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In which 1947 film starring Deborah Kerr, were a group of nuns sent to the Himalayas to set up a convent?
Black Narcissus -- (Movie Clip) You're Slipping You will receive an email shortly to confirm your email address. Black Narcissus -- (Movie Clip) You're Slipping title details and video sharing options now playing Black Narcissus -- (Movie Clip) You're Slipping Going about business in their Himalayan convent, Sister Superior Ruth (Deborah Kerr) is surprised when local agent Dean (David Farrar) springs Kanchi (Jean Simmons) on her, recruiting Sister Briony (Judith Furse) for support, in Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger's Black Narcissus, 1947. View the TCMDb entry for Black Narcissus (1947) share video Black Narcissus -- (Movie Clip) You're... Going about business in their Himalayan convent, Sister... Black Narcissus -- (Movie Clip) You're Slipping Going about business in their Himalayan convent, Sister Superior Ruth (Deborah Kerr) is surprised when local agent Dean (David Farrar) springs Kanchi (Jean Simmons) on her, recruiting Sister Briony (Judith Furse) for support, in Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger's Black Narcissus, 1947.> Black Narcissus -- (Movie Clip) The Place And The... Not a frame of film shot in Asia, the nuns are reading a... Black Narcissus -- (Movie Clip) The Place And The People Not a frame of film shot in Asia, the nuns are reading a voiced-over letter from Mr. Dean (David Farrar) about what they're getting into, early in Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger's Black Narcissus, 1947.> Black Narcissus - (Movie Clip) You're All... Sister Superior Clodagh (Deborah Kerr) confronts Sister Ruth... Black Narcissus - (Movie Clip) You're All Jealous Of Me! Sister Superior Clodagh (Deborah Kerr) confronts Sister Ruth (Kathleen Byron), who's cracking up, now out of her habit and ready to leave their Himalayan convent, in Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger's Black Narcissus, 1947> Black Narcissus - (Movie Clip) Work Them Hard Mother Dorothea (Nancy Roberts) briefing new and young... Black Narcissus - (Movie Clip) Work Them Hard Mother Dorothea (Nancy Roberts) briefing new and young Sister Superior Clodagh (Deborah Kerr) regarding staff (Judith Furse, Flora Robson, Jenny Laird, Kathleen Byron) for the new mission in the Himalayas, in Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger's Black Narcissus, 1947.> Black Narcissus - (Movie Clip) Opening Credits First the Rank Organisation gong and "The Archers"... Black Narcissus - (Movie Clip) Opening Credits First the Rank Organisation gong and "The Archers" trademark, then technicolor cinematography by Jack Cardiff, opening Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger's Black Narcissus, 1947, starring Deborah Kerr.>
Black Narcissus
What is the term for the act of throwing someone or something out of a window?
Black Narcissus : Watch online now with Amazon Instant Video: Deborah Kerr, David Farrar, Flora Robson, Jean Simmons, Sabu, Esmond Knight, Kathleen Byron, Jenny Laird, Judith Furse, Shaun Noble, Eddie Whaley Jr., Michael Powell, Emeric Pressburger: Amazon.co.uk By Erik Aleksander Moe on 29 July 2008 Format: Blu-ray I have previously bought this wonderful film on laserdisc from Criterion and I have loved it and thought the transfer was good, even though colour strips weren't 100% synced. It has become one of my very favourite movies and the partnership of Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger one of my all time favourite director/writer team (Life and Death of Coronel Blimp and the Red Shoes are also totally wonderful). Before I saw this movie again on this Blu-ray I had no idea that it could as awazing as it did on this release. Not only were the colours even more vibrant than ever, but the detail in the picture was staggering. I can now see all the detail in the walls, costumes and props. Alfred Junge got the Oscar for production design on this movie and it is understandable now more than ever. Everything looked totally breathtaking and I could now, more than ever, understand the distraction and beauty that make the nuns forget what they were doing. This is also thanks to the wonderful photography of Jack Cardiff, who won the Oscar for it. His use of colors and the lighting are nothing short of brilliant. When viewing the film it is hard to believe that everything was shot at Pinewood studios, save for some shots from the English countryside. It is a lesson to filmmakers nowadays that you can make a believable movie totally in the studio. The documentary "The profile of Black Narcissus" is included and is quite informative and interesting, featuring interviews with several of the people who made it, including Jack Cardiff and Kathleen Byron. Is is presented in 576p, so some people with a TV that doesn't support this resolution may have problems viewing it. The Blu-ray is also region free. If you haven't seen the movie before and are interested in the old way of moviemaking then I totally recommend this magnificent picture.
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'Scheelite' and 'Wolframite' are ores of which metal?
Wolframite & Scheelite | Stapleford Minerals & Metals Wolframite & Scheelite Wolframite and Scheelite are the main ores of Tungsten. Wolframite forms in quartz veins of granitic pegmatites, being of magmatic or hydrothermal origin. Wolframite is general term for iron and manganese tungstates being the intermediate member of the Ferberite-Hübnerite solid solution series of minerals and given the unit formula (Fe,Mn)WO4. A mineral with more than 80% FeWO4 can be termed Ferberite, and with more than 80% MnWO4 can be termed Hübnerite. The wolframite mineral forms monoclinic crystal systems, ranging in colour from grey/black (Ferberite) to through brown/red black to dark red (Hübnerite). The hardness is 4-4.5 Mohs, and the specific gravity 7-7.5. Scheelite, CaWO4, forms a solid solution series with Powelite (CaMoO4). If a tungsten containing hyrothermal liquid is in contact with calcium containing rocks, for example limestone (CaCO3) scheelite will form. The Sheelite mineral forms Tetragonal crystal systems, the colour ranges from colourless, through white to yellow and grey. The hardness is 4.5-5 Mohs, and the specific gravity 5.9-6.1. Pure Scheelite has a blue-white fluorescence in Ultraviolet light. Increasing Molybdenum content will give progressively more yellow fluorescence. The value of Tungsten ores is determined on a US Dollar price per Metric Ton Unit (corresponding to 10kg) of WO3 contained Typically Russian and Chinese traded ore contains a minimum of 65% WO3 by weight; 50% WO3 by weight is the typical minimum of tungsten ore of African origin. Traded Ore should contain low amounts of CaO on analysis, the presence of which indicates a quantity of Scheelite. Molybdenum content should be kept as low as possible in all traded ores; this is of particular note for scheelite which in the natural state can contain up to several percent Molybdenum. Silicon content should be below 10% measured as Silicon (IV) Oxide. Other impurities such as Iron and Phosphorous should be at a minimum. Search
Tungsten
"Which word is the adverb in the sentence ""Crabs are known for walking sideways""?"
tungsten processing | Britannica.com Tungsten processing iron processing Tungsten processing, preparation of the ore for use in various products. Tungsten exhibits a body-centred cubic (bcc) crystal lattice. It has the highest melting point of all metals, 3,410° C (6,170° F), and it has high conductivity for electricity. Owing to this unique combination of properties, it is used extensively as filaments for incandescent lamps, as electric contacts, and as electron emitters for electronic devices. Tungsten also has found wide application as an alloying element for tool steels and wear-resistant alloys. Tungsten carbides are used for cutting tools and hard-facing materials owing to their hardness and resistance to wear. The metal is brittle at room temperature but ductile and strong at elevated temperatures. Its alloys are employed in rocket-engine nozzles and other aerospace applications. History Tungsten in one of its mineral forms was given its name (meaning “heavy stone”) by the Swedish mineralogist A.F. Cronstedt in 1755. In 1781 another Swede, Carl Wilhelm Scheele , analyzed the mineral and identified lime and an acid that he called tungstic acid; the mineral was later named scheelite. In 1783 the Spanish chemists Juan José and Fausto Elhuyar obtained metallic tungsten by the reduction of its oxide with carbon; it was named wolfram (hence its chemical symbol, W) for the mineral wolframite, from which it was extracted. In 1847, Robert Oxland patented in Britain his manufacturing process for sodium tungstate, tungstic acid, and the pure metal, and in 1857, he patented his process for producing tungsten steel. But it was not until 1908, when William David Coolidge obtained his British patent for producing ductile tungsten wire, that the filament industry began. Tungsten-containing high-speed tool steel came to public attention when the Bethlehem Steel Company exhibited its products at the Exposition Universelle of 1900 in Paris. In 1927 the Krupp Laboratory at Essen, Ger., discovered that a serviceable product could be produced when the normally brittle tungsten carbide was mixed with a cemented material. Ores lead processing Major minerals of tungsten are essentially of two categories. The first is wolframite [(Fe, Mn)WO4], which contains iron and manganese tungstates in all proportions between 20 and 80 percent of each. The second is scheelite (CaWO4), which fluoresces a bright bluish colour under ultraviolet light. Tungsten deposits occur in association with metamorphic rocks and granitic igneous rocks. The most important mines are in the Nan Mountains in the Kiangsi, Hunan, and Kwangtung provinces of China, which possesses about 50 percent of the world’s reserves. In Russia, mines are located in the northern Caucasus and around Lake Baikal . There are also deposits in Kazakhstan. About 90 percent of South Korea’s tungsten is at Sang Dong. Canada’s Northwest Territories is home to the largest tungsten mine in the Western world, and a mine at Chojlla, Bol., is the largest producer in South America . Deposits in the United States are spread along the Rocky Mountains . Mining and concentrating The Nan Mountains deposits are principally high-grade wolframite veins that are found outcropping in great numbers in many separate areas. These conditions are favourable for exploitation by small-scale operations. Open-pit methods have been used in Australia and Canada, while underground mining is generally necessary for other mines in the world. Tungsten ores are beneficiated by crushing followed by gravity concentration. Flotation separation is used for scheelite that has been ground to a fine size to liberate the tungsten; this is further supplemented by leaching, roasting, and magnetic or high-tension separation when required. Extraction and refining Ammonium paratungstate Tungsten ores frequently occur in association with sulfides and arsenides, which can be removed by roasting in air for two to four hours at 800° C (1,450° F). In order to produce ammonium paratungstate (APT), an intermediate compound in production of the pure metal, ores may be decomposed by acid leaching or by the autoclave-soda process. In the latter process, the ground ore is maintained for 11/2 to 4 hours in a solution of 10–18 percent sodium carbonate at temperatures of 190° to 230° C (375° to 445° F) and under a pressure of 14.1–24.6 kilograms per square centimetre (200–350 pounds per square inch). Prior to the removal of unreacted gangue by filtration, the acidity is adjusted to pH 9–9.5, and aluminum and manganese sulfates are added at 70°–80° C (160°–175° F) and stirred for one hour. This can eliminate phosphorus and arsenic and reduce silica to a level of 0.03–0.06 percent. Molybdenum is removed by adding sodium sulfide at 80°–85° C (175°–185° F) at a pH of 10, holding for one hour, and then acidifying the solution to pH 2.5–3 and stirring for seven to nine hours to precipitate molybdenum sulfide. The remaining sodium tungstate solution can be further purified by a liquid ion-exchange process, using an organic extractant consisting of 7 percent alamine-336, 7 percent decanol, and 86 percent kerosene. During the countercurrent flow of the extractant through the solution, tungstate ions transfer from the aqueous phase to the organic phase. The tungsten is then stripped from the extractant into an ammonia solution containing ammonium tungstate. The resultant APT solution is sent to an evaporator for crystallization. Britannica Stories Ringling Bros. Folds Its Tent In the acid-leaching process, scheelite concentrate is decomposed by hydrochloric acid in the presence of sodium nitrate as an oxidizing agent. This charge is agitated by steam spraying and is maintained at 70° C (160° F) for 12 hours. The resultant slurry, containing tungsten in the form of a solid tungstic acid, is diluted and allowed to settle. The tungstic acid is then dissolved in aqueous ammonia at 60° C (140° F) for two hours under stirring. Calcium from the resulting solution is precipitated as calcium oxalate, while phosphorus and arsenic may be removed by the addition of magnesium oxide, which forms insoluble phosphates and arsenates of ammonium and magnesium. Iron, silica, and similar impurities that form colloidal hydroxides are removed by adding a small amount of activated carbon and digesting for one to two hours. The solution is clarified through pressure filters and evaporated to obtain APT crystals. Tungsten powder Building Blocks of Everyday Objects When APT is decomposed to tungsten oxides, it displays different colours according to its composition: the trioxide is yellow, the dioxide is brown, and the intermediate oxide is purple-blue. APT can be decomposed to yellow oxide when heated to above 250° C (480° F) in a furnace under a flow of air. In the industrial production of tungsten, however, APT is usually decomposed to the intermediate oxide in a rotary furnace under a stream of hydrogen, which partially decomposes the ammonia in the crystals into nitrogen and hydrogen while maintaining a reducing atmosphere. The rotary furnace is divided by partitions into three zones maintained, respectively, at 850°, 875°, and 900° C (1,550°, 1,600°, and 1,650° F). The furnace is tilted at a small angle and rotated to provide a continuous flow of powder through the central holes of the partitions. Connect with Britannica Facebook Twitter YouTube Instagram Pinterest The blue oxide is then reduced by hydrogen to metallic tungsten powder in stationary furnaces at temperatures ranging from 550° to 850° C (1,025° to 1,550° F). In this process the oxide is loaded into “boats” made of Inconel, a nickel-based alloy noted for its strength at high temperatures. These are stoked into tubes, usually arranged in two rows, and the tubes are heated in three separate zones along their lengths. APT may also be reduced by carbon, although the powder is usually contaminated with tungsten carbide and some mineral elements contained in the carbon. When APT and carbon are mixed and reacted at 650°–850° C (1,200°–1,550° F), the product is a blue oxide. When heated in the range of 900°–1,050° C (1,650°–1,925° F), the brown oxide is formed. For complete reduction to metal, a temperature higher than 1,050° C is required. The purity of the metal is about 95 percent. Consolidation Tungsten powder is compacted into bars or billets with a mechanical or isostatic press prior to sintering. The “green,” or unfired, density of these compacts, obtained from powder particle sizes ranging from 1 to 10 micrometres, is usually 65 to 75 percent of the theoretical. After being presintered at 1,000°–1,200° C (1,800°–2,200° F), tungsten bars of small diameter are sintered in a hydrogen atmosphere, with heat being provided by the direct-resistance method—that is, by an electric current passed through the bar. A spring attachment to the water-cooled clips holding each bar is necessary so that one end is free to move as the bar shrinks during sintering. The current is gradually increased to raise the temperature from room temperature to 2,700°–3,100° C (4,900°–5,600° F). After holding at the final temperature for 30 to 60 minutes, the density reaches 88.5 to 96 percent of the theoretical. Britannica Lists & Quizzes Opium Wars The second group is called fused or cast carbide, consisting of W2C and a eutectic mixture of WC and W2C. Harder but more brittle than the cemented carbide, it is used in wear-resisting applications such as anvils, guide sleeves in machines, and teeth and jaws for excavators. Other compounds Tungsten bronze, composed of tungstates of the alkali and alkaline-earth metals, is employed as a substitute for bronze in ornamental paints. Sodium tungstate is also used to produce phosphotungstic acid-type organic dyes and pigments, which are brilliant, light-resistant, and insoluble in water and linseed oil. Calcium and magnesium tungstates are used as phosphors in fluorescent light and television tubes. Ammonium tungstate and other compounds are used as catalysts in the petroleum industry for hydrotreating, hydrocracking, and polymerization.
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In which north west town do councillors represent wards called Werneth, Saddleworth South and Shaw?
Saddleworth News | News Headlines | Carved up! - Saddleworth Extra Saddleworth Extra Date online: 13 September 2011 Meacher’s seat under threat in plan to tear apart Oldham’s political map LABOUR veteran Michael Meacher faces having his seat scrapped in boundary changes that would tear apart Oldham’s political map. Proposals to reduce the number of seats in Westminster would wipe out Oldham West and Royton — which the MP has represented for 40 years — and leave Oldhamers to be served by politicians in Ashton, Middleton and Rochdale. Oldham’s MPs have blasted the shock proposals by the independent Boundary Commission, which is re-drawing constituencies to reduce the number of MPs from 650 to 600, and demanded a rethink. Currently the borough is represented by three MPs covering the constituencies of Oldham East and Saddleworth, Oldham West and Royton and Ashton, which includes Failsworth and Hollinwood. The changes would see Oldham represented by one main seat with three other seats across Greater Manchester incorporating the electorate of Oldham West and Royton and a small part of Oldham East and Saddleworth. The new seat would be called Oldham and Saddleworth and would take in more than three-quarters of the current seat held by Debbie Abrahams and part of Michael Meacher’s seat would also move into that constituency. The remaining 75 per cent of Oldham West and Royton would be split into three of the newly drawn constituencies named, Middleton, Rochdale South and Ashton Under Lyne. Mr Meacher, whose seat would disappear under the current proposals leaving the prospect of him fighting for another constituency or stepping down, said: “These are very radical proposals and they have caused massive shock across the country not just in the North West. We now need time to digest them and see what they mean as there seem to have been some very odd choices made. “Oldham is a town of 220,000 people and to only have one main parliamentary constituency is extraordinary and takes away from the identity of the borough. Looking at the proposals the Ashton constituency would be made up of two-thirds of Oldham wards and would not actually include Ashton town centre which begs the question why is is called Ashton and not another Oldham seat. “Royton is being split north and south and Chadderton is also being split. This just seems remarkable that someone would break up an area like this, especially given both Oldham constituencies as they currently are are within the five per cent threshold of 75,000 voters which government wants. I find these proposals extraordinary and will be looking at them carefully.” Mrs Abrahams said: “I do have concerns about the boundary changes that are being proposed. Consistently across the North West they don’t seem to have taken into consideration natural community boundaries or community identity. “And I understand from parliamentary colleagues that this is being replicated across England. There have been some quite bizarre configurations. Putting Shaw, Crompton and Royton North into a new South Rochdale constituency. Splitting up Chadderton – north and central into a new Middleton constituency and south into a new Ashton with Werneth, Medlock Vale and Hollinwood. Oldham East and Saddleworth loses Shaw and Crompton but gains more of Royton South and also Coldhurst and is set to become Oldham and Saddleworth. I will be urging them to think again.” A 12-week consultation will now begin but once the final proposals are passed it will be a fight for seats as MPs apply to be the candidate for the new boundaries. The 50 seats being lost are, seven from the North West, two from the East, two from East Midlands, five in London, three in the North East, one from the South East, two from the South West, five from West Midlands, and four from Yorkshire and the Humber. In addition Wales loses 10, Scotland seven and Northern Ireland two. Big political hitters whose seats are under threat include Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg, Chancellor George Osborne and Shadow Home secretary Ed Balls. If the current proposal are accepted experts believe nationally Labour would lose 20-25 seats, the Conservatives around 15 and the Liberal Democrats ten or more. Each constituency will have between 72,810 and 80,473 voters once changes are put in place. Parts of Oldham included in each constituency NEW CONSTITUENCY
Oldham
What is the name of the slimmed down version of 'The Independent' newspaper, launched last year?
Oldham Newikis Oldham This article is about the town. For the larger local government district, see Metropolitan Borough of Oldham . For other uses, see Oldham (disambiguation) . Oldham  Oldham shown within Greater Manchester Area  6.9 sq mi (18 km2) Population Coordinates : 53°32′40″N 2°07′01″W / 53.5444°N 2.1169°W / 53.5444; -2.1169 Oldham /ˈɒldəm/ is a town in Greater Manchester , England, [1] amid the Pennines between the rivers Irk and Medlock , 5.3 miles (8.5 km) south-southeast of Rochdale and 6.9 miles (11.1 km) northeast of Manchester . Together with several smaller surrounding towns, it is part of the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham , of which it is the administrative centre. Historically in Lancashire , and with little early history to speak of, Oldham rose to prominence in the 19th century as an international centre of textile manufacture . It was a boomtown of the Industrial Revolution , and among the first ever industrialised towns, rapidly becoming "one of the most important centres of cotton and textile industries in England". [2] At its zenith, it was the most productive cotton spinning mill town in the world, [3] [4] producing more cotton than France and Germany combined. [5] Oldham's textile industry fell into decline in the mid-20th century; the town's last mill closed in 1998. The demise of textile processing in Oldham depressed the local economy. [6] Today Oldham is a predominantly residential town, and a centre for further education and the performing arts . [7] It is, however, still distinguished architecturally by the surviving cotton mills and other buildings associated with that industry. The town has a population of 103,544 [8] and an area of around 26 square miles (67 km2). [9] Contents Toponymy[ edit ] The toponymy of Oldham seems to imply "old village or place" from Eald ( Saxon ) signifying oldness or antiquity, and Ham (Saxon) a house, farm or hamlet . [10] Oldham is however known to be a derivative of Aldehulme, undoubtedly an Old Norse name. [11] It is believed to be derived from the Old English ald combined with the Old Norse holmi or holmr, meaning "promontory or outcrop", possibly describing the town's hilltop position. [11] It has alternatively been suggested that it may mean "holm or hulme of a farmer named Alda". [11] The name is understood to date from 865, during the period of the Danelaw . [11] Early history[ edit ] The earliest known evidence of a human presence in what is now Oldham is attested by the discovery of Neolithic flint arrow-heads and workings found at Werneth and Besom Hill, implying habitation 7–10,000 years ago. [11] Evidence of later Roman and Celtic activity is confirmed by an ancient Roman road and Bronze Age archaeological relics found at various sites within the town. [11] Placenames of Celtic origin are still to be found in Oldham: Werneth derives from a Celtic personal name identical to the Gaulish vernetum, " alder swamp", [12] and Glodwick may be related to the modern Welsh clawdd, meaning "dyke" or "ditch". [13] Nearby Chadderton is also pre-Anglo-Saxon in origin, from the Old Welsh cadeir, itself deriving from the Latin cathedra meaning "chair". [14] Although Anglo-Saxons occupied territory around the area centuries earlier, [11] [15] Oldham as a permanent, named place of dwelling is believed to date from 865, when Danish invaders established a settlement called Aldehulme. [11] [16] From its founding in the 9th century until the Industrial Revolution , Oldham is believed to have been little more than a scattering of small and insignificant settlements spread across the moorland and dirt tracks that linked Manchester to York . [11] [17] Although not mentioned in the Domesday Book , Oldham does appear in legal documents from the Middle Ages , invariably recorded as territory under the control of minor ruling families and barons . [16] In the 13th century, Oldham was documented as a manor held from the Crown by a family surnamed Oldham , whose seat was at Werneth Hall . [10] [10] Industrial Revolution and cotton[ edit ] Oldham from Glodwick by James Howe Carse (1831), depicts the early skyline and industrial activities of Oldham. All the green space has since been urbanised . Much of Oldham's history is concerned with textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution ; it has been said that "if ever the Industrial Revolution placed a town firmly and squarely on the map of the world, that town is Oldham." [6] Oldham's soils were too thin and poor to sustain crop growing, and so for decades prior to industrialisation the area was used for grazing sheep , which provided the raw material for a local woollen weaving trade. [10] By 1756, Oldham had emerged as centre of the hatting industry in England. The rough felt used in the production process is the origin of the term "Owdham Roughyed" a nickname for people from Oldham. [11] It was not until the last quarter of the 18th century that Oldham changed from being a cottage industry township producing woollen garments via domestic manual labour , to a sprawling industrial metropolis of textile factories. [10] The climate, geology, and topography of Oldham were unrelenting constraints upon the social and economic activities of the human inhabitants. [18] At 700 feet (213 m) above sea level and with no major river or visible natural resources, Oldham had poor geographic attributes compared with other settlements for investors and their engineers. As a result, Oldham played no part in the initial period of the Industrial Revolution, [3] [17] although it did later become seen as obvious territory to industrialise because of its convenient position between the labour forces of Manchester and southwest Yorkshire . [19] Cotton spinning and milling were introduced to Oldham when its first mill, Lees Hall, was built by William Clegg in about 1778, the beginning of a spiralling process of urbanisation and socioeconomic transformation. [3] Within a year, 11 other mills had been constructed, [11] and by 1818 there were 19 – not a large number in comparison with other local settlements. [17] Oldham's small local population was greatly increased by the mass migration of workers from outlying villages, [11] resulting in a population increase from just over 12,000 in 1801 to 137,000 in 1901. [17] The speed of this urban growth meant that Oldham, with little pre-industrial history to speak of, was effectively born as a factory town . Royd mill, built in 1907, [3] and seen here in 1983, was one of the more than 360 textile mills that operated night and day during Oldham's peak. Oldham became the world's manufacturing centre for cotton spinning in the second half of the 19th century. [17] In 1851, over 30% of Oldham's population was employed within the textile sector, compared to 5% across Great Britain. [19] It overtook the major urban centres of Manchester and Bolton as the result of a mill building boom in the 1860s and 1870s, a period during which Oldham became the most productive cotton-spinning town in the world. [17] In 1871, Oldham had more spindles than any country in the world except the United States, and in 1909, was spinning more cotton than France and Germany combined. [5] By 1911 there were 16.4 million spindles in Oldham, compared with a total of 58 million in the United Kingdom and 143.5 million in the world; in 1928, with the construction of the UK's largest textile factory Oldham reached its manufacturing zenith. [17] At its peak, there were more than 360 mills, operating night and day; [20] [21] Oldham's townscape was dominated by distinctive rectangular brick-built mills. [22] Oldham was hit hard by the Lancashire Cotton Famine of 1861–1865, when supplies of raw cotton from the United States were cut off. Wholly reliant upon the textile industry, the cotton famine created chronic unemployment in the town. [23] By 1863 a committee had been formed, and with aid from central government, land was purchased with the intention of employing local cotton workers to construct Alexandra Park , which opened on 28 August 1865. [23] Said to have over-relied upon the textile sector, [6] [16] as the importation of cheaper foreign yarns grew during the 20th century, Oldham's economy declined into a depression, although it was not until 1964 that Oldham ceased to be the largest centre of cotton spinning. [6] [17] [24] In spite of efforts to increase the efficiency and competitiveness of its production, the last cotton spun in the town was in 1998. [17] Engineering[ edit ] Facilitated by its flourishing textile industry, Oldham developed extensive structural and mechanical engineering sectors during the 18th and 19th centuries. The manufacture of spinning and weaving machinery in Oldham belongs to the last decade of the 19th century, when it became a leading centre in the field of engineering . [11] The Platt Brothers , originated in nearby Dobcross village, but moved to Oldham. They were pioneers of cotton-spinning machinery, developing innovative products that enabled the mass-production of cotton yarn. Platt Brothers became the largest textile machine makers in the world, employing over 15,000 people in the 1890s, [25] twice the number of their nearest rivals Dobson & Barlow in Bolton and Asa Lees on Greenacres Moor . [21] They were keen investors in the local area and at one time, were supporting 42% of the population. [25] The centre of the company lay at the New Hartford Works in Werneth , a massive complex of buildings and internal railways on a site overlooking Manchester. The railway station which served this site later formed the basis of Oldham Werneth railway station . The main building exists to this day. Platts gained prestigious awards from around the world, [23] and were heavily involved with local politics and civic pride in Oldham. [25] John and James Platt were the largest subscribers for promoting Oldham from a township to a Borough , pledging £100 (more than double the next largest sum) in advance towards any expenses which may have been incurred by the Royal Charter . [11] In 1854 John Platt was made the (fourth) Mayor of Oldham, an office he was to hold twice more in 1855–56 and 1861–62. [26] John Platt was elected in 1865 to become Member of Parliament for Oldham , and was re-elected in 1868; he remained in office until his death in 1872. [11] A bronze statue of Platt existed in the town centre for years, though was moved to Alexandra Park . There have been recommendations for it to be returned to the town centre. [7] Abraham Henthorn Stott, the son of a stonemason , was born in nearby Shaw and Crompton in 1822. [3] He served a seven-year apprenticeship with Sir Charles Barry , before starting a structural engineering practice in Oldham in 1847 that went on to become the pre-eminent mill architect firm in Lancashire . [3] Philip Sydney Stott, third son of Abraham and later titled as Sir Philip Stott, 1st Baronet , was the most prominent and famous of the Stott mill architects. [3] He established his own practice in 1883 and designed over a hundred mills in several countries. His factories, which improved upon his father's fireproof mills, accounted for a 40% increase in Oldham's spindles between 1887 and 1914. [3] Although textile-related engineering declined with the processing industry, leading to the demise of both Stotts and Platts, other engineering firms existed, notably electrical and later electronic engineers Ferranti in 1896. [21] Ferranti went into receivership in 1993, but some of its former works continue in other hands. Part of the original Hollinwood site was operated by Siemens Metering and Semiconductor divisions. [21] The remainder of the site is occupied by Mirror Colour Print Ltd; the printing division of the Trinity Mirror group, which prints and distributes thirty-six major newspapers, and employs five hundred staff. [27] [28] Coal mining[ edit ] On the back of the Industrial Revolution, Oldham developed an extensive coal mining sector, correlated to supporting the local cotton industry and the town's inhabitants, though there is evidence of small scale coal mining in the area as early as the 16th century. [29] The Oldham Coalfield stretched from Royton in the north to Bardsley in the south and in addition to Oldham, included the towns of Middleton and Chadderton to the west. [29] The Oldham Coalfield was the site of over 150 collieries during its recorded history . [29] Although some contemporary sources suggest there was coal mining in Oldham at a commercial scale by 1738, [29] older sources attribute the commercial expansion of coal mining with the arrival in the town of two Welsh labourers, John Evans and William Jones, around 1770. [11] Foreseeing the growth in demand for coal as a source of motive and steam power, they acquired colliery rights for Oldham, which by 1771 had 14 colliers. [11] The mines were largely to the southwest of the town around Hollinwood and Werneth and provided enough coal to accelerate Oldham's rapid development at the centre of the cotton boom. At its height in the mid-19th century, when it was dominated by the Lees and Jones families, Oldham coal was mainly sourced from many small collieries whose lives varied from a few years to many decades, although two of the four largest collieries survived to nationalisation . [29] [30] In 1851, collieries employed more than 2,000 men in Oldham, [30] although the amount of coal in the town was somewhat overestimated however, and production began to decline even before that of the local spinning industry. [29] Today, the only visible remnants of the mines are disused shafts and boreholes. [29] Workmen leaving Platt's Works , Oldham, 1900 Oldham's social history , like that of other former unenfranchised towns, is marked by politicised civil disturbances , as well as events related to the Luddite , Suffragette and other Labour movements from the working classes . [9] [25] There has been a significant presence of " friendly societies ". [11] [31] It has been put that the people of Oldham became radical in politics in the early part of the 19th century, and movements suspected of sedition found patronage in the town. [9] Oldham was frequently disturbed by bread and labour riots, facilitated by periods of scarcity and the disturbance of employment following the introduction of cotton-spinning machinery . [9] On 20 April 1812, a "large crowd of riotous individuals" compelled local retailers to sell foods at a loss, whilst on the same day Luddites numbering in their thousands, many of whom were from Oldham, attacked a cotton mill in nearby Middleton . [10] On 16 August 1819, Oldham sent a contingent estimated at well above 10,000 to hear speakers in St Peter's Fields at Manchester discuss political reform; [32] it was the largest contingent sent to Manchester. [33] John Lees, a cotton operative and ex-soldier who had fought at Waterloo , was one of the fifteen victims of the Peterloo Massacre which followed. The 'Oldham inquest' which proceeded the massacre was anxiously watched; the Court of King's Bench , however, decided that the proceedings were irregular, and the jury were discharged without giving a verdict. [9] Annie Kenney , born in nearby Springhead , and who worked in Oldham's cotton mills, was a notable member of the Suffragette movement credited with sparking off suffragette militancy when she heckled Winston Churchill , and later (with Emmeline Pankhurst ) the first Suffragist to be imprisoned. Oldham Women's Suffrage Society was established in 1910 with Margery Lees as president and quickly joined the Manchester and District Federation of the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies . [34] The Chartist and Co-operative movements had strong support in the town, whilst many Oldhamers protested against the emancipation of slaves . [25] The Riot Act was read in 1852 on election day following a mass public brawl over the Reform Act , [35] and irregularities with parliamentary candidate nominations. [11] For three days in late May 2001, Oldham became the centre of national and international media attention. Following high-profile race-related conflicts, and long-term underlying racial tensions between local White British and Asian communities, major riots broke out in the town. Occurring with particular intensity in the Glodwick area of the town, the Oldham riots were the worst racially motivated riots in the United Kingdom for fifteen years prior, briefly eclipsing the sectarian violence in Northern Ireland in the media. [36] At least 20 people were injured in the riots, including 15 police officers, and 37 people were arrested. Similar riots took place in other towns in northern England over the following days and weeks. The 2001 riots prompted governmental and independent inquiries, which collectively agreed on community relations improvements and considerable regeneration schemes for the town. [36] [37] There were further fears of riots after the death of Gavin Hopley in 2002. [38] [39] [40] Civic history[ edit ] The coat of arms of the former County Borough of Oldham council, granted 7 November 1894, based upon those of an ancient local family surnamed Oldham . The owls suggest that the family, like the town, called itself 'Owdham', and adopted the birds in allusion to its name. The motto " Sapere aude " refers to the owls. [11] [41] Lying within the historic county boundaries of Lancashire since the early 12th century , Oldham was recorded in 1212 as being one of five parts of the thegnage estate of Kaskenmoor, which was held on behalf of King John by Roger de Montbegon and William de Nevill. [9] [11] The other parts of this estate were Crompton , Glodwick , Sholver , and Werneth . [15] Oldham later formed a township within the ancient ecclesiastical parish of Prestwich-cum-Oldham , in the hundred of Salford . [1] [9] In 1826 commissioners for the social and economic improvement of Oldham were established. [1] The town was made part of a parliamentary borough , in 1832, though it was in 1849 when Oldham was incorporated as a municipal borough , giving it borough status in the United Kingdom , [1] [11] and in 1850 the Borough Council obtained the powers of the improvement commissioners. [1] In 1880, parts of the Hollinwood and Crossbank areas of Chadderton and Ashton-under-Lyne townships were added to the Borough of Oldham. [1] Oldham Above Town and Oldham Below Town were, from 1851 until c. 1881, statistical units used for the gathering and organising of civil registration information, and output of census data. The Local Government Act 1888 created elected county councils to administer services throughout England and Wales. Where a municipal borough had a population of more than 50,000 at the 1881 Census it was created a county borough , with the powers and duties of both a borough and county council. [42] As Oldham had an 1881 population of 111,343 it duly became a county borough on 1 April 1889. The borough, while independent of Lancashire County Council for local government, remained part of the county for purposes such as the administration of justice and lieutenancy . [1] [43] In 1951 parts of the Limehurst Rural District were added to the County Borough of Oldham, and in 1954 further parts of the same district added to it on its abolition. [42] Since 1961, Oldham has been twinned with Kranj in Slovenia . [44] Under the Local Government Act 1972 , the town's autonomous county borough status was abolished, and Oldham has, since 1 April 1974, formed part of the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham , within the Metropolitan county of Greater Manchester . [1] Average max. and min. temperatures in °F Precipitation totals in inches A map of Oldham, and surrounding area. At 53°32′39″N 2°7′0.8″W / 53.54417°N 2.116889°W / 53.54417; -2.116889 (53.5444°, −2.1169°), and 164 miles (264 km) north-northwest of London, Oldham stands 700 feet (213 m) above sea level , 6.9 miles (11.1 km) northeast of Manchester city centre , on elevated ground between the rivers Irk and Medlock . Saddleworth and the South Pennines are close to the east, whilst on all other sides, Oldham is bound by smaller towns, including Ashton-under-Lyne , Chadderton , Failsworth , Royton and Shaw and Crompton , with little or no green space between them. Oldham experiences a temperate maritime climate , like much of the British Isles, with relatively cool summers and mild winters. There is regular but generally light precipitation throughout the year. [18] Oldham's topography is characterised by its rugged, elevated Pennine terrain. [3] [50] It has an area of 6.91 square miles (17.90 km2). [8] The geology of Oldham is represented by the Millstone Grit and Coal Measures series of rocks. [18] The River Beal , flowing northwards, forms the boundary between Oldham on one side and Royton and Shaw and Crompton on the other. To the east of this river the surface rises to a height of 1,225 feet (373 m) at Woodward Hill, on the border with the parish of Saddleworth . [9] The rest of the surface is hilly, the average height decreasing towards the southwest to Failsworth and the city of Manchester . The ridge called Oldham Edge, 800 feet (244 m) high, comes southward from Royton into the centre of the town. [9] Oldham's irregularly constructed built environment is characterised by its red-brick cotton mills and surrounding terraced houses . Oldham's built environment is characterised by its 19th-century red-brick terraced houses , the infrastructure that was built to support these and the town's former cotton mills  – which mark the town's skyline. [24] The urban structure of Oldham is irregular when compared to most towns in England , its form restricted in places by its hilly upland terrain. [9] [50] There are irregularly constructed residential dwellings and streets clustered loosely around a central business district in the town centre , which is the local centre of commerce. In 1849, Angus Reach of Inverness said: The visitor to Oldham will find it essentially a mean-looking straggling town, built upon both sides and crowning the ridge of one of the outlying spurs which branch from Manchester, the neighbouring 'backbone of England'. The whole place has a shabby underdone look. The general appearance of the operatives' houses is filthy and smouldering. [51] — Angus Reach, Morning Chronicle, 1849 In the 1870s, John Marius Wilson described Oldham as consisting of: ... numerous streets, and contains numerous fine buildings, both public and private; but, in a general view, is irregularly constructed, presents the dingy aspect of a crowded seat of manufacture, and is more notable for factories than for any other feature. [48] — John Marius Wilson, Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales (1870–1872) Although Oldham had a thriving economy during the 19th century, the local merchants were broadly reluctant to spend on civic institutions, and so the town lacks the grandeur seen in comparable nearby towns like Bolton or Huddersfield ; [7] [52] public expenditure was seen as an overhead that undermined the competitiveness of the town. [25] Subsequently, Oldham's architecture has been described as "mediocre". [52] The town has no listed buildings with a Grade I rating. [53] There is a mixture of high-density urban areas , suburbs , semi-rural and rural locations in Oldham. There is some permanent grassland but overwhelmingly the land use in the town is urban. The territory of Oldham is contiguous with other towns on all sides except for a small section along its eastern and southern boundaries, and for purposes of the Office for National Statistics , forms the fourth largest settlement of the Greater Manchester Urban Area , [54] [55] the United Kingdom's third largest conurbation . The M60 motorway passes through the southwest of Oldham, through Hollinwood , and a heavy rail line enters Oldham from the same direction, travelling northeast to the town centre before heading northwards through Derker towards Shaw and Crompton. A panorama of Oldham looking from Hartshead Pike toward the north west. Divisions and suburbs[ edit ] Fredrick Street, in Werneth . Much of Oldham's housing stock is two-up-two-down rows of terraced houses , a reminder of its mill town history. Many of Oldham's present divisions and suburbs have origins as pre-industrial hamlets, manorial commons and ancient chapelries. [11] Some, such as Moorside , exist as recently constructed residential suburbia , whilst places like Hollinwood exist as electoral wards [56] and thoroughly industrialised districts. Throughout most of its recorded history , Oldham was surrounded by large swathes of moorland , which is reflected in the placenames of Moorside, Greenacres moor , Littlemoor, Northmoor among others. A large portion of Oldham's residences are "low value" [7] Victorian era Accrington red-brick terraced houses in a row formation, [25] built for the most part from 1870 to 1920, to house the town's cotton mill workers. [35] There is more modern housing in the semi-rural east of the town, in the most sought after area in areas such as the village Moorside , [57] although terraces are found in almost all parts of Oldham. One of the oldest recorded named places of Oldham is Hathershaw , occurring in a deed for 1280 with the spelling Halselinechaw Clugh. [11] Existing as a manor in the 15th century, Hathershaw Hall was the home of a Royalist family in the 17th century who lost part of their possessions due to the English Civil War . [11] Waterhead , an upland area in the east of Oldham, traces its roots to a water cornmill over the border in Lees . [16] Recorded originally as Watergate and Waterhead Milne, it was for a long time a hamlet in the parish of Oldham that formed a significant part of the Oldham Above Town registration sub-district. Derker was recorded as a place of residence in 1604 with the name Dirtcar. [11] Bound by Higginshaw to the north, Derker is the location of Derker railway station and, said to have terraced residencies "unsuited to modern needs", is currently being redeveloped as part of the Housing Market Renewal Initiative . [58] Coldhurst , an area along Oldham's northern boundary with Royton , was once a chapelry and the site of considerable industry and commerce, including coal mining , cotton spinning and hat manufacture. [59] It is said to have been the scene of an action in the English Civil War in which the Parliamentarians were defeated. [59] 3.7% 3.3% According to data from the United Kingdom Census 2001 , Oldham had a total resident population of 103,544, making it the 55th most populous settlement in England, and the 5th most populous settlement of the Greater Manchester Urban Area . [8] This figure in conjunction with its area provides Oldham with a population density of 3,998 people per square mile (1,544 per km²). The local population has been described as broadly " working class "; the middle classes tending to live in outlying settlements. [25] Oldham, considered as a combination of the 2001 electoral wards of Alexandra, [60] Coldhurst , [61] Hollinwood , [62] St. James, [63] St. Marys, [64] St. Pauls, [65] Waterhead [66] and Werneth , [67] has an average age of 33.5, and compared against the average demography of the United Kingdom , has a high level of people of South Asian heritage, particularly those with roots in Pakistan and Bangladesh . Due to the town's prevalence as an industrial centre and thus a hub for employment, Oldham attracted migrant workers throughout its history, including those from wider-England, Scotland, Ireland and Poland. [68] During the 1950s and 1960s, in an attempt to fill the shortfall of workers and revitalise local industries, citizens of the wider Commonwealth of Nations were encouraged to migrate to Oldham and other British towns . [68] Many came from the Caribbean and Indian subcontinent and settled throughout the Oldham borough. [68] Today, Oldham has large communities with heritage from Bangladesh , India, Pakistan and parts of the Caribbean. [68] At the time of the 2001 census, over one in four of its residents identified themselves as from a South Asian or British Asian ethnic group. Cultural divisions along ethnic backgrounds are strong within the town, [25] with poor cross-community integration and cohesion along Asian and white backgrounds. [25] With only a small local population during medieval times, as a result of the introduction of industry, mass migration of village workers into Oldham occurred, [11] resulting in a population change from under 2,000 in 1714 [10] [69] to 12,000 in 1801 to 137,000 in 1901 [17] In 1851 its population of 52,820 made Oldham the 12th most populous town in England. [70] The following is a table outlining the population change of the town since 1801, which demonstrates a trend of rapid population growth in the 19th century and, after peaking at 147,483 people in 1911, a trend of general decline in population size during the 20th century. Year Economy[ edit ] The stained glass roof of the Spindles, created by local artist Brian Clarke For years Oldham's economy was heavily dependent on manufacturing industry, especially textiles and mechanical engineering. [74] [75] Since the deindustrialisation of Oldham in the mid-20th century, these industries have been replaced by home shopping , publishing , healthcare and food processing sectors, though factory-generated employment retains a significant presence. [74] Many of the modern sectors are low-skill and low-wage. [25] Park Cake Bakeries, sold in 2007 by Northern Foods Group to Vision Capital , have a large food processing centre in Hathershaw , which employs in excess of 1,600 people. Over 90% of the cakes produced go to Marks & Spencer . [76] [77] Long existing as an industrial district , Hollinwood is home to the Northern Counties Housing Association, [78] Oldham's town centre contains the highest concentration of retailing, cultural facilities and employment in the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham . [7] It has been extensively redeveloped during the last few decades, and its two shopping centres, Town Square and the Spindles, now provide one of the largest covered retail areas in Greater Manchester . [79] The Spindles (named with reference to textile spindles ) is a modern shopping centre with over 40 retailers, banks, building societies and catering outlets. It houses one of Europe's largest stained glass roofs, created by local artist Brian Clarke in celebration of the music of one of Oldham's famous sons, composer and conductor Sir William Walton . [80] Ferranti Technologies is an electronic, electromechanical and electrical engineering company based in Waterhead . [81] A number of culinary and medical advances have been developed in Oldham. There are claims that Oldham was the birthplace of the first chip shop . [82] [83] [84] The sometimes disputed claim of trade in deep-fried chipped potatoes is said to have been started around 1858–60 from an outlet owned by a John Lees, on what is the present site of Oldham's Tommyfield Market. [84] [85] [86] In 1900 Oldham had the highest concentration of chip shops in the country, one for every 400 people. [84] Rag Pudding is a savoury dish said to be native to Oldham. [87] Yates Wine Lodge was founded in Oldham by Peter and Simon Yates in 1884. [24] The tubular bandage was invented and developed in Oldham in 1961. [88] That "vital contribution to advancing medical science" resulted from a collaboration between local firm Seton and a cotton manufacturer in the town. Town Hall[ edit ] Oldham's Old Town Hall is a Grade II listed Georgian neo-classical town hall built in 1841, [89] eight years before Oldham received its borough status . [90] One of the last purpose-built town halls in northwest England, [25] it has a tetrastyle Ionic portico , copied from the temple of Ceres , on the River Ilissos , near Athens . [48] Winston Churchill made his inaugural acceptance speech from the steps of the town hall when he was first elected as a Conservative MP in 1900. A Blue Plaque on the exterior of the building commemorates the event. [91] Long existing as the political centre of the town, complete with courtrooms , the structure has stood empty since the mid-1980s and has regularly been earmarked for redevelopment as part of regeneration project proposals, but none have been actioned. [7] [90] [91] [92] In September 2008, it was reported that "Oldham Town Hall is only months away from a major roof collapse". [93] A tour taken by local councillors and media concluded with an account that "chunks of masonry are falling from the ceilings on a daily basis ... the floors are littered with dead pigeons and ... revealed that the building is literally rotting away". [91] [93] In October 2009 the Victorian Society , a charity responsible for the study and protection of Britain's Victorian and Edwardian architecture, declared Oldham Town Hall as the most endangered Victorian structure in England and Wales . [94] [95] [96] Plans to convert the hall into a leisure complex, incorporating a cinema and restaurants, were revealed in May 2012 with the hall itself being used for public consultation. [97] [98] This £36.72 million project was completed in 2016. In the heart of Oldham’s retail district, the Old Town Hall has been developed into a modern multiplex ODEON cinema. [99] [100] Main article: Oldham War Memorial Erected as a permanent memorial to the men of Oldham who were killed in the First World War , Oldham's war memorial consists of a granite base surmounted by a bronze sculpture depicting five soldiers making their way along the trenches in order to go into battle. [101] The main standing figure, having climbed out of the trenches, is shown calling on his comrades to advance, and is the same figure used at the Royal Fusiliers War Memorial in London and the 41st Division memorial at Flers in France. The base serves to house books containing the roll of honour of the 1st, 10th and 24th Battalions, Manchester Regiment . The pedestal has two bronze doors at either side. [101] Commissioned in 1919 by the Oldham War Memorial Committee, the memorial was designed and built by Albert Toft . [102] It was unveiled by General Sir Ian Hamilton on 28 April 1923, before a crowd estimated at over 10,000. [101] The monument was intended to symbolise the spirit of 1914–1918. [11] The inscriptions on the memorial read: Over doors to the north: "DEATH IS THE GATE OF LIFE / 1914–1918" Over window to the south: "TO GOD BE THE PRAISE " Civic Centre[ edit ] The Civic Centre tower is the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham 's centre of local governance. The 15-storey white-brick building has housed the vast majority of the local government's offices since its completion in 1977. Standing at the summit of the town, the tower stands over 200 feet (61 m) high. [103] It was designed by Cecil Howitt & Partners, [7] and the topping out ceremony was held on 18 June 1976. [23] The Civic Centre can be seen as far away as Salford , Trafford , Wythenshawe and Winter Hill in Lancashire , and offers panoramic views across the city of Manchester and the Cheshire Plain . The Oldham Parish Church of St. Mary with St. Peter , in its present form, dates from 1830 and was designed in the Gothic Revival Style by Richard Lane , a Manchester-based architect. [69] It has been designated by English Heritage as a Grade II* listed building . [104] It was linked with the church of St Mary the Virgin, Prestwich and together the sites were principal churches of the ancient ecclesiastical parish of Prestwich-cum-Oldham . [69] A church building had existed on the site since 1280. [69] During this time, a small chapel stood on the site to serve the local townships of Oldham, Chadderton , Royton and Crompton . This was later replaced by an Early English Gothic church in the 15th century. [69] With the coming of the Industrial Revolution, the population of Oldham increased at a rapid rate (from under 2,000 in 1714, to over 32,000 by 1831). [69] The rapid growth of the local population warranted that the building be rebuilt into the current structure. Though the budget was originally agreed at £5,000, [7] the final cost of building was £30,000, one third of which was spent on the crypt structure. [69] Alternative designs by Sir Charles Barry , the designer of the Palace of Westminster , although now regarded by some as superior, were rejected. [7] [69] The Church, of the Anglican denomination, is in active use for worship, and forms part of the Diocese of Manchester . [69] There are Roman Catholic churches in Oldham. These include Our Lady of Mount Carmel and St Patrick Church . It was built in 1870, was founded by priests from St Mary's Church in Oldham, and is a Grade II listed building. [105] Transport[ edit ] The 409 to Rochdale , pictured in Oldham's town centre. First Greater Manchester has its headquarters in Oldham, operating bus services throughout Greater Manchester. The geography of Oldham constrained the development of major transport infrastructure, [70] with the former County Borough Council suggesting that "if it had not grown substantially before the railway age it would surely have been overlooked". [70] Oldham has never been on a main-line railway route, and canals too have only been able to serve it from a distance, [70] meaning that "Oldham has never had a train service worthy of a town of its size". [106] A principal destination along the former Oldham Loop Line , Oldham once had six railway stations but this was reduced to three once Clegg Street , Oldham Central and Glodwick Road closed in the mid-20th century. Oldham Werneth , Oldham Mumps and Derker closed on 3 October 2009. [107] [108] Trains from Manchester Victoria station to Oldham had to climb steeply through much of its 6-mile (9.7 km) route, from around 100 feet (30.5 m) at Manchester city centre to around 600 feet (182.9 m) at Oldham Mumps. [70] The Werneth Incline, with its gradient of 1 in 27, made the Middleton Junction to Oldham Werneth route the steepest regular passenger line in the country. [106] The Werneth Incline route closed in 1963. It had been replaced as the main route to Manchester by the section of line built between Oldham Werneth Station and Thorpes Bridge Junction, at Newton Heath in May 1880. [109] Oldham Mumps, the second oldest station on the line after Werneth, [107] took its name from its location in the Mumps area of Oldham, which itself probably derived from the archaic word "mumper" which was slang for a beggar . [110] The former Oldham Loop Line was converted for use with an expanded Metrolink light rail network, and renamed as the Oldham and Rochdale Line . The line between Victoria and a temporary Oldham Mumps tram stop opened on 13 June 2012, [7] [107] [108] and more central stops opened on 27 January 2014. [111] Oldham had electric tramways to Manchester in the early 20th century; the first tram was driven from Manchester into Oldham in 1900 by the Lord Mayor of Manchester . [23] The system came to an end on 3 August 1946, however. [11] There was also a short-lived Oldham trolleybus system , in 1925–26. The £3.3 million Oldham Bus Station has frequent bus services to Manchester, Rochdale, Ashton-under-Lyne and Middleton with other services to the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham, Tameside , and across the Pennines to Huddersfield in West Yorkshire . [112] The roof canopy is supported internally on two rows of steel trees. The extensive use of glass and stainless steel maximises visibility, and there is a carefully co-ordinated family of information fittings, posters and seating, using robust natural materials for floors and plinths. [112] The bus station is used by National Express coaches. First Greater Manchester has its headquarters in Oldham. [113] Despite the Turnpike Act 1734, Oldham had no turnpike road to Manchester for another 56 years and Church Lane, Oldham remained part of the main street through the town. But following a further Act of Parliament a turnpike was constructed. The first regular coach service to Manchester came into operation in October 1790, with a journey time of over 2 hours and a fare 2s.8d (about 13p), with half fare for travellers on top of the coach. [114] Oldham is about 4 miles (6.4 km) south of the major M62 motorway , but is linked to it by the M60 at Hollinwood , and A627(M) via Chadderton . There are major A roads to Ashton-under-Lyne , Huddersfield , Manchester , and Rochdale . [11] The Hollinwood Branch of the Ashton Canal was a canal that ran from Fairfield in Droylsden , through Littlemoss and Daisy Nook Country Park to the Hollinwood area of Oldham, with a branch from Daisy Nook to the Fairbottom Branch Canal . [115] The canal was mainly used for the haulage of coal until it fell into disuse for commercial traffic in the 1930s. [116] It included four aqueducts and a two-rise lock staircase. Boundary Park is Oldham's main sports stadium, and is used by Oldham Athletic A.F.C. . Oldham Roughyeds Rugby League Club was established in 1876 as Oldham Football Club, [25] and Oldham Athletic Football Club in 1895 as Pine Villa Football Club. Oldham Athletic have achieved both league and cup successes, particularly under Joe Royle in the 1990s. [25] They were Football League runners-up in the last season before the outbreak of the First World War , but were relegated from the Football League First Division in 1923. They reached the Football League Cup final in 1990 and won the Football League Second Division title in 1991, ending 68 years outside the top flight. They secured their top division status a year later to become founder members of the new Premier League , [88] but were relegated after two seasons despite reaching that year's FA Cup semi-finals. They are currently playing in Football League One , the third tier of the English league. Stephen Robinson was appointed as Manager in July 2016. Oldham Boro Football Club was established in 1964 as Oldham Dew FC, and after many years playing under the name of Oldham Town changed its name to Oldham Boro in 2009, finally becoming known as Oldham Borough just months before it folded. The team played in the North West Counties Football League before going out of existence in 2015, just over 50 years after it was founded. [117] Renamed in 1997 to Oldham Roughyeds , Oldham Rugby League Club has received several club honours during its history, [118] winning the Rugby Football League Championship five times and Challenge Cup three times. [118] They played at Watersheddings for years before joining Oldham Athletic at Boundary Park until 2010 when they moved to Oldham Borough's previous ground, Whitebank Stadium . [118] Oldham has league cricket teams with a number of semi-professional league clubs including Oldham CC , and Werneth CC in the Central Lancashire League. Oldham also has a Fencing Club, Marshall Fencing Club is a Competitive Fencing Club with most of its members competing on the national stage. They train three times a week at the old South Chadderton High School. Oldham College is a centre for further education . The Blue Coat School is one of Oldham's oldest schools, dating back to 1834. Oldham produced someone who is considered [6] to be one of the greatest benefactors of education for the nation, Hugh Oldham , who in 1504 was appointed as Bishop of Exeter , and later went on to found what is now Manchester Grammar School . Almost every part of Oldham is served by a school of some kind, some with religious affiliations. According to the Office for Standards in Education , schools within the town perform at mixed levels. Hulme Grammar School and the Blue Coat School are consistently Oldham's top performing secondary schools and each have sixth form colleges of further education . University Campus Oldham is a centre for higher education and a sister campus of the University of Huddersfield . It was opened in May 2005 by actor Patrick Stewart , the centre's Chancellor. [119] The University Campus Oldham presented actress Shobna Gulati and artist, Brian Clarke (both born in Oldham) with an Honorary Doctorate of Letters at the Graduation Ceremony of November 2006, for their achievements and contributions to Oldham and its community. [119] Home Office policing in Oldham is provided by the Greater Manchester Police . The force's "(Q) Division" have their headquarters for policing the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham at central Oldham. Public transport is co-ordinated by the Greater Manchester Passenger Transport Executive . Statutory emergency fire and rescue service is provided by the Greater Manchester Fire and Rescue Service , which has two stations in Oldham; at Hollins on Hollins Road, [120] and at Clarksfield on Lees Road. [121] The Royal Oldham Hospital , at Oldham's northern boundary with Royton , is a large NHS hospital administrated by Pennine Acute Hospitals NHS Trust . It was opened under its existing name on 1 December 1989. [122] Formerly known as Oldham District and General, and occupying the site of the town's former workhouse (named Oldham Union Workhouse in 1851), [122] the hospital is notable for being the birthplace of Louise Joy Brown  – the world's first successful In vitro fertilised "test tube baby" , on 25 July 1978. [123] The North West Ambulance Service provides emergency patient transport. See also Healthcare in Greater Manchester . Culture[ edit ] Oldham, though lacking in leisure and cultural amenities, [52] is historically notable for its theatrical culture. [128] Once having a peak of six "fine" theatres in 1908, [128] Oldham is home to the Oldham Coliseum Theatre and the Oldham Theatre Workshop , which have facilitated the early careers of notable actors and writers, including Eric Sykes , [128] Bernard Cribbins [129] and Anne Kirkbride , [129] daughter of acclaimed cartoonist Jack Kirkbride who worked for the Oldham Evening Chronicle . Oldham Coliseum Theatre is one of Britain's last remaining repertory theatres ; Charlie Chaplin and Stan Laurel performed there in the early 20th century, and contemporary actors such as Ralph Fiennes and Minnie Driver , among others, have appeared more recently. [130] During the 19th century the circus was a popular entertainment in Oldham; Pablo Fanque 's circus was a regular visitor, filling a 3,000-seat amphitheatre on Tommyfield in 1869. [131] Criticised for its lack of a cinema , [52] there are plans to develop an "Oldham West End ". [132] Oldham has a thriving bar and night club culture, attracting a significant number of young people into the town centre. [7] Oldham's "hard binge drinking culture" has been criticised however for conveying a negative regional image of the town. [52] Communal facilities[ edit ] The Lyceum is a Grade II listed building opened in 1856 as a "mutual improvement" centre for the working men of Oldham. The Lyceum is a Grade II listed building [133] opened in 1856 at a cost of £6,500 as a "mutual improvement" centre for the working men of Oldham. [11] The facilities provided to members included a library, a newsroom and a series of lectures on geology, geography and education, microscopy and chemistry, female education and botany. [134] Instrumental music was introduced and there were soon sixteen violinists and three cellists. Eventually the building was extended to include a school of science and art. Music had always been important in the life of the Lyceum, and in 1892 a school of music was opened, with 39 students enrolled for the "theory and practice of music". The Lyceum continued throughout the 20th century as a centre for the arts in Oldham, and in 1986 the local authority was invited by its directors and trustees to accept the building as a gift. [134] The acceptance of the Lyceum building by the Education Committee provided the opportunity to move the music centre and "further enhance the cultural activities of the town". [134] In 1989 the Oldham Metropolitan Borough Music Centre moved into the Lyceum building, which is now the home of the Oldham Lyceum School of Music. [134] Oldham’s museum and gallery service dates back to 1883. [135] Since then it has established itself as a cultural focus for Oldham and has developed one of the largest and most varied permanent collections in North West England . The current collection includes over 12,000 social and industrial history items, more than 2,000 works of art, about 1,000 items of decorative art, more than 80,000 natural history specimens, over 1,000 geological specimens, about 3,000 archaeological artefacts, 15,000 photographs and a large number of books, pamphlets and documents. [135] Oldham is now home to a newly built state-of-the-art art gallery, Gallery Oldham , which was completed in February 2002 as the first phase of the Oldham Cultural Quarter. [136] Later phases of the development saw the opening of an extended Oldham Library, a lifelong learning centre and there are plans to include a performing arts centre. [7] Carnival[ edit ] The annual Oldham Carnival started around 1900, although the tradition of carnivals in the town goes back much further, providing a "welcomed respite from the tedium of everyday life". [137] The carnival parade was always held in mid-to-late summer, with the primary aim of raising money for charities. [137] It often featured local dignitaries or popular entertainers, in addition to brass, military and jazz bands, the Carnival Queen, people in fancy dress , dancers and decorated floats from local churches and businesses. [137] Whenever possible, local people who had attained national celebrity status were invited to join the cavalcade. [137] The carnival's route began in the town centre, wound its way along King Street, and ended with a party in Alexandra Park . [137] The carnival fell out of favour in the late 1990s but was resurrected by community volunteers in 2006 and rebranded the Peoples' Carnival. The parade was moved into Alexandra Park in 2011. The event hosts live stages and other activities alongside a parade in the park. [138] [139] In 2016 will be 10 years since the carnival was reinstated by volunteers. The main organiser is Paul Davies who runs the carnival with a number of committee members and loads of volunteers [140] Britain in Bloom[ edit ] In 2012 and 2014 Oldham was named as Culture Town in the annual "Britain in Bloom" competition as winners Main article: List of people from Oldham People from Oldham are called Oldhamers, [24] though "Roughyed" is a nickname from the 18th century when rough felt was used in Oldham to make hats. [11] Edward Potts was a renowned architect who moved to Oldham from Bury . He was the architect for fourteen mills in the Oldham area. [141]
i don't know
The 1996 film 'Space Jam' centres on which sport?
Watch Space Jam (1996) Online for Free - Viooz Language: English Michael Jordan agrees to help the Looney Toons play a basketball game vs. alien slavers to determine their freedom.
Basketball
'Prog Rock' developed in the late 60's and early 70's. For what word is 'Prog' a short version?
Watch Space Jam Online Free Putlocker | Putlocker - Watch Movies Online Free Stars: Michael Jordan , Wayne Knight , Theresa Randle Synopsis: Swackhammer, owner of the amusement park planet Moron Mountain is desperate get new attractions and he decides that the Looney Tune characters would be perfect. He sends his diminutive underlings to get them to him, whether Bugs Bunny & Co. want to go or not. Well armed for their size, Bugs Bunny is forced to trick them into agreeing to a competition to determine their freedom. Taking advantage of their puny and stubby legged foes, the gang selects basketball for the surest chance of winning. However, the Nerdlucks turn the tables and steal the talents of leading professional basketball stars to become massive basketball bruisers known as the Monstars. In desperation, Bugs Bunny calls on the aid of Micheal Jordan, the Babe Ruth of Basketball, to help them have a chance at winning their freedom. Watch Space Jam - Version 1 The video keeps buffering? Just pause it for 5-10 minutes then continue playing! Sponsored Content
i don't know
What is the reflexive form of the singular personal pronoun 'I', where 'me' is the objective form?
Pronouns  Pronouns  Pronouns stand in for nouns and thus can function as anything a noun can function as. Most can also be used as determiners–that is, preceding and modifying a noun as a unit. Personal Pronoun �       May show case, gender, number �       Must agree with its antecedent in gender and number �       Have corresponding noun possessive forms ("long forms" in bk): mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs                                                   Subjective                                                                    Objective                                                                       Poss  ï¿½        Incorrect case and hypercorrection of case are common:  Examples *Sarah and me are leaving right now. *Her and I will arrive late. *They gave Marshall and I the best seats. *It was difficult to decide between Jim and I. (* = incorrect usage)   Reflexive Pronoun �         Ends in -self in singular or -selves in plural �         To form 1st or 2nd person reflexive pronoun add -self or -selves to the possessive case of the personal pronoun. �         To form 3rd person reflexive pronoun add -self or -selves to the objective case of the personal pronoun. �         Used for objects (direct, indirect, object of preposition) when the subject-antecedent is the same person �         May not be used as the subject �         May also be used to intensify a noun or pronoun to indicate a contrast �       Often u sed–either hypercorrectively or for purposes of self-aggrandizement–in compounds in lieu of subjective/objective case Singular           Plural Example:         This is my hat.             That bothers me.         Those can�t be mine. Indefinite Pronoun �      There are lots of these . �      Mostly indefinite entities or quantities �     Often combinations including one, any, some, body, and thing �     Most are singular in usage, even if they have plural meanings       (such as everyone, everything, and everybody)           Example:  Everybody is happy. �      Some, like collective nouns, can be singular or plural in usage, depending on whether context.       Example:  All of it hurts. (Here, "All" is singular because it is not countable.) vs. All attend church on Sundays. ("All" here are countable and thus plural.)
Reflexive pronoun
'The Piper At The Gates Of Dawn' released in 1967 was the debut album by which group?
Pronouns | English Grammar Guide | EF Theirs is parked in the garage. Reflexive & Intensive Pronouns Reflexive and intensive pronouns are the same set of words but they have different functions in a sentence. Reflexive pronouns refer back to the subject of the clause because the subject of the action is also the direct or indirect object. Only certain types of verbs can be reflexive. You cannot remove a reflexive pronoun from a sentence because the remaining sentence would be grammatically incorrect. Examples I told myself to calm down. You cut yourself on this nail? He hurt himself on the stairs. She found herself in a dangerous part of town. The cat threw itself under my car! We blame ourselves for the fire. The children can take care of themselves. Intensive pronouns emphasize the subject of a clause. They are not the object of the action. The intensive pronoun can always be removed from a sentence without changing the meaning significantly, although the emphasis on the subject will be removed. Intensive pronouns can be placed immediately after the subject of the clause, or at the end of the clause. Examples I made these cookies myself. You yourself asked Jake to come. The Pope himself pardoned Mr. Brown. My teacher didn't know the answer herself. The test itself wasn't scary, but my teacher certainly is. We would like to finish the renovation before Christmas ourselves. They themselves told me the lost shoe wasn't a problem.  
i don't know
In German history 1888 is known as the 'Year of the Three Emperors' (or Kaisers). What was the name of the third Kaiser?
German royalty -- Kaiser Wilhelm II William II German Royalty: Wilhelm II (1888-1918) Figure 1.--Prince Wilhelm is pictured here with his mother, the daughter of Queen Victoria, and his younger sister. The photograph was taken in December 1861, he was not quite 3 years old. Wilhelm and his mother wear mouring clothes because of Prince Albert's death, notice even the baby has a mourning band. Wilhelm II is perhaps the best known of the German Kaisers and Kings of Prussia--and the greatest failure. This was not preordained. He was a handicapped child that through strength of character became a capable horesman and marksman. Kaiser Wilhelm's upbrining and family background equiped him ideally to play the kind of peace keeping role played by his uncle Edward VII. However this role was not to his liking. He rejected the liberal leanings of his parents and instead the beicose leanings of the Prussian Junkers appealed to him. The result was to be disastorous for Germany, Europe and the Hohenzollern dynasty. While not the monster portrayed in British war-time propaganda, the bombastic Kaisser proved until Hitler to be one of the most disatrous rulers in German history. It was said of Wilhelm that he was a man who wanted to be the bride at every wedding and the corpse at every funeral. Many historians trace his narcisistic personality to his hanndicap and childhood. It is not because of his parents, more than his predecessors, Wilhelm grew up in a loving family. Edward VII, a perceptive judge of character, said of his nephew, "the most brilliant failure in Europe". Certainly he became the most hated man in Europe, although today's historical judgement after Hitler and the Holacaust now sees Wilhelm as less sinister than he was viewed after World War I. In many ways, however, it was Wilhelm who made Hitler possible. Kaiser Wilheml II was a dutiful husband and father. He had had seven children, including six sons (Fredrich-Wilhelm, Eitel Friedrich, Adalbert, August-Wilhelm, Oscar Charles, Joachim Francis. Parents Wilhelm was the eldest son of the Crown Prince (whom reined briefly as Frederick III) and the Princess Victoria (English Princess Royal, Queen Victoria's eldest daughter. They were both of liberal disposition and sought to convey a liberal outlook to their son. Wilhelm's grandfather and Chancellor Bismark, however, influenced the boy's education. His strict tutor had a very great impact on the young Wilhelm and he grew up with very different attitudes from his parents. Frederick III Frederick was born in 1831, the son of King Wilhelm I of Prussia at Potsdam. When his father succeeded to the throne of Prussia in 1861, Frederick became Crown Prince Frederick William. Frederick was liberal in his political views, uncharacteristic for the Hohenzollerens. He opposed Count von Bismark throught his long term as Chancellor. Victoria Victoria and Alfred's oldest child was the Princess Royal, named Victoria after her mother. The Princess Royal was born in 1840 and Victoria was concerned that her subjects would be dissapointed that her first child was a girl. Most were delighted that "Uncle Earnest," King of Hanover, was no longer directly in line to inherit the throne. She was called "Pussy," "Pussette," or "Vicky," in the family. Before the age of 3 years she was conversing in English, German, and French. The Queen once commented that we find Pussy amazingly advanced in inteligence and also in naughtines. The Princess Royal once told her governess, I'm sorry I was naughty--but I mean to be just as naughty next time. She married Crown Prince Frederick Wilhelm of Prussia who was to become Kaiser Frederick III, but reigned only a few days. She strove to introduce English manners and the precepts of constitutional monarachy, but was opposed by Bismark. Even her influence on her son and grandson were limited by Bismark. When her husband died, she was long estrainged from her bombastic son who became Wilhelm II. Figure 2.--This drawing by the Princess Victoria shows Wilhelm and his Aunt Beatrice.The two were to quarel as children--usually because Wilhelm was being naughty. Grandparents German Wilhelm's German grandfather, Wilhelm I , became king at 63 yers of age and did not expecrt to serve long. He in fact served for 17 years and presided over the unification of Germany and became the first Kaiser. He was not at all pleased when he learned of his grandson's handicaps. His grandmother Augusta who played a key role in arranging the mairrage of Wilhelm's parents, appears to have changed her attitude about the mairrage. She is known to have told cruel lies to Wilhelm about his mother. English Wilhelm's English grandarents were of cource Queeen Victoria and Prince Albert . He was the only one of Albert's many grandchildren that he ever saw. In fact, Wilhelm said that his earliest recollections was Prince Albert dangling him on a table napkin during a visit to Osborne . For this reason Queen Victoria had a soft spot in her hear for Wilhelm and tolerated antics that she would noit have allowed in her own children or grand children. As a young man, however, she began to lose patience with him. Wilhelm for his part admired his grandmother, but was known to poke fun of her among intimates and times uttered some crude comments about her. Birth We have included information om royal births in the HBC site, primarily as a matter of historical refference. Wilhelm's birth is, however, of considerable importance. Wilhelm was born in Berlin in 1859. It was breech birth and the German doctors in attendance thought that both Wilhelm and his mother would die--few babies survived breech births in the mid-19th century. Victoria's mother, in fact, rose to the English throne because her cousin Princess Charlotte died in child birth. Actually the German doctors in attendance largely gave up on Wilhelm who appeared to be dead. A consequence of the breech birth and poor care by the atending German doctors was an accident that weaked Wilhelm's left arm, which became withered and virtually useless. Manny historians believe that this handicap had a major impact on the formation of Wilhelms's character. Siblings Wilhelm had seven brothers and sisters, three brothers and four sisters. It was not a large family by German standards. But considering their mother's harrowing experience at Wihelm's birth, it was surprising that she would have six more children. Wilhelm was especialy close to Henry who was born 3 years after him. We have few details at this time on the children and the relationships between them. We also have few ideas on how the children were dressed or the relationship between them: The Nursery We do not at this time have much information on Wilhelm's nursery. Given the number of brothers and sisters, however, it must have been a busy place. We do not know how the nursery was organized and to what extent the parents and grandparents supervised the nursery. We hope to find some information about the nursery. One important note is the grain strain that Wilhelm's parents were under at the time that he was a young boy in the nursery. Childhood I have only little information about Wilhelm's childhood. He seems to have been an active baby despite his handicap. He does not appear to have been the best behaved boy. His antics during the 1863 wedding of his uncle, the Prince of Wales were noticed. He threw Beatrice's muff from the cairrage and threw the dirk from his highland outfit across the floor of St. George's Chappel during the wedding ceremony. (One his reminded at the modern Prince William's behavior at his Uncle Andrew's wedding.) I have less information about Wilhelm's behavior at home. Parents Wilhelm grew up in a happy home. Hisparents took a deep personal interest in him. This was not always the case for young royals. Some controversy exists in the written record, in part because Victoria was not popular with Prince Wilhelm's family. Victoria as Mother HBRC does not yet have full details about the relationship between Wilhelm and his mother. We know that the English Princess Royal Victoria (1840-1901), despite the difficult birth, was enchanted with her first baby and doted on him. We do know that his mother was egocentric, combative--and an early advocate of women's rights. All characteristics that did not endear her to the conservative Prussian court. Some authors describe Victoria as an "ambivalent mother", but were are not sure that this is the case. Friedrich as Father Friedrich appears to have been a very engaged father. He spent much more time with his children than his father had spent with him. He was delighted with Wilhelm. Friederich delighted in carrying the baby around the palace showing him off to everyone. The Prince wrote an aunt, "... in his clear blue eyes we can already see signs of sparking intelligence." Surely Victoria incouraged her husband to spend time with the children as she did. Also important was that because of the Danzig incident, the King and Bismarck did their best to keep him away from official duties. Handicap Wilelm was a handicapped child that through strength of character became a capable horesman and marksman. The German doctors at first thought it was a temprary impairment. They recomended exercise and massage which had no effect. As an infant his good hand would be tied down to force him to use his disabled left arm. In 1863 when Wilhelm was about 4 years old a special device was employed. It consisted of a leather belt around the waist. An iron bar running up his back was afixed to the belt with an object rather like a horse bridele attached. Into this Wilhelm's head was strapped and turned as recommended by the doctors. The iron bar was moved by a screw determining how his head was turned. Wilhelm's Clothing At this time HBC has very little information on how Wilhelm was dressed as a boy. We do know that he wore dresses as a small boy. He does not appear to have commonly wore kilts, although he did so at least once--for the Prince of Wales' wedding. I'm less sure to what extent he wore sailor suits. We have less information on his other oufits. We are beginning to acquire some information about him based on a few photographs. Wilhelm does not appeared to have been photographed as a child as much as some other royals. At abou age 5 after he was breeched, he wears a dark colored blouse with knickers. As a adult, the Kaiser loved to wear elaborate military uniforms. Hair styles HBRC has no written information on Wilhelm's hair styles. Some information can be obtained by examining the available images. Wilhelm at about 2 years of age appears to have curls, but they are cut well short of his collar. By 5 years of age he has relatively short hair. This seemns to have been a similar pattern followed with his childre, although I am not sure it whether this reflects his or his wife's preferences. Education The young Prince's education was a tug of war between the conservative influences of his Grandfather, the court, and Count von Bismark and the liberal attitudes of his father and mother. In the contest it was his Grandfather and Bismark who prevailed. The education planned by Bismark and his grandfather led Wilhelm towards the military lifestyle. He loved his numerous uniforms and was to surround himself with the elite of German military society. From the beginning, the conservative Prussian court was suspicious of the liberal English influence of his English mother. Victoria's personality did not help her allay their concerns. Despite attempts by his parents to give Wilhelm a liberal education, the prince became imbued with with the ethos of conservative nationalism. Figure 4.--The future Wilhelm II is pictured here as a young man with his mother. The two had a strained relationship at best because of her English origins and liberal views. Boyhood Acquintences Wilhelm as a child traveled widely with many trips to England and Holland. He also visited Austruia. I do not know of trips to France. As a result, he came into contact with many other royaln children. We have some details on these encouters. Adulthood Wilhelm passed his gymnasium exams in 1877. When he turned 18 he becam of age. His grandfather the Kaiser invested him with the Order of the Black Eagle. His Grandmother Queen Victoria approved the Order of the Bath, but Wilhelm wanted the Garter and complained that Tsar Alexander II and Emperor Franz Josef had confered their highest owners. So Queen Victoria relented. Character Wilhelm was a great dissapointment to both his parents. Wilhelm was torn between his liberal parents n one side and his conservative grandfather and Chancellor Bismarck on the other. Hinzpeter's tutoring did not have the effect that his parents had desired. The young Wilhelm as he prepared to leave his parent's household was as one biographer described him was "an arrogant prigish youth" who "worshipped Chancelloe Bismarck's policies and accepted his program of "blood and iron". [Van der Kriste, p. 26.] Prince Wilhelm was only a small boy during the wars with Denmark (1864), Austria (1866), and France (1870-71). These wars must have had an enormous impression on him. One has to wonder if his subsequent commitment to the military was not inspired by boyhood memories. Certainly he must have felt the need to follow the example of his grandfather who used the military to expand Prussia and create the German Empire by force of arms. One has to wonder if the dazzling military victories of his boyhood were just too much for his liberal parents to compete with. Marriage Wilhelm had wanted to marry Elizabeth Ella, the daughter of his Aunt Alice . Ella rejected his overtures. After a period of military service, Wilhelm married Princess Auguste-Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein (1858-1921) in 1881. Some in Germany criticized the mairrage as the Princess was a member of a royal family of such a small, unimportant country, closely aligned to the British royal family. Not to mention the fact that Prussia had just fought a war with Denmark. The Kaiser and Bismark were not pleased with Wilhem's choice, but they were anxious to get him out of the Crown Prince's household anmd away from the liberal influence of his parents. His parents, for their part thought that mairrage might have a beneficial impact on their increasingly arrogant son. Emperess Auguste-Victoria (1858- ) Auguste-Victoria's father was Duke Frederick of Schleswig-Holstein, Duke of Schleswig-Holsein (1829- ). Her mother was Princess Adelaide von Hohenlohe-Langenburg (1835- ). Auguste-Victoria was born in 1858. After the death of the Danish King Christian IX, King Friedrich VIII attempted to unite Schleswig-Holstein under the Danish crown. First Schleswig and then Holstein, after a war with Austria is annexed by Prussia. Auguste-Victoria's dispossed family withdraws to Dolzig. As a young woman beginning about 1875, she begins to travel extensively, especially in England and France. In England she meets Prince Wilhelm and he proposes in 1879. Her father died in 1880. They marry in 1881. She has seven children. As a result of her personality and domestic life, the German people come to see her as the embodiment of the ideal German mother. She certainly was a dutiful wife and mother. Her dutiful obedience to her husband, however, meant that there was no one to moderate his arrogant manner that his mother thought so necessary. In 1888 with the accession of her husband to the throne, Auguste-Victoria becomes German empress and queen of Prussia. She often was disturbed by what she considered his neglect. They did argue about raising the children who grew up closer to her than their father. Figure 5.--This appears to be a photograph of one of Wilhelm's sons, Prince Augustus William, in a photogrraph taken in the early 1890s with his mother. I could be wrong about this as the outfit looks more like a 1900s suit. Children Kaiser Wilhelm II's immediate family consisted of seven children, including six sons, but only one daughter. Many photographs exist of the family. HBC has so far been able to find very little information about the individual children. Even infornmation on Crown Prince Frederick Wilhelm. There is probably a good bit of information available in German-language sources. HBC has, however, been able to find very little available in English sources. We would be very intererted in any information that our German readers could offer. Some fought in World War I. The family followed their father into exile after World War I, but many eventually returned to Germany. They apparently thought that the NAZIs would restore the monarchy. Wilhelm as Father Wilhelm who often complained about his childhood, does not appear to have been much of a father himself. He made little effort to have fun with the children or create a warm home. Wilhelm, in fact, appears to have very little concept of childhood. He appears to have treated the boys as "small recruits". He often barked at them and strictly diisciplined them. This seems quite a contrast to how he and his brothers and sisters had been treated by their father. While the children were close to their mother, the boys especially were never close to their father. Family Life HBC is collecting details on the family life and how Wilhelm and Dona intereacted with their children. There was a complete staff of nursemaids, governesses, and tutors. The children traveled widely with their parents. Trips to England and the Netherlands were especially common. Children's Education General Adolf von Deines was put in charge of the boys' education. He complained that their mother was ill and excessively nervous, complicating his efforts. We have only limited information on the General's approach. We do know that they grew up with an exagerated view of their importance and a unrealtic appreciation of their talents and abilities. The boys were sent to a military (cadet) academy in Pl�n in Schleswig-Holstein. Children's Clothing Kaiser Wilhelm's children wore a variety of outfits. As young boys they wore dresses, some with sailor styling. Some wore pantalettes with their dresses. They were born during the Fauntleroy era and at least some of the children wore velvet suits with lace collars. The sailor suit with kneepants appears to have been a popular outfit. These outfits, however, were only worn when they were younger boys. The boys also wore military uniforms which was usually the uniforms for the military academies that they attended. They also had formal military uniforms that they wore on special occasions. Breaching and Hair Cuts Families in the 19th cnury had different conventions for breaching their boys and cutting their curls. Some times it was done at the same time. Some fmilies did one earlier than the other. Families varied widely on this in America. We do not know if there was more consistency in Germany. We have no information written information yet on what the conventions were in the German royal family. Photographic evidence, however, suggests that the childrn were breached about 3 years of age and their hair cut at about age 5, although that is just an estimate. Extended Family The German royal family was one of the largest in Europe. Wilhem II was the eldest of eight children. The Kaiser fathered eight children himself. The number of nieces and nephews as well as grand children and great nieces and nephews is indeed daunting. Figure 6.--Kaiser Wilhelm II is pictured here with grandchildren of the Crown Prince in a photograph taken about 1910. These satin short pants outfits seem to have been popular with the boys' mother. The younger boy, Prince Humbertus, still wears a dress. Ascension to the Throne (1888) The year 1888 in Germany is known as the year of the three emperors. Wilhelm ascended the throne in 1888 after his elderly grandfather and then his father died unexpectely after reigning for only 3 months. The history of Germany and Europe may have been very different if Wilhelm's father had been healthier and had a long reign. Bismarck and Wilhelm's grandfather were successful in frusrtating Wilhelm's parents attempt to raise a son with a liberal outlook. Under the guise of training him for his future royal duties, Bismarck saw Wilhelm as a conservative foil against his parents liberalism. While the Chacellor's scheme to frustrate Wilhelm's parents succeeded, it did no produce the Kaiser that Bismarck envisioned. Wilhelm and England One would have thought that with an English mother that Wilhelm would have developed a fondness for England. As a boy he indeed was very close to his mother and made constant visits to England with her. Bismarkck considered his mother a dangerous foreign influence, especially because of her liberal views. As a young man Wilhelm's attitude toward his mother changed markedly and with it his attitudes toward his English realtives, including Queen Victoria and the Prince of Wales. He is known to have made extrodianarily crude comments about them, even to their realtives in foreign courts. More is involved here than a family squable. Wilhelm's private comments about his family and belicose public comments on diplomatic incident well as his decisssion to build a navy to challenge England were major factors in changing England from viewing Prussia/Germany as an ally against France to seeing Germany as England's principal adversary requiring a raprochment with France. Thus undoing Bismarck's principal admonition--isolate France. Reign Wilhem was the virtual absolute monarch of the most powerful nation in Europe. Unlike his English relatives, the German Emperor was not a figurehead. The authority of the Reichstag was limited. He was generally considered to be an able and energetic, but bombastic ans seld-absorbed leader. Wilhelm II was probably the most powerful world figure at turn-of-the-century Europe. His policies, especially his foreign policies, however, proved disastrous. As a result, when World War I begun Germany found itself figting an allince of tyhe most powerful nations in Europe. Grandfather I have no information yet on the relatinship between Wilhelm II and his grandchildren. There are many photographs with the children. Many are rather touching, intimate family portraits. He appears to be rather a loving, doting grandfather. That is just based, however, on an examination of the photographs. The images that we have appear to be primarily of the Kaiser and the children of the Crown Prince. IThis suggests of course that these were the children that he took the freatesrt interest in. Photographs of William II with his other grandchildren are much more limited. World War I The Kaiser's role in the cataclism of World War I has been the subject of considerable historical study. His role has often overstated, but modern scholarship has revealed that he did play a central role. The Kaiser, unlike Hitler a generatiion later, did not want a war. "Saber rattling" is one thing, a war with the other major European powers is something very different indeed! He cannot be blamed by himself for the war. Post-war Era The end of World War I found Wilhelm, who had wielded virtual absolute authority, berift of power, a fugative from his own people. He was hated by millions the world over. During the peace negotiations at Versailles, various representatives of the victorious Allies urged vainly that Wilhelm be extradited and tried as a war criminal. Queen Wilhelmina of The Netherlands rejected the Allies' demands to turn the former Kaiser over to them for trial. The Emperess Auguste-Victoria died in 1921. Wilhelm remaired to Princess Hermine of Sch�naich-Carolath in 1921. The Princess had five children of her own, three boys and two girls, from a previous mairrage. The Princes were Georg Wilhelm, Hans Georg, and Ferdinand. The Princesses were Henrietta and Karno. One can not help but compare Wilhelm and Hitler. There were many disturbing similarities, but the Kaiser governed within a constitutional government. The Prussian Government settled 250,000 acres of land and 15 million gold marks on Wilhelm in recompence for confiscated property. Efforts to pass the imperial crown to the Kaiser's eldest grandson failed to gain popular support in Germany. The Kaisser lived to see the resurgence of German military might. He was thrilled with the German victories. After Wilhelm's death in 1941, he was buried with military honors by order of Adolf Hitler, but at his reques without the swastica flag. He was buried at his Dutch estate in Doorn. Geneology The Kaiser had seven children and many more grand children. They were extensively photographed as children and priovide a rich source on German boys' dress. Keeping track of this large extended family, however is quite difficult. HBC is thus providing a geneology to make it easier to identify and keep track of the various individuals involved. Sources Kohut, Thomas A. Kaiser Wilhelm II and his parents, in John C. G. R�hl and Nicolaus Sombart (eds). Kaiser Wilhelm II. New Interpretations. The Corfu Papers (Cambridge, 1982). Ludwig, Emil. Bismarck: The Story of a Fighter (Little, Brown, and Company, 1927). Morier, Sir Robert. Memoirs and Letters, (Edward Arnold, 1911), 2 volumes. R�hl, John C.G. Young Wilhelm : the Kaiser's early life, 1859-1888, translated by Jeremy Gaines and Rebecca Wallach. Van der Kriste, John. Kaiser Wihelm II: Germany's Last Kaiser (Bodmin: Sutton Publishing, 1999), 244p. Wilhelm II. My Early Life (New York, 1926).
Wilhelm II, German Emperor
Which national Sunday newspaper is published in 'Berliner format'?
