all the beauty and delight of the country, may be secured in perfect combination.” Out of this belief came the Garden City Movement and its first manifestation, Letchworth Garden City, which was founded in 1905. Its driving architectural principles were: lower density housing, zoned areas for industry, the separation of pedestrians and motor cars, plenty of green spaces and easy access to the countryside.
Letchworth was followed in 1920 by Welwyn Garden City and then the New Towns of the post-war years, which were all substantially influenced by the Garden City Movement.
THE WALK
How many times have I driven down the A1 and half noticed out of the corner of my eyes the sign to Letchworth? A name I have been familiar with for much of my life, but never until now decided to explore. It doesn’t have any big draws, no country house or theme park necessitating brown signs at every approach junction. Its everydayness is in many ways what strikes you most about it when you arrive.
There is nothing to indicate that this was possibly the most important town planning innovation of the twentieth century – a vision of a community with the benefits of town and country combined, providing a bold new alternative to the relentless expansion of London; and delivered on a scale and completeness that was unprecedented in Brisith town planning history.
Normally when you visit a city, you see the name of the city but seldom does anyone see the need to remind you it is a city. But not so with Letchworth; wherever you go you are reminded that it isn’t just ‘Letchworth’ that you are visiting, but ‘Letchworth Garden City’. Now of course it’s not really a city at all; no cathedral and a population only a little over 30,000 – the size stipulated by its founder as the ‘right size’ for successful communities, but only about a tenth of the size normally associated with a city. Maybe it’s this sense of self-importance which has led to commentators often being very sniffy about the merits of this urban experiment.
At the start of the twentieth century, Letchworth was just a little sleepy south of England village like thousands of others, with its church and village green; until the Garden City Pioneer Company acquired land around it and determined that this was to be the place for a brave new experiment in town and social planning.
In 1898, the social reformer Ebenezer Howard published his ‘Garden Cities of To-morrow’ treatise, in which he advocated the construction of a new kind of town, summed up in his Three Magnets diagram as combining the advantages of cities and the countryside whilst eliminating their disadvantages. Industry would be kept separate from residential areas and trees and open spaces would prevail. The city was encircled by a ‘ Green Belt ’ (the first ever envisaged), which was designed as a girdle to prevent expansion, but also to enable self-sufficiency in food and to enable residents to remain ‘connected’ with the countryside. Letchworth promoted itself as a town for healthy living, and in its early years much was made of the sharply lower mortality rates than in cities. Howard’s ideas were mocked in the press, but struck a chord with many, especially members of the Arts and Crafts Movement and the Quakers.
For the concept outlined in ‘Garden Cities of To-morrow’ was not simply one of urban planning, but also included a system of community management. For example, the Garden City project would be financed through a system that Howard called ‘Rate-Rent’, which combined financing for community services (rates) with a return for those who had invested in the development of the City (rent). It also advocated a self-sufficiency in water and energy supplies, ideas that were partially realised and survived until the nationalisation of the 50s and 60s.
GETTING GOING
Shortly after we set out from Howard Park we spied the thatched building of the International Exhibition building on the right. Not quite the vernacular you expect in the middle of a city, more like a rural cottage, but a reminder that everything you see today will be just a little out of the ordinary, yet at the same time somehow deeply familiar. Here we took a look at the ‘master plan’ for Letchworth drawn up in 1905, a plan that exudes certainty about the ‘correct’ solution for urban dwelling. Remarkably, a substantial part of the plan (but by no means all) got implemented; and this is what makes Letchworth so notable in the history of town planning.
The other striking thing about the exhibition is the room to the right that shows the massive influence that the Letchworth experiment has had on the development of 20th century town planning throughout Britain. First was Welwyn Garden City just to the north, and then the New Town Movement which created more than 20 new or vastly expanded towns, of which Milton Keynes is the best known; all significantly influenced by Letchworth. Additionally, much of the re-construction work after the war took cues from Garden City thinking, especially the separation of car and pedestrian, re-drawn street grids and the complete re-modelling of core areas (see the Plymouth walk, for example), including the zoning of industry away from residential.
And the influence of Letchworth has spread internationally too. From its inception right up to the current day, there has been a steady stream of town planners and visionaries from around the world who have visited the exhibition to garner ideas and inspiration. Even Lenin apparently made a visit in 1907, to see a socialist utopia taking shape in practice. Notable international cities influenced include neighbourhoods in Boston (USA), Sao Paulo, Montreal, Melbourne, Adelaide and Cape Town; generally starting with the advantage of undeveloped land, where ‘new footprints’ are so much more practicable.
As we walked on from the exhibition, we passed though some very typical residential areas, redolent with memories of one’s own love for (or hatred of) the suburbs – houses in cottage-style vernacular, with thatched roofs, dormer windows, ‘olde worlde’ features such as rough-hewn wood and wine bottle glass windows, tiles, arts & crafts features, comforting hedges, echoes of ‘Merrie England’ – stylistic escapism writ large. The second thing that struck us was the size of garden and space between plots – the estates planned for 10-15 dwellings an acre vs. 35 for a typical urban location. So it is much more suburb than city street in look, especially as the day we visited it was also eerily quiet (my hunch is it’s like this most days). Much of what you see here you will see in thousands of suburbs up and down the country, if not to the same standards; for better or worse, this is where it all began!
Next stop for us was the outlandish Cloisters building, built in 1907 to a highly individualistic style. The word quirky could have been invented for this building!
The design reputedly came to Miss Annie Jane Lawrence, the founder and devout Quaker, in a dream. It consists of a large half-oval ‘open-air room’ called the ‘Cloisters Garth’, which features an open colonnade to the south and large glazed bays to the north. It was designed according to the principles of the Arts and Crafts movement, and was built using a rich palette of materials – grey Suffolk bricks, Purbeck stone, flintwork and vivid orange Suffolk tiles.
What you realise on closer inspection is that it was never completed – perhaps not surprising given that the building costs had soared to £20,000. You will notice bare blocks of stone inside and out and gaunt brickwork and unfaced mass concrete vaults. A grand ambition that was never quite realised – a good metaphor perhaps for the Garden City itself.
Originally built as an open-air school dedicated to Psychology, students were encouraged to study “how thought affects action and what causes and produces thought”. Through healthy outdoor living it was intended that the students would develop healthy minds. The building was also designed to hold lectures, conferences, drama and musical performances. Students were taught skills from the Arts and Crafts movement. They slept on flat hammocks lowered from the vaulting around the open Cloister Garth, the overall objective being a spirit of harmony and sociability. Communal meals were served on a great marble-faced dining table that stretched across a bay window on a raised altar-like dais.
In 1907 Howard led a tour of delegates from the 3rd Esperanto Conference in Cambridge to Letchworth. You can imagine they almost certainly travelled by train along the direct line from Cambridge, and walked along Broadway and then up the way we came to The Cloisters. Howard spoke (in Esperanto of course) on the Garden City Movement and Esperanto as allied efforts in the cause of international understanding and peace. Hope over practicality, the sense that things can be changed by planning and design; and that everyone can come together and live and communicate in new ways.
After the First World War, The Cloisters became known for its music and as a social hub for the Garden City – there were Sunday Organ Recitals, evening Promenade Concerts in the summer performed by the Town Band, orchestral recitals and a string band. The Sunday Concerts continued up until the Second World War, at which point the building was requisitioned by the Army, and fell into disrepair. It was rescued by the Masons in 1949, since when it has been the North Hertfordshire Masonic Centre.
Walking on past the Cloisters, back into Willian Rd and then heading south, all of a sudden we came upon a quintessential English village scene: a footpath meandering down across a meadow towards a pub, with a church and village green behind – a sudden escape back into the countryside and back in time to an earlier pre-suburban age.
It must also have been a popular route with the imbibers escaping the alcohol ban of the city centre, who would have tripped their way across the meadow, blissfully unaware that they were tramping over the country’s first ‘Green Belt’ designed to make them more ‘connected’ to the countryside. It certainly made them more connected to a good pint of ale or two.
After our brief foray into the countryside, it’s time to return to suburban bliss – but being Letchworth, along streets with names that determinedly evoke rural images – first we walked up Muddy Lane, then Spring Lane, before emerging on the formal splendour that is Broadway and the UK’s first roundabout; or at least that’s what it proudly proclaims, with a large placard in the middle of it; for Letchworth at least there is none of the roundabout reticence that most new towns show with regard to their traffic systems.
But is it really the UK’s first roundabout? In the plans of 1905 it was described as ‘Sollershott Circus’, and in that sense was similar to several other formal circuses around the country designed to create a sense of elegance and good living (e.g. the circuses in the middle of the Park Estate in Nottingham, which date back to the early nineteenth century).
Furthermore, in the year it was completed, 1909, there were only 53,000 cars registered in the whole of Britain, so two cars gyrating at any one time would have been a very rare event indeed! Even the day we went, there wasn’t much traffic compared to a normal roundabout. However, in favour of its claim to fame, it was envisaged in the master plan as an ‘intersection for gyratory movement’ – and critically, it was a public road, unlike the Park Estate in Nottingham, which was private. So perhaps we owe it to Letchworth to allow them this modest accolade.
Interestingly, it was replanted in 2013 for the movie ‘World’s End’, a science fiction comedy featuring Simon Pegg, Rosamund Pike, Nick Frost and a lot of Letchworth landscapes. Mr Burt, a town councillor, commented: “I hope it will become a tourist attraction and that people will want to come and see it as part of the film experience.” I don’t think he’d seen the movie at that stage, as it doesn’t do much to flatter Letchworth, with its cast of mostly befuddled middle-aged men and zombies being gruesomely de-capitated in quiet neighbourhoods.
The Broadway is perhaps the single most successful feature of the Letchworth design. It is a broad and elegant lime tree-lined avenue, nearly a mile long, with desirable detached houses along the southern half, and a civic area and station at the northern end. Its generous width is partly explained by the original plan to accommodate a tramway to Hitchin, but this was never built.
This northern end was intended to be the Town Square and there were to be a series of civic buildings ‘in the style of Wren and other masters’, but they were never built due to lack of funds. Nonetheless, it still works well today as an attractive open space surrounded by Lombardy Poplars and a fabulous fountain in the centre. Like the Cloisters, another unfinished piece of architectural business, but none the worse for that.
We walked through the rather dreary shopping area – all the shop fascias are designed in the same typeface and with a deep magenta background – another reminder of the rather controlled nature of the place. I suppose at least it doesn’t look like every other high street in the country with garish signage and identikit brands; but the shops here are not very impressive, more secondary chains than lively independents. The rural-looking station sign shouted out at us ‘Letchworth Garden City’ to persuade us, just in case we were still unconvinced, we are in a city!
And then finally we came across a building that is very city-like, The Spirella Factory, or ‘Castle Corset’ as it became known, constructed between 1912 and 1920 for the manufacture of corsets. This factory of course emitted no smoke, so it was ideal for the cleaner living of Letchworth. Mr Kincaid, the owner, claimed enlightened self-interest as the prime motivation for bringing the company to the Garden City:
“Letchworth is built according to a pre-arranged plan, not more than 12 houses built upon an acre, giving every cottage a good garden. These conditions make for efficient contented progressive workmen and women. A principle of Spirella’s policy has been to instil into its employees right thoughts, right methods of living, right methods of work, an appreciation of the vital needs of sunlight, of wholesome food for health and of congenial employment for happiness. The Spirella Company found itself in sympathy with every detail of the Garden City Movement which has found its best expression in Letchworth.”
(Mind you, he also apparently drove a hard bargain with the town, gaining a central location at half the price advertised.)
The Spirella Company was undoubtedly innovative in its choice of employee ‘perks’; these included a large social hall, free eye tests, bathrooms, a canteen, gymnastic classes, library, a choral society, bike storage and even capes issued on wet evenings to workers travelling home without a coat.
During the Second World War, the factory was also involved in producing parachutes and decoding machinery. It finally closed in the 1980s when corsets fell out of fashion, and was eventually refurbished and converted into offices. It is now Grade ll* listed and is home to a fitness centre, a conference/wedding suite and twenty or so businesses, including computer software & services, estate agents, financial companies and engineers. A productive next phase of the life of a notable building, reflecting the shift of our nation as a whole from manufacture to services.
The area that we reached next – Nevells Rd, Icknield Way, the Quadrant and Cross St – was the location of the nationally renowned Cheap Cottage Exhibitions that ran in 1905 and again in 1907 – a competition to build inexpensive houses. A £100 prize was offered to the best £150 cottage, which needed to include a living room, scullery and three bedrooms. Today most of the 101 houses originally built are still surviving and there is much of interest to look at.
The Exhibitions attracted some 60,000 visitors and had a significant effect on planning and urban design in the UK, pioneering and popularising such concepts as pre-fabrication, the use of new building materials, and front and back gardens. A sort of early version of Grand Designs. The competitions were sponsored by the Daily Mail (Lord Harmsworth, its owner, had been one of the original investors in the Garden City Pioneer Company), and their popularity was significant in the development of that newspaper’s launching of the Ideal Home Show – the first of which took place the year after the second Cheap Cottages Exhibition, and still continues to this day.
But whilst the 60,000 eager visitors no doubt appreciated what they saw, others rather turned their noses up at the experiment in a new style of urban living. In 1911, shortly after the homes had been constructed, Edward Thomas, war poet and novelist, happened to be passing through as he walked the whole of the prehistoric Icknield Way from Norfolk to the Berkshire Downs.
He wrote in the resulting book, ‘The Icknield Way’: “…The city resembled a caravan of bathing machines, except that there was no sea and the machines could not conveniently be moved.” (the pre-fabs presumably)
He went on: “On the right, two paths went off to some of the new houses of the Letchworth Garden City, and to a building gigantically labelled ‘IDRIS’. This was, I suppose, the temple of this city’s god” (it was in fact the IDRIS drinks factory).
The story of the name is really rather interesting. Thomas Howell Williams Idris, the company’s founder, changed his name to Idris, as he had been so struck by the beauty of the Idris Mountains in Wales, near where he had grown up. The IDRIS company was founded in 1880 to manufacture mineral and aerated water; and was relocated to Letchworth when the Garden City was founded (Idris was on the Board of the Garden City Pioneer Company, along with several other notable industrialists including Edward Cadbury and WH Lever, both famous for their own model towns, Bournville and Port Sunlight respectively). The IDRIS Company was subsequently merged with other drinks companies and the brand still exists under Britvic ownership, based now in Hemel Hempstead, another of the new towns.
In fact, contemporary criticisms of Letchworth seemed to flow thick and fast; on one hand, that Letchworth was a lifeless and banal urban sprawl; and on the other that it was idealistic and otherworldly. John Betjeman in his poem Group Life: Letchworth painted Letchworth people as earnest folks:
“Sympathy is stencilling,
Wilfred’s learning a folk-tune for
The Morris Dancers’ band.”
It also led Gorge Orwell, who lived in the nearby village of Wallington for several years, to his rather caustic but oft-quoted comment in ‘The Road to Wigan Pier’ (1937): “Letchworth attracts… every fruit juice drinker, nudist, sandal wearer, sex-maniac, Quaker, nature cure quack, pacifist and feminist in England”.
One commonly-cited example of this is the ban on selling alcohol in public premises, most unusual for a British town. This did not stop the town having a ‘pub’ however – the Skittles Inn, advertised as ‘The Liberty Hall of the Letchworth worker’ but better known as the ‘pub with no beer’, which opened in 1907. It offered ‘fellowship, rest and recreation’ for workers, but all drinks served at the bar were non-alcoholic; Cydrax (a non-alcoholic apple wine), Bournville’s Drinking Chocolate, Tea and Sarsparilla (a root drink). In 1925, The Skittles Inn became The Settlement, a centre for adult education and local activities, which remains its function to this day.
The city-wide alcohol ban was finally lifted after a referendum in 1958, which resulted in the Broadway Hotel becoming the first public house in the centre of the Garden City. Several other pubs have opened since 1958, but even today the town centre has fewer than half-a-dozen (all visited by those befuddled middle-aged men in the World’s End film).
REFLECTION
So there have been many views about the whole Garden City Concept, both strongly for and strongly against. But there is no doubting that it was a major influence on much of the town planning in the twentieth century, for better or worse. Such a layout on such a scale was unprecedented – this is where modern, suburban England began.
And it is still talked about as much today as it ever has been. Although the prescription of a highly detailed ‘master plan’ is no longer in vogue, the concept of a ‘garden city’ very much is. The term ‘garden city’ has come to reflect more a lifestyle than a set of town planning rules – quality design, gardens, accessible green space near homes, healthy living, good walking routes, access to employment and local amenities.
Barely a day goes by without the ‘garden city’ concept being in the news. It remains the symbol of the search for a better way of urban existence. There has been much talk about ‘eco-towns’ to ease demand for low-cost housing. The towns – each to comprise around 5,000 homes – are intended to be carbon-neutral and will use locally generated sustainable energy sources. And in 2014, the government announced that a 15,000-home development at Ebbsfleet in Kent would be the first new garden city in a century.
In the same year the prestigious Wolfson Prize for Economics was awarded to David Rudlin, an urban designer, for his vision of garden cities as extensions to existing cities. His view is that Britain’s housing crisis could be largely solved by doubling the size of 40 towns and cities, including Oxford, Norwich, Reading and Stratford-on-Avon using garden city extensions, comprising circle-shaped developments set among parks and allotments and connected by trams to existing centres. These could provide homes for up to 150,000 people per town.
So the Garden City Movement remains very much alive and kicking, but fully-fledged births continue to remain elusive!
WALK DATA
Distance: 5.5 kms (3.4 miles)
Height Gain: none
Typical time: 1 ½ hours
OS Map: Explorer 193 – Luton and Stevenage
Start & Finish: Hillshott Car Park (SG6 1NY); the walk also passes the station (SG6 3AX)
Terrain: Almost all on pavements
THE ROUTE
Head south from the Hillshott Car Park (SG6 1NY), crossing a small road into the second half of Howard Park; bear right just after the Bowling Green to join Norton Way South and pass the International Gardens City Exhibition (a thatched building) on your left. Cross over the roundabout (the intersection with Pixmore Way) and after 50 yards or so turn right into Meadow Lane, and then next left into Lytton Avenue, then left again along South View. You will pass the Quakers’ House on your left (they were a big influence on the town)
At the end of South View, cross straight over into Cloisters Rd and follow this road until you reach the strangely-shaped towers of Cloisters; turn left, then right (S) into Willian Way, which you follow until its end
Then keep heading south on a footpath signposted Willian and Cycle Route 12. Pass through a kissing gate on the left into a meadow and head down to All Saints’ Church
From the pub/restaurant (The Fox) just this side of the church, head W along Willian Church Rd, bear right up Willian Rd at the junction with Wymondley Rd and then shortly you will see a gravel path on your right, heading N, which you take (also signposted Cycle Route 12). Follow this path N and you will reach the kissing gate you went through at Stage 3
Just after that, the tarmacced path forks; you take the left fork (you had previously come in the other direction along the right fork); this path goes pleasantly through housing estates, then alongside St Christopher’s School playing fields, then in to Muddy Lane and the tennis club on your right until you reach the Baldock Rd
Cross straight over, past the village stores and up Spring Lane. You will soon be rewarded by the impressive views north and south along Broadway, Letchworth’s most impressive piece of civic design. Head N and follow the Broadway all the way, past the fountains and shopping centre until you reach the station
Turn left along Station Way, and shortly right along Bridge Rd, crossing the railway (the fabulous Spirella building on your left). Take the first right into Nevells Road, then the first left (N) along the quaint Quadrant
On reaching Norton Common, take in as much or little of it as you have time and inclination for, and exit slightly further E and head south down Cross St, then left along Nevells Rd once again, with ‘The Settlement’ on your right
On reaching Norton Way North, head right (south) and over the next roundabout into Norton Park. Go past the ponds, fountains and shop/toilets and you will be back at the car park.
A detailed Ordnance Survey map of the walk can be found at www.walkingworld.com , walk no. 7325
PIT STOPS
`The Simple Life Hotel‘ near the station was popular amongst early Letchworthians for its food reform restaurant and health food store, but alas it went many years ago.
David’s Bookshop Café , Eastcheap, SG6 3DE, just E of Broadway (Tel: 01462 684631, www.davids-bookshops.co.uk). And if you are hooked on Letchworth by now, there’s a very good local history section.
QUIRKY SHOPS
The Arcade: this recently-renovated historical 1922 covered shopping arcade (just NE of Eastcheap; SG6 3ET) is home to a selection of independent and specialist retailers, including a traditional sweet shop, jewellers, arts centre and café.
PLACES TO VISIT
The International Garden Cities Exhibition (296 Norton Way South), only a couple of minutes into the walk, has a good display of the history of the Garden City Movement and would be an ideal way of starting your walk. But note that it is only open on Saturdays or Sundays, or by appointment. Visit www.garden-cities-exhibition.com for details.
25th November 2015 / urban rambles / 0 Comments
Attitude, character and great architecture old and new
Sheffield is a water city. It owes its name to the River Sheaf (‘a clearing by the river’), one of five rivers that runs through the city; and it owes its historical wealth to the water mills, powering cutlery and steel industries from the fast and steep flows. The city’s layout was shaped by the topography of its seven hills and valleys. Its proximity to the Moors and many green spaces mean that you are never far from nature.
A detailed Ordnance Survey map of the walk can also be found at www.walkingworld.com www.walkingworld.com , walk no. 7452
CITY CENTRE WALK DATA
Food & Drink Festival (Sept), Off the Shelf Words Festival (Oct)
Urban population: 640,720 (2011 census)
Ranking: 5th largest city in the UK
Date of origin: 8th century
‘Type’ of city: early Industrial city
City walkability ( www.walkscore.com ): 94/100 ‘Walker’s Paradise’
City status: 1893
Some famous inhabitants: Malcolm Bradbury (author), AS Byatt (novelist), Bruce Oldfield (fashion designer), Peter Stringfellow (businessman), Sean Bean (actor), Jarvis Cocker (musician), Joe Cocker (singer), the Arctic Monkeys (band), Eddie Izzard (comedian), Michael Palin (comedian), David Blunkett (politician), Amy Johnson (aviator), Gordon Banks (footballer), Jessica Ennis (athlete), Naseem Hamed (boxer), Michael Vaughan (cricketer)
Films/TV series shot here: The Full Monty (2001: various locations)
CONTEXT
During the 19th century, Sheffield became pre-eminent in steel production, especially cutlery. The crucible technique of making exceptionally high-quality steel was invented here by Benjamin Huntsman in 1852, and for decades it gave Sheffield the economic advantage over other steel producing cities. This, and other local innovations fuelled an almost tenfold increase in the population within a hundred years.
But from being one of the north’s wealthiest and most successful cities, it was battered in the 70s by the decline in British steelmaking and the collapse of coal mining in the area. It was not until the new millennium that extensive redevelopment got under way, with steady economic growth and new service-based industries including hi-tech locating here.
The city nestles in a natural amphitheatre created by seven hills and the confluence of five rivers: the Don and its four tributaries the Sheaf, Rivelin, Loxley and Porter. Consequently, much of the city is built on hillsides with views into the city centre or out to the countryside. Nearly two-thirds of Sheffield’s entire area is green space, and a third of the city lies within the Peak District National Park. The BBC’s Countryfile magazine’s readers recently voted Sheffield as Britain’s ‘Outdoors City of the Year’ by a huge margin. There are more than 88 parks and 170 woodlands in the city and an estimated 2 million trees, giving Sheffield the highest ratio of trees to people of any city in Europe.
Even before the Industrial Revolution had begun, the villages around Sheffield were established as centres of industry and commerce, utilising the fast-flowing rivers and streams that brought water down from the Peak District. The valleys through which these flowed were ideally suited for man-made dams that could be used to power water mills, the remains of several of which you will see on the Porter Brook walk.
The city centre lies where these rivers and valleys meet. The city has expanded out along and up the valleys and over the hills between, creating leafy neighbourhoods and suburbs within easy reach of the city centre. Each valley that stretches out from the city centre has its own character, from the densely industrial Don Valley in the north-east, to the green and cosmopolitan residential streets around the Ecclesall Road on the Porter Valley to the south-west.
THE CITY CENTRE WALK
Two or three times a year, typically on a Friday evening, I will meet long-time walking mate Oliver, who travels up from London, at some quaint Victorian railway station in some obscure (to us) part of the country on the way to a hiking weekend in the deepest, darkest countryside. To the casual observer, it wouldn’t seem peculiar that one evening this was taking place at Sheffield’s main station. After all, Sheffield is the gateway to the Peak District and you can be out on the moors in minutes by car.
But this evening was decidedly different. A walking weekend where the first waymark was actually the station concourse. As it was high summer and great weather, we decided to do some of the walk immediately and set out over the footbridge up to the Cholera Monument, set in a beautiful park of carefully trimmed lawns and a tree-lined avenue leading in from the road. It is quiet and secluded and yet right at the heart of the city, with fabulous views over it. The best possible place to get an overview of this great city and see its topography at first-hand.
George Orwell may well have been inspired by just this view when he wrote in Road to Wigan Pier (1936): “The town is very hilly (said to be built on seven hills, like Rome) and everywhere streets of mean little houses blackened by smoke run up at sharp angles, paved with cobbles which are purposely set unevenly to give horses etc, a grip.”
Another thing it had in common with Rome is that one of its biggest public buildings had to be constructed in a valley where there was enough flat ground, but also almost inevitably over a watercourse (here the River Sheaf beneath the main station; in Rome, tributaries of the River Tiber beneath the Coliseum).
The Cholera Monument is a sober reminder of just how perilous city life could be in the nineteenth century. With poor sanitation and crowded conditions, life expectancy was half what it was in the countryside. This monument was built as a memorial to the victims of the cholera epidemic that swept through the city in 1832. Preventative measures were still in their infancy and reportedly the dispensary at Sheffield University issued over 3,500 leeches that year, compared with a usual figure of around 100. 402 victims of the disease were buried in grounds between Park Hill and Norfolk Park adjoining Clay Wood. The monument was completed in 1835. It is, in Pevsner’s words “An earth-bound gothic pinnacle or spire”; with a plaque commemorating John Blake, Master Cutler in 1832 and himself a victim of the epidemic.
Walking North from here, we couldn’t miss the famous (or infamous depending on your take on its design) Park Hill Estate built in the ‘Brutalist’ style overlooking Sheffield.
Park Hill was previously the site of back-to-back housing, a mixture of 2–3-storey tenement buildings, waste ground, quarries and steep alleyways (maybe this was the way George Orwell was looking). Facilities were poor, with one standpipe supporting up to 100 people. It was colloquially known as ‘Little Chicago’ in the 1930s, due to the high incidence of violent crime there. Clearance of the area began during the 1930s but was halted due to The Second World War.
Following the war, it was decided that a radical scheme needed to be introduced to deal with re-housing the Park Hill community. To that end, architects Jack Lynn and Ivor Smith began work in 1945 designing the Park Hill Flats. Inspired by Le Corbusier’s ‘Unité d’Habitation’, the deck access scheme was viewed as revolutionary at the time, most famously its ‘streets in the sky’ which were broad enough to drive a milk float along.
Even now,Sheffield’s inhabitants are split on the matter of Park Hill; many believe it to be a part of Sheffield’s heritage, while others consider it nothing more than an eyesore and blot on the landscape. Public nominations propelled it to the top 12 of Channel 4’s Demolition programme. The locally-raised Arctic Monkeys used it as a backdrop in the video to the song ‘The View from the Afternoon’ (2006). So love it or hate it, but it’s famous.
I was touched to see from this original poster above that the provenance of the cement used was seen to be a virtue – as it happens this Rutland cement works is still going today, and I can see it from my window as I write this blog. The works were founded by Frank Walker, a Sheffield builder, hence the connection. Ketton R &D was noted for its concrete innovations, notably a rapid-hardening cement (branded “Kettocrete”) and a waterproof cement product.
Following a period of decline, Parkhill is being renovated by developers Urban Splash (the same people who developed the Royal Dockyard in Plymouth, The Rotunda in Birmingham and the new Islington estate in Manchester). Naturally, their view of its potential is unremittingly positive:
“Park Hill is like no other place. Iconic is an overused term, but it really does apply to Park Hill. The Grade II* Listed Park Hill (the largest Listed structure in Europe) is a landmark on the Sheffield skyline atop one of the city’s seven hills immediately to the east of the mainline railway station and city centre. It already has character and we are creating a world-class landscape, inside and outside its walls.”
Moving on north, we crossed the traffic-encircled Park Square, a ‘front gate’ of sorts to modern Sheffield; not very edifying, but a major intersection point for Sheffield’s excellent tram system, which was built in the 90s, the previous version of which had been dug up in the 60s when the future was the car – a future that turned out to be a nightmare, as by the 80s the city was clogged with cars and buses. Today, about 15 million people use the tram every year, the centre is much less clogged and expansion plans are underway.
The next stretch of our walk, through Victoria Quays, across Lady’s Bridge and then along the Upper Don Walk to Kelham Island took us past several converted mills and reminders of Sheffield’s industrial past.
Reaching Kelham Island, the museum makes a very worthwhile stop. Formerly an industrial area, the island itself was created by the construction of a mill race fed from the River Don to serve the water wheels powering the workshops of the area’s industrial heyday.
The first thing we spotted was a massive Bessemer Converter, looking like a giant’s ladle, one of only three converters left in the world. The Bessemer process – the conversion of iron into steel – was invented and patented by Henry Bessemer in 1856. The egg-shaped converter was tilted down to pour molten pig iron in through the top, then swung back to a vertical position and a blast of air was blown through the base of the converter. Spectacular but dangerous flames and fountains shot out of the top of the converter. The converter was tilted again and the newly made steel was poured out. The first converters could make seven tonnes of steel in half an hour.
In 1858 Henry Bessemer moved to Sheffield and licensed his method to two steelmakers, John Brown and George Cammell, who both began to produce Bessemer Steel on an unprecedented scale. Others soon followed and within 20 years, Sheffield was producing 10,000 tons of Bessemer steel every week, almost a quarter of the country’s total output. The invention marked the beginning of mass steel production, as huge amounts could be produced in a relatively short time compared to crucible steel production. The steel was most widely used for the railways that were stretching around the world, and many bridges, including the Brooklyn Bridge in New York.
Moving west from Kelham island , we passed through streets of deserted workshops which looked as if they were on the verge of being achingly fashionable, but had not quite had lift-off yet. It was in one of these disused workshops that the Human League first started to rehearse together. In 1978 they played their first live gig together at the Psalter Lane Art College (now Sheffield Hallam University). Sheffield has been a crucible for many famous pop bands including, amongst many others, Joe Cocker, Def Leppard, Pulp and the Arctic Monkeys.
Then it’s on to the unlikely-sounding Ponderosa Park. During the second half of the 19th century the Port Mahon estate, comprising back-to-back houses, was built here in what had been open countryside. This housing stood until the 1960s when it was demolished, as part of a programme of urban re-development, and replaced by tower blocks and maisonettes, leaving a central area for recreation. This green space was christened ‘The Ponderosa’ by local children after the name of the 1960s ranch in the TV series ‘Bonanza’; and the name has stuck.
Crossing the Crookes Valley Rd, we entered into Weston Park, opened in 1873, and the first municipal park in the city. It was developed from the grounds of Weston Hall, which the Sheffield Corporation had purchased following the death of its owners, Eliza and Anne Harrison, daughter of Thomas Harrison who had made his money in saw-making in the late 18th century.
Architecturally, if you look one way you see the classic lines of the City Museum. Look the other way and you see The University Arts Tower, opened in 1966 and to this day the tallest university building in the country. English Heritage has described it as “the most elegant university tower block in Britain of its period”. In between there is the restored bandstand and an eight-metre high terra cotta column depicting youth, maturity and old age.
Then there are the statues and memorials: to commemorate Ebenezer Elliot, the Boer War and the First World War – lots to stimulate the mind and evoke the history of Sheffield.