Frederick III, German Emperor | Historical Society of German Military History – Historische Gesellschaft der Deutschen Militärgeschichte Historical Society of German Military History – Historische Gesellschaft der Deutschen Militärgeschichte Search for: Frederick III, German Emperor Frederick III (German: Friedrich III., Deutscher Kaiser und König von Preußen; 18 October 1831 – 15 June 1888) was German Emperor and King of Prussia for 99 days in 1888, the Year of the Three Emperors. Friedrich Wilhelm Nikolaus Karl, known informally as Fritz, was the only son of Emperor William I and was raised in his family’s tradition of military service. Although celebrated as a young man for his leadership and successes during the Second Schleswig, Austro-Prussian and Franco-Prussian wars, he nevertheless professed a hatred of warfare and was praised by friends and enemies alike for his humane conduct. Following the unification of Germany in 1871 his father, then King of Prussia, became the German Emperor. On William’s death at the age of 90 on 9 March 1888, the throne passed to Frederick, who had by then been Crown Prince for 27 years. Frederick was suffering from cancer of the larynx when he died on 15 June 1888, aged 56, following unsuccessful medical treatments for his condition. Frederick married Princess Victoria, eldest daughter of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom. The couple were well matched; their shared liberal ideology led them to seek greater representation for commoners in the government. Frederick, in spite of his conservative militaristic family background, had developed liberal tendencies as a result of his ties with Britain and his studies at the University of Bonn. As the Crown Prince, he often opposed the conservative Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, particularly in speaking out against Bismarck’s policy of uniting Germany through force, and in urging that the power of the Chancellorship be curbed. Liberals in both Germany and Britain hoped that as emperor, Frederick III would move to liberalize the German Empire. Frederick and Victoria were great admirers of the Prince Consort of the United Kingdom, Victoria’s father. They planned to rule as consorts, like Albert and Queen Victoria, and to reform the fatal flaws in the executive branch that Bismarck had created for himself. The office of Chancellor, responsible to the Emperor, would be replaced with a British-style cabinet, with ministers responsible to the Reichstag. Government policy would be based on the consensus of the cabinet. Frederick “described the Imperial Constitution as ingeniously contrived chaos.” “The Crown Prince and Princess shared the outlook of the Progressive Party, and Bismarck was haunted by the fear that should the old Emperor die–and he was now in his seventies–they would call on one of the Progressive leaders to become Chancellor. He sought to guard against such a turn by keeping the Crown Prince from a position of any influence and by using foul means as well as fair to make him unpopular.” However, his illness prevented him from effectively establishing policies and measures to achieve this, and such moves as he was able to make were later abandoned by his son and successor, Wilhelm II. The timing of Frederick’s death and the length of his reign are important topics among historians. The premature demise of Frederick III is considered a potential turning point in German history; and whether or not he would have made the Empire more liberal if he had lived longer is still discussed. Frederick III, emperor for only 99 days (9 March – 15 June 1888). Frederick as crown prince, 1874, by Heinrich von Angeli. Frederick III Frederick III as crown prince, by Sergei Lvovich Levitsky 1870 (The Di Rocco Wieler Private Collection, Toronto, Canada). Frederick William, ca. 1841. William allowed Frederick few official duties, such as attending balls and socializing with dignitaries. Anton von Werner’s depiction of William’s proclamation as Emperor; Frederick is standing behind his father, his brother-in-law, the Grand Duke of Baden leads the cheering. Victoria, Princess Royal—eldest daughter of Queen Victoria—whom Frederick married in 1858. Kaiser-Friedrich-Mausoleum (Potsdam): Frederick is entombed in this sarcophagus, which bears his likeness on top. Imperial Eagle of the German Empire from 1889 to 1918. 20 August 1870, Illustrated London News celebrates the Crown Prince’s Franco-Prussian War achievements. United States magazine Puck mourned the passing of the liberal monarch, Frederick III. Share this:
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Piers Gaveston was a favourite of which king, who made him the first Earl of Cornwall?
Piers Gaveston, earl of Cornwall | English noble | Britannica.com Piers Gaveston, earl of Cornwall English noble Piers Gaveston, earl of Cornwall English noble Henry Jermyn, Earl of Saint Albans Piers Gaveston, earl of Cornwall, (born c. 1284—died June 19, 1312, near Warwick , Warwickshire, Eng.), favourite of the English king Edward II . The king’s inordinate love for him made him rapacious and arrogant and led to his murder by jealous barons. The son of a Gascon knight, he was brought up at the court of Edward I as foster brother and playmate for his son Edward, the future king. Strong, talented, and ambitious, Gaveston gained great influence over young Edward, and early in 1307 he was banished from England by the king; but he returned after the death of Edward I a few months later (July 1307) and at once became the chief adviser of Edward II. Made Earl of Cornwall , he received both lands and money from the king and added to his wealth and position by marrying Edward’s niece, Margaret, daughter of Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester (d. 1295). He was regent of the kingdom during the king’s short absence in France in 1308 and took a very prominent part at Edward’s coronation in February of that year. These proceedings aroused the anger and jealousy of the barons, and their anger was diminished neither by Gaveston’s superior skill at the tournament nor by his haughty and arrogant behaviour toward themselves. They demanded his banishment; and the king, forced to assent, sent his favourite to Ireland as lieutenant, where he remained for about a year. After his recall by Edward in July 1309 (an event sanctioned by some of the barons), Gaveston became more insolent than ever, and the old jealousies soon broke out afresh. In 1311 the king was forced to agree to the election of the “Ordainers,” and the Ordinances that they drew up provided, among other things, for the perpetual banishment of his favourite. Gaveston then retired to Flanders but returned secretly to England at the end of 1311. Soon he was publicly restored by Edward, and the barons had taken up arms. Deserted by the king, Gaveston surrendered to Aymer de Valence, Earl of Pembroke , at Scarborough in May 1312 and was taken to Deddington in Oxfordshire , where he was seized by Guy de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick. Conveyed to Warwick Castle, he was beheaded on Blacklow Hill near Warwick. His body was buried with great ceremony in 1315 at King’s Langley, in Hertfordshire, on orders of the king. Learn More in these related articles:
Edward II of England
Who sculpted the Pieta in the north aisle of St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican City?
Piers Gaveston Piers Gaveston Piers Gaveston, 1st Earl of Cornwall Born: Unknown Kenilworth, Warwickshire, England Gaveston in History Arnaud de Gabaston, the father of Piers Gaveston, was a loyal subject of King Edward I, and Piers himself would begin his career in the same fashion, serving in campaigns to France and Scotland as early as 1297. By 1300, Gaveston became a member of the household of Prince Edward, the heir to the throne. The two developed an extremely close relationship which helped Gaveston gain favor in the king's eyes. However, Gaveston would desert the king during the Scottish campaign of 1306. Additionally, the king saw Gaveston as a bad influence on his son, and the two quarreled violently when the elder Edward learned that the prince had attempted to award the county of Pontheiu to his friend. Therefore, the king, somewhat reluctantly (as he seemed to be fond of his son's friend) exiled Gaveston. Edward I died and was succeeded by the prince as Edward II in July of that year, and Gaveston was immediately recalled from his exile in France and became the king's favorite. He was created Earl of Cornwall and was married to the king's nice Margaret de Clare, co-heiress to the Earl of Gloucester. The nobility does not seem to have had any major objections to Gaveston's presence at court at first, but they were humiliated by him when he defeated several of them at a jousting tournament and angered them even further when he was made regent of the kingdom in the king's absence. In addition, Gaveston felt the need to display an arrogant attitude and to show off the new wealth he had achieved as the king's favorite. The lords, led by the Earl of Lincoln, pressed the king to dismiss Gaveston and govern the realm effectively (which he was not doing). Edward II was forced to agree, and Gaveston was sent into exile for the second time (May 1308). Gaveston settled in Ireland where he became the king's lieutenant and, surprisingly, proved to be a competent and effective leader in a realm that was always difficult to manage. Edward II recalled his favorite to England in early 1309, and he continued his arrogant ways, this time making up demeaning nicknames for all the lords that were opposed to him. The following year, at the urging of the lords, the king was forced to allow the formation of the lords ordainer, a group of twenty-one nobles and clerics whose assignment was to draw up reforms in the realm. One of the primary elements of the ordinances was that the king had to shun flatterers and accept good council, meaning they wanted Gaveston gone again. The king had no choice but to agree, and Gaveston once again went into exile (November 1311); this time, the royal favorite was back within two months. When the nobles heard of his return, they immediately pursued him and ultimately captured him at Scarborough Castle after they had besieged it. The Earl of Pembroke, a moderate noble, agreed to treat Gaveston fairly and to not make any decisions until consulting the king. Gaveston was put in Pembroke's custody, but one day when the earl was away, the Earl of Warwick seized the favorite and brought him to a mock trial where he and the Earl of Lancaster (the new leader of the resistance) had him convicted and beheaded. Edward II was devastated by his favorite's death and vowed revenge on the men responsible, which he would accomplish ten years later when Lancaster too would be executed. Gaveston in Marlowe Appears in: Edward II Piers Gaveston appears in Edward II as the king's favorite and is viciously hated by the nobility. He is created Earl of Cornwall, the king's secretary and is married to the king's niece Margaret. Though the nobles agree at one point to treat him favorably, they long for his exile, and finally, his death. Gaveston is captured by the lords and put in the custody of the Earl of Pembroke. However, the Earl of Warwick gains possession of him and promptly has him executed. References Hamilton, J. S. ‘Gaveston, Piers, earl of Cornwall (d. 1312)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004; online edn, Jan 2008 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/10463, accessed 7 June 2010]
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Who was the England wicketkeeper in the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 Final?
BBC Sport - Cricket - England beat Australia to win World Twenty20 title England beat Australia to win World Twenty20 title ICC World Twenty20 final, Barbados: England 148-3 (17 ovs) bt Australia 147-6 (20 ovs) by seven wickets England had never won a major limited-overs tournament in 35 years of trying By Harry Reekie England secured their first victory at an ICC limited-overs tournament with a crushing seven-wicket win against Australia in the World Twenty20 final. Australia slipped to 8-3 after being put in by Paul Collingwood but recovered to post a competitive 147-6, with David Hussey top-scoring on 59. Craig Kieswetter (63) and Kevin Pietersen (47) took England to 118-1 but then fell in quick succession. But Collingwood eased his side home with exactly three overs remaining. It was a memorable win for England and delivered their first global trophy in the 35-year history of limited-overs competitions. Andy Flower's side have reinvented themselves as a hugely dangerous outfit in the West Indies, and few could argue they are not worthy winners after another impressive display with bat and ball in Bridgetown. Once again the bowling was tight and disciplined, and the batting aggressive from the off. Indeed, it was rather out of character for England to win a game against Australia at such a canter. Victory for Michael Clarke's side, who came into the tournament unseeded, would have given them a clean sweep of World Cup, Champions Trophy and Twenty20 titles. But it was not to be as England continued to dominate in the Caribbean sunshine. Kieswetter scored 63 off 49 balls and hit two sixes Much has been made of the international flavour of England's batting line-up but, just as had been the case against Sri Lanka in the semi-final, it was a thoroughly homegrown bowling attack that did the early damage for Collingwood's side. Shane Watson, so often the bludgeon at the top of the Australia order, departed after only three balls when a wild edge off Ryan Sidebottom was parried by wicketkeeper Kieswetter and taken superbly on the rebound by Graeme Swann at slip. Opening partner David Warner followed in the second over, run out by a diving Michael Lumb after captain Clarke called a suicidal single to cover. And Australia were left flagging badly on 8-3 when Brad Haddin was given out caught down the leg-side to only the 13th delivery of the match - although replays showed the ball had clipped his hip. Clarke and Hussey stemmed the tide but managed little else against the new ball. A remarkable statistic of only two boundaries after seven overs told its own story. The introduction of spin did little to alleviate the pressure and when Collingwood pulled off a truly sensational catch at mid-wicket to dismiss Clarke, the Aussies were literally scratching their heads in disbelief. But some big hitting from Hussey and Cameron White eventually saw the scoring burst into life when Michael Yardy was smashed for 21 in the 13th over and the pair continued their assault to put on 50 from 37 balls. White enjoyed something of a lifeline when Stuart Broad dropped a difficult chance running backwards but the England bowler got his revenge by taking another difficult chance to hand Luke Wright his first wicket of the competition. 606: DEBATE England have not just played good cricket but a good brand of cricket, and a brand we all love. Amir Mir That brought Mike Hussey to the crease, fresh from his batting heroics in the semi-final against Pakistan, and some lusty blows from the two brothers boosted Australia in the latter overs. David Hussey was run out with four balls to go in a tight final burst from Broad but 147-6 represented a fine recovery from Clarke's side after such a dreadful start. England's hopes of a rapid response were curtailed firstly when Lumb (2) chipped tamely to mid-on off Shaun Tait and secondly when a farcical problem with the sightscreen forced play to be suspended for 10 minutes. Kieswetter had argued gaps in the electrical screens were making it hard to see the ball but when play finally resumed new batsman Pietersen certainly did not seem to share his concerns. A series of rasping drives through the covers saw the pair put on 50 in quick time and reach the 100-partnership in only 62 balls. But when Pietersen was caught at long-off trying to launch Steve Smith out of the ground and Kieswetter bowled comically by Mitchell Johnson leaving a straight one, England nerves began to flutter. But Collingwood and Eoin Morgan made sure there was no late drama, sealing a superb win with 18 balls to spare. Bookmark with:
Craig Kieswetter
What is the capital city of the country of Georgia?
Craig Kieswetter and Michael Lumb in England World Twenty20 squad | Sport | The Guardian Craig Kieswetter and Michael Lumb in England World Twenty20 squad • Recalls for Ravi Bopara and Michael Yardy • Matt Prior left out of squad for tournament Craig Kieswetter has been in fine form this winter. Photograph: Gareth Copley/PA Wednesday 31 March 2010 08.11 EDT First published on Wednesday 31 March 2010 08.11 EDT Close This article is 6 years old The Hampshire batsman Michael Lumb, whose reputation has risen after winning a surprise IPL opportunity with Rajasthan Royals, has made a further breakthrough today by being named as the only uncapped player in England's 15-strong squad for ICC World Twenty20 . Lumb is set to resume the partnership at the top of the order with another South African-born batsman Craig Kieswetter that brought England Lions a shock victory against England in a Twenty20 contest in Abu Dhabi last month. England are banking on Lumb and Kieswetter, who made a maiden ODI hundred in Bangladesh this month, to provide the sort of explosive start that has been repeatedly missing from their Twenty20 cricket. Ravi Bopara, whose stock has also risen because of his success in IPL, where he has been opening for Kings XI Punjab, has also been recalled and he offers another option at the top of the order. The surprise exclusion is that of Matt Prior, England's wicketkeeper in Test and 50-overs cricket. Kieswetter played as a specialist batsman, alongside Prior, in England's recent one-day series in Bangladesh, but England also took a chance to examine Kieswetter's keeping credentials in a warm-up match and the coach, Andy Flower, was impressed with what he saw. Prior's omission enables England to make room in the squad for a third slow bowler in Michael Yardy, who has captained Sussex during their development into one of the best Twenty20 sides in the country and who offers England greater batting depth. Ryan Sidebottom's inclusion is something of a risk. He has had innumerable injury setbacks in the past year and he left England's tour of Bangladesh early because of a thigh problem, although six seam bowlers in a 15-strong squad gives England ample cover should his injury problems persist. Geoff Miller, England's chief selector, said: "We believe we've picked a balanced squad that can meet the needs of the Twenty20 format — aggressive batting with variation and strength in depth and various bowling options that accommodate the conditions and surfaces in the West Indies. "On the recent tour of Bangladesh Craig Kieswetter showed what he is capable of in international limited-overs cricket and as a wicketkeeper at the top of the order he gives us options down the order. "Michael Lumb has consistently performed well in limited overs cricket for Hampshire and has also impressed during his time in the IPL and with the England Lions. He adds aggression to our batting." England are seeking their first major one-day trophy in the tournament, which begins on 30 April in Guyana with the final on 16 May in Barbados. England have been drawn in Group D alongside West Indies and Ireland, with its first Group match against hosts West Indies in Guyana on May 3. England's women will have Claire Taylor and Holly Colvin back in their squad as they bid to defend their crown in the West Indies. Taylor and Colvin were both unavailable for this winter's one-day international and Twenty20 tour of India. But a clutch of youngsters who impressed in their absence have been retained in a 14-strong squad announced today. "We believe we have selected a squad of players with the necessary skills to retain the ICC World Twenty20," Clare Connor, head of England Women's Cricket , said. "While this will be no easy feat, given the strength of our group, the Twenty20 series win in India in February has prepared the squad well for the challenge." England squad for the ICC World Twenty20 tournament in the West Indies PD Collingwood (Durham, captain), JM Anderson (Lancashire), RS Bopara (Essex), TT Bresnan (Yorkshire), SCJ Broad (Nottinghamshire), C Kieswetter (Somerset), MJ Lumb (Hampshire), EJG Morgan (Middlesex), KP Pietersen (Hampshire), A Shahzad (Yorkshire), RJ Sidebottom (Nottinghamshire), GP Swann (Nottinghamshire), JC Tredwell (Kent), LJ Wright (Sussex), MH Yardy (Sussex). England women's squad for the ICC World Twenty20 in the West Indies CM Edwards (Kent, Captain), KH Brunt (Yorkshire), HL Colvin (Sussex), LS Greenway (Kent), JL Gunn (Nottinghamshire), D Hazell (Yorkshire), HC Knight (Berkshire), LA Marsh (Sussex), BL Morgan (Middlesex), NJ Shaw (Surrey), A Shrubsole (Somerset), SC Taylor (Berkshire), SJ Taylor (Sussex), DN Wyatt (Staffordshire).
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The quiz arrived in an envelope which measures 229mm by 162mm. What size is this - a letter followed by a number?
May 2014 - Silicon Chip Online May 2014 - Silicon Chip Online Go Back This is only a preview of the May 2014 issue of Silicon Chip. You can view 27 of the 104 pages in the full issue and the advertisments. For full access, purchase the issue for $8.20 or subscribe for access to the latest issues. Items relevant to "RGB LED Strip Controller/Driver": Purchase a printed copy of this issue for $9.05-9.95. Fullscreen MAY 2014 9 PP255003/01272 $ 95* NZ $ 12 90 Maximite Minimite Now it’s the MICROMITE! And it’sngle si all on a Chip! PIC32 INC GST INC GST Tech Apps for Smartphones siliconchip.com.au May 2014 1 2014 CATALOGUE Check out our 3D cover with bonus 3D glasses OUT NOW! WANT A FREE* COPY? • 7200+ products, 548 pages, 600+ NEW products With every order of $30 or more placed via our TechStore website, you can get a copy of this great NEW catalogue absolutely FREE! Just ask for it in the comment field as you check-out. *Offer valid until 23/05/2014. 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Smartly drains the battery case first before SAVE switching to the phone's battery. • Battery capacity: 1800mAh • Talk time: 9 hours (approx) • Standby time: 220 hours (approx) • Internet use: 7 hours (approx) MB-3599 WAS $19.95 iPhone® not included 5 $ $ 1495 Prices valid until 23/05/2014 www.jaycar.com.au Contents Vol.27, No.5; May 2014 SILICON CHIP www.siliconchip.com.au Features 14 Android Apps For Tech-Savvy Users Android Apps For Tech-Savvy Users – Page 14. With an Android smartphone (or tablet), you can do so much more than make calls or send texts. For anyone into electronics, it can virtually be a test bench in your pocket. Here’s a look at some of the more useful apps – by Stan Swan 71 The GertDuino Board From element14 Can’t decide whether you like the Raspberry Pi or Arduino better? Well now you can combine them both – by Nicholas Vinen 88 Review: Tektronix MDO3054 Mixed-Domain Oscilloscope This DSO can be had with a logic analyser, 3GHz spectrum analyser, arbitrary waveform generator and digital voltmeter all in a single package. It’s featurepacked and has 10Mpoints memory per channel standard – by Nicholas Vinen Pro jects To Build 22 RGB LED Strip Controller/Driver Compact module drives up to six red/green/blue flexible LED strips to produce a rainbow of colours in multiple eye-catching patterns. It can be battery-powered and used anywhere you want a bright, pulsating light show – by Nicholas Vinen 28 The Micromite: An Easily Programmed Microcontroller, Pt.1 Want to use a powerful microcontroller in your next project? This low-cost PIC32 micro comes loaded with a Microsoft-compatible BASIC interpreter and programming it is easy. Pt.1 this month describes its features and shows you how to use it to build a GPS-Controlled Digital Clock – by Geoff Graham RGB LED Strip Controller/ Driver – Page 22. 60 40V Switchmode/Linear Bench Power Supply, Pt.2 Second article describes the operation of the linear regulator circuit, discusses the PCB layout design and gives the PCB assembly details – by Nicholas Vinen 72 Deluxe 230VAC Fan Speed Controller Got a ceiling fan or pedestal fan? With limited speed settings they are often too fast or too slow. This controller gives you continuous speed control and can also be used as a dimmer for desk lamps rated at up to 60W – by John Clarke Special Columns The Micromite: Use It To Build A GPS-Controlled Clock – Page 28. 42 Serviceman’s Log A close shave for a fancy shaver – by Dave Thompson 57 Circuit Notebook (1) Simple Circuit For Demonstration Of LED Spectra; (2) Battery Capacity Meter For Electric Bikes 82 Salvage It! What can you do with a dead UPS . . . or two? – by Bruce Pierson 92 Vintage Radio The AWA B30: a transistor radio just like grandma’s – by John Carr Departments 2 Publisher’s Letter 4 Mailbag siliconchip.com.auShowcase 40 Product 95 Subscriptions 96 Online Shop 98 Ask Silicon Chip 103 Market Centre 104 Notes & Errata 230VAC Fan Speed Controller – Page 72. May 2014 1 SILICON CHIP www.siliconchip.com.au Publisher & Editor-in-Chief Leo Simpson, B.Bus., FAICD Production Manager Greg Swain, B.Sc. (Hons.) Technical Editor John Clarke, B.E.(Elec.) Technical Staff Ross Tester Jim Rowe, B.A., B.Sc Nicholas Vinen Photography Ross Tester Reader Services Ann Morris Advertising Enquiries Glyn Smith Phone (02) 9939 3295 Mobile 0431 792 293 glyn<at>siliconchip.com.au Regular Contributors Brendan Akhurst Rodney Champness, VK3UG Kevin Poulter Stan Swan Dave Thompson SILICON CHIP is published 12 times a year by Silicon Chip Publications Pty Ltd. ACN 003 205 490. ABN 49 003 205 490. All material is copyright ©. No part of this publication may be reproduced without the written consent of the publisher. Printing: Hannanprint, Noble Park, Victoria. Distribution: Network Distribution Company. Subscription rates: $105.00 per year in Australia. For overseas rates, see our website or the subscriptions page in this issue. Editorial office: Unit 1, 234 Harbord Rd, Brookvale, NSW 2100. Postal address: PO Box 139, Collaroy Beach, NSW 2097. Phone (02) 9939 3295. Fax (02) 9939 2648. E-mail: silicon<at>siliconchip.com.au ISSN 1030-2662 Recommended and maximum price only. 2 Silicon Chip Publisher’s Letter Planning for future disposal of your assets This is a sombre subject to discuss: what will happen to your favourite things when you move to that big electronics workshop in the sky? The reason I raise this is because every now and again I receive an email from the spouse of one of our recently deceased readers, asking for advice on how to best dispose of their husband’s vintage radio collection, test equipment, tools, books, model train/car/ aircraft/ship collection or whatever. The problem is that during a lifetime in electronics, one can acquire a vast collection of all sorts of stuff which may have considerable value to someone with a technical background but probably zero value to anyone without such knowledge. Say you have a large collection of vintage radios. Some of those radios could be worth thousands of dollars and the whole collection could be worth much more. Some of the smaller vintage radios in your collection may look like ugly lumps of plastic to most people but such ugly lumps might be quite valuable. Who would know? Doubtless you may have a fair idea of your collection’s worth and you may have paid quite a lot of money over the years to acquire it. But does your spouse know this? I will bet not. Or if they do have some glimmer of what it’s worth, do they know which collectibles are really valuable and which are not? Is it all catalogued? Probably not. The situation is worse if you live alone and upon your demise your children or other relatives are likely to be confronted by a large miscellaneous collection of what to them is just “stuff that the old man used to potter about with”. Such “stuff” just might be summarily consigned to the tip in the inevitable clean-up in the winding up of your affairs. I speak from experience. Just recently I was in the home of one of my recently deceased relatives who had been ill for a long time. The house really had not been maintained or properly cleaned for years but it did contain valuable items and one such was a small nondescript vase in a display cabinet. That nondescript vase was by Clarice Cliff and was quite valuable. Few people would recognise it. What similar items do you have? The unfortunate fact is that many spouses only have the sketchiest knowledge of their household assets, liabilities and so on, let alone any knowledge of the value and extent of a collection of technical stuff. So you need to address the problem of how your spouse will best dispose of your stuff. After all, statistically, you will be the first to depart (if you are a bloke!) and she will be left with the problem. Or maybe your children will. Will they even care? So first of all you need to decide what is important and what can be disposed of now. Then you to need to catalogue it. This doesn’t have to be fancy; just a list and estimated values would be a start. A photo and brief technical description of each item would be even better. Then your spouse needs to know where this information is kept (easily accessible, in a filing cabinet with labelled folders!). This could be a fair amount of work but you owe it to yourself and your spouse. To yourself because presumably you don’t want your collection to be simply junked or given away. Second, you owe it to your spouse because it may contribute a reasonable sum to their welfare in the future. Finally, you need to provide some information on how the collection can be sold in order for that value to be obtained. Don’t leave it to chance because that will probably lead to a poor result. Oh, and your spouse should do the same for jewellery, bric-a-brac, furniture and so on. So go through it all. Get rid of junk that you will never use. Dispose of those units you have been hanging on to, to fix up when you “get round to it”. Clean and polish the “good stuff”, catalogue it and then display it so you can get the most enjoyment from it. Who knows, such a process might even rekindle enthusiasm for an enjoyable pastime. Leo Simpson siliconchip.com.au siliconchip.com.au May 2014 3 MAILBAG Letters and emails should contain complete name, address and daytime phone number. Letters to the Editor are submitted on the condition that Silicon Chip Publications Pty Ltd may edit and has the right to reproduce in electronic form and communicate these letters. This also applies to submissions to “Ask SILICON CHIP” and “Circuit Notebook”. Extrapolation in climate change models is unacceptable The Publisher’s Letter in the April 2014 issue was about the cost of green energy and I agree. However, I wish to remind you that I sent an email to you in May 2010 in which I used solid physics to show why the Earth’s temperature has not risen dramatically. In fact, it will not rise significantly unless we increase the rate at which we consume coal, oil and gas. In short, if we wish to increase our energy consumption and not increase the Earth’s average temperature, we must use solar, wind, hydroelectric or plant-based sources. But as they are so uneconomic compared with the carbon-based fuels, we need substantial cost reductions to use these alternatives. With the respect to the climate change debate, allow me to throw a technical spanner into the argument. I am not a proponent of climate change being a certainty. I do not know what the future holds. However, I do have a serious accusation to throw at those with their climate models. When I was studying years ago, it was made clear to me that extrapolation was absolutely unacceptable. There was no method in which a set of data points could be extended past the measured limits with certainty. It was Using a DAC for better TV sound I read with interest the question about DAC performance in the Ask SILICON CHIP pages of the April 2014 issue, as I had the same problem. I purchased a set of Sennheiser wireless headphones with analogonly inputs and wanted to run them from the optical output of my 3-year old Samsung TV using the Jaycar DAC. This allows volume control independent of the speaker output of the TV as well as providing bet4 Silicon Chip very bad and irresponsible science. Now, many years later and with “infallible” computer models, scientists predict the future, ie, extrapolate past their set of data points. Considering that the original taboo was for relatively simple systems, how much worse is extrapolating for the extremely complex weather system? Also, climate change is advocated as if it is a certainty. Well, the weather is different to that of previous years but is not that much different to when I was young. From the point of view of someone who has used feedback systems, I see an unstable system. I would rather use the term ‘Global Weather Instability’ than climate change. Anyone with experience of feedback systems should recognise the random highs and lows of aperiodic oscillation. I can suggest a cause for the oscillations and the best way to explain is by an example. Suppose I throw a pebble into a pond. There will be a small disturbance resulting in small ripples which will disappear relatively quickly. If I throw a large rock into the pond, there will be large waves which will interfere with each other, producing seemingly random highs and lows. Because of the large amount of energy and low viscous dissipation, the disturbance will last for a very long time. Looking at the Earth’s weather, I ter quality. The default setting of the TV produced the same result as obtained by R. P., ie, the sound only worked on the HD channels (except SBS HD). This was easily fixed using the Samsung menu. While it is true the menu item “broadcast audio options” can only be set to MPEG, there is another setting which applies. On my Samsung TV, the same menu has an item “additional settings”. Selecting this will take you to an item called “SPDIF output”. Select this and an item believe something has caused a major disturbance somewhere on the Earth’s surface and I believe that something could the industrialisation of China. I do not accuse them of doing anything wrong. It is just an effect of the generation of a large amount of heat as an industrial nation. The same would have occurred for earlier industrialised nations but no one took notice at the time. The question remains as to the nature of the future weather. Will it remain the same or will it change permanently? It is unpredictable provided honest science is applied. George Ramsay, Holland Park, Qld. Evidence of climate change is overwhelming Leo Simpson obviously has a problem with climate science, as evidenced by the Publisher’s Letter in the April 2014 and other issues. Like other ‘climate sceptics’, Leo seems to ignore the overwhelming evidence of climate change and latches onto the snippets that seem to support his case. These have all been comprehensively decalled “audio output” appears which will be set to Dolby. Using the arrow key, this can then be changed to PCM. Using this setting, all channels then provided high-quality sound. I am very pleased with the result and use the headphones in preference to the standard speaker as the sound quality is far superior. I would recommend the Jaycar DAC for this application as it gives good results for a reasonable price. Brian Day, Mount Hunter, NSW. siliconchip.com.au siliconchip.com.au May 2014 5 Mailbag: continued LiPo battery fires can start a conflagration In view of the articles printed in SILICON CHIP over recent years regarding the dangers of charging LiPo batteries, I thought the following may be of interest. The original article came from the latest Shoalhaven Model Flying Club newsletter. One of the club members was going home after a days flying and was stopped by police at a road block in Arana Hills. The police and fire brigade were dealing with a situation that required vehicles and people be kept well away. Apparently a modeller from the same club who lived close by was charging one of his many 1kg LiPo batteries which caught fire in his house, ignited a gas bottle which exploded and in turn started a huge fire. bunked – see www.skepticalscience. com/graphics.php If Mr Simpson cannot understand the (admittedly) esoteric global statistics perhaps some ‘on the ground’ examples, closer to home, may be more convincing. As an agricultural consultant in southern Australia, I am on the front line with those who have to deal with the day to day reality of climate change. For farmers, these changes are not in some vague future decade. They began to be obvious in the 1960s when winter rainfall started to decrease. In 2014 it is down 20% in most places. For cereal farmers, reduced winter rain means reduced yield. At the same time, summer rain is increasing as tropical low-pressure systems now drop their load in southern states (as predicted). This is useless to cereal farmers and a menace to grape growers. But it is not just rainfall. The tiny temperature rise we have seen since 1950 has been enough to wipe out the apricot industry in the river-land. Foreign imports did damage the industry but the reality is that temperature rise in the river-land is now enough to make the fruit ripen before it has filled out properly. We can no longer grow apricots in a region which was a 6 Silicon Chip The house had to be boarded up and temporary fencing has been erected. There was extensive fire damage to the garage and guttering above the boarding. Fortunately the fire was contained and the rest of the house was saved. The house is presently unoccupied due to the severity of the damage until it can be repaired. Again, I cannot emphasise enough the dangers of charging LiPo batteries in confined spaces, particularly when there are other flammable materials close by. As it wasn’t at a model airfield and no claim was made through MAAA insurance, most modellers wouldn’t know about it, hence this warning to help get the word out. Bob Young, UAV Consultant, Riverwood, NSW. major world supplier in 1970. Similar things are happening in the wine industry – vines are flowering too early and ripening too fast. Grape growers watch (and record) their weather very closely – it has a major effect on the quality and quantity of their product. Those who want to be in the industry long term are now moving to cooler locations. One national brand western Victorian producer is moving to Tasmania – the final impetus to the move came when they recorded 22 successive months of record temperatures. The costs of these and other changes are a little more subtle than a monthly power bill but they affect city dwellers in that quality produce is less available and more expensive. Plant breeders are scrambling to produce new varieties, more suited to the new climate but this is not done quickly or without big cost to the community. Millions of dollars spent by governments to clean up after more frequent floods, fires, and droughts come from every taxpayer. Your power bill, Mr Simpson, is a tiny, tiny, component of the cost of climate change to you. Unlike river-land orchards, some of the incentives in moves like the carbon tax ARE bearing fruit. The cost of most solar energy systems has nearly halved in a decade (unlike nuclear power costs). The USA has just completed a new, grid scale, concentrated solar power system at a cost of $5000 per kW installation cost – running cost near zero and decommissioning cost near zero (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Ivanpah_Solar_Power_Facility). They are also building a modern nuclear power station (at Vogtle, Georgia) at $5000 per kW installation cost (if they stick to budget) – running cost substantial, decommissioning cost massive, cost of spent fuel handling massive and long term. I would suggest that for sunny countries, nuclear power is no longer an option – solar is cheaper as well as safer! Perhaps a dollar or two of your power bill contributed to this result. Cliff Hignett, Naracoorte, SA. Comment: whether or not global warming is occurring really has nothing do with the fact that green energy schemes are too expensive and will do little to ameliorate the effects of climate change. Solar power for all homes would be good As I was reading Leo Simpson’s Publisher’s Letter in the April 2014 edition of SILICON CHIP, I could only hope it was an “April Fool” letter. Or maybe it wasn’t? Yes, I have been dismayed at the rising energy costs and that is why I have installed solar power on my house. My business is based at home so my maximum power usage is during the day. The 10kW solar power system installed on my house allows me to run air-conditioning during the day for free. It is very pleasing to see the graphs of my power purchased from the grid flat-line during the day. My belief is that all houses should have solar power installed. What is Mr Simpson’s problem with solar power installation owners receiving a feedin tariff? I wonder if Mr Simpson has shares in the power company? Our electricity supplier has resold my feedin power for over $2000 with no cost to them, so what is his problem? The feed-in tariff is way too low now, at a pitiful 8c/kWh, so the old argument siliconchip.com.au siliconchip.com.au May 2014 7 Mailbag: continued Publisher’s Letter was not a joke The Publisher’s Letter for the April 2014 issue now seems appropriate for the first day of that month. Perhaps it was written in jest, to see if we would recognise the April Fool’s joke. A recent announcement by the Australian Energy Regulator once again confirms the fact that goldplating and subsequent overcharging by network operators is the main cause of power increases, which directly contradicts your editorial. You continue to push the Tony Abbott line which alleges that increases in power prices are almost totally the fault of the RET and those terrible green initiatives to encourage the use of solar and wind power. The Australian Energy Market Commission (a government body) provides statistics which clearly show that the RET is the single smallest component of electricity bills (bar one) and is declining in proportional terms. The Australian Energy Market Regulator’s report for 2013 states the following: “There have been many large changes in the relative and overall magnitude of the charging parameters within the period. Of particular note is the 471.14 per cent increase in the that non-solar users are subsidising those who install solar power only applies to a relatively few early systems, that would generally be quite small. On our previous home we did have a 1.6kW system on the 60-cent tariff but that was five years ago. We got very little back from that system while we were living there as our power consumption used it all up most days. Leo Simpson obviously is a climate change sceptic. I cannot understand how anyone can hold that view but each to his own. Notwithstanding, the argument that Australia should chuck out all steps aimed at reducing global warming just because our footprint is so small is a small-minded attitude. How can we try to encourage others to look after our 8 Silicon Chip fixed charge in 2012-13, 18 per cent decreases in energy charges in 200607 and over 200 per cent increases in energy charges in 2009-10.” These figures are not opinions, they are facts which can be confirmed by referring to government reports. The Publisher believes we should continue to use coal-fired power stations to the maximum, because they are “the cheapest alternative” and because you don’t accept the evidence for global warming. Again, the IPCC report shows that coal-fired energy generation is the single largest contributor to global warming, a fact that has been reported previously and is supported by 97% of the world’s scientific community. Apparently, you support the scientific consensus on electronic theory but choose to scorn a consensus that disagrees with your political beliefs. Chris Peters, Eltham, Vic. Comment: coal-fired energy generation may be the single largest contributor to increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Whether any global warming is presently occurring is the subject of furious debate. In any case, none of the IPCC reports are supported by 97% of the world’s scientific community. That figure is a hoax. world if we are not willing to put our admittedly small paddle in to help? Mr Simpson’s comment indicating that global warming is a myth because of the extreme northern winters further shows his lack of understanding of the problem. Global warming will cause increasing extremes of the climate, not just things getting hotter. It does look like Mr Simpson is primarily concerned with dollar cost and nothing else. Sticking to only fossil fuel to generate power is cheaper in the short term but in the long term, it will be pretty disastrous. But going nuclear is not an option as we have seen from various failures around the world. Even a faint possibility of an Australian nuclear power station having a melt- down such as already happened in Chernobyl, Fukushima and Three mile Island should cause anyone to reject the option of nuclear power coming to Australia. I look forward to a better battery technology so I can go off-grid altogether. Denys Parnell, Shepparton, Vic. Comment: the last 40 years have not seen increasingly extreme weather events; quite the opposite. High feed-in tariffs and the RET scheme penalise all electricity consumers who cannot afford the investment for a solar panel installation. Going off-grid is a good choice for those who can afford to do so. Telstra mobile phone service interrupted by masthead amplifiers The following extract is taken from “The Monitor”, 26th March 2014, a local paper in Roxby Downs, SA (the full article can be viewed at www. themonitor.com.au): “Telstra service interrupted by amps – 26-Mar-2014, Millie Thomas. Incorrect installation of television masthead amplifiers in Roxby Downs’ households has caused the prolonged, consistent interference in the local Telstra mobile network. The interferences have been occurring in Telstra mobile phones in Roxby Downs for a number of months, and include interrupted mobile internet browsing, trouble making outgoing calls, and frequent call drop outs. Telstra Country Wide (SA North and West) General Manger John Tonkin said Telstra has had technicians up in Roxby Downs investigating the issue.” A business that performs work, as in the article, should be named and shamed as it shows a complete lack of understanding of TV and RF distribution as well as a lack of knowledge of installation and testing principles. Forget about the applicable standards, requirements for radiation compliance, professionalism, qualifications and experience. It is extremely hard to compete with businesses that provide a service of this level when actual professionals have invested in the qualifications, training and the applicable test equipment. I bet their charge-out rate is near industry standard and if asked, siliconchip.com.au it would be qualifications and training used to justify the rates! For many years we have heard the electrician versus technician debate (sometimes quite heated) but both are at least qualified, where as now I am becoming concerned with the increasing belief that an ACMA licence is a qualification, specifically as that is all that is required to promote yourself as a Data, Electronics or Communications Company! This is nearly as annoying as being in an OH&S Lecture where a 12V DC 500mA power supply was identified as capable of stopping your heart! Greg Budden, Outback Data & Communications Pty Ltd, Woomera, SA. Avoid cheap LED replacements for halogen downlights I have a few comments on the “Questions On Halogen Lamp Transformers” item on pages 92-93 of the April 2014 issue. First, using “electronic transformers” (cheap and nasty switchmode power supplies) can, as you point out, lead to early failures because of the poor quality of the output, which a halogen doesn’t care about but a LED does. A much bigger problem is that some switchmode supplies require the load characteristics of a halogen in order to start and won’t work with the very different load from a LED, or may work with flickering light, buzzing or other unpleasant side-effects. The transformers also have an output of 12VAC (meaning 40-80kHz switching noise in a 100Hz envelope), which isn’t ideal for a 12V DC LED. Proper LED power supplies produce a generally “DC-ish” output, although again not perfect because the manufacturers skimp on filter capacitors so there’s a fair bit of ripple. Buying cheap LEDs direct from China may save you money but will (at least in New Zealand) run foul of electrical safety regulations. If the lights are installed in an enclosed space covered by insulation then they have to be rated as such (IC-F rated in NZ, meaning they won’t overhead/catch fire/lose you your insurance cover) which needless to say, none of the direct-from-China imports are. In addition, the rated lights will come with LEDappropriate power supplies attached, so you don’t need to worry about whether things will work with left-over halogen parts. Another problem with cheap LEDs is that it’s more or less impossible to ensure colour purity across different batches, meaning you have to buy all the LEDs you’re likely to ever need in one batch to make sure you don’t end up with a mixture of yellow, blue and green tints. I’ve seen this with “upgrade-over-time” installations and it looks really bad. I went with the cheapest IC-F rated ones I could find, <at> $49 for a 5W light, which nicely replaced a mixture of 60W incandescents and 50W MR16s that some fiend had installed at some point in the past, dropping the load to one tenth of its previous amount while actually increasing the light output. Peter Gutman, Auckland, NZ. siliconchip.com.au May 2014 9 Mailbag: continued Freed-Eisemann coffin radio I thoroughly enjoyed the Vintage Radio column in the February 2014 issue on the Freed-Eisemann NR7 radio and thought you may be interested in a Freed-Eisemann set that I have in my collection. Mine is the even older NR5 model which, according to the Radio Museum website, was the first Neutrodyne set produced by the company. It was manufactured between April 1923 and October 1924. The NR6 followed in late 1924 and the NR7 in 1925. The NR5 is very similar in design to the NR7 with just minor differences. It uses only five UX201A valves, has two output jacks on the front panel and doesn’t have an on/ off switch as such but is turned on by inserting a plug into one of the output jacks. Depending on how loud you want the volume, you plug a speaker into either the first or second audio output jack. The tuning condensers, coils, dial knobs and cabinet are the same as those used for the NR7. Hybrid cars will continue to be sold I would like to comment on the letter from Dr Kenneth Moxham in the February 2014 issue, titled “Camry Hybrid Is A Pleasure To Drive”, responding to the Publisher’s Letter in the November 2013 issue, “Hybrid Cars May Not 10 Silicon Chip I purchased my set about five years ago off eBay, the seller stating that the set was in fully-restored condition. I have to say that apart from a couple of minor details, it appears to be in almost perfect original condition, which is amazing considering its age. Even the operating instructions and station log card on the underside of the lid and the battery connection card on the rear panel are in nearly perfect condition. I’m guessing that this set may have been pensioned off fairly early in its life to make way for a better performing and more user-friendly superhet. It appears to have been put away in a cupboard somewhere and was there virtually ever since. With reference to the second paragraph in your article, the last sentence on the battery connection card reads: “The manufacturers will be pleased to hear of the results obtained with this Neutrodyne receiver”. They obviously wanted feedback from their customers as to the performance of their radios. They needn’t have worried, as no matter how you look at them they are obviEndure”. I would also like to discuss my experience with electronic vehicle technologies in general. I think to an extent they are both right regarding hybrids. Stop/start technology is eroding the fuel economy advantage a full hybrid has over a regular internal combustion engine ously very well-designed, craftsmenbuilt radios. Ron Barnes, Otago, Tasmania. (ICE) powered vehicle. Let’s not forget about diesels too. These can have even better fuel economy than hybrid petrol-electric cars although with their own issues; I am especially concerned about particulate emissions which still seem to be a problem, even with modern European diesel passenger cars (for siliconchip.com.au example, the recent severe smog in Paris). Nitrous oxide emissions from diesel engines also appear to be much worse than petrol engines. There’s also the issue that hybrids are most at home in the city where there is a lot of start-stop driving. Out on the freeway, they don’t really offer any better fuel economy than a regular petrol car and in fact are quite significantly worse than a good diesel. I’ve done the sums and even in the city, you’d have to drive something like 200,000km to save more on petrol than you pay up-front for a hybrid. So clearly the reasons to favour a hybrid are other benefits such as the ability to move silently at low speeds (which not so great for pedestrians though!). I think they will continue to be sold but unless there is a major breakthrough in battery technology, will not get a large share of the market. You mention that reducing weight improves fuel economy and this is undoubtedly true but it’s unlikely to happen. There are various factors which have led to modern cars weigh- TMS2000 soldering station cannot drive two hand-pieces at once I enjoyed your excellent review of the Thermaltronics TMT-2000S-K Soldering Station in the April 2014 issue. I use a 9000 series at home and in my work situation and have nothing but praise for them. There is just one error in your review though. The caption to the small picture showing two handpieces says that the unit can power ing more than their predecessors, including safety equipment (especially reinforcement), more rigid frames and better suspension to improve handling, larger wheels and tyres (a fad, although wider tyres certainly do offer improved grip), more technology and more comfort (soundproofing, electric seats etc). Most people aren’t going to give up safety or comfort to save a few dollars worth of petrol a week. I certainly wouldn’t. Yes, the use of materials such as aluminium and carbon fibre can reduce both at once. My 9000 has two sockets but each is selectable; only one outlet can be used at a time. A quick email to Thermaltronics confirmed that the 2000 is the same; only one outlet at a time can be used. It is a pity you could not have expanded your review to the desoldering attachment, which is also an excellent device. Tom George, Ballarat, Vic. weight but these increase cost and cause other problems, eg, carbon fibre can be difficult to repair. And vehicles which do make use of aluminium tend not to be that light because they’re doing it in order to compensate for other heavy items. For example, the Jaguar XJ has an all-aluminium body but still weighs nearly 1.8 tonnes. As well as hybrid technology, a whole host of new technologies are being deployed in vehicles and I feel that we will be seeing them right across the board in just a few years’ time. 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Box 5422 Clayton Vic.3168 Tel:0432 502 755 Mailbag: continued recent decision to buy a new car was largely based on the improved technology compared to the previous model (just a few years old), now available at a reasonable price. This package included radar-guided adaptive cruise control, collision-mitigating braking and warning system, emergency brake assistance, trailer stability assistance, emergency stop signal, lane-keeping assistance, highbeam assistance, a blind spot camera, reversing camera, auto-dipping rear view mirror, hill start assistance, LED headlights (low-beam), cornering lights, LED daytime running lights and brake lights, a fuel consumption/range display, tyre deflation monitoring and road ice warning. That’s a lot of electronics! And it’s in addition to some of the great features carried over from the last model I owned including an excellent electronic stability control (ESC) system with electronic brake-force distribution (EBD), rain-sensing wipers, automatic headlights plus the always useful front and rear parking sensors. While prospective buyers will generally consider a car’s safety rating when purchasing, as far as I know, this is just an indication of how well the vehicle protects the occupants in a collision (and then only in comparison to vehicles in the same class). It says nothing about the likelihood of a collision which of course includes driver skill, attentiveness and luck. But consider that the above12 Silicon Chip With respect to the Publisher’s Letter in the April 2014 issue, are coal-fired power stations shutting down overseas? No and they’re not likely to! With Germany shutting down their nuclear power stations, they have gone back to coal fired-power. Why? Apparently it costs too much to dispose of radioactive waste and they’re seen as dangerous. In fact, the German green revolution has been so successful they have just ‘test-fired’ five new coal-fired power plants with a combined capacity of around four gigawatts – see http://www.platts.com/latest-news/ coal/london/analysis-german-4-gw-new-coal-plantsin-testing-26170384 And just in case the wind stops blowing or the sun is blocked by clouds of evil man’s 12 parts per million colourless, odourless, trace gas carbon dioxide, rendering their half a trillion euro investment in windmills and solar panels useless, Germany have another 15 coal plants planned to open by 2020 – see http://wattsupwiththat.com/2013/04/23/germany-toopen-six-more-coal-power-stations-in-2013/ John Vance, Wangaratta, Vic. mentioned electronic systems help to keep you out of trouble while driving. And I must say they generally work extremely well. I have now had a chance to try them all and found that mostly they work very well and many of them are a great boon to safety. The adaptive cruise control is great for long trips and I’ve driven for hours at a time (between Sydney and Melbourne) without having to touch any of the pedals, even with light to moderate traffic. I can sit behind a vehicle going close to the speed limit and my car will automatically follow at a safe distance. If they brake, it will brake too. I also used the lane keeping assistance extensively on these trips and it both reduces driver fatigue and prevents the vehicle going off the road in a moment of inattention. The collision mitigation braking and warning system is effectively an extension of the radar-guided cruise control but it is always active. It will warn you if an object is rapidly approaching and if you do not react, it will brake for you. It will also pre-tension the driver and passenger seatbelts if it thinks a collision is imminent. When the brakes are fully engaged (whether manually or automatically), it flashes the hazard lights to warn vehicles behind you, so they (hopefully) don’t run into you. The blind spot camera is brilliant and I think the days of external rear-vision mirrors are numbered. It gives a much better view than the normal passenger-side mirror and is much clearer and more convenient to glance at. Reversing cameras are also great, provided they are of sufficient quality (not all are). Some cars now have 360° camera coverage for parking. High-beam assistance automatically dips the headlights when lights are detected in front of your vehicle and this siliconchip.com.au works very well for night driving on the freeway, again allowing you to concentrate on the road rather than fiddling with a stalk. The rain-sensing wipers provide a similar advantage, especially in changeable weather or stop/start driving. I won’t go into detail about the other systems mentioned above but I will say that I’ve found them all to provide incremental improvements in safety, awareness and ease of driving and they are worth paying for. E. Murdoch, Randwick, NSW. Global warming & climate Change Reading the Publisher’s Letter in the April 2014 issue leaves me rather concerned for the following reasons. (1) “Cherry picking” of data to suit a person’s point of view is not a valid scientific process. (2) Neither is denigration and ridicule directed towards others who have opposing opinions on a valid scientific process. (3) Global warming and the associated climate change is upon us. To claim remedial action is too costly for Australia and do nothing is to deny our global responsibility. (4) Procrastination will only result in increased remedial costs at a later date. We need to understand the following facts: (1) The major input of heat energy into the Earth’s atmosphere comes from the Sun. (2) Atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns distribute this heat energy across the Earth’s surface as weather. (3) Climate is the sum of weather patterns in a given geographical area. (4) Carbon dioxide is a known greenhouse gas. (5) The atmospheric carbon dioxide level is increasing due to human activity. How are these facts significant? (1) Short wavelength infrared radiation from the Sun passes through the Earth’s atmosphere to heat the Earth’s surface. Infrared radiation from the Earth’s surface has a longer wavelength that is absorbed by carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere. (2) Increased carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere results in increased absorption of infrared radiation from the Earth’s surface thus raising the Earth’s atmospheric and surface temperatures. The result is global warming. (3) Existing atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns must change to redistribute the increased heat energy in the atmosphere. The change can be in intensity and/or distribution of these flow patterns (4) Associated with these altered circulation patterns will be the redistribution of water precipitation and atmospheric temperatures. (5) Climate change is the result of Raspberry Pi & GertDuino Check Out Our Huge Range In Stock Now ! siliconchip.com.au these changed circulation, precipitation and temperature patterns. Where to now ? (1) Here lies the problem: the Earth’s surface temperature is not yet in equilibrium with the increased heat energy absorption by the atmosphere. (2) There is a phase lag between heat energy input to the atmosphere and surface temperatures as evidenced by the fact the warmest days occur after the local summer solstice and lowest temperatures occur after the local winter solstice. (3) Even if atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide could be held immediately at their present levels, global warming and climate change would continue until the Earth’s surface temperature rose to the level where outgoing infrared radiation would equal the incoming infrared radiation from the Sun. Then and only then would the Earth’s global surface temperatures stabilise. (4) Energy efficiency and renewable energy sources are the only real solution as the Earth itself is a finite resource and nuclear energy has the major problem of radioactive waste storage and the long term contaminating result of nuclear “accidents”. Finally, think of the jobs that could be created by initiating, developing and maintaining energy efficiency procedures and renewable energy resources. Col Hodgson, SC Mount Elliot, NSW. For more information & to shop online, visit www.wiltronics.com.au Ph: (03) 5334 2513 | Email: sales<at>wiltronics.com.au May 2014 13 for by Stan Swan Tech-Savvy Users With an Android smartphone, you can do so much more than make calls or send texts. For anyone into electronics, it can virtually be a test bench in your pocket. And then some! R emember when telephones sat on the desk or table, connected to the wall socket via a cable? And all they could do were make voice calls? Quaint as that may seem today, as little as 25 years ago it was said many countries were so deprived of wired infrastructure that half the world’s population (mostly in African and Asia) had never heard a phone ring. From the mid 1990s however the mobile phone, initially brick sized and oh-so-expensive, rapidly changed that! Plummeting size and price and improved battery life increased mobile phone uptake to the extent that it’s now rare to go to an urban area almost anywhere on the planet and not have cellular phone coverage. Prices have fallen so low (in some places as low as ~$10 for basic models) that ownership can be justified for even children and the impoverished. Home (fixed line) phone installation continues to fall – many people, particularly the younger and more “mobile”, rely solely on mobile phones, eschewing fixed line models and their rental and call costs. Even then, users often consider their near new mobile phones obsolete in as little as a few months and upgrade… in fact e-waste issues increasingly arise. Convenient as mobiles may be, for a good decade most were essentially just 14 Silicon Chip intended for voice or text messaging, with the internet’s parallel development almost co-incidental. It’s only been in the last ten years that more versatile ‘smart phones’ have emerged. Although Apple’s iPhone lead with their mass offerings, Google’s cheaper and more open Android operating system approach now commands most of the market. Mass production by numerous Asian makers (especially Korea’s Samsung who offer a nearbewildering range) has sent prices into near free fall. Some two billion Android-based devices (both smart phones and tablets) are likely to be in global use by late this year! “Smart” may well be an understatement! Inbuilt calculators, note pads, clocks, lights, Bluetooth, WiFi, GPS, digital and video cameras, radio, music and video players, high speed web browsing, email and bright touch screens are now considered the “norm” on today’s “all in one” smart phones. Inbuilt sensors for motion, magnetic fields and light are also common. Increasingly, they have multi-core CPUs, with more processing power than a typical home PC. Such horsepower may come with caution however, as a significant issues relate to the phones’ slim batteries. Although inbuilt rechargeable LiIon batteries is now the norm, ratings of just 2000mAh at 3.8V are typical. Many applications unwittingly run “in the background”, using power all the time. Unused applications should hence be turned off until needed, otherwise heavy device use (perhaps for GPS or games) may deny users even mere phone calls by day’s end. Android devices have thankfully, however, standardised on micro-USB charging sockets, so various portable and car chargers – even solar chargers can come to the rescue. Google Play Store Users are not limited to their devices’ initial applications. As surely anyone of tender years now well knows, Google have organised a repository of downloadable “apps” (applications) at their so-called GooglePlay site (formerly known as the Android Market). This may be accessed from either a smart phone “shopping bag” icon or via the web on another computer – https://play.google.com Exploring the Google Play site from a PC may be more convenient, as keyboard and mouse browsing allows an easier overview of offerings, reviews and alternatives than a smaller touch screen. To install it on your phone, you can either connect the phone to your PC or you can simply email the app’s siliconchip.com.au Helping to put you in Control IOIO Kit The SparkFun Inventor’s Kit for IOIO (SIKIO) provides 7 projects that allow you to control various pieces of external hardware with a IOIO-OTG. The kit contains: guidebook, IOIO-OTG board & cable, breadboard and electronic parts used in the guidebook SKU: SFK-005 Price:$103.44+GST Digit TLH Battery powered temperature & humidity logger that can store up to 260k readings. Up to 4 year battery life. 7 log intervals, 2 programmable alarm thresholds. Download to .csv files over USB to Windows based computer. IP53 enclosure included. SKU: LAJ-061 Price:$86+GST Tape Shield Kit For Arduino The KTA-292 is an easy to assemble tape dispenser for your Arduino. Arduino shield compatible. Supplied as kit, requires assembly. Red and Black electrical tape is included. Suits tape up to 40 mm wide. SKU: KTA-292 Price:$19.95+GST URL to your phone for installation at your leisure. What apps? More than a million apps are already available, with many either free or very low cost (ie, cents). Significant numbers are games orientated but productivity apps abound. If you can put up with occasional small adverts (usually chopped when WiFi is turned off), then classic (& novel) e-instruments may be had for free! Some are half-baked and of questionable appeal but they are tempting for skinflints and educational users. As most students will already have a smartphone, “BYOD” (Bring Your Own Device) versatility and bench clutter reduction benefits may arise. A brief selection of “e-apps” (electronic apps) are considered overleaf. Several are low-frequency audio slanted and use on-phone sensors, microphone and speaker. Given SILICON CHIP’S recent mailbag correspondence re mobile coverage there’s a focus on apps that have shown themselves very handy for WiFi and mobile phone setup and monitoring. We trialled these apps on a late2013, dual core Samsung Galaxy Ace 3 (GT-S7275R), under popular Android V4.2.2 “Jellybean” (Android operating system updates are alphabetically named after confectionery). Screen grabs on this model can be siliconchip.com.au made by pushing the home and power buttons together. After a few seconds a camera “snap” sound is heard and the shot is saved to the phone’s photo gallery. The file can then be sent to a PC as an email attachment. Readers are encouraged to browse Google’s Play site themselves for apps that suit their specific needs. The very nature of this extremely rapidly evolving field means the following selection may be soon dated, if it isn’t already! What, no smartphone? For those without a smartphone yet, (don’t fight it, it’s only a matter of time!) but keen to wet their feet perhaps you could consider PC emulators – an overview is given here: www.makeuseof.com/tag/3-ways-runandroid-apps-windows/ Of course, a PC may lack inbuilt sensors or a touch screen! Android phones and tablets however are so ubiquitous (with entry level models now laughably cheap) that there’s really little reason to put off purchase. Since even pre-school kids are increasingly comfortable with them, old timers should perhaps enlist their grandkids to instruct on screen swiping and selection techniques! Positive Adjustable PSU A compact, easy to use, positive variable power supply module. It is ideal for powering any application requiring a DC supply at current levels up to 1.5 amperes. Also available as a kit, negative adjustable PSU is also available. For dual-rail PSU, combine the positive and negative PSU. SKU: PSU-010 Price:$35+GST Ultrasonic Range Finder 5 m range, compact, IP67 ultrasonic rangefinder with 1 mm resolution. Analog voltage, pulse width and TTL serial outputs. For a limited time these are being discounted to clear excess stock. SKU: MXS-104 Price:$99+GST Serial Digital I/O Controller PC-based serial digital I/O controller is designed for control & sensing applications. It features 8 relay outputs, 4 optically isolated inputs and RS-232 interface. 5 to 24 VDC powered. SKU: KTA-108 Price:$115+GST Arduino Motor Shield This motor driver shield makes it easy to control 2 x 12 A (continuous) highpower DC motors with your Arduino or Arduino compatible board. It also features: current-sense feedback, custom Arduino pin mappings & accept ultrasonic PWM frequencies. 5.5 to 24 VDC powered. SKU: POL-2502 Price:$62.95+GST For OEM/Wholesale prices Contact Ocean Controls Ph: (03) 9782 5882 oceancontrols.com.au May 2014 15 Audio Test Gear Apps Some of these free apps are limited versions of the pay-for version. However, in most cases, the paid version is at most just a few dollars (or even cents!). Oscilloscope Responsive but limited to audio frequencies. With input via the microphone this app tends to entertainment value. (In a later article we hope to consider further use of the 4-pole headphone socket as a general I/O port for better CRO emulation and both sensing and serial data display.) https://play.google.com/store/ apps/details?id=com.xyz.scope FrequenSee A high audio frequency (to 20kHz) and fast responding sound frequency spectrum display. Sensitive, but the “fat” curve detracts. https://play.google.com/store/ apps/details?id=com.DanielBach.FrequenSee SpectralView An entrancing moving “curtain” (scrolling or wrapping) audio spectrum analyser. Although restricted to 8kHz for the free version, it could suit general AF insights – noise levels and tones, bird calls, “fuzzy” audio data (sequential multiple tone Hellschreiber, etc). https://play.google.com/store/ apps/details?id=radonsoft.net. spectralview 16 Silicon Chip siliconchip.com.au Other Test Gear Apps Pro Audio Tone Generator A simple but versatile audio frequency tone generator, capable of precise tone setting to 20kHz. The responsive “knob twiddler” style controls closely emulate similar workbench instruments, while independent left /right channels cater for amplifier testing. Ideal for casual hearing tests, dog training (!), physics lab work (acoustic resonance, beats etc) and perhaps even “give me a C” instrument tuning. https://play.google. com/store/apps/ details?id=com. dutchmatic.patone EMF meter GPS Status plus! Conveniently indicates navigation satellites available, but even with the inbuilt GPS off this still shows a handy compass, spirit level, accelerometer, battery status (plus temperature) and magnetic field measurement. h t t p s : / / p l a y. g o o g le.com/store/apps/ details?id=com.eclipsim. gpsstatus2 Live charts, along with x, y and z components, local magnetic and low frequency EM fields (The earth’s magnetic field – measured in tesla – ranges at the surface from 25 to 65  microtesla (= 0.25 to 0.65 gauss or 250-650 milligauss. Handy for ferrous object location, buried live wire detection or even for those concerned with low-frequency electromagnetic radiation in the home. Note: 10,000 Gauss (G) = 1 Tesla (T). A a strong fridge magnet has a field of about 100G = 0.010T. https://play.google.com/store/apps/ details?id=com.superphunlabs.emf NOTE: both these apps require the smartphone to have a magnetometer fitted which some smartphones (particularly older models) may not have. D-I-Y Apps? App generation usually involves programming skills but Google’s open source App Inventor for Android uses a drag and drop graphical interface may ease the pain. MIT have taken over development. Refer http://explore.appinventor.mit.edu/ai2/beginner-videos siliconchip.com.au May 2014 17 WiFi Analysis WiFi Analyzer Due to the user’s enveloping hand, smart phone WiFi range is often much less than a more open tablet or laptop will offer. As WiFi access is often free and mobile data costly, this app can be an invaluable aid for sensing the nature and availability of nearby WLANs. Its multiple screens suit signal sweet spot location and even perhaps site auditing for the best positioning of a facility’s AP (access point) or antenna for optimum coverage. Highly recommended! https://play.google.com/store/apps/ details?id=com.farproc.wifi.analyzer Google Sky Map Nothing to do with electronics . . . but perhaps the most magnificent night sky display available. Never confuse Jupiter with Mars again! Once set to your local location and time, it’s just held aloft for the live display to inform of the stars and planets above. https://play.google.com/store/apps/ details?id=com.google.android.stardroid 18 Silicon Chip siliconchip.com.au WiFi, Mobile Network Analysis OpenSignal A well respected app for technical insights into both the direction and strength (as -dBm) of nearby cellular signals. Could be particularly useful for locating and mapping the best cellular access location (perhaps elevated) at an unfavourable location. Optionally also detects WiFi signals but the information given is perhaps less helpful that WiFi Analyzer. https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com. farproc.wifi.analyzer Network Signal Strength The free version offers simple but perhaps clearer, cellular network insights. GSM strength is shown on a coloured 0-31 scale. Upgrading to the Pro version allows many extra features. https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.cls. networkwidget Useful Electronics Apps Electronics Basics This app is quite different from most of the apps online (and those shown in this feature) because the developers don’t own any of the content; instead they hand-pick it from a wide variety of different online sources. The result is an app full of electronics tutorial and training videos for you to learn from and enjoy. https://play.google.com/store/apps/details? id=com.thirtydaylabs.electronicstutorials Got a favourite “technical” app? Do you use an app that you think other SILICON CHIP readers would find useful? Let us know so we can let them know: email silicon<at>siliconchip.com.au siliconchip.com.au May 2014 19 Useful Electronics Apps ElectroDroid EveryCircuit This is an “everything-but-the-kitchen-sink” electronicsorientated app. It includes a bevy of calculators including those for Ohm’s law, reactance, resonance, RC filters, voltage dividers, series/parallel components, capacitor charge, op amp circuits, adjustable voltage regulator parameters, NE555 circuits, power dissipation, battery life... the list goes on. It also has various useful tables such as resistor colour codes, metal resisivity, wire size and current capacity, standard resistor/capacitor values, capacitor marking codes, circuit symbols, SMD package sizes, 7400 series logic IC configurations, … trust us, there’s a lot in it! Not surprising then that this is one of the most popular electronics-related Android apps. Also by the same people as ElectroDroid (and it integrates), this is a very visually-orientated simulator which incorporates many common types of circuits and shows you how they work. It’s great for beginners because you can see exactly where the current and voltage are flowing. Shown here is its demonstration of the step response of an RC low-pass filter. The free version can only demonstrate simple circuits; more complex circuits (labelled “Large”) require the paid version. https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=it.android. demi.elettronica For convenience (and to save you typing them out!), links etc for all apps in this feature can be downloaded from www.manuka.orconhosting.net.nz/apps.htm 20 Silicon Chip https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.everycircuit.free siliconchip.com.au Circuit Simulation, Databases and Other Apps Droid Tesla PICmicro/ATmicro database Flight Radar24 Free A “SPICE” circuit simulator with a simple interface. This is a free version; you can pay to get extra features. Drawing the circuit is pretty easy although making connections between components can be a little awkward. Overall, the interface is easy to figure out. Great for checking out those circuit ideas on-the-go to see if they will work. https://play.google.com/store/apps/ details?id=org.vlada.droidtesla Handy lists of all current Microchip or Atmel microcontrollers which can be sorted and filtered by various parameters such as memory size, number of pins, ADC inputs, package type and so on. Selecting a part gives its vital parameters and a link to the manufacturer website for access to the data sheet, etc. Popular parts also include a pinout diagram. h t t p s : / / p l a y. g o o g l e . c o m / s t o r e / a p p s / details?id=it.android.demi.elettronica.db.pic Yes, we know we’ve talked about this one before (see SILICON CHIP, August 2013) but it’s so good it’s worth including again in case you missed it! You can see, in real time, where every commercial aircraft is at any time, anywhere in the world with this remarkable app. See the plane’s height, route, speed, climb, origin and destination and much more! https://play.google.com/store/apps/ details?id=com.flightradar24free SC “Rigol Offer Australia’s Best Value Test Instruments” RIGOL DS-1000E Series NEW RIGOL DS-1000Z Series 50MHz & 100MHz, 2 Ch 1GS/s Real Time Sampling USB Device, USB Host & PictBridge FROM $ 339 ex GST NEW RIGOL DS-2000 Series 70MHz & 100MHz, 4 Ch 1GS/s Real Time Sampling 12Mpts Standard Memory Depth FROM $ 654 70MHz, 100MHz & 200MHz, 2 Ch 2GS/s Real Time Sampling 14Mpts Standard Memory Depth ex GST FROM $ 934 Buy on-line at www.emona.com.au/rigol siliconchip.com.au ex GST May 2014 21 Phantasmagorical RGB LED Strip Driver This small module drives up to six RGB (red/green/blue) flexible LED strips to produce a rainbow of colours in multiple eyecatching patterns. Use it to decorate a Christmas tree, a shop window or anywhere else you want a bright, pulsating and flashing light show with many colours. It runs off a battery or a DC supply. T HIS PROJECT WAS designed to be used on a float in a street parade. No, this was not an official SILICON CHIP presence . . . It came about because I was helping a friend who was helping a friend to decorate the float and they wanted multiple flexible strings of LEDs, all constantly changing colours. When I first heard about this, the plan was that they were going to build the electronics by hand, using through-hole components on Veroboard and point-to-point wiring – to drive around 30 RGB strips. I’ve built 22 Silicon Chip many prototypes this way and knew that it was a dull and laborious process and the resulting boards can be quite delicate. So in order to head off the inevitable frustration I offered to design a “proper” PCB. This was two weeks before the parade so the design and assembly was a pretty quick affair. The boards were designed to be fast to build – I actually had to do them all in one evening after work and managed to assemble the five boards in just four hours and deliver them to be programmed and wired up. I didn’t see them in action but apparently they worked quite well although by the end of the parade the batteries were pretty flat. We hadn’t had time to put in a low-battery cut-out feature, something which has been rectified in the final design. Obviously, this board is not limited to use on a float so after some tweaking, we are publishing it for general use. Design RGB LED strips can be purchased on 5m reels, made up of 100 joined siliconchip.com.au By NICHOLAS VINEN sections each 50mm long. They are also available in shorter lengths. Fig.1 shows a typical arrangement. These components are mounted on a long, thin flexible PCB with a plastic cover over the top and in our case, with an adhesive backing. Power consumption is around 7.5W/m (375mW per section) at 12V, with all LEDs at full brightness. We measured 920mA for blue, 1150mA for red and 1040mA for green on a 5m strip. Our reels were supplied with mating 4-pin plugs at either end (2.54mm pin spacing), so they can be combined into longer lengths if required. If you cut the strip up into shorter lengths, this exposes a set of four pads on either side of the cut, to which a similar cable can be soldered. We got ours from an internet seller but very similar products are available from Altronics, Cat. X3213 (indoor) and X3214 (outdoor use). Jaycar also have rigid RGB LED pluggable modules (Cat. ZD0456 and ZD0466) and 1m flexible waterproof RGB LED strip (Cat. ZD0478). siliconchip.com.au To control these strips to get any colour we want, we apply 12V to the anode terminal and then vary either the resistance or (in this case) PWM duty cycle between the cathodes and ground, to vary the red, green & blue component brightness. These colours combine so, for example, if all three are driven at a similar level, the resulting light looks (more or less) white. Or if red & blue are driven but green is not, the result is mauve. Now since we drove our strips off a battery, the supply voltage wasn’t constant (this will also be true if the power source is unregulated 12V DC from mains). In fact, the Li-Po batteries we used were 4-cell packs with a full charge voltage of 4 x 4.2V = 16.8V and a flat voltage of 4 x 3V = 12V. An unregulated mains-powered 12V DC supply would have a similar voltage range but regulated supplies are more common at the high currents required. A discarded PC power supply would be eminently suitable. If we simply ignored the varying battery voltage, the LED strips would dim over time as the batteries discharged and we would also risk burning the strips out when the battery is fully charged and the supply is significantly higher than the 12V that the strips are designed to be driven with. One way to avoid this would be to regulate the supply to a constant 12V but a much easier method is to figure out how the brightness of each colour varies as the supply goes above 12V, then monitor the supply voltage and reduce the duty cycle to compensate, giving constant brightness. This is a very efficient way to do it as very little power is lost and it also minimises the component count. Since we only need to switch the LED cathodes, this makes the circuit design easy. For each colour of each strip we just need one low-side switch and an N-channel Mosfet does the job. These are available in dual SMD packages which are quite compact and easy to solder, with suitable voltage and current ratings and an on-resistance figure of around 10mΩ. So for each FET handling 1A, the dissipation is only 10mW. To further simply the circuitry, the Mosfet gates can be driven directly from the outputs of a microcontroller and this is much easier for low-side switching than high-side switching. But we do have to be a little careful A G R B λ λ λ λ λ λ λ λ λ 150Ω 330Ω 150Ω A G R B Fig.1: the circuit diagram of a section of typical RGB LED strip. This is repeated every 50mm, with the connectors at top and bottom joined end-to-end. The strip can be cut into any number of whole sections (up to the maximum of 100 supplied on the reel) and can be driven from either end. The more sections you drive, the more current it draws – see text for details. since microcontroller outputs can provide relatively little current (typically ~40mA DC and 100mA peak) and we also need to make sure we don’t exceed the micro’s ratings. The switching time of a micro output driving the small capacitance of the type of Mosfet we’re using is quite fast at around 100ns so that isn’t really an issue. But when driving 6 x 3 = 18 Mosfets from a single micro, the instantaneous current is a concern should they all switch simultaneously. The micro we’re using has an absolute maximum rating of ±40mA (DC) per output pin and 400mA for the whole device. Examination of the I/O pin source/ sink current vs output voltage graphs suggests that the output transistors have an on-resistance of around 100Ω. So if eight outputs are switched simultaneously (the maximum possible with an 8-bit micro) to discharge Mosfet gates at 5V, the total current at that instant would be (5V ÷ 100Ω) x 8 = 400mA. That’s just equal to the rating but it’s also only for a brief period; as the gates discharge, the sink current May 2014 23 12-16V DC INPUT + – D Q1a* CON1 S G * Q1b D G * ONLY REQUIRED IF LOADS ARE POLARITY SENSITIVE 100k* K 100nF* S A BAT54C D1 100nF GND G 18 AVcc PD0 PD2 UP 8 S2 PD3 PB7 PD4 DOWN PD5 IC1 ATmega48-20AI +5V 2 4 6 8 10 6 Vcc PD1 S1 1 3 5 7 9 ICSP 15 PD6 PD7 MOSI/PB3 PC0 PC1 29 RST/PC6 17 SCK/PB5 16 MISO/PB4 PC2 PC3 PC4 +5V PC5 VR1 10k CON8 1 2 3 19 20 BRIGHTNESS PB0 ADC6 PB1 AREF PB2 GND 100nF 3 G S Q2a D G S BZX84-B15 D1: BAT54C K A1 (NC) Q4a D GND AGND 5 PB6 K S G S Q3b D G S Q6a D Q5b D 9 G 10 S G S Q5a D G S RGB LED CONTROLLER + 12 V 23 24 Q7b D Q7a D Q6b D 26 27 G 28 S G S G S + 12 V 13 14 Q9a D Q8b D Q8a D 21 S G S G S + 12 V Db Db Da Da Gb Sb SaGa Q10b D Q10a D G NC GN ND Vin D Q9b D Q2a G N G C G ND VouN D S G S G S TO RGB LED STRIP 5 CON7 A G R B Q1-10 : Si4944DY A2 TO RGB LED STRIP 4 CON6 A G R B 12 7 TO RGB LED STRIP 3 CON5 A G R B 11 25 TO RGB LED STRIP 2 CON4 A G R B 2 78L05M SC + 12 V 32 1 TO RGB LED STRIP 1 CON3 A G R B 31 G A 20 1 4 + 12 V 30 FB1 FERRITE BEAD Q2b D 100nF 4 22 Vcc ADC7 CON10 1 2 3 4 S Q4b D 2x 100nF 100nF 100k CON9 G OUT IN K Q3a D 10Ω REG1 78 L05 M A2 CON2 A G R B 22µF ZD1* BZX84 -B1 5 +5V A1 33k + 12 V F1 15A FAST TO RGB LED STRIP 6 t Fig.2: the complete circuit diagram of our 6-strip RGB LED driver. It’s a simple affair with microcontroller IC1 driving the gates of 18 Mosfets directly to control the cathodes for three strings of LEDs in each of six connected strips. REG1 derives power for the micro from the nominal 12V supply while S1 & S2 allow the pattern to be changed and VR1 varies the overall LED brightness. rapidly drops. So we don’t see any problems with this arrangement. Battery protection We also need to consider the health of the battery. A lead-acid battery could be used and these can be discharged to about 11.5V before being damaged, but by then the battery will be well and truly flat and the LED strips will be noticeably dimmer. Li-Po batteries should not be dis24 Silicon Chip charged below about 3V per cell, ie, 12V for a 4-cell pack, or else they can be destroyed. So to be safe, the unit should stop drawing current once the battery voltage drops much below 12V. We’re already monitoring the supply to provide LED PWM duty cycle compensation, so it’s simply a matter of programming the micro to turn off all the outputs and go to sleep if the battery voltage drops too low. It can then periodically wake up to check the voltage and if it recovers sufficiently (eg, the battery is under charge), it can then go back to normal operation. In sleep mode, the only part of the circuit drawing any significant current is the 78L05M regulator at about 3mA. With the large battery required for this project, that will give you several days to disconnect the unit and recharge the battery before it goes totally flat. This time could be extended dramatically by replacing the regulator with a lower siliconchip.com.au Parts List 1 double-sided PCB coded 16105141, 82 x 55mm 1-6 RGB LEDs or LED strips 1 12V DC power supply or 12V battery 13 2-way PCB-mount terminal blocks, 5.08mm spacing, rated at 15A+ (CON1-CON7) (eg, Dinkle EK [Altronics P2032A], Weidmuller PM [Jaycar HM3130]) 1 15A SMD fuse, 3216 or 6432 size (1206/2512 imperial) (F1) (element14 2135886, Digi-Key 507-1059-1-ND)** 1 mini horizontal 10kΩ trimpot (VR1) (optional) OR 1 3-pin header (CON8) plus external pot & wiring (optional) 1 5 x 2 pin header (CON9) (not required with pre-programmed microcontroller) 2 PCB-mount tactile buttons (S1,S2) OR 1 4-way pin header (CON10) plus external buttons & wiring 1 SMD ferrite bead, 3216 size (1206 imperial) (element14, RS, Digi-Key) quiescent current type but in most cases this should not be necessary (the micro draws <1µA in sleep mode). The 12V supply is monitored using a 100kΩ/33kΩ resistive divider from that rail to ADC input 7 (pin 22). This 4:1 divider gives a voltage at pin 22 of 2.875-4.25V (11.5-17V supply) which is measured relative to the 5V rail. A 100nF capacitor from the AREF pin (pin 20) to ground filters switching noise from the reference voltage which is derived from AVCC. The microcontroller can be programmed via a standard 10-pin Atmel AVR in-circuit serial programming (ICSP) header (CON9). However, we can supply pre-programmed micros in which case CON9 can be omitted. The original design had a fixed LED display pattern but we decided to revise it to give multiple patterns, hence the addition of pushbutton switches S1 and S2. These are connected to input pins PB3 and PB7 of IC1 which have internal pull-ups enabled. S2 shares a line with the programming header, which is fine as long as you don’t press it during programming. CON10 allows off-board buttons to be used instead of S1/S2 if desired. Trimpot VR1 gives overall LED brightness control or an off-board pot can be wired to CON8 which is fitted in place of VR1. You can also simply solder a wire link between pins 1 and 2 of CON8 so that the LEDs run at full brightness all the time. The ground connection for switch- Circuit description Fig.2 shows the full circuit. The LED strips are wired to 4-way terminal blocks CON2-CON7 and Mosfets Q2a-Q10b switch the cathodes, with the anodes all connected together to the (nominal) 12V supply. This supply comes via input connector CON1 and passes through a 15A PCB-mount SMD fuse, which we put in as last-ditch protection against a serious fault such as a shorted output (Li-Po batteries don’t like to be shorted out). A 22µF capacitor smooths this supply and reduces its impedance. The micro we’ve used is an ATmega48 in a 44-pin SMD package. We chose this because it’s easy to program and as described above, has good output drive capability for switching the Mosfet gates. Its 5V supply is derived from the fused 12V rail via reverse polarity protection Schottky diode D1 and REG1. D1’s two internal diodes are paralleled for lower losses and higher current capability. The micro has a 100nF bypass capacitor for each of its VCC/AVCC (analog supply) inputs. AV CC is smoothed by a low-pass filter formed by a 10Ω resistor in combination with its 100nF bypass capacitor. siliconchip.com.au Semiconductors 1 Atmel ATmega48-20AI or -20AU 8-bit 4KB microcontroller pro­ grammed with 1610514A.HEX (IC1) (element14 Cat 9171312, Digi-Key ATMEGA48-20AU-ND) 1 78L05M SMD 5V 100mA regulator (REG1) (Jaycar ZV1540)* 9 Si4944DY SMD dual N-channel Mosfets or equivalent (Q2-Q10) (Jaycar ZK8821)* 1 BAT54C dual common-cathode Schottky diode (D1)* Capacitors 1 22µF 25V SMD ceramic, 3216 size (1206 imperial) (element14 2354129, Digi-Key 1276-30471-ND) 7 100nF 50V SMD ceramic, X7R, 1608 or 2012 size (0603/0805 imperial) (element14 1301790/ 1301894, Digi-Key 1276-11801-ND/311-1344-1-ND) Resistors (all SMD 1608 or 2012 size [0603/0805 imperial]) 1 100kΩ* 1% 1 10Ω* 1 33kΩ* 1% * These parts are available from element14, RS, Digi-Key and Mouser and can be found by part code or parameter search ** Spare SMD fuses wouldn’t go astray ing Mosfets Q2-Q10 is kept separate from the ground for the rest of the circuit, hence the use of two different symbols. These two grounds are joined at a single point by ferrite bead FB1, which reduces the coupling of switching noise into the microcontroller’s ground, thus reducing errors in its ADC readings. FB1 is shown in the botton lefthand corner of the circuit, connecting the Mosfet ground to the input supply ground. Finally, note that we show components to protect the load from reversed polarity on the input connector. These are Q1, ZD1 and a 100nF capacitor and 100kΩ resistor. However, the LED strips are unlikely to be damaged by reverse polarity so they probably do not need to be installed; a track on the board (shown dashed) connects the ground return directly to CON1 and must be cut if Q1 is to be fitted. We’ve left provision for these components on the PCB, in case a different type of load is connected which is polarity sensitive. Note that fuse F1 is a surfacemounting component and if it blows you will have to de-solder it and solder another in its place. However, with some care in wiring the unit up and ensuring that it’s used within its ratings, there’s no reason for it to blow. If you aren’t planning to use the full May 2014 25 Up CON10 R B 100k FB1 100nF 12-16V DC CON1 ICSP 1 Q10 B + Q6 100nF 100nF 100nF REG1 100nF 10 Ω Q9 G Q8 R + BAT54C 33k D1 IC1 ATmega48 -20AI Q7 22 µF CON6 CON7 R 1 G Q5 CON9 Down G R CON4 Q4 100nF + B CON3 Q3 S2 F1 15A + G 2014 C 16105141 RGB LED Strip Driver VR1 10k + R CON2 Q2 S1 + G 78L05M B D U CON5 B + G R B Fig.3: the PCB is quite compact and is fitted mostly with surface-mounting components, the exceptions being the connectors, pushbuttons S1 & S2 and trimpot VR1. S1, S2 & VR1 can also be mounted off-board to give external controls or left out entirely if their functions are not needed (VR1 must be linked out in this case). current capabilities of the device, eg, your load will never exceed 10A, it’s a good idea to fit a fuse with a lower rating (but higher than the expected maximum load current). You could also use an inline fuse from the battery which would be easier to replace. Software Since this chip only has a handful of PWM channels, we have to use the outputs as general purpose I/Os and arrange the software to provide PWM by constantly updating these output states. They have been arranged to make it simple for the software by wiring up the Mosfet gates to sequentially numbered pins. The micro runs at 8MHz with one of its internal timers configured to divide-by-128 to give 62.5kHz. It then divides this by 256 brightness levels to get 244Hz PWM operation. The main loop continuously calculates the next state of each output as an RGB value from 0-255 (ie, from off to maximum brightness) and then computes the timing for switching the Mosfets off and on to achieve this. The timer interrupt is then set to trigger a subroutine at the right times to turn the outputs on and off to achieve this pattern. This repeats indefinitely. It periodically stops to check the position of VR1 and whether S1 and/or S2 have been pressed. If so, it switches patterns. PCB assembly The PCB assembly is relatively 26 Silicon Chip Above: this photo shows a completed prototype PCB assembly. Note that the final version shown in Fig.3 has a few changes, including the addition of trimpot VR1, pushbutton switches S1 & S2 and SMD fuse F1. straightforward with no particularly difficult-to-solder parts but some care does need to be taken to ensure the SMD solder joints are properly formed and there are no bridges. Start with the SMD ICs and Mosfets, then follow with the passive SMDs and finish up with the through-hole parts. IC1 is probably the best one to do first. This is installed by positioning it on the board with the correct orientation, placing some solder on one of its pads and heating that pad while sliding the IC into place. You should then check its alignment. Make sure all the pins are properly centred on the pads and then solder the diagonally opposite pin. Make a final check that the orientation is correct, then solder the rest of the pins. It’s possible to solder each of IC1’s pins individually with a fine-tipped soldering iron but it is not necessary to do so. You can place the tip of the iron between a pair of pins and flow solder onto both, then clean it up later using solder wick. You could also use a mini-wave/hoof tip or one of various other methods such as hot-air or oven reflow. It’s a good idea to use flux paste, both to aid the initial soldering and in combination with solder wick if cleaning up any bridges is necessary. When finished, clean off any flux residue with a good solvent (we mentioned some in our article on soldering last month), then inspect the joints carefully under a magnifying glass with good illumination. Check that they have all formed good fillets between the IC pins and the PCB. Next, you can then proceed with fitting Mosfets Q2-Q10 and regulator REG1. Pay close attention to the pin 1 marking which may be a dot or bevelled edge and make sure the 78L05M goes in the right place. The pin spacing on these parts is larger than IC1 so it’s realistic to solder the pins individually although the techniques mentioned above remain valid. As with IC1, a careful inspection of the joints is most important. Now fit D1 using a similar approach; you certainly can solder its pins individually. Then follow with the passives (resistors & capacitors) but remember to wait a few seconds after sliding the part into position before soldering the opposite side so that the first joint has had time to cool. One way to check whether these components have been soldered properly is to heat one end and apply gentle pressure on the part with the soldering iron; if the opposite joint is bad, it will slide out of position and you will have to remove it and re-solder it. Assuming that the joint is OK, let it cool and then check the other using a similar method. However, after doing this you should inspect the joints and re-flow them if they look crystalline or lumpy. Solder fuse F1 in place, then move on to the through-hole parts, starting with S1 & S2 or alternatively CON10 which is wired up to external buttons later. Or you could leave these parts siliconchip.com.au off altogether and the unit will then be permanently set to pattern cycle mode. Before fitting the terminal blocks, gang them up into two sets of six, using the integral slots and tabs. That done, make sure they are pushed down fully onto the PCB with their wire entry holes facing outwards before soldering all the pins. Then fit either VR1, a 3-pin header in its place or a wire link between the two lower pads. Finish off by soldering CON9 but note that it isn’t necessary if you’re using a preprogrammed microcontroller. Features & Specifications Outputs: 6 x 3-channel 12V RGB LED strip drivers (common anode), up to 5A each strip (15A total maximum). Input: 12-17V DC at up to 15A from battery (lead-acid, Li-Ion, Li-Po) or mains supply. Patterns: 10 different patterns plus auto-cycle mode which changes pattern periodically. Protection: fuse, reverse polarity protection, battery over-discharge protection. Other features: constant brightness, optional brightness control. Battery cut-out: ~11.5V with 0.5V hysteresis. PWM frequency: ~250Hz. Programming If using a blank micro, now is a good time to program it. First, connect a 12V supply (current-limited, if possible) to CON1 and check that there is 5V between pins 2 & 4 of CON9. You can then connect an AVR ICSP tool and upload the HEX file, which can be downloaded from the SILICON CHIP website (free of charge for subscribers). You will also need to set the ‘fuse bits’. An unfortunate aspect of programming AVRs is that these are not included in the HEX file and there is no consistent way of referring to them. There are two bytes to set. Set the fuse high byte to ‘DC’ hex and the fuse low byte to ‘C2’ hex. Depending on your programmer, you may not be able to set these as hex values so instead, for the high byte, set BODLEVEL to ‘100’ (4.3V) and leave the rest of the settings at their defaults, ie, RSTDISBL = 1 (off), DWEN = 1 (off), SPIEN = 0 (on), WDTON = 1 (off) and EESAVE = 1 (off). For the low byte, set CKSEL = 0010 (Calibrated Internal Oscillator), with CKDIV8 = 1 (off) and SUT = 00 (fast rising power). Leave CKOUT at its default value, ie, CKOUT = 1 (off). This sets the chip to operate at 8MHz, as expected by the software. Testing There isn’t much to test; check that the 5V supply is correct as described above and that the current draw is reasonable (<30mA), then connect a proper 12V supply and a LED strip to one of the outputs and power it back up. You should see the LEDs light up and the colour change over time. If so, you can then switch off and connect strips to the remaining outputs, switch back on and check that they are all operating and displaying the full range of colours. Press S1 & S2 to see that the pattern changes and if VR1 is fitted, adjust it and check that it controls the brightness. Note that if you are using an off-board pot, this will need to be wired up for testing or else the results will be unpredictable (but no damage should occur). Using it Pressing S1 cycles to the next pattern and pressing S2 switches to the previous pattern. Initially, the unit starts with pattern 1, then after a minute or so switches to pattern 2 and eventually after pattern 10, it goes back to the first one. This cycle repeats ‘forever’ but it is cancelled by pressing either S1 or S2 after which it will remain on that same pattern. To switch back to auto-cycling mode, press S1 & S2 simultaneously. VR1 adjusts the maximum duty cycle but note that the duty cycle is also automatically reduced as the supply voltage rises above 12V to give even brightness regardless of battery voltage (down to a minimum 12V). Note also that should the battery voltage drop below about 11.5V (including wiring drops), the unit will shut down until SC it rises above 12V or so. Radio, Television & Hobbies: the COMPLETE archive on DVD YES! A MORE THAN URY NT QUARTER CE ICS ON OF ELECTR HISTORY! This remarkable collection of PDFs covers every issue of R & H, as it was known from the beginning (April 1939 – price sixpence!) right through to the final edition of R, TV & H in March 1965, before it disappeared forever with the change of name to EA. For the first time ever, complete and in one handy DVD, every article and every issue is covered. If you’re an old timer (or even young timer!) into vintage radio, it doesn’t get much more vintage than this. If you’re a student of history, this archive gives an extraordinary insight into the amazing breakthroughs made in radio and electronics technology following the war years. And speaking of the war years, R & H had some of the best propaganda imaginable! ONLY Even if you’re just an electronics dabbler, there’s something here to interest you. Please note: this archive is in PDF format on DVD for PC. Your computer will need a DVD-ROM or DVD-recorder (not a CD!) and Acrobat Reader 6 or above (free download) to enable you to view this archive. This DVD is NOT playable through a standard A/V-type DVD player. Exclusive to: SILICON CHIP siliconchip.com.au 62 $ 00 +$10.00 P&P HERE’S HOW TO ORDER YOUR COPY: BY PHONE:* (02) 9939 3295 9-4 Mon-Fri BY FAX:# (02) 9939 2648 24 Hours 7 Days <at> BY EMAIL:# silchip<at>siliconchip.com.au 24 Hours 7 Days BY MAIL:# PO Box 139, Collaroy NSW 2097 * Please have your credit card handy! # Don’t forget to include your name, address, phone no and credit card details. BY INTERNET:^ siliconchip.com.au 24 Hours 7 Days ^ You will be prompted for required information May 2014 27 Introducing the By GEOFF GRAHAM Micromite, Pt.1 . . . an easily programmed powerful microcontroller Want a powerful microcontroller in your next custom project but you are concerned about how to program it? Behold the Micromite! It’s a low-cost 28-pin PIC32 microcontroller which comes loaded with a Microsoft-compatible BASIC interpreter with all the features you need. And programming with MMBasic is dead easy. This month we describe its features, show how to drive it and how to use it to build a GPS-Controlled Digital Clock. B ELIEVE US! Even if you’ve never programmed a micro before, now you can do it! If you thought PICAXE was good, just check out the Micromite! MMBasic has all the power that you need including a huge amount of memory, floating point numbers, string handling, arrays, 19 I/O pins, two serial ports, I2C, SPI, 1-Wire and PWM. You can write, test and save your program on the chip (it even includes a full-screen editor) and it is very easy This low-cost 28-pin PIC32 chip includes a full-featured BASIC interpreter with the capability of driving 19 I/O pins, two serial ports, I2C, SPI, 1-Wire and PWM. It can also handle up to five servos, infrared remote control, distance sensors, temperature sensors and much more. 28 Silicon Chip to get something up and running. When you have finished, you can lock down the chip and it will automatically run your program at start up. For people who remember our Maximite series of computers, we are using the same Microsoft-compatible BASIC programming language but it’s now running inside a cheap 28-pin IC. The result is not quite a Maximite . . . but it’s close. Instead of using a keyboard, video & USB, it uses serial I/O for the console and instead of using an SD card, it stores its program in internal flash memory. Other than that, the Micromite runs the same full MMBasic with all its high level features including easy control of its I/O pins, powerful mathematics and a full range of communications protocols. It has extra features such as being able to: (1) change the processor’s clock speed (to reduce power consumption), (2) put the chip to sleep (80µA sleep current) and (3) set a password to prevent someone from listing/changing the program, etc. As far as performance is concerned, it’s no slouch. Our benchmark clocks it at 21,748 lines/second (the Colour Maximite does 27,340) and it has a total of 42KB memory for the program plus variables (the Colour Maximite has 31KB). Everthing happens inside the chip; the only extra component needed is a 47µF capacitor. The power supply requirements are tiny. The Micromite is powered from a 2.3V-3.6V rail and consumes between 4mA and 25mA, depending on the clock speed selected. This can be provided by a couple of 1.5V AA cells or a simple power supply. Where’s the PCB? Readers familiar with the Maximite might ask “where’s the PCB with a display, I/O connectors, etc?” There is none! What? How can that be? The answer is to not think of the Micromite as a computer but as a programmable microcontroller which you build into a circuit and program in place. If you want to experiment with the chip, you can plug it into a solderless breadboard as shown on the opposite page. Once you have the hang of how it works, you then design a circuit around it and develop your program while it is in the circuit. This “in circuit development” is siliconchip.com.au very productive as it allows you to develop and test small parts of the program as you go. For example, if your project was a home-brew controller, you could develop and test the temperature sensor first, then the power control and so on. The final program would just string these modules together. Quick demonstration For a lot of people, microcontrollers are a mysterious technology. If you buy one and simply connect it into a circuit, it will do nothing. That’s because you must first write and install a software program for it. That usually involves installing the required compiler, linker and other software on a desktop computer, then learning a complex programming language such as C or Assembler. As a result, most people’s experience with microcontrollers simply consists of buying a pre-programmed chip as part of a kit. But then you cannot change what it does to suit your preferences, since all the instructions are encoded in a cryptic hex file; unless, that is, you have the original source code, a compiler and a programmer to reflash the firmware. You also need to understand the language used for the source code to make any modifications. The Micromite is completely different and we will now show you how it’s programmed by quickly demonstrating how to flash a LED on and off. To begin, the Micromite is programmed via a serial terminal. You have many choices here and we will go into these later. Once it’s connected, you will be presented with the Micro­ mite’s command prompt (a greater than symbol, ie ‘>’). At this point you can enter the command EDIT and the Micromite’s full screen editor will start up. Fig.1 shows the editor in action with the LED flashing program already entered. The first line of the program configures an output pin (pin 15 in this case) as a digital output (DOUT). The program then enters a continuous loop where the output is repeatedly set high and then set low again, with a pause of 250ms between each state. This is as simple as it gets and is all that that is needed to make a LED cycle on and off. When you exit the editor the program will be automatically saved to the Micromite’s internal flash memory siliconchip.com.au Fig.1: the inbuilt editor is very useful as it allows you to edit, save and run your programs directly on the Micromite. You don’t need a host computer, compiler or other special software (other than a terminal emulator). If you want to experiment with the chip you can plug it into a solderless breadboard. Then, once you have the hang of how the chip works, you can design a circuit around it and develop your program while it is in circuit. This test set-up is running the flashing LED program shown in Fig.1. which is non-volatile. This means that you will never lose your work, even if you remove the power. If you now type RUN at the command prompt, the program will run, flashing the LED on and off. It’s a very simple program but it does illustrate how the Micromite can interface to external circuitry. You now have the Micromite doing something useful (if you can call flashing a LED useful). If that’s all you want it to do, you can then instruct MMBasic to always run this program whenever power is applied. That’s done by entering the command OPTION AUTORUN ON at the command prompt. To test this, simply remove the power and then reapply it again. The Micromite should immediately begin flashing the LED. If you now disconnect the serial console, it will sit there flashing the LED forever (well, for as long as the battery lasts). And if you ever need to change something (for example, to flash a second LED), it’s just a matter of re-attaching your serial terminal to the Micromite while it’s still in circuit and editing the program as required. That’s the great benefit of the Micro­ mite – it’s very easy to write and change a program. Microcontroller The Micromite is essentially a MicroMay 2014 29 (WIRED TO +V DIRECTLY OR VIA 10kΩ RESISTOR) RESET 1 DIGITAL / INT / ANALOG 2 SPI OUT / DIGITAL / INT / ANALOG 3 PWM1A / DIGITAL / INT / ANALOG 4 PWM1B / DIGITAL / INT / ANALOG 5 PWM1C / DIGITAL / INT / ANALOG 6 COM1: ENABLE / DIGITAL / INT / ANALOG 7 GROUND 8 COM2: TRANSMIT / INT / DIGITAL 9 COM2: RECEIVE / INT / DIGITAL 10 CONSOLE Tx (DATA OUT) 11 CONSOLE Rx (DATA IN) 12 POWER (+2.3 TO +3.6V) 13 SPI IN / 5V / DIGITAL 14 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 ANALOG POWER (+2.3 TO +3.6V) ANALOG GROUND ANALOG / DIGITAL / PWM2A ANALOG / DIGITAL / SPI CLOCK ANALOG / DIGITAL / PWM2B ANALOG / DIGITAL DIGITAL / 5V / COM1: RECEIVE DIGITAL / 5V / COM1: TRANSMIT 47 µF TANT CAPACITOR (+) TO GROUND GROUND 2 DIGITAL / 5V / COUNT / I C DATA 2 DIGITAL / 5V / COUNT / I C CLOCK DIGITAL / 5V / COUNT / WAKEUP/ IR DIGITAL / 5V / COUNT Fig.2: these are the pin connections for the Micromite while below are the functions that each pin can be used for. The pins marked with colour labels are used for power and serial data communications, etc and cannot be used for general I/O. The other pins can be used for the following functions: • ANALOG: these pins can be used to measure voltage (AIN). • DIGITAL: can be used for digital I/O such as digital input (DIN), digital output (DOUT) and open collector output (OOUT). INT: can be used to generate an interrupt (INTH, INTL and INTB). • COUNT: can be used to measure frequency (FIN), period (PIN) or counting (CIN). • • 5V: these pins can be connected to 5V circuits. All other I/O pins are strictly 3.3V maximum. • COM xxx: used for serial communications. • I2C xxx: used for I2C communications. • SPI xxx: if SPI is enabled, these pins can be used for SPI I/O. • PWM xxx: PWM or SERVO output (see the PWM and SERVO commands). • IR: can be used to receive signals from an infrared remote control (see the IR command). • WAKEUP: can be used to wake the CPU from a sleep (see the CPU SLEEP command). Note: the mnemonics in brackets are the modes used in the SETPIN command. chip PIC32MX150F128 microcontroller programmed with the MMBasic firmware (available on the SILICON CHIP website, along with the Micromite User Manual). Blank chips can be purchased for $3-$4 from ele­ment14, RS Components, Digi-Key etc or direct from Microchip. You will also need a programmer such as the PICkit3 to install the MMBasic firmware. An easier option is to purchase a pre-programmed chip from the SILICON CHIP Online Shop for $15 (plus postage) and we will even throw in the 47µF capacitor that you need. A panel later in this article lists the chips that you can use. Essentially, they are available with two frequency ratings (40MHz and 50MHz) and in a variety of package styles. When the Micromite starts up, its clock frequency will be set at 40MHz but this can be changed to 48MHz under program control. We have tested a number of 40MHz chips at 48MHz and they worked fine, so the decision as to exactly which chip you want to use 30 Silicon Chip is up to you. The chip that’s supplied pre-programmed from the SILICON CHIP Online Shop is rated at 50MHz and has 19 I/O pins (see below). You can also use the PIC32MX25­ 0F128 series of chips from Microchip. These have two pins dedicated to a USB controller (which is not used in the Micromite) so these chips only have 17 I/O pins available to your BASIC program. MMBasic will also run on the 44-pin surface-mount chips in the PIC32MX150F128 range and these give you a 33 I/O pins to play with. We’ll have more to say about this chip in a follow-up article. I/O pins Fig.2 shows the pin-outs of the Micromite and the capabilities of each I/O pin. It would be worth copying and laminating this diagram as you will find yourself referring to it often when designing with this microcontroller. In MMBasic, the pin numbers are the same as the physical pin numbers on the chip. So, for example, PIN(15) = 1 will set the physical pin 15 on the chip high. Nine of the 28 pins are dedicated to functions such as power and ground so that leaves 19 pins that you can use in your program. All the I/O pins can be set as digital inputs or outputs. An input uses TTL voltage levels, has a high input impedance (typically 1MΩ) and a Schmitt trigger buffer which ensures a clean transition from high to low. The pins that are marked ‘5V’ can be connected to a 0-5V source, while the remainder are limited to 3.3V maximum. When used as digital outputs each I/O pin can source or sink about 10mA. This can be used to directly drive a LED via a resistor (typically 82Ω) or a transistor which can in turn control a relay and some other high-powered device. Ten of the pins can also be set to analog inputs. In this mode, the input is returned as a floating point number representing the voltage on the pin. For example, when measuring an alkaline siliconchip.com.au cell, the reading might be 1.246. The four pins marked COUNT can be used for measuring frequency (up to 400kHz), measuring the period between input pulses or simply as a counter counting the number of pulses on the input over time. If by now you are fretting about remembering and using all these functions, the Micromite firmware download on the SILICON CHIP website includes a comprehensive user’s manual (over 63 pages). We will also explore the above features and more in detail next month. Specialised functions Many of the pins on the Micromite are also used for more specialised functions. For example, the pins marked COM1 and COM2 can be used for serial communications. COM1 is especially versatile; it can run at up to 230,400 baud and will support RS-232 signals without a transceiver, as well as 9-bit transfers with RS-485 support. Pins 3, 14 & 25 can be used for SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) communications which can run at up to 10MHz, while pins 17 & 18 support the I2C protocol at speeds up to 400kHz as either a master or a slave. In addition, any I/O pin can be used for 1-Wire communications and MMBasic even includes a special function to conveniently get the reading from a DS18B29 temperature sensor chip. In practice, multiple temperature sensors can be used and this makes the Micromite ideal for temperature control and monitoring. There are five pins marked PWM and these can generate a pulse width modulated (PWM) signal of between 20Hz and 500kHz. This feature lets you control devices that require an analog input voltage, such as motor speed controllers or test equipment. This function is also useful for dimming the backlight of LCD modules under program control. Each PWM output can also control a servo using the SERVO command, so you can control up to five such devices. The IR function pin (pin 16) can be used to receive signals from an infrared remote control. This will work with any Sony-compatible remote control and MMBasic will do all the work for you in decoding the signal and handling features such as automatic repeat. This allows your Micromitesiliconchip.com.au Micromite Specifications Power Supply Supply Voltage: Current at 48MHz: Current at 5MHz: Sleep current: 2.3-3.6V (3.3V nominal) <at> 5-25mA; 4V absolute maximum 26mA typical (plus current from the I/O pins). 5mA typical (plus current from the I/O pins). 80µA typical (plus current from the I/O pins). Digital Inputs Logic Low: Logic High: Input Impedance: Freq. Response: 0-0.65V 2.5-3.3V on normal pins; 2.5-5.5V on pins rated at 5V >1MΩ. All digital inputs are Schmitt trigger buffered up to 200kHz (pulse width 20ns or more) on the counting inputs (pins 15-18). Analog Inputs Voltage Range: Accuracy: Input Impedance: 0-3.3V analog measurements are referenced to the supply voltage on pin 28 and the ground on pin 27. If the supply voltage is precisely 3.3V, the typical accuracy will be ±1%. >1MΩ (for accurate readings, the source impedance should be <10kΩ) Digital Outputs Current draw or sink: 10mA (absolute maximum 15mA per pin or 200mA for the whole chip) Maximum Open Collector Voltage: 5.5V PWM Output Frequency range: Duty cycle: 20Hz to 500kHz 0-100% with 0.1% resolution below 25kHz Communications Speeds Console Serial: COM1 Serial: COM2 Serial: SPI: I2C: 1-Wire: default = 38,400 baud; range = 100bps to 230,400bps (at 40MHz) default = 9600 baud; range = 10bps to 230,400bps (at 40MHz) default = 9600 baud; range = 10bps to 19,200bps (at 40MHz) 10Hz to 10MHz (<at> 40MHz clock speed); limited to one quarter of the clock speed. 10-400kHz fixed at 15kHz Timing Accuracy All timing functions (the timer, tick interrupts, PWM frequency, baud rate, etc) dependent on the internal fast RC oscillator which has a specified tolerance of ±0.9% but typically is within ±0.1% at 24°C. Flash Endurance Over 20,000 erase/write cycles. Every program save incurs one erase/write cycle. In a normal program development it is highly unlikely that more than a few hundred program saves would be required. based project to be remotely controlled with just a few lines of BASIC. You can also generate IR commands from within MMBasic, so that one Micromite could control another via infrared using an appropriate IR LED. Driving an LCD module Another handy feature built into MMBasic is the ability to directly control low-cost LCD modules with one, two or four display lines. By using just one program instruction, you can display whatever data you would like on these modules. An associated feature is the ability to connect a 4 x 3 or 4 x 4 keypad and easily read the key presses using your BASIC program. This, along with the LCD driver, makes it easy to build things like burglar alarms, reticulation controllers, home-brew controllers and more, all based on the Micromite. We will describe these features in greater detail next month and give some example circuits. Loading the firmware As mentioned earlier, you can purchase a Micromite chip preprogrammed with MMBasic from the SILICON CHIP shop. That’s the easy May 2014 31 +2.3 TO +3.6V (25mA) PICKIT 3 CONNECTOR MCLR Vcc GND PGD PCC (NC) 10k 1 1 28 27 2 3 4 4 5 5 6 MICROMITE 20 8 47 µF 6V CERAMIC OR TANTALUM 19 13 LOADING FIRMWARE Fig.3: here’s how to connect a blank PIC32 chip to a PICkit3 programmer to load the MMBasic firmware. Once connected, you use MPLAB IPE (free from Microchip) to program the device. BASIC CONNECTIONS 1 28 +2.3 TO +3.6V (25mA) (CAN BE 2 x AA CELLS OR A NOMINAL 3.3V POWER SUPPLY) 27 SERIAL CONSOLE: VT100 TERMINAL OR USB TO TTL CONVERTER (38,400 BAUD, 8 BITS, NO PARITY, 1 STOP BIT, TTL VOLTAGE LEVELS) 8 MICROMITE 20 47 µF 6V Rx SERIAL TERMINAL Tx DATA FROM MICROMITE DATA TO MICROMITE GND 11 12 13 19 CERAMIC OR TANTALUM Fig.4: follow this diagram to connect the Micromite to a serial terminal. The easiest option is to use a USB-to-serial converter (eg, Jaycar Cat. XC4241) or the USB-To-RS232C Serial Interface described last month. option but you could also purchase a virgin chip (ie, blank) and load the firmware yourself. That’s done using a programmer such as the Microchip PICkit3. These are reasonably cheap and there are clones on eBay that are even cheaper. If you install the free Microchip MPLAB X development environment on your computer, you will find that it includes the MPLAB IPE which is an independent programmer that knows how to drive the PICkit3. You connect the PICkit3 to the blank PIC32 chip as shown in Fig.3. It’s then just a matter of instructing MPLAB IPE to program the device after which you can disconnect the programmer as it will not be needed again (unless you wish to later re-program the chip with an updated version of the firmware). 32 Silicon Chip Note that unlike the Maximite, the Micromite doesn’t have the ability to update its firmware itself. So you will need the PICkit3 if an MMBasic update is released and you wish to upgrade. That said, we made a considerable effort to remove any bugs and the firmware has been checked by a team of over 40 beta testers for a couple of months, so we believe that the need for this will be unlikely. Connecting it Once you have the chip running MMBasic, you can connect it into a circuit. A solderless breadboard makes it easy to experiment. With this set-up, you can program and test the Micromite chip with external devices such as LEDs, button switches and sensors. Fig.4 shows the basic terminal con- nection diagram. As previously stated, the power supply voltage can range from 2.3-3.6V (3.3V recommended) and can come from a couple of 1.5V AA cells or a conventional supply. The Micromite’s current drain is modest (25mA maximum plus the current drawn by any external LEDs, etc), so a simple power supply would be fine. Generally, it’s good design practice to install a 100nF bypass capacitor close to each of the power supply pins but this is not critical and they are not shown in this diagram. The capacitor connected to pin 20 is essential and is used to stabilise the internal 1.8V regulator that powers the chip’s CPU. It must be a highquality capacitor (not an electrolytic) and should have a minimum value of 10µF with an ESR (equivalent series resistance) of less than 1Ω. The recommended type is either a 47µF tantalum or a 10µF multilayer ceramic. Console connection You also need to connect a serial terminal to the pins reserved for the console. The console defaults to 38,400 baud, eight bits, no parity and one stop bit. The voltage levels are TTL which means that idle is voltage high (3.3V), the start bit is voltage low, data logic 1 is voltage high and the stop bit is voltage high. This is standard in the microcontroller world so you will not have any trouble finding something to connect to it. Probably the easiest option is to use one of the many USB-to-serial converters available such as Cat.XC4241 from Jaycar (its output switch should be set for 3.3V operation). If you look on the internet, you will find thousands more with prices as low as $5. The USB-To-RS232C Serial Interface described in the April 2014 issue of SILICON CHIP could also be used. However, since its output swing is 5V and the Micromite’s serial interface can only handle 3.3V, you need to install a 1kΩ resistor in series with pin 12. In fact, this is a good idea regardless, as it will protect the chip in case you hook up a RS-232 port or other serial adaptor that works above 3,3V. These converters plug into a spare USB port on your computer and at the other end provide a TTL level serial output which can be directly connected to the console input/output pins of the Micromite. Another option is the SILICON CHIP siliconchip.com.au ASCII Video Terminal which we will describe in a following article. As well as containing a USB-to-serial converter, this cheap gadget will also take an input from a standard PS/2 keyboard and output either composite or VGA video on a suitable monitor. This means that you can develop and run your Micromite programs without a host computer. You may be tempted to directly connect an RS-232 serial device, such as a PC’s serial port, directly to the Micromite’s console pins. Don’t do this, as RS-232 uses ±12V for signalling and you could easily damage your Micromite. If you do want to connect an RS-232 device to the console pins, you must use a converter. ASCII serial terminal Now that you are connected you need a terminal emulator running on your computer. This is a piece of software that emulates an ASCII serial terminal. Anything typed on your computer’s keyboard will be sent to the Micromite via the USB-to-serial converter and any output from the Micromite will be displayed on your computer’s screen. It’s important that your terminal program emulates a VT100 terminal as the program editor built into the Micromite uses that scheme to control the cursor and to display things like reverse video. For Windows, Tera Term is the best choice and the Micromite Fig.5: MMEDIT was written by Jim Hiley and can be installed on a Windows or Linux PC. It allows you to edit your program on the PC and then, with a single mouse click, transfer it to the Micromite for testing. has been extensively tested with it. When installed with the correct drivers, the USB-to-serial converter appears as a serial COM device on your PC, eg, as COM17. In the Tera Term set-up menu, you should select the COM number and set the other items to 38,400 baud, eight bits, no parity and one stop bit. If you don’t know the COM number for your USB-to-serial converter, you can check this in Device Manager (under Serial Ports). Alternatively, you can select each port found by Tera Term in turn and test it by pressing return (ie, a trial and error process). When you find the Micromite (ie, the correct port is selected), you will be greeted by the command prompt (ie, >). If you are using the ASCII Video Terminal (described in a future issue), it’s even easier – just connect a keyboard and a monitor and set the jumpers to a baud rate of 38,400. You don’t need a terminal emulator as the ASCII Video Terminal emulates a VT100 terminal, so you can edit your programs on the Micromite using only this device. In fact, the Micromite and the ASCII Video Terminal together provide most of the facilities of the original Maximite in two 28-pin DIP ICs. Program editor This is a typical USB-to-TTL serial converter that you can use with the Micromite. The serial interface is connected to the Micromite’s console pins, while the USB interface goes to a standard PC. You can use a terminal emulator such as Tera Term to connect to the Micromite and edit/ run your programs. A converter like this can also be used with MMEDIT which gives you much better editing facilities. siliconchip.com.au As stated, the built in editor is very useful as it allows you to edit, save and run your programs on the Micromite. You don’t need a host computer, compiler or other special software (other than a terminal emulator). Fig.1 shows what the editor looks like. The editor is invoked with the EDIT command. The cursor will be automatically positioned where you left off editing or, if your program has just been stopped by an error, will be positioned at the line that caused the error. If you are used to an editor like Notepad, you will find that the operation of this editor is familiar. The arrow keys will move your cursor around in the text, while home and end will take you to the beginning or end of the line. Page up and page down will do what their titles suggest, the delete key will delete the character at the cursor, and backspace will delete the character before the cursor. The insert key toggles between insert and over-type modes. About the only unusual key combination is that two home key presses will take you to the start of the program and two end key presses will take you to the end. At the bottom of the screen, the status line will list the various function keys used by the editor and their action. These include save (F1), save and run (F2), find (F3), etc. The editor also includes the facility for marking text which can be copied or cut to the clipboard and inserted elsewhere. By using this editor, you can write your program and then save and run it directly on the Micromite by pressing the F2 key. If the program stops with an error, pressing function key F4 will run the editor again with the cursor positioned at the line that caused the error. This edit/run/edit cycle is very fast. MMEDIT Another convenient method of creating and testing your programs is to use “MMEDIT” (see Fig.5). This program was written by SILICON CHIP reader Jim Hiley from Tasmania. It can be installed on a Windows or Linux computer and it allows you to edit your program on your PC then, with a single button May 2014 33 REG1 LP2950-3.3 +5V GND IN 10 µF GND +5V +3.3V OUT 1 10 µF 13 LCD CONTRAST VR1 10k 28 20 47 µF 6V TANTALUM 2 Vdd (CERAMIC PATCH ANTENNA) Vcc GLOBALSAT EM-408 GPS RECEIVER MODULE EN RxD TxD GND 5 1 3 21 4 22 17 4 18 6 IC1 MICROMITE RS EN 16 x 2 LCD MODULE CONTRAST D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 GND 1 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 26 3 R/W 5 25 2 24 23 TO SERIAL CONSOLE Rx Tx DATA IN 12 DATA OUT 11 GND LP2950-3.3 GND IN 8 19 OUT 27 GPS-CONTROLLED CLOCK CIRCUIT Fig.6: the circuit details for our GPS-Controlled Digital Clock. The Micromite (IC1) decodes the output from the GPS module, calculates the time zone offset and daylight saving adjustment and drives a 16 x 2-line LCD module. Power comes from a 5V USB supply, as used to charge tablets and mobile phones. click, transfer it to the Micromite for testing. Because it runs on a PC, MMEDIT is very easy to use, with colour-coded text, mouse-based cut and paste and many more useful features such as bookmarks and automatic indenting. And because the program is running on your PC, you can save and load your programs to and from the computer’s hard disk. Fig.5 shows MMEDIT in action. The most important feature is the righthand button on the tool bar (the icon of a running man). When you click on this button, the program will be immediately transferred to your Micromite using the XModem protocol. Following the transfer, a window will automatically open and connect to the Maximite’s console where you can run and test your program. If there’s an error or it needs tweaking, it’s very easy to go back to the editor, make the changes and transfer it to the Micromite again. MMEDIT can be downloaded from Jim’s website at: http://www.c-com. com.au/MMedit.htm. It’s free although Jim would appreciate a small donation. GPS-controlled digital clock We needed a small project to demonstrate the potential of the Micromite and we decided that a digital clock which used a GPS module for accurate timekeeping was just the ticket. This Recommended Micromite Microcontrollers The following microcontrollers can be used for the Micromite: • PIC32MX150F128B-50I/SP: maximum clock speed = 50MHz; 28-pin DIL package. • PIC32MX150F128B-50I/SO: maximum clock speed = 50MHz; 28-pin surface mount SOIC package. • PIC32MX150F128B-I/SP: maximum clock speed = 40MHz; 28-pin DIL package. • PIC32MX150F128B-I/SO: maximum clock speed = 40MHz; 28-pin surface mount SOIC package. The following microcontrollers will also run the firmware but only 17 I/O pins will be available in MMBasic: • PIC32MX250F128B-50I/SP: maximum clock speed = 50MHz; 28-pin DIL package. • PIC32MX250F128B-I/SP: maximum clock speed = 40MHz; 28-pin DIL package. 34 Silicon Chip GPS-Controlled Digital Clock uses just 10 components (including the connectors) so there’s not much to it. Fig.6 shows the circuit details. Most of the work is done in the Micromite which decodes the output from the GPS module, calculates the time zone offset and daylight saving and then drives an LCD which displays the date and time. Considering just how few components are used, the result is impressive. The clock runs from a cheap 5V USB power supply and displays the time accurate to within a second. It never needs setting and it automatically compensates for daylight saving – just the thing for your office desk! The important point to remember is that the program is not encrypted in a hex file that you cannot change. Instead, it’s an easy to read BASIC program that you can modify to suit your requirements. For example, you might want to change how the time is displayed and this can be done with just a few keystrokes. Alternatively, you might want to display the speed and heading from the GPS module instead of the time. Again, that’s easily done with a few keystrokes. You could also extend the program to measure the room temperature and display that along with the time, all using the BASIC programming language. siliconchip.com.au This is what our demonstration GPS-Controlled Digital Clock looks like. Because the program is written in BASIC you can easily modify how the time is displayed. The rear view at right shows just how simple it is. The Micromite and a GPS module do most of the work and there are just seven other parts plus the LCD module, all mounted on a small piece of stripboard. Parts List: GPS Digital Clock 1 Micromite microcontroller (available from the SILICON CHIP Online Shop – see text) 1 2-line x 16-character LCD module (eg, Altronics Cat. Z7001 or Jaycar Cat. QP5512) 1 GPS module (eg, EM408) 1 3.3V fixed voltage regulator (MCP1700-330, LP2950CZ-3.3, etc) 1 47µF 6V tantalum capacitor. 2 10µF 6.3V electrolytic or tantalum capacitors. 1 10kΩ trimpot Miscellaneous USB cable, stripboard, spacers, machine screws & nuts There are many different LCD mod­ ules that you can use (with different pin-outs). For this reason, we didn’t design a PCB but instead built the prototype on a piece of perforated strip board which we piggybacked on the back of the LCD module (see above photo). The 5V DC power supply uses a USB charger/supply of the type used with mobile phones, book readers, etc. These are so cheap and plentiful these days that it’s not worth designing a dedicated unit. The supply is connected to the clock using a surplus USB cable. It’s just a matter of cutting off the unwanted connector and soldering the wires direct to siliconchip.com.au This photo shows just some of the devices that the Micromite has inbuilt support for and so are easy to add to your Micromite-based project. Shown is an infrared remote control, ultrasonic distance measuring sensors, a 2-line LCD display, a battery-backed real time clock (RTC) and a servo motor. Other devices not shown include temperature sensors, infrared transmitters and 4x4 keypads. The full details will be in part 2 next month. the board. The red wire is +5V and the ground is black, although you should check this first with a multimeter just to make sure. The other two wires are the signal leads and they can be cut short since they aren’t needed. The 5V supply is used to directly power the LCD module but the GPS May 2014 35 $GPGSV,3,1,12,11,75,324,36,01,59,146,27,32,58,161,34,20,56,209,30*75 $GPGSV,3,2,12,23,52,301,40,25,42,101,,13,23,311,23,17,19,237,23*72 $GPGSV,3,3,12,31,12,136,,19,08,358,13,14,06,136,,27,05,350,*72 $GPRMC,043359.000,A,3158.7597,S,11451.8693,E,0.29,58.06,101008,,*2B $GPGGA,043400.000,3158.7598,S,11451.8693,E,1,05,3.4,25.0,M,-29.3,M,,0000*58 $GPGSA,A,3,23,20,13,11,32,,,,,,,,4.7,3.4,3.4*31 $GPRMC,043400.000,A,3158.7598,S,11451.8693,E,0.20,72.85,101008,,*25 Fig.7: this is a typical data stream from an EM-408 GPS module captured over one second. Each message is on a separate line and consists of the message type at the start followed by a number of data fields separated by commas. We are interested in the line beginning with $GPRMC as this contains the current date and time. SUB GetGPSRecord DO DO WHILE INPUT$(1, #1) <> "$" : LOOP FOR i = 0 TO 20 arg$(i) = "" DO x$ = INPUT$(1, #1) IF x$ = "," THEN EXIT DO IF x$ = "*" THEN EXIT SUB arg$(i) = arg$(i) + x$ LOOP NEXT i LOOP END SUB ' wait for the start ' clear ready for the data ' loop until a specific exit ' get the character ' new data item, new field ' end of record, so return with it ' add to the data ' keep going ' increment the field Fig.8: getting data from the GPS involves loops within loops. The result is that the global array arg$() is loaded with the contents of the GPS message – one field to each element of the array. module and Micromite require 3.3V so we obtained this from a simple 3-terminal regulator. The LCD is wired with its read/ write (R/W) line held low so that the module is always ready to receive data (we never read data from it). It’s also connected in 4-bit mode so all data must be sent as 4-bit “nibbles”. This detail is handled by MMBasic which has an inbuilt command to directly drive this type of display. GPS output Before we describe how the program works, we should quickly explain how a GPS module outputs its data. Normally, the data is transmitted as a serial stream of characters at 4800 bits per second (bps). Some modules use 9600bps or even 19,200bps but they can be easily accommodated by editing the BASIC program. The format conforms to the NMEA 0183 standard and an example data stream is shown in Fig.7. Basically, the data is formatted into a series of 1-line messages. Each message starts with a dollar symbol ($) and is terminated by an asterisk (*) followed by two hex digits that are a checksum. 36 Silicon Chip The individual fields within a message are separated by commas. The first field is the type of message and for our clock project we need the RMC message which starts with the code word GPRMC. The RMC message is standard for GPS modules and they all generate it. Other messages produced by a GPS module provide a variety of useful information including latitude, longitude, altitude and the number of satellites that the GPS module is listening to. Within the RMC message we are particularly interested in the date (second field) and the time (tenth field). The third field is also important; it indicates if the module has a lock on the satellites and has an accurate time. Capturing GPS data Interfacing to the GPS module is done using the serial interface. The command OPEN “COM1:4800” AS #1 will set that up for us. We then need to capture each message and split it into the individual fields. This is done by the function GetGPSRecord() as shown in Fig.8. Before this function is called, a string array has to be created with 20 elements in it. This array is called arg$() and the GetGPSRecord() function will fill it with the data fields of the message (one field to each element of the array). We won’t go through the detailed operation of this function but instead leave it as an exercise for the reader. However, the important section is the seventh line which gets a character from the GPS. Subsequent lines in the program examine this character to determine if it is the end of a field (a comma) or the end of the message (an asterisk), or if it is just part of a field. Once this function has captured a complete message it returns to the caller (ie, the part of the software that triggered this function) which then checks the first field to determine if it is the required message type (more on that later). Adjusting the time/date The GPS unit provides the date and time as individual numbers (month, day, hours, etc). Once we have these numbers, we need to adjust them to take into account the local time zone and daylight saving (GPS data is always transmitted as UTC time). Your first instinct might be to do this by adding the time offset to the hours field, then checking if it has overflowed and then adjusting the day of the month accordingly. However, this quickly gets complicated because you might have to adjust the month or even the year while taking into account leap years. And then there’s the possibility of having to account for a negative time zone (ie, west of Greenwich). Because the Micromite runs a powerful BASIC interpreter which can handle large numbers we simply convert the date/time into minutes since midnight on the 1st January 2014. As the years go by, this can become a very large number but MMBasic can cope with large numbers. In fact, it will be able handle the time in this format up to the year 2045 when it will be over 15 billion minutes. With this conversion, it’s then easy to add or subtract the time zone and make comparisons to see if the resulting time is subject to daylight saving adjustment. The conversion itself is done by the function GetMins() which is shown in Fig.9. This function is supplied with siliconchip.com.au the year, month, day and time and returns with the number of minutes since the start of 2014. We also need to know when daylight saving starts and ends and this is done by the function GetDST(), as shown in Fig.10. It is fed the current year, along with the month and hour that DST starts and ends. It then figures out what day the first Sunday of the month falls on. It then returns the number of minutes from the start of 2014 that daylight will start or stop. For example, this year, daylight sav­ ing in Australia will start at exactly 400,440 minutes since the start of 2014. All we need then do is compare the current number of minutes with this number and if it is greater we need to add one hour for daylight saving (unless, of course, daylight saving has already ended). Note that you’ll need to set a flag (UseDST) in the software to indicate whether daylight saving is relevant to your area. Note also that the daylight saving calculations are correct for Australia and overseas readers will need to adjust the calculations to suit their local daylight saving rules. Converting to time/date Once we have the number of minutes (ie, representing the current time), we need to convert it back to the date and time format that we are familiar with (eg, 5th May 2014). This is done with the GetDate$() and GetTime$() functions. Fig.11 shows the GetTime$() function which extracts the individual elements (hours, minutes and seconds) and then converts them to strings. By using the powerful string handling features of MMBasic, these are then joined together to make one complete string. The GetDate$() function is similar in operation to GetTime$() and so is not shown here. Putting it together Now all we need to do is put all these functions together to make our main program which is shown in Fig.12. This starts by calling our function to get the next message from the GPS module. We want the RMC message which contains the time so we keep looping until we have that. Inside the RMC message, we look at the third field which will contain the letter “A” if the module has locked onto sufficient satellites to get an accusiliconchip.com.au FUNCTION GetMins(yr, mth, day, hr, min) GetMins = (yr - 14) * (365 * 24 * 60) + ((yr - 13) \ 4) * (24 * 60) GetMins = GetMins + (md(mth) * (24 * 60)) GetMins = GetMins + ((day - 1) * (24 * 60)) GetMins = GetMins + (hr * 60) GetMins = GetMins + min IF (yr - 16) MOD 4 = 0 AND mth > 2 THEN GetMins = GetMins + (24 * 60) END FUNCTION Fig.9: this is how we convert date/time into a simple number, ie, the number of minutes since 1st January 2014. With this single number, it’s much easier to change the time zone and detect when daylight saving begins and ends. FUNCTION GetDST(yr, mth, hr) LOCAL d, m m = GetMins(yr, mth, 1, hr, 0) ' minutes to the 1st day of the month d = ((m \ (24 * 60)) + 3) MOD 7 ' day of the week that this falls on GetDST = m + (((7 – d) MOD 7) * 24 * 60) ' minutes to the first Sunday END FUNCTION Fig.10: this function calculates when daylight saving (DST) will start or end. It takes the current year and the month and hour when DST starts/ends and returns the number of minutes to the first Sunday in that month. It’s then easy to compare this number to the current date/time (in minutes) to determine if daylight saving has started or ended. FUNCTION GetTime$(minutes) LOCAL hr, min, am$ am$ = "AM" hr = (minutes \ 60) MOD 24 IF hr > 12 THEN am$ = "PM" : hr = hr - 12 IF hr = 0 THEN hr = 12 min = minutes MOD 60 GetTime$ = STR$(hr) + ":" GetTime$ = GetTime$ + RIGHT$("0" + STR$(min), 2) + ":" GetTime$ = GetTime$ + RIGHT$("0" + STR$(sec), 2) + " " + am$ END FUNCTION Fig.11: this is how we convert the minutes value back into time, displayed as hours, minutes and seconds in 12-hour format. The function returns the result as a string of text characters which can be sent to the LCD for display. The GetDate$() function (not shown) does the same thing for the date. rate time. If not, we display a message on the LCD and jump back to find the next message from the GPS. Once we have an RMC message with an accurate time we can extract the year, month, etc as individual numbers. The GPS module provides this as a string (ie, a series of ASCII characters), so we convert them to numbers using the MMBasic VAL() function. It’s then quite simple to convert the data/time to minutes, add/subtract the time zone and adjust for daylight saving. Finally, this time is converted back to a string of characters and displayed on the LCD. The LCD command is one of a series of powerful commands built into MMBasic for communicating with special hardware devices. In this case, the LCD command only needs to know the line on the LCD module to display the data, the length of the line (the C16 symbol means 16 characters) and the text to display. The LCD command then does all the work required to transfer the text, centre it on the specified line and display it on the LCD module. It cannot get much easier than that. This section of the program is contained within a loop which repeats forever. Every second, it will get an updated time from the GPS, convert the time and display it – forever looping. Note that these code fragments don’t show you the whole program but they do show how easy it is to write a program in MMBasic. If you want to build the GPS clock or examine the May 2014 37 Main Features Of The Micromite (1) The Micromite is a fast 32-bit CPU with 128K of flash memory and 32K RAM running a powerful BASIC interpreter. 20KB of non-volatile flash memory is reserved for the program, while 22KB of RAM is available for BASIC variables, arrays, buffers, etc. This is sufficient for quite large BASIC programs up to 1000 lines or more. (2) A full-featured BASIC interpreter with floating point and string variables, long variable names, arrays of floats or strings with multiple dimensions, extensive string handling and user defined subroutines and functions. Typically it will execute a program at 21,000 lines per second. (3) Nineteen input/output pins are available on a 28-pin chip. These can be independently configured as digital inputs or outputs, as analog inputs or configured for frequency or period measurement and counting. Ten of the pins can be used to measure voltages and another seven can be used to interface with DO KeepSearching: DO GetGPSRecord LOOP UNTIL arg$(0) = "GPRMC" IF arg$(2) <> "A" THEN LCD 1, C16, "Searching" LCD 2, C16, "For Satellites" GOTO KeepSearching ENDIF 5V systems. MMBasic can also be installed on a 44-pin version of the chip, providing 33 input/output pins. (4) Programming and control via a serial console (TTL voltage levels) at 38,400 baud (configurable). Once the program has been written and debugged, the Micromite can be instructed to automatically run the program on power up with no user intervention. Special software is not needed to develop programs. (5) Inbuilt full-screen program editor. This only requires a VT100 terminal emulator and can edit a full 20KB program in one session. It includes advanced features such as search and copy, as well as cut and paste to and from a clipboard. (6) Easy transfer of programs from another computer (Windows, Mac or Linux) using the XModem protocol or by streaming the program over the serial console input. (7) Input/output functions in MMBasic will generate pulses (both positive and negative ' get a GPS record ' we only want the RMC record ' "A" means valid record ' go back and keep looking ' extract the elements of the date/time from the GPS record year = VAL(RIGHT$(arg$(9), 2)) ' extract the date month = VAL(MID$(arg$(9), 3, 2)) day = VAL(LEFT$(arg$(9), 2)) hour = VAL(LEFT$(arg$(1), 2)) ' extract the time min = VAL(MID$(arg$(1), 3, 2)) sec = VAL(MID$(arg$(1), 5, 2)) ' convert the time to minutes and add/subtract the time zone and daylight saving mins = GetMins(year, month, day, hour, min) mins = mins + TimeZone * 60 ' adjust for the timezone IF UseDST THEN ' if we observe daylight saving IF mins < GetDST(year, 4, 2) OR mins > GetDST(year, 10, 2) THEN mins = mins + 60 ' adjust for AWST DST ENDIF ENDIF ' convert the minutes back into the current date/time and display it LCD 1, C16, GetDate$(mins) LCD 2, C16, GetTime$(mins) LOOP Fig.12: putting it all together. First, the correct GPS message is found, then the date/time is extracted as numbers representing the year, month, etc. These are converted to a minutes number which is then adjusted for the time zone and daylight saving. Finally, this time is converted back to text and displayed on the LCD. This loop repeats every second and never stops. 38 Silicon Chip going) that will run in the background while the program is running. Other functions include timing (with 1ms resolution), BASIC interrupts generated on any change on an input pin and an internal real time clock. (8) Comprehensive range of communications protocols implemented including I2C, asynchronous serial, RS-232, IEEE 485, SPI and 1-Wire. These can be used to communicate with various sensors (temperature, humidity, acceleration, etc) as well as for sending data to test equipment. (10) Built in commands to directly interface with infrared remote controls, the DS18B20 temperature sensor, LCD display modules, battery-backed clocks, ultrasonic distance sensors and numeric keypads. (11) Up to five PWM or SERVO outputs can be used to create various sounds, control servos or generate computer controlled voltages for driving equipment that uses an analog input (eg, motor controllers). (12) Special embedded controller features in MMBasic allow the clock speed to be varied to balance power consumption and speed. The CPU can also be put to sleep with a standby current of just 80µA. During sleep, the program state and all variables are preserved. (13) A watchdog feature monitors the running program and can be used to restart the processor if the program fails with an error or is stuck in a loop. (14) The running program can be protected by a PIN number. This will prevent an intruder from listing or modifying the program or changing any features of MMBasic. complete program, you can download it from the SILICON CHIP website (free for subscribers). At the risk of labouring a point that we made earlier, it’s easy to change these functions to display different data or change the format. All you need to do is connect an ASCII terminal and edit the program – then give it a run to see if it worked. That’s the strength of the Micromite; it’s incredibly easy to program. Next Month Next month, we will go into more detail on programming the Micromite. We’ll also show you how to control it via an infrared remote control, how to measure temperature and much, much more. Finally, for helpful tips and support check out the author’s web page at http://geoffg.net/micromite.html SC siliconchip.com.au PRODUCT SHOWCASE New low-cost Test & Tag Print Kit from Emona Typically test and tag systems with tag printing capability cost several thousand dollars. For the first time, the PAC3760 DL data logging appliance tester and tag printing kit offers a solution that is around only $2,000. The new PAC3760DL tester stores test results that download to any PC spreadsheet or database program. No special software is required to generate an electronic logbook to replace traditional handwritten logbooks. The PAC3760DL also connects to the battery-powered PAC-OPT printer to print test tags. The PAC-OPT’s unique Tiny Plessey dotLED for Wearable Electronics Plessey has launched its smallest packaged MaGIC™ LED (manufactured with GaN-on-Si I/C) aimed at the surging wearable electronics market. It’s said to be not much larger than the full stop at the end of this sentence. The PLW138003 is a 0.7lm white LED in a 1005 SMT package designed specifically for the demand for ever smaller LED components producing highly collimated light. Plessey’s dotLEDs weighing 0.2 milligrams with a height of 0.2mm are an industry-leading option for any wearable application with LED content. It has a 130° viewing angle from 5mA of drive current. The 1005-size of the PLW138003 (1.0mm x 0.5mm) is a standard electronic component size, handled by the common surface-mount assembly machines used in high volume consumer electronics. The Plessey dotLED is designed specifically for applications that demand low profile electronic components. A blue version, the PLB138003 is also available. Further additions to the dotLED family will be colour variants and a series in the larger 1608 Contact: footprint. Plessey Plessey Semiconductors will also providesa Tamerton Rd, Rodborough, Plymouth, Devon, UK range of blue LED Tel: (0011 44) 1752 693000 Website: www.plesseysemiconductors.com dies shortly. 40 Silicon Chip “Plug N Print” operation simply requires connection to the PAC3760 DL via serial cable. Conduct your test and press the print button to output your test tag. No time consuming set-up is required as the PAC-OPT prints a generic test tag. With the PAC3760 DL, users will never have to handwrite log books and test tags again, easily the most time consuming part of testing and tagging. The PAC3760 DL is based on the popular PAC3760 series of portable appliance testers used Australia-wide in testing and tagging for over 12 years. The DL’s data logging and tag printing version builds on the range’s long list of popular features. The PAC3760 DL conducts earth bond, insulation and polarity tests, as well as leakage current tests for Class I and Class II appliances and leads and carries out trip time tests of 10mA and 30mA portable and fixed RCDs with the inbuilt isolation transformer. When used in conjunction with the optional PAC-TPL 3-phase adaptor, the PAC3760 DL can also carry out 3-phase leakage testing of 10A, 16A, 20A and 32A 3-phase appliances. The PAC3760DL operates under mains or Contact: b a t t e r y p o w e r, Emona Instruments Pty Ltd providing users 78 Parramatta Rd, Camperdown NSW 2050. with maximum Tel: (02) 9519 3933 Fax: (02) 9550 1378 flexibility. Website: www.emona.com.au 10 x 5.5m hi-res LED Screen at The Star The largest in-house hi-res LED screen has been installed at The Sydney Star’s Event Centre. The modular screen, comprised of 220 panels of 5mm LEDs, can be up to 10m wide x 5.5m high. Its flexibilty offers events at the centre the highest quality digital offerings in virtually any format. The Star also acquired a Christie Digital Spyder M20X processor to service the screen and it is backed by (and seamlessly integrates with) the Event Centre’s four Christie 20K projectors. The full-size screen takes only an hour and a half to set up. The Star has also purchased multiple trusses, capable of holding the screen in a variety of formats out on Sky Terrace, adjoining the Event Centre. The screen was a Contact: feature of the ARIA The Star Event Centre and AACTA awards 80 Pyrmont Street, Pyrmont NSW 2009 held in late 2013 and Tel: (02) 9777 9000 Fax: (02) 9482 1309 Website: www.star.com.au/star-event-centre early 2014. siliconchip.com.au First 40GHz Cable/Antenna Analyser Claimed to be the first handheld cable and antenna analyser with frequency coverage up to 40GHz, the Microwave Site Master S820E provides frequency coverage of 1MHz to 40GHz. Anritsu is developing Vector Network Analyser (VNA) measurements for the analyser. The optional software will enable field measurements such as full-reversing two-port S-parameters and time domain with gating. A vector voltmeter and A/B ratio will also be part of the software. Designed for measuring coaxial and waveguide systems, the analyser conducts key one-port measurements, such as return loss, VSWR, cable loss, DTF, phase, and Smith Chart. Users can also conduct two-port transmission measurements and two-port cable loss tests. The analyser has the company’s easyTest Tools that enables tests to be standardized for repeatable measurements, as well as Line Sweep Tools for simplified reporting. Dynamic range is 110dB up to 40GHz, which brings benchtop instrument performance into the field, says the company, to address today’s wireless networks. Frequency resolution is 1Hz and the frequency coverage provides high-resolution distance resolution, so the handheld analyser can conduct more accurate distanceto-fault (DTF) measurements. The processor allows the analyser to have a sweep speed of 650µs/data point, improving field productivity. RF immunity is +17dBm, claimed to exceed any other microwave handheld cable and an- Contact: tenna analyser.The Anritsu Pty Ltd analyser measures 21/270 Ferntree Gully Rd, Notting Hill, Vic 3168 273x199x91mm Tel: (03) 9558 8177 Fax: (03) 9558 8255 and weighs 3kg. Website: www.anritsu.com Australian company launches world’s most secure online storage solution A Brisbane company has launched a revolutionary online storage solution that is claimed to provide unmatched security for cloud-based computing. “Your Digital File” brings never-before-seen technology to offer the most secure online storage and document trading system. Your Digital File provides a revolutionary layer of protection called Cryptoloc. Everything clients save in Your Digital File is automatically scrambled, so the files can’t be opened and read without a password-protected digital private key that is generated and saved to the client’s computer when they sign up to Your Digital File. The private key unlocks and decrypts the scrambled files. Clients access their files from the device on which they joined Your Digital File. Contact: The service is also Your Digital File portable – clients GPO Box 187, Brisbane, Qld 4001 c a n d o w n l o a d Tel: 1300 791 915 their private key Website: www.yourdigitalfile.com onto a USB stick. siliconchip.com.au Ultra rugged outdoor Spectrum Analyser Aaronia’s new Spectran HF-XFR Pro is an ultra rugged, outdoor Spectrum Analyser, specifically designed for use in harsh conditions such as military, aerospace, mining, construction and research & development. It combines an impact resistant outdoor notebook (which can be used independently) with a high-end spectrum analyser in one compact device, which has been independently tested in accordance with MIL-STD-810G, IP65 and MIL-STD-461F. It has an Intel i7 processor with 8GB RAM, full HD extra large multi touch-screen – which is sunlight readable – integrated GPS, ultra-low noise level up to -170dBm(Hz) DANL and built-in 3G Antenna with SIM Card Reader (optional). Contact: It offers a wide Clarke & Severn Electronics measuring range, Unit 4, 8A Kookaburra Rd, Hornsby NSW 2077 up to 9.4GHz. Tel: (02) 9482 1944 Fax: (02) 9482 1309 Website: www.clarke.com.au Freetronics offering SILICON CHIP readers 20% Discount on EtherTen Arduninocompatible development boards with Ethernet Prototyping a new “Internet of Things” device is a piece of cake using the Freetronics EtherTen, which combines the functionality of the popular Arduino Uno with onboard Ethernet, a micro-SD card slot and Power-over-Ethernet support. The EtherTen works just like a regular Arduino, so you can program it using the free Arduino IDE on Windows, Mac, or Linux. Getting started is simple: open the IDE, select one of the example programs and you’re ready to go. Then add sensors, actuators and other devices to build an Internetconnected controller, datalogger, web server, Twitter client . . . whatever you want. The EtherTen is ideal for industrial and domestic automation projects because it supports multiple forms of Power-over-Ethernet. Power it via the LAN cable using low voltage DC, or you can add an 802.3af PoE module for full compatibility with commercial PoE switches and injectors. If you enter the discount code “SC14A” at the Freetronics website www. f r e e t r o n i c s . c o m / Contact: etherten, they’ll give Freetronics you a 20% discount PO Box 7067, Croydon South Vic 3136 Website: www.freetronics.com on the EtherTen! May 2014 41 SERVICEMAN'S LOG A close shave for a fancy shaver Rescuing a device that would otherwise end up on the e-waste mountain is always satisfying, especially when the fault is simple. However, simple faults are not always simple to find, as this problem in a client’s battery-powered shaver demonstrates. One of my earliest memories of my Dad is him sitting at the table shaving with one of those battery-powered electric shavers that were all the rage back in the seventies. Advances in battery technology during that era meant that everything from radios to hair driers could be made portable and the advent of the battery-powered electric shaver meant that men could shave anywhere without being tied to the bathroom or a power point. Dad’s shaver was a dual-head model made by a very well-known company (they still make updated versions of the same model). It was powered by four AA-size cells, all neatly packed into a textured black plastic case which also formed the grip. The unit also featured a handy mirror embedded into the inside top of the brushed aluminium cover; not that I recall Dad ever using it. It had a solid, good-quality feel about it, right down to the sliding on/ off switch and the rounded case which had been worn smooth by years of use. I can remember the distinctive sound it made as if it was only yesterday and, in fact, I’m reminded of it regularly. I still have that shaver and in occasional fits of nostalgia take it out of the drawer, fit it with fresh batteries and fire it up to make sure it’s still working as it should. I’ve kept it all these years for the same reason Dad did before passing it on to me; it’s just too good to throw away. The motor is still strong, the blades keen and it works just as well as it ever did. Over the years, I’ve purchased a couple of other portable shavers with 42 Silicon Chip the intention of retiring the old one but I’ve yet to find one that does a better job. During that time, I’ve gone through a couple of sets of shaving heads (and lots of batteries) but that’s the advantage of buying good-quality products; every part for this model is still available from the manufacturer. For better or worse, that was the sort of quality built into many such products back in the seventies. These days, everything is made with in-built obsolescence and in the cheapest way possible; I’ve seen shavers for sale that would be lucky to last two years of regular use let alone 10 or 20. Shaver service So what’s all this leading up to? Well, a customer recently brought in a shaver for me to see if it could be fixed. It was a top-of-the-line model and a replacement would cost a small fortune. Unfortunately, this particular unit had taken a tumble during one of the quakes and now it wouldn’t go at all. It had a microswitch on/off button and when this was pushed, nothing happened. It also showed no signs of charging when placed into the accompanying cradle (or charging dock), the front-panel charge-indicator LEDs remaining off. The whole thing looked very futuristic and oozed expensiveness, which is why the owner wanted me to see if anything could be done. Throwing something like this away seemed wrong, especially if it could be easily fixed. I immediately suspected that the problem was simply a flat battery. I’ve seen this hundreds of times on laptops Dave Thompson* Items Covered This Month • Battery-powered shaver repair • Power supply tester repair • Submersible bore pump • Samsung SCX-4828FN laser multi-function centre *Dave Thompson runs PC Anytime in Christchurch, NZ. Website: www.pcanytime.co.nz Email: dave<at>pcanytime.co.nz where the charger has failed and despite the owner plugging the charger in, nothing happens. Eventually, the battery discharges to the point where pressing the power button results in either nothing at all happening or just the briefest blink of the indicator LEDs before the residual battery power fades away. In this case, the customer reported that much the same thing happened with his shaver. When he pressed the on/off button, the charge indication LEDs sometimes briefly flashed before going dark but usually he got nothing at all. This suggested that a battery recharge was all it needed to get it going again. The first thing I had to determine was whether the charger was delivering the required power to the shaver. A multimeter placed across the charging contacts gave a reading of around 4.5V, so that cleared the charger (or charging dock) itself. That meant that there must be something in the shaver that was preventing the battery from charging. In fact, I was glad that this was the case because the charging dock appeared to be clipped together (rather than screwed) and opening it up would likely have resulted in something being broken. At the very least, some of the curved edges would have been disfigured by the tools used to prise it apart. By contrast, the shaver itself was relatively easy to disassemble. Three long PK-style screws with those siliconchip.com.au weirdly-shaped safety heads held the body together and removing them was a doddle. Fortunately, I had the right bit for this job otherwise it would have been impossible as the screw heads are buried well into the case. The top assembly, which included the three shaving heads and a trimmer arrangement, was held in place by three large plastic clips. These took some wrestling to get apart as they were arranged so that they all opposed each other. If one was unclipped, annoyingly it would reattach itself while I was working on one of the others (three hands would be very handy in cases like this). Once free though, the heads, gearbox, motor and battery/PCB assembly all came out in one piece. The charging connections were my staring point. In this shaver, these consisted of two polished metal rods embedded into opposite sides of a clear moulded plastic insert that held all the main components together. When the shaver sat in the dock, these two rods made contact with the corresponding charging nodes. There wasn’t much metal showing in either case but because the thing sat so snugly in the charger, enough contact was made to get the job done. The plastic work was an impressive siliconchip.com.au piece of engineering. My dad at one point in his working life made dies for his own injection-moulding machine and I used to watch him as he milled intricate cavities into solid blocks of steel and turned endless metal shapes on his lathe (which now sits proudly in my own workshop). As a result, I can appreciate how such things are made and the tolerances with which they are manufactured. In this case, all those metal parts embedded in the plastic would have had to have been held in place in the die somehow as it was closed and the plastic injected into it. And that is a feat in itself. No doubt, these days such parts would be computer milled on hyper-expensive C&C machines or even 3D-printed but it is a beautiful work to behold nonetheless. Because the two metal charging rods were held firmly in place and the wire connections were integrated into the main plastic block, it was unlikely that it would be something as simple as the charging connections coming loose. Besides, I could see right through the plastic and everything looked quite solid in there. I don’t know much about shaver circuitry but I thought that if I put a meter across the two charging rods, I would get some indication, even if the battery was flat. However, when I did this, the meter needle didn’t budge. Either I was mistaken in my assumptions or something between these points and the battery was broken. At this point, a quick web search turned up a few shaver circuit diagrams (although not for this particular model). These diagrams indicated that while some shavers had reversepolarity protection (using an in-line diode), I should still expect to see something across the charging points. With this in mind, I dug deeper and focused on the battery/PCB assembly that was now dangling free of the rest of the shaver on two short black motor wires. I disconnected these and this then allowed me to remove and examine the PCB assembly more closely. I also noted that the motor’s polarity was marked with a large red “+” symbol on its body. However, since the PCB assembly only went in one way and the motor leads were just 25mm long, it was unlikely I’d get them transposed when I reassembled it later on. So in this case, I didn’t bother taking a picture or drawing a diagram. The assembly itself consists of a PCB sandwiched between a white moulded plastic battery support on the top and May 2014 43 Serviceman’s Log – continued You win some and you lose some! A. P. of Toowoomba, Qld recently lost one when he tackled a Samsung SCX-4828FN multi-function centre but it wasn’t for want of trying . . . Carli brought me her Samsung SCX-4828FN laser multi-function centre (MFC) with the complaint that all the copies came out white. I immediately asked whether she had tried printing anything to it and she said that she had and that the printer section worked fine. That meant that the scanner was probably faulty and so I suggested that it might be better to simply buy a new one, as spare parts for these things are expensive. What’s more, new MFCs with equivalent functions had dropped from the $700 or so that Carli had paid five years ago to $350 or less today. Even so, I said that I would take a quick look at it in case the fault could be rectified without needing to buy parts. I began by lifting up the automatic document feeder (ADF) to expose the flatbed scanner glass. I then turned the machine on and the scanner sensor flashed through various colours and moved back and forth to calibrate its position. The brightness of this light show seemed a bit dimmer than I remembered from other scanners but I couldn’t say for sure that this wasn’t normal for this model. About 20 seconds after power-up, the LCD panel announced that the machine was ready to copy. I placed a printed page face down onto the flatbed glass and pressed “Start”. The scanner sensor moved across the page and the printer spat out a blank sheet of paper. I also tried to scan using the automatic document feeder (ADF). Scanning using the ADF moves the paper past the scanner sensor, which remains stationary at one end of the scanner bed. However, the result was the same: another blank sheet of paper. Interestingly, the unit was not reporting any faults in the scanner in spite of this. Next, I set about installing the relevant drivers on a PC so that I could separately test the printing and scanning functions. As expected, the printing function worked, while scanning again produced blank pages. This eliminated the possibility that the problem was caused by a firmware bug that only affected the photocopying/scanning function. Having done that, I now decided to dismantle the scanner section, in case the problem was caused by a flat cable that had worked loose from its connector or there was some other obvious fault problem (eg, a fractured cable). The first step was to remove the ADF. There is a cable connecting it to the rest of the works and this is removed by simply unclipping a small panel on the scanner glass bezel which reveals the connector. The lower flaps of the ADF’s hinges slide up and down inside the main unit, to accommodate thick objects like books. However, if the ADF is tilted while the lower hinge flaps are fully-extended, the hinges come free of the main unit and the ADF can then be lifted clear. The bezel holding the scanner glass is secured by two screws at the rear (near the ADF’s hinges) and another two at the front that are hidden under the rear edge of the control panel. It’s therefore necessary to first remove the control panel, which is held only by plastic clips along the front and by the scanner glass bezel along the rear. This apparent chicken-and-egg problem is resolved by releasing the plastic clips at the front and angling the control panel up to enable it to slide out from under the scanner glass bezel. Two cables connect to the control panel. One goes to a photo-interruptor that is used to calibrate the position of the scanner sensor, while the other connects to the processor board inside the main unit. These are simply unplugged at the control panel end. The remaining two screws securing the scanner glass bezel were then accessible. By the way, all the screws that I removed were identical, making it particularly easy to reassemble the unit later. Now that the scanner glass was out of the way, I was able to inspect the scanner’s contact image sensor (CIS) carefully and make sure that the flat cable that connects to it was indeed securely held in its socket. I also wanted to verify that the other end of the CIS cable was securely connected to the processor board. This can only be done with the righthand panel removed from the main unit but first the scanner unit has to be separated from the main unit. That’s done by removing two screws from the rear and sliding the scanner unit towards the back to free it. The righthand panel has only a back-lit display underneath. This display features four icons, each one indicating a function or the current status of the shaver. The PCB boasted a surprising amount of electronic parts for a shaver, though I assume most of it was to drive the display. All the parts on the PCB were surface-mounted and everything was coated in a rock-hard, epoxy-like substance. Like the rest of the device, it was well made, compact and firmly clipped together, so it was very unlikely to move about. This also meant that if any of these parts were blown or broken, I’d have to replace the entire module. And just by looking at it, I knew it wouldn’t be a cheap spare part. It was looking increasingly likely that I’d be passing bad news on to the customer and the thing would end up in the bin. Unfortunately, this is becoming all too common in my line of work. We are living in an increasingly throwaway society and here again it looked like we would be discarding a perfectly repairable device simply due to the price (or perhaps even nonavailability) of spare parts. As an aside, a classic but somewhat tragic example is evident at my brother’s printer supply and repair company. Out the back, he has a literal mountain of printers that for the sake of a $2 part here and there are all Samsung SCX-4828FN laser multi-function centre 44 Silicon Chip siliconchip.com.au one screw in it, near a socket where the panel wraps around to the rear, so I removed it and found that the panel could then be gently eased off without any tools required. Removing the righthand panel revealed the processor board, including the connector for the other end of the CIS cable. I removed and re-inserted this cable to ensure it was making a good connection, then re-tested the photocopying function but it was still making blank copies. The next thing to check was that the CIS cable was intact. I pulled both ends from their sockets and tested the continuity of the conductors with my DMM. It was fine. Not seeing anything wrong with the electronics, I now considered that the fault could lie in the firmware. The processor board sported a CR2032 lithium cell, which was presumably used to maintain the time and date and possibly other settings. I removed it and waited 30 seconds before reinserting it but this had no effect other than that when I next powered the unit up, it required the date to be entered. So far I had been “flying blind” without a service manual but now I wanted to find out if it was possible to reflash the firmware. My theory was that a glitch in the firmware could result in blank scans while flying under the radar of the unit’s self-test procedure. Searching the internet resulted in two useful pieces of information. The first was the service manual, which I downloaded onto my smartphone. The second was that the problem of blank scans was relatively common for this model and although various people had asked for help in solving this problem, there didn’t appear to be any solutions. I soldiered on in spite of this discouraging news. With the service manual at my disposal I found that the magic incantation to bring up “tech mode” is “MENU # 1 9 3 4 #”. Using “tech mode” I was able to clear all memory, which might conceivably have fixed the problem but didn’t. I was also able to perform a DRAM test (it reported 128MB), a ROM test (it simply showed the version number of the firmware [1.01.00.22] without being clear whether a checksum was calculated) and a shading test. The shading test is used to calibrate the scanner’s contact image sensor. For each of the sensor colours, it prints a ‘curve’ consisting of the relative response of each pixel in the image sensor. The manual shows actual curves but this unit printed four ruler-flat lines (for mono, red, green, and blue). This is consistent with the blank scans being either a hardware fault (open circuit cable or faulty CIS) or a firmware fault (eg, in the device driver for the CIS). The final and most useful function that I was looking forward to from “tech mode” was to be able to upgrade the firmware. The service manual shows a firmware upgrade option as being available in this mode and it’s quite flexible, being able to upgrade from a USB connected PC or remotely via fax from another identical model. Unfortunately though, the SCX4828FN under repair had no firmware upgrade item in the “tech mode” menus. I couldn’t imagine that it would be possible to force an upgrade of the firmware without giving permission via the front panel, so that really seemed to be the end of the line. In the event, I soon proved myself wrong about it being impossible to force a firmware upgrade. There are a significant number of websites selling or giving away alternative firmware for various models of printer and multifunction centres, for the explicit purpose of circumventing the restrictions on using third-party toner cartridges. I happened on one of these sites by sheer accident, and discovered that not only were they giving away updated firmware (version 1.01.0031f) for the SCX-4828FN but also that the upgrade process was initiated entirely by an attached PC. The only prerequisite was that the SCX-4828FN had to be turned on and ready to copy. I downloaded the necessary files, connected my laptop to the MFC, and initiated the upgrade. The whole process went smoothly and took about five minutes, during which the LCD on the MFC indicated the progress by showing the addresses of the blocks that it was erasing and programming. That’s the good news. The bad news was that after the upgrade, the scanner was still producing blank copies. That exhausted almost every possibility except the one that would cost real money: the contact image sensor was now the most likely suspect. I removed it from the scanner and read the part number from the bottom. Googling gave me a number of suppliers but unfortunately the cheapest price I could find was over $100 delivered. And without any guarantee that this was indeed the faulty part, I didn’t feel inclined to invest that much in the repair. In the end, I returned the MFC to Carli with the advice that she purchase a brand new replacement unit. I also suggested that she use the faulty unit purely as a printer until the current toner cartridge was empty. destined for landfill – all because the manufacturer has decided not to make some parts available as spares. In such cases, the only repair option is to burgle another identical device for the wanted part. However, many of these things fail for exactly the same reason, so having an identical unit available doesn’t always guarantee a result. As a result, the device gets thrown onto the mountain along with the others. Add this mountain to the many others around the world and that’s a lot of e-waste to get rid of. Getting back to the job on hand, there had to be a reason for this shaver no longer charging and hopefully it wouldn’t require an expensive (or unavailable) spare part, or result in a trip to the e-waste mountain. The shaver’s display unit and battery holder were both secured to the PCB using plastic clips and these were relatively easy to prise free, giving me an unhindered look at both sides of the assembly. Under a magnifying glass, the board looked perfect; there were no visible cracks or physical damage, nor any burn spots or discoloured areas which could indicate overheating. This was both good and bad news. The good news was that there were no obviously burnt or broken parts but the bad news was that the problem still lurked somewhere. A voltage check across the lithium- siliconchip.com.au May 2014 45 Serviceman’s Log – continued ion (Li-Ion) battery terminals gave a reading of 2.8V, well below the 3.7V it should have been. It was obviously not being charged and when placed in the charging dock, the voltage across the battery remained the same. My next step was to check the voltage across the terminals on the PCB, where the tags from the battery were soldered in. However, I couldn’t get a reading until I applied pressure to the positive end of the battery and then things lit up. This looked more promising; there was obviously something awry in the battery connection itself. I soon had it nailed it down; a strap is spot-welded to each end of the battery and this then passes through and is soldered onto the PCB. The strap on the positive end of the battery had come completely adrift but was sitting so close to the battery terminal that it looked to be connected. When the meter probe was pressed against it, it did connect and I got a reading. I clipped the parts back together, sat the whole assembly in the charging dock and pressed down on the positive battery terminal. The charging lights immediately came on. When I released the pressure, they went out again. What surprised me was that everything looked completely sound because the battery was held firmly in place and the strap was positioned such that it looked to be connected. As I discovered, it was only a gnat’s whisker away from making contact but that was enough. This created a new problem; soldering anything to battery terminals like this is notoriously difficult. It requires a very hot iron, lots of scraping to get a clean metal surface and a healthy dollop of corrosive flux in order to get a half-way decent connection. Unfortunately, hot irons and Li-Ion batteries aren’t a good mix and considering that the local electronic components retailer stocked a replacement battery complete with straps for $18 plus shipping, it seemed foolish to persevere with such a potentially explosive job. The customer agreed and once I’d obtained the battery it was a simple matter to solder it in, reassemble the components and fire up the shaver. It immediately sprang into life, even on the battery’s relatively low residual “shelf-charge” of 3.2V. So, in the end, the fix was relatively simple and it’s nice to know that this high-end piece of man-cave kit didn’t end up as another dead device on an e-waste mountain. Power supply tester Saving faulty test equipment can be well worthwhile, even if it’s a low-cost unit that’s not worth a professional serviceman’s time. B. P. of Dun­dathu, Qld was recently given a faulty digital PC power supply tester which he soon got going again . . . I was visiting my mate Tim at his appliance repair shop and we were talking while his apprentice got ready to test a computer power supply. Unfortunately though, he plugged the P4 connector into the wrong socket of the digital tester he was using and it immediately expired, emitting a puff of smoke and an accompanying acrid smell in the process. He quickly removed the power but Servicing Stories Wanted Do you have any good servicing stories that you would like to share in The Serviceman column? If so, why not send those stories in to us? We pay for all contributions published but please note that your material must be original. Send your contribution by email to: editor<at>siliconchip.com.au Please be sure to include your full name and address details. 