The park is also home to one of the oldest weather stations in the country, Weston Park Weather Station, which has provided data on Sheffield’s weather since 1882. It was founded in response to a serious outbreak of diarrhoea which caused many deaths, particularly amongst young children. Scientists knew that there was a link between outbreaks of these kinds of disease and current weather conditions, but there was no weather station in Sheffield making regular readings. Without this data, doctors couldn’t predict or prepare for the outbreaks when they occurred. In 1881, the Department of Health lobbied Sheffield Corporation, and the following year the station was established.
In my opinion, Weston Park is one of the finest small parks in Britain, beautifully maintained and full of Sheffield history. A park that is really an Open Air Museum too. Oh, and as we left, we walked through the delightful 19th-century metal gates with terracotta pillars, designed by Godfrey Sykes. These gates have a rather unusual story surrounding them. Despite each weighing over a ton they were stolen in the dead of night in 1994. Fifteen years later, by sheer chance, they were spotted forming the gateway to a brand new house in a nearby village and, once authenticated by some blacksmiths who had undertaken repair work on them in the 70s, returned to their rightful place – so the gates you see today are back from a little journey!
Now it was time for us to head back to the Town Centre, past the grandly Gothic Firth Court on our left, one of the oldest and most distinctive buildings on campus. It was opened by King Edward VII in 1905, the same year that the university was granted its royal charter and officially came into being. It originally housed most of the university’s departments, but nowadays is solely its administrative centre.
Taking the underpass under Western Bank, we reached the newer parts of the university; the Students’ Union on our right, then a string of modern and interesting buildings as we headed east along Leavygreave Rd, including the ‘Information Commons’, a striking and innovative 24-hour space for study and information access. Further along, there’s the very distinctive ICOSS building, looking like something that has just emerged from the pod of Thunderbird 2.
Heading southwards from St George’s Church we walked down Regent St and across Glossop Rd, passing the north side of Devonshire Green. This used to be a neighbourhood of housing and small firms but was heavily bombed in the 1940 Sheffield Blitz . After the war the site was cleared and remained undeveloped, eventually serving as a temporary car park. In 1981 it was transformed into a public space with seating and pedestrian footpaths, and it was re-vamped again in 2008.
One fun thing to look out for as you walk past Barker’s Pool – the post box painted gold to celebrate Sheffield born-and-trained Jessica Ennis’ 2012 Olympic triumph.
The Peace Gardens, right in the heart of the city, just south of the gorgeous Gothic Town Hall, is a fabulous space. They were created in 1938, following the demolition of St Paul’s Church. Originally named St Paul’s Gardens, they were immediately nicknamed the ‘Peace Gardens’, marking the signing of the Munich Agreement in that year.
The eight cascades are a particular feature of the Gardens. These represent the flowing molten steel, which made Sheffield famous, and also the water of Sheffield’s rivers. They are dedicated to Samuel Holberry, who was the leader of the Sheffield Chartist Movement, which campaigned to extend suffrage and balance constituency sizes.
It’s sometimes hard to describe exactly why, but this space works in every way, as evidenced by the huge number of people who pause, relax and reflect here.
A few yards east of the Peace Gardens is the entrance to the Sheffield Winter Garden, the largest urban glasshouse in Europe; and home to more than 2,000 plants from all around the world. Twenty-one parabolic arches of laminated strips of untreated larch, together with slender purlins and glazing bars, create a fine glass house, the central section being 22 metres high.
We exited on the east side and took a look around the Millennium Centre, which houses art, craft and design. Then across Arundel Gate, through the attractive Hallam Square, a half amphitheatre-shaped plaza with seating and a water feature, and down the pedestrianised Howard St.
Half way down on your left, you can hardly fail to spot this piece of poetry by Andrew Motion :
“O travellers from somewhere else to here
Rising from Sheffield Station
What if…
What if?”
No-one seems to have made their mind up yet as to whether this is a ‘great’ poem, but its setting is certainly arresting, and being on the side of Sheffield Hallam University, the challenge seems especially appropriate.
Then back to Sheaf Square in front of the station. The Cutting Edge water feature, weighing approximately 80 tonnes, was fabricated using Sheffield steel. Water is pumped from a large plant room under the main water feature to the crest of the sculpture from whence it flows over a levelled weir and down the polished face of the sculpture. The sculpture is cantilevered over a dished channel that collects the water and reflects light from dozens of blue LED lights set into the underside of the sculpture. The channel runs into a shallow pool at the ‘sharp’ end of Cutting Edge, simulating the quenching of a hot steel blade. People just love it, it works in every way, uplifting and intrinsic to connecting the station to the city centre.
Water, steel, art, people – what a fitting way to finish up.
CITY CENTRE WALK ROUTE
Head south from the station down Cross Tunnel Street; and opposite Turner St take the footbridge across to the east side of the tracks. Cross the tramline and head up the hill towards Norfolk Rd and the cholera monument, which is clearly visible
From the cholera monument you gain a great vista of the city; retrace your steps along Norfolk St, but this time retain height and head north along South St to the raised, traffic-encircled Park Square (the massive Park Hill Estate will be immediately above you on your right)
Cross Park Square and exit onto the north side into Victoria Quays; exit under the road, proceed along Exchange Place and then across Blonk St Bridge. Turn left onto the Rive Don walkway and then cross back over at the next bridge (Lady’s Bridge) and proceed along the river on the west side. Head north west along the upper Don walk, passing under Corporation St, until you reach Kelham Island Museum
Pass the Kelham Island Museum on your right (merits a visit). Head west to the end of Green Lane, cross the Pennistone Rd (dual carriageway), and bear half right up Infirmary Rd. Turn left up Montgomery Terrace Rd and enter Port Mahon Park (Ponderosa)
Head up the path on the right hand side of the park into the second park; and as you approach the end of this park, climb some steps up to Bolsover Rd. Cross and enter Weston Park diagonally opposite
Walk through Weston Park, keeping the lake on your immediate left; there is lots to look at in this park, maybe allow half an hour
Exit at the south east end onto the A57. Turn left pass Firth Court and then go under the A57, with the Students’ Union, followed by the Hicks Building on your right. Bear right down Hounsfield Rd, then immediately left into Leavygrave Rd; cross the dual carriageway and continue along this road until you reach Regent St by St George’s Church
Head down Regent St, head left into West St, then shortly right into Fitzwilliam St and left into Devonshire St. Pass Devonshire Green on your right. Devonshire St turns into Division St and after a few minutes you will reach the City Hall. Continue heading east along Barker’s Pool, then head right down Pinstone St and you will enter the fabulous Peace Gardens
Walk east through the gardens and then shortly enter the amazing Winter Garden on your left; exit on the east side, past the Millennium Centre, then across Arundel Gate, through Hallam Square, down the pedestrianised Howard St and back to the station.
PIT STOPS
The Milestone , Pye Bank Rd, S3 8EQ (Tel: 0114 2728327, www.the-milestone.co.uk); gastro pub.
Green City Coffee , Unit 1 Kelham Square, S3 8SD (Tel: 0114 276 2803, www.greencitycoffee.co.uk)
QUIRKY SHOPPING
Undoubtedly Sharrow Vale Rd; a delightful shopping street, full of good independents and occasionally a Sunday market.
PLACES TO VISIT
Kelham Island Museum , Alma St, S3 8RY (Tel: 0114 272 2106, www.simt.co.uk) Full of interesting industrial heritage.
Weston Park Museum (Tel: 0114 278 2600, www.museums-sheffield.org.uk/museums/weston-park/home) archaeology and natural and social history exhibits, giving you lots more info on Sheffield.
Millennium Gallery , Arundel Gate, S1 2PP (Tel: 0114 278 2600, www.museums-sheffield.org.uk/museums/millennium-gallery/home). Here you can see some of Sheffield’s unique heritage, including the metalwork which made the city world famous, alongside contemporary art and design exhibitions; includes the city’s unique Ruskin and metalwork collections.
24th November 2015 / urban rambles / 0 Comments
Flat, featureful and not just for clever clogs
This walk takes you past many of the classic university sites of the city, but also to places that you will never have seen before, even if you live here or studied here. In half a day you will feel like much more than just a tourist!
An Ordnance Survey map of the walk, with directions, can also be found at www.walkingworld.com , walk no. 7324
WALK DATA
The Colleges, Kettles Yard, the Fitzwilliam Museum, The Botanic Garden
Popular annual festivals & events
Strawberry Fair on Midsummer Common (early June), Cambridge Folk Festival (late July), Mill Rd fair (early Dec)
City population: 123,867 (2011 census)
Ranking: 54th largest city in the UK
Date of origin: 1st century BC; University founded in 1209
‘Type’ of city: Ancient University
City walkability ( www.walkscore.com ): 93/100 ‘Walker’s Paradise’
City status: 1951, granted for exceptional reasons as the only ancient seat of learning in the kingdom not a city or royal burgh; and to coincide with the 750th anniversary of the borough’s first charter of incorporation.
Films/TV series shot here: Chariots of Fire (1984: Trinity Great Court), The Theory of Everything (2014: St John’s & other locations)
THE CONTEXT
Cambridge is a city still defined by academia. The most prominent (if plain) building remains Gilbert Scott’s 1930s University Library, only 157 feet in height but which can be seen from miles around; for this is a very flat landscape, ideal for cyclists who you will encounter around every corner, often heading straight for you!
The dominance of the colleges in the landscape has meant a city grid that is skewed, with almost all of the 19th-century development taking place to the east of the city away from the colleges. The railway station was also relegated to the south-east edge of the city to discourage undergraduates from hopping on the train down to London and neglecting their studies (as if they wouldn’t neglect them in situ).
However, the huge benefit of this tight collegiate land ownership has been the large green open spaces that have remained intact, along the Backs, the river to Grantchester and also the numerous sports fields dotted across the city.
The other very noticeable feature of Cambridge has been its pedestrian and cyclist-friendly policies. The city centre has been barred to traffic for many years and is consequently a delightful space to wander through, full of interesting shops and cafés. Park & Rides dotted around the edge of the city have captured much of the traffic; and the recent innovation of the Guided Busway (which you pass on the walk) is yet another useful innovation.
THE WALK
What better place to start a Cambridge walk than at the Grantchester Tea Rooms, which proudly make the Carlsberg-like claim that “more famous people have taken tea here than anywhere else in the world”. We peeped into The Orchard on our way to the river, half-expecting to see a group of academics in earnest conversation in old green deckchairs, with ancient bikes propped against the apple trees and a fair sprinkling of beards, sandals and eccentricities; and that is exactly what we did see.
If we had passed through a century or so ago, we might well have witnessed a very similar-looking gathering, the ‘Grantchester Group’ as they were known, comprising Rupert Booke, EM Forster, Virginia Woolf, Bertrand Russell, Augustus John, Maynard Keynes and Ludwig Wittgenstein. They spent their days in animated discourse and enjoying the nature around them (‘in Arcadia’, as Brooke described it).
Today, although the conversationalists are not perhaps yet world-famous, the exciting intellectual buzz of debate and discovery was certainly alive and well under the apple boughs.
As we headed across the meadow towards the Cam, a wedding party was just getting into full swing. A marquee had been erected alongside the river, jazz wafted across the meads and guests were arriving by punts from the city, propelled along the river by cash-strapped undergraduates and handsome East Europeans, navigating the crafts whilst somehow at the same time managing to serve up champagne & strawberries and telling tall tales about misadventures on the river. Some punts looked full of academic-types, some looked distinctly well, hip and internet-savvy, the two sides of modern Cambridge.
This stretch along Grantchester Meadows is a glorious way to arrive in the city on foot. As a pair of geese took off honking from the river, my walking companion Mark (who is a music buff as well as an ornithologist) reminded me that Pink Floyd band member David Gilmour had lived here at the end of the 60s, and this stretch of river had been the inspiration for the song ‘Grantchester Meadows’, starring a honking goose and a skylark. The lyrics describe a pastoral and dream-like scene on the Meadows, which is exactly how we felt on this beautiful early summer’s day.
This was also a favourite spot of Ted Hughes and Sylvia Plath, who would wander here together at unusual hours. She wrote in a letter to her mother: “Got up at 4.30 a.m. this day with Ted and went for a long walk to Grantchester. I felt a peace and joy in the most beautiful world with animals and birds. We began mooing at a pasture of cows, and they all looked up, and as if hypnotised, began to follow us in a crowd of about twenty across the pasture to a wooden stile, staring fascinated. I stood on the stile and, in a resonant voice, recited all I knew of Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales for about twenty minutes. I never had such an intelligent, fascinated audience”.
The cows we passed seemed more indifferent to us, but perhaps by now they have become inured to the English literary canon.
The river path soon brings you out on Silver St; as we crossed, we noted the Mathematical Bridge on our right, designed by William Etheridge in 1749. Although it appears to be an arch, it is composed entirely of straight timbers built to a sophisticated engineering design.
A popular fable is that the bridge was designed and built by Sir Isaac Newton without the use of nuts or bolts. Various stories relate how at some point in the past students had attempted to take the bridge apart and put it back together, but were unable to work out how to hold the structure together, and were obliged to resort to adding nuts and bolts. In reality, when it was first built, iron spikes were driven into the joints from the outer side, where they could not be seen from the inside of the parapets, explaining why bolts were thought to be an addition to the original. And nor can Newton have been directly involved, since he died in 1727, twenty-two years before the bridge was constructed. Sorry.
The next stretch of the walk takes us along the Backs to the finest view in Cambridge, King’s Chapel and Clare College – gazing across the Cam and a meadow with sheep grazing in it. Truly a ‘rus in urbe’ experience. King’s Chapel, made famous the world over by the Christmas carols that are broadcast on the BBC every year, dates back to the 15th century and is one of the finest examples of late Perpendicular Gothic English architecture in the country.
The route then winds its way up Garret Hostel Lane, but here we took a little detour though my old college, Trinity and its Great Court.
Trinity Great Court is one of the largest fully enclosed green spaces in the land and dates back to the 1600s. Sir Isaac Newton really did have his rooms here (this at least is not a fable), as did Lord Byron, who purportedly shared them with a pet bear. 16 porters patrol the college; and their dress and demeanour is unchanged (in my mind at least) since time begun. They tend only to restrain and retrain visitors when absolutely necessary, but woe betides anyone that doesn’t quickly understand the rules of the court. No-one may walk on the grass (but of course nothing as tacky as a ‘Do not walk on the grass sign’ to tell you so) unless, of course, they are a don of the college, in which case sauntering across the grass is very much the thing. And no-one except the Master of the College will walk on the grass leading directly to the Master’s Lodge. So that must be the Master and his family that we see now – Sir Gregory Winter CBE, eminent biochemist, founder of three successful Cambridge biotech companies and a Fellow of the Royal Society.
Great Court is also famous for the Great Court Run, which involves attempting to run around Great Court within the time that it takes the College clock to strike the hour of twelve. The course is approximately 370 metres long and the clock takes about 44 seconds. It is traditional for athletically-inclined members of Trinity to attempt the run every year at noon on the day of the Matriculation Dinner. Apparently, in 2007 Sam Dobin, a second-year undergraduate reading Economics, made it round within the sound of the final chime, although fierce debate still persists as to whether it was permissible to transgress from the flagstones onto the cobbles to moderate the sharpness of the corners.
A large fountain sits the centre of Great Court, originally erected in 1601. Until recently the fountain had its own water supply via a conduit from a spring a mile and a half to the west of the College (might be fun to trace that one day). The fountain is believed to be where earlier students would have washed; but my only experience of it was getting dunked after a rowdy rowers’ supper (8th boat!)
Look up as you pass through the college gates and you will see a statue of the College’s founder, King Henry VIII. Some years ago, his sceptre was replaced with a chair leg as an undergraduate prank. When a bicycle pump was inserted in its place by a subsequent prankster, the authorities determined that the original prank took precedence, and re-instated the chair leg, which is what you will see to this day.
Turning left at Trinity Street we soon reached the Round Church, one of the oldest buildings in Cambridge, dating back to 1160. It is one of only four medieval round churches still in use in England, its shape being inspired by the rotunda in the church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem.