46 Silicon Chip it was too late; the damage had been done. Tim took it all in his stride and simply handed his apprentice a new tester out of the drawer, telling him to be more careful next time. He was about to throw the damaged unit in the bin, when he paused and grabbed a good power supply and plugged it in. He found that the tester’s LCD backlight no longer worked, while the 12V2 was flashing and showing 11.9V instead of flashing ‘LL’ as it should with the second 12V connector disconnected. I asked him if he was still going to bin it and he said “yes”, so I said I would take it and have a look at it, to see if it was repairable. I tackled it as soon as I got home. It was an aluminium case type, with plastic ends. The plastic ends are removable but you have to be careful not to break the retaining clips. There is also a hidden screw under a sticker and once this and the ends have been removed, the PCB simply slides out of the case. I turned the PCB over and could immediately see that a track had been ‘blown off’. There was no other obvious damage, so I decided to replace the missing track with a length of insulated hook-up wire and see what happened; perhaps that would fix it! Once the link was in place, I grabbed a known good PC power supply, plugged it in and connected the digital power supply tester to the 24-pin connector. The tester’s LCD backlight now worked and the 12V2 was now flashing ‘LL’ as it should. I then plugged in the P4 connector and the 12V2 reading came up as 11.9V, which was the same as the 12V reading. Next, I tried the SATA plug and a Molex plug and this resulted in the appropriate LEDs lighting. This all meant that the unit was now working correctly so I reassembled it and put it in the drawer with my other power supply testers. That’s another damaged piece of test gear saved from the bin and I now have a spare digital power supply tester. What’s more, it cost me nothing other than about 30 minutes of my time. GPS antenna repair J. H. of Burwood East, Victoria recently damaged the GPS antenna that fed a chart plotter on his 48-foot yacht. Here’s how he got it going again . . . It’s usually desirable to have a relisiliconchip.com.au able chart plotter on board a yacht. On my 48-footer, the chart plotter’s GPS antenna was located on the rear pushpit rail where people often put their arm across it and consequently attenuated the satellite signals. To eliminate this problem, I therefore decided to move the antenna to a more optimum position on the same pushpit. First, I found that although the antenna cable was long enough, it had to be released by removing numerous cable ties. These were mostly in extremely difficult locations in the lazarette, in the stern of the vessel. After that initial struggle, I had sufficient cable but the antenna fitting had to be changed from a horizontal mount to a vertical mount to suit the new location. Because the cable passed through the old mount, this meant that it had to first be disconnected from the antenna unit. As Murphy decrees, any change to electronic equipment must demand a new fitting that is incompatible with the old fitting. And it must cost money and take considerable effort to fit. Of course, in a marine environment, it’s better to avoid connectors and use direct solder connections instead. Opening the GPS antenna by removing the outer protective covers showed the coax cable’s outer shield engulfed by an extremely impressive amount of solder. The back of a yacht is not a place for large electrical soldering equipment, so in desperation I used a fine hacksaw to cut the coax away from the antenna and the PCB. The next step was to clean the antenna, replace the fitting, re-route the coax through this new fitting and resolder the coax feed. The result after all my hard work was total failure of the chart plotter system. There were no satellite signals or even a vague smell of one, even after half an hour. Obviously, somehow, I had destroy­ ed the antenna. Unfortunately, suitable replacement antennas didn’t seem to be available, either from retailers or over the internet. Cursing myself, I then searched the internet and visited many marine shops to see if I could locate a new (cheapish) chart plotter. The outcome was that I would have to spend $1000 - $2500 for a new (colour) plotter, followed by the hassle of running cables and installing new fittings. Anyone who has worked on a boat realises that this is an extremely challenging task, particularly when these cables often have connectors that won’t fit through small openings. Following more strong words and an almost sleepless night, I decided that if the antenna had been damaged then I might as well have a go at fixing it. This would involve removing it and bringing it home so that I could examine it under better conditions. Back on the boat, I undid the mechanical components and cut the coax feeder in order to remove the antenna. Once it was on my workbench, I removed the cover and found that the antenna is built on a ceramic disc about 50mm in diameter. The upper, antenna side is embedded with a flat plate some 30mm square and on the other side is a PCB, which is in the shape of one quadrant of an 80mm-diameter circle. The flat plate has a wire connected near its centre and this goes to the PCB through an insulated hole. The PCB side of the ceramic disc is metal-plated and the PCB is attached to this via seven through-hole soldered joints. As a result, each soldered hole was progressively heated and the PCB slowly prised away from the ceramic with the aid of five carefully positioned razor blades. After about an hour’s careful work, I had the PCB separated from the metal side of the ceramic disc! This immediately revealed that the PCB was double-sided and metalplated where it faced the ceramic disc. I then discovered that the flat plate antenna is DC electrically connected to ground. The undamaged and unmarked circuit board indicated that this connection is deliberate. Using a high-power magnifying glass, I closely examined each of the surface mount (SMD) components and soon discovered what looked like a coil that could have been damaged. Unfortunately, this component was further damaged during its removal from the PCB. On the internet, I found “Wheeler’s Formula” for calculating the inductance of air-cored coils. I then measured the removed coil with my vernier calliper and came up with dimensions of 0.06 x 0.08 x 0.09 inches (the formula stipulates inches). I then calculated the coil diameter and hence, for five turns, a total inductance of approximately 0.045mH. My local parts retailers have RF chokes but the smallest is 1mH and is physically too big to fit. So, using a piece of insulation from standard hook-up wire as a former and my thinnest varnished copper winding wire from my junk box, I wound a small 7-turn coil. A dab of Tarzan’s Grip then secured the winding, after which I removed the former and soldered the legless coil into place on the PCB. I then completed the repair by soldering the PCB back onto the ceramic disc and remade the antenna connection. Back at the boat, I soldered the coax feed cable to the PCB and then turned ualiEco siliconchip.com.au May 2014 47 Serviceman’s Log – continued Fixing a power-hungry submersible bore pump After receiving an unusually high electricity bill, R. H. Mont Albert, Victoria recently took on the repair of a submersible bore pump. Here’s what happened . . . The quarterly electricity bill for our holiday house arrived the other day. I was astonished to find that it was $617.80, nearly $400 more than the previous bill which was $227.12. We hadn’t been there any more than usual, so it was very puzzling My first reaction was to blame the electricity supplier for putting up the charges but even that wouldn’t account for such a massive increase. Then I looked more closely at the bill and realised that the rate of $0.2605 per kWh hadn’t changed. Instead, we had used 1930kWh during those three months, compared with around 500kWh the previous three months. There was obviously something wrong, so I checked the meter reading. It had been read just four days prior and the reading seemed to be correct. Some quick calculations then showed that this bill meant we were using an average 21.44kWh/ day but the previous average was 5.6kWh/day. I read the meter again and realised that we had used 88kWh since the meter reading on the bill. So whatever the problem was, it was still there. It was time for some troubleshooting, so I started turning appliances off one by one, checking the meter (an old analog type) each time as I did so. When I turned the fridge off, the rotating disk slowed right down. Haha, I thought there’s the cause of the problem. We had stacked a lot of frozen food in the freezer section and these were against the fan outlets. Then, just when I thought I’d solved the problem, the meter disk on the chart plotter. You can image my disappointment when there was no result. Feeling desperate, I then read the handbook which stated that, 48 Silicon Chip suddenly sped up again, despite the fridge being switched off. As a result, I now turned off everything at the wall, including the TV, clocks, radios, the oven and any battery chargers for batteries on float. Still the disk spun. But why? Everything had been switched off except for one thing – the bore pump. But that shouldn’t be causing the high electricity consumption since, with all the taps off, no water was being pumped. Turning off the switch immediately stopped the spinning disk, so that’s where the fault did indeed lie. The bore is equipped with a submersible pump and a pressure switch, so that when a tap is turned on the pressure drops and the pump switches on. Checking the pressure gauge showed that it was at full pressure, as expected. What’s more, the gauge wasn’t moving so the pressure wasn’t dropping due to a leak and turning on the pump. There also wasn’t any sign of water leaks anywhere. Next, I connected my energy meter to the bore lead and found that it was using 850W. This increased to 1250W when a tap was turned on and it was pumping water but it remained stubbornly at 850W when the tap was turned off. During these tests, I noticed that the pressure gauge didn’t move so I noted the make and model and went on a fruitless internet search. There were many places I could buy a pressure switch but very little information on how to test the one I had or troubleshoot it. I needed to examine the switch itself but this was difficult as the bore controller is hard up against the garage wall. I ended up using a small mirror to help remove the cover and on initial start-up, it might take 10 minutes or so for the chart plotter to register satellites. After about five very tense minutes, check for any obvious signs of damage but nothing was apparent. It was time to get serious. After unplugging the bore pump from the mains and turning on a tap to de-pressurise the system, I removed the pressure switch from its housing. It looked fine and a test with my multimeter showed that it was ‘on’. This was correct, since there was no pressure. Despite my trepidations, I then decided to take it apart. It only had four screws holding it together so I carefully removed these and disassembled it, being careful to note how all the small pieces fitted together. This wasn’t entirely successful because several springs and various small plastic pieces immediately jumped onto the workbench. They had obviously been imprisoned for a long time and were intent on escape. Further dismantling showed that salt build-up was blocking a small hole that led to a diaphragm that activated the switching mechanism. As a result, the diaphragm couldn’t move which meant that the pump ran continuously, even though there was nowhere to pump the water. So the problem was really quite simple. It could have been a lot worse, particularly if the pump itself had been at fault as it’s some 30 metres down the bore hole. I wondered if the same problem explained why the pressure gauge always indicated high pressure. Sure enough, with no pressure in the fitting where the gauge was attached, it still indicated 120 PSI. I removed it and cleaned the salt build up and it went back to zero. My next problem was to reassemble the pressure switch after it had all been cleaned. After a frustrating hour or so, I finally got it back together and reconnected it to the bore plumbing. And to my relief, it worked. The bore pump now only uses power when pumping water and none while the taps are off. Yesterday a letter arrived from the electricity supplier to say that prices are going up! You just can’t win! the first satellite appeared, much to my relief. It was followed shortly after by eight more, all at full strength! My GPS SC antenna was back in action. siliconchip.com.au Online & in store Prices valid until 23/05/2014 MEGA MAY! 3D Printer - Bring your 3D Creations to Life! Supplied as a DIY kit, once assembled you can turn 3D digital images into real life plastic objects. A very fast, reliable and precise 3D printer that won’t break the bank. SAVE 5.8GHz Wireless AV Sender 10 $ Transmits audio/video signals up to 50m clear line of sight. Interference free. Compatible with most PayTV systems and AV equipment. Built-in infrared extender. AR-1878 WAS $99.00 $ Spare Receiver AR-1879 $69.00 Can print objects with maximum dimensions of 200 x 200 x 200mm, in either ABS or PLA plastics (available separately). This is an advanced level constructional kit, average build time is 3 - 4 days. For more information on assembly and the tools required please visit our website. Extensive online community support is also available at: www.k8200.eu TL-4020 $ 1299 http://bit.ly/TL-4020 3D Printer Controller Module Allows you to operate your TL-4020 without a PC! 8900 Features an SD slot for file loading, preassembled but cable connection requires soldering. TL-4022 $ Australian & New Zealand Exclusive to Jaycar!!! 149 00 Note: You will still require a PC to slice and prepare the 3D file. 3D Printer Filament Available in two diameters, 1.75mm and 3.00mm, in either ABS or PLA material. Supplied on a 1kg roll. 3D Printer LED Light Illuminate your object whilst printing. Suitable for TL-4020. TL-4024 $ 2.4GHz Wireless Reversing Camera with DVR Easy to install, 4.3" monitor, front and rear facing cameras, event recording camera as well as a reversing camera. 2.4GHz for clear video. 3495 Coming soon! $44.95 $44.95 $42.95 $42.95 3 Port Ethernet Adaptor Extend your home/office network over your mains power line. Simply plug the adaptor into a mains outlet then connect to your router. Features 3 x 10/100Mbps RJ-45 ports. Compact CatIII 600V Multimeter $ Also available: 2.4GHz Wireless Reversing Camera NEW QM-3852 $199 22900 1700 Lumen Long Beam LED Lights Tough, compact LED lights which can be bolted onto your 4WD, car or off-road buggy. The deep optic reflector lens gives far more beam distance than other LED spotties. Aluminium alloy housing. • Equipped with CREE® MT-G LED • IP68 rating • Stainless steel mounting hardware included Budget-priced meter packed with features. • 4000 Count • AC/DC Voltage 600V • AC/DC Current 10A • Resistance, capacitance, frequency & temperature • Non-contact voltage • Backlit LCD QM-1323 $ $ 12900 700 Lumen Rechargeable Torch High power and fully adjustable beam spread. Finished in black with a tactical switch for mode adjustment. Battery, charger and mains power supply are included. • Equipped with CREE® XML LED • Size: 128(L) x 38(Dia.)mm ST-3485 $ 3995 Economy 4 Channel DVR An affordable 4 channel DVR for home or office surveillance. Connect to a computer network to view video remotely from anywhere in the world using a web browser or Smartphone/iPhone® (via free installed app). Includes 500GB of storage for up to 300 hours of continuous video recording from up to 4 cameras (QC-3239 $59.95 each available separately). Flood Light - SL-3932 • Beam distance: 178m siliconchip.com.au TL-4060 1.75mm PLA TL-4062 3.00mm PLA TL-4070 1.75mm ABS TL-4072 3.00mm ABS • Energy saving mode if no data is transmitted • Operating range: Up to 300m YN-8354 NOTE: Mains wiring must be on the same circuit phase • Up to 50m range • Infrared camera for day/night use QM-3850 Spot Light - SL-3930 • Beam distance: 490m Sold separately Filament not included $ 12900ea To order call 1800 022 888 $ 4995 24900 • Manual, scheduled or movement activation • USB/HDMI connection • Size: 300(L) x 210(W) x 50(H)mm QV-3049 May 2014 49 www.jaycar.com.au PROJECT KITS Battery Saver Kit Ref: Silicon Chip Magazine Sept 2013 Cuts off the power between the battery and load when the battery becomes flat to prevent the battery over-discharging and becoming damaged. Suitable for use with cordless power tools, emergency lights, small to medium UPS (up to approx 300VA) and a wide variety of other devices. $ • PCB: 34 x 18.5mm KC-5523 2995 Soft Start Kit for Power Tools Ref: Silicon Chip Magazine July 2012 Stops that dangerous kick-back when you first power up an electric saw, router or other mains-powered hand tool. This helps prevent damage to the job or yourself when kick-back torque jerks the power tool out of your hand. Kit supplied with PCB, silk screened case, 2m power cord and specified electronic components. • 240VAC 10A • PCB: 81 x 59mm KC-5511 $ 4995 ARDUINO Development Kits StepDuino Arduino Compatible A self-contained board with onboard stepper motor drivers, servo interface, microSD card slot, and 20x4 character LCD. Perfect for building robots or other mechatronics projects: just connect the stepper motors and go! • 2 x 4-wire stepper motor controllers • 1 x servo interface • Serial communications header • Compatible with the Arduino IDE • Size: 113(W) x 74(H) x 25(D)mm XC-4249 $ USBDroid with Onboard Android/USB Host Eleven The "Eleven" is just like an Arduino Uno - but better! It's a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 with 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analogue inputs, a 16MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. XC-4210 $ Specially designed to be compatible with the Android Open Accessory Development Kit. Connect your Android device like a mobile phone for all kinds of controller and networking features. • Built-in charger XC-4222 $ 3995 Ref: Silicon Chip Magazine March 2009 Create your own eerie science fiction sound effects by simply moving your hand near the antenna. Easy to set up and build. Complete kit contains PCB with overlay, pre-machined case and all specified components. • Requires 12V power supply (MP-3147 $17.95) • PCB: 85 x 145mm KC-5475 $ • Software-controlled blue backlight XC-4218 • 32 x 16 high brightness blue LEDs (512 LEDs total) on a 10mm pitch • Viewable over 12 NOTE: Can for comparison only metres away XC-4251 $ $ 2995 8995 Jacob's Ladder MK3 Kit Digital Multimeter Kit Learn everything there is to know about component recognition and basic electronics with this comprehensive kit. From test leads to solder, everything you need for the construction of this meter is included. 9V battery included. • Meter size: 67(W) x 123(H) x 25(D)mm KG-9250 $ 95 24 Water Powered Vehicle Kit Build up to 13 different water powered vehicles and watch them move! This kit demonstrates water jet power and hydro pneumatic power in a fun and simple way. An educational kit demonstrating the concept of a salt powered automotive engine. Assemble, add salt water, and off the car goes! 50 Silicon Chip • Kit supplied with silk-screened PCB, diecast enclosure (111 x 60 x 30mm), pre-programmed PIC, PCB mount components and pre-cut wire/ladder KC-5520 $ Salt Water Fuel Cell Engine Car Kit • Suitable for ages 8+ KJ-8960 Ramp not included Ref: Silicon Chip Magazine Feb 2013 A spectacular rising ladder of bright and noisy sparks for theatre special effects or to impress your friends. This improved circuit has even more zing and zap than it's previous design from April 2007 and requires the purchase of a VS Commodore 12V ignition coil (available from auto stores and parts recyclers). Powered from a 12V 7Ah SLA (SB-2486 $29.95) or 12V car battery. Battery not included Kits for Kids 2 Handy 16-character by 2-line display ready to plug straight into your Arduino, with a softwarecontrollable backlight and 5 buttons for user input. The display can be panel mounted if required. This large, bright 512 LED matrix panel has onboard controller circuitry designed to make it easy to use straight from your board. Also available Red Large Dot Matrix LED Display Panel XC-4250 $39.95 7495 6995 16 x 2 LCD Display Blue Dot Matrix LED Display Panel Theremin Synthesiser Kit MkII 14900 • Suitable for ages 8+ KJ-8913 $ 3995 Short Circuit Book & Parts Includes book with 20+ projects, baseboard, plenty of spring terminals and ALL the components required to build every project in the book, INCLUDING the bonus projects. • Requires batteries KJ-8502 $ $ 1995 To order call 1800 022 888 4995 3995 siliconchip.com.au www.jaycar.com.au Savings off original RRP. Limited stock on sale items Networking Ethernet Switches $ Enhance network performance and efficiency. Mains powered or via USB port. Supports auto-negotiation and cable length detection. Includes power supply and USB power adaptor. 24 Port Ethernet Switch 2495 • 24 x 10/100 Ethernet ports • Auto-negotiation & auto SAVE MDI/MDIX support $ • Dynamic buffer limiting • Mains adaptor included YN-8083 WAS $99.95 10 • 5VDC • 8 x RJ-45 ports • Compact size 137(L) x 76(W) x 25(H)mm 8 Port 10/100Mbps N-Way Switch YN-8077 $ 8 Port 10/100/1000Mbps N-Way Gigabit Switch YN-8078 5995 $ Improve Your Wireless Broadband Reception Eliminate Wi-Fi dead zones and extend the range of existing networks. Signal strength LED to locate best position. • Wi-Fi strength LED indicator • WPS (Wi-Fi Protected Set-up) Universal Wi-Fi Extender SAVE 10 $ • 10/100Mbps Ethernet LAN port • Range, extender & Wi-Fi bridge • Includes RJ-45 network lead YN-8360 WAS $69.95 $ Designed to quickly test UTP/STP/Coaxial/ Modular network cables by manually or automatically scanning the wires for continuity, incorrect wiring and polarisation. • 300Mbps • 2.4GHz/5.0GHz • Low interference, less lag & more stable Wi-Fi • User Access Control YN-8364 $ 59 • Pin out indicator • Requires 1 x 9V battery XC-5076 $ 89 95 Suitable for most Ethernet and LAN home or office applications. Lengths from 0.5m to 30m available. FROM 0.5m YN-8200 1.0m YN-8201 2.0m YN-8202 3.0m YN-8203 5.0m YN-8204 $3.25 $3.95 $5.25 $6.95 $8.95 3 YN-8205 YN-8206 YN-8207 YN-8208 $14.95 $21.95 $24.95 $37.95 Cat 5 UTP Splitter Enables two different devices to share the same Cat 5 cable. YT-6090 $ 1695 Also available in red, yellow and green colours. See in store or online for details. • 1.8m WC-7774 $ 1495 Intelligent Routers Combines three networking tools into one: Wi-Fi range extender, Wi-Fi access point or a wired/wireless router. Fully supports 802.11b/g/n standards and provides excellent wireless coverage. • 1 x RJ-45 Fast Ethernet WAN port • 4 x RJ-45 Fast Ethernet LAN ports • WPS (Wi-Fi Protected Setup) • WEP, WPA & WPA2 encryption $ FROM 3995 150Mbps 802.11n Wireless Broadband Router YN-8325 $39.95 NOTE: Cannot be used to run two computers from one network. 300Mbps 802.11n Wireless Broadband Router YN-8327 $59.95 PoE Passive Kit PoE (Power Over Ethernet) allows you to power wireless access points or other equipment via a Cat 5 cable without the need to have a separate power source available. • Includes input and output leads • 2.1mm DC plug/socket YN-8410 $ siliconchip.com.au Connects your computer to the latest micro-USB 3.0 peripherals, such as external HDD’s, printers and scanners. $ 25 10m 15m 20m 30m 3995 USB 3.0 Male A to Micro B Lead CAT5-E Blue Patch Leads • RJ45 to RJ45 • 350MHz & ACMA approved Multi-Network Cable Tester • Mains powered Universal Dual Band Wi-Fi Extender 95 8995 Wi-Fi Extender - Ceiling Mount A high-speed solution for broadening coverage and eliminating dead spots in a home or office Wi-Fi setup. Fully compatible with 802.11n protocol. Speeds up to 300Mbps and functions as an access point and SAVE repeater at the same time. $ • 5VDC power supply included YN-8362 WAS $99.00 1995 To order call 1800 022 888 $ 8900 10 USB 3.0 Gigabit Ethernet Adaptor Provides a high performance 10/100/1000Mbps Ethernet connection for your laptop, desktop, MacBook®, or tablet. • Size: 45(L) x 25(W) x 15(H)mm YN-8408 $ 4995 May 2014 51 www.jaycar.com.au 3 Tools Non-Contact Thermometer 400A AC/DC Clampmeter An easy way to compare the temperature between surfaces. Excellent for diagnosing refrigeration systems, automotive cooling systems, hotspots in mechanical equipment, etc. Quality, intermediate-level clampmeter with useful current ranges up to 400 amps AC and DC. Perfect for the working installer or tradesman. • Cat III, 600V • Temperature: -20°C to +760°C (±3%) • Data hold, non-contact voltage, relative measurement QM-1563 $ Digital Tyre Gauge Measures tyre pressure in four units (PSI, Bar, kgf/cm, kPa) and tyre tread depth to determine tyre change required. 9 $ 95 5 $ $ 9900 SAVE 1295 10 $ $ 59 95 $ 3495 • 5 dioptre lens • Mains powered QM-3548 $ 27 95 9900 Temperature Controlled Soldering Station • Temp range: 150°C-450°C • 40W power • Size: 135(L) x 82(W) x 70(H)mm TS-1620 15900 • 70ml NM-2016 9 $ 95 52 Silicon Chip 5 $ Magnify and illuminate objects. Great tools for technicians, researchers or for general hobby work that involves soldering, connecting wires between small parts, and other fiddly jobs. • 1300˚C temperature max • 40 second heat up • Quality storage case • Cleaning sponge and tray TS-1328 Designed to electrically insulate and protect against dust and moisture. SAVE LED Illuminated Magnifying Lamp An ideal entry-level soldering station for the hobby user. Comes with a lightweight iron with anti-slip grip and tip cleaning sponge. Polyurethane Potting Compound 14900 • Visual/audible warning • Requires 2 x AAA batteries QP-2299 WAS $39.95 Super Pro Gas Soldering Tool Kit $ 20 Gas leaks can be incredibly dangerous. This unit detects butane, propane, acetylene and methane (natural gas) gases. An ideal kit for anyone needing to etch a circuit board - complete with an assortment of double-sided copper boards, etchant, working bath and tweezers. See website for full list of inclusions. HG-9990 $ $ SAVE $ Gas Leakage Detector PCB Etching Kit Contains a Portasol Super Pro Gas Soldering Iron and various tips. 4 $ • Frequency range: 10Hz - 2700MHz • 8 digit LED QT-2202 WAS $169.00 SAVE An extra pair of hands and eyes for those fiddly jobs. Supports PCBs while soldering etc. Great for model builders and other hobbyists. PCB not included 20 • Easy to read display QP-2292 WAS $69.95 PCB Holder • 145mm high TH-1983 SAVE Moisture Level Meter Can be used on timber, cardboard, paper and even on hardened materials such as concrete and mortar. A bar graph extends up the screen indicating the amount of moisture. 2.7GHz dual range frequency counter for measuring functions of frequency, period totals and self checking. Large 10mm high intensity 7 segment LED display. Data hold function. ABS case. $ • Temperature range: -50 - 260˚C (-58 - 500˚F) • Audible and visual warning • Backlit flip-up LCD QM-7211 WAS $119.00 11900 • Backlit LCD display • Pocket-sized QP-2297 WAS $14.95 Digital Frequency Counter $ 5995 Spare 0.5mm conical tip: TS-1622 $8.95 Circuit Board Lacquer Protect circuit boards from humidity and environmental attack. • Non CFC ozone safe propellant • 175g NA-1002 To order call 1800 022 888 $ 1150 Dust Remover Remove dust from electronic, electrical & optical devices. • Non CFC • Non toxic • Non conductive • 250g NA-1018 $ 2495 Freezing Spray Instant freeze for rapid cooling of components. • Non CFC ozone safe propellant • Non-flammable • 250g NA-1000 $ 2495 siliconchip.com.au www.jaycar.com.au Savings off original RRP. Limited stock on sale items Hardcore Coaxial Adaptors Automotive Relays RG6 75 Ohm Coax Cable 6-Way Membrane Switch Panel with Relay Box Great for domestic TV & pay TV installations! Austar/Foxtel approved. PA-3675 PA-3653 PA-3672 PA-3671 PAL Plug to RCA Socket PA-3675 $3.95 PAL Plug to F-81 FROM PA-3653 $3.95 $ 95 F-59 Plug to PAL Socket PA-3672 $1.95 F-59 Plug to PAL Plug PA-3671 $2.95 1 Heavy Duty Coax Crimping Tool For crimping connectors onto coax cable for TV and communications applications. • Adjustable crimp force • 3 hex dies TH-1832 • 30m roll WB-2014 $ An ultra compact 6-way 12VDC touch control panel to control devices in automotive, camping, or marine applications. Waterproof (IP67 rated) on the switch panel. 4495 Also available per metre. WB-2009 $1.80/m • Built-in resettable fuses • Max current: 10A per channel, 35A total SP-0900 BE REWARDED As a way of saying thank you – everyday – we’ve put together a loyalty programme called Jaycar Rewards. Earn a point for every dollar spent at any Jaycar Store* and be rewarded with a $25 Rewards Cash Card once you reach 500 points. $ Universal Relay Wiring Kit with Switch Fits various 12V devices to your car such as our LED driving lights. Cables are fully protected inside a loom tube. Register online today by visiting www.jaycar.com.au/rewards $ 29 95 Waterproof ABS Cases - Black Use for storing or transporting Smartphones, radios, delicate electronic devices and more. • Protective foam • Max current rating: 7A (80W) SY-4079 *Only available from Jaycar company owned stores. See website for full T&Cs. Polycarbonate Sealed Boxes $ • Designed to IP65 (dust proof) • Moulded in light grey • Operating temperature: -40 to +125˚C Complete ignition switch panel ready to install in your car. Push button engine start, missile launch ignition on and indicator light. 115(W) x 90(D) x 55(H)mm HB-6216 $14.95 MEDIUM: 182(L) x 120(W) x 75(H)mm HB-6423 $19.95 LARGE: 655(L) x 482(H) x 495(H)mm HB-6425 $29.95 $ • Size: 95(W) x 66(H)mm SP-0774 171(W) x 121(D) x 55(H)mm HB-6218 $19.95 FROM 1695 222(W) x 146(D) x 55(H)mm HB-6220 $29.95 HDMI Adaptors $ $ FROM 12 95 HDMI Plug to HDMI Socket Swivel Adaptor PA-3640 PA-3642 PA-3644 • Gold plated connectors PA-3647 HDMI Socket to Socket PA-3640 $16.95 Mini HDMI Plug to HDMI Socket PA-3645 $9.95 HDMI Plug to DVI-D PA-3642 $16.95 Micro HDMI Plug to HDMI Socket PA-3649 $9.95 HDMI Socket to DVI-D Plug PA-3644 $16.95 • Male to male 1295 0.5m 1.5m 3.0m 5.0m 10.0m 995 WQ-7906 WQ-7900 WQ-7902 WQ-7904 WQ-7905 $ FROM 2495 $24.95 $29.95 $39.95 $49.95 $79.95 • Diecast aluminium housing 80mm Ball Bearing - 2 Wire YX-2508 $ High quality HDMI 1.4 cables with gold plated connectors and oxygen-free copper cabling. FROM $ Ventilation Fans • 240VAC $ 2995 HDMI Leads Connect HDMI cables where space is an issue such as wall mounted TV's. PA-3649 2995 Racing Ignition Switch Panel 82(W) x 80(D) x 55(H)mm HB-6230 $12.95 SMALL: 182(L) x 120(W) x 42(H)mm HB-6421 $16.95 9995 36 95 120mm Solder Lugs YX-2514 $ 120mm Thin Solder Lugs YX-2516 YX-2517 28 To order call 1800 022 888 150mm Ball Bearing - 2 Wire YX-2520 $ 95 $ siliconchip.com.au 120mm Ball Bearing - Solder Lugs 2995 $ 8495 3695 May 2014 53 www.jaycar.com.au 5 Automotive Hands Free Microphones Stereo Bluetooth® Hands Free Car Kit Panel Mount Bluetooth® Receiver with Microphone Allows you to stream music from any Bluetooth enabled device over your car/marine radio. Features a microphone for hands free calling. One-knob volume and track control. • 12V • Bluetooth 3.0 AR-3129 $ 4995 Plugs into the car's MP3/AUX 3.5mm jack for hands free functionality with any Bluetooth® enabled Smartphone. • 12/24VDC • Bluetooth 4.0 AR-3130 Auto Security Range of 12/24VDC adaptors to suit a variety of cars or trucks. Choose between dual and triple outlet models, some with USB ports to charge Smartphones or Tablets and other USB charged gadgets. Cigarette Lighter Socket Splitter Powers two or three 12/24VDC accessories at the same time. PP-2130 $ $ 2 Way Splitter Cable PP-2132 $14.95 3 Way Splitter Cable PP-2134 $19.95 1495 FROM 9 95 6 $ 95 Fantastic little kits to upgrade your car/caravan/boat interior lighing with LED technology. Each kit consists of an array of cool white LEDs on a board with 3M adhesive foam backing. • Universal T10/211/BA9S • 12V 2.5W 260 Lumens (shown) ZD-0585 $9.95 FROM $ 995 3W 310 Lumens ZD-0587 $12.95 4.5W 450 Lumens ZD-0589 $14.95 2.4GHz Digital Wireless Reversing Camera Kit Digital signal provides clear video, better range and security. Simple installation, 12V power for camera, cigarette lighter socket power for monitor. All size vehicles. Add up to 4 cameras (sold separately) for increased visibility. • 3.5" colour LCD • 100m range QM-3802 $ • Fly leads • 55mm (Dia.) LA-8904 • 100A (max) input • 30A (max) output SZ-2008 Also available: Waterproof Fuse Block with LED Indicators SZ-2001 $24.95 179 • Fly leads • Size: 101(W) x 72(H) x 42(D)mm LA-8903 $ 2 x 60 Amp Circuit Breaker Offers a lower voltage drop than a fuse and can be used as an occasional circuit isolation switch. 6 1995 Fuses not included To order call 1800 022 888 • 3 x 4 gauge input • 2 gauge output SZ-6000 $ 3495 1080p Mini Car Event Recorder Low cost, compact with a 1.4" LCD screen, capable of recording in full HD. Records to a microSD card (sold separately) up to 32GB. Adjustable G-Force sensor. Built-in battery. Car adaptor supplied. $ $ 9 $ 95 Features an ambient background level control which changes the volume between 75 and 97dB depending on the environmental noise. Spare camera QM-3803 $79.00 Features a common supply rail and includes a removable protective cover and LED indicators for each fuse. 1095 • Size: 110(H) x 65(W) x 50(D)mm QV-3846 00 10 Way Blade Fuse Block with LED Indicators $ Waterproof Siren - 97dB Car Lighting Kits Perfect for connecting up sensors/lights in the engine bay due to their superior corrosion protection and waterproof properties. • Spade lugs • 40mm (Dia.) LA-8901 Extremely easy to install. Features a mute function that you can connect to the parker lights to mute the siren at night time if desired. $ PP-2128 Waterproof Siren - 90dB Mini Reverse Warning Siren - 90dB FROM Cigarette Lighter Socket With USB Power a USB gadget while still keeping your cigarette lighter socket available. 2A max. Waterproof 2-Way Deutsch Connector Set 95 PP-2132 Cigarette Lighter Socket Splitter Cable Powers two or three 12/24VDC accessories at the same time. Single Port PP-2126 $9.95 Dual Port PP-2128 $19.95 9 Suitable for cars, boat and truck applications. • 12/24VDC Designed for harsh environments. FROM 2 Way Splitter PP-2130 $9.95 3 Way Splitter PP-2135 $12.95 54 Silicon Chip 3995 iPhone® not included Cigarette Lighter Power • 13A PP-2150 $ 2995 7995 12V LED Trailer Light Kit Stop, tail, turn and number plate illumination. Kit includes 2x trailer lights, with a pre-made 7m trailer cable with 7 pin flat trailer connector. • ADR approved • Screw stud mount ZD-0722 $ 5995 siliconchip.com.au www.jaycar.com.au Savings off original RRP. Limited stock on sale items Power Universal Programmable Battery Charger All in One Battery Tester Charges, discharges and balances Li-ion, Li-Po, Ni-Cd, Ni-MH and lead acid batteries. Particularly suited to radio control hobbies. It can be powered with a mains plugpack or directly from a 12V battery or any other DC source from 10 18 volts. • Microprocessor controlled • Delta V charging detection • 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 cell balanced charging outputs MB-3632 Suitable replacements for lost, old or broken adaptors. Used in thousands of different applications. • Regulated 12VDC output • 240VAC input • LED indicator QP-2253 $ Supplied with 7 plugs: 1.5A MP-3486 $21.95 2.5A MP-3490 $29.95 2395 $ 6 VOLT 1.3 AMP HOUR SB-2495 4.0 AMP HOUR SB-2496 12.0 AMP HOUR SB-2497 $12.95 (shown) $14.95 $29.95 12 VOLT 1.3 AMP HOUR 2.2 AMP HOUR 4.2 AMP HOUR 6.0 AMP HOUR 7.2 AMP HOUR 29 95 SB-2480 SB-2482 SB-2484 SB-2485 SB-2486 $19.95 $22.95 $27.95 $24.95 (shown) $29.95 Lead Acid Battery Charger • Charges 2 devices at once • 2A and 500mAh USB port • Adaptor included MB-3644 • 600mA charging current • Short circuit and wrong polarity protected • Approval number: N19029 MB-3518 3995 $ 2495 Other sizes available in-store & online. Battery Discharge Protector Protects a car battery from total discharge by switching off appliances such as fridges and TV sets before the battery voltage drops to an unrecoverable level. $ 3995 Converts 24VDC to 12VDC so you can use accessories designed for 12V vehicles. Has a USB output with 1A current to charge your mobile phone or other USB device. FROM 9995 • 5A max output current • 12VDC output voltage MP-3354 100W • Short circuit current: 5.69A • 2.8kg ZM-9116 $399.00 $ 4995 Also available: 10A 24VDC to 12VDC Converter MP-3352 $69.95 Snap On Battery Terminals Battery Switches with Enclosure Used for protecting the exposed positive/negative battery connections from dust, grime or other build up. Ideal for automotive, marine, or industrial use. Ramp not included siliconchip.com.au 1295 5A DC-DC Converter with USB These 12V flexible solar panels offer performance at an affordable price. No heavy rigid frame makes them light and portable. Both units have a fully sealed terminal box with approx 1.2m of power cable with PVC outer sheath. Battery not included FROM • Operating voltage: 12VDC • Max. switching current: 20A AA-0262 Flexible Solar Panels • Rated at 500A • Red and black supplied HM-3087 $ This fully automatic charger will charge 2V, 6V and 12V sealed and standard (car) lead acid batteries. Output lead has battery clips for easy charging. Ideal to trickle charge your car battery while on holidays. USB Power Bank with 5000mAh Battery $ 2195 High quality sealed lead acid (SLA) batteries for standby, emergency and back-up power applications. Great value! • Size: 85(H) x 55(W) x 44(D)mm MP-3454 20W • Short circuit current: 1.24A • Weight 0.78kg ZM-9112 $99.95 FROM SLA Batteries 7995 4 Outlet USB Mains Power Adaptor $ $ Supplied with 5 plugs: 5.0A MP-3243 $64.95 (shown) Batteries not included Single power adaptor that provides 4 individual USB charging sockets, with up to 4.5A total charging current. $ 12VDC Power Supplies Tests the capacity of all types of batteries currently on the market including AA/AAA/C/D/9V, button cells and lithium batteries such as those used in digital cameras. SLA Battery Boxes Designed to suit larger SLA batteries or your standard car battery. Perfect for mounting in your boat, trailer or caravan. Includes mounting clamps and lid strap to secure the box properly in place. Simple 2 and 4 position battery switches for controlling battery power on your boat. Ideal if you have one battery for starting the engine and another for auxilliary electrical equipment. Durable design. $ 14 95 To order call 1800 022 888 2-Position SF-2246 (Shown) $29.95 4-Position SF-2248 $39.95 $ FROM 29 95 Battery box to suit 40Ah SLA Batteries HB-8100 $24.95 Battery box to suit 100Ah SLA Batteries HB-8102 $29.95 $ FROM 2495 May 2014 55 www.jaycar.com.au 7 Sight & Sound TV Wall Bracket 180˚ Swivel 2.4GHz DIGITAL Wireless HDMI AV Sender Transmit high definition 1080p audio and video signals from your HD equipment to your HDTV or HD monitor up to 100m away. Built-in IR receiver/extender. $ • 2 x 1m HDMI leads included • Up to 1080p output resolution • Size: 151(L) x 116(W) x 26(H)mm AR-1871 $ • Solid steel construction • Mounting hardware and instructions included CW-2825 Capable of picking up UHF and VHF signals as well as DAB+ radio signals. Features 2 adjustable antennas and a standard PAL adaptor as well as a separate amplifier which may be required for areas with weaker indoor reception. $ • Signal clear technology • Extremely low noise circuitry LT-3156 169 Economy HDMI Leads Cost-effective solution without compromising quality or performance. Gold plated connectors. HDMI 1.4 standard with Ethernet classification. 1.5m WV-7915 $19.95 3.0m WV-7916 $24.95 5.0m WV-7917 $39.95 95 Extend your HDMI signal up to 60m* using a single CAT 5/6 cable. Both unshielded twisted pair (UTP) and shielded twisted pair (STP) cables may be used, however shielded is recommended. Audio Converters TOSLINK/Coaxial Audio Converters TOSLINK to Coaxial Digital Audio Converter • Input via TOSLINK, output via RCA socket AC-1598 $24.95 Coaxial to TOSLINK Digital Audio Converter • Input via RCA jack, output via TOSLINK AC-1599 $29.95 FROM $ 12900 SAVE 20 $ • Input: USB 2.0 • Output: 6.35mm headphone, 2 x RCA and TOSLINK AC-1616 WAS $89.00 Fibre Optic Lead (WQ-7299) worth $14.95 2495 20 $ Allows you to output audio from your PC or Apple® computer in high fidelity 24-bit 192kHz audio via USB. FREE* $ SAVE $ *Valid for purchase of AC-1598 or AC-1599 20 $ • Wireless range: 60m AM-4078 WAS $149.00 USB 2.0 Audio Converter Achieve compatibility between devices which have different digital audio inputs and outputs. • Power supply included Two-channel system supporting two separate microphones. Each channel has a separately balanced XLR output. Includes two microphones and batteries, receiver unit and plugpack. SAVE NOTE: *Distance will vary depending on the resolution and cable specifications used. See website for full specifications. 3995 Dual Channel UHF Wireless Microphone HDMI Over Cat 5/6 Extender • Supported resolution: 480p, 720p, 1080i, 1080p • Mains adaptor included AC-1681 WAS $149.00 FROM 19 14900 Indoor Flat Panel Digital Antenna 00 $ Extend, rotate and tilt. Ideal for corner mounting. Allows for +/-2˚ lateral roll to ensure the TV is perfectly level after installation. Suits panels 32" to 60" - up to 80kg. $ 12900 Analogue to Digital Audio Converter Converts 2 x RCA stereo audio inputs to S/PDIF TOSLINK optical and S/PDIF RCA coaxial outputs. Perfect for connecting devices that lack digital audio to speaker systems which only accept digital audio. FREE* Fibre Optic Lead (WQ-7299) worth $14.95 • Power supply included AC-1596 $ 6900 5995 *Valid for purchase of AC-1596 YOUR LOCAL JAYCAR STORE - Free Call Orders: 1800 022 888 • AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY Belconnen Fyshwick Ph (02) 6253 5700 Ph (02) 6239 1801 • NEW SOUTH WALES Albury Alexandria Bankstown Blacktown Bondi Junction Brookvale Campbelltown Castle Hill Coffs Harbour Croydon Erina Gore Hill Hornsby Liverpool Maitland WE HAVE Newcastle MOVED Penrith Ph (02) 6021 6788 Ph (02) 9699 4699 Ph (02) 9709 2822 Ph (02) 9678 9669 Ph (02) 9369 3899 Ph (02) 9905 4130 Ph (02) 4625 0775 Ph (02) 9634 4470 Ph (02) 6651 5238 Ph (02) 9799 0402 Ph (02) 4365 3433 Ph (02) 9439 4799 Ph (02) 9476 6221 Ph (02) 9821 3100 Ph (02) 4934 4911 Ph (02) 4968 4722 Ph (02) 4721 8337 Port Macquarie Rydalmere Sydney City Taren Point Tuggerah Tweed Heads HAVE Wagga Wagga WE MOVED Warners Bay Wollongong • NORTHERN TERRITORY Darwin Ph (08) 8948 4043 • QUEENSL AND Aspley Browns Plains Caboolture Cairns Caloundra Capalaba Ipswich Labrador Mackay Arrival dates of new products in this flyer were confirmed at the time of print but delays sometimes occur. Please ring your local store to check stock details. Savings off Original RRP. Prices valid from 24th April 2014 to 23rd May 2014. Ph (02) 6581 4476 Ph (02) 8832 3120 Ph (02) 9267 1614 Ph (02) 9531 7033 Ph (02) 4353 5016 Ph (07) 5524 6566 Ph (02) 6931 9333 Ph (02) 4954 8100 Ph (02) 4226 7089 Ph (07) 3863 0099 Ph (07) 3800 0877 Ph (07) 5432 3152 Ph (07) 4041 6747 Ph (07) 5491 1000 Ph (07) 3245 2014 Ph (07) 3282 5800 Ph (07) 5537 4295 Ph (07) 4953 0611 Maroochydore Mermaid Beach Nth Rockhampton Townsville Strathpine Underwood Woolloongabba Ph (07) 5479 3511 Ph (07) 5526 6722 Ph (07) 4926 4155 Ph (07) 4772 5022 Ph (07) 3889 6910 Ph (07) 3841 4888 Ph (07) 3393 0777 • SOUTH AUSTRALIA Adelaide Clovelly Park Elizabeth Gepps Cross Modbury Reynella NEW Ph (08) 8231 7355 Ph (08) 8276 6901 Ph (08) 8255 6999 Ph (08) 8262 3200 Ph (08) 8265 7611 Ph (08) 8387 3847 • TASMANIA Hobart Launceston Ph (03) 6272 9955 Ph (03) 6334 2777 • VICTORIA Cheltenham Coburg HEAD OFFICE 320 Victoria Road, Rydalmere NSW 2116 Ph: (02) 8832 3100 Fax: (02) 8832 3169 Ph (03) 9585 5011 Ph (03) 9384 1811 Ferntree Gully Frankston WE HAVE Geelong MOVED Hallam Kew East Melbourne Mornington Ringwood Roxburgh Park Shepparton Springvale Sunshine Thomastown Werribee Ph (03) 9758 5500 Ph (03) 9781 4100 Ph (03) 5221 5800 Ph (03) 9796 4577 Ph (03) 9859 6188 Ph (03) 9663 2030 Ph (03) 5976 1311 Ph (03) 9870 9053 Ph (03) 8339 2042 Ph (03) 5822 4037 Ph (03) 9547 1022 Ph (03) 9310 8066 Ph (03) 9465 3333 Ph (03) 9741 8951 • WESTERN AUSTRALIA Joondalup Maddington Mandurah Midland Northbridge Rockingham Ph (08) 9301 0916 Ph (08) 9493 4300 Ph (08) 9586 3827 Ph (08) 9250 8200 Ph (08) 9328 8252 Ph (08) 9592 8000 ONLINE ORDERS Website: www.jaycar.com.au Email: techstore<at>jaycar.com.au Occasionally there are C discontinued items advertised on a special / lower price in this promotional flyer that has limited to nil stock in 56 Silicon hip certain stores, including Jaycar Authorised Stockist. These stores may not have stock of these items and can not order or transfer stock. siliconchip.com.au CIRCUIT NOTEBOOK Interesting circuit ideas which we have checked but not built and tested. Contributions will be paid for at standard rates. All submissions should include full name, address & phone number. A λ LED1 K 470Ω A A λ LED2 K A λ LED3 K A λ LED5 K 4.7k 10k A λ LED4 K 47k A λ LED6 K 47k 47k A λ LED8 * λ LED7 K K 330Ω 330Ω 9V BATTERY LED COLOUR WAVELENGTH LED1 DEEP RED 660nm RED LED2 625nm LED3 ORANGE 590nm LED4 GREEN 525nm LED5 AQUA 505nm BLUE LED6 470nm LED7 VIOLET 405nm (UV) LED8 370nm CAT. No. ZD-0152 ZD-0154 ZD-0162 ZD-0172 ZD-0178 ZD-0182 ZD-0260 370-5R15 * Fig.1 820Ω S1 * This LED from VioLED International, Taiwan (www.violed.com) Demonstration of LED spectra The colours of the new LED traffic lights are quite distinct from the old incandescent ones. Green seems brighter and more bluish, while red seems brick-red rather than orange-red. This is because LEDs give relatively “pure” light over a narrow range of wavelengths, while the bandwidths of the filters for the old incandescent lights are much broader. Here’s a simple and inexpensive device to help understand the relationship between colour and the wavelength of light. It consists of eight LEDs covering the entire visible spectrum, built in a small plastic box. The red LED traffic lights are 660 nanometres (nm) and the green LED traffic lights are 505 nm, often referred to as “aqua” (Fig.1). The series resistors for the LEDs have been selected to equalise their perceived brightness, since the efficiency of the LEDs varies greatly. The ultraviolet LED lies outside the visible spectrum and is not essential, but it is included to illustrate the point that not all light is visible. It was obtained from VioLED International in Taiwan (www.violed.com) and costs less than $2 in small quantities, while all others are from Jaycar. The latest Jaycar catalog comes with coloured spectacles for viewing the 3D printer-created object on the front cover. If you close one eye and look at the LED box through the blue side you will see that it is a long pass filter that blocks out the red LEDs at 625nm and 660nm but passes all shorter wavelengths (Fig.2). And if you close the other eye and look through the red filter, you will see that it is transparent to Fig.2 Fig.3 wavelengths of 525nm and longer but it also allows some violet light of 405nm to pass (Fig.3). This device should be useful for teaching the basic principles of colour. Since children may forget to turn it off, I suggest the use of a “momentary contact” push switch. James Goding, Carlton North, Vic. ($40) co n tr ib u ti on MAY THE BEST MAN WIN! As you can see, we pay $$$ for contributions to Circuit Notebook. Each month the BEST contribution (at the sole discretion of the editor) receives a $150 gift voucher from Hare&Forbes Machineryhouse. That’s yours to spend at Hare&Forbes Machineryhouse as you see fit - buy some tools you’ve always wanted, or put it towards that big purchase you’ve never been able to afford! 100% Australian owned Established 1930 “Setting the standard in quality & value” www.machineryhouse.com.au siliconchip.com.au 150 $ GIFT VOUCHER Contribute NOW and WIN! Email your contribution now to: editor<at>siliconchip.com.au or post to PO Box 139, Collaroy NSW May 2014 57 λ λ λ λ λ λ LM3914 λ λ λ λ ALTERNATIVE DISPLAY USING LM3914 & LEDS 5 1 4 1 Battery capacity meter for electric bikes RESET ANALOG DISPLAY 5 C2/DAC 3 SER.IN 0V C7/IN SER.OUT B5/IN/OUT 1 RESET CHARGE B3/OUT 16 2 9 11 B6/IN/OUT FILTER GND 5 4 IP– IC1 ACS712 IP– 3 2 IP+ VIout 6 7 8 Vcc IP+ 1 TO MOTOR +VE BATTERY +36V * ADJUST VALUE FOR 48V BATTERY 100nF 2.2k 100nF 5 ON GND FEEDBK 18k* 4 3 100 µF 50V 58 Silicon Chip ADJUST VALUES OF R1 & R2 TO PRODUCE FULL SCALE READING (’100') FOR ~4.5V 5 3 8 4 8 15 C6/IN/OUT B1/OUT B2/OUT 7 18 12 PICAXE18M2 ADC/C1 IC2 B0/OUT 6 10 ADC/C0 17 C5/IN A 100nF 4 D1 2200 µF 1N5819 10V B4/OUT B7/OUT 13 +V 14 2.2k 6.8k K VOUT VIN 2 1 2.2k 100nF 6.8k +5V 150 µH 2 1 REG1 LM2575-ADJ 2 1 8 HP5082-7300 C B 100 µF E Q1 2SA1463 7 6 R1 DISPLAY +4.8V R2 E B K A 1N5819 100 ALTERNATIVE DISPLAY USING DIGITAL PANEL VOLTMETER 8 C (TAB) ACS712-20A 2SA1463 HEATSINK TAB CONNECTED TO PIN 3 LM2575-ADJ (D2T) Circuit Notebook – Continued This Battery “Fuel Gauge” was developed for use with an electric bike but has applications in other areas. Typically, most ‘e-bikes’ are equipped with a voltmeter but this is not very useful for estimating state of charge. The circuit operates as a “coulomb counter” to estimate the state of charge of the battery. This continually monitors the discharge current and time, to estimate the charge that has been used. By subtracting the used charge from the battery’s fully-charged (rated) capacity, the remaining capacity, or “state of charge” of the battery, can be estimated. However, instead of using coulombs, the project uses the more familiar charge unit called “ampere hours” or “Ah”. This technique does not require the estimation of power used and does not depend on the battery voltage. To put it simply, if a charged battery has a rated capacity of one amp hour (1Ah), and we have measured a drain of 0.5A for 1 hour, we can estimate that about 0.5Ah has been used and there is 0.5Ah remaining. Excluding depth of discharge requirements, this is about 50% remaining. The circuit indicates how much charge is remaining as a percentage of the full charge capacity (ie, amp hours). Two display outputs are provided: (1) a single digit value (4-bit BCD) representing the 10’s digit of % remaining and (2) an analog output giving a voltage proportional to the remaining charge. The analog output can be used directly with a display such as a digital panel meter or a LED bargraph such as provided by an LM3914. The multi-tasking capabilities of the new PICAXE 18M2 enables the controller to sense when power is switched off and to save the current (pun) value of remaining charge while still providing charge monitoring. The low power consumption and low operating voltage of the PIC means that no special reservoir capacitors are needed to achieve this. On power up, the previously saved remaining charge value is read for use. A reset button is used to set the state of charge following recharging. siliconchip.com.au Calibrating the unit is relatively simple: enter the rated battery capacity into the software and trial run the vehicle until the battery is depleted. Note the readout, preferably using the analog output. This should correspond to about 10% charge remaining. Change the battery capacity to match where the desired “0%” (empty) reading is to occur. The level of accuracy is adequate for the task and is reflected in the resolution; that is, 10% steps for the digital readout. It is possible to “tune” and calibrate to a much better accuracy but the complexity of adjustments will increase dramatically. There is plenty of scope to increase accuracy by adding battery ageing and capacity reduction due to the number of cycles, charge ingress (eg, from regenerative braking or a solar charger) and additional Peukert factors. There is scope as well to experiment with functionality such as the voltmeter function and automatic detection of charge. Some points are commented in the source code. Note that in order to avoid additional complexity with a user interface for setting the initial parameters, at least the nominal battery capacity must be entered in the source code before programming the PICAXE. The user may also want to adjust the battery capacity considering the “depth of discharge” intended to be used, rather than the nominal battery capacity. Two types of display signals are provided. First, there is an analog line with a voltage proportional to remaining charge. This can drive a high-impedance display such as a LED panel meter or a LED Bar/ Dot display (eg, LM3914), or even a moving coil meter. Analog displays will require a potentiometer to adjust full-scale voltage to whatever the display utilises. Typically, LED/LCD “Panel meters” have a 200mV input, whereas the analog output has a range from 0-4.5V. The second display output is a BCD (4-bit) signal representing the 10’s digit of percentage remaining. This is intended to drive a selfcontained 7-segment display (HP 5082-7304). These digital lines could be changed by software modifications to provide four discrete LED drives siliconchip.com.au showing 25% per LED. An LM2575-ADJ switchmode regulator provides a 5V supply from the battery. The LM2575 can be used for 24V and 36V batteries and will work for 12V batteries if the low voltage cut-out is above about 11V. Note that the “standard” LM2575 is rated for 45V input, hence charging a 36V lithium battery at about 42V is within the limits. For higher charge voltages or for a 48V battery, the LM2575HV should be used, as this chip is rated for 60V input. It is possible to substitute a linear regulator if the analog output is used to drive a meter rather than LEDs. This is possible due to the low current consumption of the current sensor and PICAXE micro (about 12mA <at> 5V together). The current is monitored by an ACS712-20 Hall Effect sensor which has an extremely low series resistance and provides isolation of the battery circuit from the measuring circuit. This chip has auto-zero and has a capacity of 20A. These chips are available via Aliexpress for about $14 for 10, including postage. There are also 5A and 30A versions, which could be used without circuit modifications. Note that if the electric motor and associated controller are correctly designed, then the PWM current will be effectively smoothed by the motor. The result is that the current will have some ripple but should not exhibit large current pulses due to PWM. If a “dummy load” (eg, a globe) or a resistive load is used to operate or test this circuit, then PWM pulses will be evident and the average current may be read incorrectly. In this case, additional filtering (RC) will be required on the output of the ACS712. The current sensor has a internal filter but uses an external capacitor at pin 6. In some cases, it may be necessary to adjust the filter to suit the PWM frequency. The filter capacitor value shown produces a cut-off frequency of about 900Hz. If the PWM frequency is below a few kilohertz, then a larger value may be needed. If additional filtering is used, it may be necessary to recalibrate the sensitivity in software. The software consists of three George Ma ckiewicz is this mon th’s winner of a $150 g ift voucher from Hare & Forb es ‘tasks’. Task 0 performs the main current metering and display functions; Task 1 monitors the charge “Reset” button and Task 2 monitors the battery voltage to trigger saving of battery state of charge. The operation of Task 0 is as follows. At power up, the software retrieves the last saved “remaining charge” from non-volatile memory and reads the current using an ADC input at pin 18 of the micro. The reading is converted to amps and a “Peukerts” factor is added if applicable and the value is saved. Note that only one Peukert current correction point is used since lithium batteries allegedly have very low Peukert exponents (~1.02). Additional current correction points for differing battery characteristics could be added if the target battery requires significant corrections. The readings are repeated 10 times, with a delay of 100ms per loop, and averaged to form a 1-second value of current. Averaging is used to counter PWM ripple from the sensor. The current is then converted to “amp hours” or more precisely “microamp hours” which is used to obtain the required resolution of consumption. The “microAMp-hour” value is subtracted from the “remaining” (or charged) capacity. The remaining capacity is displayed in analog form via the DAC output. The DAC resolution is 31 steps from 0V to about 4.5V. The reading is also converted to 1-digit BCD, which represents the 10’s digit of a percentage, ie 10%, 20%, 30% etc up to 90%. This only provides nine steps and obviously has less resolution than the analog voltage with 31 steps. Following the display routines, the program loops and again reads the current. As noted above, it is necessary to set the nominal battery size in the source code. This is done in about line 41 before programming the PICAXE. Please refer to the comments in the code. The software, bat_meter_v7.bas, is available for download from the SILICON CHIP website. George Mackiewicz, Vermont, Vic. May 2014 59 By NICHOLAS VINEN 100W Hybrid Switchmode/ Linear Bench Supply, Pt.2 Last month, we introduced our new 40V switchmode bench supply which can deliver up to 5A and fits into a compact rack-mount case with dual metering. This month, we describe the operation of the linear regulator circuit, discuss the PCB layout design and start the assembly by installing the parts on the PCB. S INCE WE didn’t finish describing the circuit last month, here’s a quick refresher. The low-dropout (LDO) linear regulator determines the final output voltage and current, with the preceding switchmode section ‘tracking’ its output so that the input to the LDO is slightly higher than its output (by about 0.75V). This gives the linear regulator sufficient ‘headroom’ to operate while keeping dissipation low – at 5A, the dissipation is around 5A x 0.75V = 3.75W which is manageable with a small heatsink. This arrangement also 60 Silicon Chip means that if the current limit is set to a high level and the output is shorted, the switchmode regulator’s output quickly drops to a low level and so the overall dissipation is kept reasonable. A couple of different approaches can be taken when designing a lowdropout linear regulator. One is to use a PNP transistor or P-channel Mosfet as the pass element and thus its base or gate is pulled towards ground to turn it on. The minimum drop-out voltage is simply the pass transistor’s saturation voltage at full load current. However the fact that the base/gate voltage has to be pulled lower to increase the output current and higher to reduce it complicates the feedback system, since this type of arrangement can’t have any ‘local feedback’. This is why monolithic LDO regulators often have quite specific requirements for the output capacitor value and ESR to ensure stable operation; they rely solely on global feedback and the phase shift from the output capacitor forms a critical parameter for correct operation. The other option is to use an NPN transistor or N-channel Mosfet with siliconchip.com.au Available output current (10A capable input supply) 100% 4 90% 3 80% 2 70% 12V input 17V input 24V input 1 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Output Voltage (V) 60% 35 40 50% Approximate Efficiency (dotted) Maximum Output Current (A) 5 Fig.4: the circuit is capable of delivering 5A but this is limited at higher voltages by the power delivery capabilities of the DC supply and the 10A input limit. This graph shows how much current is available over the full output range for three common supply voltages. Note that the efficiency is best at lower output voltages. Note also that while the unit is capable of the indicated current, the switchmode section will get warm if operated at these limits for extended periods. creases, the gate-source voltage drops and so the Mosfet conducts less current, thus reducing the output voltage. While this mechanism is ‘local’ and therefore very fast, it isn’t very accurate as the gate-source voltage varies somewhat with temperature and channel current. So there still needs to be a global negative feedback mechanism to give an accurately regulated DC output voltage. However, this feedback system is less critical to performance thanks to that inherent local feedback. Also, because there is less phase shift in this arrangement, the feedback loop doesn’t have to be as heavily compensated and this allows the global feedback to act more rapidly, responding more quickly to sudden changes in load impedance. Design details Fig.5: the output response with a 12V input, a 15V output and with a 1A load being rapidly connected and disconnected with no external output capacitor. The vertical scale is 200mV/div and the timebase is 4μs/div. As you can see, when the load current suddenly increases, the output drops but quickly recovers. There is a small amount of overshoot when the load is removed but it is well-controlled. The undershoot when the load is re-applied soon after is smaller than the first time as the switchmode section has not yet returned to idle operation. its base/gate voltage driven from a ‘boosted’ supply rail somewhat above the main supply rail. In this circuit, we’re using a Mosfet with a boosted supply that’s around 10V above the output voltage. This allows us to vary the Mosfet’s on-resistance from a very high value of many megohms when the output voltage is low and the load is light to a very low resistance of around 15mΩ when it’s delivering full load current. This arrangement gives superior regulation and filtering since it will inherently self-regulate to a certain siliconchip.com.au extent. If the Mosfet’s gate voltage is held constant, its source voltage (ie, the output) will be a certain amount lower than this and it will only vary over a small range (~1V), regardless of the drain voltage (ie, upstream supply). Consider what happens if the output voltage (source terminal) drops and the gate voltage is constant. In this case, the Mosfet’s gate-source potential increases and that turns the Mosfet on harder so that it conducts more current and thus pulls the output voltage up. Conversely, if the output voltage in- There are a few regulator ICs which operate in this manner but all the ones we could find have a fixed current limit threshold, set by a low-value resistor in the main current path. That makes it awkward to implement a wide-range adjustable current limit. As a result, we built our own regulator circuit. This is obviously more complex than using an IC but the parts are cheap and commonly available whereas ultra-LDO regulator controller ICs are somewhat expensive and hard to get. Fig.6 shows the circuit of this linear regulator section. The labels at the edges match up to the labels on Fig.3, published in Pt.1 last month, to show the connections between the two circuit sections. Taken together, these form the complete circuit of the bench supply. The incoming supply rail (VIN) comes from the output of the switchmode regulator and its ripple filter, described last month. Mosfet Q23 controls current flow from this supply to the output (VOUT+), as described above, with its gate voltage typically 2V above the output voltage. The regulator circuit is somewhat similar to that of an audio amplifier due to the need for accurate and fast-acting negative feedback. If you compare the two, you will find that there are broad similarities but subtle differences. The most obvious difference is that there are two differential input pairs, one to control the output voltage and the other enforce the current limit. These are based around PNP May 2014 61 Features & Specifications Size & weight: 209 x 43 x 162mm, 400g Input supply: 12-24V at up to 10A Input under-voltage lockout: 11.3V Output range: 0-40V at up to 5A (see Fig.4) Output power: 100W+, depending on input supply voltage and current Output ripple & noise: typically <5mV RMS <at> 1A, ~1mV RMS at light load Output capacitance: 2.2µF internal, handles any external capacitive load Load regulation: <10mV for a 1A load step (measured at PCB terminals) Line regulation: <5mV, 12-24V Transient response: <500mV undershoot/overshoot for a 1A load step, recovery in ~10μs (no external capacitor) (see Fig.5) Current limit response time: <150μs (short circuit <at> 40V); <2ms to resume voltage regulation (depending on current limit) Efficiency: ~70-80% (see Fig.4) Voltmeter: resolution 0.1V, accuracy ±0.1V Ammeter: resolution 10mA, accuracy ±10mA Protection: fuse, cycle-by-cycle input current limiting, output current and voltage limiting Current limit: continuously adjustable 0-5A, typically stable within ±1mA Other features: view current limit, load switch transistor pairs Q14/Q15 and Q9/Q10 respectively. For accurate DC control, we need the base-emitter voltages of these transistor pairs to be fairly accurately matched (or rather, for the difference between them to remain constant) but this depends on temperature. So differential heating or cooling of these transistors due to air currents and so on, even of a fraction of a degree, can affect operation. As such, these transistor pairs are thermally bonded so that they remain at the same temperature. This can be achieved one of two ways: either by using two transistors in a single package or by bonding two separate transistors with thermally conductive paste. The PCB is designed for either approach but thermal tracking is better when the two transistors are in a single package so we have used the BCM856DS dual-matched transistors for our prototypes. We suggest you do the same. These are rather neat devices, being equivalent to two BC556s in a 6-pin surface-mount package. The current gain (hFE/beta) and base-emitter voltages are matched to within 10% and 2mV respectively. They are quite affordable and available in three different packages; we are using the largest one since it is easier to solder. 62 Silicon Chip To understand the operation of the regulator as a whole, start by considering voltage-monitoring transistor pair Q14 & Q15. The two emitters are fed with a constant current of about 1mA by PNP transistor Q13, with this current set by the 680Ω resistor at its emitter. A bias voltage fed to Q13’s base via a 2.2kΩ resistor from Q18 acts to keep around 0.6V across the 680Ω resistor. This differential pair has 47Ω ‘emitter degeneration’ resistors to reduce the overall gain somewhat and improve linearity, which aids stability. The collector currents are kept more or less equal by a current mirror consisting of NPN transistors Q16 & Q17. This keeps the circuit operating consistently despite large variations in supply voltage as the output voltage varies. Q14’s base is tied to the negative output terminal (ie, effectively ground) via a 22Ω resistor, while Q15’s base goes to the output feedback divider (shown in Fig.3 last month) via “OVfeedback”. This is a divided-down version of the output voltage, as set by VR1, the voltage adjustment pot. When the regulator’s output voltage increases, the voltage at Q15’s base also increases, reducing the current through Q15. Since the collector currents are mirrored, this means that more of the 1mA total emitter current must flow from Q14 to D7 to maintain an equal current through Q16 and Q17. D7 feeds the base of Q25 so as this current flow increases, its collector voltage drops, reducing the drive voltage to the NPN/PNP emitter-follower push-pull pair of Q21 & Q22. This in turn pulls down Q23’s gate, reducing the output voltage until it is back where it should be and the bases of Q14 & Q15 are then at the same voltage. Conversely, if the output voltage drops, the reverse occurs and the voltage at Q23’s base increases to compensate. Q25 has a 22pF Miller capacitor to reduce the AC open loop gain at high frequencies, to keep the feedback loop stable, otherwise Q23’s gate voltage would not settle down. In parallel with this Miller capacitor is a 4.7nF capacitor with a series 1kΩ resistor. This improves stability when a high-value capacitor is connected to the output of the supply, avoiding excessive voltage overshoot. It also helps stabilise the voltage during current limiting. The 2.2µF output capacitor is also important for stability and this and the Miller capacitor component values have been chosen as a compromise between stability, fast transient response and a low output capacitance so that the supply can more closely approximate an ideal current source. Q25’s collector load is another constant current source, this time providing around 12.5mA. It’s controlled by Q19 which (like Q8 & Q13) is biased by Q18, in turn biased by a 10kΩ resistor to the negative supply via Q26. The 47Ω resistor sets the current through Q19 to 0.6V ÷ 47Ω = ~12.5mA. This value was chosen based on the 625mW dissipation limit for Q25, given the maximum possible voltage across it of around 46V, when the output is at 40V. Diodes D9 & D10, in series with Q25’s collector, bias the base-emitter junctions of buffer transistors Q21 & Q22 so that they are both slightly conducting all the time. This speeds up the ‘hand-off’ between them as the output switches from slewing positive to negative and vice versa. The quiescent current through this pair is limited by a 220Ω resistor which is bypassed with a 1µF capacitor so that Q23’s gate can be quickly discharged by Q22. Note that the relatively high 12.5mA through this stage is required so that Q23’s gate can be siliconchip.com.au siliconchip.com.au May 2014 63 E C B B E 10Ω Q12 BC547 C B 10Ω 2.2k K K A 22Ω Q16 BC547 B D15 E B E C C E B 680Ω B B THERMAL BONDING E Q14 Q15 C 2 x BC557/ C BCM856DS E 47Ω Q13 BC557 C BC547, BC557 E C Q17 BC547 B 47Ω 2.2k Q24 BC557 C E K A K A B D14 1k B E A Q20 BC547 D8 K K B E B 1k 22pF 4.7nF D10 Q26 BC547 B 2.2k 10k C B LINEAR REGULATOR 680Ω C A D7 100k E C Q18 BC557 2.2k SWITCHMODE-LINEAR HYBRID BENCH POWER SUPPLY Q11 BC547 B B THERMAL E BONDING E Q9 Q10 C 2 x BC557/ C BCM856DS 10Ω E C Q8 BC557 680Ω A D7-D11, D14-D15: 1N4148 D11 K A E C K Q25 BC547 A D9 Q19 BC557 C E 47Ω B 220Ω B A C E E C ZD3 Q22 BC557 K 1 µF MMC Q21 BC547 100k A K MMC ZD3 15V 2.2 µF G A K D12 1N5404 G D S VOUT– OVfeedback K 1N5404 A VOUT+ IPP230N06L3 0.1Ω 3W 1% S Q23 IPP230N06L3 D MMC 4.7 µF 50V Fig.6: the linear section of the circuit diagram. This matches up with the switchmode section published last month (Fig.3) via the labelled inputs and outputs. This is essentially a self-contained ultra-low-dropout linear regulator with adjustable current limiting. Q14 & Q15 compare the feedback voltage to a ground reference and regulate the output voltage while Q9 & Q10 enforce the current limit by comparing it against the voltage across the 0.1Ω shunt. There is provision to zero (trim) the output voltage and current limit via OVZero and CurrLimZero respectively. 20 1 4 SC  GND VEE CurrSense CurrLimZero CurrLim OVZero VPP VIN D Parts List 1 double-sided PCB, code 18104141, 198 x 95mm 1 half-rack plastic instrument case with two integrated LED panel meters and SPST rocker switch (available from Altronics) 2 M205 fuseholder clips 1 10A M205 fast-blow fuse (F1) 1 10µH 15.5A 5MHz shielded SMD inductor, 14x14mm (L1) (SCIHP1367-100M; Digi-Key Cat 595-1400-1-ND) 2 3.3µH 5.6A bobbin inductors (L2,L3) (RLB1314-3R3ML; element14 Cat 2333682, Digi-Key Cat RLB1314-3R3ML-ND) 1 PCB-mount DC socket (CON1) 1 pair red & black chassis-mount binding posts (CON2) 2 4-way polarised headers & matching header plugs with crimp pins (CON3, CON4) 2 3-way polarised headers & matching header plugs with crimp pins (CON5, CON6) 1 SPDT PCB-mount right-angle toggle switch (S1) (Altronics S1320 or similar) 1 small chassis-mount SPDT momentary pushbutton switch (S2) (eg, Altronics S1391) 2 3-pin headers (LK1,S2) 1 2-pin header (LK2) 2 jumper shunts (LK1,LK2) 1 3-pin female header plug or cable with suitable plug (for S2) 2 10kΩ linear 10-turn panel-mount potentiometers (VR1-VR2) (eg, Rockby 41645***, element14 1144798/1612609/1386483 etc) OR 2 10kΩ linear chassis-mount standard potentiometers 4 500Ω mini horizontal trimpots (VR3-VR6; VR7 optional) 1 20kΩ mini sealed horizontal trimpot (VR8, optional) 2 knobs to suit VR1 & VR2 1 ferrite bead (FB3) 3 6073B-type TO-220 “Micro-U” heatsinks 4 M3 x 6mm machine screws and nuts 1 150mm length rainbow cable or assorted light-duty hookup wires 1 100mm length tinned copper wire 1 500mm length extra-heavy duty hookup wire 64 Silicon Chip 2 6.8mm female spade crimp connectors to suit extra-heavy duty wire 4 No.4 x 6mm self-tapping screws 2 M3 x 5mm black machine screws 1 200mm length of 10mm diameter heatshrink tubing *** Limited stock available Semiconductors 1 LM5118MH(X) buck/boost switchmode regulator IC (IC1) (element14 Cat 1606457, Digi-Key Cat LM5118MHX/ NOPBCT-ND) 1 7555 CMOS timer IC (IC2) 1 LM2940CT-12 12V 1A lowdropout regulator (REG1) 1 7805 +5V 1A regulator (REG2) 1 79L05 -5V 100mA regulator (REG3) (Altronics Z0466) 1 LM285Z-2.5 voltage reference (REG4) (Jaycar ZV1626) 1 IRF1405 or IPP230N06L3 Nchannel Mosfet (Q1) 2 BUK9Y6R0-60E 60V 100A N-channel SMD logic-level Mosfets (Q2,Q3) (Digi-Key Cat. 568-10984-1-ND) 3 BCM856DS dual PNP SMD transistors (element14 Cat 1829188, Digi-Key Cat 5686834-1-ND) OR 6 BC557 100mA PNP transistors (Q4,Q5,Q9,Q10,Q14,Q15) 1 BC337 NPN transistor (Q6) 1 BC327 PNP transistor (Q7) 6 BC557 100mA PNP transistors (Q8,Q13,Q18,Q19,Q22,Q24) 8 BC547 100mA NPN transistors (Q11,Q12,Q16,Q17,Q20,Q21, Q25,Q26) 1 IPP230N06L3 N-channel Mosfet (Q23) 2 SK1545 45V 15A SMD Schottky diodes (D1,D2) (Digi-Key Cat. SK1545-TPCT-ND) 13 1N4148 signal diodes (D3D11,D13-D15,D18) 3 1N5819 1A Schottky diodes (D16,D17,D19) 1 1N5404 3A diode (D12) 3 15V 1W zener diodes (ZD1,ZD3,ZD8) 4 27V 1W zener diodes (ZD2,ZD5-ZD7) 1 4.7V 0.4W or 1W zener diode (ZD9) Capacitors 2 220µF 50V/63V low-ESR electrolytics 8 100µF 25V electrolytics 2 47µF 50V/63V low-ESR electrolytics 9 10µF 25V X5R SMD ceramic, 3216 (imperial 1206) or 2012 (imperial 0805) package 10 4.7µF 50V X5R SMD ceramic, 3216 (imperial 1206) or 2012 (imperial 0805) package 1 2.2µF 50V MMC* 3 1µF 50V MMC* 1 1µF 50V X5R SMD ceramic** 2 100nF 50V ceramic disc or MMC* 4 100nF 50V X7R SMD ceramic** 1 10nF 50V MKT or MMC* 1 10nF 50V X7R SMD ceramic** 1 4.7nF 63V MKT 1 4.7nF 50V X7R SMD ceramic** 1 2.2nF 63V MKT 1 2.2nF 50V X7R SMD ceramic** 1 330pF 50V C0G/NP0 SMD ceramic** 3 100pF 50V ceramic disc 1 22pF 50V ceramic disc Resistors (0.25W, 1% unless stated) 2 10MΩ 7 2.2kΩ 1 1MΩ 1 1.8kΩ 1 910kΩ 2 1kΩ 5 100kΩ 2 820Ω 1 82kΩ 1% SMD** 5 680Ω 1 15kΩ 1% SMD** 2 470Ω 4 10kΩ 1 220Ω 2 10kΩ 1% SMD** 3 47Ω 1 9.1kΩ 1 22Ω 2 3.3kΩ 5 10Ω 1 10Ω 1% SMD** 1 0.1Ω 1% 3W SMD 6432 (2512 imperial) (element14 Cat 1435952, Digi-Key Cat CRA2512-FZ-R100ELFCT-ND) OR 1 0.1Ω 1% 3W through-hole resistor (Welwyn OAR-310F or similar) 1 15mΩ 0.75W or 1W SMD 3216 (1206 imperial) (element14 Cat. 1887165, Digi-Key Cat. MCS1632R015FERCT-ND) * Monolithic Multi-layer Ceramic ** These SMD passive components can be in either 1608 (imperial 0603) or 2012 (imperial 0805) packages siliconchip.com.au Table 1: Resistor Colour Codes o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o No. 2 1 1 5 4 1 2 7 1 2 2 5 2 1 3 1 5 1 Value 10MΩ 1MΩ 910kΩ 100kΩ 10kΩ 9.1kΩ 3.3kΩ 2.2kΩ 1.8kΩ 1kΩ 820Ω 680Ω 470Ω 220Ω 47Ω 22Ω 10Ω 0.1Ω quickly charged when the output is slewing in the positive direction, eg, when recovering from a brief short circuit. Zener diode ZD3 clamps Q23’s gate voltage to no more than 15V above its source. Normally, the supply rails guarantee this but under some conditions it could be exceeded, hence the zener clamp. Q23’s gate voltage is prevented from going below the output voltage by Q24. As the gate goes negative, Q24’s base is pulled below its emitter and thus delivers current to the collectors of Q17 & Q12 via diodes D14 & D15. This forces the drive to Q25’s base to be reduced, thus preventing Q23’s gate from dropping any further. The zener will also do this job however the advantage of including Q24 is that it also acts to clamp Q25’s collector voltage, giving much faster recovery from current limiting. Q26 ensures a clean start-up when power is first applied. It prevents the bias current for Q8, Q13 & Q19 from flowing to VEE via the 10kΩ resistor until the VEE negative rail has dropped below about -1V. Without this bias, Q19 remains off and so Q25’s collector voltage remains low until the supplies stabilise. The 100kΩ resistor across ZD3 keeps Q23’s gate discharged during this time, so it remains off and the output voltage stays low. Note that we want to be sure that when OVFeedback is connected to VOUT+ via a low resistance (ie, voltage siliconchip.com.au 4-Band Code (1%) brown black blue brown brown black green brown white brown yellow brown brown black yellow brown brown black orange brown white brown red brown orange orange red brown red red red brown brown grey red brown brown black red brown grey red brown brown blue grey brown brown yellow violet brown brown red red brown brown yellow violet black brown red red black brown brown black black brown not applicable adjustment pot VR1 is at minimum), the output voltage is zero. This depends on how accurately Q14 & Q15 are matched and also on the tolerances of VR1. These error sources are trimmed out by injecting a small current from “OVZero” into the base of Q14 (from trimpot VR4, in Fig.3 last month). This develops a maximum of a few millivolts across the 22Ω resistor and allows the output to be nudged one way or the other. Current limiting & regulation The current regulation mechanism operates similarly to the voltage feedback described above. Differential input pair Q9 & Q10 is configured identically to Q14 & Q14 except that 10Ω emitter degeneration resistors are used rather than the 47Ω. That’s because the voltage levels applied to this differential pair are much lower (500mV maximum). Also, rather than the output current from this differential front-end driving Q25 directly, it’s amplified by Q20. This is required because if the output current exceeds the set level by 1mA (for example), the voltage difference between the bases of Q9 & Q10 is just 0.1mV. However, we want the output voltage to drop rapidly as soon as the current limit is exceeded by even by a small amount and so Q20 provides additional current gain of around 250 times. Q9’s base is the non-inverting input 5-Band Code (1%) brown black black green brown brown black black yellow brown white brown black orange brown brown black black orange brown brown black black red brown white brown black brown brown orange orange black brown brown red red black brown brown brown grey black brown brown brown black black brown brown grey red black black brown blue grey black black brown yellow violet black black brown red red black black brown yellow violet black gold brown red red black gold brown brown black black gold brown not applicable of the pair and this is connected to VR2’s wiper. This is the current limit adjustment potentiometer (“CurrLim”) and it supplies a 0-500mV signal to set the current limit to between 0 and 5A. Q10’s base is connected to the top of the 0.1Ω current-sense resistor via an additional 10Ω resistor. This allows a small current injection from the “CurrLimZero” input to pull this a few millivolts one way or the other, to cancel out the differences in the baseemitter voltages of Q9 & Q10. Thus, if the voltage across the sense resistor exceeds the voltage from VR2’s wiper, current flow from Q9 to Q20’s base increases and thus D8 becomes forward-biased. This pulls Q25’s collector down and thus reduces the output voltage until the current flow stabilises at the set level. Q20 is linearised by a 680Ω emitter resistor for a more progressive action (no additional Miller capacitor is needed). A 2.2kΩ collector resistor (from ground) limits the current delivered to Q25 under a hard short circuit condition and thus limits the dissipation in Q25. Diode D12 protects the circuit in case an external load pulls the output terminal negative. Remaining circuitry The regulator’s positive rail is labelled VPP and comes from the charge pump described last month (see Fig.3). This tracks VIN and is generally boosted to be 10V higher. VEE is a regulated -5V rail, derived from the same charge May 2014 65 this circuit which are not obvious at first glance. The top end of the 0.1Ω current-sense resistor is connected both to “VOUT-” and “CurrSense”. The former is for return current to flow from the load while the latter goes to the ammeter divider circuit. This sense 470Ω K 100 LM5118 IC1 Q3 M111–02 12-24V DC INPUT F1 10A ZD1 100k 10k 100k 4.7V 5819 27V 5819 3.3k 680Ω LM2940CT-12 REG1 BCM856DS ZD7 D16 100 µF L3 3.3 µH VR5 500Ω Q6 1 µF D3 4148 (VR7) CON3 Q7 10nF 1 100nF 47Ω D5 4148 D6 10Ω D7 4148 22Ω BCM856DS 47Ω BCM856DS ZD6 2.2k REAR OF OUTPUT TERMINALS (ON REAR PANEL) 2.2k 680Ω 2.2k 680Ω Q20 – +OUT IPP230N06L3 Q23 Q25 4.7nF D15 1k 2 2 pF Q22 10Ω Q13 10k D14 4148 Q8 (AMMETER) –OUT 0.1Ω 1% 3W 220 µF 63V ZD5 REG3 79L05 100 µF 100 µF 100 µF 10Ω (AMMETER) Q12 Q11 10Ω CON6 (VR2) Q17 WIPER Q16 ANTICLOCKWISE 100pF END 100 µF 1 µF 2.2nF D4 4148 220 µF 63V (VR8) CON4 10M LM285Z-2.5 REG4 MAX AMPS (VOLTMETER) 100 µF THESE LEADS ACTUALLY RUN UNDER THE PCB, DIAGONALLY 100 µF 100 µF ZD9 Q1 IPP230N06L3 D19 100nF D18 4148 ZD8 15V D17 7805 REG2 47 µF 63V LOW ESR LK1 TEST RUN K MIN AMPS VR6 500Ω Fig.7: follow this parts layout and wiring diagram to build the supply. Be sure to install the SMD parts first (see text) and note that ZD2, ZD5, ZD6 & D12 should all be spaced off the PCB by about 5mm to allow air to circulate beneath them for cooling. 4.7 µF S1 POWER ZD2 L1 3.3 µH 470Ω VR4 500Ω CON5 (VR1) SK1545 SK1545 L2 10 µH 16A D2 47 µF 63V LOW ESR A D1 10nF 10Ω A Q2 CLOCKWISE END 82k 100nF 10k 15k Q15 WIPER 4.7nF 100nF 1 µF CON1 15mΩ 100nF 27V 10k 330pF 100nF 2.2nF 15V 9x 10 µF 25V X5R VR3 500Ω 8x 4.7 µF 50V X5R DS DS MIN VOLTS DS 820Ω 820Ω Q14 Q9 MAX VOLTS Q4 Q26 680Ω (VOLTMETER) Q5 2 .2 k 1 .8 k 2 .2 k 2 .2 k 5819 D8 4148 VR2 IC2 4148 VR1 4148 27V 9 .1 k 100pF 100pF 100k 910k 7555 680Ω BEAD 10Ω 1M 10M 10k 10k 3.3k Q19 Q21 Q24 D10 2.2µF + LK2 FEEDBACK ZD3 4.7 µF 1 µF 220Ω D9 S2 S2 Q18 D12 ROCKER SWITCH ON FRONT PANEL 15V Q10 27V 2.2k 1k 47Ω VIEW LIMIT 5404 D11 4148 4148 4148 100k 100k 66 Silicon Chip D13 4148 pump. These supply rails are “wider” than the input supply (VIN) and ensure that Q23’s gate can vary over a wide enough range (approximately 0-43V) to control the output over the full range of 0-40V. There are a couple of aspects of resistor can dissipate up to 2.5W at 5A; its value was chosen as a compromise between keeping the dissipation reasonable and giving enough of a voltage swing for the current-limiting circuitry to operate quickly and accurately. In addition, the non-inverting input siliconchip.com.au This view shows the completed PCB, ready for installation in the case. Follow the procedure described in the text to solder in the SMD parts. for voltage regulation (Q14’s base) is connected to the top of this resistor (ie, CurrSense) rather than to ground as you might expect. This is because we don’t want the output voltage to drop as the load current increases due to the increase in voltage across the current sense resistor. This connection for Q14, in combination with the fact that the output divider’s -2.5V reference is also connected to the top of this sense resistor (via Vout-; see Fig.3 last month), means that the voltage as set by VR1 is actually VOUT+ – VOUT-. As a result, when VOUT- increases, so must VOUT+ due to the negative feedback action. Minor changes Since publishing the main circuit diagram last month, we have made a few minor changes to the circuit. First, we added a 100µF bypass capacitor at the input of REG2, as the latter was moved away from REG1 and its 100µF output filter capacitor to aid heat dissipation. We also increased the value of the 2.2MΩ resistor (near VR8) to 10MΩ and reduced the associated 1kΩ resistor to 680Ω, so that the ammeter reads zero when there is no current flow. In addition, the 680Ω resistor connected to VR5 has been changed to 820Ω to ensure that the maximum siliconchip.com.au current can be set to 5A. Finally, the 1kΩ resistor at the ground end of VR7 has been reduced to 820Ω, although if you link out VR7 as suggested, either value will work. Building it Despite the circuit complexity, the assembly is quite straightforward. All the parts are mounted on a PCB coded 18104141 and measuring 198 x 95mm. Fig.7 shows the parts layout and external wiring details. It’s easiest to fit all the surfacemount (SMD) parts on the PCB first, starting with IC1. Begin by removing it from its packaging and locating the pin 1 dot (which isn’t all that obvious). If using hot-air station or a reflow oven, it’s simply a matter of sparingly applying fresh solder paste to the pins and central pad, placing the IC with the dot at lower-left and then heating the device until the joints are formed. Alternatively, provided you have a temperature-controlled soldering iron with a fine bit, you can certainly do it by hand. The procedure for hand-soldering IC1 is as follows. First, it’s a good idea to first place a blob of flux gel on the central pad. This helps hold the IC in place during soldering and will also come in handy when it’s time to solder the thermal pad. That done, put a Table 2: Capacitor Codes Value 2.2µF 1µF 100nF 10nF 4.7nF 2.2nF 100pF 22pF µF Value IEC Code EIA Code 2.2µF 2u2 225 1µF 1u0 105 0.1µF 100n 104 0.01µF 10n 103 .0047µF 4n7 472 .0022µF 2n2 222 NA 100p 101 NA 22p 22 very small amount of solder on one of the pads, check that its orientation is correct, then heat this solder and slide the IC into place. Now check that all the pins are correctly aligned with their pads using a magnifying glass. Each pin should be on top of its associated pad and not protruding over the side. Unless you’re very lucky, it won’t be right the first time in which case you need to reheat the single soldered pad and give the IC a gentle nudge in the right direction. Repeat this procedure until you’re happy with the placement, then solder the diagonally opposite pin and re-check the orientation. Having tacked it down, you now have several possibilities for soldering the remaining pins. You can solder two or more pins at a time by placing May 2014 67 The PCB fits neatly inside this standard instrument case which comes complete with 3.5-digit LED readouts for simultaneous voltage and current display. The final assembly details are in Pt.3 next month (prototype PCB shown). a standard chisel/conical tip between a pair of pins and feeding a small amount of solder in (pre-fluxing the pins helps) or you can run flux down both sides of the IC and then drag solder all the pins in one go using a hoof or mini-wave tip (this can also be done with standard tips but not as easily). In either case, using a high-quality flux paste makes the process a lot easier. Don’t worry if any or even all the pins are bridged after soldering; it’s just a matter of applying some more flux paste, placing some solder wick over the bridge and then heating it until it ‘sucks up’ the excess solder. Just be careful not to pull on the wick or otherwise apply force until the solder has melted or you could damage the IC pins or the board. Once the chip is in place, flip the board over and apply some liquid flux or flux gel to the three vias under IC1. Now melt some solder into these holes; there is an exposed pad surrounding them to make it flow better. The combination of capillary effect and flux on both sides of the board should cause the solder to flow through and form a joint between the IC and pad on the other side. You can confirm this is the 68 Silicon Chip case by touching the IC after doing this; it should be quite hot due to the solder that’s adhered to its thermal pad. Finally, clean off any flux residue or other contaminants using a good solvent and then carefully examine the joints using a magnifying glass and lamp to ensure that every pin has been soldered to its pad and no bridges remain. Note that if you ever have to remove this IC, it’s easy to do using a hotair gun (which can be bought quite cheaply). It’s virtually impossible to do using any other method, without damaging the board. SMD Mosfets These are next on the list. Again, you can use solder paste and hot air/reflow however these can also be soldered using a regular iron. Put some flux on the large PCB pad for the tab and then flow a small amount of solder onto it. Ensure this forms a thin, even layer on the pad; if not, clean off the excess using solder wick. Now do the same to the underside of the Mosfet tab itself; you will probably have to place it in a mini vice or some other clamp while doing so. Next, spread some flux paste onto the tinned PCB pad, then put a small amount of solder onto one of the four smaller mounting pads on the PCB. It’s easiest to start with the topmost (Q2) or right-most (Q3) pad (ie, the Mosfet gates) as these have the least thermal mass. As with IC1, heat this solder and slide the Mosfet into place, then check that its tab and remaining pins are properly centred on their pads. You can now apply a little flux along the edge of the large tab and heat it with your soldering iron until the layers of solder on both melt and merge. That done, it’s just a matter of letting it cool a bit, soldering the three remaining pins, then touching up the gate joint (ie, the first small pin you soldered) using a bit of extra flux. You can now use a similar procedure to fit inductor L1, ie, tin the underside of its leads, tin the PCB pads, add flux to both, then flow them together. Press down gently on the inductor while soldering the second pad and then re-flow the first one to ensure it’s right down on the board. Note that it might be necessary to add more solder to the initial pad, to form a good joint. That’s siliconchip.com.au the easiest method we’ve found to solder such a large SMD component. While doing this, you will need to hold it with tweezers or similar as it gets hot! Use this same technique to fit diodes D1 & D2 but be careful with their orientation; their cathode stripes face in opposite directions. You can now fit all the remaining SMD capacitors and resistors. In each case, it’s just a matter of placing solder on one of the pads, sliding the part in, waiting for the joint to cool and then soldering the other side. Be careful though because it’s quite easy to get solder to flow onto the part but not the PCB pad; use plenty of flux, clean off the residue and inspect the joints carefully under magnification. Note that the resistors will be labelled with their value (eg, 15kΩ = 153, 10Ω = 100). On the other hand, the ceramic capacitors are not labelled and you will have to check the value on the packaging before removing them. Note also that there are some SMD components away from the switchmode section. These are the two additional 4.7µF ceramic capacitors near lower-left and lower-right and the 0.1Ω shunt near the negative output terminal. You can use a through-hole shunt instead of an SMD type, if you can get one with that will fit and has the correct rating. Now is also a good time to solder in the three BCM856DS dual transistors (assuming you are using these, as recommended). Their pin layout is symmetrical so orientation doesn’t matter. You may be able to solder the pins individually, then clean up any bridges with flux paste and solder wick. In fact, we like to add some flux and apply solder wick anyway as reflowing the joints in this manner gives a more consistent and reliable result. Through-hole parts With the SMDs out of the way, the PCB Design & Layout The main part of the article describes how the circuit works but that isn’t the end of the story. Let’s take a quick look at a couple of the trickier aspects of the PCB design. The most obvious place where layout is critical is around the switchmode regulator, ie, IC1, D1, D2, Q2, Q3 and L1. We’ve purposefully chosen small components here, while also taking into account ease of soldering. The rationale behind this is that by keeping the components small, the distance through which high switching currents must flow is kept to a minimum and thus the resistance and parasitic inductance of the short, wide PCB tracks used is kept to a minimum. The current flowing through these components thus also stays close to the PCB’s ground plane. This ground plane acts as a shorted turn for the various parasitic inductors (transformers) formed by loops in the circuit but this isn’t perfect – it is on the other side of the PCB (~1.5mm away) and does not have zero resistance. So it’s good practice to keep those loops as small as possible. The layout of this switchmode section is based on the demonstration board for the LM5118 IC*. This is a rather clever scheme whereby the current runs around the edge, from the input at lower left up to the top, then across to the right and then down to lower-right. The central area is a large power groundplane to which the IC is connected and there are dozens of vias connecting this to the underside of the PCB where the groundplane covers nearly 100% of the area under the current-carrying components. The idea behind this is that while current flows in a clockwise direction around this section, the return current flowing through ground goes in an anti-clockwise direction around the groundplane. This is because current follows the path of least impedance (not just resistance) and this is true when the parasitic inductance is minimised, ie, when the return current flows directly underneath the main current path.** There is a separate analog ground plane below pins 1-10 of the IC (ie on the underside), above which the analog components are mounted (eg, compensation and feedback networks). The two groundplanes are joined under the IC. This keeps the switching noise out of the analog components. The LM5118 has a large pad on its underside which is soldered to the PCB to provide heatsinking for the IC. The large copper area it’s connected to helps draw heat away, too. Since constructors won’t necessarily have a hot air or reflow station to solder the IC, we have placed three large vias through this pad and onto the bottom side, so that solder can be flowed through to this pad from underneath. Finally, a note on the layout of the analog section. The ground return paths for the two panel meters have been brought back to the earth plane separately from other tracks so that the relatively high current flow (250-300mA) does not create ground voltage shifts to upset the meter readings or other circuitry. After all, the lowest digit on each meter has a resolution of just 0.1mV. * See Texas Instruments application note AN-1819 at www.ti.com/lit/ug/snva334b/snva334b.pdf ** Some good information on current flows in double-sided PCBs can be found here: www.analog.com/library/analogdialogue/archives/41-06/ground_bounce.html Issues Getting Dog-Eared? Keep your copies of SILICON CHIP safe, secure and always available with these handy binders REAL VALUE AT $A14.9 5* PLUS P&P Order now from www.siliconchip.com.au/Shop/4 or call (02) 9939 3295 and quote your credit card number or mail the handy order form in this issue. *See website for overseas prices. siliconchip.com.au May 2014 69 Another view inside the case, this time from the rear. The rear panel carries the power switch (S1), a hole to access the DC socket and the two output terminals (note: prototype PCB shown). next job is to fit the passive throughhole components, starting with the 1N4148 diodes. Note that these do not all have the same orientation, so check the layout diagram (Fig.6) carefully. Follow with the resistors (check the values with a DMM if unsure) and then the medium-sized diodes such as the zeners and 1N5819s, again taking care with the orientation. Leave 27V zener diodes ZD2, ZD5 & ZD6 out for now. Diode D12 (1N5404) should also be left out at this stage. Now solder IC2 in place (don’t use a socket), making sure that its notch or dot faces towards the top. Follow with ferrite bead FB3 (FB1 & FB2 were removed from the design). If you have a plain bead without leads, run a component lead off-cut through it. The next job is to fit Q1. First, bend its leads down through 90° about 6mm down from the tab, then feed them through and fasten its tab down using an M3 x 6mm machine screw and nut. Solder and trim the leads, then install all the ceramic capacitors, including the multi-layer types, followed by the MKT capacitors. That done, fit the zener diodes you left out earlier (ZD2, ZD5 & ZD6) but space these off the board by about 5mm to allow the air to circulate be70 Silicon Chip neath them for cooling (they get hot if they conduct a significant amount of current). Next come the trimpots; remember that you probably don’t need to fit VR7 & VR8 but if you do, VR8 should be the 20kΩ pot. If you aren’t fitting them, each should have two wire links soldered in its place where shown. You can now install the pin headers for LK1, LK2 and S2, followed by the two fuse clips. Check that these have the retaining lugs on the outside or the fuse will not fit and make sure they are fully inserted before soldering. Next on the list are all the TO-92 devices, ie, the small signal transistors plus REG3 and REG4. Check their markings to ensure each one goes in the right place and bend the leads with small pliers if necessary, so that they fit the PCB pad layout. Note that if you are not using the BCM856DS chips, you will also need to install BC556s for Q4, Q5, Q9, Q10, Q14 & Q15. Be sure to smear thermal paste on the faces of these transistors and push each pair together so that they are in close contact. The remaining diode (D12) can go in. It too should be spaced off the board by about 5mm. Follow this with the smaller electrolytic capacitors (47µF & 100µF), all of which are inserted with the positive (longer) lead towards the top of the board. The two bobbin inductors (L2 & L3) and the DC socket (CON1) can then go in. Be sure to push the latter all the way down onto the PCB before soldering. Now for the heatsinked TO-220 devices, ie, REG1, REG2 and Q23. Don’t get these mixed up; they are installed in the same manner as Q1 except that you will need to slide the heatsink under the device package before fastening each assembly down using an M3 x 6mm machine screw and nut. If you like, you can smear some heatsink paste on each device tab before its fastened down, although this isn’t strictly required. Finally, complete the PCB assembly by fitting the power switch (S1), polarised connectors (CON3-CON6) and the two 220µF electrolytic capacitors. If you’re using a through-hole shunt, don’t forget to install that too. Next month That’s all we have space for this month. In the final article next month, we’ll run through the test procedure and the trim adjustments, describe how to build it into the case and give SC some tips on using it. siliconchip.com.au GertDuino: when join forces & By Nicholas Vinen Get the best of both worlds with this Arduino board which plugs straight into the Raspberry Pi. It can be used as I/O expansion for the Raspberry Pi or as a standalone embedded board. T he Raspberry Pi is a powerful embedded platform (see our article in the May 2013 issue) but there are some difficulties interfacing it with other circuitry. For a start, all its I/Os use 3.3V signalling while many other devices (such as those designed to interoperate with Arduino) may use 5V signalling. The Raspberry Pi could be damaged if the two are connected or the set-up may simply fail to work. There’s also a limited range of devices to plug into the Raspberry Pi’s 26-pin expansion header compared to the large range of Arduino ‘shield’ boards available. The GertDuino is essentially an Arduino Uno which plugs into the Raspberry Pi. It can then accept standard Arduino shield boards and can also off-load some processing from Raspberry Pi to one or both of its 8-bit processors. There are two ways you can use the GertDuino. One is with the Raspberry Pi as an Arduino development platform simply to program the GertDuino. It can then be unplugged from the Raspberry Pi to operate independently. The other option is to consider the GertDuino as a ‘daughterboard’ for the Raspberry Pi, so that it acts as an siliconchip.com.au interface to external circuitry, possibly including one or more “shields”. The Raspberry Pi and GertDuino can then operate in tandem, communicating over a serial interface. The Raspberry Pi could then get on with doing other jobs such as network communications or number-crunching while the GertDuino manages peripherals. In addition to the usual Arduino functions, the GertDuino has six on-board user-controllable LEDs and two general purpose pushbuttons. It also has a real-time clock with 32.768kHz watch crystal and battery back-up options, plus an infrared (IRDA/remote control) receiver and RS-232 level shifter. The infrared interface and real-time clock are managed by the secondary processor. This is an ATmega48, similar to the main ATmega328 but with less RAM and flash. The mega48 has its I/O pins broken out to a separate header. The Raspberry Pi can program either of the chips on the GertDuino board, which are selected by setting jumpers. Sample code is provided for both processors along with steps to compile and upload it. The three processors (ie, including the Raspberry Pi) can have their serial/SPI/I2C interfaces interconnected in various ways using jumper wires, with various example set-ups shown in the manual. The GertDuino is available exclusively in Australia from element14 (au.element14.com, Cat No 2344460) for $32+GST. You can also get a Raspberry Pi from element14 if you don’t already have one; the Model B version now has 512MB RAM (Cat No 2191863, $38+GST) and is available with a plastic case (Cat No 2217158, $45.70+GST). There are other options too, such as a package including an SD card pre-loaded with software. SC May 2014 71 Deluxe Fan Speed Controller By John Clarke Full Range: slow to maximum speed control . . . Suits ceiling or plug-in fans . . . No mysterious fan noises in the night . . . No AM radio interference . . . Got a ceiling fan or pedestal fan? With limited speed settings they are often too fast or two slow. This non-switched controller gives you continuous speed control and as a bonus, it produces no radio interference or motor noise. It can also be used as a dimmer for desk and reading lamps up to 60W. C eiling fans usually offer just three switched speed settings: too fast, fast and not slow enough. The fast settings are probably OK during the day but even the slow setting may be too fast at night when you just want the fan to provide a gentle air movement, while you’re trying to get to sleep. So we decided to produce a controller which gives a wide range of speeds, from the maximum down to quite low, to give just the faintest of breezes. But we decided not take the obvious approach of using a phase-controlled Triac to produce the speed control because they can cause considerable interference to AM radio reception, particularly in those areas where signals are weak. Instead, our controller is based on a high-voltage Mosfet, which is effectively a variable resistor connected in series 72 Silicon Chip with the fan motor. For high fan speeds, the Mosfet resistance is low and for lower speeds, the Mosfet resistance is higher. And while we have only mentioned ceiling fans up to this point, it can also be used with pedestal or table fans. You simply plug the fan into a switched mains socket on the controller’s case lid, while the controller plugs into the mains via an IEC mains lead. If you have a ceiling fan, it may need to be wired permanently (by a licensed electrician). Because the speed control element is essentially a variable resistor, it will not be very efficient in electrical terms and that means it will dissipate some heat. But considering that most fans will draw only up to about 60W at full speed and less as speed is reduced, the dissipation can be siliconchip.com.au Features • • • • • • • Full control of motor speed from stopped to maximum For 230VAC shaded pole and capacitor-run motors Over-current limiting Over-temperature cut out Quiet operation Fused circuit Rugged case managed by using a diecast box and finned heatsink. We don’t need to dissipate anywhere near 60W because at full speed the dissipation in the controller is quite small. It’s at lower speeds that dissipation in the controller increases. But because the motor is running slower, overall power is less than at full speed. If it does get too hot, there is an over-temperature thermostat to switch the controller off. We cannot connect the highvoltage Mosfet directly in series with the 230VAC mains supply to the fan because Mosfets can only work from DC or at worst, from fluctuating DC. Any reverse current would be shunted by the Mosfet’s intrinsic internal diode – so that wouldn’t work. The solution is quite simple though; we use a bridge rectifier. That way, the Mosfet is only subjected to rectified AC (or fluctuating DC) yet it can comfortably control the AC load of the fan. Fig.1 shows the general arrangement. The Mosfet and current-sensing resistor connect between the plus and minus terminals of the bridge rectifier. When the active voltage is more positive than the neutral, current (i1) flows through the motor, diode D1 and through the Mosfet from plus to minus of the bridge, then through D3 and to neutral. When the active is more negative than the neutral, current (i2) flows from the neutral through D4 and the Mosfet from plus to minus of the bridge and then through D2 and the motor to the active. The current flow through the resisCURRENT i1 A D1 D2 Q1 + – FAN MOTOR D3 D4 D G N CURRENT i2 S i2 Fig.1: essentially, the Mosfet is a resistor in series with the i1 fan motor but will only operate on DC, hence the need to run it via a bridge rectifier. Current i1 and i2 are the two halves of the AC waveform, so the motor is still fed with AC. siliconchip.com.au tive element is therefore always from the plus to the minus terminals of the bridge rectifier. Circuit description The circuit for the Fan Speed Controller is shown in Fig.2. It comprises just one IC, several diodes, the high voltage Mosfet, Q1, plus some resistors and capacitors. The circuit and wiring diagram are for free-standing fans (ie, those connected via a 3-pin plug). For ceiling fans, some components are not required - we’ll look at these later. Power for the circuit is derived directly from the 230VAC mains. The entire circuit floats at mains potential so is unsafe to touch whenever the circuit is connected to the mains. Additionally, the circuit ground is also floating at mains potential and is not connected to mains earth. The metal box housing the controller is connected to the mains earth. Mains power is supplied to the controller circuit via an IEC socket and fuse, F1, which is a part of the IEC input connector. Fusing protects the circuit against excessive current flow should a fault occur, such as a short across the motor. BR1 is a 6A bridge rectifier with a 400V rating. As mentioned, the bridge provides the Mosfet with the positive full-wave rectified mains voltage while the fan motor receives AC. A separate supply is provided for the low voltage circuitry. We use another bridge rectifier (BR2) and derive a low voltage supply via 220nF capacitors from the 230V mains. The capacitors are in preference to high wattage resistors since they do not dissipate significant power, therefore reducing heat dissipation inside the controller case. The circuit shows the arrangement with the separate May 2014 73 CON5 N 1A A FUSED IEC MAINS CONNECTOR BR2 W04 CON 1 GPO TO FAN CON3 230V AC q E CON 2 TH1 60°C NC 470W 1W 220nF 1M 1W 250VAC X2 1M + – ~ 220nF 250VAC X2 1W ~ BR1 PW04 470W 1W K 100mF 25V A ZD1 VR1b 15V 10k SPEED 10k D 4 3 1k G 1M 5.1k CURRENT LIMIT 6 D1 1N4148 8 IC1b A 7 A 10mF 5.1k K A W04 1nF FAN SPEED CONTROLLER +~~– Q1 G D D K PW04 – ~ ~ ~ + + SC 1W ZD1 CURRENT MONITOR Ó2014 K 1M 3.3k 1W 5W 1N4148 – 5 10mF 220k VOLTAGE MONITOR 200k VR1a 10k S Q1 FQP10N60C, AOT11N60L 1k +15V 100nF CON6 1k 1 IC1a 100W ~ 2 1W E + 10mF NP IC1: LM358 N A ~ – +15V 22k CON4 ~ ALL COMPONENTS AND WIRING IN THIS CIRCUIT OPERATE AT MAINS POTENTIAL. DO NOT OPERATE WITH CASE OPEN – ANY CONTACT COULD BE FATAL! S Fig.2: the circuit for our new Fan Speed Controller shows it has two bridge rectifiers, one of which provides low voltage DC direct from the mains. This is used to power the rest of the circuitry. The second bridge (BR1) allows a power Mosfet to control the current to the AC motor over both halves of the 230V mains cycle. The Mosfet acts like a variable resistor, supplying more or less power to the fan motor depending on the setting of VR1a&b. rectifier (BR2) fed via two 220nF capacitors and series 470 resistors. The 220nF capacitors provide an impedance that limits current flow to the 15V zener diode ZD1. At 50Hz, the impedance of each 220nF capacitor is 14.5k. This impedance plus the 470 limits current to the 15V zener diode, ZD1 to about 10mA. A 100F capacitor across the resulting 15V supply smooths it to a constant DC voltage. The 470 resistors in series with the 220nF capacitors are there to limit surge current when power is first applied to the circuit. The surge current could be high should power be switched on at the peak voltage of the mains waveform. 1M resistors across the capacitors are to discharge them when the power is switched off. The 15V supply powers the LM358 dual op amp, IC1. One of these operational amplifiers, IC1a, is used to drive the gate of Mosfet Q1. This op amp is connected in a feedback control loop that monitors both a divided version of the voltage between Q1’s drain and source and the voltage provided by speed potentiometer VR1b. IC1a adjusts its output voltage at the Mosfet gate so that the divided drainsource voltage across the Mosfet matches that set by the speed potentiometer. In more detail, a 220k 1W resistor and a 5.1k resistor form a voltage divider across Q1 (ignoring the series 1 resistor). This effectively reduces the voltage across Q1 to 74 Silicon Chip about 1/44 its original value, calculated as (5.1k + 220k) ÷ 5.1k. The resulting voltage is filtered with a 10μF capacitor providing a DC voltage from the full wave rectified waveform. The resistive divider is there to produce a suitable low voltage for monitoring by IC1a. The maximum voltage needs to be several volts below the positive supply for IC1 at 15V. That’s because the op amp is designed to operate with inputs that can go down to the negative supply but not as high as the positive supply. Maximum voltage from the divider occurs when Q1 is at a high resistance. Then the full 230VAC of the mains supply is across the Mosfet. The peak of the 230V RMS waveform is 325V and after reduction by a factor of 44, brings the voltage down to 7.39V peak. This becomes 4.7V DC after filtering with the 10μF capacitor. Note that this average voltage of the full wave rectified waveform is 0.63 of the waveform peak. As the resistance of Q1 is decreased, there is more voltage across the fan motor and less across the Mosfet. The voltage from the divider is therefore also lower. VR1b is the speed control adjustment. VR1b is connected in series between a 22k resistor from the +15V supply and a 100resistor connecting to the 0V supply. With this resistor string, the voltage range for the wiper of VR1b is between 5V and 0.05V. Operation is as follows: If VR1b is set to produce, say, 2V DC at its wiper, IC1a adjusts its drive to the gate of Q1 so siliconchip.com.au Looking inside the open “IP65” case shows how easy the PCB mounts on the tapped supports inside. Note that we do not have the IEC power lead plugged in – neither should you whenever the case is open! that voltage monitored at the divide-by-44 resistors is also 2V DC. With 2V on the divider it means that there is 88V (average) across Q1. The 88V average is equivalent to 97.5V RMS. If the mains voltage is at 230VAC RMS then the voltage across the fan is 230V - 97.5V or 132.5V RMS. Note that for VR1b, the lower voltage is deliberately made to be slightly above 0V using the 100 resistor. This is to prevent IC1a from oscillation at the lowest voltage position for VR1b. The voltage feedback control ensures that voltage across the Mosfet is strictly maintained to prevent changes in the motor speed. That’s provided the mains voltage remains reasonably constant (which it usually does). Without the feedback control and just applying a fixed voltage to the gate of Q1, the fan would slow quite markedly as the Mosfet heats up. That’s because the Mosfet drain to source resistance increases with temperature. Current limit Fig. 3: SOA graph for the FQP10N60C Mosfet used in this project. The text explains how to interpret this. siliconchip.com.au Current limiting for this circuit is necessary due to the fact that while the Mosfet can happily conduct around 10A, this is only when there is a relatively low voltage between its drain and source. With a high voltage between drain and source, the current needs to be reduced to prevent internal damage to the Mosfet. Incidentally, no domestic fan (plug-in or ceiling) will demand anything like 10A. They’re much more likely to be a tiny fraction of this – most fans are rated at 10-50W, which equates to just 40-220mA! Fig.4 shows the Safe Operating Area (SOA) of the FQP10N60C Mosfet. The lower DC, SOA line shows that the device can easily supply up to 10A to the fan motor but as May 2014 75 Fig.4: combined PCB component layout and wiring diagram: follow this to the letter to ensure your safety. Do not operate without the lid in place. Q1 PCB ZD1 A E 76 Silicon Chip 200k 5.1k 100nF 3.3k N GPO the drain-to-source voltage increases above around 20V, the Mosfet current rating falls, to 800mA at 200V. The red line indicates the current limit our circuit applies to safeguard the Mosfet from exceeding the SOA. We restrict the maximum current to around 1A up to around 20V between drain and source. At this drain-to-source voltage, the fan will run at a fast speed. At lower fan speed settings, the voltage between the drain and source will be higher and we limit the current to prevent this exceeding the SOA curve. For the slowest speeds the current is limited to around 230mA. Note that this SOA curve is for the non-insulated Mosfet package. For fully insulated Mosfet packages (eg. FQPF10N60C) both the SOA curve and thermal resistance from junction to case is worse. The thermal resistance is some three times higher. It means the insulated package, while more convenient for mounting, is unsuited for this application. The Mosfet would overheat internally regardless of the amount of heatsinking. Additionally for the insulated package, for SOA, the 10A current rating is only for up to 5.5V drain to source. For these reasons we use the non-insulated Mosfet package. IC1b provides the current limit function. It monitors the 100W D1 1k 10mF INSULATING COVERS OVER ALL SPADE CRIMP CONNECTORS (CASE LID) 22k 1M 1nF 5.1k 470W 1W 4148 1k 10mF NP GPO W04 100mF BR2 10k 220k 1W N IC1 LM358 A CASE END VR1 DUAL 10k LINEAR PW04 220nF 250VAC # CON4 CON6 1M 1W 1M 1W 15V 470W 1W C 2014 10104141 NYLON CABLE CLAMPS # # # 1M CON5 220nF 250VAC CON2 A CON3 + CASE END CON1 ~ A TO TH1 – ~ # ~ # N # 1k – Q1 MOUNTING DETAIL 10mF 1W 5W # BR1 10A FUSED MALE IEC PANEL CONNECTOR E # # SIDE OF CASE + COVER EXPOSED METAL WITH SILICONE SEALANT OR INSULATION TAPE Q1 RELLORTNOC DEEPS N AF FQP10N60C N TH1 14140101 60° C # ~ CASE EARTH VIA 10mm x M4 SCREW, CRIMP EYELET, LOCKWASHER AND NUT # M3 INSULATING SCREW WASHER INSULATING BUSH M3 NUT FAN HEATSINK SECURED TO CASE WITH 2x 12mm M4 SCREWS AND NUTS DANGER: 230V AC WIRING EARTH VIA 15mm x M4 CSK SCREW, CRIMP EYELET, LOCKWASHER AND 2 NUTS (OVER-CSK HOLES BY ~0.5mm) voltage across the 15W resistor that is in series with Q1. The 1resistor converts the fan current to a voltage. A 1A current for example will result in 1V across this resistor. IC1b is connected as an amplifier that has level shifting set by VR1a. As the voltage across the 1 resistor exceeds the voltage set at the wiper of VR1a, the IC1b output goes high and drives the input pin 2 of IC1b high via diode D1 and the 1kseries resistor. This over-rides the motor speed setting, slowing fan speed to reduce current. If the current monitor voltage from the 1 resistor is less than the voltage set at the wiper of VR1a, IC1b output is low and thus has no effect on IC1a as diode D1 is reverse biased. VR1a is connected across the 15V supply in a similar way to VR1b only the upper and lower resistors are different values. The 200k and 3.3k resistors set the VR1a current limit range to between 940mV and 235mV. Both VR1a and VR1b are physically connected to the one potentiometer shaft so adjusting fan speed will also automatically adjust the current limit. Construction With the exception of the mains input and output siliconchip.com.au sockets and thermal cutout, all components mount on a single PCB coded 10104141, measuring 93 x 79mm. It is designed to be housed in an IP65 die1 PCB coded 10104141, 93 x 79mm cast box measuring 115 x 90 x 55mm. 1 IP65 diecast box measuring 115 x 90 x 55mm (Jaycar HB5042 or equivalent)* The PCB is shaped to match the in1 lid and side panel label ternal contours of the IP65 case and has 1 fan type heatsink 105 x 25.5 x 55mm (Altronics H0520, Jaycar HH-8570) a cutout to fit the IEC input connector. 1 Architrave GPO outlet (Clipsal CLI16WE or equivalent)* However, this case is relatively ex1 Male IEC mains connector with integral M205 fuseholder pensive – if you wish, the Fan Speed 1 1A M205 fuse Controller can be built into a (slightly 1 7.5A IEC mains lead larger) economy diecast case instead. 1 10A thermostat 60°C Normally Closed (Altronics S 5600, Jaycar ST-3821) The PCB will then need to be mounted 1 10k dual ganged 24mm PCB mount linear pot (VR1) onto separate standoffs with four holes 1 plastic knob to suit potentiometer shaft drilled in the base for these. 6 6.35mm PCB mount male spade connectors, 5.08mm pin spacing Begin construction by checking the (Altronics H 2094) (CON 1-6) PCB. We do not expect that there would 8 6.35mm insulated female spade quick connectors for 1mm wire diameter (red) be any problems with PCBs as supplied 3 5.3mm ID insulated quick connect crimp eyelets for 2-5mm wire diameter (yellow) by the SILICON CHIP OnlineShop or with 2 M4 x 15mm countersunk screws (lid and potentiometer side earth) those supplied in kits. These are of high 3 M4 x 15mm screws (GPO and IEC end earth) quality and are solder masked, screen 2 M4 x 10mm screws (securing heatsink when the case is M4 tapped) printed and shaped with the required (use 2 M4 x 15mm screws and two extra M4 nuts when case is not M4 tapped) cut outs. 8 M4 nuts It is still worthwhile to check if 5 4mm star washers there are problems with the PCB and 2 M3.5 x 6mm screws (for PCB mounting) [in addition to the two supplied with case] look for any shorts or breaks between 3 M3 x 10mm countersunk screws (for Q1 and TH1) tracks. If there are any problems, repair 2 M3 x 10mm countersunk screws (for IEC connector) these as necessary. Similarly, if the cut 5 M3 nuts outs in the sides of the PCB have not 1 TO-220 Mica insulating washer been shaped, they should be cut and 1 TO-220 insulating bush filed to size before any components are *Notes: 4 small stick on rubber feet assembled. An economy diecast box 1 200mm length of green/yellow 7.5A mains wire Check that the PCB fits into the case 119 x 94 x 57mm (Jaycar 1 200mm length of brown 7.5A main wire before starting assembly. With the IP65 HB5064 or equivalent) 1 200mm length of blue 7.5A mains wire case specified, the PCB conveniently can be used instead of the 1 70mm length of 5mm heatshrink tubing mounts on the integral tapped lands IP65 case. Extra parts required 4 100mm cable ties provided. include 4 6.3mm M3 tapped Heatsink compound Follow the overlay diagram shown standoffs & 8 M3 x 5mm Semiconductors in Fig.4. Begin by soldering in the rescrews. The two M3.5 x 6mm 1 LM358 DIP dual op amp (IC1) sistors, using the accompanying table screws are not required. 1 600V 9A or more N Channel Mosfet for the colour codes. Diode D1 can be If using the economy box, the (FQP10N60C, AOT11N60L, BUK457-600B) inserted next taking care to orient it Architrave GPO can be replaced (Q1) correctly. by a standard sized GPO (HPM 1 15V 1W zener diode (ZD1) IC1 can be directly mounted or you CDXL787WEWE or equivalent) 1 400V 6A P04 diode bridge (BR1) can use an IC socket. Either way, be sure (this will not fit onto the IP65 1 400V 1.2A W04 diode bridge (BR2) to install the socket and/or the IC the diecast box). 1 1N4148 signal diode (D1) correct way around with the notch facAll the 10μF (polarised and ing the direction shown on the overlay. NP types) and the 100μF Capacitors Capacitors can be installed next. The electrolytic capacitors can each 1 100F 105°C 16V PC electrolytic* accompanying capacitor table shows be replaced by 10μF surface 1 10F 105°C 50V NP PC electrolytic* the various codes that are used to indimount ceramic capacitors 2 10F 105°C C 16V PC electrolytic* cate the capacitance values of the MKT (10μF 50V 3216 (metric)/ 2 220nF 250VAC X2 class polyester and X2 class capacitors. The 1206 (imperial)). 1 100nF 63V or 100V MKT Polyester electrolytic capacitors have their value These will provide a longer 1 1nF 63V or 100V MKT polyester directly marked and the polarised types service life than electrolytic Resistors must be oriented correctly. capacitors. Provision has been The NP capacitor can be mounted (0.25W, 1%) made to mount these where either way. 2 1M 1 200k 1 22k 1 10k each electrolytic capacitor You can use 10μF ceramic surface 2 5.1k 1 3.3k 3 1k 1 100 would normally be positioned. mount capacitors instead of the elecCeramic capacitors are not (1W, 5%) trolytic types if you wish and provision polarised so can be oriented 2 1M 1 220k 2 470 has been made for these on of the PCB. either way on the PCB. 1 15W If using these, position and tack-solder Parts List – Deluxe Fan Speed Controller siliconchip.com.au May 2014 77 each in place, making sure they are aligned correctly before soldering them fully in place. The diode bridges, BR1 and BR2, can be installed taking care to orient these correctly and in the right locations. Before installing VR1, its shaft may need to be cut to length to suit the knob. The potentiometer nut is wound fully onto its thread. This nut is adjusted later to make contact with the inside of the case. Finally, install the PCB spade connectors at CON1-CON6. Mounting the hardware A marking-out guide and panel artwork are provided on the SILICON CHIP website (siliconchip.com.au). This provides the IEC connector and GPO cut outs for the end and front panels. Details are given for both the IP65 and economy box. First of all, mark out the hole position for the IEC connector and earth screw in the end wall of the case. There is about a 4mm gap from the base of the case to the bottom of the IEC connector. The hole is made by drilling a series of small holes around the perimeter of the desired shape, knocking out the piece and filing to shape. The earth screw hole is 4mm in diameter. At the opposite end of the box, holes are required for the potentiometer and for a further earth screw. We used a countersunk screw here for the earth screw so that the end panel label would cover over the screw. In fact, we slightly over-countersunk this hole to ensure the screwhead was flush with the case surface. Insert the PCB into the case. Note that the leads for Q1 must be kinked outward a little so that the metal flange of the device is parallel to and in con- Another view of the opened-out case, including the back of the architrave GPO. Note the earthing of the case lid – we don’t rely on the metal-to-metal contact. Also note that the circuit ground and the case earth are most definitely NOT connected together – the circuit ground in fact “floats” at the mains voltage. tact with the side of the case. Mark the mounting hole position for Q1. TH1 also mounts on the side of the box adjacent to Q1, with its attachment bracket is positioned so that the holes are vertical – the top hole about 7mm down from the top edge of the box. Resistor Colour Codes p p p p p p p p p p No. 4 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 2 1 Value 1MΩ 220kΩ 200kΩ 22kΩ 10kΩ 5.1kΩ 3.3kΩ 1kΩ 470Ω 100Ω 4-Band Code(1%) brown black green brown red red yellow brown red black yellow brown red red orange brown brown black orange brown green brown red brown orange orange red brown brown black red brown yellow violet brown brown brown black brown brown 78 Silicon Chip 5-Band Code (1%) brown black black yellow brown red red black orange brown red black black orange brown red red black red brown brown black black red brown green brown black brown brown orange orange black brown brown brown black black brown brown yellow violet black black brown brown black black black brown Both the TH1 mounting screws and that for Q1 are 3mm countersunk. Countersunk screws allow the heatsink to mount flat to the surface on the side of the case without too much counter boring in the heatsink where these screws sit. Note that you will find it easier to install TH1 if the M3 nuts are tack soldered to the thermostat mount- Capacitor Codes Value μF value 100nF 0.1μF 1nF .001μF IEC code 100n 1n0 EIA code 104 102 The two 220nF, 250VAC “X2” class will have values printed on them. The 10μF and 100μF electrolytics can be replaced by surface-mount ceramic types (soldered to copper side of PCB). siliconchip.com.au ing bracket. To do screw can be tightthis, place the screws Specifications ened up more. This into the thermostat Rating:.......................... 80W maximum. Fused at 1A, 230VAC. keeps the Mosfet mounting bracket Speed adjustment:....... Zero to maximum cooler. (when it is out of Current limiting:........... 235mA at low speed up to 940mA at high speed After mounting the case) and screw Temperature cut out:.... 60°C (with 40°C cut in after 60°C cut out) Q1, it is essential to on the nuts. Solder check that the metal the nuts in place by tab of the device is applying solder to the side of the nuts. sure no swarf is hiding in any of the isolated from the case by measuring The aptly-named fan type heatsink box corners! the resistance between the two with is secured to the side of the case on a multimeter. The meter should show the Q1 side, using two M4 screws Panels a very high resistance measurement that either tap into the side off the Artwork for the lid and end panels between the case and any of Q1’s leads. case or use nuts. The mounting holes can be downloaded from siliconchip. Check your meter also reads close to are placed along the centre line of com.au. Print them onto overhead pro- zero ohms with a case-to-mountingthe heatsink. The lower hole should jector film, photo paper or plain paper. screw measurement. This will test if be positioned high enough so it does We recommend overhead projector the multimeter is working and connot foul the PCB, especially if using film – if you print in reverse, when it nected correctly. nuts. The heatsink is positioned with is placed on the box the printing will The heatsink is attached using the its lower edge at the same level as the be against the case and protected by two M4 screws, with a smear of heatbottom edge of the box. the film. The printouts can be cut to sink compound between the mating The holes for Q1 and TH1 mounting shape and adhered to the case with surfaces. must be countersunk; we actually over- glue or silicone sealant. countersunk them by about 0.5mm Note that the countersunk earth Wiring to ensure that the tops of the screws screws for the lid and end panel need The complete wiring diagram is were actually lower than the surface to be placed in position and temporar- shown in Fig.4. of the case – this allowed the heatsink ily held with a nut before placing the All mains wiring must be done using to make intimate contact with the case panels on. 250VAC, 7.5A mains-rated wire. You and therefore ensure maximum heat Insert the PCB into the case by will need 200mm lengths of this wire transfer (aided by a dollop of heatsink angling it so that the potentiometer in appropriate colours – brown (Accompound). is inserted into its hole first, then po- tive), blue (Neutral) and green/yellow Holes are also required in the lid to sitioning the board onto the integral (Earth). The easiest way to get these (if secure the switched mains outlet and mounting lands inside the case. Secure you’re not building from a kit) is to cut the earth terminal. We used a counter- the PCB to the case with the two ‘sup- off a 200mm length from a spare piece sunk screw here for the earth screw so plied with the case’ screws plus the of 230V mains flex, strip off the outer that the front panel label would cover extra two M3.5 x 6mm screws. insulation and – voila! over the screw. Secure Q1 to the case with an M3 The earthing details of the case All holes must be de-burred on the screw and nut with a mica insulating are most important since D1 and the inside of the case with a countersink- washer and insulating bush as shown potentiometer are all at mains potening tool or larger drill to round off the in the inset on the wiring diagram. tial yet are attached to the case. If the sharp edge of the hole. This is espe- Apply a smear of heatsink compound insulating washer or the insulation of cially so for Q1, where the edges must on all mating surfaces before assembly. the potentiometer were to break down, be rounded to prevent punch-through We use a mica washer in preference to the case would be live (ie, at 230VAC) of the insulating washer. Run your a silicone washer since the mica has if it was not properly earthed. finger over all holes to ensure there a higher thermal conductivity (lower The potentiometer needs earthing are no sharp edges – and also make °C per Watt value) and the mounting since the screw thread does not reach Traditional (switched) fan speed controllers: how they work The circuit at right shows a typical switched-type fan speed control. The fan motor has two windings, with one winding powered at a different phase to the other to provide a rotating field. To achieve this, the “aux” winding is usually connected via a capacitor – in this case, 1.5F. For speed control, this also uses capacitors (or sometimes inductors) to reduce applied voltage to the motor “run” winding. On the Hi setting, this winding receives full 230V AC power, so operates at maximum speed. When on the medium speed setting the run winding receives power siliconchip.com.au via a 3.5F capacitor in series and via a 2F capacitor when switched to low speed. At the 50Hz mains frequency, the 3.5F capacitor has a reactance of 910so the motor runs quite a bit slower than on full power. A 2F capacitor has a reactance of about 1.6k, so the motor runs that much slower again. Note that lowering the capacitance increases the reactance (at that frequency). Most ceiling fans also have a summer/ winter switch, usually mounted on the fan itself, which simply swaps the connections to the run winding. This reverses the motor rotation, to push air in the opposite direction. OFF HI SPEED SWITCH MED Typical 3-position domestic ceiling fan controller. 3.5mF LOW 2mF 1.5mF RUN 230V AC AUX REVERSING SWITCH* 50W FAN MOTOR *ALSO CALLED SUMMER/WINTER SWITCH May 2014 79 far enough to the outside of the box for its nut to be screwed on to hold it to the case. The potentiometer is earthed to the case by wrapping the earth wire around the location tab on the potentiometer and bending this down against the front of the pot. The earth wire is then soldered to this lug, ensuring there is sufficient heat for solder to flow onto the tab and wire – you may need to file or sand the lug first to remove any oxidation/passivation. Be certain that the solder joint on the tap is not a dry joint. The case lid is also independently earthed, as shown. The IEC connector must be wired using the correct wire colours - brown for the active, blue for the neutral and green/yellow striped wire for earth. Use insulated quick connectors for the mains wiring connection to the PCB. Wires to the IEC connector need to be insulated with heatshrink tubing covering all exposed metal terminals for the active and neutral wiring. Solder two earth wires onto the Earth pin on the IEC connector – one about 50mm long and other about 150mm. These wires should loop through the hole in the earth terminal with each wrapped back on itself so the wires are essentially captive before soldering to the terminal. Make sure the earth terminal is heated sufficiently with the soldering iron so the solder wets and adheres properly to both earth terminal and wire. Again be certain that it is not a dry solder joint. One end of the earth wire is crimped to the earth eyelet and the other to the earth eyelet on the lid and the GPO’s earth terminal. It is important to use one continuous earth wire length for the lid earth wire and GPO earth wire. Do this with just the insulation stripped back in the wire length to terminate into the crimp eyelet for the earth before running to the GPO’s earth screw terminal. The earth eyelets are secured with M4 screws, a star washer and nut. A second nut should be used as a locknut. As mentioned earlier, a countersunk screw is used for the earth on the lid and the potentiometer end panel - earth screws are placed before the labels are glued on. The IEC connector is secured with the M3 x 10mm countersunk screws, star washers and nuts. Similarly, the GPO is secured with M4 screws, star washers and nuts. Finally, wires are secured using cable ties as shown. Your speed controller is now complete – but don’t forget to place the four rubber feet on the bottom of the case if you want to avoid scratching surfaces underneath. Testing Check all of your wiring very carefully against the overlay and wiring diagram. Also check that the case, lid and potentiometer are connected to the earth pin of the power socket - use a multimeter on a low ohms scale. If you are satisfied that all is correct, you are ready to screw the lid onto the case. Note that while the case is supplied with a rubber seal that goes around a channel in the lid to ensure its IP65 Architrave GPO Cutout SILICON CHIP Fan Speed Controller For Shaded Pole Fans 80W Max. 80 Silicon Chip rating, we elected not to use this, so heat from the case can transfer to the lid for maximum dissipation. Do not be tempted to operate the fan speed controller without the lid in place and screwed in position. The easiest way to test the circuit operation is to connect a fan. First set VR1 fully anticlockwise, then plug a fan in, connect power and check that you can vary the speed with VR1. Note that the fan controller box will begin to run quite warm with extended use when driving the fan at lower than full speed. This temperature rise is normal. Troubleshooting the Fan Speed Controller If the speed controller does not work when you apply power, it’s time to do some troubleshooting. First, a reminder: all of the circuitry is at 230VAC mains potential and can be lethal. This includes any exposed metal parts on components except those that are tied to the earthed chassis of the case. Do not touch any part of the circuit when it is plugged into a mains outlet. Always remove the IEC plug from its mains connector before touching or working on any part of the circuit. Before going any further, give your PCB another thorough check. Check for incorrectly placed components and for component orientation. Again check solder joints. Unless you have placed a component incorrectly or a solder joint is not properly made, there is very little that can go wrong with the circuit. It either works or it doesn’t! So if it still doesn’t work, check component placement and soldering once again. . . . . .. . . . Slow + . . . . Fast Fig.5: top-of-case and side-of-case panel artwork. This can also be downloaded and printed, in colour if you have the facilities, on thick paper or on overhead projector film, from siliconchip.com.au siliconchip.com.au Using with Ceiling Fans While this project was originally designed as a controller for free-standing fans – ie, those that plug into a mains outlet – there is no reason why it cannot be used for permanently installed ceiling fans. Of course, this would mean that the box would have to be mounted on a wall with wiring into the ceiling fan connections installed by a licensed electrician. Any existing “hard wired” switched-type controller could be left in situ – you’d simply leave it on its maximum setting and control the speed with this project. There would obviously be no need for either the GPO on the case lid nor the IEC connector. Instead, wires would pass through cord-grip grommets or cable glands located in the side or base of the case. You’d also need to fit an M205 safety fuseholder in place of the one integrated with the IEC connector. controller at its 230VAC input. The box must be earthed with earthing to the case, lid and pot body. Note that the speed control box needs to be mounted so there is access to the control knob and so the box can keep cool (ie, you couldn’t mount it in a small wall cavity). The diagram below doesn’t show the heatsink but it must be fitted, in exactly the same way as detailed earlier. While we haven’t confirmed it, we don’t believe you could use this project and an electronic controller together – if you couldn’t remove the electronic controller, you could simply bypass it. And as a light dimmer? This circuit will also make a fine incandescent light dimmer and, as we mentioned earlier, won’t put lots of impulse noise onto your mains wiring to swamp AM radio reception. So for fancy incandescent bulbs, spotlights, etc (up to 60W) it will be fine to use as is. And if you are talking about a standard lamp that plugs into the power outlet, the unit can be constructed as detailed earlier, without changes. Permanent installation would require the wiring diagram below to be followed. However, like old-style (phase-controlled) light dimmers, it is not suitable for CFLs nor any other lights (LEDs, for example) which have electronic controllers (remember that most LEDs these days have them either inbuilt or as part of the fixture). SC Wiring Wiring details for direct connection are shown below. The 230VAC mains wires pass through grommets and the neutral connects directly to the PCB as shown. The active is connected to a separate panel-mounted safety M205 fuse holder (for the 1A fuse) that mounts on the case (or on the lid – ensure that it doesn’t touch components underneath when the lid is screwed on). We recommend using the SZ-2028 from Jaycar or the S5992 from Altronics. The active and neutral outputs from the fan controller then connect to the existing fan speed HEATSINK NOT SHOWN N FROM 230V MAINS E SUPPLY A W04 100mF BR2 D1 10k 4148 1k 1M 220k 1W CON6 N 10mF NP GPO 22k 1k IC1 LM358 1M 1nF 5.1k 15V ~ ZD1 – ~ + 470W 1W A 470W 1W CON4 – VR1 DUAL 10k LINEAR PW04 220nF 250VAC 1M 1W 1M 1W 220nF 250VAC A CON3 CON2 ~ E A N CON1 + TO TH1 CABLE GLAND ~ M205 SAFETY FUSE HOLDER 5.1k 1k BR1 COVER WITH HEATSHRINK TO EXISTING FAN CONTROLLER 10mF 1W 5W 200k CABLE GLAND Q1 RELLORTTH1 NOC DEEPS N AF FQP10N60C 14140160 01° C 100W CON5 N 10mF 100nF 3.3k (CASE) Fig.6: here’s how to wire the controller into a permanently installed fan, such as a ceiling fan. You don’t need the IEC input socket nor the GPO but you do need to fit the heatsink, which isn’t shown here. It must be installed where air can circulate around it for cooling. siliconchip.com.au (CASE LID) LID EARTH VIA 15mm x M4 SCREW, CRIMP EYELET, LOCKWASHER AND NUT May 2014 81 Salvage It! By BRUCE PIERSON What can you do with a dead UPS... or two? If you’ve been following our recent series on ratting various equipment for parts, you’ll realise that there is a lot more to it than meets the eye. Mostly you’re just recycling components for the junk box... just in case! However, when it comes to Uninterruptible Power Supplies, they could be the start of a very worthwhile project. Especially if you happen to lay your hands on two of them! U ninterruptible Power Supplies (more usually abbreviated to UPSs) are actually a misnomer. They certainly ARE interruptible – they are designed to give you enough time to save your work and then shut down the computer properly if there is a blackout (or even a momentary power interruption). They do this by instantly switching over to a batterypowered inverter when there is any loss of mains power. However, with rare (read $$$$!) exceptions, they are not designed to let you keep working indefinitely. That’s because the internal battery will only deliver power for a relatively short time. And when that battery runs down, you’re definitely powerless! Or up the creek without a paddle. And so on! The reason most UPSs fail is that their batteries fail – and that’s usually a relatively easy fix. Replace the battery (in most cases, they use SLAs) and the UPS should be good for another couple of years or so. Because SLA battery failure is so common – and to help 82 Silicon Chip prevent it, SILICON CHIP published the “Battery Lifesaver” in the Septermber 2013 issue. If you use SLA or Lithium batteries, it’s well worth a look – you could save a lot of money in batteries! But there are other causes of failure, too – and like many things electronic, replacing an old, tired UPS with a modern one usually makes more economic sense than troubleshooting and fixing it. Ergo, you might come across a “junked” UPS one day. But before attacking it for parts, if you have a suitable (ie, same voltage, even if not the same capacity) SLA battery that you can easily hook up, you might find it’s a goer. Lucky you: replace the battery with one of the same ratings and you won’t have to worry about losing work again! Strip it! But if it doesn’t kick into life, don’t bin it: you could strip it for parts. Assuming that the transformer itself isn’t the part that failed, at the very least you will have a quite siliconchip.com.au First step in diassembly is to get the covers off – and some manufacturers treat this as an intelligence test! Hidden screws, specific order of removal and so on can often be a real pain. But in the case of UPSs, they know that at some stage the SLA batteries will have to be replaced so they usually aren’t as difficult as many other devices. Incidentally, before we started disconnecting everything we temporarily replaced the batteries to make sure these units were dead. They were! “grunty” low voltage transformer, (usually about 12-20V at perhaps 10A) along with attendant rectifiers and so on. Of course, those bits are very handy in their own right – for instance, you can make quite a nice battery charger – or you can make up a great low voltage bench power supply. If you’re fortunate enough to come across two (identical) UPSs, you might think about making an isolation transformer (more on this one anon). But let’s first look at breaking down a UPS for parts. The pictures above show two UPS units. The smaller, black one has a plastic case, whereas the larger white one has a steel case with a plastic front panel. The smaller one is a newer model which was fitted with a single 12V SLA battery while the larger, older one was fitted with two 12V SLA batteries. Where to start? It goes without saying (so we’ll say it anyway!) – unplug the UPS from the power before you do anything. We’ll start with the smaller unit with the plastic case. These cases are a bit of a hassle to take apart. First remove the front panel. This is usually held on by a clip or clips at the bottom of the case, so it’s a matter of working out how the clip works, so that it can be disengaged and the front panel removed. After that, there will be a number of screws securing the two sides together, so once these are removed, the topmost panel can be lifted off to reveal the contents of the UPS. For the larger unit with the steel case it is more straightforward to remove the cover. It will usually simply have screws holding the cover on and once these screws are removed, the cover can be slid backwards and/or tilted up from the back to remove it. Now that the cover is off, it’s just a matter of proceeding to undo screws and remove all the parts and we can see what we have from the exercise. The parts available will vary from one UPS to another, depending on their age and rating. Other UPSs may have somewhat different parts to these units, but something similar. So, what did we get from these two UPSs? We’ll start with the smaller unit. The picture below left shows the partly disassembled UPS. From this unit, we salvaged the following parts: • A plastic case that could be good for a project. However, it will be necessary to make a new rear panel for it, due to the sizes of the holes in the existing rear panel. This is straightforward, as it just requires a suitable piece of hard plastic or aluminium. The old panel can be used as a template, once the parts are removed. • A transformer with output voltages of 7V – 0 – 7V at 10A or more plus 15V at 1A • Two mains sockets (often UPSs will have IEC sockets, which are The two UPSs partially broken down. The one at left is significantly simpler (and lower capacity) than the older model at right – the advantage of the older model is that yielded significantly more bits and pieces. siliconchip.com.au May 2014 83 Another very worthwhile commonly used in projects) exercise in salvaging very use• One IEC male mains socket ful components from what was with built-in fuse. Handy for a “useless piece of junk”. use in a project instead of a The larger steel case will be standard mains cable. This is a mains-operated device and very useful for a project and • The dead battery went to the recyclers (never put dead all wiring must be run using 250VAC the power transformer is parversatile, with a large batteries in the garbage bin). rated cable. Any exposed metal (eg, ticularly range of output voltage options. • A PCB with the following screws) must be earthed. If you use There are even four big power components for later removal: the metal cased version of the UPS, transistors already on a large • nine electrolytic capacitors, heatsink that can be pressed five 3A diodes, two 1A diodes, ensure that the case is earthed. into service. four relays, one IC, one 5V Not all UPSs will have such large heatsinks and power regulator, two TO-220 transistors, three dual diodes, one small heatsink, two high voltage capacitors, one USB B PCB socket, transistors, as newer models tend to have smaller compoone small PCB speaker and a range of SMD components on the nents than the ones in this particular UPS. Any salvaged components must, of course, be tested to back of the PCB. So that was a very worthwhile exercise. The power trans- make sure they are good. Never use an untested component former in particular will be very handy. It’s just a matter of in a project or a repair, because if the component is faulty, adding the other components and you’ve turned a useless you will be introducing a fault that wasn’t there to start with. piece of junk into something useful. Now we’ll look at what we got from the larger, steel Testing the transformer When you have a transformer with unknown conneccase unit: • One steel case with a plastic front panel. This case is not in the best tions, especially from equipment that wasn’t working, it condition but it can be resprayed easily. We left the mains switch is necessary to determine which wires are which. Most and the two fuse holders in it. The other holes can have a small important is the primary – the mains input. If you wire plate fitted to cover them. The mains cable was removed and an it up incorrectly, you can permanently damage the transIEC socket will be fitted, instead of having a captive mains cable. former and blow a fuse or trip a circuit breaker. Often, a • One transformer with outputs of 16V – 0 – 16V at up to 10A UPS transformer will have multiple wires that could be the plus 28V at 1A – 2A and 15V at 1A and 35V at 1A. A very useful mains input, or could be a low voltage output at a lower amperage, so it’s important to differentiate between them. transformer suitable for many projects. Before you start, make sure you are using a power point • Two PCBs with the following parts for later removal: • 16 electrolytic capacitors, 17 ceramic capacitors, seven greencap that is protected by a safety switch (also known as an RCD, capacitors, five tantalum capacitors, four TO-3 power transistors, or residual current device). If you are in a building that one LM317 voltage regulator, three TO-220 transistors, four 5W does not have safety switches either at the switchboard resistors, eight ICs, four trimpots, 14 small transistors, four PCB or as part of the wiring, then buy a portable safety switch. These are not expensive and could save your life if you fuses, one relay, two X2 capacitors, one thermistor, one mains filter choke, one 30W resistor, one large heatsink, one small heatsink, happen to contact a live wire. Incidentally, if you are not sure if there is a safety switch a range of SMD components on the top of the PCB, two mains sockets, five brass threaded PCB stand-offs, three cable tie-points, or not, there’s no harm in connecting a portable safety two cable ties, one mains cable, one mains cable clamp, some switch to a circuit which already has one. So here’s the best way to proceed. First, identify any very hookup wire, eight screws, three nuts, two spring washers, two thick wires. These will be secondaries. If you only have one insulation sheets from under PCBs. set of thick wires and one set of thinner wires, then that’s pretty straightforward, as the thinner wires will be the primary. However, there may be multiple sets of thin wires, so some caution is required. First, test these wires with your multimeter and find out just how many sets of wires are connected to individual windings. Having identified the individual sets, choose the set with the highest resistances. A typical transThen in this set, identify the two wires with the highest former (not from the resistance between them. These will more than likely be UPSs) showing the various windings the ones to connect to the mains and in many cases will – the primary, in have the same colour insulation or may even be coloured this case, is the redbrown and blue (or red and black in older transformers). sleeved pair, with Next, use a mains-rated terminal block to connect the three secondaries Active and Neutral wires from a 3-wire mains cable to these – white, blue and two wires, with the earth wire to the frame of the transyellow (with black former. Again, for safety this should be done on a circuit centre-tap). fitted with a safety switch at the switchboard (ie, an earth Use a multimeter on leakage detector or RCD) or if there isn’t one, use a mains a low Ohms range to lead fitted with a portable unit. identify the different windings. Plug the cable in and turn on the power. Assuming it’s WARNING! 84 Silicon Chip siliconchip.com.au A 230V AC IN N TRANSFORMER 1 1:1 TRANSFORMER 2 A ISOLATED 230V AC OUT 230V AC IN N ~12V AC ~12V AC ISOLATED 230V AC OUT Fig.1: a “traditional” isolation transformer has two identical windings – feed a voltage in one winding (the “primary”) and you’ll get a very similar voltage on the other (the “secondary”). However, the two are not connected in any way. While this has theoretically identical voltages, you can expect minor losses. And you do need to ensure the power rating of the transformer is not exceeded. Fig.2: you can make an isolation transformer using two indentical transformers connected “back to back” – this achieves exactly the same result as a single transformer with two windings. Once again, the power rating is important – you cannot draw more current from the transformer than it was originally intended to supply. Losses will be slightly higher because two transformers are used. not humming or buzzing madly, getting hot or smoking, you can now carefully measure what voltage is on each of the secondaries and make a note this, either by writing on the transformer or by putting tags on the wires. Use your multimeter on a suitable “AC volts” range. You may think that you can’t use a UPS transformer as a mains transformer, because the operation of the UPS is to turn battery power into mains power. However, this is only when the power goes off. In standby mode, the transformer actually supplies low voltage to keep the battery topped up and to power the rest of the circuit. When the power goes off, a relay trips and changes the mode of operation to supply mains equivalent power from the battery, so it’s perfectly safe to use a UPS transformer permanently as a step-down transformer. Just don’t try to exceed the current capacity of the transformer. This rule applies to any transformer, regardless of its type. ing the Active is often enough to kill you due to the path through your body and feet to earth – which can be a damp floor, metal frame of a building, and so on. The point is, electricity flows through your body and upsets the impulses controlling the muscles which make your heart beat. With an isolation transformer, because its output is not referenced to earth, you can accidentally touch either wire with relative safety, even if you’re standing in a puddle of water! But touch both at once, if you form a path via your heart (eg, from hand to hand) you can get killed just as easily! A couple of “for instances”: if you are working on mainspowered equipment with a “live chassis”, then an Isolation Transformer is a must for safety. Another situation would be trouble-shooting an earthed appliance that has a slight earth leakage. If you don’t have a safety switch, this appliance will happily function normally without any problems. However, if you have a safety switch, then you can expect the safety switch to be tripped either repeatedly or on a semi-regular basis. That’s a good indication that you have a fault, by the way – something that must be corrected as a matter of urgency. An isolation transformer will help locate the fault without continual tripping of the safety switch. Thirdly, an isolation transformer may be of assistance in tracking down various other mains-related faults. Why not make an isolation transformer? If you’re lucky enough to come across two identical UPSs, you’re going to end up with two identical power transformers. How about connecting them together to create an isolation transformer for general service work, troubleshooting and so on? What is an Isolation Transformer? As its name suggests, it’s a transformer that supplies a voltage isolated from another – in this case, 230VAC which is not connected to, or referenced to, either the mains or to earth. In simple terms, you feed in 230VAC from the mains and you get out 230VAC that isn’t connected to the mains. Why would you want to do this? As you would know, the 230VAC mains normally has three wires, the Active, Neutral and Earth. Two of these, the Neutral and Earth, are (or should be) connected together at your switchboard so theoretically at least, are at earth potential, or 0V (this assumes you have a good Earth connection, which isn’t always the case). The Active wire has a potential 230VAC relative to Earth. Having Neutral and Earth at 0V has both good and bad points. It’s mainly a safety measure where a fault to earth will generally be enough to blow a fuse, rendering the device relatively safe. However, the bad point is that if you touch the Active, the chances are very good that some part of your body will be at Earth potential and you will receive an electric shock which is at best life threatening. Note that you don’t have to physically touch both the Active and Neutral/Earth lines at the same time. Just touchsiliconchip.com.au How is an isolation transformer constructed? In the vast majority of transformers, (of any description) the primary and secondary windings are isolated from each other – in fact, the isolation is often specified and it should be rated at several thousand volts. Primaries and secondaries are usually wound on two halves of a plastic bobbin, thus both physically and electrically isolated. Even transformers where the primary and secondaries are wound over each other – such as a toroidal transformer – have very good insulation between the two. So it is with an isolation transformer, except that the primary and secondary windings are identical. Feed 230VAC (from the mains) into one winding and you’ll get (by transformer action) an isolated 230VAC from the other winding (ignoring losses). Incidentally, auto-transformers are the exception: here the secondary is connected to the primary. So they can be dangerous beasts to be treated with due diligence! How are we going to replicate this arrangement? Remember that with any transformer, the voltage out is May 2014 85 Fig.3: here’s the final cicuit of our isolation transformer – very similar to Fig.2 but with the addition of a fuseholder (part of the IEC mains input connector), a power switch, an earth connection to both transformer cores plus a neon indicator to show that power is available. While the circuit shows “~” 12VAC secondaries, any roughly similar voltage will be fine, as long as both are identical. A FUSE 230V AC IN (FROM MAINS) N E simply a function of the voltage in and the “turns ratio”.If you have a transformer which is normally 230VAC in and 12VAC out but feed 12V AC into the secondary, you will get 230V out from the primary. Which is exactly what we are doing here: we will use two identical UPS transformers and connect the low voltage windings together to achieve this result. Fig.1 shows a conventional Isolation Transformer while Fig.2 shows our version of an Isolation Transformer. As long as we keep within the power rating of the transformers, we get what we want – isolation between input and output. Making it First, we need two identical transformers from old UPSs. These must be identical in order for the above arrangement to work correctly and produce the same voltage at the output as the input. Next, we need a power switch, a fuse, a neon indicator with, say, a 150k resistor and a case. Usually, one of the UPS boxes that gave you one of the transformers can be pressed into service. It will already have the mounting positions for one transformer, so it should be relatively easy to mount the second transformer. The components are wired up as in Fig.3. Assembling the unit Now that you have a suitable case and you have been able 3A TRANSFORMER 1 ON POWER ~12V AC TRANSFORMER 2 ~12V AC NEON 100 – 150KW ISOLATED 230V AC OUT DO NOT EARTH TRANSFORMER 2 OUTPUT to mount both transformers in the case, it’s time to wire it all up. Follow the circuit diagram above and the photo below to make sure that everything works as expected. We used two transformers with centre-tapped 15.5VAC secondaries. The centre-tap was not used, so these wires were coiled up out of the way – make sure that any bared ends of wire are suitably insulated. Due to the thickness of the wires on the secondaries, it was decided that the most practical way to connect them together was to use a heavy-duty terminal block as shown in the photo below. The primary wires on the input transformer were soldered to the terminals on the power switch and IEC socket while the wires on the output transformer were joined to the wires from the GPO socket on the back panel and soldered and heat-shrinked. This particular case had two GPO sockets on the back of the case. We removed one, to comply with Australian Standard AS/NZS61558, which only allows one outlet on an isolation transformer. It also had a fused IEC socket as well as two other holes. One hole was filed out to suit the power switch and the other hole had a piece of black plastic super-glued on the inside to fill it in. The picture below shows the arrangement with the UPS case and transformers that we used. The original case required some minor modifications to house the second transformer which was housed where the The transformers in the UPS had 15.5VAC CT secondaries – we cut off the centre-tap and used the full 15.5V windings. While this photo shows wiring “salvaged” from the original UPS, wiring should be made using 250VAC rated cable and to modern wiring practices. In particular, no 230VAC wiring should be run using ribbon cable. We’d also like to see a few cable ties used to make wiring captive. If using a metal case, it must be earthed. Isolation transformers are for safety: keep it that way! But regardless of the type of case, the output socket Earth pin must remain disconnected. 86 Silicon Chip siliconchip.com.au battery was originally located. As the transformer was thicker than the battery, the case had some of the ribs trimmed back by initially clipping them out with side-cutters and then finally trimming them level with a wood chisel. Be sure to wear safety glasses while performing this operation, or you might find yourself wearing a sliver of plastic in your eye instead. Very unpleasant! If using a steel case, it will most likely be easier to mount the second transformer on the base of the case, adjacent to the original transformer. The case we used originally had three LEDs on the front panel. We removed the three LEDs and replaced the bottom LED with a neon indicator and fitted an appropriate resistor, in this case 150k1W (1W needed for its higher voltage rating), as this miniature neon did not have an integrated resistor. The photo at right shows the front and rear of our Isolation Transformer. It now has one power outlet, a fused IEC connector and power switch. It might appear that the fuseholder/fuse is on the “wrong side” of the power switch – surely it should be after the switch so that the mains is not connected when the switch is off? In theory, that is absolutely correct; however, the fuseholder is integrated within the IEC mains input connector so must be connected this way around. The fuseholder cannot be accessed unless the IEC mains plug is first removed. The remaining hole on the left-hand side of the back panel near the bottom was filled in by gluing a piece of black plastic to the inside of the back panel with super-glue but epoxy glue would be a better choice. So there you have it. An Isolation Transformer for very little cost. Just wreck two identical dead UPSs and use the Front and rear of our UPS-based Isolation Transformer. We’ve mounted the second transformer inside the case and removed one of the outlets on the rear panel. The bright red Neon shows that the unit is powered up. two transformers and a few other bits and pieces and one of the cases. We now have a useful workshop device – at a saving of around $400 over commercial devices. Not bad for an afternoon’s work in assembling the unit, as we had the required parts on hand from previous recycling exercises. SC In one word: Magnificent! Is this the world's most ef cient true hi loudspeaker? With an ef ciency of 97dB/watt, it could be! Is this the world's loudest true hi loudspeaker? It easily could be. With power handling of 300 watts it can produce sound levels in excess of 120dB! Is this the world's “bassiest” true hi loudspeaker? It probably is, with a bass response all the way to below 20Hz. No, that's not a misprint! What else? How about typical harmonic distortion of around 0.3%. That's really low! OR how about a piano- nish cabinet in a large range of surfaces – that anyone can produce. Or how about the fact that it uses a massive 15-inch loudspeaker made in Australia? Or that even with its exceptional bass response, it has a treble that really sings? Have we whet your appetite? Good. Because you’ll nd the construction details in the June issue of SILICON CHIP. On-sale date: Thusday, 29th May. siliconchip.com.au May 2014 87 Tektronix MDO3054 “Six-in-One” Mixed Domain Oscilloscope Just what you’ve always wanted... a four-channel digital storage oscilloscope, logic analyser, protocol analyser, spectrum analyser and arbitrary waveform generator with digital voltmeter and frequency counter in a single package! Y ou may recall our review of the Tektronix MDO4104-3 Mixed Domain Oscilloscope in the November 2011 issue. It was (and still is) a very clever device, capable of ‘freezing time’ like a DSO but operating in both the time and frequency domains, ie, alongside the waveforms from the four analog and sixteen digital channels it could also display a time-correlated RF spectral analysis. We were very impressed with this capability but the price of the MDO4000-series scopes puts them out of reach for many. The just-released MDO3000-series also combines a scope and spectrum analyser (plus some other functions) in a more affordable package. This unit is part of the recent trend to try to integrate as many extra functions into a scope as possible. We’ve seen mixed signal scopes with waveform generators and DVMs before but by adding the spectrum analyser in as well, the MDO3000 is the current “king of the mountain”. Common features The overall instrument is fairly compact given its screen size and the number of knobs and buttons – it measures 417 x 204 x 148mm (not including carrying handle) and weighs 88 Silicon Chip 4.2kg. It’s somewhat wider than the most compact scopes but that’s due to the large 23cm (9”) display which has excellent colour and contrast and a reasonably good viewing angle too. While the big handle makes it taller, it certainly makes it very easy to carry, too. Overall, it does not seem unwieldy. There are soft buttons on both the bottom and right edges of the screen, which simplifies the operation of the menu system somewhat, along with the two general purpose knobs (rather than one as is typical). As you can see from the photograph, there are plenty of specific-function knobs and buttons too. While it does take up more physical space, we prefer having separate vertical controls for each channel as it makes operation simpler. Overall, the control layout on this scope is above average and we quickly got used to the location of most buttons as they are positioned logically. When both multi-purpose knobs (“a” and “b”) are active, on-screen icons show which one does what and you quickly get used to looking for those icons. The zoom/pan knob is pretty easy to operate too, with the pan function being spring-loaded and the zoom ‘jog wheel’ within it. The spring-loaded pan wheel gives a scroll speed is proportional to how much force you’re applying and allows for quick panning. You will notice that there are some extra buttons on the right side compared to a regular scope and these are the numeric keypad and mode buttons for the spectrum analyser, which means its controls are mostly separate to the rest of the unit. The spectrum analyser shares some knobs and the soft buttons with the scope but we think they could have used more of them; for example, the pan and zoom controls do nothing in RF mode whereas they could have been used to adjust the span. While the numeric keypad is primarily used for the spectrum analyser, you can use it for entering numbers in other situations such as when setting the signal frequency and amplitude for the arbitrary waveform generator. This is certainly quicker and more accurate than twiddling knobs. You can also plug in a USB keyboard instead to make it even easier (and that also simplifies typing labels and file names). Capabilities The spectrum analyser section operates similarly to stand-alone spectrum analysers that we have used and its performance is good, on par with a decent stand-alone unit. Essentially, it’s a separate instrument that shares the siliconchip.com.au Review by Nicholas Vinen The large screen and generous number of ‘soft buttons’, plus the well-organised control layout make driving this unit quite straightforward. d i s p l a y, c on t ro l s and power supply with the rest of the device. It does take up a lot less space than having two separate devices and there is also the advantage of only having to learn one control interface. The spectrum analyser input is an N-connector. If you’re at all serious about using the spectrum analyser you will need to pay for the 3GHz bandwidth option; otherwise, it is limited to the same bandwidth as the scope inputs, ie, 100MHz-1GHz. But even 1GHz may not be enough as many users these days will be looking at WiFi, Bluetooth, Zigbee etc, all above 2GHz. By the way, all software-controlled options are enabled for the first 30 days of operation. That includes the 3GHz spectrum analyser bandwidth. It also includes the logic analyser sesiliconchip.com.au rial bus decoders. After that time, you will need to pay for the options if you want to continue using them. The spectrum analyser is FFTbased and has all the features you would expect such as a very wide capture bandwidth of 3GHz which means you can look at the whole spectrum in a single display (see Fig.1). We’ve set the resolution bandwidth to be much finer than the default for this span (at 30kHz rather than 3MHz) as this lowers the noise floor and improves peak discrimination at the expense of display update rate. Fig.1 also demonstrates the automatic markers and averaging features. The unit can also make some basic measurements on the RF signal: channel power, adjacent channel power ratio and occupied bandwidth. Note though that unlike its bigger MDO4000-series cousin, the scope and spectrum analyser functions are essentially separate and can only be used one at a time. So if you want to be able to see the scope inputs and spectrum analysis on the same screen or be able to freeze the instrument and then do spectral analyses at different points in time, you will have to spring for the higher end unit. Accessories As you would expect, the scope is supplied with two or four passive probes that have equal or greater bandwidth than the scope itself. The probes supplied with our demo unit were 500MHz 10:1 types, although they didn’t actually indicate the division ratio on the probes anywhere we could see (which is somewhat unusual). These are high-quality probes and the hand-held portion is quite small; we like that, standard probes seem pretty bulky in comparison with modern circuitry and can really get in the way when you are trying to measure several parameters at once on a small, tightly-packed PCB. The cables are May 2014 89 Fig.1: we connected a 2m length of wire to the RF input and ran a spectral analysis over the full span of 10kHz to 3GHz. Automatic cursors are enabled, giving peak details at the top of the screen. The low resolution bandwidth gives a relatively low noise floor but does slow down screen updates with such a large span. very flexible which also helps when probing cramped PCBs. Interestingly, while the probe inputs are BNC sockets, the probes are actually held in place by a spring-loaded clip integrated into the boxy section. This has a button which you hold down to release the probe and it can then be pulled free. Once you get used to it, this makes connecting and disconnecting probes quite convenient. If you purchase a mixed-signal scope (ie, a model with the logic analyser enabled) then logic probes are also supplied. The analyser has 16 channels which is good; some scopes only have eight and while that is plenty in most circumstances, if you need to monitor two SPI buses plus a few digital I/Os, it won’t be enough. All versions are supplied with an IEC mains cord and accessory pouch which can be used to hold the probes and so on. They also come with a small manual and a CD with the rest of the documentation. The quality of the documentation is above-average and it includes clear explanations of what the various options and modes do. Other functions As DSOs go this one actually has a lot of features, both in terms of hard- ware and software. Hardware-wise, it comes standard with 10Mpoints memory per channel which is great. It supports active probes and can autodetect compatible probes when they are connected. It also has Ethernet and VGA interfaces by default. What about HDMI, you might ask? VGA is rapidly becoming obsolete. This seems to be an industry-wide issue; presumably scopes with HDMI outputs will appear soon but for the moment, if you want to connect an external monitor or projector to a scope, you’re stuck with VGA. The DVM feature is free after completing a registration form. This gives more accurate voltage measurement for low-frequency signals; the reading has four digits rather than the three you get in measurement mode but for AC (RMS) measurements, it is only good for signals up to about 10kHz. It also incorporates a 100/150MHz frequency counter (depending on scope bandwidth). While this is handy to have, it doesn’t have the same precision as a good multimeter and lacks the other features such as current measurement, capacitance, resistance etc. One day those functions will probably be integrated too but for now you’ll still need a multimeter or two. The arbitrary function generator option is quite handy and can produce a variety of signals up to 50MHz. It operates at 250 megasamples per second and can generate arbitrary waveforms with up to 128k points. The output is at the back which is a little inconvenient but you can leave a BNC cable attached semi-permanently. There is only one channel. For mixed-signal models, the logic analyser input is conveniently located at the front, near the other probe connections and has a relatively small ribbon that splits out into two logic heads. It’s supplied with the usual IC clips. Software features Fig.2: the ‘temperature’ display in FastAcq mode which is used to enable maximum waveform update rate. This is used to detect runt pulses, check outliers, determine jitter and so on. The colour indicates ‘hit density’ with the hotter (more red) colours indicating more commonly sampled values for that point in the waveform. 90 Silicon Chip We won’t describe all the usual DSO features which of course are present, such as cursors, waveform measurements, statistics, averaging mode, high-resolution acquisition, zoom and pan, waveform mathematics (“math”), reference waveforms and so on. It has all the modes you’d expect and more. “Math” mode includes an FFT function – we guess this is still useful since the spectrum analyser has a separate input. siliconchip.com.au One interesting feature of this scope is that it can display statistical histograms of time or voltage data. For example, it can plot a graph showing the distribution of jitter in a pulse train. You can also take measurements from the histogram such as mean, standard deviation, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, Sigma values (percent of values within 1, 2 or 3 standard deviations) and so on. Like the MDO4000-series, the MDO3000-series has a particularly powerful ‘math’ mode where you can not only do basic calculations such as adding or multiplying two traces, you can actually enter a mathematical formula based on the time domain values of one or more traces to produce a new trace which is then displayed on the screen. This can include functions such as integration and differentiation and is a very powerful feature – but you will probably need to plug in a USB keyboard so that entering formulas is not too time consuming. The “Wave Inspector” zoom/pan control group also includes buttons to search for and mark events in the recorded waveform, using similar logic to that which is used for triggering the scope; in fact there is an option to use the trigger settings to mark events. You can then skip between these markers and you can place manual markers which can be handy if you are moving around a lot in a long record and want to remember your place. The triggering system is quite powerful and includes sequential triggers (ie, edge on one channel then another), triggering after multiple edges, depending on pulse-width, on runt pulses, a logic combination, on setup/hold timing violation, depending on rise/fall time, on video frames (including HD) and on logic bus packet contents, assuming you have that bus decoder option installed. There are a couple of very nice aspects to the measurement system on this scope. One, for measurements which involve analysing data over a time period such as RMS, you can select that time period, eg, over a single cycle, over all the cycles displayed on the screen or all the cycles recorded in memory. You can also have it use the area between the cursors to do the calculation. You also have the option to turn on ‘indicators’ for a given measurement and if selected, this displays a set of ausiliconchip.com.au Fig.3: here we have turned on a lot of different features, with the digital voltmeter/ frequency counter at top, zoom window below, then the graticule, status display, two measurements plus the menus. Obviously you would not normally turn these features all on at once as it leaves little room for the traces! tomatic cursors which show how the measurement has been calculated. For example, if enabled with a frequency measurement, two dotted cursors appear which show the two points in the waveform used to determine the signal period. We especially like the fact that you can select which measurement to display the indicators for and that you can turn it off if you don’t need it, to de-clutter the display. While all the features mentioned above come standard, there are some that come at extra cost (but as explained above, with a free 30-day trial). This includes limit and mask testing (MDO3LMT option) and power analysis (MDO3PWR option) including power quality, switching loss and harmonics. The logic analyser is also an optional extra and on top of that, there are various serial bus decoder modules you can purchase, including audio, CAN/LIN, RS-232/422/485 and I2C/ SPI. There is also an option for USB 2.0 triggering and analysis for low-speed and full-speed devices (ie, up to 12Mbit). With this option and a scope with 1GHz bandwidth, you can also ...Continued on page 102 Fig.4: luckily it only take a few button presses to de-clutter the display; this shows the maximum amount of screen space available for the graticule, with just the static display at bottom (which can be turned off but just leaves an empty space). The large screen space comes in handy for viewing multiple waveforms in details. May 2014 91 Vintage Radio By John Carr The AWA B30: a transistor radio just like grandma’s revived again when I received one of these sets for repair. plug with a snap connector to suit the type 216 and always fit an alkaline battery, as these are now available quite cheaply and have quite a long life in this application. A piece of plastic foam can be cut to fill the large space left when installing this battery type, to hold it in place and stop it from rattling around inside the case. The manufacturer’s specifications state the set’s dimensions as 4-5/8 inches (117mm) high, 7-3/16 inches (182mm) wide and 2-1/8 inches (54mm) deep, while the weight is two pounds (a bit less than 1kg). The set uses a standard 455kHz IF (intermediate frequency) stage and tunes the AM broadcast band range from 525-1650kHz. At the time, Australian radio manufacturers were under considerable pressure to produce low-cost radios and TVs in order to compete with Asian imports (mostly from Japan). This little radio demonstrates just how well the AWA engineers met that design goal, as the set’s performance is excellent, especially given its relatively simple circuit. Basically, the set’s main limitation is its modest 150mW power output and its tiny 70mm speaker. As a result, it’s easily driven into audio overload on a strong signal although it’s probably satisfactory for its intended use. The basic design Circuit details The AWA B30 was quite a small set by the standards at that time, a handspan dial and a roller volume/power switch being the only controls. Inside, the parts were mounted on a small PCB and the set had a 70mm-diameter loudspeaker. The case is covered in “genuine leather”, according to a label on the base. The original battery was a long 9V pack which was mounted under the PCB. These batteries are no longer available but can be replaced by a 9V type 216, as typically used in smoke alarms. I usually replace the battery The circuit design is fairly conventional and uses seven PNP germanium transistors – see Fig.1. It consists of a 2N412 mixer/oscillator (VT1) followed by two 2N1634 IF amplifiers (VT2 & VT3) and then an audio amplifier stage consisting of three 2N408s (VT4-VT6). The signal is picked up by the large loopstick antenna (TR1) and is tuned by variable capacitor C1 which is one section of the 2-gang tuning capacitor. The other section (C5) is connected across the local oscillator coil (TR2) and tunes the local oscillator frequency. The AWA B30 transistor radio is built into a leather case and has just two controls: a large handspan dial and roller volume/power switch at top left. I VIVIDLY RECALL my grandmother listening to her little AWA transistor radio. It was an AWA model B30, an early solid-state design using germanium transistors, and it was her constant companion. The AWA B30 doesn’t quite fit into the pocket-size category and nor does it rate as a mantel radio. Instead, it’s a portable radio that’s easily carried around without effort and it was perfect for grandma. I remember having to occasionally change the set’s battery for her, as her engineering skills didn’t extend to that task. Other members of the family did likewise as required. I sometimes wonder what happened to her radio and my memories of it were recently 92 Silicon Chip siliconchip.com.au Fig.1: the circuit of the AWA B30. Transistor VT1 is the mixer/oscillator, VT2 & VR3 are IF amplifier stages, and VT4-VT6 form the audio amplifier. The seventh transistor (VT7) functions as an IF gain control. The resulting 455kHz IF signal from the mixer/oscillator is fed to IF transformer TR3 and then to IF transformers TR4 & TR5, via IF amplifier stages VT2 & VT3. The signal is then fed from TR5 to the detector diode which is a germanium type OA90 and the detected audio then fed to volume control RV1 via a 220Ω resistor (R13). In addition, the output from the detector is filtered using R9 (3.9kΩ) and C9 (25μF) to provide the AGC signal. This is then applied to the base of VT2 via IF transformer TR3’s secondary. The first 2N408 transistor (VT4) is used as an audio preamplifier and this drives a phase-splitter transformer (TR6) and then two more 2N408s (VT5 & VT6) which operate in push-pull. This push-pull output stage then drives the speaker via another centre-tapped transformer (TR7). A headphone socket (JK1) is wired in parallel with the speaker and automatically switches the speaker out of circuit when a set of headphones is plugged in. The seventh transistor in the circuit (VT7) is a 2N406 and this serves as an IF gain control. A voltage divider consisting of a 12kΩ resistor and an NTC thermistor (TH1) provides the base bias for the output stage. As its temperature increases, the thermistor’s resistance siliconchip.com.au falls and the bias automatically reduces. This ensures a fairly constant quiescent collector current in the output stage regardless of temperature changes and eliminates the possibility of damage due to thermal runaway. The two 5.6Ω emitter resistors provide some local feedback and help balance the differing gains in the two output transistors. Finally, the circuit has provision to accept an external 9V power supply via jack socket JK2. The internal 9V battery is automatically switched out if an external supply is connected. Low gain In operation, the limits of the germanium PNP transistors used were easily reached due to their low gain and modest frequency response. In fact, the low RF frequency gain of early germanium transistors was their main limitation and it meant that two IF amplifier stages were required to achieve reasonable performance from the radio. It’s interesting to note that all the transistors in this radio were manufactured in-house under the AWV brand. Amalgamated Wireless Australasia Ltd (AWA) was a huge organisation at that time and manufactured almost all the parts used in their radios and other products. Many of these prod- ucts were equal to, if not better than, similar products produced elsewhere in the world. Servicing the set When I received this radio, it was a ‘non-goer’ in that it wasn’t picking up any radio stations. It also had a rather noisy volume control but at least that indicated some life in the audio section. A common fault with all old electronic equipment is failure of the electrolytic capacitors; they dry out and go open-circuit. A visual inspection usually reveals the rubber end seal is swollen and sometimes the electrolyte paste has spewed out. As a normal precaution with old equipment, I always start by replacing all the electrolytic capacitors and that will often restore a faulty set to normal operation. In the interests of reliability, I usually use tantalum types where possible as the cost difference is not great and they will probably never need replacing again. If electrolytic capacitors are necessary (eg, for values above 100µF), then I always try to use 105°C capacitors as they are more reliable. So, following my standard practice, I duly replaced all four electrolytic capacitors: C9, C19, C20 & C21. This May 2014 93 Most of the parts inside AWA B30 transistor radio are mounted on a denselypacked PCB. The original long 9V battery pack used in these radios is no longer available but a type 216 9V battery (wrapped in foam to stop it rattling) can be used instead. immediately restored the radio to working order but this success was short-lived because the audio suddenly faded away until it was almost inaudible. Switching the set off and on brought it back to life again but with the same result. Based on the symptoms, I initially thought that it must be a faulty battery but a quick check with a digital multimeter quickly disposed of that theory. The DMM indicated that the full 9V rail was still present at the on/ off switch after the signal had faded. My next test was to inject a 455kHz signal from an RF signal generator into the set. To my surprise, holding the generator leads near the loop-stick antenna suddenly restored the radio to normal operation. This was puzzling but suggested a fault in the local oscillator circuit. All the voltages around this stage measured OK, so I decided to try replacing oscillator coupling capacitor C4 (.005µF) in case it was faulty. Old capacitors often become leaky due to a breakdown in the paper insulation that was commonly used before polystyrene capacitors became available. Unfortunately, changing C4 made no difference, the signal again fading away within a few seconds and a 455kHz signal injection then bringing it back to life as before. As a result, all the resistors in that section were checked but were found to be within 94 Silicon Chip tolerance. This was going to be a challenge. A detailed voltage check subsequently revealed a very low voltage on the collector of the first IF amplifier transistor – just 1V instead of the 4V specified on the circuit. Replacing the resistor supplying the collector circuit (R7, 4.7kΩ) did nothing and the only other component left was bypass cap­ acitor C10, a 0.047µF ceramic type. Replacing it cured the fault and the restored normal performance. I subsequently checked the faulty capacitor on my DMM and it measured OK, both in regards to its capacitance and its leakage resistance. So the fault was obviously evident only when a DC voltage was applied to it. As a precaution, I now decided to replace all other capacitors of the same type, to ensure long-term reliability. This is not the first time I have experienced unusual faults in old radios due to these capacitors. They really can cause problems which can be difficult to diagnose. By the way, these capacitors are rated at 25V, so the failure is obviously not due to over-voltage as the battery supplies just 9V. That means that the failure is in the ceramic material that’s used as the dielectric. It’s also interesting to note that I haven’t observed similar ceramic capacitor failures in any of the Asianmanufactured equipment that I’ve ser- viced in large numbers. The problem only seems to occur with Australianmanufactured ceramic capacitors from that era. In fact, apart from those used in Australian radios, I have always considered ceramic capacitors to be completely reliable and so I usually ignore them when diagnosing faults. A squirt of contact cleaner on the noisy volume control cured that particular problem in the old AWA B30. As a final check, I then injected a 455kHz signal from my generator and tweaked the IF transformer alignments. This further improved the sensitivity of the radio and it turned out to be quite a good performer. It was then just a matter of reinstalling the PCB assembly in its case and giving the leather a good clean. The accompanying photo shows the result. Design comments The PCB assembly in this radio is very compact, with the parts jampacked together and the resistors standing on their ends. This can make component replacement a difficult operation. The components are also relatively large by today’s standards, which further adds to the impression of a crowded circuit board. Typically, the copper tracks on PCBs used at that time were sensitive to overheating when parts were installed or, more particularly, when they were being removed. The tracks peel away from the board laminate quite readily if too much heat is applied, so it is necessary to always use a temperaturecontrolled soldering tool, set as low as possible. It’s also important to work quickly, to avoid overheating the pads and tracks. I always have a good supply of solder-wick handy to speed up component removal, especially for early Australian-made equipment. After all, preventing the track from lifting in the first place is better than trying to patch a damaged track. Asian-made equipment is less prone to PCB track damage but this warning still applies to all early PCBs. I have seen too many tracks damaged in all sorts of equipment by people who have been too enthusiastic with a soldering iron. Finally, there is great satisfaction in getting an old radio like this going again. If you have one on a shelf in your home, why not give it a new SC lease of life? siliconchip.com.au $UB$CRIBING MAKE$ $EN$E... because it saves you dollars! If you regularly purchase SILICON CHIP over the counter from your newsagent, you can $ave more than 10% by having it delivered to your mailbox. Simply take out a subscription – and instead of paying $9.95 per issue, you’ll pay just $8.75 per issue (12 month subscription) – and we pay the postage! How can we do this? It’s all about economics. Printing enough copies to send out to newsagents, in the hope that they’ll sell, is very wasteful (and costly!). When readers take out subscriptions, we know exactly how many copies we need to print to satisfy that demand. 