As we strolled down the charming, flower-bedecked Portugal Street, we spotted a swirly yellow metal sculpture above the door of 19 Portugal Place . This was where Francis Crick, the co-discoverer of DNA, lived in the 1950s; and the ‘sculpture’ is a representation of a single helix, to commemorate his dwelling there.
The next part of the walk took us alongside the river across Jesus Green and Midsummer Common. The dozen or so canal boats moored alongside the river hinted at a completely different side to Cambridge – a more ethnic, alternative and ‘green’ character that has long been alive in the city alongside the academia. Canal boats are the model of space efficiency – kitchen, bathroom, living and sleeping areas all within a 40 sq ms space. And on the roofs, bikes, firewood, herbs, flowers, vegetable plots, even a doghouse.
Midsummer Common is host to Cambridge’s plushest restaurant – the two-starred Michelin Midsummer House, full of well-heeled regulars and hoi poloi on very special occasions; but also to its most ethnic and alternative Fair, the Strawberry Fair, held every June, a mix of outlandish clothes, vegetarian food, exotic smells and alternative music, organised ‘by the people of Cambridge, for the people of Cambridge’. It’s this mix of life that makes Cambridge such a special city. And the common is still used for grazing cows too, so just check out the ground first if you plan to have a picnic here.
Now we move towards the Victorian part of our journey, nipping under an underpass with interesting murals (depicting a rather odd mix of Greek feast images and local street views – that odd Cambridge combination again?!) to come out in St Matthew’s St and the intriguing Mill Rd Cemetery. I had never been here in my undergraduate days, never even heard of it, but had frequently gone to the homely Alexandra Arms in Gwydir St just round the corner – how little one looks around sometimes…
By the early years of the 19th century, overcrowded parish churchyards had become a serious problem in Cambridge, as they had in most UK cities, and a new burial ground outside the town was needed. Mill Road Cemetery was built in the 1840s when it was still agricultural land on the edge of the town.
One of the most influential designers of the period was John Claudius Loudon, who laid out Cambridge’s nearby Histon Road Cemetery in 1842. He believed everyone should have access to green ‘breathing spaces’ within towns, and his vision was that well-planned and well-managed cemeteries, once full, could become the public gardens of the future. Which is pretty much how this cemetery works today, in a slightly run-down but charming way.
In his 1843 book, ‘On the Laying Out, Planting and Managing of Cemeteries’, Loudon set out practical design ideas for urban cemeteries and churchyards. He suggested that, from a central church or chapel, small paths should radiate out to a serpentine perimeter path that takes visitors around the outer graves. His popular and well-received ideas clearly influenced Andrew Murray, the designer of the Mill Rd cemetery.
Most of the 3,500 headstones in the cemetery are simple monuments, though a few are highly ornamental, with fine sculpture and statuary. Nine are listed Grade II, of historical or architectural importance. Several of Cambridge’s most renowned Victorian residents (typically ‘town’ rather than ‘gown’ folk) are buried here, including shopkeeper Robert Sayle (which became John Lewis Cambridge) and wood and stone carver James Rattee.
There are many interesting inscriptions to set your mind wondering back in time; here’s just one: ‘In Memory of James Reynolds, many years driver of the Telegraph Coach from Cambridge to London, who died the 24th day of March 1868 aged 73 years.’
We paused a while in the cemetery, an oasis of calm and nature in the bustling city. The weather was gorgeous, the birds were singing, orange-tip butterflies were flitting from grave to grave and there was a profusion of wild flowers and many different types of trees.
“Did you say you knew a pub round here?” Mark suddenly chirped up from behind a tombstone; so back we went to my old haunt, the Alexandra Arms, to reflect on our day so far. Mark, who as well as being a prog rocker and ornithologist was also the Editor of Country Walking Magazine and, consequently, lover of all things green, was enjoying himself. “Sometimes it’s so good,” he reflected, “not having to worry about any gradients, being able to get a refreshment any time you want and there being so much to see, especially the architecture and all sorts of people getting up to all sorts of things. And we’ve hardly had to cross a busy road all day. You often forget you’re in a city at all.” Was the beer talking!?
Refreshment break over, we walked along a delightful tree-lined avenue back into the bustle of the multi-ethnic Mill Rd (a million miles from the mood of Great Court, but with much better catering options) and thence to Parker’s Piece. Now, although in many ways this large open space looks rather unremarkable, prairie-like even, it played a key role in our footballing history.
In the early 19th century, village football teams would arrive brandishing rival rules to the game, which they each affixed to a nearby tree, and got down to sporting business, usually involving large doses of roughness and certainly very little passing of the ball.
But over time, maybe as injuries and argument mounted, a common set of football rules emerged, emphasising skill above force, which forbade catching the ball and the ‘hacking’ that had up until then been the norm. These ‘Cambridge Rules’ eventually became the cornerstone of the 1863 Football Association rules.
Today, as we saunter by, there is a (gentle) five-a-side game of football taking place and a (far-from-gentle) game of French cricket in progress. Now that’s a game that could do with some proper rules!
We moved on now to the last part of our journey and the bit that most people will know least about. At the end of Lensfield Rd, you can’t miss Hobson’s Conduit, marked by a Tudor Fountain that was originally in the Market Square, but moved here in 1856.
Thomas Hobson is well-known in Cambridge for his conduit; but his claim to everlasting fame is the phrase ‘Hobson’s Choice’, which of course means no real choice at all. He kept a stable of horses which he would hire out in strict rotation, the customer having to accept whichever horse he was offered, or none at all! Hence the phrase was born.
In 1610, Hobson helped finance the building of a conduit to convey fresh water to the centre of Cambridge from the springs in Nine Wells, near Trumpington, no doubt for the benefit of his trusty steeds. It is still very much in evidence today; in ‘runnels’ alongside Trumpington St, past the Fitzwilliam Museum; and in the southerly direction (which we are taking) pretty much in its original state, a wide and shallow stream.
The original Botanic Garden of Cambridge University was founded in 1762 in the centre of the City, now the New Museums Site. It was conceived as a typical Renaissance physic garden, inspired by the Chelsea Physic Garden in London. It grew herbaceous plants used in the teaching of medical students at the University.
Today’s much larger Botanic Garden was founded in 1846 by John Stevens Henslow, Professor of Botany at Cambridge. He laid out the Garden to accommodate an extensive tree collection. But he also started to develop ideas about variation and the nature of species that would be taken up in a revolutionary fashion by his famous student, Charles Darwin, who was also a visitor to the Gardens. The plant collections were so appealing to Victorian collectors that visitors were required to doff their hats on departure to prove that they weren’t hiding away any rare cuttings.
Today it is a thriving place of both learning and leisure; during the working day, enjoyed by mums with pre-school kids delighting in the natural abundance of the place; and by knowledgeable older folk having a coffee and talking about flowers in Latin. The extensive Glasshouse Range would be a real refuge on a cold day. We took a coffee in the modern, airy café. Unusually, Google Street View got out of their car and walked around the garden, it’s worth taking a look at that too before you visit.
South of the Botanic Gardens the conduit becomes a much narrower stream, passing through the pretty Empty Common Allotments. There are 47 ‘ten-rod’ allotments for rent in total from the council. A rod is an old measurement dating back to Anglo-Saxon times; and ten rods (250 square metres, about the size of a doubles tennis court) is judged to be the area required to feed a large family.
The day we passed through there was plenty of activity; and the allotment holders seemed to be roughly split between the ‘flat cap’ brigade, escaping from household chores presumably, growing mainly traditional root vegetables; and the younger ‘urban farmer’ brigade, in ethnic-style dress, intent on growing more challenging crops – think herbs, salads, exotic vegetables, flowers; and a neatly arranged stack of rotting logs so that their little Oscars and Poppys can hunt for wildlife and learn about the countryside.
After years of decline, allotments are back in fashion, at least in Cambridge. 50 plots were added to this site in 2012, and there are still nearly 300 people on the council’s waiting list.
At the far end of the allotments, take a detour through the tiny Clare Woods, supposedly a favoured habitat for bats – you will feel you are deep in the countryside!
Then alongside the Guided Busway, past the massive structure of Addenbroke’s Hospital. Founded in 1766, re-located here in the 60s from its original Trumpington St site , and progressively expanding to campus-style proportions today, it is undoubtedly the biggest architectural structure that we have seen today; a centre of medical excellence and monument to our massive health budget. And sadly, a complete mishmash of nothing very particular in terms of architectural styles.
Finally, we cut through a residential part of Grantchester village, taking a detour to Byron’s Pool (well worth it if you still have the energy left). Today it is a nature reserve; once it was the spot where Lord Byron regularly took a swim (we know not if the bear came too). We resisted the temptation.
Then hopefully you will be back in time for tea and a large slice of cake at The Grantchester Orchard Tea-Rooms and a chance to expand your mind as well as your tummy through learned debate.
THE ROUTE
Park at the Grantchester Tea Rooms (providing you are going to be a patron there). Walk through the tea room gardens and turn immediately right through a gate into a grass field, then slightly left down to the River Cam. Then follow the river left to Cambridge
On reaching the suburbs of Cambridge, follow the road ‘Grantchester Meadows’ to the end, then turn right and enter Paradise Nature Reserve. Come out at a car park, turn right across a bridge over a small tributary, and take the path half left that reaches the banks of the Cam. Proceed left along the river, under Fen Causeway and passing the DoubleTree (ex-Garden House) Hotel on the other bank. Cross the weir, up Granta St and then left into Silver St over the river
On reaching a green area, turn right along The Backs, passing King’s Chapel and then Clare College. Turn right up Garrett Hostel Lane and then swing right up Senate House Lane to Trinity St
Proceed up Trinity St, then St John St, then left along Bridge St 100 yards or so until you reach Portugal Place. Turn down Portugal Place (pedestrian only), which then leads into Portugal St and onto Jesus Green. Head diagonally left across the Green until you reach the river towpath. Follow this right (E) for some way, alongside Jesus Green and then Midsummer Common, all the way until you approach the Elizabeth Way flyover
Shortly before the flyover, take a path going diagonally right up Walnut Tree Rd, which runs alongside the main road. Take the subway under the roundabout, exit at the other side; turn right into East Rd and just after the Law Courts turn left into St Matthew’s St. Follow this to the end, and then just to your right on the opposite side you will see a track and the entrance to the Mill Rd Cemetery. Walk through it and come out at the far right hand end, then walk down a track with trees on either side to Mill Rd
Turn right on Mill Rd and head up to Parker’s Piece. Follow the south west edge, and then cross the traffic lights and walk down Lensfield Rd past the Polar Research Institute
At the end of Lensfield Rd, turn left down Brookside, with Hobson’s Conduit on your immediate right. You will arrive at the entrance of the Botanic Garden
From the Botanic Garden entrance (which thoroughly merits a visit and has an excellent café), continue along the road with the conduit on your immediate left. Cross Brookland Avenue and follow the conduit footpath with allotments on your right. Make a brief detour through Clare Woods on your right and then re-join the conduit path. Follow it all the way until you have nearly reached Long Rd
Just before Long Rd, take the track left that takes you down to the Guided Busway, which also has a cycle track, Follow this along until you are level with the massive Addenbrooke’s Hospital on your left, then take a footpath right that goes through council estates. Go down Paget Rd, take a cut through to Beverley Rd and then reach Trumpington High St
Take a right and an immediate left at the war memorial down Church Lane, and then follow the Grantchester Rd. Just before the Cam there is a very worthwhile excursion to Byron’s Pool nature reserve. Re-joining the road, you cross a bridge over the Cam and then another across the millstream. Follow the footpath immediately to your right, which re-joins the road just a few yards short of your start-point.
PIT STOPS
Grantchester Tea Rooms , 43 Mill Way, Grantchester, CB3 9ND (Tel: 01223 551125, www.orchard-grantchester.com). Faded splendour, but unbeatable on a sunny day when you can sit out in the orchard on deckchairs reciting your favourite poem.
Café on the Round , 16 Round Church St, CB5 8AD (Tel: 07970 507488) A great little ‘indie’, serving freshly made coffee, baguettes, ciabatta, salsa & wraps, salads, cakes and pasties.
Alexandra Arms, Gwydir St – charming and out of the way
Fitzbillies Cakes and Café , 51-52 Trumpington St, CB2 1RG (Tel: 01223 352500, www.fitzbillies.com) It’s been around forever and under new ownership now also offers lunch and dinner. But the main purpose of your visit still has to be to buy one of their Chelsea Buns, which are as outrageously sticky and indulgent as they have always been.
Cambridge Botanic Garden Café Has a modern feel about it and great outdoor space. Food is good, interesting and freshly prepared. Recommended for tea.
QUIRKY SHOPPING
Cambridge is full of independents, just avoid the main shopping centres and you will find lots of interest in pretty much every street. Here are some personal favourites:
Nord Design, 5-7 Sussex St, CB1 1PA. Scandinavian design shop.
Open Air, 11 Green St, CB2 3JU. Just in case you need stouter boots after all, or it’s drizzling and you need a waterproof.
The Cambridge Toy Shop, 15/16 Sussex St, CB1 1 PA. The ultimate independent toy shop. A reward perhaps for your little one completing the walk?
Providence, 72 Bridge St, CB2 1UR. Furniture and soft furnishings for the home.
Cambridge Contemporary Art, 6 Trinity St, CB2 1SU. Prints, painting, sculptures, cards.
There is an excellent guide called ‘Independent Cambridge’ which is full of quirky indies. You will be able to pick one up in Heffers in Trinity Street, or order online.
PLACES TO VISIT
The colleges Several are on the route, but they usually charge an admission fee. If you choose to visit Trinity, an added attraction is the Wren Library, which houses many historic manuscripts, including the 14th century Piers Plowman.
Kettle’s Yard , Castle Street, CB3 0AQ (Tel: 01223 748100, www.kettlesyard.co.uk) is a quirky, must visit art gallery, just over the bridge beyond Magdalene.
Fitzwilliam Museum , Trumpington St, CB2 1RB (Tel: 01223 332900, www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk) just a few yards up from Hobson’s Conduit, has a classic mix of art and antiquities from all periods.
Cambridge University Botanic Garden (1 Brookside, Cambridge CB2 1JE Tel: 01223 336265) An oasis of nature and calm, with glasshouses and beautiful lawns, rare plants and specimen trees.
British Firework Championships (August), Plymouth Seafood festival (September)
City population: 256,600 (2011 census)
Ranking: 30th largest city in UK
Date of origin: Bronze Age
‘Type’ of city: Shipping Port
City walkability ( www.walkscore.com ): 95/100 ‘Walker’s Paradise’
City status: Achieved in 1928 through merging with Devenport & East Stonehouse
Some famous inhabitants: Sir Francis Drake (navigator), Sir Joshua Reynolds (painter), Beryl Cook (painter), Michael Foot (politician), Sharron Davies (swimmer), Tom Daley (diver), Angela Rippon (journalist)
Notable city architects / planners: Sir John Rennie (Royal William Yard), Sir Patrick Abercrombie & Paton Watson (the 1944 Plan for Plymouth)
Films/TV series shot here: Tomorrow Never Dies (1997: Devenport Naval Base), Hornblower TV movies (various locations)
THE CONTEXT
Plymouth is defined by its ocean setting, situated between the Rivers Plym and Tamar in a beautiful natural harbour. The port and quaysides have always been at the centre of its livelihood, but for varying uses over the centuries; first, in the Middle Ages, as a port for wool and Dartmoor tin; then, in the 18th century onwards, as a centre of the British navy during the period of the Empire; and in the last generation, as the dockyards diminished, as a place to live and visit, with regenerated dockyards offering stylish apartment living, the café life and locally-sourced food, as epitomised by Hugh Fearnley–Whittingstall The River Cottage Canteen & Deli, which opened in the brilliantly restored Royal William Yard in 2011.
On closer inspection, the City of Plymouth is really three towns brought together in 1914 – Plymouth, Devonport and Stonehouse – with an eye at the time to achieving city status, which had been refused in 1911 due to there being an insufficient population in Plymouth alone – the requirement being for at least 300,000. This criterion was met through the merger of the three towns and city status was duly awarded in 1928. The walk goes through all three towns, and you will notice how distinctive they are.
Plymouth was profoundly altered by bombing in The Second World War, which destroyed the town centre and displaced many inhabitants. But out of the rubble emerged Britain’s first ‘planned’ town centre in an existing historic core, which English Heritage has described as one of the finest examples of post-war architecture in the UK (you may not agree!)
THE WALK
My first thought in coming out from the station was ‘Are we in the wrong city?’ For almost immediately the path is funnelled into an underpass beneath a roundabout and we could be – well anywhere – but most of all it is reminding me of a New Town (not that I have anything against new towns, it just wasn’t what I was expecting).
And this is the paradox of Plymouth: although it is full of history, forts and ancient monuments, the centre has been entirely re-built, courtesy of the Luftwaffe, who struck in a series of 59 raids in 1941 known as the ‘ Plymouth Blitz ’, halving the resident population as many fled to the fringes of Dartmoor to escape the bombing.
One positive that came out of all this destruction is that today Plymouth has the most post-war listed buildings of any British city outside London (incredible, but true). That’s why it holds a peculiar fascination for many architects who regard Plymouth as the finest example of post-war planning and architecture. Kevin McCloud of Grand Designs fame has described city centre as “being really high quality and beautiful, it is carved stone, it is proper work. Its post-war buildings are very much of their time, representing a new wave of architecture around what was in the 1950s a brand new medium.” He has campaigned, alongside English Heritage, to have the modernist core of the city formally protected.
Hitler’s onslaught provided a blank canvas for Sir Patrick Abercrombie, the most eminent town planner of his day (and best known for his London ‘Abercrombie’ plan), and city engineer Paton Watson to build a brand new city out of a bombsite.
The two men devised ‘A Plan for Plymouth’ in 1943, analysing all aspects of the city and the surrounding area (extending well beyond the city’s administrative boundary), exploring everything from history to geography, demographics to agriculture, before presenting a radical and all-encompassing vision of how a modern city should look and function. Based on the Beaux Arts ‘City Beautiful’ style and influenced by both Lutyens’ plan for New Delhi and the formation of Welwyn Garden City (compare the great avenue there, Parkway, with Armada Way here), the Plan proposed the almost complete removal of the old city centre with the formation of a grand north to south axis, connecting the railway station to the Hoe (the exact route we are taking). Crossing this axis, a grid of streets formed the main commercial, business and civic areas of the city. A grand east to west road (Royal Parade) separated the civic and commercial areas, with the whole area surrounded by a traffic-diverting ring road. Abercrombie declared the space “a vista for public enjoyment to be enriched by the landscape architect’s and gardener’s art.”
Abercrombie was driven by a vision of a city with which it is hard to disagree: “The city should be the focal point for the diffused rays of the many separate beams of life; it should be the centre of learning, of entertainment and of the market.” He felt that the Industrial Revolution had turned cities into “something more like a labour pool for the large industrial works – soulless and meaningless.” I leave it to you to judge how successful he was in Plymouth – for me there is a great sense of space, but almost a surfeit of space that creates a somewhat soulless feel about the modern area, lacking the buzz that a city centre needs.
Armada Way, which has been spruced up again in more recent years, is a pleasant rather than outstanding walk towards the Hoe, with a water feature flowing down the hill towards the sundial, bordered by grassy areas with shrubs, flower beds and a generous sprinkling of benches.
The Piazza, half way down, was the scene of great celebrations when local lad Tom Daley, then just 15, returned to Plymouth as world diving champion in 2009. Everything in Plymouth seems to have a connection with water.
The most interesting stretch of the Way is the Civic Centre and The Great Square alongside it, which is on the National Register of Parks and Gardens. It was registered Grade II in 1999 and is one of the few 20th century gardens listed. The aim of the Great Square was to evoke ‘dignity and frivolity’ in equal measure and to be ‘a civic amenity to be enjoyed by townspeople at all times’.
The Civic Centre, in the words of English Heritage “embodies, as no other building, the hopes and aspirations of a newly confident City Council and serves as a striking testimony to the spirit which guided the reconstruction.” Inevitably it garners mixed reviews, but it is very much of its time and, in my view at least, is a minor gem. But its days as a civic centre are over. It has recently been bought by Urban Splash who will re-develop it as a commercial proposition (see our comments about them later).
Plymouth Hoe is the beating heart of Plymouth, with its stunning views of one of the most perfect natural harbours in the world. It’s a place where people have always gathered, from the music of the Edwardian era to the morale-boosting dances that Nancy Astor organised here during the dark days of the Second World War, to the city’s live band nights today.
One of the most famous gatherings was in 1967, when Sir Francis Chichester returned to Plymouth after completing the first single-handed Clipper Route circumnavigation of the world and was greeted by an estimated crowd of a million spectators on the Hoe, and every vantage point from Rame Head to Wembury. (Plymouth does outdoor spaces and welcoming people back very well!)
Not surprisingly, when the annual British Firework Championships was inaugurated at the end of the 90s, Plymouth Sound became the favoured location as it provided a natural amphitheatre where large scale pyrotechnics could be used safely and watched from a variety of points around the harbour and Sound.
A charming feature of the Hoe is that there is a lighthouse plonked in the middle of it, called Smeaton’s Tower. It was originally built in 1759 on the Eddystone Reef, a treacherous group of rocks that lie some 14 miles south west of Plymouth, but was taken down in the early 1880s when it was discovered that the sea was undermining the rock it was built on. Approximately two thirds of the structure was moved stone by stone to its current position on the Hoe.
Smeaton was recommended to the task of building the lighthouse originally by the Royal Society. He modelled the shape of his lighthouse on that of an oak tree, using granite blocks; pioneering the use of hydraulic lime, a form of concrete that will set under water, and developing a technique of securing the granite blocks together using dovetail joints and marble dowels. Smeaton’s robust tower set the pattern for a new era of lighthouse construction that led to similar structures up and down the coast of Britain. Maybe that’s why it looks so familiar. The lighthouse was depicted on the British Penny for many years.
Everyone likes to get out on the water whenever they can…
Moving on round West Hoe, there is an interesting collection of replica naval vessels on the sea wall along Grand Parade, called the Royal Navy Millennium Wall. Walking up the West Hoe Rd we enjoyed studying the ‘Wall of Industrial Memories’, a display of reclaimed signs illustrating the rich industrial heritage of the Millbay Docks area, including the Singer sign from a sail making machine, The Carruthers sign from a dock crane and an Armstrong sign on the former rail bridge at the docks’ mouth.
As we came into the Stonehouse area and Durnford St, we started to spot plaques set in the pavement commemorating the work of Sherlock Holmes: “Now Watson, the fair sex is your department,” and such-like. In 1882, Arthur Conan Doyle worked as a newly qualified physician here and lived at No. 1 Durnford St (towards the north end of the street, best seen on your way out).
At the southern end of Durnford St the road takes a wiggle and suddenly we are looking out to sea from Devil’s Point. It is a truly spectacular view, in many ways the ‘magic moment’ of the walk. This is the point where for centuries family and friends have waved goodbye to or welcomed home their loved ones.
Devil’s Point is also a notable nature site, boasting unusual plant species on the low limestone cliffs and coastal grassland. It is also a European marine site of international conservation importance due to its wealth of marine and coastal wildlife.
A stairway linking Royal William Yard and Devil’s Point was officially opened to the public in 2013. The connection filled a gap in the South West Coast Path, bringing walkers around the Stonehouse peninsula for the first time. A grant was received towards the project from Natural England, who at the official opening of the steps described Plymouth as “one of our best connected cities in terms of town and environment” . Couldn’t agree more.
Designed by Sir John Rennie and built between 1825 and 1831, the Royal William Yard is steeped in history. It was originally a Victualling Yard for the Royal Navy – and as we explored, we discovered an old bakery, a slaughterhouse, a spirits store, a brewhouse, a food store, clothing stores and much else besides. Today it is considered to be one of the most important groups of historic military buildings in Britain; it is also the largest collection of Grade 1 listed military buildings in Europe.
The Yard was de-commissioned in 1992 and subsequently passed into private hands. It was converted to an up-market mixed development by ‘Urban Splash’ , who the Times newspaper described as ‘being in a class of its own when it comes to rescuing the great industrial landmarks of the past’.
Urban Splash’s own website tells you much about their impact on the urban scene, and you will come across their work in several of our walks:
“Way back when, in the 1980s, when post punk pop topped the charts, when New Romantics taught us to tuck our jumpers in our pants, when Thatcher and Scargill went to war over coal not dole, we were busy forgetting how great British cities had been and had no idea how great they might be again.
“In the beginning there was no big plan, no strategy, no idea of what we were to become, just a wholehearted belief in cities, in design, in architecture and a desire to make things better. To make things the way we wanted them to be – different than they were before.
“In the early days we worked with existing buildings that we fell in love with, buildings that had fallen apart and that we made better. When we ran out of buildings to convert we started to make our own. We made homes, we made offices and we made special spaces in between for people to be and do things that people do – in shops, bars restaurants, parks and even hotels.
“We started in Manchester and Liverpool but soon we were being encouraged to do things in other areas: Leeds (Saxton), Bradford, Plymouth, Bristol, Sheffield (Park Hill), Birmingham (The Rotunda and Fort Dunlop), Salford, all great cities that were thirsting for change.”
Devonport Park (13 hecatares, 33 acres) is a Victorian splendour, brought back to life in recent years by a Heritage Lottery Fund Grant . It is the oldest formal public park in Plymouth, opened in 1858.
The first thing you notice as you go through the gates is the quaint Lower Lodge on your right, designed in the style of a Swiss lodge – symbolic of the new Park being intended as a place for healthy recreation and taking the air.
Apparently this lodge had been boarded up until a few years ago, but is now once again home to the park keeper. Living evidence of the renaissance of city parks, in this case, as in many, thanks to a £5.3 million grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund (co-funded with Plymouth City Council and Devonport Regeneration Community Partnership).
From around 1757 the land on which the park now is served as the ‘glacis’ – a part of the Devonport ‘Dock Line’ defences. These were open fields, kept free of development and providing no cover for an enemy. By the 1850s the ‘Dock Lines’ had little military value and Devonport was keen to respond to the national public park movement. Devonport Park was open by 1858 “for the purpose of healthful recreation by the public”.
To begin with, the planting and landscaping was restricted, but by the 1870s the Park, with its wonderful views, was “a source of daily pleasure to some hundreds of people”. There were improved walks, more trees & shrubs, with arbours and seats; plus the occasional rugby or cricket match. In 1894-5 more land was acquired and the larger and remodelled Park was re-launched as the ‘People’s Park’.
The park had a big role to play in WWII: underground air raid shelters were constructed to accommodate up to 600 people. Above ground, and in the event of a gas attack, a Cleansing and Decontamination Station was built; the nursery glasshouses were used to grow tomatoes; and areas of grassland were used for sheep pasture and hay making; it was also a Barrage Balloon base; and in advance of the ‘D’-Day landings, parts of the Park were given over to American forces.
Blockhouse Park is one of the highest points in the city (70m) offering spectacular views of Dartmoor, Plymouth Sound and over the River Tamar to Bodmin Moor. The Mount Pleasant Redoubt sits at the highest point of the park and was originally built in the Napoleonic era. In the Second World War it housed anti-aircraft guns to defend Devonport Dockyard which it looks down upon.
From here we also got a great view north of the neighbourhood areas outlined in the ‘Plan for Plymouth’. The Plan had proposed 13 neighbourhood units, built upon green fields and all named after local farms. It outlined a vision for each ‘Neighbourhood Unit’ to have access to the full range of facilities and services provided within 10 to 15 minutes walking distance from any part of it, each with suitable school provision and surrounded by a ‘Green Belt’. An impressive piece of planning really, and 70 years before the www.walkscore.com criteria measured much the same thing.
The two neighbourhoods that we could see most clearly from here are Ham and Pennycross, and they have remained largely unaltered since they were built, testament to the fact that they have provided pleasant, positive living environments. Note the ‘triangular’ green in Ham, the centre of this community.
Central Park was created in 1931 for the outdoor recreation, health and well-being of the population. It was mainly formed from farmland, but its grand plan, formulated by one of the country’s leading landscape architect, Thomas Mawson, was only partially completed due to the economic constraints of the time.
When war broke out in 1939, the character of the park changed considerably as it was hastily transformed into allotments to grow food, and space was set aside for air-raid shelters and a prisoner of war camp. In the post-war years, there was little capacity for restoring the park since re-building the devastated city centre and providing new housing took priority. It is only more recently that piecemeal improvements have taken place and what you find today is a useful, if slightly uninspiring, green space.
We finish off the walk by coming back in under the railways line and reaching the front of the station once again. Wow, what a walk!
WALK DATA
Typical time: 3 hours (but allow more time for exploring)
OS Map: Explorer 108 – Lower Tamar Valley & Plymouth
Start & Finish: Plymouth Station (PL4 6AB)
Terrain: Mostly on hard surfaces, but a couple of short, steep climbs
THE ROUTE
Leaving the station, turn left (SE) up Saltash Rd, and then take the underpass to Armada Way. Continue walking S until you reach Plymouth Hoe and the Smeaton Tower Lighthouse
From the lighthouse, head W along the Hoe, then take the steps down to West Hoe Pier; follow the path around West Hoe hugging the coastline (you will see miniature boats on the sea wall). Follow the road north – first Great Western Rd, then West Hoe Rd, until you reach Mill Bay roundabout
At the roundabout, head W along Millbay Rd, which becomes Caroline Place and then Barrack Place, until you reach Durnford St
Turn left (S) into Durnford St and follow it all the way to its end, where it wiggles and becomes Admiralty Rd. Pass a car park on your right and take the metalled footpath around Devil’s Point; once round the head, take the path that heads up slightly, until it leads to a hole in the dockyard wall
Descend the steep steps down to Royal William Yard and head along the quay, past The River Cottage Canteen & Deli, round the dock and out under the impressive arch and gates; then N up Cremyll St, swinging right back into Durnford St; continue heading N until you reach the roundabout; head W across Stonehouse Bridge, then cross the next roundabout
Immediately after this roundabout, take a half right along a track that rises slightly across a green space (Brickfields Triangle), which then comes back to meet the King’s Rd; follow alongside the left of this road until you come to the entrance to Devonport Park
Head N through the park, and when you reach the bandstand head towards the NE exit. Head N up Victoria Place, across the railway line, turn right onto Alcester St, then along Pellew Place to reach Blockhouse Park, from where you get wonderful all-round views of the city
From the high point, descend to Packington St, cross the Molesworth Rd and then take the first right into Ann’s Place. Turn left at Somerset Place and head for the Stoke Damerel Community College
Take the path (cycleway) that runs E alongside the left of the college, and it eventually reaches the major Alma Rd; cross carefully, enter Central Park and head E until you reach the main N/S avenue
Head S along this avenue and, as you reach the southern end of the park, head down the terrace furthest to the right (Wake St) until you reach the road. Turn right, and then left under the railway bridge and you are back at the start.
An Ordnance Survey map of the walk can also be found at www.walkingworld.com , walk no. 7327
PIT STOPS
The Barbican area – just to the east of the walk, near the start, is full of cafés and restaurants and a great outlook on the marina. Quay 33 (33 Southside Street, PL1 2LE, Tel: 01752 229345) is especially popular for its good grub and great view.
Rock Salt Café Brasserie (31 Stonehouse St, PL1 3PE, Tel: 01752 225522, just N of Millbay Rd) is well described as a “pint-sized corner site run with bustling good cheer” that can offer either a quick sandwich or something more substantial.
Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall’s The River Cottage Canteen & Deli has an unbeatable location, great ambience and interesting food (Unit 2, The Brewhouse, Royal William Yard, PL1 3QQ, Tel: 01752 252702).
QUIRKY SHOPPING
The Plymouth City Market (Cornwall St, PL1 1PS), W of Armada Way, is a Grade II listed building packed with a colourful array of stalls selling everything from pasties and picture frames to fresh flowers, fancy dress costumes and of course fresh fish off the boats.
The Barbican area is full of gift and art galleries. Several local artists have won global reputations, including the late Beryl Cook, and Robert Lenckiewicz.
PLACES TO VISIT
The Barbican: The Mayflower Steps, the spot close to the site on the Barbican from where it is believed the Pilgrim Fathers set sail for North America in 1620; and the Mayflower Museum , which explores Plymouth’s maritime history.
The Lido, just below the Hoe, is an art deco 1930s splendour recently restored and, if you’re feeling hardy, a chance for a dip. Open Jun-Sept. The view and setting are truly breathtaking.
The National Marine Aquarium (Rope Walk, PL4 0DX, 0844 893 7938) on the far side of the marina, the SW coast path runs by it) is the UK’s largest aquarium and has a fabulous location and views.
| i don't know |
Which country has the internet domain .mt? | VC - Internet Country Abbreviations
Internet Country Abbreviations
Color: [ Red = unvisited ] [ Blue = visited ]
Ever wonder what country a given email or posting is from?
Can't remember if CA is Canada or California?
Answer: Canada is correct. California does not have its own code. It is not a country, but don't tell the natives there. They sometimes think it is. I know. I live with them.
Ever wonder if ES is Estonia?
Answer: ES is Spain where people speak Spanish (Think "Espana," the name used by many to mean Spain). EE is Estonia where people speak Estonian.
Well, here is a list culled from different Internet sources, sorted 2 ways: by the two-letter country code and by the country name.
Note:
You may also visit Domain name registries around the world for a more complete and up to date list that includes more than just country codes, for example, gov for US Government, edu for Educational, mil for US Dept of Defense, org for Organizations, name for Personal, etc.
Go to: [ Home Page | Top | Sorted by code | Sorted by country | Bottom ]
Abbreviations sorted by country code
AC Ascension Island AD Andorra AE United Arab Emirates AF Afghanistan AG Antigua and Barbuda AI Anguilla AL Albania AM Armenia AN Netherlands Antilles AO Angola AQ Antarctica AR Argentina AS American Samoa AT Austria AU Australia AW Aruba AZ Azerbaijan BA Bosnia and Herzegovina BB Barbados BD Bangladesh BE Belgium BF Burkina Faso BG Bulgaria BH Bahrain BI Burundi BJ Benin BM Bermuda BN Brunei Darussalam BO Bolivia BR Brazil BS Bahamas BT Bhutan BV Bouvet Island BW Botswana BY Belarus BZ Belize CA Canada CC Cocos (Keeling Islands) CF Central African Republic CG Congo CH Switzerland CI Cote D'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) CK Cook Islands CL Chile CM Cameroon CN China CO Colombia CR Costa Rica CU Cuba CV Cape Verde CX Christmas Island CY Cyprus CZ Czech Republic DE Germany DJ Djibouti DK Denmark DM Dominica DO Dominican Republic DZ Algeria EC Ecuador EE Estonia EG Egypt EH Western Sahara ER Eritrea ES Spain ET Ethiopia EU Europe FI Finland FJ Fiji FK Falkland Islands (Malvinas) FM Micronesia FO Faroe Islands FR France FX France, Metropolitan GA Gabon GB United Kingdom GD Grenada GE Georgia GF French Guiana GH Ghana GI Gibraltar GL Greenland GM Gambia GN Guinea GP Guadeloupe GQ Equatorial Guinea GR Greece GS S. Georgia and S. Sandwich Isls. GT Guatemala GU Guam GW Guinea-Bissau GY Guyana HK Hong Kong HM Heard and McDonald Islands HN Honduras HR Croatia (Hrvatska) HT Haiti HU Hungary ID Indonesia IE Ireland IL Israel IN India IO British Indian Ocean Territory IQ Iraq IR Iran IS Iceland IT Italy JM Jamaica JO Jordan JP Japan KE Kenya KG Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz Republic) KH Cambodia KI Kiribati KM Comoros KN Saint Kitts and Nevis KP Korea (North) (People's Republic) KR Korea (South) (Republic) KW Kuwait KY Cayman Islands KZ Kazakhstan LA Laos LB Lebanon LC Saint Lucia LI Liechtenstein LK Sri Lanka LR Liberia LS Lesotho LT Lithuania LU Luxembourg LV Latvia LY Libya MA Morocco MC Monaco MD Moldova MG Madagascar MH Marshall Islands MK Macedonia ML Mali MM Myanmar MN Mongolia MO Macau MP Northern Mariana Islands MQ Martinique MR Mauritania MS Montserrat MT Malta MU Mauritius MV Maldives MW Malawi MX Mexico MY Malaysia MZ Mozambique NA Namibia NC New Caledonia NE Niger NF Norfolk Island NG Nigeria NI Nicaragua NL Netherlands NO Norway NP Nepal NR Nauru NT Neutral Zone (Saudia Arabia/Iraq) NU Niue NZ New Zealand OM Oman PS Palestine PA Panama PE Peru PF French Polynesia PG Papua New Guinea PH Philippines PK Pakistan PL Poland PM St. Pierre and Miquelon PN Pitcairn PR Puerto Rico PT Portugal PW Palau PY Paraguay QA Qatar RE Reunion RO Romania RU Russian Federation RW Rwanda SA Saudi Arabia SB Solomon Islands SC Seychelles SD Sudan SE Sweden SG Singapore SH St. Helena SI Slovenia SJ Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands SK Slovakia (Slovak Republic) SL Sierra Leone SM San Marino SN Senegal SO Somalia SR Suriname ST Sao Tome and Principe SU Soviet Union (former) SV El Salvador SY Syria SZ Swaziland TC Turks and Caicos Islands TD Chad TF French Southern Territories TG Togo TH Thailand TJ Tajikistan TK Tokelau TM Turkmenistan TN Tunisia TO Tonga TP East Timor TR Turkey TT Trinidad and Tobago TV Tuvalu TW Taiwan TZ Tanzania UA Ukraine UG Uganda UK United Kingdom (Great Britain) US United States UY Uruguay UZ Uzbekistan VA Vatican City State (Holy See) VC Saint Vincent and The Grenadines VE Venezuela VG Virgin Islands (British) VI Virgin Islands (US) VN Viet Nam VU Vanuatu WF Wallis and Futuna Islands WS Samoa YE Yemen YT Mayotte YU Yugoslavia ZA South Africa ZM Zambia ZR Zaire ZW Zimbabwe
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Abbreviations sorted by country name
AC Ascension Island AF Afghanistan AL Albania DZ Algeria AS American Samoa AD Andorra AO Angola AI Anguilla AQ Antarctica AG Antigua and Barbuda AR Argentina AM Armenia AW Aruba AU Australia AT Austria AZ Azerbaijan BS Bahamas BH Bahrain BD Bangladesh BB Barbados BY Belarus BE Belgium BZ Belize BJ Benin BM Bermuda BT Bhutan BO Bolivia BA Bosnia and Herzegovina BW Botswana BV Bouvet Island BR Brazil IO British Indian Ocean Territory BN Brunei Darussalam BG Bulgaria BF Burkina Faso BI Burundi KH Cambodia CM Cameroon CA Canada CV Cape Verde KY Cayman Islands CF Central African Republic TD Chad CL Chile CN China CX Christmas Island CC Cocos (Keeling Islands) CO Colombia KM Comoros CG Congo CK Cook Islands CR Costa Rica CI Cote D'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) HR Croatia (Hrvatska) CU Cuba CY Cyprus CZ Czech Republic DK Denmark DJ Djibouti DM Dominica DO Dominican Republic TP East Timor EC Ecuador EG Egypt SV El Salvador GQ Equatorial Guinea ER Eritrea EE Estonia ET Ethiopia EU Europe FK Falkland Islands (Malvinas) FO Faroe Islands FJ Fiji FI Finland FR France FX France, Metropolitan GF French Guiana PF French Polynesia TF French Southern Territories GA Gabon GM Gambia GE Georgia DE Germany GH Ghana GI Gibraltar GB United Kingdom (Great Britain) GR Greece GL Greenland GD Grenada GP Guadeloupe GU Guam GT Guatemala GN Guinea GW Guinea-Bissau GY Guyana HT Haiti HM Heard and McDonald Islands HN Honduras HK Hong Kong HU Hungary IS Iceland IN India ID Indonesia IR Iran IQ Iraq IE Ireland IL Israel IT Italy JM Jamaica JP Japan JO Jordan KZ Kazakhstan KE Kenya KI Kiribati KP Korea (North) (People's Republic) KR Korea (South) (Republic) KW Kuwait KG Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz Republic) LA Laos LV Latvia LB Lebanon LS Lesotho LR Liberia LY Libya LI Liechtenstein LT Lithuania LU Luxembourg MO Macau MK Macedonia MG Madagascar MW Malawi MY Malaysia MV Maldives ML Mali MT Malta MH Marshall Islands MQ Martinique MR Mauritania MU Mauritius YT Mayotte MX Mexico FM Micronesia MD Moldova MC Monaco MN Mongolia MS Montserrat MA Morocco MZ Mozambique MM Myanmar NA Namibia NR Nauru NP Nepal NL Netherlands AN Netherlands Antilles NT Neutral Zone (Saudia Arabia/Iraq) NC New Caledonia NZ New Zealand NI Nicaragua NE Niger NG Nigeria NU Niue NF Norfolk Island MP Northern Mariana Islands NO Norway OM Oman PK Pakistan PW Palau PA Panama PG Papua New Guinea PY Paraguay PE Peru PH Philippines PN Pitcairn PL Poland PT Portugal PR Puerto Rico PS Palestine QA Qatar RE Reunion RO Romania RU Russian Federation RW Rwanda GS S. Georgia and S. Sandwich Isls. KN Saint Kitts and Nevis LC Saint Lucia VC Saint Vincent and The Grenadines WS Samoa SM San Marino ST Sao Tome and Principe SA Saudi Arabia SN Senegal SC Seychelles SL Sierra Leone SG Singapore SK Slovakia (Slovak Republic) SI Slovenia SB Solomon Islands SO Somalia ZA South Africa SU Soviet Union (former) ES Spain LK Sri Lanka SH St. Helena PM St. Pierre and Miquelon SD Sudan SR Suriname SJ Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands SZ Swaziland SE Sweden CH Switzerland SY Syria TW Taiwan TJ Tajikistan TZ Tanzania TH Thailand TG Togo TK Tokelau TO Tonga TT Trinidad and Tobago TN Tunisia TR Turkey TM Turkmenistan TC Turks and Caicos Islands TV Tuvalu UG Uganda UA Ukraine AE United Arab Emirates UK United Kingdom (Great Britain) US United States UY Uruguay UZ Uzbekistan VU Vanuatu VA Vatican City State (Holy See) VE Venezuela VN Viet Nam VG Virgin Islands (British) VI Virgin Islands (US) WF Wallis and Futuna Islands EH Western Sahara YE Yemen YU Yugoslavia ZR Zaire ZM Zambia ZW Zimbabwe
| Malta |
Japan lies in which body of water? | VC - Internet Country Abbreviations
Internet Country Abbreviations
Color: [ Red = unvisited ] [ Blue = visited ]
Ever wonder what country a given email or posting is from?
Can't remember if CA is Canada or California?
Answer: Canada is correct. California does not have its own code. It is not a country, but don't tell the natives there. They sometimes think it is. I know. I live with them.
Ever wonder if ES is Estonia?
Answer: ES is Spain where people speak Spanish (Think "Espana," the name used by many to mean Spain). EE is Estonia where people speak Estonian.
Well, here is a list culled from different Internet sources, sorted 2 ways: by the two-letter country code and by the country name.
Note:
You may also visit Domain name registries around the world for a more complete and up to date list that includes more than just country codes, for example, gov for US Government, edu for Educational, mil for US Dept of Defense, org for Organizations, name for Personal, etc.
Go to: [ Home Page | Top | Sorted by code | Sorted by country | Bottom ]
Abbreviations sorted by country code
AC Ascension Island AD Andorra AE United Arab Emirates AF Afghanistan AG Antigua and Barbuda AI Anguilla AL Albania AM Armenia AN Netherlands Antilles AO Angola AQ Antarctica AR Argentina AS American Samoa AT Austria AU Australia AW Aruba AZ Azerbaijan BA Bosnia and Herzegovina BB Barbados BD Bangladesh BE Belgium BF Burkina Faso BG Bulgaria BH Bahrain BI Burundi BJ Benin BM Bermuda BN Brunei Darussalam BO Bolivia BR Brazil BS Bahamas BT Bhutan BV Bouvet Island BW Botswana BY Belarus BZ Belize CA Canada CC Cocos (Keeling Islands) CF Central African Republic CG Congo CH Switzerland CI Cote D'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) CK Cook Islands CL Chile CM Cameroon CN China CO Colombia CR Costa Rica CU Cuba CV Cape Verde CX Christmas Island CY Cyprus CZ Czech Republic DE Germany DJ Djibouti DK Denmark DM Dominica DO Dominican Republic DZ Algeria EC Ecuador EE Estonia EG Egypt EH Western Sahara ER Eritrea ES Spain ET Ethiopia EU Europe FI Finland FJ Fiji FK Falkland Islands (Malvinas) FM Micronesia FO Faroe Islands FR France FX France, Metropolitan GA Gabon GB United Kingdom GD Grenada GE Georgia GF French Guiana GH Ghana GI Gibraltar GL Greenland GM Gambia GN Guinea GP Guadeloupe GQ Equatorial Guinea GR Greece GS S. Georgia and S. Sandwich Isls. GT Guatemala GU Guam GW Guinea-Bissau GY Guyana HK Hong Kong HM Heard and McDonald Islands HN Honduras HR Croatia (Hrvatska) HT Haiti HU Hungary ID Indonesia IE Ireland IL Israel IN India IO British Indian Ocean Territory IQ Iraq IR Iran IS Iceland IT Italy JM Jamaica JO Jordan JP Japan KE Kenya KG Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz Republic) KH Cambodia KI Kiribati KM Comoros KN Saint Kitts and Nevis KP Korea (North) (People's Republic) KR Korea (South) (Republic) KW Kuwait KY Cayman Islands KZ Kazakhstan LA Laos LB Lebanon LC Saint Lucia LI Liechtenstein LK Sri Lanka LR Liberia LS Lesotho LT Lithuania LU Luxembourg LV Latvia LY Libya MA Morocco MC Monaco MD Moldova MG Madagascar MH Marshall Islands MK Macedonia ML Mali MM Myanmar MN Mongolia MO Macau MP Northern Mariana Islands MQ Martinique MR Mauritania MS Montserrat MT Malta MU Mauritius MV Maldives MW Malawi MX Mexico MY Malaysia MZ Mozambique NA Namibia NC New Caledonia NE Niger NF Norfolk Island NG Nigeria NI Nicaragua NL Netherlands NO Norway NP Nepal NR Nauru NT Neutral Zone (Saudia Arabia/Iraq) NU Niue NZ New Zealand OM Oman PS Palestine PA Panama PE Peru PF French Polynesia PG Papua New Guinea PH Philippines PK Pakistan PL Poland PM St. Pierre and Miquelon PN Pitcairn PR Puerto Rico PT Portugal PW Palau PY Paraguay QA Qatar RE Reunion RO Romania RU Russian Federation RW Rwanda SA Saudi Arabia SB Solomon Islands SC Seychelles SD Sudan SE Sweden SG Singapore SH St. Helena SI Slovenia SJ Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands SK Slovakia (Slovak Republic) SL Sierra Leone SM San Marino SN Senegal SO Somalia SR Suriname ST Sao Tome and Principe SU Soviet Union (former) SV El Salvador SY Syria SZ Swaziland TC Turks and Caicos Islands TD Chad TF French Southern Territories TG Togo TH Thailand TJ Tajikistan TK Tokelau TM Turkmenistan TN Tunisia TO Tonga TP East Timor TR Turkey TT Trinidad and Tobago TV Tuvalu TW Taiwan TZ Tanzania UA Ukraine UG Uganda UK United Kingdom (Great Britain) US United States UY Uruguay UZ Uzbekistan VA Vatican City State (Holy See) VC Saint Vincent and The Grenadines VE Venezuela VG Virgin Islands (British) VI Virgin Islands (US) VN Viet Nam VU Vanuatu WF Wallis and Futuna Islands WS Samoa YE Yemen YT Mayotte YU Yugoslavia ZA South Africa ZM Zambia ZR Zaire ZW Zimbabwe
Go to: [ Home Page | Top | Sorted by code | Sorted by country | Bottom ]
Abbreviations sorted by country name
AC Ascension Island AF Afghanistan AL Albania DZ Algeria AS American Samoa AD Andorra AO Angola AI Anguilla AQ Antarctica AG Antigua and Barbuda AR Argentina AM Armenia AW Aruba AU Australia AT Austria AZ Azerbaijan BS Bahamas BH Bahrain BD Bangladesh BB Barbados BY Belarus BE Belgium BZ Belize BJ Benin BM Bermuda BT Bhutan BO Bolivia BA Bosnia and Herzegovina BW Botswana BV Bouvet Island BR Brazil IO British Indian Ocean Territory BN Brunei Darussalam BG Bulgaria BF Burkina Faso BI Burundi KH Cambodia CM Cameroon CA Canada CV Cape Verde KY Cayman Islands CF Central African Republic TD Chad CL Chile CN China CX Christmas Island CC Cocos (Keeling Islands) CO Colombia KM Comoros CG Congo CK Cook Islands CR Costa Rica CI Cote D'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) HR Croatia (Hrvatska) CU Cuba CY Cyprus CZ Czech Republic DK Denmark DJ Djibouti DM Dominica DO Dominican Republic TP East Timor EC Ecuador EG Egypt SV El Salvador GQ Equatorial Guinea ER Eritrea EE Estonia ET Ethiopia EU Europe FK Falkland Islands (Malvinas) FO Faroe Islands FJ Fiji FI Finland FR France FX France, Metropolitan GF French Guiana PF French Polynesia TF French Southern Territories GA Gabon GM Gambia GE Georgia DE Germany GH Ghana GI Gibraltar GB United Kingdom (Great Britain) GR Greece GL Greenland GD Grenada GP Guadeloupe GU Guam GT Guatemala GN Guinea GW Guinea-Bissau GY Guyana HT Haiti HM Heard and McDonald Islands HN Honduras HK Hong Kong HU Hungary IS Iceland IN India ID Indonesia IR Iran IQ Iraq IE Ireland IL Israel IT Italy JM Jamaica JP Japan JO Jordan KZ Kazakhstan KE Kenya KI Kiribati KP Korea (North) (People's Republic) KR Korea (South) (Republic) KW Kuwait KG Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz Republic) LA Laos LV Latvia LB Lebanon LS Lesotho LR Liberia LY Libya LI Liechtenstein LT Lithuania LU Luxembourg MO Macau MK Macedonia MG Madagascar MW Malawi MY Malaysia MV Maldives ML Mali MT Malta MH Marshall Islands MQ Martinique MR Mauritania MU Mauritius YT Mayotte MX Mexico FM Micronesia MD Moldova MC Monaco MN Mongolia MS Montserrat MA Morocco MZ Mozambique MM Myanmar NA Namibia NR Nauru NP Nepal NL Netherlands AN Netherlands Antilles NT Neutral Zone (Saudia Arabia/Iraq) NC New Caledonia NZ New Zealand NI Nicaragua NE Niger NG Nigeria NU Niue NF Norfolk Island MP Northern Mariana Islands NO Norway OM Oman PK Pakistan PW Palau PA Panama PG Papua New Guinea PY Paraguay PE Peru PH Philippines PN Pitcairn PL Poland PT Portugal PR Puerto Rico PS Palestine QA Qatar RE Reunion RO Romania RU Russian Federation RW Rwanda GS S. Georgia and S. Sandwich Isls. KN Saint Kitts and Nevis LC Saint Lucia VC Saint Vincent and The Grenadines WS Samoa SM San Marino ST Sao Tome and Principe SA Saudi Arabia SN Senegal SC Seychelles SL Sierra Leone SG Singapore SK Slovakia (Slovak Republic) SI Slovenia SB Solomon Islands SO Somalia ZA South Africa SU Soviet Union (former) ES Spain LK Sri Lanka SH St. Helena PM St. Pierre and Miquelon SD Sudan SR Suriname SJ Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands SZ Swaziland SE Sweden CH Switzerland SY Syria TW Taiwan TJ Tajikistan TZ Tanzania TH Thailand TG Togo TK Tokelau TO Tonga TT Trinidad and Tobago TN Tunisia TR Turkey TM Turkmenistan TC Turks and Caicos Islands TV Tuvalu UG Uganda UA Ukraine AE United Arab Emirates UK United Kingdom (Great Britain) US United States UY Uruguay UZ Uzbekistan VU Vanuatu VA Vatican City State (Holy See) VE Venezuela VN Viet Nam VG Virgin Islands (British) VI Virgin Islands (US) WF Wallis and Futuna Islands EH Western Sahara YE Yemen YU Yugoslavia ZR Zaire ZM Zambia ZW Zimbabwe
| i don't know |
Who married Prince Ranier III of Monaco in 1956? | BBC ON THIS DAY | 19 | 1956: Prince Rainier marries Grace Kelly
1956: Prince Rainier marries Grace Kelly
Prince Rainier III of Monaco has married the American film actress Grace Kelly.
The religious ceremony follows yesterday's civil ceremony held in the throne room in the Palace of Monaco.
The celebration of the Nuptial Mass was held in the Cathedral of Monaco. Miss Kelly looked every bit the film star in her ivory gown made of silk taffeta and lace.
The couple did not look at each other during the ceremony, but sat, stood and knelt facing the high altar as instructed by Monsignor Marella, the Papal Legate from Paris.
They spoke their vows so quietly that it was hard to tell whether they made them in English or French, the national language of Monaco.
At the end of the ceremony, a message was read out from the Pope. Then the couple drove through the streets of Monte Carlo in an open-top car, waving to thousands of well-wishers.
The couple, who announced their engagement in January, are spending their honeymoon cruising around the Mediterranean aboard Prince Rainier's yacht, Deo Juvante II - out of the public eye for the first time in months.
Nervous bride
Yesterday's civil ceremony, conducted by the president of the Monaco Supreme Court, was attended by the couple's close family and friends.
In Monaco, as in France, a civil marriage must take place before a religious ceremony.
Miss Kelly, wearing a beige, lace dress with a close-fitting hat, was noticeably nervous throughout the proceedings.
Following the legal formalities the couple made a short appearance on the balcony of the palace where approximately 500 members of the public waited below.
The newly-married couple, surrounded by an abundance of red and white flowers, waved to the crowds for a few minutes before going back inside.
| Grace Kelly |
Who was known as ‘The Butcher of Lyon’ during World War II? | Prince Rainier III of Monaco - Telegraph
Royalty Obituaries
Prince Rainier III of Monaco
His Serene Highness Prince Rainier III of Monaco, who died yesterday aged 81, turned the tiny principality which he inherited on the Côte d'Azur into a mini-Manhattan of concrete and glass - a process made possible by the glamour conferred by his marriage to the film star Grace Kelly.
12:02AM BST 07 Apr 2005
Monaco, in origin a fortified rock overlooking the Mediterranean between Nice and Menton, is hardly bigger than Hyde Park. In the 1930s Somerset Maugham, reacting against the riff-raff attracted by its casino and tax advantages, called it "a sunny place full of shady people".
At the time of Rainier's accession in 1949, however, even the economic auguries seemed doubtful. In that year the Société des Bains de Mer, which ran the casino, several hotels and various other tourist attractions, registered serious losses. Monaco had profited from the fact that gambling was illegal in France from 1836 to 1933; after the war, though, competition developed, both on the Riviera and elsewhere.
To make matters worse, in the early 1950s the Société Monégasque de Banques et de Métaux Précieux, which held 55 per cent of Monaco's reserves, and much of Rainier's own fortune, went bankrupt; moreover, Aristotle Onassis, the Greek shipping magnate, had acquired control of the Société des Bains de Mer.
It was Onassis who first had the idea that Rainier should improve the image of Monaco by marrying an American film star. Marilyn Monroe was informed, and though not interested - she thought Monaco was in Africa - did not doubt her capabilities. "Give me two days alone with him," she said, "and of course he'll want to marry me."
Rainier probably never heard about the matrimonial plots which Onassis was hatching for him. Nevertheless, when Grace Kelly, widely acclaimed as the most beautiful woman in the world, turned up at his palace on May 5 1955 for a photo session, he took advantage of their brief encounter to initiate a correspondence.
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Grace Kelly, for her part, had fallen in love with the south of France the year before, when she was making Alfred Hitchcock's To Catch a Thief with Cary Grant.
Rainier's courtship benefited from the promotional talents of his chaplain, Father Tucker, an Irish-American with contacts in Grace Kelly's native Philadelphia.
"I want to thank you," he wrote to Grace Kelly, "for showing the Prince what an American Catholic girl can be, and for the very deep impression this has left upon him."
In fact Grace Kelly's past had been a good deal less than virginal, but her messy love affairs had only quickened her resolve to find a more enduring purpose.
Rainier visited America at the end of 1955, and his engagement to Grace Kelly was officially announced on January 5 1956. Her father, Jack Kelly, a brick manufacturer and self-made millionaire who had also won two Olympic gold medals for sculling, was initially unenthusiastic about providing a dowry - "My daughter doesn't have to pay any man to marry her" - but eventually agreed to pay $2 million towards the cost of the wedding (Onassis also made a contribution) and to set up a trust for Grace's benefit.
The wedding, on April 19 1956, caught the imagination of the world's media, even though heads of state - the Queen, President Eisenhower and General de Gaulle - remained aloof.
By the standards of Rainier's family, which was said to be subject to a matrimonial curse laid on a renegade ancestor in the 13th century, the marriage turned out remarkably well. Princess Grace took her duties seriously, set up the Princess Grace Foundation to administer her charities, founded a ballet school and built convalescent homes. Meanwhile, her superstar status put Monaco on the map.
It is true that Princess Grace did not find her life in Monaco entirely satisfying. In 1962, after she had had two miscarriages, Prince Rainier relaxed his ban on her appearing in films to the extent of giving her permission to appear in Alfred Hitchcock's Marnie. But she had to withdraw when it became clear that the Monégasques recoiled from the idea.
Later, in the 1970s, Princess Grace would spend a good deal of time in Paris. But if the Rainiers had their differences, their partnership remained solid. And the prestige which Princess Grace gave Monaco undoubtedly helped Rainier to fulfil his ambition of making the principality a viable proposition.
In the 1950s Monaco had benefited from Onassis's investments in the Société de Bains de Mer. Rainier, however, meant to govern absolutely, and did not hesitate to overrule the National Council (in which Onassis angled for support) if it resisted him. Since Onassis saw Monaco in terms of a playground for the rich, whereas Rainier thought in terms of more wide-ranging commercial development, a showdown between the two was inevitable.
First, though, Rainier needed to settle his differences with the French government. President de Gaulle looked sourly upon the exemption from income and inheritance taxes which French subjects could achieve by establishing residence in Monaco, and in 1962 French customs officers blocked the main roads leading in and out of the principality. The next year Rainier was obliged to renegotiate Monaco's independence by conceding that French citizens would no longer be able to claim tax privileges.
Rainier was now ready to confront Onassis. In 1964 he regained control of the Société des Bains de Mer by the simple, if high-handed, means of creating 600,000 new shares in the company, to be controlled by the state. Within a week Onassis's yacht Christina had slipped away from Monaco.
Left to his own devices, Rainier set out to transform a faded gambling resort into a rather more diverse centre of tourism. He also used the favourable tax climate to attract banking and such light industries as plastics, cosmetics and jewellery.
The Prince was never happier than when poring over plans for new buildings; and with a constant stream of foreigners eager to establish residence in order to escape taxes, and American capital flowing freely into Monaco as a result of his marriage, he had both the motive and the means for construction.
From the commercial point of view, most of the developments - and particularly Loew's Hotel and Conference Centre, which was wedged into the cliff below the old casino, on the site of an ancient pigeon shoot - proved hugely successful. Aesthetically, its benefits were very much less obvious.
Princess Grace did what she could to limit the damage to buildings of the belle époque, and managed to save the Hermitage Hotel. But she could not prevent Monaco becoming a megalopolis, albeit still studded with odd glimpses of the past. Big yachts in the harbour towered over gnarled fishermen mending their nets; old cafés remained in the shadow of concrete monstrosities; games of boules took place alongside traffic snarl-ups.
Later, and particularly after Rainier's daughter Princess Caroline married Stefano Casiraghi in 1982, there was a wave of Italian investment, accompanied by rumours (always denied by Rainier) of a Mafia presence and much money-laundering. On the credit side, some 50 acres (part of which had been 120 ft under water) were reclaimed from the sea in the mid-1980s, and used for 2,000 flats, various small businesses and a sports ground. Up to the mid-1990s Rainier could point to a flourishing economy. Whereas, at the beginning of the 20th century, the casino had accounted for 95 per cent of Monaco's revenue, by the 1980s it was producing only three per cent, as proceeds from VAT swelled the principality's coffers.
Rainier presided over an economy in which even the social security system made a profit; in which unemployment was virtually unknown amongst the 5,000 native Monégasques; and in which 24,000 tax exiles found relief from income and inheritance taxes.
Moreover, with white-gloved policemen on every corner, and telephone-tapping of suspicious characters, the denizens of Monaco could feel secure against burglary and mugging. If Rainier had hardly achieved his aim of creating an orthodox commercial economy, he had certainly succeeded in capitalising on his inheritance.
Rainier Louis Henri Maxence Bertrand Grimaldi was born on May 31 1923 into a princely family whose meagre possessions had never inhibited their capacity for vicious internal feuds. The Grimaldis first made their mark in the 12th century, as a seafaring (not to say piratical) family in Genoa. Their connection with Monaco dates from 1297, when François Grimaldi, known as "the Spiteful", captured the Rock from the Genoese, who had fortified it since 1215.
Although François was soon expelled, a kinsman of his bought the lordship of Monaco in 1338; and soon afterwards added to it the nearby villages of Roquebruna and Mentoneas (now Roquebrune and Menton). Although the Grimaldis were again chased off the Rock by the Genoese in 1355, they were able to re-purchase Monaco in 1419.
This time they clung on to their prize, though compelled in the early 17th century to accept Spanish protection. No one troubled to object when, in 1612, the lord of Monaco began to refer to himself as "Prince".
The Grimaldis lost their principality during the French Revolution, when Monaco became part of the Alpes Maritimes département of France. Even after it was restored to them in 1814, the Grimaldis hardly felt secure. Indeed, in 1861, after France and Sardinia had joined forces to throw the Austrians out of Italy, France gained Menton and Roquebrune, where the Grimaldis' taxation had long been resented. But Monaco itself emerged from these negotiations with its independence confirmed.
Meanwhile Prince Charles III, or more accurately his mother Princess Caroline, had hit upon the means of restoring the Grimaldis' fortunes by introducing a casino in 1857.
The Société des Basins de Mer was set up to run the enterprise, with the stipulation that no native Monégasque should be allowed into the casino. The business did not prosper until the injection of Rothschild money made possible the building of hotels, and of a new casino which opened in 1864.
So Monte Carlo (named after Prince Charles) was born. Yet, though the Grimaldis were now well off, they remained as quarrelsome as ever. And at the end of the 19th century, their natural talent for discord was sharpened by a startling mésalliance.
A laundrywoman who worked for Louis Grimaldi, Rainier's grandfather, asked him to keep an eye on her daughter Marie, who worked in a Montmartre night club, when he went to Paris. This Louis did to such effect that he had a daughter with Marie, called Charlotte.
For some time the rest of the Grimaldis would have nothing to do with either Marie or Charlotte. But in the absence of any other heir, Louis's father, Prince Albert, arranged in 1919 for Charlotte to be legitimised and (the next year) married to an impoverished French aristocrat, Pierre, Comte de Polignac. A daughter, Antoinette, was born at the end of 1920; and three years later Rainier became the first Grimaldi heir to be born in Monaco since 1758.
Having discharged his procreative duty, de Polignac, sensible of being disliked almost as much by his wife as by his father-in-law, left Monaco. "To make love," Princess Charlotte complained, "he needs to put a crown on his head." By the terms of his divorce settlement, he was forbidden to return to Monaco; and the carabineri were given instructions to eject him bodily if he flouted this ban.
The Grimaldis employed an English nanny, Kathleen Wanstall (said to be a cousin of Winston Churchill), who resolutely refused to speak, or even listen to, a word of French. De Polignac, who had retained rights over Rainier's education, insisted on his going to an English prep school, Summer Fields, at St Leonards, where he was known as "Fat Boy Monaco".
Rainier went on to Stowe, from which he ran away; when he was returned to the school the authorities placed him in the sanatorium. Meanwhile, Prince Louis and de Polignac continued to wrangle over their rights to control the boy until the British High Court decreed, in March 1936, that Rainier should be returned to Louis's custody. Thereafter the prince was sent to an easy-going school at Le Rosey, in Switzerland, where he was much happier.
He had just gone to Montpellier University when the Second World War broke out. After the fall of France, Prince Louis of Monaco threw in his lot with the Vichy regime, whereas Rainier, who remained in Montpellier, followed his father in developing sympathies with the Free French. He also acquired a mistress, the French actress Gisèle Pascal.
In 1943 he graduated from Montpellier and went on to the Ecole Libre des Sciences Politiques in Paris. He returned to Monaco in September 1944, a month after the Germans had left, and demanded (unsuccessfully) that the principality's pro-Vichy minister should be dismissed.
Rainier then joined the French army, and was awarded the Croix de Guerre for bravery under fire in Alsace. Subsequently he became a liaison officer with the Americans at Strasbourg, and at the end of the war went to Berlin, where he served in the Economic Section of the French military mission.
After leaving the army in 1947, Rainier took a villa at Beaulieu-sur-mer, where he carried on his affair with Gisèle Pascal. His intellectual interests were confined to zoology; he loved animals, and would later have a small private zoo in Monaco. As to his other pursuits, he enjoyed a whiff of danger, whether skiing, motor racing, piloting speedboats or spear-fishing in the Red Sea.
When he succeeded his grandfather as Prince of Monaco in May 1949, his first act was to set aside the will by which Prince Louis left half his fortune to Princess Ghislaine, his consort since 1946. He also invited his father back to Monaco, and set him up in the Hôtel de Paris.
Meanwhile, Gisèle Pascal was relegated to the role of weekend companion in a villa on Cap Ferrat. But she missed the theatrical world, and in 1953 married the actor Raymond Pellegrin. Thenceforward Rainier was obliged to look elsewhere in order to secure the succession.
The era of Grace Kelly ended with brutal suddenness on September 13 1982 when her car burst through the barriers on the Corniche road near La Turbie - in the same hills where she had once driven with Cary Grant in To Catch a Thief. Her funeral, unlike her wedding, was attended by an impressive number of dignitaries, including the King and Queen of Belgium, the Queen of Spain, the Princess of Wales and Nancy Reagan.
Rainier was devastated by his loss, and for some time afterwards seemed unable to maintain his normal control. In New York in 1983 he earned the sobriquet "Rocky" Rainier on account of his penchant for throwing punches at photographers who snapped him with various escorts.
There were rumours that he would marry Princess Ira von Furstenberg, reputedly described by Princess Margaret as too big a woman for so small a principality. Rainier himself might have reflected that his children provided more than enough family life.
Princess Caroline, his eldest child, reacted against her parents to the extent of marrying the French playboy Philippe Junot in 1978; they divorced in 1980, and the Catholic Church obliged with an annulment. Her second marriage, to Stefano Casiraghi in 1983, ended when he was killed in a speedboat accident in 1990. She married Prince Ernst August of Hanover in 1999.
Princess Stephanie, Rainier's youngest child, capped various amatory adventures by marrying Daniel Ducruet, her former bodyguard, in 1995; their union ended four years later when he was filmed making love to a stripper who had won the "Miss Bare Breasts Belgium" title; Princess Stephanie later took up with an elephant trainer, a butler and a gardener before deciding to marry a trapeze artist.
During the 1980s there was speculation that Rainier would abdicate in favour of his son, Prince Albert, born in 1958. But Albert's reluctance to marry, and an apparent lack of iron in his character, did nothing to forward his early succession. He now succeeds his father; in 2002 the constitution was changed so that the title can pass through the female line if he remains childless.
Even though the remarkable economic growth which Rainier had brought to Monaco tailed off in the later 1990s, he had certainly been one of the more successful princes of Monaco.
First published April 7 2005
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Which planet in our solar system has a year which lasts around 84 Earth years? | How Long Is A Year On The Other Planets? - Universe Today
Universe Today
How Long Is A Year On The Other Planets?
Article Updated: 29 Jan , 2016
by Matt Williams
Here on Earth, we to end to not give our measurements of time much thought. Unless we’re griping about Time Zones, enjoying the extra day of a Leap Year, or contemplating the rationality of Daylight Savings Time, we tend to take it all for granted. But when you consider the fact that increments like a year are entirely relative, dependent on a specific space and place, you begin to see how time really works.
Here on Earth, we consider a year to be 365 days. Unless of course it’s a Leap Year, which takes place every four years (in which it is 366). But the actual definition of a year is the time it takes our planet to complete a single orbit around the Sun. So if you were to put yourself in another frame of reference – say, another planet – a year would work out to something else. Let’s see just how long a year is on the other planets, shall we?
A Year On Mercury:
To put it simply, Mercury has an orbital period of 88 days (87.969 to be exact), which means a single year is 88 Earth days – or the equivalent of about 0.241 Earth years. But here’s the thing. Because of Mercury’s slow rotation (once every 58.646 days) and its rapid orbital speed (47.362 km/s), one day on Mercury actually works out to 175.96 Earth days.
MESSENGER maps of Mercury – a monochrome map at 250 m/pixel and an eight-color (left), 1-km/pixel color map. Small gaps will be filled in during the next solar day (right). Credit: NASA/Johns Hopkins University APL/Carnegie Institution of Washington
So basically, a single year on Mercury is half as long as a Mercurian (aka. Hermian) day. This is due to Mercury being the closest planet to the Sun, ranging from 46,001,200 km at perihelion to 69,816,900 km at aphelion. At that distance, the planet shoots around the Sun faster than any other in our Solar System and has the shortest year.
In the course of a year, Mercury experiences intense variations in surface temperature – ranging from 80 °K (-193.15 °C;-315.67 °F) to 700 °K (426.85 °C; 800.33 °F). However, this is due to the planet’s varying distance from the Sun and its spin, which subjects one side to extended periods of extremely hot temperatures and one side to extended periods of night. Mercury’s low axial tilt (0.034°) and its rapid orbital period means that there really is no seasonal variation on Mercury. Basically, one part of the year is as hellishly hot, or horribly cold, as any other.
A Year On Venus:
The second closest planet to our Sun, Venus completes a single orbit once ever 224.7 days. This means that a single year on Venus works out to about 0.6152 Earth years. But, once again, things are complicated by the fact that Venus has an unusual rotation period. In fact, Venus takes 243 Earth days to rotate once on its axis – the slowest rotation of any planet – and its rotation is retrograde to its orbital path.
The planet Venus, as imagined by the Magellan 10 mission. Credit: NASA/JPL
Combined with its orbital period, this means that a single solar day on Venus (the time between one sunup to the next) is 117 Earth days. So basically, a single year on Venus is lasts 1.92 Venusian (aka. Cytherean) days. Again, this would make for some confusing time-cycles for any humans trying to make a go of it on Venus!
Also, Venus has a very small axial tilt – 3° compared to Earth’s 23.5° – and its proximity to the Sun makes for a much shorter seasonal cycle – 55-58 days compared to Earth’s 90-93 days. Add to that its unusual day-night cycle, variations are very slight. In fact, the temperate on Venus is almost always a brutal 736 K (463 °C ; 865 degrees °F), which is hot enough to melt lead!
A Year On Earth:
Comparatively speaking, a year on Earth is pretty predictable, which is probably one of the reasons why life is able to thrive here. In short, our planet takes 365.2564 solar days to complete a single orbit of the Sun, which is why we add an extra day to the calendar every four years (i.e. a Leap Year, which 2016 happens to be).
But because our axis is tilted, there is considerable variation in the seasons during the course of a year. During the winter, when one hemisphere is pointed away from the Sun, the Sun’s distance from the equator changes by up to 23.5°. As a result, between the summer and winter, the length of days and nights, temperatures, and seasons will go through significant changes.
Above the Arctic Circle, an extreme case is reached where there is no daylight at all for part of the year – up to six months at the North Pole itself, in what is known as a “polar night”. In the southern hemisphere the situation is exactly reversed, with the South Pole experiencing a midnight sun, a day of 24 hours, again reversing with the South Pole. Every six months, the order of this is reversed.
A Year On Mars:
Mars has one of the highest eccentricities of any planet in the Solar System, ranging from 206,700,000 km at perihelion and 249,200,000 km at aphelion. This large variation and its greater distance from the Sun, leads to a rather long year. Basically, Mars takes the equivalent of 687 (Earth) days to complete a single orbit around the Sun, which works out to to 1.8809 Earth years, or 1 year, 320 days, and 18.2 hours.
On the other hand, Mars has a rotation period that is very similar to Earth’s – 24 hours, 39 minutes, and 35.244 seconds. So while the days on Mars are only slightly longer, the seasons are generally twice as long. But this is mitigated by the fact that seasonal changes are far greater on Mars, owing to its eccentricity and greater axial tilt (25.19°).
During the winter, the global atmospheric pressure on Mars is 25% lower than during summer. This is due to temperature variations and the complex exchange of carbon dioxide between the Martian dry-ice polar caps and its CO2 atmosphere. As a result, Martian seasons vary greatly in duration than those on Earth, change roughly every six months, and do not start on the same Earth day every Martian year.
Mars 2001 Global Dust Storm, as captured by the Hubble Space Telescope. Credit: NASA/J. Bell (Cornell)/M. Wolff (SSI)/Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)
A Year On Jupiter:
Jupiter is another interesting case. Whereas the gas giant only takes 9 hours 55 minutes and 30 seconds to rotate once on its axis, it also takes alson 11.8618 Earth years to complete an orbit around the Sun. This means that a year on Jupiter is not only the equivalent of 4,332.59 Earth days, but 10,475.8 Jovian days. That’s a lot of sunrises!
Much like Venus, Jupiter has an axial tilt of only 3 degrees, so there is literally no seasonal variation between the hemispheres. In addition, temperature variations are due to chemical compositions and depths rather than seasonal cycles. So while it does have “seasons”, which change very slowly due to its distance from the Sun – each season lasts 3 years – they are not similar to what terrestrial planets experience.
A Year On Saturn:
Much like its fellow gas giant Jupiter, Saturn takes it time completing a single orbit of the Sun, but rotates on its axis very rapidly. All told, a year on the planet lasts the equivalent of 10,759 Earth days (or about 29 1?2 years). But since it only takes 10 hours, and 33 minutes to complete a single rotation on its axis, a year on Saturn works out to 24,491.07 Saturnian (aka. Cronian) days.
This portrait looking down on Saturn and its rings was created from images obtained by NASA’s Cassini spacecraft on Oct. 10, 2013. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute/G. Ugarkovic
Due to its axial tilt of almost 27 degrees (slightly more than Mars), Saturn experiences some rather long seasonal changes. But due to it being a gas giant, this does not result in variations in temperature. Combined with its distance from the Sun (at an average distance of 1,429.39 million km or 9.5 AU), a single season lasts more than seven years.
A Year On Uranus:
Uranus has some of the strangest annual and seasonal variations of any planet in the Solar System. For one, the gas/ice giant takes about 84 Earth years (or 30,688.5 Earth days) to rotate once around the Sun. But since the planet takes 17 hours, 14 minutes and 24 seconds to complete a single rotation on its axis, a year on Uranus lasts 42,718 Uranian days.
However, this is confounded due to Uranus’ axial tilt, which is inclined at 97.77° towards the Sun. This results in seasonal changes that are quite extreme, and unique to Uranus. In short, when one hemisphere is pointed towards the Sun (i.e. in summer), it will experience 42 years of continuous light. In winter, the situation is reversed, with this same hemisphere experiencing 42 years of continuous darkness.
A Year On Neptune:
Given its distance from the Sun, Neptune has the longest orbital period of any planet in the Solar System. As such, a year on Neptune is the longest of any planet, lasting the equivalent of 164.8 years (or 60,182 Earth days). But since Neptune also takes comparatively little time to rotate once on its axis (16 hours, 6 minutes and 36 seconds), a single year lasts a staggering 89,666 Neptunian days.
Reconstruction of Voyager 2 images showing the Great Black spot (top left), Scooter (middle), and the Small Black Spot (lower right). Credit: NASA/JPL
What’s more, with an axial tilt close to Earth and Mars’ (28.5 degrees), there is some seasonal variation on the planet. Essentially, a single season lasts more than 40 years. But like all gas/ice giants, this does not result in noticeable temperature variations.
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Artist Salvador Dali made a sofa inspired by the lips of which Hollywood actress? | 10 Interesting Facts About Neptune | The Fact Site
10 Interesting Facts About Neptune
Home » Space »10 Interesting Facts About Neptune
10 Interesting Facts About Neptune
If you enjoy random knowledge, space facts and more specifically, the planet Neptune, then you’ll love these top 10 facts about this planet.
Neptune is the most distant planet in our solar system.
When Neptune was first discovered in 1846, it became the most distant planet in our Solar System. Then just 84 years later, Pluto was discovered, making it the most distant planet. After discovering Pluto, they soon realised that it’s orbit was ecliptic. As all the other planets in our Solar System have a circular orbit, they stay the same distance away form the sun at all times. Pluto has an egg-shaped orbit, meaning the distance away from the sun varies according to where in its orbit. At the times where Pluto is nearer to the Sun in its orbit, it becomes closer to the Sun the Neptune does, making Neptune the most distant planet in our Solar System. The last time this event occurred was between 1979 and 1999. Sadly in 2006, it was decided that Pluto was no longer a planet, making Neptune the most distant planet in our Solar System once again.
Neptune was originally called “Le Verrier’s Planet”.
Shortly after it’s discovery, Neptune was only referred to as “the planet exterior to Uranus”, or more commonly “Le Verrier’s planet” (After the man who discovered it, Urbain Le Verrier). There were a number of suggestions about what to call this planet, but in the end, the man who discovered this planet chose the name Neptune.
Neptune has 13 known moons.
Neptune’s largest moon, Triton, is one of the coldest places known within our Solar System. The temperature on the surface of this moon can dip down to an amazing -235 degrees Celsius! When NASA’s Voyager 2 passed by Triton, it observed volcanoes erupting liquid nitrogen! When Voyager 2 passed by, it managed to find another six that were not visible from Earth. Later, in 2002, three more moons were discovered from a ground based telescope.
A Neptunian year lasts for 164.79 Earth years!
Because of Neptune distance from the Sun, It takes 164.79 Earth years to orbit the Sun once. This means that since it’s discovery in 1846, only one Neptunian year has passed! Neptune has a similar tilt on its axis as Earth does. This means that it has similar seasons as Earth does, only they last much, much longer! An average summer on Neptune would last for 41 years!
Neptune’s largest moon, Triton, was discovered in 1846 by the British astronomer, William Lassell.
Each day on Neptune lasts for around 16 hours, and 6.5 minuets.
The strongest winds that have ever been recorded in our Solar System have come from Neptune, with speeds at 2,000 kilometres per hour!
Like Saturn , Neptune has three rings orbiting the planet. Two are fairly thick, whilst the third is very faint ring. These rings are smaller than the rings of Saturn and are made of dust.
Although Neptune is smaller in diameter than Uranus , it has a greater mass. Neptune’s mass is 17 times greater than that of Earth’s, whilst Uranus is only 14.5 times greater.
Some people believe that Pluto was once a moon of Neptune, that broke away from Neptune’s gravitational pull.
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