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PIC12F675-I/P PIC16F1507-I/P PIC16F88-E/P PIC16F88-I/P PIC16LF88-I/P PIC16LF88-I/SO PIC16F877A-I/P PIC18F2550-I/SP PIC18F45K80 PIC18F4550-I/P UHF Remote Switch (Jan09), Ultrasonic Cleaner (Aug10), Ultrasonic Anti-fouling (Sep10), Cricket/Frog (Jun12) Do Not Disturb (May13) IR-to-UHF Converter (Jul13), UHF-to-IR Converter (Jul13) PC Birdies *2 chips – $15 pair* (Aug13) Wideband Oxygen Sensor (Jun-Jul12) Hi Energy Ignition (Nov/Dec12), Speedo Corrector (Sept13), Auto Headlight Controller (Oct13) 10A 230V Motor Speed Controller (Feb14) Projector Speed (Apr11), Vox (Jun11), Ultrasonic Water Tank Level (Sep11), Quizzical (Oct11) Ultra LD Preamp (Nov11), 10-Channel Remote Control Receiver (Jun13), Revised 10-Channel Remote Control Receiver (Jul13), Nicad/NiMH Burp Charger (Mar14) Garbage Reminder (Jan13), Bellbird (Dec13) LED Ladybird (Apr13) 6-Digit GPS Clock (May-Jun09), Lab Digital Pot (Jul10) Semtest (Feb-May12) Batt Capacity Meter (Jun09), Intelligent Fan Controller (Jul10) USB Power Monitor (Dec12) GPS Car Computer (Jan10), GPS Boat Computer (Oct10) PIC18F14K50 USB MIDIMate (Oct11) PIC18F27J53-I/SP USB Data Logger (Dec10-Feb11) PIC18LF14K22 Digital Spirit Level (Aug11), G-Force Meter (Nov11) PIC18F1320-I/SO Intelligent Dimmer (Apr09) PIC32MX795F512H-80I/PT Maximite (Mar11), miniMaximite (Nov11), Colour Maximite (Sept/Oct12) **NEW** PIC32MX250F128B-50I/SP Micromite (May14) – also includes FREE 47F tantalum capacitor PIC32MX250F128B-I/SP GPS Tracker (Nov13) PIC32MX470F512H-I/PT Stereo Audio Delay/DSP (Nov13), Stereo Echo/Reverb (Feb 14) dsPIC33FJ128GP802-I/SP Digital Audio Signal Generator (Mar-May10), Digital Lighting Controller (Oct-Dec10), SportSync (May11), Digital Audio Delay (Dec11) Level (Sep11) Quizzical (Oct11), Ultra-LD Preamp (Nov11), LED Musicolor (Nov12) dsPIC33FJ64MC802-E/P Induction Motor Speed Controller (revised) (Aug13) dsPIC33FJ128GP306-I/PT CLASSiC DAC (Feb-May 13) ATTiny861 VVA Thermometer/Thermostat (Mar10), Rudder Position Indicator (Jul11) ATTiny2313 Remote-Controlled Timer (Aug10) *** NEW *** ATMega48-20AU RGB LED Strip Driver (May14) ATMega48 Stereo DAC (Sep-Nov09) When ordering, be sure to nominate BOTH the micro required AND the project for which it must be programmed. SPECIALISED COMPONENTS, SHORT-FORM KITS, ETC N E does not include micro (see above) nor parts listed as “optional” (May14) W HYBRID BENCH SUPPLY- all SMD parts, 3 x BCM856DS & L2/L3 (May 14) MAINS FAN SPEED CONTROLLER - AOT11N60L 600V Mosfet (May14) RGB LED STRIP DRIVER - all SMD parts and BSO150N03 Mosfets, USB/RS232C ADAPTOR $5.00 $20.00 $45.00 (Apr14) $7.50 (Mar14) 1 SPD15P10 P-channel logic Mosfet & 1 IPP230N06L3 N-channel logic Mosfet $7.50 MCP2200 USB/Serial converter IC NICAD/NIMH BURP CHARGER 10A 230V AC MOTOR SPEED CONTROLLER (Feb14) $45.00 STEREO AUDIO DELAY (Nov13) $20.00 GPS Tracker (Nov13) $5.00 40A IGBT, 30A Fast Recovery Diode, IR2125 Driver and NTC Thermistor WM8731 DAC IC and SMD capacitors. MCP16301 SMD regulator IC and 15H inductor (Feb-May13) Includes three hard-to-get SMD ICs: CS8416-CZZ, CS4398-CZZ and PLL1708DBQ plus an accurate 27MHz crystal and ten 3mm blue LEDs with diffused lenses ISL9V5036P3 IGBT As used in high energy ignition (Nov/Dec12) and Jacob’s Ladder (Feb13) 2.5GHz Frequency Counter (Dec12/Jan13) LED Kit: 3 x 4-digit blue LED displays MMC & Choke Kit: ERA-2SM+ Wideband MMC and ADCH-80+ Wideband Choke ZXCT1009 Current Shunt Monitor IC As used in DCC Reverse Loop Controller/Block Switch (Pack of 2) (Oct12) $45.00 $10.00 $15.00 $15.00 $5.00 G-FORCE METER/ACCELEROMETER Short form kit (Aug11/Nov11) $44.50 $40.00 SMD parts for SiDRADIO RF Probe All SMD parts (Oct13) $20.00 (Aug13) $5.00 Same as LF-UF Upconverter parts but includes 5V relay and BF998 dual-gate Mosfet. LF-HF Up-converter Omron G5V-1 5V SPDT 5V relay “LUMP IN COAX” MINI MIXER SMD parts kit: P&P – $10 Per order# CLASSiC DAC Semi kit (Jun13) (Jun13) Includes: 2 x OPA4348AID, 1 x BQ2057CSN, 2 x DMP2215L, 1 x BAT54S, 1 x 0.22Ω shunt LF-HF UP-CONVERTER SMD parts kit: (Jun13) Includes: FXO-HC536R-125 and SA602AD and all SMD passive components $2.00 $20.00 (contains PCB (04108111), programmed PIC micro, MMA8451Q accelerometer chip and 4 Mosfets) DIGITAL SPIRIT LEVEL Short form kit (Aug11/Nov11) $44.50 $40.00 (contains PCB (04108111), programmed PIC micro, MMA8451Q accelerometer chip and 4 Mosfets) IPP230N06L3 N-Channel logic level Mosfets $7.50 As used in a variety of SILICON CHIP Projects (Pack of 2) TENDA USB/SD AUDIO PLAYBACK MODULE (TD898) (Jan12) $33.00 JST CONNECTOR LEAD 3-WAY (Jan12) $4.50 JST CONNECTOR LEAD 2-WAY (Jan12) RADIO & HOBBIES ON DVD-ROM (Needs PC & reader to play!) $15.00 n/a $3.45 $62.00 *All items subect to availability. Prices valid for month of magazine issue only. All prices in Australian dollars and included GST where applicable. # P&P prices are within Australia. O’seas? Please email for a quote LOOKING FOR TECHNICAL BOOKS? YOU’LL FIND THE COMPLETE LISTING OF ALL BOOKS AVAILABLE IN THE SILICON CHIP ONLINE BOOKSTORE – ON THE “BOOKS & DVDs” PAGES OF OUR WEBSITE 05/14 PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD TO SUIT PROJECT: PUBLISHED: NOTE: These listings are for the PCB only – not a full kit. If you want a kit, contact the kit suppliers advertising in this issue. Prices in RED are new lower prices: our cost is less so we pass the savings on to you. Buy now while stocks last! PCB CODE: Price: CHAMP: SINGLE CHIP AUDIO AMPLIFIER FEB 1994 01102941 $5.00 PRECHAMP: 2-TRANSISTOR PREAMPLIER JUL 1994 01107941 $5.00 HEAT CONTROLLER JULY 1998 10307981 $10.00 MINIMITTER FM STEREO TRANSMITTER APR 2001 06104011 $25.00 MICROMITTER FM STEREO TRANSMITTER DEC 2002 06112021 $10.00 SMART SLAVE FLASH TRIGGER JUL 2003 13107031 $10.00 12AX7 VALVE AUDIO PREAMPLIFIER NOV 2003 01111031 $25.00 POOR MAN’S METAL LOCATOR MAY 2004 04105041 $10.00 BALANCED MICROPHONE PREAMP AUG 2004 01108041 $25.00 LITTLE JIM AM TRANSMITTER JAN 2006 06101062 $25.00 POCKET TENS UNIT JAN 2006 11101061 $25.00 STUDIO SERIES RC MODULE APRIL 2006 01104061 $25.00 ULTRASONIC EAVESDROPPER AUG 2006 01208061 $25.00 RIAA PREAMPLIFIER AUG 2006 01108061 $25.00 KNOCK DETECTOR JUNE 2007 05106071 $25.00 SPEAKER PROTECTION AND MUTING MODULE JULY 2007 01207071 $20.00 CDI MODULE SMALL PETROL MOTORS MAY 2008 05105081 $15.00 LED/LAMP FLASHER SEP 2008 11009081 $10.00 12V SPEED CONTROLLER/DIMMER (Use Hot Wire Cutter PCB from Dec 2010 [18112101]) USB-SENSING MAINS POWER SWITCH JAN 2009 10101091 $45.00 DIGITAL AUDIO MILLIVOLTMETER MAR 2009 04103091 $35.00 INTELLIGENT REMOTE-CONTROLLED DIMMER APR 2009 10104091 $10.00 INPUT ATTENUATOR FOR DIG. AUDIO M’VOLTMETER MAY 2009 04205091 $10.00 6-DIGIT GPS CLOCK MAY 2009 04105091 $30.00 6-DIGIT GPS CLOCK DRIVER JUNE 2009 07106091 $20.00 UHF ROLLING CODE TX AUG 2009 15008091 $10.00 UHF ROLLING CODE RECEIVER AUG 2009 15008092 $45.00 6-DIGIT GPS CLOCK AUTODIM ADD-ON SEPT 2009 04208091 $5.00 STEREO DAC BALANCED OUTPUT BOARD JAN 2010 01101101 $25.00 DIGITAL INSULATION METER JUN 2010 04106101 $25.00 ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR REFORMER AUG 2010 04108101 $40.00 ULTRASONIC ANTI-FOULING FOR BOATS SEP 2010 04109101 $25.00 HEARING LOOP RECEIVER SEP 2010 01209101 $25.00 S/PDIF/COAX TO TOSLINK CONVERTER OCT 2010 01210101 $10.00 TOSLINK TO S/PDIF/COAX CONVERTER OCT 2010 01210102 $10.00 DIGITAL LIGHTING CONTROLLER MASTER UNIT OCT 2010 16110101 $10.00 DIGITAL LIGHTING CONTROLLER SLAVE UNIT OCT 2010 16110102 $25.00 HEARING LOOP TESTER/LEVEL METER NOV 2010 01111101 $25.00 UNIVERSAL USB DATA LOGGER DEC 2010 04112101 $25.00 HOT WIRE CUTTER CONTROLLER DEC 2010 18112101 $10.00 433MHZ SNIFFER JAN 2011 06101111 $10.00 CRANIAL ELECTRICAL STIMULATION JAN 2011 99101111 $25.00 HEARING LOOP SIGNAL CONDITIONER JAN 2011 01101111 $25.00 LED DAZZLER FEB 2011 16102111 $15.00 12/24V 3-STAGE MPPT SOLAR CHARGER FEB 2011 14102111 $15.00 SIMPLE CHEAP 433MHZ LOCATOR FEB 2011 06102111 $5.00 THE MAXIMITE MAR 2011 06103111 $15.00 UNIVERSAL VOLTAGE REGULATOR MAR 2011 18103111 $10.00 12V 20-120W SOLAR PANEL SIMULATOR MAR 2011 04103111 $10.00 MICROPHONE NECK LOOP COUPLER MAR 2011 01209101 $25.00 PORTABLE STEREO HEADPHONE AMP APRIL 2011 01104111 $10.00 CHEAP 100V SPEAKER/LINE CHECKER APRIL 2011 04104111 $10.00 PROJECTOR SPEED CONTROLLER APRIL 2011 13104111 $10.00 SPORTSYNC AUDIO DELAY MAY 2011 01105111 $30.00 100W DC-DC CONVERTER MAY 2011 11105111 $15.00 PHONE LINE POLARITY CHECKER MAY 2011 12105111 $10.00 20A 12/24V DC MOTOR SPEED CONTROLLER MK2 JUNE 2011 11106111 $15.00 USB STEREO RECORD/PLAYBACK JUNE 2011 07106111 $20.00 VERSATIMER/SWITCH JUNE 2011 19106111 $25.00 USB BREAKOUT BOX JUNE 2011 04106111 $10.00 ULTRA-LD MK3 200W AMP MODULE JULY 2011 01107111 $25.00 PORTABLE LIGHTNING DETECTOR JULY 2011 04107111 $15.00 RUDDER INDICATOR FOR POWER BOATS (4 PCBs) JULY 2011 20107111-4 $80 per set VOX JULY 2011 01207111 $20.00 ELECTRONIC STETHOSCOPE AUG 2011 01108111 $10.00 DIGITAL SPIRIT LEVEL/INCLINOMETER AUG 2011 04108111 $10.00 ULTRASONIC WATER TANK METER SEP 2011 04109111 $15.00 ULTRA-LD MK2 AMPLIFIER UPGRADE SEP 2011 01209111 $5.00 ULTRA-LD MK3 AMPLIFIER POWER SUPPLY SEP 2011 01109111 $25.00 HIFI STEREO HEADPHONE AMPLIFIER SEP 2011 01309111 $20.00 GPS FREQUENCY REFERENCE (IMPROVED) SEP 2011 04103073 $15.00 GPS FREQUENCY REFERENCE DISPLAY (B) SEP 2011 04103072 $15.00 HEARING LOOP RECEIVER/NECK COUPLER SEP 2011 01209101 $10.00 DIGITAL LIGHTING CONTROLLER LED SLAVE OCT 2011 16110111 $30.00 USB MIDIMATE OCT 2011 23110111 $25.00 QUIZZICAL QUIZ GAME OCT 2011 08110111 $25.00 ULTRA-LD MK3 PREAMP & REMOTE VOL CONTROL NOV 2011 01111111 $30.00 ULTRA-LD MK3 INPUT SWITCHING MODULE NOV 2011 01111112 $20.00 ULTRA-LD MK3 SWITCH MODULE NOV 2011 01111113 $10.00 ZENER DIODE TESTER NOV 2011 04111111 $20.00 MINIMAXIMITE NOV 2011 07111111 $10.00 ADJUSTABLE REGULATED POWER SUPPLY DEC 2011 18112111 $5.00 DIGITAL AUDIO DELAY DEC 2011 01212111 $25.00 DIGITAL AUDIO DELAY Front & Rear Panels DEC 2011 01212112/3 $20 per set AM RADIO JAN 2012 06101121 $10.00 STEREO AUDIO COMPRESSOR JAN 2012 01201121 $30.00 STEREO AUDIO COMPRESSOR FRONT & REAR PANELS JAN 2012 0120112P1/2 $20.00 3-INPUT AUDIO SELECTOR (SET OF 2 BOARDS) JAN 2012 01101121/2 $30 per set PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD TO SUIT PROJECT: PUBLISHED: PCB CODE: Price: CRYSTAL DAC FEB 2012 01102121 $20.00 SWITCHING REGULATOR FEB 2012 18102121 $5.00 SEMTEST LOWER BOARD MAR 2012 04103121 $40.00 SEMTEST UPPER BOARD MAR 2012 04103122 $40.00 SEMTEST FRONT PANEL MAR 2012 04103123 $75.00 INTERPLANETARY VOICE MAR 2012 08102121 $10.00 12/24V 3-STAGE MPPT SOLAR CHARGER REV.A MAR 2012 14102112 $20.00 SOFT START SUPPRESSOR APR 2012 10104121 $10.00 RESISTANCE DECADE BOX APR 2012 04104121 $20.00 RESISTANCE DECADE BOX PANEL/LID APR 2012 04104122 $20.00 1.5kW INDUCTION MOTOR SPEED CONT. (New V2 PCB) APR (DEC) 2012 10105122 $35.00 HIGH TEMPERATURE THERMOMETER MAIN PCB MAY 2012 21105121 $30.00 HIGH TEMPERATURE THERMOMETER Front & Rear Panels MAY 2012 21105122/3 $20 per set MIX-IT! 4 CHANNEL MIXER JUNE 2012 01106121 $20.00 PIC/AVR PROGRAMMING ADAPTOR BOARD JUNE 2012 24105121 $30.00 CRAZY CRICKET/FREAKY FROG JUNE 2012 08109121 $10.00 CAPACITANCE DECADE BOX JULY 2012 04106121 $20.00 CAPACITANCE DECADE BOX PANEL/LID JULY 2012 04106122 $20.00 WIDEBAND OXYGEN CONTROLLER MK2 JULY 2012 05106121 $20.00 WIDEBAND OXYGEN CONTROLLER MK2 DISPLAY BOARD JULY 2012 05106122 $10.00 SOFT STARTER FOR POWER TOOLS JULY 2012 10107121 $10.00 DRIVEWAY SENTRY MK2 AUG 2012 03107121 $20.00 MAINS TIMER AUG 2012 10108121 $10.00 CURRENT ADAPTOR FOR SCOPES AND DMMS AUG 2012 04108121 $20.00 USB VIRTUAL INSTRUMENT INTERFACE SEPT 2012 24109121 $30.00 USB VIRTUAL INSTRUMENT INT. FRONT PANEL SEPT 2012 24109122 $30.00 BARKING DOG BLASTER SEPT 2012 25108121 $20.00 COLOUR MAXIMITE SEPT 2012 07109121 $20.00 SOUND EFFECTS GENERATOR SEPT 2012 09109121 $10.00 NICK-OFF PROXIMITY ALARM OCT 2012 03110121 $5.00 DCC REVERSE LOOP CONTROLLER OCT 2012 09110121 $10.00 LED MUSICOLOUR NOV 2012 16110121 $25.00 LED MUSICOLOUR Front & Rear Panels NOV 2012 16110121 $20 per set CLASSIC-D CLASS D AMPLIFIER MODULE NOV 2012 01108121 $30.00 CLASSIC-D 2 CHANNEL SPEAKER PROTECTOR NOV 2012 01108122 $10.00 HIGH ENERGY ELECTRONIC IGNITION SYSTEM DEC 2012 05110121 $10.00 USB POWER MONITOR DEC 2012 04109121 $10.00 1.5kW INDUCTION MOTOR SPEED CONTROLLER (NEW V2 PCB) DEC 2012 10105122 $35.00 THE CHAMPION PREAMP and 7W AUDIO AMP (one PCB) JAN 2013 01109121/2 $10.00 GARBAGE/RECYCLING BIN REMINDER JAN 2013 19111121 $10.00 2.5GHz DIGITAL FREQUENCY METER – MAIN BOARD JAN 2013 04111121 $35.00 2.5GHz DIGITAL FREQUENCY METER – DISPLAY BOARD JAN 2013 04111122 $15.00 2.5GHz DIGITAL FREQUENCY METER – FRONT PANEL JAN 2013 04111123 $45.00 SEISMOGRAPH MK2 FEB 2013 21102131 $20.00 MOBILE PHONE RING EXTENDER FEB 2013 12110121 $10.00 GPS 1PPS TIMEBASE FEB 2013 04103131 $10.00 LED TORCH DRIVER MAR 2013 16102131 $5.00 CLASSiC DAC MAIN PCB APR 2013 01102131 $40.00 CLASSiC DAC FRONT & REAR PANEL PCBs APR 2013 01102132/3 $30.00 GPS USB TIMEBASE APR 2013 04104131 $15.00 LED LADYBIRD APR 2013 08103131 $5.00 CLASSiC-D 12V to ±35V DC/DC CONVERTER MAY 2013 11104131 $15.00 DO NOT DISTURB MAY 2013 12104131 $10.00 LF/HF UP-CONVERTER JUN 2013 07106131 $10.00 10-CHANNEL REMOTE CONTROL RECEIVER JUN 2013 15106131 $15.00 IR-TO-455MHZ UHF TRANSCEIVER JUN 2013 15106132 $7.50 “LUMP IN COAX” PORTABLE MIXER JUN 2013 01106131 $15.00 L’IL PULSER MKII TRAIN CONTROLLER JULY 2013 09107131 $15.00 L’IL PULSER MKII FRONT & REAR PANELS JULY 2013 09107132/3 $20.00/set REVISED 10 CHANNEL REMOTE CONTROL RECEIVER JULY 2013 15106133 $15.00 INFRARED TO UHF CONVERTER JULY 2013 15107131 $5.00 UHF TO INFRARED CONVERTER JULY 2013 15107132 $10.00 IPOD CHARGER AUG 2013 14108131 $5.00 PC BIRDIES AUG 2013 08104131 $10.00 RF DETECTOR PROBE FOR DMMs AUG 2013 04107131 $10.00 BATTERY LIFESAVER SEPT 2013 11108131 $5.00 SPEEDO CORRECTOR SEPT 2013 05109131 $10.00 SiDRADIO (INTEGRATED SDR) Main PCB OCT 2013 06109131 $35.00 SiDRADIO (INTEGRATED SDR) Front & Rear Panels OCT 2013 06109132/3 $25.00/pr TINY TIM AMPLIFIER (same PCB as Headphone Amp [Sept11]) OCT 2013 01309111 $20.00 AUTO CAR HEADLIGHT CONTROLLER OCT 2013 03111131 $10.00 GPS TRACKER NOV 2013 05112131 $15.00 STEREO AUDIO DELAY/DSP NOV 2013 01110131 $15.00 BELLBIRD DEC 2013 08112131 $10.00 PORTAPAL-D MAIN BOARDS DEC 2013 01111131-3 $35.00/set (for CLASSiC-D Amp board and CLASSiC-D DC/DC Converter board refer above [Nov 2012/May 2013]) LED PARTY STROBE (also for Hot Wire Cutter [Dec 2010]) JAN 2014 16101141 $7.50 BASS EXTENDER Mk2 LI’L PULSER Mk2 Revised 10A 230VAC MOTOR SPEED CONTROLLER CRYSTAL DAC SWITCHING REGULATOR SEMTEST LOWER BOARD SEMTEST UPPER BOARD SEMTEST FRONT PANEL INTERPLANETARY VOICE JAN 2014 JAN 2014 FEB 2014 01112131 $15.00 09107134 $15.00 10102141 $ 15.00 FEB 2012 FEB 2012 MAR 2012 MAR 2012 MAR 2012 MAR 2012 01102121 18102121 04103121 04103122 04103123 08102121 $20.00 $5.00 $40.00 $40.00 $75.00 $10.00 ASK SILICON CHIP Got a technical problem? Can’t understand a piece of jargon or some technical principle? Drop us a line and we’ll answer your question. Send your email to silicon<at>siliconchip.com.au Higher power from 12AX7 preamp supply I have been looking at one of your older 12AX7 preamp circuits, from the November 2003 issue. I am interested in the power supply circuit for it. Do you think it would be possible to achieve say 300V DC <at> 20-30 milliamps? Could you tell me the frequency the power supply works at and the maximum HT current it could deliver? (J. B., via email). • The power supply in the November 2003 12AX7 valve preamp should be capable of delivering an output of 2530mA at 300V. To achieve that output voltage, you may need to change one of the resistor values in the feedback divider, however. We suggest reducing the value of the 47kΩ resistor to say 39kΩ and perhaps also reduce the value of the 220kΩ resistor in series with VR1 to 180kΩ. The operating frequency of the DCDC Converter is 33kHz. some reservations about the design since some switchmode supplies have vent holes in the top. You have the wadding crammed over the top of the supply. Other than that I would not put one in a sealed cabinet. Going on the short life of some switchmode supplies, they must be working on tight component tolerances, so the cooler you can keep them the better. (S. R., via email). • We think you might be referring to an “open frame” power supply which has a perforated mesh top cover. The type of switchmode power supply we suggested is totally encapsulated and has no ventilation holes. And since the current drain of the car radio will usually be far lower than the supply’s maximum rated power output, the supply should run quite cool to the touch. Nevertheless, we agree that if the power supply has a tendency to run warm (or hot), it would be unwise to put wadding on top of it. Car radio entertainment Old stereo preamplifier system query not recommended I like the idea of the Car Radio Entertainment System, to get something with decent sound, as everything is so tinny these days. However, I have I came across the circuit for the Playmaster 112 Stereo Control Unit in the December 1965 issue of Electronics Australia magazine. I like the design, wiring layout and impressive specs, even compared with the later 1969 design. I also like the tone control section. Strangely it seems to give better boost and cut compared to the later Playmaster variations. I have managed to source all the parts but will have to “build” the earthing plate for the input rotary switch. My only query is can you guide me as to the value of the preamplifier feedback resistor for my ADC XLM cartridge? Its output is quoted as 6mV whereas the sensitivity of the disc input is a healthy 1.5mV. Values of 4.7MΩ to 470kΩ are suggested but I have no idea of the range that this covers nor what a high-output magnetic cartridge would produce back in 1965. (L. G. Cowes, Vic). • Your preamp feedback resistor should be reduced to the minimum possible to give you just adequate gain with the cartridge you have. We suggest you try 470kΩ to begin with but if possible, use an even lower value, such as 270kΩ or 330kΩ. The reason we emphasise going for the lowest possible feedback resistor is that this preamplifier circuit simply does not have adequate overload margin for typical magnetic cartridges which can produce more than 100mV at peak recorded levels. Can The Induction Motor Controller Run At 3000 RPM? Would it be possible to increase the output speed of the Induction Motor Speed Controller to more than what can be set now with the over-speed setting? I have the older kit with the first modifications and it works very well. There were some ramp-up errors that made the motor start up and move up to under full speed then drop to a slower speed than set. I also made some small holes for the LEDs in the lid to provide some indicators for the unit. My motor runs at 1436 RPM from 240VAC mains, while with the 98 Silicon Chip Induction Motor Speed Controller it has a top speed of 2182 RPM at the maximum over-speed setting. I would like to push the speed up to between 2500-3000 RPM. I am not sure if this can be done without some modifications. (A. R., via email). • While it might be possible to get the Speed Controller to more than double the speed of your motor (by modifying the software), the amount of power available is likely to be quite limited by the motor’s inductance. If you really need a motor to run at up to 3000 RPM you would be better to use a 2-pole induction motor which will have a nominal speed of about 2850 RPM. It will then be able to be controlled over your designed range without any modifications to the software. By the way, most bench grinders are 2-pole motors with a nominal speed of 2850 RPM. Finally, make sure that any LEDs protruding through the lid are above the low-voltage section of the PCB and that there’s no chance of any of their connecting leads coming into contact with remainder of the circuit which operates at 230VAC. siliconchip.com.au Stereo DAC May Have Faulty Decoder IC I’m putting together the Altronics K5332 Stereo DAC Kit (original version from 2009) but can get no output from the input board. The Sony DVD Player’s optical output has been tested with a Jaycar DAC (Cat. AC-1631) which we commonly use at work to provide RCA audio outputs for TVs without this facility. LEDs 4 & 5 do not come on. The blue LEDs 1, 2 & 3 are OK and go through the described working sequence flawlessly, except that an optical signal plugged into TOSLINK receivers 1 or 2 is not detected. Switching manually to the appropriate input results in a scope showing signal to pin 20 of IC3 (input) but none leaving pin 12. Oscillator IC3 appears to be OK and the various clocks are output from the digital I/O socket on pins 4, 6 & 10. IC3 pin 1 (AUDIO) is low and pin 27 (ERROR) is high (+3.3V). I am assuming the pre-soldered Even after you do that, the simple bias network for the input transistor means that the preamp is unlikely to clip symmetrically at maximum output. Many preamplifiers from this era were inadequate in terms of overload margin and accuracy of the RIAA compensation, the latter being caused by insufficient open-loop gain from the transistor feedback pair and less than optimum selection of the components in the simple RC feedback network. To be frank, this is a 50-year old design which might have been OK (compared with valve preamps of the time) but it is a poor performer, even compared with designs from 30 years ago such as the Playmaster 60/60, from 1986. At the very least, we suggest substituting the Universal Preamplifier from our May 1994 issue or preferably, the far superior Magnetic Cartridge Preamplifier from the August 2006 issue. It will be far quieter and have much lower distortion (measured and audible) than the Playmaster 112 and its overload margin is more than adequate for all magnetic cartridges. We can supply the PCB for the latter design and all the parts are readily available. By the way, you probably should siliconchip.com.au IC3 (DIR 9001PW) is faulty and will need replacing (available from Element14, 39-0699 or 175-4823). Any better ideas? Maybe I have missed something obvious. (J. E., via email). • It could be that your DIR9001 IC is faulty however you should try to rule out other potential problems before going to the effort of replacing it. It sounds like reset has been released since you are seeing clock output. Do you have a source of coaxial S/PDIF to test the unit with? It could be that the signal from the optical receiver modules is somehow being corrupted and the chip is simply not able to lock on to the stream. You should also check the values of the components on the FLT pin. There was a mistake in the original design where the filter resistor was specified as 6.8kΩ when it was supposed to be 680Ω. Check also that the values of the 68nF and 4.7nF capacitors are correct, if you can. also replace the stylus assembly on your old magnetic cartridge. Not only is the stylus itself likely to be worn and therefore likely to cause groove damage to your records but the compliance of the suspension is likely to be very low, ie, very stiff. If you cannot get a new stylus then we strongly recommend the purchase of a new magnetic cartridge. Noise filter for Precision 10V Reference From the article in the March 2014 issue, I have read about some residual noise being superimposed on the output of the Precision 10V Voltage Reference Mk2. In the circuit “10.000V Standard” on page 528 in the book “Encyclopaedia of Electronic Circuits Volume 7”, a series network of a 49.9Ω resistor and a 0.47µF capacitor is placed across the output and ground of the voltage reference, which provides stability when cables and capacitive loads are being driven. The aforesaid capacitor is usually a low-voltage polyester unit and you can usually get away with a 47Ω 1% resistor instead of a 49.9Ω unit. Has such a network been tried on the output ter- If the PLL loop filter is not working correctly, the results could be as you describe. You could also try temporarily removing IC2 from its socket and bridging one of the input pins (14, 15 or 12) to pin 13 to see if the problem is signal distortion due to the multiplexer IC (unlikely but easy to rule out). If you are sure the filter components are correct and a clean signal is getting to IC3, the clock outputs are valid but the ERROR pin is still high, then there seems to be a problem with IC3. You could carefully examine the soldering with a magnifying loupe in case it is simply a soldering problem that could easily be fixed. Failing that, remove and replace this IC and hopefully it will then work correctly. Just be careful not to overheat the board while doing this or you could damage some of the small solder pads. minals on the PCB of the Precision 10V Reference Mk2 (if necessary, changing the aforesaid component values) and if so, has it increased output stability? (B. C., via email). • We have not tried connecting a series RC or ‘Zobel’ network across the output of the AD587 device in the Precision 10V Reference Mk2 because, as noted in the specifications panel, its output noise figure is already significantly lower than previous devices – at less than 4µV p-p and typically around 2µV peak-to-peak. Connecting such a network across the device may result in lowering this noise level even further, and probably will not have any adverse effect on stability. So by all means try this approach, if you believe that “less than 4µV peak-to-peak” is too high for your application. Speed controller pot has reverse effect I recently constructed a “12V-24V High-Current Motor Speed Controller” kit from Altronics, as described in the March & April 2008 issues. When testing it on the bench with a small 15V variable power supply and a small motor (about 1A maximum conMay 2014 99 LED Musicolour Needs An Amplifier To Drive Speakers I am a Year 12 student currently studying VCE systems engineering. For my project this year I am hoping to build a speaker box (dock) with strips of LEDs that flash to the beat of the music I have two 10W speakers which I would like to mount together on a box with LED strips across it and all the wiring inside the box. I am enquiring about whether I can use your LED Musicolour kit to power the LEDs. Would this be feasible to power the two speakers if I wire the speakers directly from the line out of the Musicolour? Or would I need to purchase an amplifier and if so how would I go about wiring it to the Musicolour and speakers? Is it feasible to send sound to both speakers and where can I purchase sumption), I found that most functions worked as described but a couple of features seemed unusual when setting the speed. I noted that full clockwise rotation of the pot resulted in minimum speed and fully anticlockwise was maximum. I said minimum because although the motor stopped it was not quite down to zero and the motor was singing quietly at the switching frequency. I checked the voltage at link 16 and found it to be 5.00V, exactly the same as at link 17. Disconnecting the motor dropped the speed percentage to zero as expected. The software version is 3.0 and while a reset to defaults made a small improvement, the speed was still not zero. Is this considered normal operation? The other point that I would to make is that when the controller is mounted in the vehicle it is going to control, great care will have to be taken when making changes using the display board, to avoid the vehicle leaping into action when exiting a menu item that has the motor disabled. (C. B., Maryborough, Qld). • It’s strange that clockwise speed pot rotation does not give an increase in speed but instead a decrease in speed. The software options (which are rather complex in this project) could have facility to swap the 0-5V 100 Silicon Chip all the components of the kit? (L. E., Ballarat, Vic). • You could drive speakers straight from the output of the LED Musicolour but you would need to put 8-ohm resistors in series with the outputs as the specified minimum load resistance of the WM8759 chip is 16 ohms. And the sound wouldn’t be very loud or very high quality; it’s only designed to drive headphones at 50mW and with those resistors, the speakers would only be getting 25mW. They would have to be quite efficient speakers to get a decent volume out of them. We suggest instead that you use our Compact 12V Stereo Amplifier, described in May 2010. Altronics has a kit (Cat. K5136). Then it’s simply a matter of connecting the output of the LED Musicolour to from the speed pot to operate in the opposite direction to give clockwise for faster speed. The off speed setting should switch to fully off, as this is a “feature” of the controller. Perhaps if the off position for the speed was at 0V rather than 5V, this would work. If the option to swap the pot rotation action is not available, some experimentation with the back-EMF resistor (33kΩ at pin 1 of IC1) may bring the pulse width drive to zero at the zero speed setting. You could try a larger value such as 47kΩ. It may also be that the small 1A motor you are using is not suited for this controller with the back-EMF resistor values in the circuit. Finally, if all else fails, the pot could be removed from the PCB and wired so that there is increased speed with clockwise rotation. RIAA preamp for the mini entertainment unit I am writing with regard to the Mini Entertainment Centre featured in the February 2014 issue. I have an old hifi unit that has failed, as one channel of the amplifier output no longer works. As the cabinet is a reasonable piece of furniture and because the speakers are OK, I am considering replacing the radio/amplifier with a car radio similar to your project. the input of this unit using a 3.5mm stereo jack plug to 2 x RCA plug cable. The amplifier and LED Musi­ colour can run off the same 12V supply, although if you do so you may find that LED switching noise makes it through to the amplifier via the common ground connection. Separate power supplies would solve this and a low-value resistor in the power supply ground to the amplifier might help too. The LED Musicolour is stereo so you certainly can and should send sound to both speakers but as noted, you will get much better results with an amplifier. Altronics also has a complete kit for the LED Musicolour (Cat. K5804). All you need to add are the DC power supply/supplies and LED/LED strips to be driven. The only catch, although not critical, is that my hifi unit also has a turntable for records. I have noticed most modern car radios have an “Aux In” socket on the front panel (as does the Sony unit you purchased). I am wondering if this input would be suitable for the turntable output (which comes directly from the stylus) or does this signal need further conditioning? (A. D., via email). • The Aux input is not suitable for a turntable which has a magnetic cartridge. For this, you will need an RIAA preamplifier such as our design from the April 1994 issue. This is available as a kit from Jaycar: Cat KC-5159. 1ms interface wanted for speed control I purchased the Simple 12V Speed Controller kit (SILICON CHIP, November 2008) and it works very well driving a little motor. What I would like to do is incorporate this into my model plane as a ‘Smoke Pump Control’. Is there any available chip that will allow my 1.2ms pulses to be interfaced directly into this unit thus not using the pot connected to the servo. Could you kindly share your thoughts on this? (D. R., Pannawonica, WA). • We have checked through the circuits we have published and there is nothing that is appropriate to your siliconchip.com.au application. Nor is there any specific chip to do the job. What is really required is a 1ms to DC converter which could then be interfaced to the speed control in question. The best way to do that would be with a PIC microcontroller. Step-down power supply for glow plugs I was hoping you might be good enough to help me with a problem. I fly radio control planes which run on methanol. These engines rely on glow plugs to work and at times it becomes necessary to run an on-board glow battery. Even though there are a number of these available commercially, they all run on a single D-size battery and as a result you need to keep the leads to the glow plug very short or it simply will not light the plug. Unfortunately, that is not always possible. My query to you is, would it be possible to use a 4-cell Nicad or NiMh battery pack and step it down to 1.5V <at> 3A? This is required to run these glow plugs as this type of set-up would not be so vulnerable to the length of the leads. I have tried using an LM317 regulator but it got too hot. I would like to use a 555 timer and chop the voltage down to 1.5V but I’m not sure on how I would do that. Using a 555 may also be possible to make it self-adjustable in current which would be helpful when it comes to wet plugs, ie, when the engine has been flooded. Is this possible to do and could you guys steer me in the right direction on how to go about it? (T. P., via email). • Using a 555 timer to step the voltage down to 1.5V will not work as it does not have sufficient switching capacity. We suggest using an LM2678T-ADJ Solving Poor Signal From Caravan Video Camera I have my vehicle fitted with a reversing camera which works fine. I have added one to the rear of our caravan with a switch to select either. The van image is weak and washed out, obviously due to losses in the long cable. I figure if I fitted a video amplifier to the van I would overcome the problem. Have you ever published an article on a simple 12V colour video amplifier that would solve my problem? (P. M., via email). • A video amplifier may fix the signal loss but signal quality may still be poor due to high frequency roll-off of the signal through the shielded cable. We did publish a video transmitter and receiver in October 1996 using twisted pair cable with a 1.5km range but this is now outdated and there are cheaper alternatives now available. For long runs, a video to Cat5 balswitchmode regulator. This can be adjusted to give 1.5V at 3A and should not get hot. The parts and data are available from Jaycar. It will run from three cells in series. The 8V input in the sample circuit in the data sheet is only for 5V out. For 1.5V out, the input can be lower. The diode can be an MBR735. The output capacitor could be a 100µF as you would not be concerned about ripple. Driveway Sentry has loop fault I recently built the Driveway Sentry Mk2 but have not had success with it. un and a Cat5 to video balun can be used and these are quite cheap and very effective. They allow transmission of video through Cat5 cable over 400m; more than adequate for most vehicle and caravan total lengths. The units require no power. One balun is located near the camera and another at the receiver screen. Cat5 cable is used for the long run between the baluns. The baluns are reversible for video input to Cat5 and Cat5 to video output. Jaycar sell the balun set for $14.95 – see www.jaycar.com.au/productView.asp?ID=QC3660. You will need some Cat5 cable too. It uses BNC connectors for the video connections. The BNC connectors could be changed to RCA types or you can simply directly connect the video camera output and the screen input to their respective baluns on the video side. The board itself seems to be working fine as I can generate an event when I check for continuity across the ends of the induction loop with my multimeter. It seems that the loop is the problem. I originally built the loop with 35m of wire that I had in stock, which was 8-core screened data cable in a twisted pair configuration. This I formed into a continuous end-to-end loop as per your specified method. Using this loop the unit partially worked on the bench and I was able to get an inconsistent event from a large iron bar or a golf club. When I set it up in the driveway, the car wouldn’t trigger anything. WARNING! SILICON CHIP magazine regularly describes projects which employ a mains power supply or produce high voltage. All such projects should be considered dangerous or even lethal if not used safely. Readers are warned that high voltage wiring should be carried out according to the instructions in the articles. When working on these projects use extreme care to ensure that you do not accidentally come into contact with mains AC voltages or high voltage DC. If you are not confident about working with projects employing mains voltages or other high voltages, you are advised not to attempt work on them. Silicon Chip Publications Pty Ltd disclaims any liability for damages should anyone be killed or injured while working on a project or circuit described in any issue of SILICON CHIP magazine. Devices or circuits described in SILICON CHIP may be covered by patents. SILICON CHIP disclaims any liability for the infringement of such patents by the manufacturing or selling of any such equipment. SILICON CHIP also disclaims any liability for projects which are used in such a way as to infringe relevant government regulations and by-laws. Advertisers are warned that they are responsible for the content of all advertisements and that they must conform to the Competition & Consumer Act 2010 or as subsequently amended and to any governmental regulations which are applicable. siliconchip.com.au May 2014 101 Review: Tektronix MDO3054 Scope . . . continued from p91 decode and view hi-speed USB packets (but you can’t trigger on a content match). Performance Boot-up time is around 20 seconds which is par for the course with a scope having this many features. The next thing we looked at was analog noise performance which is good. It’s quoted as <150μV +6% of one division for bandwidths up to 200MHz or + 8% of one division up to 1GHz. In practice, the display is quite clean, especially in ‘High Resolution’ mode. While the interface is easy to use, its responsiveness leaves a little to be desired. It can feel sluggish at times but is pretty tardy in spectrum analysis mode with a high ratio of span to resolution bandwidth. Of course, you would expect the display update rate to be very slow as this involves a lot of calculations but we don’t see why it has to stop responding to button presses during this process. And while the waveform acquisition rate is far from poor, it isn’t the best we’ve seen either. To get the full specified rate of 280,000 acquisitions per second you need to use “FastAcq” mode which changes the way waveforms are displayed (see Fig.2). Otherwise, the limit is 50,000 acquisitions per second. We like that you can display statistics for each measurement (min/max/ average/etc, see Fig.3) but unfortunately when you turn statistics off, you don’t get that screen space back. I then remade the loop with the exact wire recommended in the article. This was worse as I was no longer able to create an event of any sort with bars or golf clubs. Any help would be appreciated. (M. M., via email). • It certainly does sound as if the loop is the problem. But it’s not easy to zero in on the exact nature of the problem itself. If your multimeter shows that the loop conductors themselves are cor102 Silicon Chip The rear panel carries the connectors for the arbitrary waveform generator output, a trigger output, Ethernet, VGA and two USB ports. One USB port is for connection to a PC while the other is for a printer. The measurements are displayed in a vertical list rather than horizontally so with several on-screen, that uses up quite a bit of valuable real estate, despite the large display. As a result of this and the large number of features in general, it’s quite easy to clutter it up with so much information that you can barely see the traces (again, see Fig.3). But at least you can press “Menu off” a few times and turn off the zoom and some other functions and get the screen real estate back (Fig.4). Conclusion Tektronix have managed to combine a mixed-signal oscilloscope, spectrum analyser and arbitrary waveform generator in one package without really compromising any of those functions. All of these features work well rectly wired as a continuous loop, with no segments reversed in polarity and no open joints, this would leave the outside screening braid. If this has been accidentally connected to ground at both ends (rather than only at one end), it would act as a shorted turn rather than a Faraday shield and would then prevent the loop from working. Try disconnecting the loop shield connection at the righthand end terminal and then use your multimeter although it is a bit of a stretch to call it six instruments in one, as the protocol analyser functions are a pretty standard feature of the logic analyser and the DVM only provides a small increase in utility over the existing scope measurements. Overall though, as you can gather from the above, they haven’t skimped on features. While we would like the interface to be a bit more responsive, that doesn’t really get in the way of its ability to view signals which is what this instrument is all about. If you want a stand-alone scope with a proper spectrum analyser, Tektronix is currently the only game in town. For pricing, for more information or to order one of these units, contact TekMark Australia on 1300 811 355, e-mail enquiries<at>tekmarkgroup.com SC or visit www.tekmark.com.au to see if there is still a connection between the two. If there is, this will show that there is still a connection, eg, at the other end of the loop cable. Monitor for LiPo batteries I am the proud owner of a new LiPo 100Ah battery. I intended to use two of these in my new caravan as house batteries, charged by solar, an AC battery siliconchip.com.au MARKET CENTRE Cash in your surplus gear. Advertise it here in SILICON CHIP NIXIE CLOCK KITS FOR SALE SILICON CHIP July-Aug 2007 Full kits & spare tubes still available (For a limited time only) Audio + Video: Professional quality Quest AV brand equipment is made and sold in Australia exclusively by Quest Electronics. Ph 0431 920 667. sales<at>questronix.com.au Phone 0403 055 374; Email glesstron<at>msn.com PCB MANUFACTURE: single to multi­ layer. Bare board tested. One-offs to any quantity. 48 hour service. Artwork design. Excellent prices. Check out our specials: www.ldelectronics.com.au Television Replacements PCBs & Micros: Silicon Chip Pub­ lications can supply PCBs and programmed micros for all recent (and some not so recent) projects. Order online or phone (02) 9939 3295. parts and labour as required. Labour fees $35 p/h. Pensioner discounts available on application. Contact Alan on 0425 122 415 or email bigalradioshack<at> gmail.com PCBs MADE, ONE OR MANY. Any format, hobbyists welcome. Sesame Electronics Phone 0434 781 191. sesame<at>sesame.com.au www.sesame.com.au KEITH RIPPON KIT ASSEMBLY & REPAIR: * Australia & New Zealand; * Small production runs. Phone Keith 0409 662 794. keith.rippon<at>gmail.com KIT ASSEMBLY & REPAIR VINTAGE RADIO REPAIRS: electrical mechanical fitter with 36 years experience and extensive knowledge of valve and transistor radios. Professional and reliable repairs. All workmanship guaranteed. $10 inspection fee plus charges for SERVICES CONSULTING AND ENGINEERING SERVICES Pty Ltd specialises in the design and manufacture of electronic based products. We do volume manufacturing and reverse engineering. Your one-stop shop for all your electronic parts from aerials to zener diodes. 134a Ayr Street, Doncaster 3108 03 9850 4144 sales<at>tvr.com.au For Capacitors, Transistors & Integrated Circuits Call or email for details For our specials, like us on Facebook. Contact 0247323310 or email nbsethna<at>gmail.com to discuss your requirements WANTED WANTED TO BUY: 303.875MHz 2 Port SAW resonator TO39 case part Number R2534M or B110 or B39301 as used in UHF Transmitter SILICON CHIP August 1990. Email vk4lau<at>yahoo.com.au WANTED: SHORT USB keyboard for Mac computer. Email to james.goding<at>monash.edu ADVERTISING IN MARKET CENTRE Classified Ad Rates: $32.00 for up to 20 words plus 95 cents for each additional word. Display ads in Market Centre (minimum 2cm deep, maximum 10cm deep): $82.50 per column centimetre per insertion. All prices include GST. Closing date: 5 weeks prior to month of sale. To book, email the text to silicon<at>siliconchip.com.au and include your name, address & credit card details, or phone Glyn (02) 9939 3295 or 0431 792 293. charger and a Redarc DC-DC charger from the tow vehicle’s alternator. What I am trying to do is monitor/ control the charging/discharging of these batteries. Some time ago, I built the Voltage Switch project from your “High Performance Electronic Projects for Cars” book (chapter 12). I thought I could set this up to trigger the relay once the battery voltage dropped besiliconchip.com.au low 11.5V and also once the battery voltage rises above 14.5V. This would allow me to protect the battery from damage due to under and over-voltage situations. Can you suggest a way of modifying this project to achieve these functions. I realise of course I could build two of these, one to trigger an alarm for under voltage and the other for over voltage. Any suggestions you can make would be appreciated. (J. G., via email). • You would be able to use just one voltage switch with the settings in the H/L position for LK1 and also for the diode. This will have the relay switch off when the voltage goes above 14.5V. Use VR1 to set this trip point. The hysteresis setting with VR2 is continued next page May 2014 103 Advertising Index Ask SILICON CHIP . . . continued from page 103 then adjusted for switch-on, again at 11.5V. Some trial and error is required for these adjustments using a variable power supply. If a variable supply is not available, use a 15V supply with a 10kΩ linear potentiometer across the supply. The wiper is then adjusted for the test voltages and applied to the signal voltage input on the Voltage Switch. We are planning to update this project next month, with a new PCB and a 30A relay. Simple digital 230VAC timer wanted I was wondering if you had created in the past a simple 230VAC count up/ count down timer. I want to be able to turn on a 230VAC device in X hours time, or turn off a device in X hours DOWNLOAD OUR CATALOG at www.iinet.net.au/~worcom WORLDWIDE ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS PO Box 631, Hillarys, WA 6923 Ph: (08) 9307 7305 Fax: (08) 9307 7309 Email: worcom<at>iinet.net.au time, as set by a mode switch. Once triggered its state does not change until reset. I am looking for a device that has the following controls: (1) a button/ switch to set mode to count up/down; (2) a pushbutton to set the timer values, ie, +1 hour each time it’s pressed, to a maximum of 23 hours from now; (3) a simple 2-digit display showing the hours selected; (4) a start/reset button and (4) up to 10A capability, all in a nice compact box! I can’t find anything on the market that does it. Yes, you can buy programmable timers with lots of on/off programs but they are far too hard to Notes & Errata 1.5kW Induction Motor Speed Controller (April & May 2012): there is now a more rugged IGBT bridge with higher current ratings available as a drop-in replacement for the originally specified STGIPS20K60. The new device is the STGIP30C60 and it has a rating of 30A (up from 20A). The total power dissipation ratings are unchanged. We recommend that all new speed controllers now be constructed with the new device, as the upgrade will provide increased reliability. However, we do not recommend that readers use it with a motor or 104 Silicon Chip pump rated in excess of 1.5kW. In those cases where the speed controller will not reliably start a pool pump with the new IGBT bridge fitted, it will be possible to reduce the value of the specified shunt resistor from 15 milliohms to 12 milliohms to provide for more starting current. Dual Channel Audio Delay (November 2013), Stereo Echo & Reverberation Unit (February 2014): IC2 must be a WM8731. Do not use the specified alternative part (TLV320AIC23BIPW) as this has the function of two pins swapped (21 & 22). Altronics.........................loose insert Consulting & Eng. Services........ 103 Element14...................................... 5 Emona Instruments...................... 21 Enertel Pty Ltd............................. 11 Gless Audio................................ 103 Hare & Forbes.......................... OBC Icom Australia................................ 9 Jaycar .............................. IFC,49-56 KCS Trade Pty Led......................... 7 Keith Rippon .............................. 103 KitStop.......................................... 12 LD Electronics............................ 103 Master Instruments.................... 103 Microchip Technology................... 39 Mikroelektronika......................... IBC Ocean Controls............................ 15 QualiEco Circuits Pty Ltd............. 47 Quest Electronics....................... 103 Radio TV & Hobbies DVD............ 27 RF Modules................................ 104 Rohde & Schwarz.......................... 3 Sesame Electronics................... 103 Silicon Chip Binders..................... 69 Silicon Chip Online Shop........ 96-97 Silicon Chip Subscriptions........... 95 Television Replacements........... 103 Wiltronics...................................... 13 Worldwide Elect. Components... 104 use. I need something that I can use with almost a zero learning curve, ie, just plug the device in, set the timer, and forget. (N. M., via email). • We have published numerous timers but none that are as simple to use as you describe with just hour steps. Most of our timers have minutes and hours adjustments. You may be able to obtain a salvaged mains timer from a clothes dryer, heater or microwave oven. Some timers are electromechanical and use a mains synchronous motor to drive the timer. More basic ones use a clockwork timer and contact switch. Others are electronic and will require a low voltage power source instead. You then use the switching contacts to drive a relay that has changeover contacts. Depending on the contact arrangement, the timer can either switch on or switch off an appliance SC with the timer. siliconchip.com.au
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Which actress played 'Captain Emma Ridley' in the 1980's ITV comedy series 'Hallelujah !', set in a Salvation Army citadel?
All Mediatheque films | BFI All Mediatheque films Here’s the full list of titles currently available to view in Mediatheques. Please note that a very small number of titles, marked with an asterisk (*), are currently available to view only in our London Mediatheque due to rights issues. We hope to make these available in all BFI Mediatheques in the future. 1908 London Olympics 1908 | 12 min Surviving footage of Track & Field and Marathon events during London’s first ever stint as host city. Collection: Sport at Heart Rarely-seen 50s feature ‘freely adapted’ from George Orwell’s classic novel. Collection: The Book Group 1984  Designing a Nightmare 1984 | 25 min Join Christopher Frayling on the set of the 1984 film version of Orwell’s classic novel. Collection: The Book Group 24 Hour Party People 2002 | 112min Welcome to Madchester: Steve Coogan stars in Michael Winterbottom’s biopic of Tony Wilson and Factory Records. Collection: Once Upon a Time in the North West 28 Up 1984 | 160min The children first interviewed when they were 7 in 1964 are revisited at the age of 28. Collection: Essentially British ‘Candid Camera’ with attitude featuring the soon-to-be Little Miss Jocelyn. Collection: Black Britain A boy’s own adventure from London to Scotland. Hitchcock’s best British film? Collection: Essentially British 4D Special Agents 1981 | 60min TA group of East End kids track down a gang of jewel thieves. To the helicopter, everyone! Collection: Box of Delights 50 Years of BBC TV News 2004 | 150min Three-part series exploring the breadth of news covered by BBC television from 1954 to 2004. Collection: TV Heaven An eccentric sport courtesy of East Midlands tradition. Collection: Heartlands 617: The Last Days of a Vulcan Squadron 1982 | 40min The final days of the ‘Dam Busters’ squadron. Collection: Heartlands 64 Day Hero: A Boxer’s Tale 1985 | 92min The turbulent life and death of championship boxer Randolph Turpin. Collection: Black Britain Love among the second hand books. Collection: Play for Today Re-edited sound version of ‘The Great White Silence’, with commentary from director Herbert Ponting. Collection: Into the White The perceptions and experiences of autistic people, told using their own words and images. Collection: Unlimited: Disability on Screen ABC Xmas and New Year Greetings 1946 | 3min Santa doles out the pressies courtesy of Associated British Cinemas. Collection: Pandora’s Box Beverly hands out the brickbats with the ‘little cheesy pineapple ones’. Collection: Play for Today Above Us the Earth 1977 | 85min The closure of Ogilvie Colliery by the National Coal Board, shown through a mixture of documentary footage and dramatisation. Collection: Cinema of Tomorrow Absolute Hell 1991 | 120min Judi Dench and Bill Nighy escape post-war austerity in a crumbling Soho drinking den in this tragicomic TV treat. Collection: Beautiful Things Absolutely 1989 | 37min Pythonesque C4 comedy sketch show created by a mostly Scottish cast and crew. [Series 1 Episode 6.] Collection: Scottish Reels Absolutely Fabulous 1992 | 30min Sweetie darling! Edina’s putting on a charity fashion show, and things aren’t going to plan… Collection: Brit Chic Roll up, roll up! The fly circus is in town! Collection: Pandora’s Box Across the Sahara: The Record of a Journey to Timbuctoo 1932 | 20min Welcome to the Dream Palace Fascinating documentary made during the filming of West Africa-set feature ,Timbuctoo,. Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace Actor (Meredith Edwards) The Ealing star chats about his life with Meredydd Evans. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen A.D.A.M. 1973 | 47min A sentient computer develops an unusual relationship with a vulnerable housewife in this dark and intelligent TV drama. Collection: Sci-Fi: Days of Fear and Wonder Adeste Fideles The spirit of Christmas is alive and well in wartime Britain. Collection: Pandora’s Box The Adventure Game 1986 | 39min Journey to the planet Arg with this episode from the fourth series of the cult game show. Collection: Sci-Fi: Days of Fear and Wonder Adventures of Robin Hood Richard Greene plays Nottingham’s infamous outlaw in a mythical Sherwood Forest. Collection: Heartlands Ae Fond Kiss 2004 | 100min A post 9/11 cross-cultural romance is the focus of Ken Loach’s award-winning feature, filmed in Glasgow. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective Aerial Antarctic Discoveries 1930 | 2min Australian explorer Hubert Wilkins films Antarctica from above — and discovers 5 new islands in the process. Collection: Into the White The African Conference in London 1948 1948 | 17min African delegates visit some of Britain’s most famous sites. Collection: Cape to Cairo Don’t die of ignorance — the government’s infamous AIDS awareness campaign. Collection: The Joy of Sex Education AIDS: The Victims Two AIDS sufferers recount their experiences battling the disease and society’s misconceptions. Collection: Beautiful Things Akenfield 1974 | 98min Peter Hall’s innovative improvised drama following three generations of farmhands in a fictional Suffolk village. Collection: Eastward Ho! Alan Bennett (South Bank Show) 1984 | 60min Alan Bennett talks to Melvyn Bragg about his childhood in Leeds and his writing career. Collection: Farewell South Bank Show Alchemists of Sound Fascinating ‘Arena’ documentary telling the story of the BBC’s legendary Radiophonic Workshop. Collection: TV Heaven New restoration of cinema’s first trip down the rabbit hole. Collection: March Hares & Easter Bunnies Alice in Wonderland Jonathan Miller’s radical reworking of the Lewis Carroll classic. Collection: TV Heaven The Alien Sky 1956 | 98min Colonial chaos on the cusp of Indian Independence in this early TV drama from Paul Scott’s novel. Collection: Before Midnight All Creatures Great and Small 1978 | 51min The first episode of the long-running series starring Christopher Timothy as North Yorkshire vet James Herriot. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen All Good Men 1974 | 63min The relationship between a labour politician and his Marxist son falters when a television crew visits. Collection: Play for Today The first in a trio of ‘careless talk’ propaganda shorts produced by Ealing Studios. Collection: Ealing Studios: Propaganda Shorts All in Good Time Look out for a fresh-faced Richard Briers in Guinness’ curious experiment in product placement. Collection: Pandora’s Box All Kinds of Houses 1946 | 10min Enid Blyton wrote the story for this wildlife film on the nesting habits of British birds, made for young children. Collection: Toyland Tales and Happy Endings All Star Record Breakers 1979 | 54min Name a 70s children’s presenter and they’ll probably be in this all star extravaganza, complete with musical skeletons and high-kicking dance routines. Collection: The Kids Are Alright All Your Own A teenage Jimmy Page makes an early appearance on Huw Wheldon’s talent show. Collection: The Kids Are Alright Always Tell Your Wife An uncredited Alfred Hitchcock took over direction of this 1923 marital comedy. Collection: The Shaping of Alfred Hitchcock The Amazing Adventures of Morph 1980 | 5min The high jinks of the malleable plasticine man, watched over by the ever-patient Tony Hart. Collection: TV Heaven Ken Russell’s magical fantasy about an angel who loses her wings. Collection: Pandora’s Box Amy Johnson Family Films (extracts 1932-33) 1932 | 15min Glimpse a different side to the pioneering aviator in this selection of home movie extracts. Collection: Amy Johnson: Queen of the Skies Amy! Laura Mulvey and Peter Wollen’s avant-garde portrait of a feminist icon. Collection: Amy Johnson: Queen of the Skies Amy, Wonderful Amy 1974 | 60min A disturbed runaway who idolises aviator Amy Johnson finds her fantasies unravelling in this TV play with a twist. Collection: Amy Johnson: Queen of the Skies Ancient Mop Fair Roasted ox is on the menu at Stratford-Upon-Avon’s annual ‘mop fair’. Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen. And Now They Rest Documentary made to encourage the preservation of East Anglia’s beautiful windmills. Collection: Eastward Ho! Angel or demon? Gateshead locals speak their mind on Antony Gormley’s controversial sculpture. Collection: North by North East Angela Carter (Off the Page) 1987 | 23min The Magic Toyshop author reads from her work and admits that writing ‘chose’ her – not the other way around. Collection: The Book Group Angela Carter’s Curious Room 1992 | 50min Omnibus profile, poignantly filmed shortly before the author’s death. Collection: The Book Group The Angelic Conversation 1985 | 81min Derek Jarman’s queer reading of 14 Shakespeare sonnets addressed to a young man, narrated by Judi Dench. Collection: Beautiful Things Anglian Lives: Alan Partridge 2003 | 30min A-ha! A look back at the life and career of Radio Norwich’s most famous DJ. Collection: Eastward Ho! Melodrama about union intimidation, starring Richard Attenborough. Collection: We Can Work It Out Anna Karenina Stately 1961 BBC adaption of Tolstoy’s timeless novel. Collection: TV Heaven Anita and Me 2002 | 89min A Black Country village in the 70s is not an easy place to fit in for a young Sikh girl in this star-studded comedy. Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen The Anniversary 1967 | 95min Bette Davis stars as a domineering mother who will stop at nothing to keep her family together. Collection: The Gentle Sex Annual Inspection of the Bodyguard by His Excellency the Lord Lytton 1925 | 5min Lord Lytton and family – on and off duty. Collection: Before Midnight A young Englishwoman travels to Morocco and falls in love with a street musician. Collection: The Truth About Love Another World by Sean Connery 1962 | 5min A slightly awkward Sean Connery makes an appeal on behalf of the RNIB. Collection: Pandora’s Box The Ant & Dec Show 1996 | 25min Get ready to rhumble with the cheeky twosome’s first foray into presenting, including the controversial ‘Beat the Barber’ segment. Collection: The Kids Are Alright Antarctic Crossing Oscar-nominated follow up to ‘Foothold on Antarctica’, with commentary by Sir Edmund Hillary. Collection: Into the White Anti-German Riots 1915 | 1min Angry Londoners attack German shops in the wake of the sinking of the Lusitania during WWI. Collection: Save Our Souls: Disaster at Sea Antigone 1959 | 75min Jean Anouilh updates Sophocles’ tragedy to occupied France, using the Greek characters to represent the contemporary power struggle. Collection: Missing Believed Wiped: The Library of Congress Discoveries The Antique Vase Racist comedy short in which the tables are turned on a greedy Jewish antique dealer. Collection: Oy Britannia Any Evening After Work 1930 | 22min The British Social Hygiene Council comes to the rescue of a young man who catches something nasty. Collection: The Joy of Sex Education Any Man’s Kingdom The lure of Northumberland as portrayed by British Transport Films. Collection: Reality Bites A nobleman is haunted by visions of his ancestor’s role in a witchcraft trial. Collection: A Ghost Story for Christmas As I Was Walking Down Bristol Street 1983 | 28min David Lodge presents a documentary about the Birmingham group of writers for regional arts series Contrasts. Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen Aspects of Kirkwall: Some Changes 1981 | 20min Margaret Tait’s portrait of her hometown in the Orkneys. Collection: British Islands ATV Today: New Home for Dave Hill From Slade 1983 | 28min Slade’s glam guitarist Dave Hill welcomes ATV’s reporter into his new pad in Solihill. Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen ATV Today: The Black Country 1969 | 32min Feature-length regional news report about the people and places of the Black Country. Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen ATV Today: The Black Food 1972 | 5min Discover the local delicacies in Wednesdbury market. Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen ATV Today: Enoch Powell Interview 1973 | 10min Five years after his notorious ‘Rivers of Blood’ speech the Conservative MP talks to journalist Reg Harcourt. Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen ATV Today: Birmingham Markets ATV reporter David Lloyd spends an early morning in Birmingham’s wholesale markets. Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen At Home With Larry Grayson 1983 | 25min Janet Street-Porter presents a not-quite-intimate portrait of the entertainer as he celebrates his 60th birthday. Collection: Beautiful Things At Last the 1948 Show – ‘Four Yorkshiremen’ 1967 | 6min A legendary sketch from the cult precursor to Monty Python. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen At the Fountainhead (of German Strength) 1980 | 96min A German-Jewish musician seeks exile in Cold War London in this BFI-produced experimental work. Collection: Oy Britannia Much-loved bittersweet Jewish family comedy from Jack Rosenthal. Collection: Play for Today The Barber of Stamford Hill 1962 | 64min Big-screen version of Ronald Harwood’s drama about a lonely North London barber. Collection: Oy Britannia Barnaby Rudge (Episode 1) 1960 | 30min Dickens’ historical novel has not been adapted for film or TV since this 1960 BBC serial. Collection: Hard Times: Dickens on Screen The Basil Brush Show Boom boom! Basil Brush joins forces with Lulu to wreck Mr. Roy’s romantic evening. Collection: The Kids Are Alright Basil Bunting – A World of My Own 1969 | 30min A poet’s vision of the history and landscape of Northumbria. Collection: North by North East The Battle Charles Boyer and Merle Oberon star in this spy drama set during the Russo-Japanese War. Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace The Battle of Kinder Scout 1970 | 20min The history of the famous mass trespass in the Peak District. Collection: Heartlands The Battle of Orgreave 2002 | 60min Mike Figgis films an artist’s recreation of the violent clash between miners and the police during the 1984-5 strike. Collection: This Working Life: King Coal Battling Bruisers: Some Boxing Buffoonery 1925 | min Effeminate fisticuffs from the French in this boxing-themed send-up of foreign stereotypes. Collection: Beautiful Things British Transport Film promoting the pleasures of South Wales. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Beautiful Thing 1996 | 87min Two teenage boys fall in love in South East London to the songs of the Mamas and the Papas. Collection: Beautiful Things Beauty, Bonny, Daisy, Violet, Grace and Geoffrey Morton 1974 | 52min One Yorkshire farmer remains loyal to his Shire horses despite advancing technology. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen The Bed 1963 | 28min Thora Hird hones her battleaxe persona in the pilot for the long-running sitcom ‘Meet the Wife’. Collection: Funny Girls A Bed Among the Lentils 1988 | 30min Can a fling with an Indian grocer rescue a vicar’s wife from fetes and flower-arranging? Collection: Essentially British Pay a visit to the celebrated playwright’s home in Ayot St. Lawrence. Collection: Eastward Ho! Beryl Reid Says…Good Evening 1968 | min Rarely seen comedy sketch show starring the versatile Beryl Reid. Collection: Funny Girls The Best of British Fashion 1978 | 52min Highlights from the 1979 Spring collections, with leisurewear a-plenty. Collection: Brit Chic The Best of Friends: Russell and Victor 1976 | 15min Two friends enjoy the magic and adventure of a childhood summer. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Betcher A very young Keith Chegwin shows off his cycling prowess. Collection: Pandora’s Box Between the Lines 1992 | 47min A detective investigates corruption at his own station in the first episode of this gritty police drama. Collection: TV Heaven Between the Lines 1992 | 50min A trigger-happy marksman sparks mayhem in this episode of the police corruption drama (Series 1 Episode 2). Collection: Tony Garnett: Seeing Red Beyond Image Psychedelia without the illegal drugs. Collection: Pandora’s Box Bhaji on the Beach 1993 | 97min A group of Asian women swap Brum for Blackpool in Gurinder Chadha’s exuberant feature debut. Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen Les Bicyclettes de Belsize The Umbrellas of Cherbourg, Hampstead-style. Collection: London Calling Big Brother 2002 | 65min Highlights show from series 3 of the omnipresent reality TV show, which made Jade Goody a household name. Collection: The Book Group Ken Loach’s incendiary drama about a dockers’ strike turned workers’ takeover. Collection: Boom Britain: We Can Work It Out The Big Job The National Coal Board wants you as a new recruit. Collection: This Working Life: King Coal The Big Meeting 1963 | 24min The Durham Miners’ Gala – one of the world’s largest annual gatherings of miners and their families. Collection: Reality Bites The Big Mill 1963 | 25min An account of the creation of Colville’s giant new steel strip mill at Ravenscraig in Scotland. Collection: This Working Life: Steel The Big ‘Un The construction and launch of a 250,000 ton tanker on the River Tyne. Collection: North by North East A Bigger Splash 1974 | 105min Jack Hazan documents the life of artist David Hockney, as he struggles to cope with the end of a relationship. Collection: Beautiful Things Harry Enfield voices ‘Viz’ comic’s half-man/half-fish goalkeeping star. Collection: North by North East Birds of a Feather 1992 | 30min The most famous episode of the long-running sitcom – the one where Dorian sings “Like a Virgin”. Collection: Funny Girls Birmingham University Procession on Degree Day 1901 | 9min Female graduates and gents sporting spectacular Edwardian whiskers take part in Birmingham’s first Degree Day ceremony. Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen. Birmingham’s Water Supply Scenic views of the Elan Reservoir and one of its dams in Wales. Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen Birth of a Dress Mass-production offers a taste of couture to the commoners. Collection: Brit Chic Birthday Procession of a Maharajah 1904 | 1min Two drag queens perform and discuss their craft at Camden’s much-missed gay haunt. Collection: Beautiful Things Black Christmas 1977 | 50min As Christmas approaches, Gertrude gathers her family around her. But the perfect Christmas Day that she dreams of seems destined to turn to disaster. Collection: Black Britain Black Diamonds – The Collier’s Daily Life 1904 | 1min Mitchell and Kenyon take their camera to the coal mine. Collection: This Working Life: King Coal Black Jack 1979 | 98min A young boy goes on the run with a notorious villain in Ken Loach’s period children’s feature. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective Black Joy A naïve Guyanan immigrant learns some tough lessons on the streets of Brixton. Collection: Beautiful South A first outing for Yosser Hughes and co in Alan Bleasdale’s ‘Boys From…’ forerunner. Collection: Play for Today Blackbird Singing in the Dead of Night 1988 | 25min Excellent ‘Dramarama’ play which led to the highly successful ‘Children’s Ward’. Collection: The Kids Are Alright Blackfriars Bridge Top-hatted Victorians and horse-drawn traffic cross Blackfriars Bridge. Collection: London Calling The Blackguard 1925 | 96min Hitchcock was sent to Germany to work on this silent feature set during the Russian Revolution. Collection: The Shaping of Alfred Hitchcock Blackhill Campaign Villagers and miners fight against the closure of Blackhill Colliery, Northumberland. Collection: North by North East Blackmail 1929 | 82min Manslaughter, blackmail and an epic chase through the British Museum. Sound and silent versions of the early Hitchcock classic. Collection: London Calling Lady Dedlock looms large in this beautifully designed silent feature adaptation of the Dickens masterpiece. Collection: Hard Times: Dickens on Screen Bleak House (Episode 1) 1985 | 52min The BBC tackled one of Dickens’ most complex narratives with this classy mini-series starring Diana Rigg and Denholm Elliott. Collection: Hard Times: Dickens on Screen Bleak House (Part 1) 2005 | 57min The opening episode of the BBC’s award-winning 15-part adaptation, with Gillian Anderson as Lady Dedlock. Collection: Hard Times: Dickens on Screen Bleak Moments Mike Leigh’s feature debut about a lonely woman living with her learning disabled sister. Collection: Unlimited: Disability on Screen Blight 1997 | 30min An East End community voices its anger as homes are demolished to make way for the M11 road link. Collection: London Calling Melodrama about the impact of WWI on a wealthy English family. Collection: Silent Britain Blithe Spirit 1945 | 93min A harmless séance summons up an unwanted ghost in this Noel Coward play, starring Margaret Rutherford as a gung-ho medium. Collection: Funny Girls The Block 1972 | 75min Hard-hitting documentary from Paul Watson examining the plight of people living below the poverty line in Southwark. Collection: Beautiful South Blood Ah Goh Run 1982 | 20min The demonstrations following 1981’s infamous New Cross Fire in which 13 young black people died. Collection: Black Britain Bloody Sunday 2002 | 120min Award-winning drama about the civil rights protest march that ended in massacre. From the director of ‘United 93’. Collection: Essentially British Legwarmers at the ready for Yvonne Ocampo’s exercise regime. Collection: Sport at Heart Bombardment of Hartlepool – 60th Anniversary 1974 | 6min 60 years after Germany’s raid on Hartlepool during WWI, an eyewitness recalls the attack. Collection: North by North East The Bond 1965 | 75min Hannah Gordon stars in Dawn Pavitt’s play about the trials and tribulations of marriage for modern women. Collection: Missing Believed Wiped: The Library of Congress Discoveries Book Four Fay Weldon and Len Deighton lock horns in Channel 4’s first book programme. Collection: n/a Book Tower: The Secret Garden 1981 | 30min In this episode of the series aimed at encouraging children to read, Tom Baker focuses on Frances Hodgson Burnett’s ‘A Secret Garden’. Collection: The Kids Are Alright Books of the Century 1996 | 5min Queen of the saucy blockbuster Jackie Collins reveals her favourite book – Enid Blyton’s ‘The Folk of the Faraway Tree’. Collection: Toyland Tales and Happy Endings Borderline London as seen through the eyes of Escher. Collection: London Calling Borrowed Pasture 1960 | 30min Richard Burton narrates this beautiful portrait of two Polish soldiers trying to make a life for themselves on a Welsh farm. Collection: Visions of Change: The TV Documentary 1950s-60s Born Freak Performer and disability campaigner Mat Fraser questions whether audiences see disabled actors as freaks. Collection: Unlimited: Disability on Screen Bow Bells A nostalgic traipse through the East End accompanied by music-hall numbers. Collection: London Calling The Bowler and the Bunnet 1967 | 36min Sean Connery’s only film as director – a stylish and opinionated piece on the prospects for the Govan shipyards. Collection: This Working Life: Tales From the Shipyard Boy and Bicycle Ridley Scott’s directorial debut: a day in the life of a schoolboy truant. Collection: Cinema of Tomorrow Boy Kumasenu 1951 | 60min A boy in the Gold Coast moves from a small fishing village to the modern city of Accra. Collection: Cape to Cairo Boy Who Turned Yellow, The 1972 | 55min The London Underground turns yellow in Michael Powell’s charming Children’s Film Foundation entry. Collection: London Calling The Boy Whose Skin Fell Off 2004 | 60min BAFTA-winning documentary following the last months of Jonny Kennedy, a Northumberland man born with a disabling skin condition. Collection: North by North East Boyfriends 1996 | 81min Seven men spend a weekend in the country – gay sex, love and relationships in the 1990s Collection: Beautiful Things Meet Mohamed Hussain, founding member of Bradford’s Pakistani community – and aspiring movie mogul. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Bradford Town Hall Square Bustling life in the West Yorkshire city, captured at the dawn of cinema. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Brassed Off Politically charged comedy-drama about the fortunes of a Yorkshire colliery brass band. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Brassneck 1975 | 80min Brenton and Hare’s brilliant, bleak rise and fall of an immoral family (and of Great Britain) in the postwar years. Collection: Play for Today The Brave Don’t Cry 1952 | 90min Drama-documentary about a Scottish mining rescue team, based on the Knockshinnoch disaster. Collection: This Working Life: King Coal Bread and Roses 2000 | 96min Director’s cut of Ken Loach’s feature dramatising the plight of exploited Mexican and Salvadorean cleaners in Los Angeles. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective Break in the Sun 1980 | 25min The climax of a six-part serial adapted from Bernard Ashley’s novel about a young girl who flees her abusive stepfather. Collection: The Kids Are Alright Break the News 1938 | 78min Maurice Chevalier and Jack Buchanan star as chorus boys who fake a murder for some much-needed publicity. Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace Breakfast with Frost News, politics and historic interviews – all over breakfast. Collection: n/a Crewe works — from rural hamlet to railway town. Collection: Once Upon a Time in the North West Building a Motor Car A car is born at the Vulcan Works, Southport. Collection: Once Upon a Time in the North West The Building of the New Tyne Bridge 1928 | 40min Extraordinary footage of the construction of Tyneside’s iconic landmark. Collection: North by North East The Bull Ring Shopping Centre, Birmingham 1965 | 26min The development of Britain’s busiest shopping mall. Collection: n/a Bullet Boy 2004 | 100min A young black man struggles to avoid a life of crime after being released from jail. Collection: London Calling Bumps on the River Cam 1922 | 1min Cambridge Lent racers row their boats ungently down the stream. Collection: Eastward Ho! An idyllic fireside scene slips seamlessly into an advert for Maypole Tea. Collection: Housewives’ Choice Byker 1983 | 53min The changing face of a close-knit working-class community in Newcastle from the late 1960s to the early 1980s. Collection: North by North East Byker Grove 1994 | 24min An awkward adolescent kiss between Noddy and Gary marks a landmark for British children’s drama. Collection: Beautiful Things Byker Grove 1992 | 25min The infamous ‘paintball’ episode of the long-running Geordie soap, which introduced the world to Ant and Dec. Collection: The Kids Are Alright Byker Wall Beatrix Campbell explores a 20th century ‘walled city’. Collection: The Promised Land C O D – A Mellow Drama 1929 | 10min Mischievous experimental short made by moonlighting film studio technicians. Collection: Pandora’s Box Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine 1927 | 5min The conditions that provide a breeding ground for the parasitic disease, kala azar. Collection: Before Midnight Inventive portrait of the city by documentary pioneer and Cambridge alumnus Stuart Legg. Collection: Eastward Ho! Cambridge Folk Festival 1980 | 50min Don McLean, Lonnie Donegan and other folk stars wow the crowds at the 1980 music festival. Collection: Eastward Ho! Came Out, It Rained, Went Back in Again 1991 | 10min A girl comes out and treks to London. But will the Big Smoke offer her the lesbian bliss she seeks? Collection: Beautiful Things Camera in the Streets 1978 | 25min American photographer Janine Wiedel embarks on a project to capture the spirit of the West Midlands. Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen Camgymeriad Gwych (Beautiful Mistake) John Cale teams up with the leading bands of ‘Cool Cymru’. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen A Canney View of Sunderland 1970 | 25min Michael Canney discovers the joys of Sunderland, a city on the verge of change. Collection: North by North East A Canterbury Tale 1944 | 125min Magical and unsettling evocation of rural Britain as seen through the eyes of WWII’s modern pilgrims. Collection: Essentially British Docudrama exploring how a dance-influenced Brazilian martial art gained a British twist. Collection: Dancing Feet Captain Busby 1967 | 15min Quentin Crisp’s acting debut – in a bizarre film that includes some entertainingly surreal interplay with a carrot at a railway station. Collection: Pandora’s Box The Captain Zip Video Trip 1978 | 74min Amateur films of the punk scene in London, 1978-81. Collection: Anarchy in the UK Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons 1967 | 27min ‘Episode 1: ‘The Mysterons’. Spectrum’s top agent faces the wrath of the Mysterons in the pilot for Gerry Anderson’s animated series.. Collection: Sci-Fi: Days of Fear and Wonder Car of Dreams A young John Mills stars in this breezy musical comedy of errors. Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace Caravaggio Derek Jarman’s portrait of the Renaissance painter. Collection: Cinema of Tomorrow A look at homes run by the Jewish Welfare Board. Collection: Oy Britannia The Castle of Adventure 1990 | 25min Four children and Kiki the parrot investigate some dodgy goings-on in Enid Blyton’s mystery tale. Collection: Toyland Tales and Happy Endings Castles and Fisherfolk The lives of West Africans, against the backdrop of the castles of the Gold Coast. Collection: Cape to Cairo Catherine Comes Home 1978 | 25min Bestselling author Catherine Cookson returns to her childhood home in the North East after an absence of 48 years. Collection: North by North East Cathy Come Home Carol White stars in the groundbreaking TV play which fuelled the homelessness debate. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective Caught Looking A gay man turns to virtual reality to satisfy his sexual fantasies. Collection: Beautiful Things Cause Célèbre 1987 | 120min Helen Mirren gives a tour-de-force performance as a woman accused of murder in Terence Rattigan’s biting 30s-set play. Collection: n/a Fascinating industrial relations drama in which workers take over a factory. Collection: We Can Work It Out The Changeling Kika Markham portrays the bloodthirsty Beatrice-Joanna in Thomas Middleton and William Rowley’s Jacobean tragedy. Collection: Missing Believed Wiped: The Library of Congress Discoveries The Changes 1975 | 250min All ten episodes of the cult West Country-set serial based on the science fiction novels by Peter Dickinson. Collection: Sci-Fi: Days of Fear and Wonder The Changing Face of Camberwell 1963 | 30min The post-war architecture of the London Borough of Camberwell. Collection: Beautiful South Charades 1977 | 55min The Lady of the Manor becomes increasingly intimidated by her maid in this female take on Harold Pinter’s ‘The Servant.’ Collection: Play for Today Charles Dickens’ World of Christmas 1974 | 25min An all-star cast embody Dickens’ larger than life characters as they intermingle on a snowy set. Collection: The Book Group Documentary about the Bhil tribal people of central India. Collection: Before Midnight The Children Who Cheated the Nazis 2000 | 55min Documentary looking at the Kindertransport children – Jewish children who were sent away by their parents to escape Nazi persecution. Collection: Oy Britannia A Choice of Evils 1977 | 85min Scathing critique of the Catholic Church’s lack of response to the massacre of hundreds of Italians by the Nazis in 1944, written by Jim Allen. Collection: Play for Today Christmas and New Years Announcements Compilation aka Merry Christmas 1949 1946 | 8min Snowy idylls, animated toys and an exploding Father Time – a selection of trailers shown in cinemas from 1946-1950. Collection: Pandora’s Box Christmas at Work in the Open 1920 | 1min Children make their own Christmas decorations at the Great Northern Hospital. Collection: Pandora’s Box The first ever Welsh-language ‘talkie’, showing a slate quarryman’s life at Blaenau Ffestiniog. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Cicerones 2002 | 13 min Mark Gatiss falls prey to supernatural forces in this gothic short by The League of Gentlemen’s Jeremy Dyson. Collection: Gothic: The Dark Arts Cilla 1974 | 44min The Liverpudlian lovely is joined by David Essex and the Wombles for a special Boxing Day broadcast. Collection: Santa’s Grotto Cinema Record, The – Newcastle 1928 | 8min Amateur film of events around Newcastle, including the North East Coast Exhibition and a visit from George V. Collection: North by North East Cinema: Alfred Hitchcock Hitchcock in conversation with Michael Scott for a 1966 edition of the Granada TV series. Collection: Looking for Alfred Cinema: Alfred Hitchcock [Production material] 1969 | 50min Michael Parkinson meets the Master of Suspense in surviving rushes from this 1969 edition of ‘Cinema’. Collection: Looking for Alfred A rarely seen election special of Oliver Postgate’s beloved stop-motion animation. Collection: The Kids Are Alright Clapham Junction The most controversial gay drama since ‘Queer as Folk’. Collection: Beautiful Things Clarmont Skrine’s Home Movies 1940 | 13min Vivid colour home movies featuring the great Kathakali dancer Guru Gopinath and scenes in Bundi, Rajasthan. Collection: Before Midnight Clash at Forsyth’s 1973 | 30min Bill Treacher (‘Eastenders’’ Arthur Fowler) appears in this industrial film showing how poor management communication can damage productivity in the workplace. Collection: Boom Britain: We Can Work It Out Class by Class: The Miner’s Tale 1991 | 30min A former coal miner and his family discuss their feelings on class. Collection: This Working Life: King Coal Cliff Climbing: The Egg Harvest of Flamborough Head 1908 | 7min The perilous practice of egg-gathering at Bempton Cliffs on the East Yorkshire coast. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Climbing Mount Everest Hugh Ruttledge’s attempt to conquer Everest via Tibet. Collection: The Search for Shangri-La Climbing Mt Everest The second British Everest expedition, led by Brigadier General C.G. Bruce. Collection: The Search for Shangri-La Close Up: Ken Loach The influential director selects his own favourite moment in cinema. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective Closing Numbers Feature-length drama starring Jane Asher as a well-to-do housewife who discovers her husband is bisexual. Collection: Beautiful Things The Clothes Show 1986 | 30min Shoulder pads at the ready: Selina Scott and Jeff Banks present the first episode of the long-running fashion show. Collection: Brit Chic Club for Fighting Men 1916 | 1min The Lord Mayor distributes mugs of tea at the opening of the new Service Club in Waterloo. Collection: Beautiful South The Coal Board’s Butchery 1984 | 15min An edition of the pioneering campaign tapes made to support striking miners against the Thatcher government. Collection: Reality Bites Terry Wogan hosts the 1976 final of the long-running competitive ballroom dancing show. Collection: TV Heaven Come to South West Durham 1965 | 18min Promotional film advertising Durham’s industries and leisure activities. Collection: North by North East Come With Me to Berwick-on-Tweed 1952 | 20min Richard Dimbleby sings the praises of England’s northernmost town. Collection: North by North East Come with Me to Cardiff 1954 | 18min Richard Dimbleby tours Cardiff a year before it became Wales’ capital city. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Comedians 1979 | 95min A young Jonathan Pryce stars in an angry attack on the popular comedy scene, as six budding comedians hope for their big break. Collection: Play for Today Comic Pictures in High Street, West Bromwich 1902 | 3min Boisterous boys jostle for a place in front of Mitchell & Kenyon’s camera in the West Midlands town. Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen. The Comic Strip Presents…The Strike 1987 | 65min Hollywood version of the miner’s strike, featuring Arthur Scargill, as played by Al Pacino, as played by Peter Richardson. Collection: This Working Life: King Coal Comic Strip Presents…Five Go Mad in Dorset 1982 | 30min The Famous Five receive the Comic Strip treatment. Collection: Toyland Tales and Happy Endings The Comic Strip Presents…Five Go Mad on Mescalin 1983 | 30min The Comic Strip mercilessly revisit Enid Blyton’s crime-solving quintet in the follow-up to ‘Five Go Mad in Dorset’. Collection: Toyland Tales and Happy Endings A Coming to Terms for Billy 1984 | 82min Family dynamics begin to shift for Kenneth Branagh’s Billy in the final part of Graham Reid’s Belfast-set trilogy. Collection: Play for Today Beautiful pastoral melodrama, considered by Cecil Hepworth to be his masterpiece. Collection: Silent Britain Coming Out 1979 | 75min A closeted gay author causes a stir after writing an anonymous gay article – is it time to come out? Collection: Beautiful Things Coming Out (Inside Story) 1980 | 49min Gay men and women tell their own stories against the backdrop of the 1979 Gay Pride march. Collection: Beautiful Things The Coming Out Party 1965 | 70min Ken Loach directs James O’Connor’s play about a young boy struggling to escape the cycle of deprivation and crime. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective Coming Through Kenenth Branagh and Helen Mirren star in the romance between D.H. Lawrence and Frieda Weekly. Collection: Heartlands Commissioner Higgins Visits Ahmedabad Girls School 1904 | 2min A visit from the Salvation Army. Collection: Before Midnight Promotional film shot in Rhodesia extolling the virtues of smoking tobacco. Collection: Cape to Cairo Continental Drift 2005 | 16min William Raban’s film of Dover harbour shows how Britain is defined by its complex relationship with Europe. Collection: British Islands Contrasts: Joseph Wright of Derby – The Spectacle of Light 1990 | 25min Profile of the Derby-born artist Joseph Wright (1734 – 1797). Collection: Heartlands Conway – River of a Thousand Moods 1921 | 10min A scenic trip through North Wales to the sea. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Conwy Castle – Panoramic View of Conwy on the L. & N.W. Railway 1898 | 2min A tinted ‘phantom ride’ around Conwy Castle. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Coping with Cupid A trio of platinum blonde aliens lands in Soho to investigate our romantic foibles. Collection: The Truth About Love Coronation Durbar at Delhi Pomp and circumstance marking the coronation of King Edward VII as Emperor of India. Collection: Before Midnight The Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II 1953 | 74min Highlights from the televised coverage of Queen Elizabeth II’s coronation. Collection: TV Heaven Cranford 2007 | 300min Dame Judi, Dame Eileen and the cream of British talent star in this superb five-part adaptation from 2007. Collection: The Book Group Cranford 1976 | 60min A 1976 adaptation with a twist. Give those vocal chords a work out – it’s sing-along-a-Cranford time! Collection: The Book Group Cranford 1972 | 180min Gabrielle Hamilton and Pat Coombs star in this little-seen 1972 adaptation of Mrs. Gaskell’s novel. Collection: The Book Group Crazy Gang’s Party 1957 | 24min The Gang’s all here for festive frolics in the hugely popular show devised by Bud Flanagan. Collection: Santa’s Grotto A Cream Cracker Under the Settee 1988 | 31min One of Alan Bennett’s series of sensitive monologues; amusing and moving. Collection: TV Heaven Britain’s ‘last line of defence’ at their best. Collection: Essentially British Dafydd 1995 | 40min A 17-year-old runaway swaps the Welsh Valleys for the mean streets of Amsterdam in this multi-lingual TV drama. Collection: Beautiful Things Dai Jones: A True Story 1941 | 7min An unemployed Welsh miner saves the day in this stirring war propaganda film. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Daisy Doodad’s Dial A face-pulling competition between husband and wife – can Daisy pull it off? Collection: Pandora’s Box Dal yma Nawr/ Still Here Now 2003 | 75min Some of Wales’ greatest performers take us on an odyssey through the nation’s bardic tradition in Marc Evans’ extraordinary documentary. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen The Dale That Died Documentary about the decline of a once thriving valley in the Yorkshire Dales. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Daleks’ Invasion Earth 2150 A.D. 1966 | 84min Exterminate! Can Dr. Who and Bernard Cribbins save the Earth? Collection: Box of Delights Will Hay – as a country vicar no less – finds himself accused of doping racehorses. Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace Dangerous Comment 1940 | 12min Loose lips sink ships: Ealing targeted wealthier audiences with this entry in a trio of WWII propaganda shorts. Collection: Ealing Studios: Propaganda Shorts Daphne du Maurier – A Loving Spirit 1997 | 60min Documentary marking the launch of the du Maurier Festival in Fowey, Cornwall. Collection: The Book Group Daphne du Maurier – The Loving Spirit 1993 | 52min Documentary shedding light on the author’s complex relationships with men and women. Collection: The Book Group The Dark Eyes of London 1939 | 73min A landmark in British horror cinema: can shifty insurance broker Bela Lugosi shed any light on those bodies floating in the Thames? Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace Dark Season 1991 | 30min The tense finale to Russell T. Davies’ adventure series, starring Kate Winslet in her breakthrough role. Collection: The Kids Are Alright Darling, Do You Love Me? 1968 | 4min Ambitious early attempt to translate Dickens’ work to the screen in greater depth. Collection: Hard Times: Dickens on Screen David Copperfield (Part 3: A Long Journey) 1966 | 25min Look out for future Doctor Who Patrick Troughton in this surviving episode from the BBC’s 13-part adaptation. Collection: Hard Times: Dickens on Screen David Hockney (South Bank Show) 1988 | 45min A private view of the painter’s Tate Gallery retrospective. Collection: Farewell South Bank Show David Hockney: A Bigger Picture 2009 | 60min The artist returns to his native Yorkshire and begins a new creative chapter in his illustrious career. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen A Day in the Hayfields 1904 | 3min Extraordinary early portrait of people caught up in the remorseless round of industrial production. Collection: Essentially British A Day in the Life of a Coal Miner 1910 | 10min Extraordinary early portrait of people caught up in the remorseless round of industrial production. Collection: Essentially British A Day in the Life of One of the World’s Great Ports 1967 | 20min Spend a day on the Manchester Ship Canal. Collection: Once Upon a Time in the North West A Day of One’s Own 1956 | 20min At last, Mum gets a well-earned break from cooking, cleaning and kids. Collection: Housewives’ Choice Alan Bennett’s first TV play, a period drama about a Halifax cycling club. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen The Day the Earth Caught Fire 1961 | 99min The Thames has dried up. Climate change threatens the survival of the world in this smart, prophetic sci-fi thriller. Collection: London Calling Daybreak in Udi 1949 | 40min Villagers in Nigeria construct a hospital under the supercilious eye of a British district officer in this Oscar-winning documentary. Collection: Cape to Cairo Days of Hope 1975 | 410min Ken Loach’s four-part drama following a working-class family from WWI to the 1926 General Strike. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective Dead Dreams of Monochrome Men (South Bank Show) 1990 | 52 min DV8 Physical Theatre’s first stage show to be adapted for film, loosely based on the story of gay serial killer Dennis Nilsen. Collection: Beautiful Things Murder most foul at the Beeb. Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace Death is a Number 1951 | 45min Occult drama: a numerologist relates the tragic part played by the number 9 in the life of his racing driver pal. Collection: Gothic: The Dark Arts Death in the Morning Alan Whicker investigates the elite world of the Leicestershire Quorn Hunt. Collection: Heartlands Death May Be Your Santa Claus 1969 | 38min Thought ‘lost’ for many years, ‘Santa Claus’ is an intriguing look at sex and politics from a black British perspective. Collection: Black Britain Dechrau Canu, Dechrau Canmol 2005 | 25min The flagship S4C show, one of the longest running religious programmes in the world and the inspiration for ‘Songs of Praise’, comes to Rhos. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen The Deep Blue Sea 1955 | 98 min A rare opportunity to see Vivien Leigh’s poignant performance in the first film version of Terence Rattigan’s play. Collection: Essentially British A demonstration against the National Front filmed by West Yorkshire Police. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Dennis Potter Interview The writer discusses his controversial work for the BBC’s Tonight programme, featuring unbroadcast footage. Collection: Dennis Potter on TV Dennis Potter: The Last Interview 1994 | 68min Thora Hird stars in this entry in Alan Bennett’s amusing and moving Talking Heads. Collection: TV Heaven Dennis Potter: Under the Skin 1998 | 50min Former colleagues of the celebrated dramatist discuss his life and legacy for BBC arts series Close Up. Collection: Dennis Potter on TV Painting the Clouds: A Portrait of Dennis Potter 2004 | 89min Arena profiles the life of the celebrated dramatist, with contributions from those who knew him best. Collection: Dennis Potter on TV Potter on Television Arena explores Dennis Potter’s lesser-known work as a TV critic. Collection: Dennis Potter on TV Denys Lasdun The pioneering architect discusses his vision for the new National Theatre. Collection: Eastward Ho! Dramatic fiction short made by a talented Leeds cine group. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Devonshire Hospital, Buxton Returning WWI soldiers get more than they bargained for in Buxton’s new-fangled thermal baths. Collection: Heartlands The Diaries of Ossie Clark (South Bank Show) 1998 | 104min A tribute to the influential designer, filmed two years after his violent death. Collection: Brit Chic A Diary For Timothy 1946 | 38min What does the future hold for Timothy, born on the fifth anniversary of the start of WWII? Collection: Essentially British Diary of a Young Man 1964 | 45min The adventures of two working-class northern lads during their first few months in London. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective Dick Henderson Singing ‘Love Her All the More’ 1926 | 5min Music hall star Dick Henderson trills out a resounding ode to his beloved. Collection: The Truth About Love Dickens Immerse yourself in Charles Dickens’ Victorian milieu with Peter Ackroyd’s three-part drama-documentary. Collection: Hard Times: Dickens on Screen Dickens’ London 1924 | 12min Join Fagin, Pickwick and Little Nell on a whirlwind tour of the sites that inspired Dickens’ work. Collection: Hard Times: Dickens on Screen Did You Ever See a Dream Talking? 1943 | 7min Spendthrift Claude Hulbert gets a lesson from his good angel in this enjoyably daft War Savings Bonds promo. Collection: Ealing Studios: Propaganda Shorts Dilip The story of Dilip Kumar, a young man with leprosy. Collection: n/a Dinner at the Sporting Club 1978 | 63min Leon Griffiths’ play climbs the bottom rungs of the boxing world, exposing the dark side of the ‘noble art’. Collection: Play for Today Dirk Bogarde: A Guardian Lecture 1983 | 40min BBC broadcast of the actor and writer in conversation at the National Film Theatre. Collection: Bogarde on the Box Dirk Bogarde: Above the Title 1986 | 50min Russell Harty interviews the notoriously guarded star at his home in Provence. Collection: Bogarde on the Box Dirty Filthy Love 2004 | 120min A man with OCD and Tourette’s Syndrome strikes up a rapport with the head of his support group. Collection: The Truth About Love Disablement 1977 | 26min A married couple discuss the challenges they face in achieving a healthy sex life after an accident leaves the man in a wheelchair. Collection: n/a Dispute 1960 | 36min A workplace grievance is told from different viewpoints in this imaginative British Productivity Council film, influenced by Kurosawa’s ‘Rashomon’. Collection: Boom Britain: We Can Work It Out Distant Voices, Still Lives A wedding and a christening evoke powerful memories for a working-class Liverpool family. Collection: Essentially British Ripping yarn starring George Arliss as Dr. Syn – vicar by day, adventurer by night. Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace Doctor Who: An Unearthly Child 1963 | 26min The original 1963 ‘pilot’ episode of the sci-fi series, unscreened until 1991. Collection: TV Heaven Doctor Who: Boom Town 2005 | 45min A wicked alien is intent on blowing up Cardiff – can our Time Lord hero save the day? Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Doctor Who: Rose The return of the intrepid Time Lord after a long 16-year hiatus. Collection: TV Heaven Doctor Who: The Sun Makers 1977 | 26min The fourth Doctor and his assistant, Leela, take on an oppressive Pluto tax system. Collection: TV Heaven Ben, 39, castrated mongrel, needs love. GSOH essential. Collection: The Truth About Love Dombey and Son 1970 | 30min Julian Glover takes the lead as the eponymous shipping company owner in the opening episode of this 1983 Dickens adaptation. Collection: Hard Times: Dickens on Screen Doomwatch 1970 | 50min ‘Series 1 Episode 6: ‘Re-entry Forbidden’. An early episode of the classic BBC series about a government scientific agency investigating threats to the human race. Collection: Sci-Fi: Days of Fear and Wonder Don McCullin: Redundant Warrior A documentary profile of the distinguished war photographer. Collection: TV Heaven Don’t Be Like Brenda! 1973 | 10min Brenda makes a mistake and it’s clearly all her own fault… Collection: The Joy of Sex Education Don’t Be Silly A middle-class wife tries to cope with her abusive husband. Collection: Play for Today Don’t Dilly Dally on the Way 1969 | 25min Jimmy Edwards and Pat Coombs star in this classic Galton & Simpson farce. Collection: Funny Girls Don’t Drop the Coffin 2003 | 30min A glimpse into life and death in Bermondsey. Collection: Beautiful South Double the Trouble, Twice the Fun 1992 | 24min A mix of documentary and drama exploring the lives of lesbians and gay men with disabilities. Collection: Beautiful Things Richard Massingham looks at pub culture across England. Collection: Roll Out the Barrel Down Cemetery Road 1964 | 22min John Betjeman joins Philip Larkin for a tour of the poet’s adopted Hull in this edition of ‘Monitor’. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Down to the Sea Follow the River Mersey from source to sea. Collection: Once Upon a Time in the North West Down to the Sea In Trucks 1947 | 18min The importance of rail transport in the shipbuilding industry. Collection: This Working Life: Tales From the Shipyard Down Town Perfect precincts: Britain goes shopping centre crazy. Collection: Pandora’s Box Bram Stoker’s great-nephew Daniel Farson investigates the enduring legacy of the Count. Collection: The Book Group The Dragon Has Two Tongues 1985 | 30min Two leading historians debate the rise of Marxism in Wales during the years before WWI. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen The Draughtsman’s Contract Peter Greenaway’s breakthrough film: a draughtsman enters into a dangerous game of wits. Collection: Cinema of Tomorrow Dream A40 1964 | 15min A young gay couple’s relationship is put to the test as a road trip takes a sinister turn in Lloyd Reckord’s underground short. Collection: Beautiful Things Dulwich College and Village 1960 | 10min Glorious colour footage of the famous Lambeth college, used as a location for the Harry Potter films. Collection: Beautiful South Durham Miners Answer Lord Kitchener’s Call To Arms 1914 | 1min Newsreel footage of Durham miners on their way to the recruiting station. Collection: North by North East Durham Miners’ Gala Marching bands and fancy dress parades – business as usual at the annual gala. Collection: North by North East Dusty Ermine A reformed criminal tries to save his nephew from going down the same road. Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace Dylan Thomas Oscar-winning documentary on the great Welsh poet and writer, narrated by Richard Burton. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen E. H. Hunt’s Amateur Films of the Rafai Fakirs 1929 | 8min An amateur record of the self-mutilation of fakirs in Hyderabad. Collection: Before Midnight Kwame Kwei-Armah’s Hackney-set story of gun crime, racism and a difficult father-son relationship. Collection: Black Britain Elphida 1987 | 60min Angela Wynter stars as a young woman who needs to make major changes in her life. Collection: Black Britain Elsie and the Brown Bunny 1921 | 8min Early Cadbury ad, playing like a surreal outtake from ‘Charlie and the Chocolate Factory’. Collection: March Hares & Easter Bunnies Elstree Calling Alfred Hitchcock directs segments of a lavish revue featuring stars of the early 30s. Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace Emergency – Ward 10 The lives and loves of the staff of Oxbridge General Hospital. Collection: Soap Bubbles Emily Brontë at Howarth – A Personal Impression 1973 | 25min Beryl Bainbridge reflects on the triumphs and tragedies which shaped the novelist’s short life. Collection: The Book Group Day-to-day life among the West Indian community living in Birmingham’s Empire Road Collection: Black Britain The Encyclopaedist 1961 | 30min A pushy encyclopaedia salesman attempts to flog his wares in this TV drama written by John Mortimer. Collection: Black Britain The End of Arthur’s Marriage 1965 | 70min A real Ken Loach curio: the director’s exuberant musical contribution to the ‘Wednesday Play’ strand. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective The Ends 2005 | 9min A shooting on an Elephant and Castle estate is not quite what it seems in this powerful short. Collection: Beautiful South Endurance: The Story of a Glorious Failure 1933 | 55min Re-edited sound version of ‘South’, detailing Shackleton’s Antarctic Expedition of 1914-16 with spoken commentary. Collection: Into the White The Lake District beckons in this evocative amateur travelogue. Collection: Once Upon a Time in the North West An Englishman’s Home… A salute to the calming influence of Horlicks. Collection: Pandora’s Box Enid 2009 | 82min A memorably icy performance from Helena Bonham Carter uncovers the public and private lives of prolific children’s author Enid Blyton. Collection: Toyland Tales and Happy Endings Entertaining Mr Sloane 1968 | 80min A sexy young murderer joins the household of a spinster and her brother – but who is manipulating whom? Collection: Beautiful Things The Enthronement of the First Archbishop of Wales 1920 | 7min Alfred George Edwards becomes Wales’ first Archbishop at a ceremony attended by Lloyd George. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Epic of Everest Mallory and Irvine’s ill-fated attempt to conquer Everest. Collection: The Search for Shangri-La Epic of Joey Follow that monkey! A pet ape makes a break for freedom in Camberwell. Collection: Beautiful South The Epic That Never Was 1965 | 70min Dirk Bogarde tells the fascinating story of unfinished 1930s epic ‘I, Claudius’. Collection: Bogarde on the Box Erection of the Dome of Discovery, Festival of Britain, 1950/51 1951 | 48min The Festival of Britain’s radical centrepiece rises from the rubble of the South Bank. Collection: Beautiful South The effect of modern transport on the Welsh valleys and beyond. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Everyday Something A Home Truths-style guide to British eccentricity narrated by John Peel. Collection: Essentially British Everything In the Garden’s Lovely 1980 | 26min Tom Baker narrates the story of the Garden City movement, founded at Letchworth in Hertfordshire. Collection: Eastward Ho! Everything is Rhythm 1936 | 73min Harry Roy stars as a band leader who falls in love with a European princess in this vibrant musical comedy. Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace Experiment 1958 | 33min How to defuse potential industrial relations problems, using an experiment at a Monmouthshire coal mine as an example. Collection: Boom Britain: We Can Work It Out Expresso Bongo Cliff Richard gyrates his way through Soho’s strip clubs and coffee bars. Collection: London Calling Ken Loach’s feature film reworking of controversial mental illness drama ‘In Two Minds’. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective Family Pride The first Asian soap to hit British television screens. Collection: Soap Bubbles Family Snapshots 1937-1941 1937 | 18min Parties and day trips give way to the arrival of wartime evacuees in one Yorkshire family’s home movies. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen The Family Way Jenny and Arthur are unable to consummate their marriage. Tongues wag… Collection: Beautiful Things Famine 1967 | 39min Jack Gold’s powerful documentary about the famine and drought in the Indian state of Bihar. Collection: Visions of Change: The TV Documentary 1950s-60s Far and Near 2003 | 30min Leaving her country for the first time, a young Chinese writer wanders on a wild mountain in West Wales. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen The Far Pavilions ‘Gone With the Wind’, India-style. Collection: Before Midnight Learn to make the perfect Yorkshire parkin in this edition of the 70s cookery show. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Fashion Fantasy A glamour-starved Wren dreams of modelling for Norman Hartnell. Collection: Brit Chic Fat Man on a Bicycle aka W-H-O-R-K a la Pimple 1914 | 3min Pimple attempts to teach a large friend to ride a bicycle, with disastrous results. Collection: Pandora’s Box Father and Son 1945 | 14min Old ways and new ways clash as a son returns to his Kenyan village and contends with his father’s belief in magic and superstition. Collection: Cape to Cairo Agitprop film campaigning against the Industrial Relations Act. Collection: Boom Britain: We Can Work It Out Figures in a Landscape The sculptures of Barbara Hepworth, and the Cornish landscapes that inspired them. Collection: Cinema of Tomorrow The Film That Never Was 1955 | 30min The making of a movie about industrial relations is thwarted – by industrial relations – in Paul Dickson’s funny and eccentric film. Collection: Boom Britain: We Can Work It Out The Films of E.J. Montgomery 1928 | 26min An often playful record of the lives and duties of Lord and Lady Stephenson. Collection: Before Midnight Filth: The Mary Whitehouse Story 2008 | 88min Julie Walters steps into the sensible shoes of a fellow West Midlands icon. Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen Fingersmith 2005 | 60min In the 1860s, a female pickpocket and an heiress enter into a relationship – but is the whole thing a con? Collection: Beautiful Things Gary Oldman stars in Alan Clarke’s searing indictment of football hooliganism. Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen First a Girl A hard-up girl pretends to be a female impersonator to make ends meet. Collection: Beautiful Things The First Born 1928 | 93min Desire for a son and heir leads to marital strife between director/star Miles Mander and future ‘Hitchcock blonde’ Madeleine Carroll. Collection: Silent Britain First Reaction: Isabella Rusbridger 1992 | 3min A schoolgirl gives her verdict on the rewritten Enid Blyton novels, which tone down the sexism of the originals. Collection: Toyland Tales and Happy Endings First Reaction: Ken Loach The outspoken director attacks the way some filmmakers promote political parties. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective First Reaction: Ken Loach 1993 | 4min The filmmaker questions Channel 4’s decision to withdraw transmission of two films set in Northern Ireland. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective Fisherfolk of Northumbria 1942 | 20min With the men at war, the laborious jobs in Newbiggin-by-the Sea fall to the village’s women. Collection: North by North East Five and Under Ministry of Information-sponsored investigation into the needs of overstretched working mothers in wartime. Collection: Reality Bites Five Go to Demon’s Rock 1996 | 25min The Famous Five encounter buried treasure, a shipwreck and a mischievous monkey in this 1990s adaptation. Collection: Toyland Tales and Happy Endings Five Have a Mystery to Solve 1964 | 15min A cliff passage on Whispering Island promises adventure for the young sleuths. Collection: Toyland Tales and Happy Endings Five Inch Bather A naked Richard Massingham extols the virtues of bathwater conservation. Collection: Pandora’s Box Five on a Treasure Island 1957 | 15min The first episode of the Children’s Film Foundation adventure serial – Julian, Dick, Ann and Timmy the dog meet tomboy George, and the Famous Five are born. Collection: Toyland Tales and Happy Endings Five Towns Life and work in the Staffordshire Potteries. Collection: Essentially British Flame in the Streets 1961 | 93min Domestic difficulties develop in a working-class family when their daughter falls in love with a Jamaican man. Collection: Black Britain The consequences of lust: an illegitimate child threatens ruin in this lavish 1920s society drama. Collection: The Truth About Love Flames of Passion Ingenious gay homage to Brief Encounter. Collection: The Truth About Love The Flaxton Boys A ghostly children’s adventure set in crumbling Flaxton Hall (actually Ripley Castle, near Harrogate). Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen The Flickering Flame 1996 | 50min Ken Loach tells the story of the sacked dockers of Liverpool and the Women of the Waterfront campaign. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective Flight of the Swan Can a young black girl hope to become a classical ballerina? Collection: Black Britain The Flipside of Dominick Hide 1980 | 95min A time-traveller from 2130 attempts to track down his great-great-grandfather in 1980, but love complicates things… Collection: Play for Today The changes in coal mining that have taken place during one man’s working lifetime. Collection: This Working Life: King Coal Forward to Service Didactic instructional film promoting company loyalty to employees of Smiths Dock Company, Teesside. Collection: North by North East The Four M’s 1964 | 44min The eccentric Lord Robens takes us through the 4 essential M’s of the coal industry. Collection: Boom Britain: We Can Work It Out The Fourth Everest Expedition 1933 | 49min Hugh Ruttledge’s failed attempt to conquer Everest – he got to a point just 1000 feet below the summit. Collection: The Search for Shangri-La Fox Farm Passion blooms in the countryside when a girl falls in love with a blind farmer. Collection: Silent Britain The hills are alive with the sound of protestors, fighting for the right to roam. Collection: Heartlands Frenzy Featurette Material 1971 | 30min Rare footage taken on set at Pinewood and on location in Soho during production of Hitchcock’s first British film since ‘Stage Fright’. Collection: Looking for Alfred Friday the Thirteenth 1933 | 84min A star-studded cast appears in this ensemble piece – a dozen characters are involved in a London bus crash, but who will survive? Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace The Frock and Roll Years 2002 | 23min A beginner’s guide to post-war British fashion. Collection: Brit Chic From High Heels to Sensible Shoes 1997 | 30min Former TV presenter Jackie Forster discusses the day that changed her life – when she had her first lesbian affair. Collection: Beautiful Things From Raw Material to Finished Product 1932 | 26min Descend into the Eston mines as coal and ore are gathered to make iron and steel products. Collection: North by North East From Spain to Streatham (Monitor) 1959 | 10min Ken Russell’s affectionate tribute to the guitar features performances by John Williams and the teenage Davey Graham. Collection: Ken Russell on TV From the Four Corners Why would Australians, Canadians and New Zealanders risk their lives for Britain? Collection: Essentially British From the Sea to the Land Beyond 2012 | 72min A lyrical portrait of Britain’s coastline, combining BFI National Archive footage and stirring music by British Sea Power. Collection: Essentially British Frontier: A Return to the Austro-Hungarian Border 1964 | 32min A personal, poetic and moving documentary by exiled Hungarian filmmaker Robert Vas. Collection: Visions of Change: The TV Documentary 1950s-60s The Frost Programme Counterculture invades The Frost Programme as Jerry Rubin and the Yippies take over the stage. Collection: n/a The Frost Report on Class 1966 | 25min Classic sketches from Messrs Barker, Corbett, Cleese and Frost. Collection: Essentially British The Frost Report on Elections 1966 | 25min Satirical send ups of politicians – ‘The Daily Show’ circa 1966. Collection: The Ballot Box An oddball inventor startles Londoners with images of the city’s future. Collection: London Calling The Funeral of Queen Victoria (Funeral Procession at Cowes) 1901 | 3min The funeral of Britain’s longest-reigning monarch. Collection: Essentially British Funny Farm 1975 | 93min Roy Minton’s play follows a day in the life of a charge nurse in a mental health unit. Collection: Unlimited: Disability on Screen Gala Day Controversial portrait of the 1962 Durham Miners’ Gala. Collection: North by North East Gallivant A tour of Britain’s coastline, with the director’s grandmother and daughter in tow. Collection: Essentially British The Gamekeeper 1980 | 80min An ex-steelworker seeks a gentler pace of life in rural Yorkshire but finds his allegiances tested in Ken Loach’s TV drama. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective The Games A surreal take on East London’s Olympian future. Collection: London Calling Gangsters 1976 | 51min Paul Barber stars in the first episode of the ‘urban western’ set in Birmingham (Series 1 Incident 1). Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen Gangsters The French Connection comes to Birmingham. Collection: Play for Today Fifth instalment in the major ‘Arena’ portrait of Orwell, focusing on his final work. Collection: The Book Group George Orwell: The Road to the Left 1973 | 60min Documentary tracking Orwell’s life in 1936, the year he married, set off for the Spanish Civil War and completed his first novel. Collection: The Book Group George Sherriff’s Home Movies – Lhasa Films 1940 | 63min These amateur films of Lhasa feature the current Dalai Lama and his family in the 1940s. Collection: The Search for Shangri-La George Sherriff’s Home Movies – S.E. Tibet, Bhutan and Sikkim Films 1934 | 155min The vivid colours of Tibet, Bhutan and Sikkim in the 1930s and 40s. Collection: The Search for Shangri-La George Sherriff’s Home Movies – Tibetan Landscapes and Ceremonies 1938 | 51min The Tibetan landscape, wildlife and religious ceremonies through the eyes of botanist George Sherriff. Collection: The Search for Shangri-La Gert and Daisy’s Weekend 1941 | 79min The irrepressible Cockney pensioners take on a boisterous group of evacuee kids in this wartime comedy. Collection: Funny Girls Ghost Downstairs The Andrew Gosling 1982 | 60 min Creepy part-animated adaptation of Leon Garfield’s children’s novel set in Victorian London. Collection: Gothic: Love is a Devil A Ghost of a Chance Jan Darnley-Smith 1967 | 53 min Spooky kids’ caper with some famous faces. Collection: Gothic: Love is a Devil The Ghost of Monks Island Jeremy Summers 1967 | 89 min Lively Children’s Film Foundation adventure filmed in the Channel Islands. Collection: Gothic: Love is a Devil Ghostbuster — The Real Thing Psychic investigator Maurice Grosse revisits his most famous case: the Enfield Poltergeist. Collection: Gothic: Love is a Devil Ghostwatch Lesley Manning 1992 | 90 min Legendary Halloween ‘mockumentary’ investigating a haunted house. Collection: Gothic: Love is a Devil Ghostwatch: Behind the Curtains Rich Lawden 2012 | 90 min Documentary revisiting the British TV phenomenon. Collection: Gothic: Love is a Devil Gi’ It Some ‘Ommer 1984 | 25min An episode from a Central TV series looking at industry and business in the Black Country. Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen Giant in the Sun Beautiful colour documentary showing Nigeria’s preparations for self-government. Collection: Cape to Cairo The Gift 1997 | 16min A man gives his disabled wife a video camera, and she begins to film their deteriorating relationship. Collection: Unlimited: Disability on Screen Gilbert & George Go Day Tripping 1992 | 10min The Turner prize-winning artists head to Southend, the popular Essex seaside resort. Collection: Eastward Ho! Gilbert and George (The South Bank Show) 1997 | 75min The flamboyant artists discuss their provocative work. Collection: Farewell South Bank Show Ginger Nutt’s Christmas Circus 1949 | 7min Disney-inspired animated mayhem at the circus. Collection: Pandora’s Box Shy factory worker Beryl lets her hair down in Joanna Quinn’s uproarious animation. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Give Her a Ring A switchboard operator unknowingly falls for her boss in 1930s Copenhagen. Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace Glasgow Belongs to Me 1965 | 20min An affectionate sketch of life in a great city, tracing the development of the ‘Glasgow man’. Collection: Scottish Reels Glengarry Cinema Topical News No.4 1929 | 12min Chester bids farewell to its trams in this local transport newsreel. Collection: Once Upon a Time in the North West Glengarry Cinema Topical News No.5 1930 | 15min Leaving Liverpool on the M.V. Britannic; back in Liverpool for the Railway Centenary exhibition. Collection: Once Upon a Time in the North West Glimpses of a Manchester Popular Rendezvous 1924 | 5min Welcome to the Piccadilly Dance Salon. Collection: Once Upon a Time in the North West Glimpses of India Indian travelogue featuring the famous sights and rural life. Collection: Before Midnight Glowyr – Mynd yn Grwt i’r Gwaith 1994 | 25min Ex-miners recall their childhood days working in the Welsh coalmines. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Go Go Go Said the Bird 1966 | 55min A trip through Swinging London with Marianne Faithfull, David Hockney, Twiggy and co. Collection: London Calling Go to Blazes 1942 | 8min Clueless know-it-all Will Hay demonstrates how not to put out incendiary bombs in this WWII public information short. Collection: Ealing Studios: Propaganda Shorts The Go-Between Sex, class and cricket – the past as a not-so-foreign country. Collection: Essentially British Perhaps the best-loved Dickens adaptation, David Lean’s 1946 feature has been painstakingly restored. Collection: Hard Times: Dickens on Screen Great Expectations Michael York stars as Pip in the first colour version of the Dickens classic. Collection: Hard Times: Dickens on Screen Great Expectations 1999 | 185min Charlotte Rampling as Miss Havisham and Ioan Gruffudd as Pip lead an all-star cast in this sumptuous two-part adaptation. Collection: Hard Times: Dickens on Screen Great Expectations (Part 1) 1959 | 30min Part one of an early adaptation of the Dickens favourite directed by children’s TV pioneer Dorothea Brooking. Collection: Hard Times: Dickens on Screen Great Hucklow Jubilee Film May 5th 1935 1935 | 6min Jubilee celebrations in a Derbyshire village. Collection: Heartlands An early forerunner of the party political broadcast from the Conservatives. Collection: Reality Bites The Great War 1964 | 40min The Devil is Coming: relive the horror of the Somme in this edition of the groundbreaking 1964 series. Collection: Reality Bites The Great White Silence 1924 | 104min Astonishing film record of Scott’s tragic 1910-13 expedition to the South Pole, restored by the BFI National Archive. Collection: Into the White The Greatest Menace We Have Ever Known 1921 | 1min ‘Topical Budget’ opposes the miners during the 1921 Coal War. Collection: This Working Life: King Coal Gregory’s Girl Affectionate Scottish high school comedy about an amiable loser in love. Collection: Scottish Reels Groove on a Stanley Knife 1997 | 41min Two girls – a lesbian and a homophobe – go on the run from crack-dealers. Collection: Beautiful Things The festival of Dashian is celebrated – including scenes of animal sacrifice. Collection: Before Midnight Gwaed ar y Sêr (Blood on the Stars) Wil Aaron 1975 | 57 min The local school kids aren’t as innocent as they look in this cult Welsh-language horror. Collection: Gothic: Monstrous Gŵyl Cerdd Dant – Rhosllannerchrugog a’r Cylch 2006 | 48min The unique Welsh art of singing poetry to the accompaniment of harp music. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen H.R.H. Prince George Prince George launches a lifeboat in Cromer. Collection: Eastward Ho! H.R.H. The Princess Royal Visit to Oswestry 1933 | 3min Princess Mary visits Oswestry, near Wrexham, in 1933. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Hadrian’s Wall Haunting landscape poem dedicated to the Roman Wall – Northern England’s most visited tourist attraction. Collection: North by North East Halcyon Days Brushes at the ready – are you ready to paint the Halcyon way? Collection: Heartlands Meet Dr Josef Ranald, palmist to the stars ‚Äì and the occasional Nazi. Collection: Gothic: The Dark Arts Hanif Kureishi – ‘Black and White in Colour’ Interviews 1991 | 30min ‘The Buddha of Suburbia’ author offers his opinions on race in British film and TV. Collection: The Book Group Hanif Kureishi (Guardian Interview) AUDIO ONLY 1999 | min South Bank Show profile of the provocative writer. Collection: The Book Group Hanif Kureishi (South Bank Show) 2003 | 48min Kureishi discusses his work at the NFT. Collection: The Book Group Ha’penny Breeze 1951 | 57min A young man tries to rally a Suffolk village on the banks of the River Orwell to improve their post-war lot. Collection: Eastward Ho! The popular sitcom that introduced the world to retired empty nesters Terry and June. Collection: Funny Girls Happy Families 1985 | 30min Jennifer Saunders takes on five roles in this neglected Ben Elton sitcom, also starring Dawn French. Collection: Funny Girls The Happy Family 1952 | 86min A plucky South Bank family decide to fight back when building work for the Festival of Britain threatens their home. Collection: Beautiful South Happy Family 1939 | 8min John Mills stars in Ealing Studios’ first foray into propaganda filmmaking, made shortly before the outbreak of WWII. Collection: Ealing Studios: Propaganda Shorts Happy in the Morning: A Film Fantasy 1938 | 13min A jolly showcase for Henry Hall’s band, doubling up as a water heater commercial. Collection: Pandora’s Box Happy Moorings 1964 | 52min Comedy starring Millicent Martin as a prim lady apparently having an affair with her manservant. But is she? Collection: Funny Girls Hard Feelings 1984 | 85min A group of Oxford graduates live in Brixton in 1980, oblivious to the rioting on the streets. Collection: Beautiful South Hard Labour 1973 | 70min Mike Leigh’s first TV drama, starring Liz Smith and Alison Steadman in a Salford-set snapshot of domestic drudgery. Collection: Play for Today Hard Times (Episode 1) 1977 | 50min The opening episode in Granada TV’s impressive four-part version of the atypical Dickens tale set in a northern mill town. Collection: Hard Times: Dickens on Screen Harlequinade Rare comedy from Terence Rattigan, starring Denholm Elliott and Edith Evans. Collection: n/a Harrison Compilation – 1950s 1950 | 14min Highlights from the home movies of a Hull fish merchant, documenting an industry on the cusp of change. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Harrods (A Day in the Life…) 1993 | 30min A 1990s peek behind the scenes of the Knightsbridge institution. Collection: London Calling An early episode of the children’s art show presented by the much-missed Tony Hart. Collection: The Kids Are Alright Hartlepool Charter 1950s Hartlepool – port town of industry and tourism. Collection: North by North East Harvest Shall Come, The 1942 | 38min Dramatised account of the poor working and living conditions of the average farm worker, filmed in Needham Market, Suffolk. Collection: Eastward Ho! Have We Missed the Boat? (Northern Scene) 1981 | 25min The challenges facing shipbuilding in Tyneside. Collection: This Working Life: Tales From the Shipyard Hawking 2004 | 89min Dramatised account of the early adult life of Stephen Hawking, including his radical work at Trinity College, Cambridge. Collection: Eastward Ho! A young woman suffers under an embittered guardian in Cecil Hepworth’s Yorkshire-set melodrama. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Hell is a City Tough thriller with Stanley Baker on a murder hunt in Manchester. Collection: Once Upon a Time in the North West Help for Russia 1941 | 9min After the German invasion of Russia in 1941, Bermondsey locals do their bit to raise funds. Collection: Beautiful South Hen Elynion (Old Enemies) 1997 | 100min The complex relationships of a Rhos-born Spanish Civil War veteran are explored in this absorbing S4C drama. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Henry V Central TV’s minority ethnic arts and culture programme visits Birmingham’s Hummingbird club. Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen Here and Now: The Jah People 1981 | 26min A look at the Rastafari way of life in Handsworth, West Midlands. Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen Here is the Gold Coast 1947 | 35min A Central Office of Information film outlining the planned development of the Gold Coast over the next ten years. Collection: Cape to Cairo Here’s a Health to the Barley Mow 1955 | 17min Traditional English folk songs and step dances in a Suffolk pub. Collection: Eastward Ho! Blackmail and murder in the colonies. Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace High Jinks at Durham Miners’ Gala 1928 | 1min In spite of an uncertain future, Durham miners party in the streets. Collection: North by North East High Living The only way is up: the 1960s’ answer to Britain’s booming population. Collection: The Promised Land High Spirits with Shirley Ghostman 2005 | 28 min Medium Shirley can channel the dead famous, ably assisted by canine spirit guide Sheba. Collection: Gothic: Love is a Devil High Summer 1972 | 75min A young man returns to the family manor to demand his inheritance in a rare written-for-television play by Terence Rattigan. Collection: n/a High Treason 1928 | 75min Britain’s answer to ‘Metropolis’ – a sci-fi epic of conspiracy and sabotage set in a futuristic London. Collection: Silent Britain Who needs an iron when you have a jam jar to hand? Collection: Pandora’s Box Hints and Hobbies No.3 1926 | 5min How to construct an efficient wireless set for just 1/10d. Although Mensa membership may be a prerequisite… Collection: Pandora’s Box Hints and Hobbies No.7 1926 | 14min How to remove dirt from your finest stole and enthral your guests with a few sugar lumps. Collection: Pandora’s Box Hints and Hobbies No.8 1926 | 12min Turn your dog into a burglar alarm and clean out that murky decanter – the Hints and Hobbies team are back. Collection: Pandora’s Box Historic Mutiny Sites 1914 | 5min Sixty years after the event, this travelogue indicates the continued potency of the Indian Mutiny to the British in India. Collection: Before Midnight History of the English Language 1943 | 15min How did the mother tongue of 400 million people come into existence? Collection: Pandora’s Box The kiss-me-quick pleasures of saucy Blackpool. Collection: Essentially British Holidays at Home – Saltwell Park Gateshead 1944 | 11min Gateshead residents enjoy a ‘staycation’ to cut down on travel during WWII. Collection: North by North East Hollow Drift Children’s Procession, Durham 1902 | 3min Thousands of Durham schoolchildren march through the streets to mark the coronation of Edward VII. Collection: North by North East The Holly and the Ivy 1952 | 83min An unfairly neglected Christmas tale starring Ralph Richardson and Celia Johnson. Collection: Pandora’s Box Holly and the Ivy, The 1952 | 83min An unfairly neglected Christmas tale starring Ralph Richardson and Celia Johnson. Collection: Eastward Ho! Hollyoaks 2000 | 25min Three men go on trial for the rape of Luke Morgan (Gary Lucy) in a superior episode of the soap. Collection: Soap Bubbles 1898 | 1min The Royal Mail steamer Munster completes its journey from Dublin to the island of Anglesey. Llong ager y Post Brenhinol, y Munster, yn cyrraedd pen ei thaith o Ddulyn i Ynys Môn. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Home Guard ‘D Coy’ Aston Park, Birmingham 1940 | 12min D Company of the Birmingham Home Guard marching and performing a drill. Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen Home James Film star James Mason returns to his home town of Huddersfield, West Yorkshire. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen The Home Movies of H.A.N. Barlow 1945 | 20min Gritty images of India’s northerly frontiers contrast with vibrant colour scenes of Udaipur in these 8mm films. Collection: Before Midnight The Home Movies of Robert Wrench 1924 | 14min Home movies showing Tyneside in the 1920s and 30s. Collection: North by North East Home Movies of T. Burtt 1933 | 39min Lahore, Rajasthan and Simla feature in Burtt’s home movies. Collection: Before Midnight Homes for All (This Modern Age No.1) 1946 | 20min A plug for the post-war housing policy of a new Labour government. Collection: The Promised Land Racism in a white, working-class family – later re-made as ‘Flame in the Streets’. Collection: Black Britain Hothouse, The 1978 | 50min Six former Newnham students – “the pleasantest of the ladies’ colleges” – discuss their lives since leaving Cambridge University. Collection: Eastward Ho! A House in Battersea (Monitor) 1961 | 17min Ken Russell’s portrait of an extraordinary collection of Pre-Raphaelite art and the 95-year-old woman who preserves it. Collection: Ken Russell on TV A House in Bayswater 1960 | 30min A nostalgic look at a house in which Ken Russell himself once lived, still packed with artists on every floor. Collection: Ken Russell on TV House in Which You Live, The 1947 | 17min Don’t mention the War: a reassuring architectural tour of British homes past, present and future. Collection: The Promised Land House of Cards 1990 | 56min The death of the Prime Minister sparks the faithful party whip’s ambition in this political thriller. Collection: TV Heaven The Houseboy 1982 | 52min A young man gets a job in a decaying London guest house managed by an ageing gay couple. Collection: Beautiful Things Moving wartime drama about a real-life Barrow housewife, written by and starring Victoria Wood. Collection: Once Upon a Time in the North West Housing Problems Inhabitants of 1930s slums voice their grievances, experiences and hopes. Collection: Essentially British How a Bicycle is Made 1945 | min The recipe for the perfect bike. Collection: Pandora’s Box How a British Bulldog Saved the Union Jack 1906 | 7min A plucky hound rescues a British cavalryman from a treacherous Zulu in this Edwardian flag-waver. Collection: Cape to Cairo How Percy Won the Beauty Competition 1909 | 6min Percy drags up to scoop the top prize in this silent short – but will he be found out? Collection: Beautiful Things How to explain the birds and the bees – and STDs – to your children. Collection: The Joy of Sex Education Hoxton…Saturday, July 3rd, Britannia Theatre 1920 | 6min A very busy Saturday on Old Street. Collection: London Calling Huddersfield International Club Opening Night 1968 | 3min A pioneering attempt to promote understanding between communities at a time of great social upheaval. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Hue and Cry 1946 | 82min A group of schoolboys uncover a dastardly scam. When the police won’t listen, it’s time to take matters into their own hands. Collection: Box of Delights Hugh MacDiarmid: No Fellow Travellers 1972 | 26min Made to commemorate the 80th birthday of the late Hugh MacDiarmid, the poet speaks about his life and work. Collection: Scottish Reels John Mills’ perfect beer moment makes for a perfect movie moment. Collection: Roll Out the Barrel The Ice House 1978 | 35min A mysterious outbuilding holds a chilling secret in the last of the 1970s Christmas ghost stories. Collection: A Ghost Story for Christmas ICI on Teesside The influence of Imperial Chemical Industries on Billingham and Wilton. Collection: North by North East Ilford Everest Members of Ruttledge’s Everest expedition at play. Collection: The Search for Shangri-La I’m All Right Jack 1959 | 105min Peter Sellers is a militant trade unionist in this peerless workplace satire. Collection: Boom Britain: We Can Work It Out I’m British But… Britain beats to the sound of Bhangra and Bangla. Collection: Essentially British Morse investigates an apparent suicide in the debut episode of the stately police drama. Collection: TV Heaven Intensive Care 1982 | 80min A teacher visits his dying father and strikes up a rapport with the night nurse in Alan Bennett’s black comedy, starring Thora Hird and Julie Walters. Collection: Play for Today International Association Match, England v. Wales, Wrexham 1912 1912 | 3min Billy Meredith, one of Wales’ early football superstars, takes on the English team at the Racecourse, Wrexham. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Interview with Beatles 1963 | 10min The Fab Four respond to searching questions from viewers of Tyne Tees Television – does Ringo like beards? Collection: North by North East Introducing Anglia Anglia Television makes its debut. Collection: Eastward Ho! Introducing Work Study 1955 | 20min Industrial film aimed at the many sceptics of the work study scheme, seen by thousands of workers across the country. Collection: Boom Britain: We Can Work It Out Invisible City 1991 | 18min The fate of a Nazi-era Jewish couple disrupts a futuristic dystopia where memory and history are outlawed. Collection: Oy Britannia A no-nonsense warning of the perils of gonorrhoea and syphilis. Collection: The Joy of Sex Education Isadora Ken Russell’s dramatised documentary on the eccentric life of American dance pioneer Isadora Duncan. Collection: Ken Russell on TV Island People The British way of life at the dawn of the 1940s. Collection: Essentially British It Ain’t Half Racist, Mum 1979 | 30min The pervasive racism of British TV in the ’70s is exposed. Collection: Black Britain It Always Rains on Sunday 1947 | 92min A housewife’s life is complicated when her ex-lover, an escaped violent criminal, comes to her for shelter. Collection: London Calling It’s a Free World 2007 | 92min The dark side of the capitalist dream: Ken Loach’s powerful feature tackles the exploitation of London’s illegal workforce. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective It’s Fantastic It’s Futuristic It’s Fatalistic It’s Science Fiction 1973 | 48min Absorbing documentary tracing sci-fi’s literary journey from Jules Verne and H.G. Wells to Isaac Asimov and J.G. Ballard. Collection: Sci-Fi: Days of Fear and Wonder It’s No Joke Living in Barnsley 1976 | 27min Writer, actor and wrestler Brian Glover revisits the South Yorkshire town where he was born. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen It’s Not Unusual: A Lesbian and Gay History 1997 | 147min Major three-part history of homosexuality in Britain from 1920 to 1996. Collection: Beautiful Things J L McAdam Ltd. Annual Staff Outing to Beadnell 1937 | 5min Staff of the Newcastle tailor’s head for the seaside at Beadnell Sands. Collection: North by North East Jack Hylton Presents: The Crazy Gang 1956 | 55min The Crazy Gang at the Victoria Palace – British humour from another era. Collection: Essentially British Jack Petersen v. Hein Muller 1930 | 9min The greatest moment in the history of Welsh boxing? Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Jack the Ripper Screaming Lord Sutch performs a song of alarmingly questionable taste. Collection: Pandora’s Box Jackanory – George’s Marvellous Medicine 1986 | 75min Rik Mayall makes for a bravura storyteller with his reading of Roald Dahl’s children’s classic. Collection: The Kids Are Alright Jacqueline Du Pre and the Elgar Cello Concerto 1967 | 70min Documentary about the legendary cellist, featuring a complete performance of her finest hour – the Elgar Cello Concerto. Collection: Hope and Glory A breathtaking glimpse of city life on the cusp of the Edwardian era. Collection: Scottish Reels James Guthrie’s Home Movies – Gyantse Trips 1935 | 50min Amateur films shot in and around Gyantse, Tibet. Collection: The Search for Shangri-La James Guthrie’s Home Movies – Lhasa Trips 1935 | 73min Life in and around Lhasa. Collection: The Search for Shangri-La James Guthrie’s Home Movies – Miscellaneous Tibet Films 1935 | 39min Ceremonies, people and landscapes – life in Tibet vividly captured by amateur filmmaker Guthrie. Collection: The Search for Shangri-La James Guthrie’s Home Movies – Tibetan Ceremonies 1939 | 60min Home movie footage including a potent scene featuring the young Dalai Lama in a golden palanquin. Collection: The Search for Shangri-La James Guthrie’s Home Movies – Tibetan Valley Trips 1939 | 29min Tibetan life and landscape by British Medical Officer/Civil Surgeon James Guthrie. Collection: The Search for Shangri-La Jemima and Johnny 1966 | 30min In a west London community divided by racism, a white boy befriends the daughter of a family recently arrived from the Caribbean. Collection: Box of Delights A day’s world news from October 1975. Collection: The Kids Are Alright John Galliano (South Bank Show) 1997 | 52min Profile of the trailblazing British couturier during his time at Givenchy. Collection: Brit Chic John Peel’s Sounds of the Suburbs: South Wales 1999 | 35min The legendary DJ turns his ear to the musical developments in South Wales. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Johnnie’s Welcome Home 1930 | 3min The ‘Topical Budget’ cameras capture Amy Johnson’s triumphant return to Croydon Aerodrome after her solo flight to Australia. Collection: Amy Johnson: Queen of the Skies Johnny Cash in San Quentin 1969 | 60min Haunting record of the singer’s legendary concert in San Quentin. Collection: Reality Bites Floella Benjamin and friends look back on 60 years of BBC children’s programmes. Collection: The Kids Are Alright Judean Club in Leeds 1935 | 17min Members of Leeds’ thriving Jewish community indulge their hobbies in this film made by a local tailor. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Jumping Bean Bag 1976 | 70min Androgynous, sexually-charged rock group Slag Bag rise to fame – but do they understand the forces they unleash? Collection: Play for Today Just A Boy’s Game 1979 | 75min The brutal life of Glasgow hard-man, Jake McQuillan – from the director of ‘The Long Good Friday’. Collection: Play for Today Just Another Saturday 1975 | 75min One young man’s long day as participant and bystander in the Protestant Orange day parades of Glasgow 1975. Collection: Play for Today Just Your Luck 1972 | 65min Greenock teenager Alison falls pregnant and has to marry: but her family is Protestant and the father’s is Catholic… Collection: Play for Today Juvenile Liaison 1975 | 97min Banned documentary from Nick Broomfield exposing the bullying methods of a juvenile liaison unit in Blackburn. Collection: Cinema of Tomorrow Juvenile Scientist, A 1907 | 4min Punished for mistreating the family pets, a young boy uses his chemistry set to wreak revenge on his parents. Collection: Pandora’s Box The Kamikaze Ground Staff Reunion Dinner 1981 | 70min Japanese servicemen – all played by white Englishmen – gather to commemorate their country’s defeat 35 years previously. Collection: Play for Today Katie Boyle at Selfridges (Camay Commercial) 1967 | 1min Camay hope the luxury store’s glamour will rub off in this 60s soap commercial. Collection: Pandora’s Box Keep an Eye on Albert 1975 | 75min The neglected wife of a pigeon fancier becomes attracted to his best mate. Collection: Play for Today The John Woods 1983 | 27 min A spooky edition of kids’ series ‘Dramarama’, written by Alan Garner. Collection: Gothic: Love is a Devil Keep Things As They Are 1991 | 12min Recreation of artist Ian Breakwell’s residency at Cambridge. Collection: Eastward Ho! George Formby and his trusty ukulele go on the hunt for missing jewellery. Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace Ken and Rosa: The Making of Bread and Roses 2001 | 49min An entertaining behind-the-scenes insight into Ken Loach’s LA-set feature and his process as a director. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective Ken Loach (South Bank Show) 1993 | 60min The veteran director reflects on the motivation behind his work in conversation with Melvyn Bragg. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective Ken Russell’s ABC of British Music (South Bank Show) 1988 | 77min Ken Russell’s wildly self-indulgent but irresistibly entertaining survey of one of his favourite subjects. Collection: Ken Russell on TV Kenneth Williams (Comic Roots) Kenneth Williams takes us on a very personal stroll around the city he called home. Collection: London Calling The Kenny Everett Television Show 1981 | 30min The ethos of punk is alive and well in Kenny Everett’s appropriately disrespectful hands. Collection: Anarchy in the UK Kensal House A visionary community powered by the miracle of gas. Collection: The Promised Land Empire adventure starring Paul Robeson as enigmatic tribal king Umbopa. Collection: Cape to Cairo Kingdom of My Own, A 1962 | 30min The life of John Constable, featuring shots of the Suffolk countryside that inspired his paintings. Collection: Eastward Ho! King’s Visit to Norwich, October 25th 1909 1909 | 14min Century-old actuality footage of Edward VII visiting Norwich. Collection: Eastward Ho! Kipps: The Story of a Simple Soul 1921 | 89min Folkestone-set film based on H.G. Wells’ novel about a draper who struggles when thrust into high society. Collection: Silent Britain The Kiss in the Tunnel 1899 | 1min Amorous Victorians indulge in illicit smooching. Collection: Essentially British The Kiss of Death 1977 | 70min ‘Shameless’’ David Thelfall plays Trevor, a quirky undertaker’s assistant, in Mike Leigh’s black comedy. Collection: Play for Today A middle-aged man’s fling with a barmaid threatens the stability of his family. Collection: Play for Today Kizzy 1976 | 45min A young Romany girl deals with prejudice after moving to a small village in Rumer Godden’s tale for children. Collection: Box of Delights Knave of Hearts [aka Monsieur Ripois] 1954 | 100min Tales of an incorrigible French womaniser, starring Gérard Philipe and Joan Greenwood. Collection: The Truth About Love Knightmare Kids’ TV entered the era of computer gaming with this cutting-edge swords-and-sorcery game show. Collection: The Kids Are Alright The Knowledge Learner taxi drivers attempt to master ‘the knowledge’ of London’s streets. Collection: London Calling The Kumars at No. 42 2001 | 30min Spoof chat-show featuring the Kumars, with this week’s special guests Graham Norton and Davina McCall. Collection: Funny Girls Laburnum Grove 1936 | 73min Hypocrisy and deceit bubble under the surface of suburbia in this brilliantly acted J.B. Priestley adaptation. Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace Lace The manufacture of Nottingham lace in the 1920s. Collection: Heartlands Victorian ladies show off their slalom cycling skills. Collection: Pandora’s Box Lady Audley’s Secret 1920 | 76min To what lengths will Lady Audley go to hide her past? Margaret Bannerman stars in this silent feature film adaptation from 1920. Collection: The Gentle Sex Lady Audley’s Secret 2000 | 98min Neve McIntosh stops at nothing to safeguard her future in this 2000 TV adaptation of Mary Elizabeth Braddon’s novel. Collection: The Gentle Sex Lady Godiva Procession in Coventry 1902 | 7min Crowds pay homage to the legendary Anglo-Saxon noblewoman during Coventry’s Edwardian coronation celebrations. Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen. Lady Windermere’s Fan 1916 | 72min Will the mysterious Mrs Erlynne redeem herself? Upper class intrigue abounds in the first screen adaptation of Oscar Wilde’s play. Collection: Silent Britain Ladybird Ladybird 1994 | 98min Ken Loach returned to the themes of his classic ‘Cathy Come Home’ with this tough domestic drama. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective The Ladykillers Brilliant black comedy of armed robbers, murder and a Boccherini string quintet. Collection: London Calling Lambeth Boys 1985 | 120min What happened to the lads from 1959’s ‘We Are the Lambeth Boys’? And do teenagers in the 80s share the same concerns? Collection: Beautiful South A lap dancer meets a man at a bus stop one rainy night. Collection: Unlimited: Disability on Screen The Larkins 1958 | 26min Forty years before ‘The Darling Buds of May’, Peggy Mount and David Kossoff star in an early TV adaptation of H.E. Bates’ popular novels. Collection: Funny Girls The Last Days of Dolwyn 1949 | 95min The shadow of murder haunts a doomed village in the Welsh valleys in Emlyn Williams’ period drama, with Richard Burton in his big screen debut. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen The Last of England* 1987 | 88min Derek Jarman’s dark, poetic vision of a city and a country brought to its knees. Collection: London Calling The Last of the Summer Wine (Comedy Playhouse) 1973 | 30min Three Yorkshire pensioners philosophise about life in Roy Clarke’s original TV play. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen The Last Place on Earth: Rejoice 1985 | 52min The final episode in a controversial TV dramatisation of Scott and Amundsen’s race for the South Pole. Collection: Into the White The Amber collective captures a breathtaking launch at the Swan Hunter’s Wallsend shipyard. Collection: This Working Life: Tales From the Shipyard The Launch of the HMS Albion 1898 | 2min RW Paul’s controversial film of the launch of the mighty battleship, which ended in tragedy when many spectators drowned following the collapse of a gangway. Collection: This Working Life: Tales From the Shipyard The Launching of Formby Lifeboat 1916 | 3min A rare glimpse of lifeboat men at work in the 1910s. Collection: Once Upon a Time in the North West Laurence Olivier – A Life (South Bank Show) 1982 | 95min Emmy award-winning edition profiling one of Britain’s greatest actors. Collection: Farewell South Bank Show The League of Gentlemen Welcome to the weird world of Royston Vasey. You’ll never leave! Collection: Heartlands The League of Gentlemen Christmas Special 2000 | 60min Festive tales of terror for local people. Collection: A Ghost Story for Christmas Learie Constantine A day in the life of the Trinidadian-British cricketer. Collection: Black Britain British Transport Films’ love letter to Wales. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen A Letter From Wales A farmer’s boy describes his life in the rural idyll of Llandwrog. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Letter to Brezhnev A romp through the rain-soaked alleyways, chip shops and cheap hotels of Thatcher era Liverpool. Collection: Once Upon a Time in the North West Licking Hitler 1978 | 65min During WWII, a woman is sent deep into the countryside to work in secret with a Glaswegian journalist, where she finds herself in a brutal and sinister world. Collection: Play for Today Lido 1995 | 49min A microcosm of London life from beautiful men to spirited single mums: meet the regulars at the Brockwell Park Lido. Collection: Beautiful South Ingmar Bergman dissects a marriage breakdown. Collection: Play for Today Lieutenant Pimple’s Dash to the Pole 1914 | 10min Fred Evans’ clownish boob heads for the Arctic in the earliest surviving film in the Pimple series. Collection: Into the White The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby 1947 | 108min The first British version of the Dickens favourite – and Cavalcanti’s final film for Ealing Studios. Collection: Hard Times: Dickens on Screen A Life Apart An examination of the charity Raphael’s work with people living with leprosy. Collection: Unlimited: Disability on Screen Life in Hunza Rural life in the mountainous valley near Gilgit – now in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. Collection: Before Midnight Life in the Freezer 1993 | 30min David Attenborough visits Captain Scott’s hut and looks at the ways scientists and filmmakers have adapted to hostile Antarctic conditions. Collection: Into the White The Life of the Rabbit 1945 | 11min The behaviour of the European rabbit. Collection: March Hares & Easter Bunnies Life on Earth 1979 | 54min This edition of David Attenborough’s landmark documentary series introduces Man’s nearest relatives, the primates. Collection: TV Heaven Life Story 1987 | 107min Jeff Goldblum stars as controversial scientist James D. Watson in the race to discover DNA in 1950s Cambridge. Collection: Eastward Ho! The Light Fantastic (Monitor) 1960 | 23min Former dancer Ken Russell takes a look at the state of the art in early 1960s Britain. Collection: Ken Russell on TV Lights and Shades on the Bostock Circus Farm 1911 | 5min A tumultuous and tragic day on the Bostock Circus Farm. Collection: Pandora’s Box Lambeth buildings at their best – and worst. Collection: Beautiful South The Lonely Passion of Judith Hearne 1987 | 116min Maggie Smith on BAFTA-winning form as a lonely Irish spinster. Collection: The Truth About Love The Lonely Shore (Monitor) 1962 | 16min A team of alien archaeologists sift through abandoned British objects in one of Ken Russell’s most original early documentaries. Collection: Ken Russell on TV The Long Day Closes Terence Davies revisits his Liverpool childhood for this lyrical follow-up to Distant Voices, Still Lives. Collection: Once Upon a Time in the North West The Long Distance Piano Player 1970 | 80min The Kinks’ Ray Davies stars as a pianist who embarks on a 4-day musical marathon. Collection: Play for Today Employers and employees give wildly varying opinions on the high productivity at a Northumberland colliery. Collection: Boom Britain: We Can Work It Out Look Around: Edgbaston If the Bard had ridden a bicycle… Industrial film masquerading as a travelogue. Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen. Look Up and Laugh 1935 | 80min Gracie Fields takes on some grasping businessmen in this superior star vehicle, also featuring Vivien Leigh. Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace Looks and Smiles 1981 | 99min Among Ken Loach’s least known works, this 1981 feature explores the romantic and economic travails of a pair of Sheffield school leavers. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective Lord Camber’s Ladies Getrude Lawrence makes a rare screen appearance in this Hitchcock-produced tale of dastardly deeds. Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace The Lord Mayor Recruiting 1916 | 1min The Lord Mayor, having opened the Mansion House as a recruiting office, makes a special appeal to Jewish men to join the war effort. Collection: Oy Britannia Home movie of the Viceroy of India. Collection: Before Midnight The Lost City: A Return Journey With J B Priestley 1958 | 45min J.B. Priestley returns to his native Bradford to see what changes have taken place over 40 years. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Lost Hearts 1973 | 35min An orphan moves in with his sinister relative, and is disturbed by visions of ghostly children. Collection: A Ghost Story for Christmas The Lost Language of Cranes 1992 | 87min Nature or nurture? A father and son discover that they have something in common. Collection: Beautiful Things The Lost World of Tibet 2008 | 90min The BBC/BFI documentary exploring life in pre-invasion Tibet features a potent interview with the Dalai Lama. Collection: The Search for Shangri-La Louise 1969 | 50min A manipulative woman (Sarah Badel) uses her illness to live a life of luxury. Based on the story by W. Somerset Maugham. Collection: The Gentle Sex Love From A Stranger 1937 | 92min A lottery winner meets the man of her dreams (Basil Rathbone) – but does he have sinister motives? Based on a short story by Agatha Christie. Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace Love is the Devil: Study for a Portrait of Francis Bacon 1998 | 87min Derek Jacobi and Daniel Craig star as artist Francis Bacon and his muse, George Dyer. Collection: Beautiful Things Wayward women, lonely soldiers and a visit to the V.D. clinic. Collection: The Joy of Sex Education Love on the Range It’s Horlicks to the rescue in this animated ad set in the Wild West. Collection: The Truth About Love Love on the Wing Banned Norman McLaren animation following the journey of a letter between two lovers. Collection: The Truth About Love Love on Wheels Wonderful toe-tapping musical comedy starring Jack Hulbert. Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace Love Story Love conquers all: Margaret Lockwood and Stewart Granger defy death on the Cornish coast. Collection: The Truth About Love Love Test Scheming chemists in laboratory love triangle shock! Collection: The Truth About Love Love Thy Neighbour The hugely popular – but deeply racist – ’70s sitcom starring Rudolph Walker and Nina Baden-Semper. Collection: Black Britain Groundbreaking British feature facing up to antisemitism in inter-war high society. Collection: Oy Britannia LSO — The Music Men 1965 | 59min Collection: The demands of life inside the London Symphony Orchestra with conductors Colin Davis and Istvan Kertesz. Visions of Change: The TV Documentary 1950s-60s L.S. Lowry, the Industrial Artist 1974 | 18min A look at the work and world of the artist who captured the industrial north. Collection: Once Upon a Time in the North West Lump 1967 | 75min A Manchester student is politicised while working on a building site in Jim Allen’s highly-charged Wednesday Play. Collection: Tony Garnett: Seeing Red Luna 14-year-old Patsy Kensit stars in this wildly inventive futuristic kids’ series. Collection: The Kids Are Alright Lunch-Hour The Lure of Crooning Water 1920 | 105min Sun-dappled pastoral romance starring the golden couple of ’20s British cinema. Collection: Silent Britain Lusitania Day 1916 | 1min A march takes place in London on the first anniversary of the sinking of RMS Lusitania by a German U-boat. Collection: Save Our Souls: Disaster at Sea Lusitania: Murder on the Atlantic 2007 | 89min John Hannah stars in this docudrama about the sinking of RMS Lusitania, torpedoed during WWI. Collection: Save Our Souls: Disaster at Sea Lust for a Vampire Hammer horror with a Sapphic twist. Collection: Beautiful Things Lyon’s Grocers Shop, Market Weighton 1957 | 20min Who needs supermarkets? This East Yorkshire emporium stocks everything the 1950s family could need. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Machair Gaelic-language soap set in the Outer Hebrides. Collection: Soap Bubbles Machynlleth (in the Heart of Cambria) 1929 | 2min Gorgeous Pathécolor snapshot of the Powys market town. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Mackrell Personal Films 1934 | 36min Hunting and fishing are the order of the day in the colourful home movies of this Assam-based tea planter. Collection: Before Midnight Made in Huddersfield 1985 | 90min A look at the Second Wave of punk that hit the North of England in the 1980s. Collection: Anarchy in the UK Madeleine 1949 | 114min New restoration of David Lean’s true-crime drama set in Victorian Glasgow, with an intriguingly icy Ann Todd. Collection: The Gentle Sex A young James Fox stars in this lesser-known Ealing comedy set on Merseyside. Collection: Once Upon a Time in the North West Magnificent Reproductions of the Great Yorkshire Show at Bradford 1901 | 13min Classes mingle in Mitchell & Kenyon’s multi-reel record of the annual agricultural event. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Magnus Family in India Home movie footage of the Magnus family. Collection: Before Midnight Maharajah of Jodhpur – Personal Films 1946 | 260min See India from a royal perspective with these home movie records of princely power and sumptuous ceremony. Collection: Before Midnight Mahatma Gandhi (Noa Khali March) 1947 | 18min Rarely seen footage of Gandhi filmed by his great nephew, Kanu. Collection: Before Midnight Groundbreaking TV play about a married transvestite coming to terms with his true identity. Collection: Beautiful Things The Maid of Cefn Ydfa: The Love Story of Ann Thomas 1914 | 40min Welsh romantic tragedy shot in and around Pontarddulais, made by William Haggar and Son. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Main Line Diesel The Derby Works proudly present Britain’s first diesel locomotive. Collection: Heartlands Maisie’s Marriage aka Married Love 1923 | 95min Based on Marie Stopes’ 1918 bestseller about sex and sexuality, Maisie learns the advantages of having a small family. Collection: The Joy of Sex Education Make Me A Tory Can a disillusioned Labour voter do the unthinkable and turn Tory? Collection: The Ballot Box Documentary examining the archetype of the Welsh ‘mam’. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen A Man and His Bottle 1908 | 6min The demon drink has dreadful consequences in this trick film. Collection: Roll Out the Barrel Man at Dover (Eye to Eye) 1957 | 29min Lyrical reflection on how England and the English appear to a refugee who has made Britain his adopted home. Collection: Visions of Change: The TV Documentary 1950s-60s A Man From the Sun 1956 | 58min One of the earliest TV dramas to explore the lives of newly-arrived West Indians in Britain. Collection: Black Britain The Man in the White Suit 1951 | 85min Ealing classic with naive inventor Alec Guinness up against British industry. Collection: Boom Britain: We Can Work It Out The Man Who Changed His Mind 1936 | 63min Boris Karloff, in his first mad-scientist role, develops a machine that can exchange minds between bodies. Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace The Man Without Desire Ivor Novello stars in this extraordinary psychosexual time-travelling drama. Collection: Silent Britain Residents of Manchester’s ‘Little Italy’ take part in the city’s annual Whit Walk. Collection: Once Upon a Time in the North West Manchester Spiritualists Procession Exponents of Britain’s newest religion parade through Edwardian Manchester. Collection: Once Upon a Time in the North West Manchester Street Scene A rare glimpse of early Edwardian Manchester when the horse-drawn tram still reigned supreme. Mandy Ealing’s powerful portrait of a family struggling to cope with their profoundly deaf daughter. Collection: Unlimited: Disability on Screen Manfailure Women are to blame for all mining accidents in this grisly – and raunchy – safety video. Collection: This Working Life: King Coal Manifesto for Love An exploration of the meaning of love – accompanied by Dusty Springfield. Collection: Beautiful Things Marcel Marceau’s A Christmas Carol 1973 | 40min Our favourite Victorian miser is brought to life by the legendary French mine artist. Collection: The Book Group Germ warfare threatens to ruin young Mary’s birthday party. Collection: Pandora’s Box Mary’s Lucky Day 1952 | 19min Extraordinary advert for Lux soap, showing how the lather makes a black Rhodesian woman’s skin look ‘whiter’. Collection: Cape to Cairo Master of the King’s Musik 1931 | 3min Elgar conducts Land of Hope and Glory. Collection: Hope and Glory Master Singers: Two Choirs and a Valley 1965 | 46min Sensitive documentary about a Welsh mining community. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Mastermind Four brave contestants face question-master Magnus Magnusson and the intimidating black chair. Collection: TV Heaven A Matter of Choice for Billy 1983 | 84min Ma’s death causes upheaval for the Martin clan in the middle part of Graham Reid’s ‘Billy’ trilogy. Collection: Play for Today A Matter of Life and Death 1946 | 104min Heavenly love – the Powell and Pressburger must-see classic. Collection: The Truth About Love May 33rd Guy Hibbert’s uncompromising TV drama about a woman with multiple personality disorder. Collection: Unlimited: Disability on Screen May We Borrow Your Husband? 1986 | 102min Dirk Bogarde stars in his own adaptation of Graham Greene’s short story, as a writer drawn into the romantic entanglements of two couples at an Antibes hotel. Collection: Bogarde on the Box Mayfair Merry-Go-Round Katie Boyle sells affordable fashion to 50s women in this early magazine show. Collection: Brit Chic Mayor Entering His Carriage Near the Town Hall, Halifax 1902 | 3min A richly detailed snapshot of Edwardian street life from Mitchell & Kenyon. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Mayor Making The election and installation of Derby’s mayor in 1946. Collection: Heartlands Comedy with a conscience in which comedian Sydney Howard saves the slums. Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace McLibel A David and Goliath tale of not-so-happy meals. Collection: Reality Bites The Michael Simpson 1973 | 31 min A medium causes upset at a North East social gathering in this rarely seen play. Collection: Gothic: Love is a Devil The Medium Exposed? Or, A Modern Spiritualistic Séance J.H. Martin 1906 | 6 min Faking the ability to contact the dead proves to be a big mistake for one Edwardian charlatan. Collection: Gothic: Love is a Devil Me! I’m Afraid of Virginia Woolf 1978 | 65min A day in the life of schoolteacher, from an unrequited crush on a male student to discussing lesbianism with Thora Hird. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Meantime Tim Roth and Gary Oldman star as troubled Londoners in Mike Leigh’s made-for-TV favourite. Collection: London Calling Meet of the Quorn Hounds at Kirby Gate 1912 | 3min The hunting pack prepare for the chase. Collection: Heartlands Meet the People 1977 | 75min Rarely-screened TV drama set in a Yorkshire pit village, directed by Ken Loach and written by Barry Hines. Collection: This Working Life: King Coal Meet the Pioneers Lindsay Anderson’s debut demonstrates new technology in coal mines across the nation. Collection: This Working Life: King Coal Memorial Service at St. Paul’s Cathedral to the Antarctic Heroes 1913 | 3min The nation says farewell to Captain Scott and his ill-fated companions. Collection: Into the White Memphis Belle: A Story of a Flying Fortress 1944 | 40min William Wyler’s classic documentary following the 25th mission of the iconic aircraft, based at Bassingbourn, Cambridgeshire. Collection: Eastward Ho! Men Cycling Up a Country Lane 1910 | 2min “An adventure into the awe-inspiring guts of steelmaking…” Collection: This Working Life: Steel Men of Corby Rabbie Burns transplanted to the East Midlands. Collection: Heartlands Men of Steel 1932 | 71min A young steelworker rises to the company board in this drama partly filmed at a Middlesbrough steelworks. Collection: North by North East Men of Two Worlds 1946 | 109min An African music student returns home and has to defeat the witch doctor who dominates his tribe and take them to healthier land. Collection: Cape to Cairo Method Study in the Office 1958 | 23min A comic tribute to improved paper filing, made by the British Productivity Council. Collection: Boom Britain: We Can Work It Out Metro-Land 1973 | 50min John Betjeman examines the culture and spirit of Metro-Land – the outer reaches of the Metropolitan Railway. Collection: London Calling Travelogue of Birmingham and Warwickshire with a ‘workshop of the world’ theme. Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen. Midland Country 1974 | 20min Take a gentle tour of the East and West Midlands with this 1970s travelogue by British Transport Films. Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen. Midlands News Day Go behind the scenes at ATV Midlands’ evening news programme. Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen. The Mighty Leek Size most definitely matters at the World Open Leek Championship in Ashington, Northumberland. Collection: North by North East Mile End Purgatorio All the signs point to the Mile End Road. Collection: London Calling Ken Russell directs the annual colliery band contest at Bedlington. Collection: This Working Life: King Coal Mining Review4th Year No. 11 1951 | 10min The race to save lives from the underground fire at Easington colliery. Collection: North by North East Mining Review 12th Year No. 10 1959 | 9min How coal contributes to the making of beer, and other tales from the pit. Collection: Roll Out the Barrel Mining Review 13th Year No. 4 1959 | 10min The acclaimed painting miners of Ashington, Northumberland feature in this edition of the mining cinemagazine. Collection: North by North East Mining Review 16th Year No 5 1963 | 10min County Durham is the focus for three of the four stories featured in this edition of the long-running cinemagazine. Collection: North by North East Mining Review 17th Year No 7 1964 | 11min Horse-drawn coal carts, female trainee engineers and a trip to Prague feature in this edition. Collection: This Working Life: King Coal Mining Review 1st Year No.1 1947 | 10min Mining songs, cutting edge machinery and heated debates. The world’s longest-running cinemagazine starts here. Collection: This Working Life: King Coal Mining Review 22nd Year No.5 1969 | 10min ‘Mining Review’ turns its attention to the women who work in the coal industry. Collection: This Working Life: King Coal Mining Review 25th Year No 9 1972 | 10min Tom McGuinness, the celebrated mining painter from Durham, and the dangers of working underground are the focal points of this review. Collection: This Working Life: King Coal Mining Review 7th Year No.12 1954 | 10min Ballet dancing miners and the crowning of the ‘Coal Queen’. Collection: Essentially British A day in the life of the ‘typical’ English family. Collection: Essentially British Mr Lloyd George at the National Welsh Eisteddfod Ceremony at Caernarfon, 1921 1921 | 1min The Prime Minister pays his annual visit to the Eisteddfod celebrations. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Mr. Mensah Builds a House 1955 | 36min Breezy comedy set around a government housing scheme in the Gold Coast. Collection: Cape to Cairo The Mrs Merton Show 1995 | 30min Spoof chatshow with Caroline Aherne: just what first attracted Debbie McGee to the millionaire Paul Daniels? Collection: Funny Girls Mrs Williamson’s Tibetan Films – Part 1 1930 | 90min Vivid homes movies of life in Tibet made by the Political Officer. Collection: The Search for Shangri-La Mrs Williamson’s Tibetan Films – Part 2 1930 | 83min Life in Tibet – look out for the somewhat surprising egg-and-spoon race… Collection: The Search for Shangri-La Mrs Williamson’s Tibetan Films – Part 3 1930 | 89min Home movie scenes in Lhasa, Tibet – as well as further afield in India and Bhutan. Collection: The Search for Shangri-La Mrs Williamson’s Tibetan Films – Part 4 1930 | 22min Home movie footage of life in Tibetan monasteries. Collection: The Search for Shangri-La Mrs Worth Goes to Westminster 1949 | 21min An intriguing attempt by the steel industry to win women over to the anti-nationalisation cause. Collection: This Working Life: Steel Mrs. Mopp Entertains Wartime washing tips from Persil, starring popular radio character Mrs. Mopp. Collection: Funny Girls 30s romcom starring Polish tenor Jan Kiepura. Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace Y Mynydd Grug (Heather Mountain) 1997 | 88min A year in the life of an 8-year-old girl living in a close-knit community in Caernarfonshire. Based on the stories by Kate Roberts. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen The Mystery of Marriage 1932 | 32min A comparison of the mating rituals of humans, animals and plants unlocks the secrets of marriage. Collection: The Joy of Sex Education N or NW Letter-writing lovers in North London postcode palaver. Collection: The Truth About Love Naked – As Nature Intended* Gratuitous nudity masquerading as a South West travelogue. Collection: Essentially British The white residents of a Leeds suburb express their thoughts on their new black neighbours. Collection: Reality Bites Neil Kinnock (Labour Party Election Broadcast) 1987 | 10min The Labour leader’s (in)famous campaigning film, dubbed ‘Kinnock: The Movie’. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Nervous Energy 1995 | 105min A young Glaswegian man with AIDS returns to visit his family and friends, but when things do not go as planned his lover comes to patch things up. Collection: Beautiful Things Never Mind the Quality, Feel the Width 1968 | 30min Can an East End Jew and an Irish Catholic run a business together? Festive edition of the popular culture clash comedy. Collection: Oy Britannia Never on a Sunday 1996 | 60min Will the ban on alcohol in Dwyfor – the last place in Britain where you can’t legally get a drink on a Sunday – be overturned? Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen New Architecture at the London Zoo 1937 | 15min Penguins get the VIP treatment in this artistic look at the Zoo’s visionary ’30s revamp. Collection: London Calling New Captain Scarlet 2005 | 44min ‘Episode 1: ‘Instrument of Destruction’. The Spectrum agents are back in this CGI reboot of Gerry Anderson’s classic series. Collection: Sci-Fi: Days of Fear and Wonder A New Era 1973 | 27min A lesson in ‘how not to do it’: the run-up to a strike in a fictitious and fractious company. Collection: We Can Work It Out New London County Hall Icon or eyesore? George V opens the still controversial landmark. Collection: Beautiful South New Orleans Jazz Club in Newcastle 1970 | 8min Hang with the cool cats in Tyneside’s legendary jazz club. Collection: North by North East New Styles of Architecture Alan Bennett surveys the architectural landscape of post-WWI Britain. Collection: The Promised Land The Night Has Eyes 1942 | 76min James Mason stars as a reclusive composer holed up on the Yorkshire Moors in this eccentric thriller. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen A Night Like This Aldwych farce with extravagant musical numbers. Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace Night Mail London to Scotland by train in the company of Benjamin Britten and W. H. Auden. Collection: Reality Bites Nightmare: The Birth of Horror 1996-97 | 200min Sir Christopher Frayling presents a 4-part series examining Britain’s most iconic gothic novels. NB Three remaining parts added to previously available episode on Dracula — replace existing record. Collection: Gothic: Monstrous There’s trouble at the coalface in Peter Pickering’s satirical, semi-improvised farce. Collection: Boom Britain: We Can Work It Out Noddy Goes to School Richard Briers narrates a softened version of Enid Blyton’s toyland tale. Collection: Toyland Tales and Happy Endings Noddy in Toyland Computer animation brings Blyton’s most popular creation up to date. Collection: Toyland Tales and Happy Endings North London Liberal Jewish Group 1956 | 16min Fabulous home movie footage of the annual competition between the Finchley and Ealing teams of the North London Liberal Jewish Group. Collection: Oy Britannia North Sea Fisheries, North Shields 1901 | 1min Fish-gutting and staged fights on the North East coast. Collection: North by North East The North West Frontier 1959 | 129min Adventure yarn starring Kenneth More as a plucky Brit sent to rescue a Hindu Prince from certain death in British India. Collection: Before Midnight A tribute to Ryan Davies, one of Wales’ most popular entertainers. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Noson Lawen 1950 | 27min Homespun evening of entertainment to celebrate the harvest, with singing, dancing and a timely lesson in thrift from National Savings, the film’s sponsor. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Not Just Tea and Sandwiches 1984 | 12min Miners’ wives speak out in one of the campaigning videotapes made in support of their striking husbands. Collection: This Working Life: King Coal Noted Eel and Pie Houses 1975 | 45min Fascinating social history of that great London delicacy – the jellied eel. Collection: London Calling Now That It’s Morning 1992 | 11min Neil Bartlett’s provocatively romantic tale of the love between a 45-year-old man and a 15-year-old schoolboy. Collection: Beautiful Things Now You’re Talking 1940 | 12min Blabber-mouthed van driver Alf puts more than lives at risk in this cautionary tale on a ‘careless talk’ theme. Collection: Ealing Studios: Propaganda Shorts Nude Woman By Waterfall A woman poses – in and out of her diaphanous shift. Collection: Pandora’s Box Number 13 2006 | 40min Greg Wise wishes there had been no room at the inn as things go bump in the night… Collection: A Ghost Story for Christmas Nursery Island The birdlife of the Farne Islands takes centre stage in Mary Field’s delightful documentary. Collection: North by North East Nuts in May 1976 | 85min A new age couple try to get back to nature – but does nature want them back? Collection: Essentially British Early karaoke from the Odeon National Cinema Club. Sing along with the bouncing ball… Collection: Pandora’s Box Of Time and the City 2008 | 74min Terence Davies’ gorgeous film-poem about his native Liverpool. Collection: Once Upon a Time in the North West The Office David Brent, Slough’s favourite son, entertains the nation. Collection: Essentially British The Official Film of the Railway Centenary 1925 | 17min The future George VI and Queen Elizabeth celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Stockton and Darlington Line. Collection: North by North East Often During the Day 1978 | 16min The notion that ‘the woman belongs in the kitchen’ gets a grilling in Jo Davis’ film. Collection: British Islands The first play broadcast by HTV – a shocking drama starring Ian Holm as an alcoholic. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen On a Cold and Frosty Morning 1969 | 17min The activities of the Indian charity, Raphael. Collection: n/a On Call to a Nation 1958 | 72min Well-regarded BBC documentary made to commemorate the 10th anniversary of the NHS. Collection: Visions of Change: The TV Documentary 1950s-60s One in Every 100 Affecting exposé showing the contrasting care of children with learning difficulties in England and Canada. Collection: Visions of Change: The TV Documentary 1950s-60s On Giant’s Shoulders 1979 | 91min Judi Dench stars in this Cambridgeshire-based dramatisation of the life of Terry Wiles, one of the babies affected by the thalidomide drug. Collection: Eastward Ho! On Ilkla’ Moor Baht At 1921 | 14min The Yorkshire Dales – from Ilkley to Hubberholme. Collection: Essentially British Onion Johnnie (Eye to Eye) 1957 | 30min Meet the Breton onion sellers as they travel through Britain selling their wares. Collection: Visions of Change: The TV Documentary 1950s-60s On Show: Strictly Male Voice 2006 | 30min The story of the record-breaking Fron Male Voice Choir. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen On the Black Hill Adaptation of Bruce Chatwin’s tale of twin brothers battling the elements – and each other. Collection: Essentially British Ronnie Barker stars as crotchety Yorkshire shopkeeper Arkwright in the sitcom’s first episode. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen The Open Road An epic trip across Britain filmed in remarkable early colour. Collection: Essentially British Opening of British Instructional Film Studio 1928 | 4min VIPs brave the mud to attend the opening ceremony of a new film studio at Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire. Collection: Eastward Ho! Opening of Ossett Town Hall 1908 | 5min Edwardian residents of the West Yorkshire market town turn out to celebrate a grand opening. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen The Opening of the New Benton Bank Tram Route 1913 | 5min Local film of the launch of a brand new tram route in Benton, Newcastle upon Tyne. Collection: North by North East Opening of the New Lambeth Bridge 1932 | 3min The opening of Lambeth Bridge by George V in July 1932. Collection: Beautiful South Author Anthony Burgess talks about the significance of Orwell’s ‘Nineteen Eighty-Four’. Collection: The Book Group Othello 1956 | 120min The first televised production of Shakespeare’s play to feature a black actor in the lead role. Collection: Black Britain The Other Woman 1976 | 70min An activist lesbian artist embarks on an affair with a young woman, with dramatic repercussions for all concerned. Collection: Beautiful Things The Otter [aka An Otter Study] 1912 | 8min Marvel at an otter from before WWI in this early nature film. Collection: Box of Delights Our Friends in the North 1996 | 75min The first episode of Peter Flannery’s epic portrait of four Newcastle friends, spanning the 1960s to the 1990s. Collection: North by North East Our Friends the Police A policeman’s lot can be a happy one, after all. Collection: Once Upon a Time in the North West Our Mutual Friend (Part 1) 1976 | 50min One-time ‘Artful Dodger’ Jack Wild stars in the first of a 13-part version of Dickens’ last completed novel. Collection: Hard Times: Dickens on Screen Out and About A vibrant colour record of the 1974 Leeds West Indian Carnival. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Out of the Darkness 1985 | 68min Three children in the Derbyshire village of Eyam are haunted by the ghosts of the 1665 plague. Collection: Heartlands A growth experiment goes horribly wrong in this macabre minute of black comedy. Collection: Pandora’s Box The Owl Service 1969 | 25min A Welsh myth threatens to possess three teenagers holidaying in a rural North Wales valley in this controversial adaptation of Alan Garner’s novel. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Oyster Fishing at Whitstable, England 1920 | 6min The harvest and consumption of everyone’s favourite bivalve. Collection: Pandora’s Box P.D. James (South Bank Show) 2006 | 45min Murder she wrote – the crime writer in conversation. Collection: Farewell South Bank Show Pacemakers: Biba Drop in on a photoshoot at the iconic Kensington fashion emporium. Collection: Brit Chic An edition of the BBC’s enduring current affairs flagship reporting on the Vietnam war. Collection: TV Heaven Panoramic View of the Morecambe Seafront 1901 | 7min Crystal-clear views of town, sands, sea, tourists and locals at the Lancashire resort. Collection: Once Upon a Time in the North West Papworth Hall, Cambridge Royalty visits the Cambridgeshire settlement in this silent film compilation. Collection: Eastward Ho! Parkgate Iron and Steel Co. 1901 | 2min Probably the first appearance of the abusive ‘V’ sign in British film history. Collection: This Working Life: Steel Parkinson: Orson Welles Legendary actor, writer and director Orson Welles is interviewed by Michael Parkinson. Collection: TV Heaven Diana Dors stars in this stern exposé of the white slave trade. Collection: The Truth About Love Pattern for Progress 1948 | 47min Early documentary from John Krish touring an Ebbw Vale steelworks, with animation from Halas and Batchelor. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Paul Merton Looks at Alfred Hitchcock 2009 | 60min A fresh take on Hitchcock’s filmmaking career and style, stressing the importance of his work in Britain. Collection: Looking for Alfred Pauline’s Quirkes 1976 | 25min Controversial – and banned – sketch show for kids featuring the future star of ‘Birds of a Feather’. Collection: The Kids Are Alright Payroll 1961 | 105min The best laid plans of a gang of crooks go horribly wrong in this Tyneside-set thriller. Collection: North by North East Peace and Plenty Savage polemic against the National government in Britain. Collection: The Ballot Box The Peaches 1964 | 15min A very beautiful, very clever girl adores peaches, but when she falls in love the world’s peaches start to wither… Collection: Pandora’s Box English pagan myths and burgeoning sexuality in the Malverns. Collection: Play for Today The People at No.19 1949 | 18min Ministry of Health film highlighting the menace of venereal disease and its impact on the health of the nation. Collection: The Joy of Sex Education People Like Us 1983 | 23min Recruitment film for psychiatric nurses, produced at a time when standards of mental health care were in the firing line. Collection: Unlimited: Disability on Screen People, Productivity and Change 1963 | 44min Workers and trade union officials voice their concerns about changes designed to increase productivity in the workplace. Collection: Boom Britain: We Can Work It Out The Perfect Home A frustrated Alain de Botton leaves Britain in search of architectural inspiration. Collection: The Promised Land Permission to Love 1999 | 30min Two couples with learning disabilities feel they are ready for a sexual relationship, but their parents have other ideas. Collection: Unlimited: Disability on Screen Peter Ackroyd’s London 2004 | 48min How has London survived over the centuries? 3-part series from the great chronicler of the capital. Collection: London Calling Two ‘black sheep’ form an unusual and enduring bond in the Black Mountains. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Petticoat Lane Sunday morning in the East End market. Collection: London Calling Phantom Light, The 1935 | 75min A series of mysterious deaths in a Welsh lighthouse lead locals to believe it is haunted in this early work from Michael Powell. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Philip and His Seven Wives 2005 | 75min Marc Isaacs’ portrait of an unconventional family – lead by a former messianic rabbi who believes he is a Hebrew king. Collection: Oy Britannia Philip Treacy: A collaboration with Alexander McQueen for Givenchy 1997 | 30min The master milliner teams up with the provocative young maverick of British fashion. Collection: Brit Chic All aboard the North York Moors Railway for a nostalgic journey from Pickering to Grosmont. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Pickwick Papers Spirited 1950s feature adaptation of Dickens’ first novel. Collection: Hard Times: Dickens on Screen The Pickwick Papers 1913 | 15min American comedian John Bunny stars in the surviving parts of this 1913 Dickens adaptation filmed in Kent. Collection: Hard Times: Dickens on Screen Picturesque North Wales A series of views of the castles, landscapes and people of North Wales. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen A Piece of Cake 1948 | 44min Husband and wife duo Cyril Fletcher and Betty Astell write and star in a madcap tale of magic and mayhem. Collection: Funny Girls Blocks of flats offer a new future for 1930s working class families. Collection: The Promised Land Platt’s New Works, Werneth, Oldham 1900 | 2min A visually striking film of staff exiting a turn-of-the-century Lancashire machine factory. Collection: Once Upon a Time in the North West Play School Innovative ‘education through play’ in a programme which also helped BBC2 trial early colour broadcasts. Collection: The Kids Are Alright The Pleasure Garden 1952 | 38min There’s magic in the ruins of Crystal Palace – and Hattie Jacques is the fairy queen! Collection: London Calling The Pleasure Girls 1965 | 88min Three beautiful girls enjoy the pleasures of London in the Swinging 60s and befriend their gay lodger. Collection: Beautiful Things Pobol y Chyff 1990 | 25min Rhys Ifans and Meirion Davies star as hapless Welsh learners in this hugely popular comedy series. Chuffin’ great! Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Pobol y Cwm Christmas edition of the Welsh-language soap from its first year of broadcast. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Pobol y Cwm 1994 | 20min A particularly eventful day for the residents of Cwmderi, the fictional village in the BBC’s longest running soap. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Polish Your Shoes The life of a Cockney patriarch is remembered by his children. Collection: London Calling Crime drama set in London’s Docklands. Collection: London Calling Poor Cow 1967 | 98min Terence Stamp and Carol White star in Ken Loach’s cinematic debut, about a young woman involved with two criminals. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective Porridge An episode of the classic prison sitcom starring Ronnie Barker. Collection: TV Heaven Port of London’s Aquatic Sports 1925 | 1min The intrepid Topical Budget newsreel scales the diving board to capture a Port of London Authority sports day at Rotherhithe. Collection: Beautiful South Portrait of a Goon (Monitor) 1959 | 14min A day in the life of Spike Milligan, as imagined by Ken Russell. Collection: Ken Russell on TV Portrait of a Miner The working day, ambitions and hopes of a Nottinghamshire coalminer. Collection: This Working Life: King Coal Portrait of a School Life in a London secondary modern school. Collection: Reality Bites Sleazy sexploitation – from Soho strippers to Jack the Ripper. Collection: London Calling Prince of Wales as Miner 1918 | 1min Prince Edward, later Edward VIII, visits a Rhondda coal mine and the Cardiff Docks. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen The Princess and the Pendant 2007 | 9min Charming animation in the style of Lotte Reiniger, made by the pupils of Hartside Primary School, Durham. Collection: North by North East Printer’s Ink 1962 | 32min Hold the front page! The production of a West Yorkshire newspaper from news gathering to distribution. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Prisoner The very first episode of the most cultish of 60s TV dramas. Collection: TV Heaven The Private Dirk Bogarde 2001 | 135min Interviews with family, friends and collaborators and previously unseen archive footage illuminate this groundbreaking two-part profile. Collection: Bogarde on the Box A Private Enterprise The first British Asian feature, about a would-be entrepreneur in Birmingham. Collection: Cinema of Tomorrow A Private Function 1984 | 94min Alan Bennett’s Yorkshire-based comedy set in times of rationing, starring Michael Palin and Maggie Smith. Collection: Funny Girls The Private Life of Henry VIII 1933 | 96min Charles Laughton on Oscar-winning form as the much-married monarch. Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace The Private Life of the Gannets 1934 | 14min Oscar-winning portrait of the seabirds of the Pembrokeshire coast. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Private Lives Penelope Keith stars in Noël Coward’s comedy of marital errors. Collection: Funny Girls Never mind the bollocks, here’s the story of the Sex Pistols. Collection: Anarchy in the UK Punk Can Take It A punk parody of wartime propaganda featuring the UK Subs. Collection: Anarchy in the UK Punk Rock (London Weekend Show) 1976 | 30min Janet Street-Porter meets The Sex Pistols. Collection: Anarchy in the UK Purely Belter 2000 | 99min Alan Shearer features in a cameo in this winning film about two lads scraping money together for Newcastle season tickets. Collection: North by North East Pwllheli Carnival Join the floats, brass bands and marching leeks in the Pwllheli carnival parade. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Q Planes Rip-roaring flag-waver starring Ralph Richardson and Laurence Olivier. Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace A Quaint Little Railway All aboard the little milk train, carrying its cargo through the Manifold Valley. Collection: Essentially British The reigning monarch pays a visit to Yorkshire during her Diamond Jubilee year. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Queen Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee 1897 | 14min Celebrations of Queen Victoria’s sixtieth year on the throne. Collection: London Calling The Queen’s Christmas Day Broadcast 1957 1957 | 14min 50 years of change and continuity reflected in the very first televised Queen’s Speech. Collection: Pandora’s Box Queenie’s Castle 1970 | 27min Comedy starring Diana Dors as the head of an unruly family on a Leeds housing estate. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Queer As Folk 1999 | 50min The opening episode of the trailblazing drama that follows the lives of three gay men in Manchester. Collection: Beautiful Things The first-ever episode of the colourful series aimed at younger children. Collection: TV Heaven Raining Stones 1993 | 87min An unemployed man tries desperately to raise funds for his daughter’s communion dress in Ken Loach’s moving Manchester-set drama. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective Rainy Day Women Wartime tensions in a remote English village. Collection: Play for Today Rali Senedd I gymru, Machynlleth 1949 1949 | 7min Plaid Cymru rally from 1949. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen The Rank and File 1971 | 78min The effect of a glass factory strike on the local community is explored in Ken Loach’s drama-documentary, filmed in Stoke-on-Trent. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective Raphael 1987 | 21min This film about the Indian charity features a focus on Ava Vihar, the residential centre for people with learning disabilities. Collection: Unlimited: Disability on Screen Raspberry Ripple 1988 | 81min A wheelchair user plots a robbery in Rupert Haselden’s comedy staring Faye Dunaway, John Gordon-Sinclair and Nabil Shaban. Collection: Unlimited: Disability on Screen Ratcatcher Lynne Ramsay’s first feature, a harrowing, beautiful tale of adolescence set in 1970s Glasgow. Collection: Scottish Reels Three films by a South Yorkshire filmmaker who captured 1940s village life with artistic flair. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Reach For the Sky Kenneth More plays real-life fighter pilot and double amputee Douglas Bader in this 50s favourite. Collection: Unlimited: Disability on Screen The Real Amy Johnson TV documentary re-examining Johnson’s life and the legends inspired by her untimely death. Collection: Amy Johnson: Queen of the Skies A Real Day Out aka Bakewell Show 1929 | 2min Prize bulls and horsemanship at the agricultural and military show in Bakewell. Collection: Heartlands The Real George Orwell (South Bank Show) 2003 | 52min D.J. Taylor traces the early years of George Orwell, their influence on his later outlook and the writing of his final novel: ‘Nineteen Eighty-Four’. Collection: The Book Group Can architects learn lessons from the mistakes made during Birmingham’s 1960s redevelopment? Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen. Record of the Opening of the Preston and Lancaster Motorways 1959 | 12min What Lancashire has today, other parts of the country will have tomorrow: the arrival of the motorway. Collection: Once Upon a Time in the North West The Red and the Blue 1983 | 80min Ken Loach contrasts the 1982 Labour and Conservative party conferences, seen through the eyes of six delegates. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective Red Ensign A visionary shipbuilder strives to rescue the British shipping industry in Michael Powell’s film. Collection: This Working Life: Tales From the Shipyard Red Road 2006 | 110min Glasgow’s condemned Red Road estate is the ominous setting for Andrea Arnold’s gripping debut feature. Collection: Scottish Reels Nye Bevan appears in this sincere protest against the Depression’s effects in the Rhondda. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Rhyl The Prince and Princess of Wales open Rhyl’s Royal Alexandra Hospital in 1903. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Rich and Strange A marriage hits the rocks during a world cruise in this Hitchcock curio. Collection: The Truth About Love Richard Dimbleby: The Voice of the Nation 1990 | 60min A review of the life and career of the remarkable broadcaster and journalist. Collection: TV Heaven Richard is My Boyfriend 2007 | 62min A young woman with learning difficulties has a sexual relationship with her boyfriend, who has Downs Syndrome. What will the neighbours say? Collection: n/a Riff-Raff 1991 | 96min Robert Carlyle stars in Ken Loach’s raucous tale of camaraderie on a London building site. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective The Right Spirit Propaganda cartoon promoting the Conservative Party. Collection: The Ballot Box The design and construction of one of Birmingham’s inner ring roads. Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen. The Rise and Fall of Nellie Brown 1964 | 80min Elisabeth Welch and Jamaican teen-singer Millie star in this festive twist on ‘The Wizard of Oz’. Collection: Black Britain Rising Damp (Pilot Ep) 1974 | 25min Pilot episode for the sitcom about a self-styled ‘aristocrat of bedsit land’ and his unfortunate tenants. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Rita, Sue and Bob Too 1986 | 90min Provocative 80s comedy about two teenage girls from a Bradford housing estate and their affair with a married man. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen River Folk (Songs of the Organ) 1944 | 10min Let the organist at Hounslow’s Ambassador Cinema take you on a musical journey down the river. Collection: Pandora’s Box Animated moral fable designed to keep the British public on the ‘straight and narrow’. Collection: The Joy of Sex Education The Robbers and the Jew 1908 | 5min Cruel, anti-Semitic comedy – one of the earliest representations of a Jew on film. Collection: Oy Britannia Robin Redbreast 1970 | 75min A woman visits her holiday home in the country, but begins to suspect the villagers may be planning a human sacrifice. Collection: Play for Today Robinson in Space 1997 | 82min Seven trips across industrial England in search of Utopia… Patrick Keiller’s sequel to his hugely successful London. Collection: Essentially British Rock Goes to College (The Stranglers) 1978 | 30min Well, what a bummer – The Stranglers are unimpressed by their student-heavy audience. Collection: Anarchy in the UK Rocket Site Story 1958 | 20min Residents of Norfolk descend upon North Pickenham near Swaffham to protest the construction of a missile base. Collection: Eastward Ho! Early film footage of Admiralty Pier, Dover. Collection: British Islands Rough Trade (South Bank Show) 1979 | 60min The story of Rough Trade, the iconic punk music store at 130 Talbot Road. Collection: Anarchy in the UK Round the Clock The story of the Giant Cream Cracker, or how biscuits are baked in Crumpsall. Collection: Once Upon a Time in the North West The Royal First episode of the ‘Heartbeat’ spin-off set in a Yorkshire hospital in the 1960s. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen The Royal Family A year in the life of the royal family. Collection: Reality Bites The Royal Festival Hall, 1951 1966 | 25min The design and construction of the arresting London landmark. Collection: Beautiful South Royal School for the Deaf 1934 | 15min Pupils and staff enjoy sports day and a trip to Skegness. Collection: Heartlands Royal Visit to Bangor 1902 | 3min The Prince and Princess of Wales go on a day trip to Bangor. / Tywysog a Thywysoges Cymru’n mynd ar daith undydd i Fangor. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Royal Visit to Barrow and Launch of HMS Dominion 1903 | 5min An Edwardian battleship takes its first plunge. Collection: This Working Life: Tales From the Shipyard Royal Visit to Sheffield A young Queen Elizabeth II receives a rapturous reception in the ‘City of Steel’. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen The Royle Family Innovative offbeat fly-on-the-wall comedy set in a Manchester council house. Collection: TV Heaven The Rugged Island: A Shetland Lyric 1933 | 54min The story of a young couple torn between the choice of emigration to Australia or remaining to work their croft in Shetland. Collection: Scottish Reels What is the future for a county that only has one set of traffic lights? Collection: Heartlands South of Watford 1985 | 33 min Ben Elton meets 80s London’s most in-demand party planners, including the infamous Vicki de Lambray. Collection: Beautiful Things S.O.S. Titanic 1979 | 98min Look out for Helen Mirren as a plucky stewardess in this rarely seen feature, originally made for US television. Collection: Save Our Souls: Disaster at Sea S.S. Olympic The building and launch of the Titanic’s sister ship in Belfast. Collection: This Working Life: Tales From the Shipyard S.W.A.L.K. aka Melody 1970 | 107min Mark Lester and Jack Wild star in a tale of young love at a Lambeth comprehensive. Collection: Box of Delights Profile of the Somali community in Cardiff. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Saloon Bar Gordon Harker plays an amateur sleuth from his base in a London pub. Collection: Roll Out the Barrel Saltburn-by-the-Sea Centenary 1861 – 1961 Seaside views on the town’s 100th Anniversary. Collection: North by North East Salvage with a Smile 1940 | 6min Ealing’s appeal for the conservation of household waste products as part of the war effort. Collection: Ealing Studios: Propaganda Shorts Sam Goes Shopping 1939 | 6min There’s a fleeting appearance from a very young Terry-Thomas in this advert for the Co-op’s wares. Collection: Pandora’s Box A South Asian teenager seeks to break free from family traditions and constraints. Collection: Heartlands Saturday Morning Out – Halifax etc. [1951-1965] 1951 | 20min A hairdressing competition is among the events caught in these short films by the Halifax Cine Club. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Saturday Shopping A brow-beaten husband causes havoc on a trip into town. Collection: Pandora’s Box Save the Children Fund Film 1971 | 50min Ken Loach’s documentary for the charity, filmed in the UK and Africa and unseen for more than four decades. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective Save Your Shillings and Smile 1943 | 7min Wartime favourite Tommy Trinder stars in this musical short to promote War Savings Bonds. Collection: Ealing Studios: Propaganda Shorts Say It With Flowers Cockney musical featuring a a flower seller and Old Kent Road music hall. Collection: London Calling Proposed pit closures provoke different responses among the inhabitants of a Durham town. Collection: North by North East Scarborough 1927-1938 The North Yorkshire resort captured in the heyday of the British seaside holiday. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Scarlet Woman Catholic fantasy starring Evelyn Waugh in an Andy Warhol fright wig. Collection: Pandora’s Box Scenes at Piccadilly Circus and Hyde Park Corner Underground Stations 1931 | 7min Magical, slightly surreal record of the London Underground. Collection: London Calling Scenes from a Suffragette Demonstration at Newcastle 1909 | 1min Supporters of the Women’s Social and Political Union campaign in the North East. Collection: North by North East Scenes in Ceylon aka Native Life in Ceylon 1909 | 8min Street scenes, elephants and ‘native magic’. Collection: Before Midnight Ken Russell documentary about the painters known as ‘the two Roberts’, MacBryde and Colquhoun. Collection: Ken Russell on TV Scrooge The definitive Scrooge? See Alastair Sim’s bravura performance and judge for yourself. Collection: The Book Group Scrooge 1913 | 30min Seymour Hicks recreates a role he played thousands of times on stage for this 1913 screen version. Collection: The Book Group Scrooge; or, Marley’s Ghost 1901 | 4min The earliest surviving Dickens adaptation: A Christmas Carol, condensed into 4 minutes. Collection: Pandora’s Box Scrubbers 1982 | 89min A young lesbian engineers her arrest to be nearer her borstal inmate lover. From the writer of ‘Scum’. Collection: Beautiful Things Scully’s New Year’s Eve 1978 | 75min Alan Bleasdale’s Scouse tearaway makes his debut. Collection: Play for Today Ray Winstone and David Threlfall star in this famously banned Borstal drama. Collection: Play for Today Sea Fort 1940 | 6min Ealing’s propaganda short offers a snapshot of life on the front line of coastal defence during WWII. Collection: Ealing Studios: Propaganda Shorts Seachd: The Inaccessible Pinnacle 2007 | 88min The first Scottish Gaelic feature film follows a young man’s quest for the truth behind the death of his parents. Collection: Scottish Reels Seacoal 1985 | 82min The men and women who eke a living from collecting ‘seacoal’ on the Northumberland coast find their way of life under threat. Collection: Essentially British Stunning, Oscar-winning doc celebrating Scotland’s shipping industry. Collection: This Working Life: Tales From the Shipyard The Secret Diaries of Miss Anne Lister 2010 | 90min Maxine Peake stars as the real-life 19th century Yorkshire landowner and rediscovered feminist icon. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Secret Lives: Enid Blyton The darker side of the bestselling children’s author. Collection: Toyland Tales and Happy Endings The Secret of Stamboul A young James Mason uncovers a sinister plot in Turkey. Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace The Secret of the Loch 1934 | 73min Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace The Selling of Noddy The first episode of the irreverent comedy series set on a Manchester housing estate. Collection: Once Upon a Time in the North West Share Thy Bread The early years of the charity Raphael as described by founder Leonard Cheshire. Collection: n/a Sheffield Spartan Swimmers 1933 | 16min A hardy band of friends brave all weathers to enjoy their local outdoor pool in this light-hearted amateur film. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Shelagh Delaney’s Salford (Monitor) 1960 | 15min Ken Russell travels to Salford to interview one of its most celebrated residents, not yet 21 but with two plays already produced. Collection: Ken Russell on TV Shellshock Rock Punk goes to Northern Ireland. Collection: Anarchy in the UK Sherlock Conan Doyle’s peerless detective genius is given a bold reboot for the 21st century. Collection: TV Heaven Two children nurse a feline patient. Collection: Pandora’s Box The Sidney Street Siege aka The Great East End Anarchist Battle 1911 | 4min Documentary footage of the 1911 Siege of Sidney Street. Collection: London Calling Sidney Turtlebaum 2008 | 19min Sir Derek Jacobi plays an eccentric gay Jewish man with an unsavoury interest in funerals in this award-winning short. Collection: Oy Britannia Sidney’s Chair 1995 | 21min The arrival of film star Sidney Poitier in East London is a momentous event for a young boy and his friends. Collection: Black Britain The Signalman 1976 | 40min Denholm Elliot struggles with a chilling premonition on an isolated railway line in Andrew Davies’ adaptation of a short story by Dickens. Collection: A Ghost Story for Christmas The Silence 2010 | 229min Deaf teenager Amelia’s life is turned upside down after she witnesses a murder in this four-part thriller. Collection: Unlimited: Disability on Screen Silent Britain Start reclaiming your silent film heritage with a look at Matthew Sweet’s ground-breaking documentary. Collection: Silent Britain A learning disabled man unwittingly poisons children in this affecting south London-set drama. Collection: Unlimited: Disability on Screen Silent Scream 1990 | 85min The true story of Larry Winters, prisoner and poet – a convicted murderer with an IQ of 165. Collection: Cinema of Tomorrow The Silent Village 1943 | 36min A Welsh mining community is used to dramatise the lives of a Czech village under Nazi occupation. Directed by Humphrey Jennings. Collection: This Working Life: King Coal Silver Blades Ice Skating Vibrant colour footage of Silver Blades, Streatham – ‘the most luxurious ice rink in the world’. Collection: Beautiful South The Silver Sword 1958 | 30min Superb adaptation of Ian Serraillier’s wartime adventure story, starring a young Frazer Hines and Melvyn Hayes. Collection: The Kids Are Alright Simba Love story set amidst the Mau Mau’s uprisings in Kenya, starring Dirk Bogarde. Collection: Cape to Cairo Vibrant animated vehicle for a rather unsavoury message from the War Office. Collection: The Joy of Sex Education Sixth Happiness The sexual awakening of a young Indian man born with brittle bones. Collection: Unlimited: Disability on Screen Size M ‘Le Déjeuner sur l’herbe’ goes underground. Collection: Pandora’s Box The Sky’s the Limit 1945 | 13min John Mills heads up a stirring recreation of a bombing raid in Ealing’s ‘Wings for Victory’ campaign film. Collection: Ealing Studios: Propaganda Shorts Slavery Business: Breaking the Chains 2005 | 60min William Wilberforce and the rise of the abolition movement. Collection: Exodus: Remembering Slavery sleep furiously 2009 | 94min Gideon Koppel’s bittersweet ode to the farming community of Trefeurig, with music by Aphex Twin. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Sling Your Hook A rowdy troupe of Nottingham miners spend a life-changing weekend in Blackpool. Collection: Heartlands The Small Back Room 1949 | 103min A bomb disposal expert, suffering from depression and alcoholism after losing a leg, is called back to frontline duty. Collection: Unlimited: Disability on Screen The Small World of Sammy Lee 1962 | 107min Taut, under-seen crime drama set in the seedy Soho underworld. Collection: London Calling The Smallest Car in the Largest City in the World 1913 | 6min A cute baby Cadillac completes a victory lap of Trafalgar Square and dodges the city’s omnibuses. Collection: London Calling Residents of Berwick compete with local dignitaries for the attention of the filmmaker. Collection: North by North East Snow Poetic portrait of running the railways through a perilous British winter. Collection: Reality Bites The Snowman 1982 | 26min David Bowie introduces the Oscar-nominated animation, a staple of festive TV schedules since the early 80s. Collection: Santa’s Grotto So Clever are the German Spies in their Disguises that Even Nuns Have to Have Their Passports Examined 1915 | 1min Nuns at bayonet point… almost. Collection: Pandora’s Box So Haunt Me 1992 | 30min Miriam Karlin stars as ghostly grandmother Yetta Feldman in the first episode of this BBC sitcom. Collection: Oy Britannia Tony Wilson presents live performances from The Stranglers, The Sex Pistols and The Clash. Collection: Anarchy in the UK So that You Can Live 1982 | 83min Reflective film following a union activist and her family in Treforest, South Wales. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Socialist Labour Party Election Broadcast 1997 | 5min Ken Loach directs the first broadcast by the newly formed SLP. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective Soho Square Painterly portrait of the sights and sounds of the crowded London square. Collection: London Calling Soho Stories 1996 | 460min All 12 episodes of the superior BBC TV ‘docusoap’ about life in London’s bohemian enclave. Collection: London Calling Road movie or acid trip? Collection: Pandora’s Box Solomon and Gaenor 1999 | 99min Oscar-nominated tale of love across the cultural divide in early 20th century Wales, starring Ioan Gruffudd. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Some Activities of the Bermondsey Borough Council 1931 | 25min A forward-thinking London borough council records its good deeds for posterity. Collection: London Calling Some Mothers Do ‘Ave ‘Em 1978 | 35min Comic misadventures of the unfortunate Frank Spencer. Collection: TV Heaven Some of My Friends Are…Jewish 2003 | 30min Anita Land investigates what it means to be Jewish, interviewing a rabbi and an edgy stand-up comedian. Collection: Oy Britannia The psychological journey of three friends from a children’s home. Collection: Cinema of Tomorrow John Harlow 1941 | 82 min A bereaved young man falls under the influence of a group of Spiritualists. Collection: Gothic: Love is a Devil Spend Spend Spend The rags to riches to rags story of Britain’s most famous pools winner. Collection: Play for Today Spender 1991 | 55min It’s Jimmy Nail vs the criminal underworld, as a jaded detective returns to his native Newcastle. Collection: North by North East Spirit of Albion New Age Travellers, Britain’s very own nomads, attempt to preserve their way of life. Collection: Essentially British A triumphant steel industry showcase featuring dazzling Technicolor photography by Jack Cardiff. Collection: This Working Life: Steel Steel for the Seventies Steelmaking enters a bold new era at the Port Talbot plant in South Wales. Collection: This Working Life: Steel Steel Goes to Sea “Hitler is a B******” – Shipbuilding at the height of WWII. Collection: This Working Life: Tales From the Shipyard Steel in South Wales A tour of milling and galvanising factories at Port Talbot, Newport, Cardiff, and Ebbw Vale. Collection: This Working Life: Steel Steel Scrap Drives in Bolton, Preston & Liverpool 1952 | 13min Any old iron? North West people contribute to the collection of scrap steel. Collection: Once Upon a Time in the North West Steel Town 1958 | 20min Evocative colour film promoting United Steel’s Stocksbridge plant and its role at the heart of the community. Collection: This Working Life: Steel The Steelchest, Nail in the Boot and the Barking Dog 1987 | 45min Award-winning documentary showing the lives of shipyard workers through story and song. Collection: This Working Life: Tales From the Shipyard Steptoe and Son Harold is led astray by a ‘cultured’ antiques dealer. Collection: Beautiful Things Home movies shot in Manipur. Collection: Before Midnight Stigma 1977 | 32min A mother and daughter move into a remote house in the middle of a stone circle – with predictably disastrous consequences. Collection: A Ghost Story for Christmas Still Waters Tropical disease prevention in Southern Rhodesia. Collection: Cape to Cairo Stille Nacht II: Are We Still Married? 1992 | 3min Echoes of ‘Alice’ in the Quay Brothers’ eerie stop-motion music video for US group His Name Is Alive. Collection: March Hares & Easter Bunnies Stocker’s Copper Drama set around the strike of Cornish clay miners in 1913. Collection: Play for Today Stockton-on-Tees 1910 | 3min The Cleveland market town-dwellers smile for the camera in a film commissioned by the local cinema. Collection: North by North East The Stone Tape Sci-fi maestro Nigel Kneale reimagines the period ghost story for the video age. Collection: A Ghost Story for Christmas Stonehenge – Panorama of the Ancient Druidical Remains 1900 | 1min The ancient British icon in the days before coach parties invaded. Collection: Essentially British Ashley Walters and Adrian Lester star in this tough drama about troubled teenagers in care. Collection: Black Britain Stormy Monday 1988 | 93min Melanie Griffith and Tommy Lee Jones come to Newcastle in Mike Figgis’ debut, inspired by the T. Dan Smith scandal. Collection: North by North East Story of Papworth: The Village of Hope, The 1935 | 18min Anthony Asquith directs an appeal for funds for the Cambridgeshire medical settlement, starring Madeleine Carroll and Gordon Harker. Collection: Eastward Ho! The Story of Tracy Beaker 2008 | 15min Funny and moving series about a high-spirited ten-year-old girl living in a children’s home. Collection: TV Heaven A Story to Frighten the Children 1976 | 85min Police struggle to investigate an horrific murder on a high-rise estate in John Hopkins’ shocking play. Collection: Play for Today Straight and Narrow-Minded 1988 | 30min A late-80s look at homophobia in the UK and the true story behind 2014 hit ‘Pride’. Collection: Beautiful Things Original Welsh-language episode of the popular children’s series about a teddy with super powers. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Supervisor’s Progress 1973 | 27min The devil may find work for an idle supervisor, but not in this colourful instructional film starring Windsor Davies. Collection: We Can Work It Out Survivors 1975 | 50min ‘Series 1 Episode 1: ‘The Fourth Horseman’. The extraordinary opening episode of Terry Nation’s classic post-apocalyptic series. Collection: Sci-Fi: Days of Fear and Wondert Suzie Gold 2003 | 90min Girl meets goy: a Jewish princess must decide between a Jew and a gentile in this light-hearted romantic comedy. Collection: Oy Britannia Sweeney Todd 1928 | 91min Early British horror about the legendary barber-cum-killer, made over 80 years before Tim Burton’s vision. Collection: Silent Britain Sweeney Todd, The Demon Barber of Fleet Street* 1936 | 68min The City’s menfolk risk a dangerously close shave in Mr Todd’s barbershop. Collection: London Calling Philip Schofield presents a behind-the-scenes look at his own Saturday morning show ‘Going Live!’ Collection: The Kids Are Alright A Tale of Two Cities 1958 | 117min A wayward barrister (Dirk Bogarde) redeems himself with a heroic act of self-sacrifice during the French Revolutionary Terror. Collection: Hard Times: Dickens on Screen Talk About Work 1971 | 16min Candid views on the world of work from three North West youngsters in Ken Loach’s rarely seen short. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective Talkies Come to Britain (Yesterday’s Witness) 1971 | 50min Hitchcock discusses the making of ‘Blackmail’ in this rarely seen documentary exploring cinema’s transition to sound. Collection: Looking for Alfred A South London schoolboy runs away and becomes involved with a gang of tearaways. Collection: Box of Delights A Test for Love 1937 | 28min Sweeping romantic drama (and treatise on STDs) set in a sleepy English seaside town in the ’30s. Collection: The Joy of Sex Education That’s What Friends Are For 1988 | 7 min Neil Bartlett performs his powerful spoken-word piece responding to the AIDS crisis for C4’s Alter Image strand. Collection: Beautiful Things That Paralympic Show 2010 | 30min This edition of the C4 series features wheelchair racer David Weir and a visit to the Olympic Stadium. Collection: Unlimited: Disability on Screen That Was the Week That Was – Tribute to President Kennedy 1963 | 20min Poetic tribute to John F. Kennedy on the day following his death. Collection: TV Heaven The Game of Haxey Hood 1929 | 1min Welcome to a mad British tradition. Follow that hood! Collection: Heartlands How to deal with airline passengers, however tiresome. Collection: Pandora’s Box Things to Come 1936 | 97min The city of the future rises from the rubble of world war in H.G. Wells’ prescient sci-fi fable. Collection: The Promised Land Things Unseen: Ena Twigg — Medium Bimbi Harris 1971 | 42 min Profile of a medium who first encountered her “misty people” at the age of seven. Collection: Gothic: Love is a Devil Think of a Number Johnny Ball does the impossible and makes maths and science interesting for kids. Collection: The Kids Are Alright Think of England Photographer Martin Parr seeks out the English icons. Collection: Essentially British Noël Coward’s saga of a Clapham family between the two World Wars. Collection: London Calling This is a Matter Which Vitally Concerns You 1938 | 4min Screen A public appeal by the Lord Mayor of Birmingham for volunteer air raid wardens, fire fighters and medical staff. Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen. This Is Tomorrow 2007 | 54min The Royal Festival Hall is reborn for a new generation, to the sounds of Saint Etienne. Collection: Of Dreams and Cities This Is Your Life Eamonn Andrews gets out the Red Book for Ealing comedies scriptwriter T.E.B. Clarke. Collection: TV Heaven This Life 1996 | 40min Family Outing’. Warren’s sexuality comes under scrutiny in this episode of the 90s legal drama series. Collection: Tony Garnett: Seeing Red This Was a Woman Mothers don’t come much deadlier than Sonia Dresdel’s murderous matriarch… Collection: The Gentle Sex Cult ’80s drama following the lives of inner city teens. Collection: Play for Today Three Weird Sisters 1948 | 82min Three spinsters – one deaf, one blind, one with arthritis – battle their younger brother in a gothic tale from Dylan Thomas. Collection: The Gentle Sex The Threepenny Opera 1931 | 105min 19th century London is recreated in a Berlin film studio for this adaptation of Brecht and Weill’s revolutionary musical. Collection: London Calling The Trial of Oscar Wilde 1960 | 52 min Gripping recreation of Wilde’s 1895 trial, starring Micheál MacLiammóir. Collection: Beautiful Things The Trial of Sir Roger Casement 1960 | 52 min Peter Wyngarde plays the gay British diplomat turned Irish nationalist, executed in 1916 for treason. Collection: Beautiful Things Don Levy’s extraordinary experimental collage film, produced for the Nuffield Foundation. Collection: Reality Bites The Time of Our Lives 1994 | 81min The life and times of an East End Irish family. Collection: London Calling A Time There Was…A Profile of Benjamin Britten (South Bank Show) 1980 | 90min The life of Suffolk’s greatest musical son. Collection: Eastward Ho! Time to Go 1989 | 30min A characteristically polemical documentary by Ken Loach, arguing for the withdrawal of British troops from Northern Ireland. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective Time-Lapse Study of Nail Growth 1960 | 2min Serious scientific study or long-lost avant-garde body horror? You decide. Collection: Pandora’s Box Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy 1979 | 41min An episode of the intricately plotted serial based on the spy novel by John Le Carré. Collection: TV Heaven Compilation of the madcap children’s Saturday morning show presented by Chris Tarrant. Collection: The Kids Are Alright The Titanic Disaster 1912 | 5min Gaumont’s newsreel boasted a brief glimpse of the real Titanic in dock prior to her ill-fated maiden voyage. Collection: Save Our Souls: Disaster at Sea Titanic: A Question of Murder? [Production material] 1983 | 88min An extended interview with surviving Titanic crewman Major Prentice, filmed for a 1983 documentary. Collection: Save Our Souls: Disaster at Sea Titanic: The Mission Five-part series following a team of engineers as they rebuild sections of the legendary liner. Collection: Save Our Souls: Disaster at Sea To Have and to Hold 2000 | 13min A woman finds herself in a gruesome predicament after a car crash in the deep, dark woods… Collection: Pandora’s Box To Keep Our Way of Life 1959 | 54min A West Indian man working in Britain faces prejudice, suspicion and jealousy. Collection: Black Britain The Tocher; A Film Ballet by Lotte Reiniger 1938 | 5min The ‘wee folk’ help a man woo his true love in Lotte Reiniger’s ‘film ballet’. Collection: Pandora’s Box To-day We Live; a Film of Life in Britain 1937 | 23min Impassioned socialist view of Depression-era Britain. Collection: Reality Bites East End and Butlers Wharf locations feature in this under-seen drama about two deaf men. Collection: London Calling Together Alone 2009 | 30min The last of a generation of East London Jews tell their story with humour and optimism. Collection: Oy Britannia Torment 1947 | 78min A mentally unstable novelist commits murder in a twisted attempt to give himself a feeling of reality. Collection: Gothic: Monstrous Tommy Cooper’s Christmas 1973 | 51min Magic, music and sketches with the kooky comedian, with appearances by Sacha Distel and Clodagh Rogers. Collection: Santa’s Grotto Tommy Steele My Life, My Song 1974 | 60min An evening of music and anecdotes from Bermondsey boy Tommy Steele. Collection: Beautiful South The Tomorrow People 1973 | 24min ‘Series 1 Episode 1: ‘The Slaves of Jedikiah’. The Tomorrow People find a new recruit in the first ever episode of the hit show. Collection: Sci-Fi: Days of Fear and Wonder Tom’s Ride Tom wants a bike and finds a wallet – will he do the honourable thing? Collection: Pandora’s Box Tonite, Let’s All Make Love in London 1967 | 72min Vivid, memorable doc examining the ‘swinging’ London phenomenon. Collection: London Calling Too Late to Talk to Billy 1982 | 85min Blistering, Belfast-set drama of a family at loggerheads, starring Kenneth Branagh. Collection: Play for Today Too Long a Winter 1973 | 47min Documentary about the lifestyle of a lone female farmer in the most isolated corner of the Yorkshire Dales. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Toot-an-kum-in Daily Sketch Cambridge students re-enact the opening of Tutankhamun’s tomb in a rag week stunt. Collection: Eastward Ho! Top of the Pops ‘78 (Inc. Kate Bush ‘Wuthering Heights’ promo video) 1978 | 59min Kate Bush throws some ethereal shapes in the iconic music video for ‘Wuthering Heights’. Collection: The Book Group All the fun of the Newcastle Town Moor Fair from over 100 years ago. Collection: North by North East Town Sparrows 1949 | 16min A day in the life of a group of children from Oldbury in the West Midlands. Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen. The Trade Winds Blow Glossy cinemagazine following the decline (and possible renaissance) of industry in the North East. Collection: North by North East Trafalgar Square Riot A suffragette procession in Trafalgar Square causes a riot. Collection: London Calling Traffic Island 1994 | 27min Five people and a dog cope with harsh conditions when they become marooned – on a traffic island just off Hemel Hempstead. Collection: Pandora’s Box A sizzling insight into student life in the ’30s. Collection: The Joy of Sex Education A Trip Down the Clyde 1921 | 2min A visit to the Dumbarton Rock and Rothesay shipyards. Collection: This Working Life: Tales From the Shipyard A Trip to North Wales on the St. Elvies 1902 | 2min All aboard the St. Elvies paddle steamer to Llandudno with Mitchell and Kenyon. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Tropical Hookworm Instructional film for African audiences on the causes and prevention of disease. Collection: Cape to Cairo The Trouble With Black Men 2004 | 53min David Matthews’ polemic unpicking the preconceptions that surround African-Caribbean men in Britain today. Collection: Black Britain The Trouble With…Gay Men 2006 | 56min After years of political and cultural progress, why do so many of today’s gay men seem content to conform to stereotypes? Collection: Beautiful Things The Truth About Gay Sex 2002 | 49min Ever wondered what gay men get up to in bed? Virgins, notepads at the ready… Collection: Beautiful Things Anti-Congress propaganda made by a District Officer. Collection: Before Midnight Trying to Kiss the Moon 1995 | 96min Film autobiography by the late Stephen Dwoskin drawing on home movies, photographs and extracts from his own experimental work. Collection: Unlimited: Disability on Screen Tryweryn 1965 | 37min Amateur film by Bangor schoolchildren, about the hugely controversial flooding of a valley to create the Llyn Celyn reservoir. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Tulip Town Tiptoe through the tulip parade at the vibrant Spalding festival. Collection: Heartlands Tunde’s Film 1973 | 40min A rarely seen portrait of racial tension in London’s East End, featuring original music by Joan Armatrading. Collection: Black Britain Spectacular sci-fi tale about the troubled construction of a transatlantic tunnel. Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace Turkey Time 1933 | 72min Festive frolics in a seaside town. Politically correct viewers, look away now. It’s Turkey Time! Collection: Funny Girls A Turn Up For Tony 1968 | 30min Tati-esque comedy – Tony Tanner seeks a job and a girlfriend in Newcastle. Collection: North by North East The Turning Point (Horlicks Ad) 1951 | 3min Who needs a marriage councillor when a mug of Horlicks is at hand? Collection: Pandora’s Box Twelve Views of Kensal House 1984 | 55min Can the social housing ideals of the ’30s survive in a very different era? Collection: The Promised Land The ancient and the modern worlds come together in the North East coal industry. Collection: North by North East Tynemouth Swimming Gala in the Haven, North Shields 1901 | 1min Racing swimmers take the plunge – wearing top hats and tails. Collection: North by North East Tyneside 1941 | 17min The building of the ‘Dominion Monarch’ on the River Tyne – the most powerful motor liner in the world. Collection: North by North East Tyrannosaur Paddy Considine’s directorial debut, a powerful Sheffield-set tale of rage and redemption. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen UCS 1 Campaign film used by the Clydeside shipyard workers. Collection: Boom Britain: We Can Work It Out An Ultra Modern House The ultimate in streamlined chic – on a hillside above Amersham. Collection: The Promised Land Un Nos Ola Leuad (One Full Moon) 1991 | 98min Haunting adaptation of Caradog Prichard’s classic novel, set in Snowdonia. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen The Uncharted Sea A young man discovers the perils – and sensual pleasures – of city life. Collection: The Joy of Sex Education Uncle Denis? US-born filmmaker Adrian Goycoolea recalls his Great Uncle Denis – aka Quentin Crisp. Collection: Beautiful Things Passions run deep on the London Underground. Collection: London Calling Undressing Extraordinary 1901 | 2min Classic comedy or early horror? A man finds taking his clothes off more difficult than usual. Collection: Pandora’s Box Uneasy Dreams: the Life of Mr Pickwick 1970 | 26min A fictional biography of Mr. Pickwick, from childhood to his adventures in Dickens’ The Pickwick Papers. Collection: Hard Times: Dickens on Screen The Union Jack: A Banner for Britain 2006 | 60min Biography of the flag – from a symbol of national pride to its adoption by the BNP. Collection: Essentially British United Kingdom 1981 | 75min Play for Today at its most political – Tyneside communities take on the police and the state. Collection: Play for Today The Universe of Dermot Finn 1988 | 15min Guess who’s coming to dinner? A brilliant, touching short reminiscent of Tim Burton. Collection: Pandora’s Box Pay a visit to the nit nurse. Collection: Pandora’s Box Up the Junction 1965 | 70min Abortion and pre-marital sex are no longer off-limits in Ken Loach’s vibrant and controversial TV play, based on the book by Nell Dunn. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective Uppies and Downies Thrilling sport or hideous brawl? Medieval football, the Ashbourne way. Collection: Heartlands Upside Down or The Human Flies 1899 | 1min A mischievous magic trick that would inspire the special effects in 2001: A Space Odyssey. Collection: Pandora’s Box Urdd Gobaith Cymru – Anenwadol ac Amhleidiol 1930 | 8min The activities of the The Welsh League of Youth. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen USSR Now (This Week) 1958 | 59min Michael Ingrams tries to fathom Russian life over the course of three months as part of an exchange programme with Moscow. Collection: Visions of Change: The TV Documentary 1950s-60s V E Day War is over, and Gateshead celebrates in style. Collection: North by North East The Val Doonican Show Snuggle up with the Irish crooner for an evening of comedy, warmth and Nana Mouskouri. Collection: Santa’s Grotto Huge box office success detailing the life and loves of Queen Victoria (Anna Neagle). Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace Victoria Wood – As Seen on TV 1986 | 30min The joy of Victoria Wood: from Acorn Antiques to the erotic potential of bicycle clips. Collection: Essentially British A View from a Hill 2005 | 40min BBC Four revived the creepy Christmas tradition with M.R. James’ tale of a mysterious pair of binoculars. Collection: A Ghost Story for Christmas View From An Engine Front – Ilfracombe 1898 | 4min A bendy train trip through Devon – full steam ahead! Collection: Reality Bites The View from the Woodpile 1989 | 50min Ken Loach’s prescient documentary exposes the plight of the West Midlands’ disenfranchised youth. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective Views on Trial 1954 | 26min Amusing, yet heavily biased, industrial film – a disgruntled worker is put on trial for rallying against the introduction of machinery in the workplace. Collection: Boom Britain: We Can Work It Out A Village Affair 1995 | 120min A married mother’s life is turned upside down in the much-loved lesbian Aga saga from Joanna Trollope. Collection: Beautiful Things Richard Burton stars as a psychotic homosexual gangster based on Ronnie Kray. Collection: Beautiful Things Viola 1967 | 23min Experimental film using still imagery to convey a man’s fractured state of mind following the disappearance of his wife. Collection: Unlimited: Disability on Screen The Violent Playground The battle of wills between a Liverpool Juvenile Liaison officer and a dangerous young pyromaniac. Collection: Once Upon a Time in the North West The Vise 1958 | 25min WWII veteran and amputee Donald Gray stars as Detective Mark Saber in this early TV crime series. Collection: Unlimited: Disability on Screen The Vision 1988 | 105min Rarely seen sci-fi drama starring Dirk Bogarde as an unwitting TV presenter recruited by a sinister organisation to front their satellite channel. Collection: Bogarde on the Box Visit of Her Royal Highness the Princess Elizabeth 1951 | 18min The future Queen Elizabeth II visits Birmingham on 9 June 1951. Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen. Visit of Their Majesties The King And Queen To The North-East Coast Ship-Building and Engineering On The Wear 1917 | 8min George V and Queen Mary visit the Sunderland shipyards. Collection: North by North East A Visit to an Art School 1929 | 35min Aspiring artists acquire their skills at Manchester School of Art. Collection: Once Upon a Time in the North West A Visit to Peek Frean and Company’s Biscuit Works 1906 | 36min Meet the workers at one of Bermondsey’s thriving family businesses. Collection: Beautiful South Vivienne Westwood (South Bank Show) 1990 | 52min Take a revealing peek into the working life of British fashion’s grande dame. Collection: Brit Chic Prolific documentary producers Gaumont-British Instructional promote their output to schools. Collection: Reality Bites Vymura Advert – Noddy and Big Ears 1982 | 2min Noddy’s interior decorating tips lead to a violent altercation with Big Ears. Collection: Toyland Tales and Happy Endings The W Plan Brian Aherne is dropped behind enemy lines in this inventive espionage thriller. Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace Waddington’s Piano Works, Scarborough 1930 | 9min See the painstaking craft processes that enable us to tinkle those ivories. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Wales v. Ireland at Wrexham 1906 | 2min An Edwardian treat for footie fans courtesy of Mitchell & Kenyon. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Wales’ Wonderful Rugby Win Wales thrash England with a landslide win. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Walter 1982 | 75min Ian McKellen stars as a man with learning difficulties in the first ever Film on Four broadcast, directed by Stephen Frears. Collection: Unlimited: Disability on Screen Waltzes From Vienna A real Hitchcock rarity, and a Hitchcock musical, to boot. Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace The Wandering Jew 1923 | 108min The legend of the Wandering Jew, condemned to walk the earth until the Second Coming, is brought to the big screen. Collection: Oy Britannia Words of warning on the eve of the war from Sir John Anderson. Collection: Heartlands A Warning to the Curious 1972 | 50min An amateur archaeologist visits the remote Norfolk coast to search for a buried Saxon crown, angering the violent forces which guard it. Collection: A Ghost Story for Christmas Waterloo Road* Soldier John Mills goes AWOL in Lambeth to investigate rumours about his wife. Collection: Beautiful South Waterloo Sunset 1979 | 78min Queenie Watts stars as a spirited Cockney pensioner returning to her Lambeth roots in Barrie Keeffe’s standout Play for Today. Collection: London Calling Watership Down* 1978 | 92min “Bright eyes, burning like fire…” Memorably dark animated classic, based on Richard Adams’ bestselling children’s novel. Collection: March Hares & Easter Bunnies Watton Christmas Party American airmen entertain war orphans at Watton airfield, Norfolk. Collection: Eastward Ho! Learie Constantine and Una Marson introduce the war effort in the West Indies. Collection: Black Britain The Westcliff Cine Club Visits Mr. Hitchcock in Hollywood 1963 | 11min One lucky film club gets a very special address all the way from Universal Studios. Collection: Looking for Alfred We’ve Come a Long Way 1951 | 11min The history of the oil tanker, as told through Halas & Bachelor’s vivid animation. Collection: This Working Life: Tales From the Shipyard What a Life! Rationing, moaning and burnt toast. A film for pessimists. Collection: Essentially British What Can I Do With a Male Nude? 1985 | 24min Ron Peck’s amusing rumination on the difficulties of showing the naked masculine body. Collection: Beautiful Things What Do You Do On Friday Night? 1926 | 2min Dance the night away at the Cambridge Varsity Dance Club. Collection: Eastward Ho! What Have You Done Today, Mervyn Day? 2006 | 45min Saint Etienne’s hymn to a vanishing east London – before the Olympic bulldozers moved in. Collection: London Calling What We Want is Watney’s: Michael Caine 1959 | 1min A pre-fame Michael Caine stars in this advert for Watney’s ale. Collection: Pandora’s Box What Will You Be Doing in 2012? 2004 | 7min East London school children discuss their hopes for 2012. Collection: Sport at Heart Whatever Happened to the Likely Lads? 1973 | 30min The Likely Lads’ finest (half) hour – can they avoid hearing the football results? Collection: Essentially British A remarkably explicit warning to WWI soldiers about the perils of fraternizing with loose women. Collection: The Joy of Sex Education What a Difference a Gay Makes 1984 | 30 min Is homosexuality contagious? Former Gay News editor Denis Lemon busts some myths in this edition of Diverse Reports. Collection: Beautiful Things What’s a Girl Like You… 1969 | 45min Scintillating look at the 1960s drag renaissance, with a visit to London’s Royal Vauxhall Tavern. Collection: Visions of Change: The TV Documentary 1950s-60s When Coal Was King with Ricky Tomlinson 2006 | 60min Ricky Tomlinson’s personal history of British coal mining, lavishly illustrated with footage from the BFI National Archive. Collection: This Working Life: King Coal When I Came to Britain 2004 | 12min Caribbean settlers in the UK recall their first impressions of Britain. Collection: Black Britain It’s never too late to come out… Collection: Beautiful Things When the Boat Comes In 1976 | 50min The first episode of the much-loved BBC series set in the fictional town of Gallowshield – loosely based on South Shields. Collection: North by North East When The Boat Comes In 1976 | 50min Dance ti’ thy daddy, sing ti’ thy mammy – Bill Seaton digs under the floorboards for precious coal in an episode from the much-loved series. Collection: This Working Life: King Coal Where There’s a Curd… There’s a Whey 1979 | 22min Is Yorkshire’s famous Wensleydale cheese under threat from mechanisation? Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Which Side Are You On? 1984 | 50min Ken Loach’s anthology of songs and poems inspired by the Miners’ Strike, controversially refused a broadcast by the South Bank Show. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective Whicker’s World California 1980 | 53min Alan Whicker investigates San Francisco’s controversial new policy of recruiting gay and lesbian police officers. Collection: Beautiful Things Gently subversive Ealing comedy about whisky smuggling in the Hebrides. Collection: Scottish Reels Whistle and I’ll Come to You 2010 | 55min John Hurt stars in ‘Spooks’ writer Neil Cross’ modern take on Jonathan Miller’s classic 1968 chiller. Collection: A Ghost Story for Christmas Whistle and I’ll Come to You 1968 | 42min Classic ghost story in which Michael Hordern summons a phantom apparition while holidaying in Norfolk. Collection: Eastward Ho! The White Shadow 1924 | 43min Hitchcock worked on this silent feature – thought lost until 2011 – about a young woman possessed by the soul of her dead twin. Collection: The Shaping of Alfred Hitchcock White Tribe Darcus Howe goes in search of white England. Collection: Essentially British Pagan rites on a Scottish isle in the original cult favourite. Collection: Essentially British Wil Cwac Cwac 1985 | 5min Children’s animation based on the Welsh-language stories by Jennie Thomas and J.O. Williams about a mischievous duckling. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen The Wild and the Willing 1962 | 115min A young cast of future stars features in this X-rated university-set drama. Collection: Heartlands The Wild Duck 1957 | 90min The idealistic son of a corrupt businessmen exposes a lifetime of lies in Ibsen’s masterpiece, directed for TV by Ealing regular Charles Crichton. Collection: Missing Believed Wiped: The Library of Congress Discoveries William Meiklejohn’s Family Films 1935 | 17min These home movies include footage of Darjeeling, West Bengal and Bangladesh. Collection: Before Midnight Women’s clubs in rural Rhodesia. Collection: Cape to Cairo The Woman for Joe 1955 | 94min A hawker at Nottingham’s Goose Fair attempts to find a woman for his latest attraction – ‘The World’s Smallest Man”. Collection: Heartlands John Bruce 1982 | 277 min Five-part BBC adaptation of Wilkie Collins’ Victorian chiller. Collection: Gothic: Love is a Devil Women in Tropical Places Women on the verge of a Newcastle breakdown. Collection: North by North East Women of Steel Documentary celebrating the contribution of Sheffield’s female steelworkers during WWII. Collection: This Working Life: Steel Women of the Rhondda Four women living in a South Wales mining village describe their experiences. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Women’s Rights aka Ladies Skirts Nailed to a Fence 1899 | 1min Victoria Wood’s first TV sketch show, co-starring Julie Walters. Collection: Funny Girls Woodbine Place 1989 | 105min A gentle observation of the private world of children living on a Gateshead street, and a follow-up documentary shot 4 years later. Collection: North by North East The World of George Orwell: 1984 1965 | 113min The BBC’s second impressive adaptation of Orwell’s dystopian classic, thought lost until 2010. Collection: Sci-Fi: Days of Fear and Wonder Work at St Dunstan’s 1916 | 1min Visually impaired servicemen learn new skills on their return to civilian life. Collection: Unlimited: Disability on Screen Work Study and Tom Howard 1958 | 20min British Rail wants to follow the work study model – but Tom Howard is not a fan. Collection: Boom Britain: We Can Work It Out Workers at Jesse Crossley and Sons Ironworks, Ripley 1900 | 2min Victorians take a break from work. Collection: Heartlands Workers Leaving Butterley Ironworks, Ripley 1900 | 3min The end of a hard day’s work in Derbyshire, over 100 years ago. Collection: Heartlands Workforce of Scott and Co Shipyard Greenock 1901 | 2min Workers leaving the Greenock-based shipbuilding firm. Collection: This Working Life: Tales From the Shipyard Working Class Dykes From Hell 1992 | 60min Lesbians talk about being out, proud and working class. Collection: Beautiful Things England’s finest hour? World Cup coverage from the BBC. Collection: Sport at Heart A World is Turning (Rushes) 1948 | 40min Six reels of rushes are all that remain of this unfinished film showcasing talented members of Britain’s black and Asian communities. Collection: Black Britain The World of Frank Letch 1978 | 30min Quietly inspirational documentary about an ordinary man born with no arms, and life in his adopted South Wales. Collection: Unlimited: Disability on Screen The World of Wooster The only surviving complete episode of this 1965-66 adaptation of Wodehouse’s much-loved stories. Collection: TV Heaven The World Ten Times Over 1963 | 93min British cinema’s earliest lesbian relationship? Collection: Beautiful Things World’s First Caterpillar Track 1908 | 6min It’s tractor vs. tractor in this gruelling test to see who will triumph – will it be steam or petrol? Gentlemen, start your engines. Collection: Pandora’s Box 9/11 and its after-effects on a young Muslim woman. Collection: Essentially British The Year of the Sex Olympics 1968 | 104min Nigel Kneale’s daring play set in a future Britain, where the appetites and passions of the masses are controlled by television. Collection: Sci-Fi: Days of Fear and Wonder Yellow 1996 | 12min A young girl pits her wits against her mother’s lover in this provocative short starring Ray Winstone. Collection: Cinema of Tomorrow Yellowbacks 1990 | 80min Chilling drama with an all-star cast, set in a near future when authorities wield draconian powers in the wake of viral epidemics. Collection: Sci-Fi: Days of Fear and Wonder Yellow Caesar Ealing’s blackly comic propaganda film attacking fascist dictator Benito Mussolini. Collection: Ealing Studios: Propaganda Shorts Yellow Week at Stanway J.M. Barrie’s whimsical home-movie record of a summer house party in the Cotswolds. Collection: Pandora’s Box A death-row dame (Diana Dors) awaits execution for murder. Collection: The Gentle Sex Yorkshire Beaches 1945 | 14min A stunning colour record of family life on the Yorkshire coast made despite wartime film rationing. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Yorkshire Curiosities Amateur documentary capturing some of the region’s more esoteric delights. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen The Yorkshire Disco Dancing Championships 1980 | 26min Step inside Doncaster’s answer to Studio 54 for a glitter-strewn edition of the regional TV talent show. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen You in Your Small Corner 1962 | 82min Lloyd Reckord stars as a gifted student confronting the race and class divide in 1960s Brixton. Collection: Beautiful South You Made Me Love You: Nathan Evans Films David Hoyle 2008 | 79min Avant-garde performance artist David Hoyle muses on capitalism, gay rights and mental health in a series of six short films: Dave’s Drop-in Centre, A Village Stroll with David Hoyle, Natural Human, Manchester (So Much to Answer For), At Home with David Hoyle and On the Couch with David Hoyle. Collection: Beautiful Things Young British Artists (South Bank Show) 1998 | 45min Profile of YBAs Gillian Wearing and Gary Hume. Collection: Farewell South Bank Show Young Lesbians The problems facing young lesbians at the end of the 1970s. Collection: Beautiful Things The day the cosmonaut came to town. Collection: Once Upon a Time in the North West Z Cars 1964 | 50min When a young African man attacks a bailiff, his wife does not believe he will get unprejudiced treatment from the Newtown police. Collection: Black Britain Z Cars: A Straight Deal 1964 | 50min PC Lynch makes an unexpected discovery in this episode of the police drama series, directed by Ken Loach. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective Z Cars: Profit by Their Example 1964 | 44min A businessman takes on local hooligans in the first of three episodes of Z Cars directed by Ken Loach: Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective Z Cars: The Whole Truth 1964 | 50min A slow-witted former boxer becomes embroiled in a police investigation in this episode of Z Cars directed by Ken Loach. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective A Zed and Two Noughts 1985 | 112min Peter Greenaway’s visionary tale of a woman who loses her leg in a car accident – caused by a low-flying swan. Collection: Unlimited: Disability on Screen
Thora Hird
Which portmanteau word describes the fans of the TV show 'Glee'?
All Mediatheque films | BFI All Mediatheque films Here’s the full list of titles currently available to view in Mediatheques. Please note that a very small number of titles, marked with an asterisk (*), are currently available to view only in our London Mediatheque due to rights issues. We hope to make these available in all BFI Mediatheques in the future. 1908 London Olympics 1908 | 12 min Surviving footage of Track & Field and Marathon events during London’s first ever stint as host city. Collection: Sport at Heart Rarely-seen 50s feature ‘freely adapted’ from George Orwell’s classic novel. Collection: The Book Group 1984  Designing a Nightmare 1984 | 25 min Join Christopher Frayling on the set of the 1984 film version of Orwell’s classic novel. Collection: The Book Group 24 Hour Party People 2002 | 112min Welcome to Madchester: Steve Coogan stars in Michael Winterbottom’s biopic of Tony Wilson and Factory Records. Collection: Once Upon a Time in the North West 28 Up 1984 | 160min The children first interviewed when they were 7 in 1964 are revisited at the age of 28. Collection: Essentially British ‘Candid Camera’ with attitude featuring the soon-to-be Little Miss Jocelyn. Collection: Black Britain A boy’s own adventure from London to Scotland. Hitchcock’s best British film? Collection: Essentially British 4D Special Agents 1981 | 60min TA group of East End kids track down a gang of jewel thieves. To the helicopter, everyone! Collection: Box of Delights 50 Years of BBC TV News 2004 | 150min Three-part series exploring the breadth of news covered by BBC television from 1954 to 2004. Collection: TV Heaven An eccentric sport courtesy of East Midlands tradition. Collection: Heartlands 617: The Last Days of a Vulcan Squadron 1982 | 40min The final days of the ‘Dam Busters’ squadron. Collection: Heartlands 64 Day Hero: A Boxer’s Tale 1985 | 92min The turbulent life and death of championship boxer Randolph Turpin. Collection: Black Britain Love among the second hand books. Collection: Play for Today Re-edited sound version of ‘The Great White Silence’, with commentary from director Herbert Ponting. Collection: Into the White The perceptions and experiences of autistic people, told using their own words and images. Collection: Unlimited: Disability on Screen ABC Xmas and New Year Greetings 1946 | 3min Santa doles out the pressies courtesy of Associated British Cinemas. Collection: Pandora’s Box Beverly hands out the brickbats with the ‘little cheesy pineapple ones’. Collection: Play for Today Above Us the Earth 1977 | 85min The closure of Ogilvie Colliery by the National Coal Board, shown through a mixture of documentary footage and dramatisation. Collection: Cinema of Tomorrow Absolute Hell 1991 | 120min Judi Dench and Bill Nighy escape post-war austerity in a crumbling Soho drinking den in this tragicomic TV treat. Collection: Beautiful Things Absolutely 1989 | 37min Pythonesque C4 comedy sketch show created by a mostly Scottish cast and crew. [Series 1 Episode 6.] Collection: Scottish Reels Absolutely Fabulous 1992 | 30min Sweetie darling! Edina’s putting on a charity fashion show, and things aren’t going to plan… Collection: Brit Chic Roll up, roll up! The fly circus is in town! Collection: Pandora’s Box Across the Sahara: The Record of a Journey to Timbuctoo 1932 | 20min Welcome to the Dream Palace Fascinating documentary made during the filming of West Africa-set feature ,Timbuctoo,. Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace Actor (Meredith Edwards) The Ealing star chats about his life with Meredydd Evans. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen A.D.A.M. 1973 | 47min A sentient computer develops an unusual relationship with a vulnerable housewife in this dark and intelligent TV drama. Collection: Sci-Fi: Days of Fear and Wonder Adeste Fideles The spirit of Christmas is alive and well in wartime Britain. Collection: Pandora’s Box The Adventure Game 1986 | 39min Journey to the planet Arg with this episode from the fourth series of the cult game show. Collection: Sci-Fi: Days of Fear and Wonder Adventures of Robin Hood Richard Greene plays Nottingham’s infamous outlaw in a mythical Sherwood Forest. Collection: Heartlands Ae Fond Kiss 2004 | 100min A post 9/11 cross-cultural romance is the focus of Ken Loach’s award-winning feature, filmed in Glasgow. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective Aerial Antarctic Discoveries 1930 | 2min Australian explorer Hubert Wilkins films Antarctica from above — and discovers 5 new islands in the process. Collection: Into the White The African Conference in London 1948 1948 | 17min African delegates visit some of Britain’s most famous sites. Collection: Cape to Cairo Don’t die of ignorance — the government’s infamous AIDS awareness campaign. Collection: The Joy of Sex Education AIDS: The Victims Two AIDS sufferers recount their experiences battling the disease and society’s misconceptions. Collection: Beautiful Things Akenfield 1974 | 98min Peter Hall’s innovative improvised drama following three generations of farmhands in a fictional Suffolk village. Collection: Eastward Ho! Alan Bennett (South Bank Show) 1984 | 60min Alan Bennett talks to Melvyn Bragg about his childhood in Leeds and his writing career. Collection: Farewell South Bank Show Alchemists of Sound Fascinating ‘Arena’ documentary telling the story of the BBC’s legendary Radiophonic Workshop. Collection: TV Heaven New restoration of cinema’s first trip down the rabbit hole. Collection: March Hares & Easter Bunnies Alice in Wonderland Jonathan Miller’s radical reworking of the Lewis Carroll classic. Collection: TV Heaven The Alien Sky 1956 | 98min Colonial chaos on the cusp of Indian Independence in this early TV drama from Paul Scott’s novel. Collection: Before Midnight All Creatures Great and Small 1978 | 51min The first episode of the long-running series starring Christopher Timothy as North Yorkshire vet James Herriot. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen All Good Men 1974 | 63min The relationship between a labour politician and his Marxist son falters when a television crew visits. Collection: Play for Today The first in a trio of ‘careless talk’ propaganda shorts produced by Ealing Studios. Collection: Ealing Studios: Propaganda Shorts All in Good Time Look out for a fresh-faced Richard Briers in Guinness’ curious experiment in product placement. Collection: Pandora’s Box All Kinds of Houses 1946 | 10min Enid Blyton wrote the story for this wildlife film on the nesting habits of British birds, made for young children. Collection: Toyland Tales and Happy Endings All Star Record Breakers 1979 | 54min Name a 70s children’s presenter and they’ll probably be in this all star extravaganza, complete with musical skeletons and high-kicking dance routines. Collection: The Kids Are Alright All Your Own A teenage Jimmy Page makes an early appearance on Huw Wheldon’s talent show. Collection: The Kids Are Alright Always Tell Your Wife An uncredited Alfred Hitchcock took over direction of this 1923 marital comedy. Collection: The Shaping of Alfred Hitchcock The Amazing Adventures of Morph 1980 | 5min The high jinks of the malleable plasticine man, watched over by the ever-patient Tony Hart. Collection: TV Heaven Ken Russell’s magical fantasy about an angel who loses her wings. Collection: Pandora’s Box Amy Johnson Family Films (extracts 1932-33) 1932 | 15min Glimpse a different side to the pioneering aviator in this selection of home movie extracts. Collection: Amy Johnson: Queen of the Skies Amy! Laura Mulvey and Peter Wollen’s avant-garde portrait of a feminist icon. Collection: Amy Johnson: Queen of the Skies Amy, Wonderful Amy 1974 | 60min A disturbed runaway who idolises aviator Amy Johnson finds her fantasies unravelling in this TV play with a twist. Collection: Amy Johnson: Queen of the Skies Ancient Mop Fair Roasted ox is on the menu at Stratford-Upon-Avon’s annual ‘mop fair’. Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen. And Now They Rest Documentary made to encourage the preservation of East Anglia’s beautiful windmills. Collection: Eastward Ho! Angel or demon? Gateshead locals speak their mind on Antony Gormley’s controversial sculpture. Collection: North by North East Angela Carter (Off the Page) 1987 | 23min The Magic Toyshop author reads from her work and admits that writing ‘chose’ her – not the other way around. Collection: The Book Group Angela Carter’s Curious Room 1992 | 50min Omnibus profile, poignantly filmed shortly before the author’s death. Collection: The Book Group The Angelic Conversation 1985 | 81min Derek Jarman’s queer reading of 14 Shakespeare sonnets addressed to a young man, narrated by Judi Dench. Collection: Beautiful Things Anglian Lives: Alan Partridge 2003 | 30min A-ha! A look back at the life and career of Radio Norwich’s most famous DJ. Collection: Eastward Ho! Melodrama about union intimidation, starring Richard Attenborough. Collection: We Can Work It Out Anna Karenina Stately 1961 BBC adaption of Tolstoy’s timeless novel. Collection: TV Heaven Anita and Me 2002 | 89min A Black Country village in the 70s is not an easy place to fit in for a young Sikh girl in this star-studded comedy. Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen The Anniversary 1967 | 95min Bette Davis stars as a domineering mother who will stop at nothing to keep her family together. Collection: The Gentle Sex Annual Inspection of the Bodyguard by His Excellency the Lord Lytton 1925 | 5min Lord Lytton and family – on and off duty. Collection: Before Midnight A young Englishwoman travels to Morocco and falls in love with a street musician. Collection: The Truth About Love Another World by Sean Connery 1962 | 5min A slightly awkward Sean Connery makes an appeal on behalf of the RNIB. Collection: Pandora’s Box The Ant & Dec Show 1996 | 25min Get ready to rhumble with the cheeky twosome’s first foray into presenting, including the controversial ‘Beat the Barber’ segment. Collection: The Kids Are Alright Antarctic Crossing Oscar-nominated follow up to ‘Foothold on Antarctica’, with commentary by Sir Edmund Hillary. Collection: Into the White Anti-German Riots 1915 | 1min Angry Londoners attack German shops in the wake of the sinking of the Lusitania during WWI. Collection: Save Our Souls: Disaster at Sea Antigone 1959 | 75min Jean Anouilh updates Sophocles’ tragedy to occupied France, using the Greek characters to represent the contemporary power struggle. Collection: Missing Believed Wiped: The Library of Congress Discoveries The Antique Vase Racist comedy short in which the tables are turned on a greedy Jewish antique dealer. Collection: Oy Britannia Any Evening After Work 1930 | 22min The British Social Hygiene Council comes to the rescue of a young man who catches something nasty. Collection: The Joy of Sex Education Any Man’s Kingdom The lure of Northumberland as portrayed by British Transport Films. Collection: Reality Bites A nobleman is haunted by visions of his ancestor’s role in a witchcraft trial. Collection: A Ghost Story for Christmas As I Was Walking Down Bristol Street 1983 | 28min David Lodge presents a documentary about the Birmingham group of writers for regional arts series Contrasts. Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen Aspects of Kirkwall: Some Changes 1981 | 20min Margaret Tait’s portrait of her hometown in the Orkneys. Collection: British Islands ATV Today: New Home for Dave Hill From Slade 1983 | 28min Slade’s glam guitarist Dave Hill welcomes ATV’s reporter into his new pad in Solihill. Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen ATV Today: The Black Country 1969 | 32min Feature-length regional news report about the people and places of the Black Country. Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen ATV Today: The Black Food 1972 | 5min Discover the local delicacies in Wednesdbury market. Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen ATV Today: Enoch Powell Interview 1973 | 10min Five years after his notorious ‘Rivers of Blood’ speech the Conservative MP talks to journalist Reg Harcourt. Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen ATV Today: Birmingham Markets ATV reporter David Lloyd spends an early morning in Birmingham’s wholesale markets. Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen At Home With Larry Grayson 1983 | 25min Janet Street-Porter presents a not-quite-intimate portrait of the entertainer as he celebrates his 60th birthday. Collection: Beautiful Things At Last the 1948 Show – ‘Four Yorkshiremen’ 1967 | 6min A legendary sketch from the cult precursor to Monty Python. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen At the Fountainhead (of German Strength) 1980 | 96min A German-Jewish musician seeks exile in Cold War London in this BFI-produced experimental work. Collection: Oy Britannia Much-loved bittersweet Jewish family comedy from Jack Rosenthal. Collection: Play for Today The Barber of Stamford Hill 1962 | 64min Big-screen version of Ronald Harwood’s drama about a lonely North London barber. Collection: Oy Britannia Barnaby Rudge (Episode 1) 1960 | 30min Dickens’ historical novel has not been adapted for film or TV since this 1960 BBC serial. Collection: Hard Times: Dickens on Screen The Basil Brush Show Boom boom! Basil Brush joins forces with Lulu to wreck Mr. Roy’s romantic evening. Collection: The Kids Are Alright Basil Bunting – A World of My Own 1969 | 30min A poet’s vision of the history and landscape of Northumbria. Collection: North by North East The Battle Charles Boyer and Merle Oberon star in this spy drama set during the Russo-Japanese War. Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace The Battle of Kinder Scout 1970 | 20min The history of the famous mass trespass in the Peak District. Collection: Heartlands The Battle of Orgreave 2002 | 60min Mike Figgis films an artist’s recreation of the violent clash between miners and the police during the 1984-5 strike. Collection: This Working Life: King Coal Battling Bruisers: Some Boxing Buffoonery 1925 | min Effeminate fisticuffs from the French in this boxing-themed send-up of foreign stereotypes. Collection: Beautiful Things British Transport Film promoting the pleasures of South Wales. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Beautiful Thing 1996 | 87min Two teenage boys fall in love in South East London to the songs of the Mamas and the Papas. Collection: Beautiful Things Beauty, Bonny, Daisy, Violet, Grace and Geoffrey Morton 1974 | 52min One Yorkshire farmer remains loyal to his Shire horses despite advancing technology. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen The Bed 1963 | 28min Thora Hird hones her battleaxe persona in the pilot for the long-running sitcom ‘Meet the Wife’. Collection: Funny Girls A Bed Among the Lentils 1988 | 30min Can a fling with an Indian grocer rescue a vicar’s wife from fetes and flower-arranging? Collection: Essentially British Pay a visit to the celebrated playwright’s home in Ayot St. Lawrence. Collection: Eastward Ho! Beryl Reid Says…Good Evening 1968 | min Rarely seen comedy sketch show starring the versatile Beryl Reid. Collection: Funny Girls The Best of British Fashion 1978 | 52min Highlights from the 1979 Spring collections, with leisurewear a-plenty. Collection: Brit Chic The Best of Friends: Russell and Victor 1976 | 15min Two friends enjoy the magic and adventure of a childhood summer. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Betcher A very young Keith Chegwin shows off his cycling prowess. Collection: Pandora’s Box Between the Lines 1992 | 47min A detective investigates corruption at his own station in the first episode of this gritty police drama. Collection: TV Heaven Between the Lines 1992 | 50min A trigger-happy marksman sparks mayhem in this episode of the police corruption drama (Series 1 Episode 2). Collection: Tony Garnett: Seeing Red Beyond Image Psychedelia without the illegal drugs. Collection: Pandora’s Box Bhaji on the Beach 1993 | 97min A group of Asian women swap Brum for Blackpool in Gurinder Chadha’s exuberant feature debut. Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen Les Bicyclettes de Belsize The Umbrellas of Cherbourg, Hampstead-style. Collection: London Calling Big Brother 2002 | 65min Highlights show from series 3 of the omnipresent reality TV show, which made Jade Goody a household name. Collection: The Book Group Ken Loach’s incendiary drama about a dockers’ strike turned workers’ takeover. Collection: Boom Britain: We Can Work It Out The Big Job The National Coal Board wants you as a new recruit. Collection: This Working Life: King Coal The Big Meeting 1963 | 24min The Durham Miners’ Gala – one of the world’s largest annual gatherings of miners and their families. Collection: Reality Bites The Big Mill 1963 | 25min An account of the creation of Colville’s giant new steel strip mill at Ravenscraig in Scotland. Collection: This Working Life: Steel The Big ‘Un The construction and launch of a 250,000 ton tanker on the River Tyne. Collection: North by North East A Bigger Splash 1974 | 105min Jack Hazan documents the life of artist David Hockney, as he struggles to cope with the end of a relationship. Collection: Beautiful Things Harry Enfield voices ‘Viz’ comic’s half-man/half-fish goalkeeping star. Collection: North by North East Birds of a Feather 1992 | 30min The most famous episode of the long-running sitcom – the one where Dorian sings “Like a Virgin”. Collection: Funny Girls Birmingham University Procession on Degree Day 1901 | 9min Female graduates and gents sporting spectacular Edwardian whiskers take part in Birmingham’s first Degree Day ceremony. Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen. Birmingham’s Water Supply Scenic views of the Elan Reservoir and one of its dams in Wales. Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen Birth of a Dress Mass-production offers a taste of couture to the commoners. Collection: Brit Chic Birthday Procession of a Maharajah 1904 | 1min Two drag queens perform and discuss their craft at Camden’s much-missed gay haunt. Collection: Beautiful Things Black Christmas 1977 | 50min As Christmas approaches, Gertrude gathers her family around her. But the perfect Christmas Day that she dreams of seems destined to turn to disaster. Collection: Black Britain Black Diamonds – The Collier’s Daily Life 1904 | 1min Mitchell and Kenyon take their camera to the coal mine. Collection: This Working Life: King Coal Black Jack 1979 | 98min A young boy goes on the run with a notorious villain in Ken Loach’s period children’s feature. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective Black Joy A naïve Guyanan immigrant learns some tough lessons on the streets of Brixton. Collection: Beautiful South A first outing for Yosser Hughes and co in Alan Bleasdale’s ‘Boys From…’ forerunner. Collection: Play for Today Blackbird Singing in the Dead of Night 1988 | 25min Excellent ‘Dramarama’ play which led to the highly successful ‘Children’s Ward’. Collection: The Kids Are Alright Blackfriars Bridge Top-hatted Victorians and horse-drawn traffic cross Blackfriars Bridge. Collection: London Calling The Blackguard 1925 | 96min Hitchcock was sent to Germany to work on this silent feature set during the Russian Revolution. Collection: The Shaping of Alfred Hitchcock Blackhill Campaign Villagers and miners fight against the closure of Blackhill Colliery, Northumberland. Collection: North by North East Blackmail 1929 | 82min Manslaughter, blackmail and an epic chase through the British Museum. Sound and silent versions of the early Hitchcock classic. Collection: London Calling Lady Dedlock looms large in this beautifully designed silent feature adaptation of the Dickens masterpiece. Collection: Hard Times: Dickens on Screen Bleak House (Episode 1) 1985 | 52min The BBC tackled one of Dickens’ most complex narratives with this classy mini-series starring Diana Rigg and Denholm Elliott. Collection: Hard Times: Dickens on Screen Bleak House (Part 1) 2005 | 57min The opening episode of the BBC’s award-winning 15-part adaptation, with Gillian Anderson as Lady Dedlock. Collection: Hard Times: Dickens on Screen Bleak Moments Mike Leigh’s feature debut about a lonely woman living with her learning disabled sister. Collection: Unlimited: Disability on Screen Blight 1997 | 30min An East End community voices its anger as homes are demolished to make way for the M11 road link. Collection: London Calling Melodrama about the impact of WWI on a wealthy English family. Collection: Silent Britain Blithe Spirit 1945 | 93min A harmless séance summons up an unwanted ghost in this Noel Coward play, starring Margaret Rutherford as a gung-ho medium. Collection: Funny Girls The Block 1972 | 75min Hard-hitting documentary from Paul Watson examining the plight of people living below the poverty line in Southwark. Collection: Beautiful South Blood Ah Goh Run 1982 | 20min The demonstrations following 1981’s infamous New Cross Fire in which 13 young black people died. Collection: Black Britain Bloody Sunday 2002 | 120min Award-winning drama about the civil rights protest march that ended in massacre. From the director of ‘United 93’. Collection: Essentially British Legwarmers at the ready for Yvonne Ocampo’s exercise regime. Collection: Sport at Heart Bombardment of Hartlepool – 60th Anniversary 1974 | 6min 60 years after Germany’s raid on Hartlepool during WWI, an eyewitness recalls the attack. Collection: North by North East The Bond 1965 | 75min Hannah Gordon stars in Dawn Pavitt’s play about the trials and tribulations of marriage for modern women. Collection: Missing Believed Wiped: The Library of Congress Discoveries Book Four Fay Weldon and Len Deighton lock horns in Channel 4’s first book programme. Collection: n/a Book Tower: The Secret Garden 1981 | 30min In this episode of the series aimed at encouraging children to read, Tom Baker focuses on Frances Hodgson Burnett’s ‘A Secret Garden’. Collection: The Kids Are Alright Books of the Century 1996 | 5min Queen of the saucy blockbuster Jackie Collins reveals her favourite book – Enid Blyton’s ‘The Folk of the Faraway Tree’. Collection: Toyland Tales and Happy Endings Borderline London as seen through the eyes of Escher. Collection: London Calling Borrowed Pasture 1960 | 30min Richard Burton narrates this beautiful portrait of two Polish soldiers trying to make a life for themselves on a Welsh farm. Collection: Visions of Change: The TV Documentary 1950s-60s Born Freak Performer and disability campaigner Mat Fraser questions whether audiences see disabled actors as freaks. Collection: Unlimited: Disability on Screen Bow Bells A nostalgic traipse through the East End accompanied by music-hall numbers. Collection: London Calling The Bowler and the Bunnet 1967 | 36min Sean Connery’s only film as director – a stylish and opinionated piece on the prospects for the Govan shipyards. Collection: This Working Life: Tales From the Shipyard Boy and Bicycle Ridley Scott’s directorial debut: a day in the life of a schoolboy truant. Collection: Cinema of Tomorrow Boy Kumasenu 1951 | 60min A boy in the Gold Coast moves from a small fishing village to the modern city of Accra. Collection: Cape to Cairo Boy Who Turned Yellow, The 1972 | 55min The London Underground turns yellow in Michael Powell’s charming Children’s Film Foundation entry. Collection: London Calling The Boy Whose Skin Fell Off 2004 | 60min BAFTA-winning documentary following the last months of Jonny Kennedy, a Northumberland man born with a disabling skin condition. Collection: North by North East Boyfriends 1996 | 81min Seven men spend a weekend in the country – gay sex, love and relationships in the 1990s Collection: Beautiful Things Meet Mohamed Hussain, founding member of Bradford’s Pakistani community – and aspiring movie mogul. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Bradford Town Hall Square Bustling life in the West Yorkshire city, captured at the dawn of cinema. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Brassed Off Politically charged comedy-drama about the fortunes of a Yorkshire colliery brass band. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Brassneck 1975 | 80min Brenton and Hare’s brilliant, bleak rise and fall of an immoral family (and of Great Britain) in the postwar years. Collection: Play for Today The Brave Don’t Cry 1952 | 90min Drama-documentary about a Scottish mining rescue team, based on the Knockshinnoch disaster. Collection: This Working Life: King Coal Bread and Roses 2000 | 96min Director’s cut of Ken Loach’s feature dramatising the plight of exploited Mexican and Salvadorean cleaners in Los Angeles. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective Break in the Sun 1980 | 25min The climax of a six-part serial adapted from Bernard Ashley’s novel about a young girl who flees her abusive stepfather. Collection: The Kids Are Alright Break the News 1938 | 78min Maurice Chevalier and Jack Buchanan star as chorus boys who fake a murder for some much-needed publicity. Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace Breakfast with Frost News, politics and historic interviews – all over breakfast. Collection: n/a Crewe works — from rural hamlet to railway town. Collection: Once Upon a Time in the North West Building a Motor Car A car is born at the Vulcan Works, Southport. Collection: Once Upon a Time in the North West The Building of the New Tyne Bridge 1928 | 40min Extraordinary footage of the construction of Tyneside’s iconic landmark. Collection: North by North East The Bull Ring Shopping Centre, Birmingham 1965 | 26min The development of Britain’s busiest shopping mall. Collection: n/a Bullet Boy 2004 | 100min A young black man struggles to avoid a life of crime after being released from jail. Collection: London Calling Bumps on the River Cam 1922 | 1min Cambridge Lent racers row their boats ungently down the stream. Collection: Eastward Ho! An idyllic fireside scene slips seamlessly into an advert for Maypole Tea. Collection: Housewives’ Choice Byker 1983 | 53min The changing face of a close-knit working-class community in Newcastle from the late 1960s to the early 1980s. Collection: North by North East Byker Grove 1994 | 24min An awkward adolescent kiss between Noddy and Gary marks a landmark for British children’s drama. Collection: Beautiful Things Byker Grove 1992 | 25min The infamous ‘paintball’ episode of the long-running Geordie soap, which introduced the world to Ant and Dec. Collection: The Kids Are Alright Byker Wall Beatrix Campbell explores a 20th century ‘walled city’. Collection: The Promised Land C O D – A Mellow Drama 1929 | 10min Mischievous experimental short made by moonlighting film studio technicians. Collection: Pandora’s Box Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine 1927 | 5min The conditions that provide a breeding ground for the parasitic disease, kala azar. Collection: Before Midnight Inventive portrait of the city by documentary pioneer and Cambridge alumnus Stuart Legg. Collection: Eastward Ho! Cambridge Folk Festival 1980 | 50min Don McLean, Lonnie Donegan and other folk stars wow the crowds at the 1980 music festival. Collection: Eastward Ho! Came Out, It Rained, Went Back in Again 1991 | 10min A girl comes out and treks to London. But will the Big Smoke offer her the lesbian bliss she seeks? Collection: Beautiful Things Camera in the Streets 1978 | 25min American photographer Janine Wiedel embarks on a project to capture the spirit of the West Midlands. Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen Camgymeriad Gwych (Beautiful Mistake) John Cale teams up with the leading bands of ‘Cool Cymru’. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen A Canney View of Sunderland 1970 | 25min Michael Canney discovers the joys of Sunderland, a city on the verge of change. Collection: North by North East A Canterbury Tale 1944 | 125min Magical and unsettling evocation of rural Britain as seen through the eyes of WWII’s modern pilgrims. Collection: Essentially British Docudrama exploring how a dance-influenced Brazilian martial art gained a British twist. Collection: Dancing Feet Captain Busby 1967 | 15min Quentin Crisp’s acting debut – in a bizarre film that includes some entertainingly surreal interplay with a carrot at a railway station. Collection: Pandora’s Box The Captain Zip Video Trip 1978 | 74min Amateur films of the punk scene in London, 1978-81. Collection: Anarchy in the UK Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons 1967 | 27min ‘Episode 1: ‘The Mysterons’. Spectrum’s top agent faces the wrath of the Mysterons in the pilot for Gerry Anderson’s animated series.. Collection: Sci-Fi: Days of Fear and Wonder Car of Dreams A young John Mills stars in this breezy musical comedy of errors. Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace Caravaggio Derek Jarman’s portrait of the Renaissance painter. Collection: Cinema of Tomorrow A look at homes run by the Jewish Welfare Board. Collection: Oy Britannia The Castle of Adventure 1990 | 25min Four children and Kiki the parrot investigate some dodgy goings-on in Enid Blyton’s mystery tale. Collection: Toyland Tales and Happy Endings Castles and Fisherfolk The lives of West Africans, against the backdrop of the castles of the Gold Coast. Collection: Cape to Cairo Catherine Comes Home 1978 | 25min Bestselling author Catherine Cookson returns to her childhood home in the North East after an absence of 48 years. Collection: North by North East Cathy Come Home Carol White stars in the groundbreaking TV play which fuelled the homelessness debate. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective Caught Looking A gay man turns to virtual reality to satisfy his sexual fantasies. Collection: Beautiful Things Cause Célèbre 1987 | 120min Helen Mirren gives a tour-de-force performance as a woman accused of murder in Terence Rattigan’s biting 30s-set play. Collection: n/a Fascinating industrial relations drama in which workers take over a factory. Collection: We Can Work It Out The Changeling Kika Markham portrays the bloodthirsty Beatrice-Joanna in Thomas Middleton and William Rowley’s Jacobean tragedy. Collection: Missing Believed Wiped: The Library of Congress Discoveries The Changes 1975 | 250min All ten episodes of the cult West Country-set serial based on the science fiction novels by Peter Dickinson. Collection: Sci-Fi: Days of Fear and Wonder The Changing Face of Camberwell 1963 | 30min The post-war architecture of the London Borough of Camberwell. Collection: Beautiful South Charades 1977 | 55min The Lady of the Manor becomes increasingly intimidated by her maid in this female take on Harold Pinter’s ‘The Servant.’ Collection: Play for Today Charles Dickens’ World of Christmas 1974 | 25min An all-star cast embody Dickens’ larger than life characters as they intermingle on a snowy set. Collection: The Book Group Documentary about the Bhil tribal people of central India. Collection: Before Midnight The Children Who Cheated the Nazis 2000 | 55min Documentary looking at the Kindertransport children – Jewish children who were sent away by their parents to escape Nazi persecution. Collection: Oy Britannia A Choice of Evils 1977 | 85min Scathing critique of the Catholic Church’s lack of response to the massacre of hundreds of Italians by the Nazis in 1944, written by Jim Allen. Collection: Play for Today Christmas and New Years Announcements Compilation aka Merry Christmas 1949 1946 | 8min Snowy idylls, animated toys and an exploding Father Time – a selection of trailers shown in cinemas from 1946-1950. Collection: Pandora’s Box Christmas at Work in the Open 1920 | 1min Children make their own Christmas decorations at the Great Northern Hospital. Collection: Pandora’s Box The first ever Welsh-language ‘talkie’, showing a slate quarryman’s life at Blaenau Ffestiniog. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Cicerones 2002 | 13 min Mark Gatiss falls prey to supernatural forces in this gothic short by The League of Gentlemen’s Jeremy Dyson. Collection: Gothic: The Dark Arts Cilla 1974 | 44min The Liverpudlian lovely is joined by David Essex and the Wombles for a special Boxing Day broadcast. Collection: Santa’s Grotto Cinema Record, The – Newcastle 1928 | 8min Amateur film of events around Newcastle, including the North East Coast Exhibition and a visit from George V. Collection: North by North East Cinema: Alfred Hitchcock Hitchcock in conversation with Michael Scott for a 1966 edition of the Granada TV series. Collection: Looking for Alfred Cinema: Alfred Hitchcock [Production material] 1969 | 50min Michael Parkinson meets the Master of Suspense in surviving rushes from this 1969 edition of ‘Cinema’. Collection: Looking for Alfred A rarely seen election special of Oliver Postgate’s beloved stop-motion animation. Collection: The Kids Are Alright Clapham Junction The most controversial gay drama since ‘Queer as Folk’. Collection: Beautiful Things Clarmont Skrine’s Home Movies 1940 | 13min Vivid colour home movies featuring the great Kathakali dancer Guru Gopinath and scenes in Bundi, Rajasthan. Collection: Before Midnight Clash at Forsyth’s 1973 | 30min Bill Treacher (‘Eastenders’’ Arthur Fowler) appears in this industrial film showing how poor management communication can damage productivity in the workplace. Collection: Boom Britain: We Can Work It Out Class by Class: The Miner’s Tale 1991 | 30min A former coal miner and his family discuss their feelings on class. Collection: This Working Life: King Coal Cliff Climbing: The Egg Harvest of Flamborough Head 1908 | 7min The perilous practice of egg-gathering at Bempton Cliffs on the East Yorkshire coast. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Climbing Mount Everest Hugh Ruttledge’s attempt to conquer Everest via Tibet. Collection: The Search for Shangri-La Climbing Mt Everest The second British Everest expedition, led by Brigadier General C.G. Bruce. Collection: The Search for Shangri-La Close Up: Ken Loach The influential director selects his own favourite moment in cinema. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective Closing Numbers Feature-length drama starring Jane Asher as a well-to-do housewife who discovers her husband is bisexual. Collection: Beautiful Things The Clothes Show 1986 | 30min Shoulder pads at the ready: Selina Scott and Jeff Banks present the first episode of the long-running fashion show. Collection: Brit Chic Club for Fighting Men 1916 | 1min The Lord Mayor distributes mugs of tea at the opening of the new Service Club in Waterloo. Collection: Beautiful South The Coal Board’s Butchery 1984 | 15min An edition of the pioneering campaign tapes made to support striking miners against the Thatcher government. Collection: Reality Bites Terry Wogan hosts the 1976 final of the long-running competitive ballroom dancing show. Collection: TV Heaven Come to South West Durham 1965 | 18min Promotional film advertising Durham’s industries and leisure activities. Collection: North by North East Come With Me to Berwick-on-Tweed 1952 | 20min Richard Dimbleby sings the praises of England’s northernmost town. Collection: North by North East Come with Me to Cardiff 1954 | 18min Richard Dimbleby tours Cardiff a year before it became Wales’ capital city. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Comedians 1979 | 95min A young Jonathan Pryce stars in an angry attack on the popular comedy scene, as six budding comedians hope for their big break. Collection: Play for Today Comic Pictures in High Street, West Bromwich 1902 | 3min Boisterous boys jostle for a place in front of Mitchell & Kenyon’s camera in the West Midlands town. Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen. The Comic Strip Presents…The Strike 1987 | 65min Hollywood version of the miner’s strike, featuring Arthur Scargill, as played by Al Pacino, as played by Peter Richardson. Collection: This Working Life: King Coal Comic Strip Presents…Five Go Mad in Dorset 1982 | 30min The Famous Five receive the Comic Strip treatment. Collection: Toyland Tales and Happy Endings The Comic Strip Presents…Five Go Mad on Mescalin 1983 | 30min The Comic Strip mercilessly revisit Enid Blyton’s crime-solving quintet in the follow-up to ‘Five Go Mad in Dorset’. Collection: Toyland Tales and Happy Endings A Coming to Terms for Billy 1984 | 82min Family dynamics begin to shift for Kenneth Branagh’s Billy in the final part of Graham Reid’s Belfast-set trilogy. Collection: Play for Today Beautiful pastoral melodrama, considered by Cecil Hepworth to be his masterpiece. Collection: Silent Britain Coming Out 1979 | 75min A closeted gay author causes a stir after writing an anonymous gay article – is it time to come out? Collection: Beautiful Things Coming Out (Inside Story) 1980 | 49min Gay men and women tell their own stories against the backdrop of the 1979 Gay Pride march. Collection: Beautiful Things The Coming Out Party 1965 | 70min Ken Loach directs James O’Connor’s play about a young boy struggling to escape the cycle of deprivation and crime. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective Coming Through Kenenth Branagh and Helen Mirren star in the romance between D.H. Lawrence and Frieda Weekly. Collection: Heartlands Commissioner Higgins Visits Ahmedabad Girls School 1904 | 2min A visit from the Salvation Army. Collection: Before Midnight Promotional film shot in Rhodesia extolling the virtues of smoking tobacco. Collection: Cape to Cairo Continental Drift 2005 | 16min William Raban’s film of Dover harbour shows how Britain is defined by its complex relationship with Europe. Collection: British Islands Contrasts: Joseph Wright of Derby – The Spectacle of Light 1990 | 25min Profile of the Derby-born artist Joseph Wright (1734 – 1797). Collection: Heartlands Conway – River of a Thousand Moods 1921 | 10min A scenic trip through North Wales to the sea. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Conwy Castle – Panoramic View of Conwy on the L. & N.W. Railway 1898 | 2min A tinted ‘phantom ride’ around Conwy Castle. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Coping with Cupid A trio of platinum blonde aliens lands in Soho to investigate our romantic foibles. Collection: The Truth About Love Coronation Durbar at Delhi Pomp and circumstance marking the coronation of King Edward VII as Emperor of India. Collection: Before Midnight The Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II 1953 | 74min Highlights from the televised coverage of Queen Elizabeth II’s coronation. Collection: TV Heaven Cranford 2007 | 300min Dame Judi, Dame Eileen and the cream of British talent star in this superb five-part adaptation from 2007. Collection: The Book Group Cranford 1976 | 60min A 1976 adaptation with a twist. Give those vocal chords a work out – it’s sing-along-a-Cranford time! Collection: The Book Group Cranford 1972 | 180min Gabrielle Hamilton and Pat Coombs star in this little-seen 1972 adaptation of Mrs. Gaskell’s novel. Collection: The Book Group Crazy Gang’s Party 1957 | 24min The Gang’s all here for festive frolics in the hugely popular show devised by Bud Flanagan. Collection: Santa’s Grotto A Cream Cracker Under the Settee 1988 | 31min One of Alan Bennett’s series of sensitive monologues; amusing and moving. Collection: TV Heaven Britain’s ‘last line of defence’ at their best. Collection: Essentially British Dafydd 1995 | 40min A 17-year-old runaway swaps the Welsh Valleys for the mean streets of Amsterdam in this multi-lingual TV drama. Collection: Beautiful Things Dai Jones: A True Story 1941 | 7min An unemployed Welsh miner saves the day in this stirring war propaganda film. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Daisy Doodad’s Dial A face-pulling competition between husband and wife – can Daisy pull it off? Collection: Pandora’s Box Dal yma Nawr/ Still Here Now 2003 | 75min Some of Wales’ greatest performers take us on an odyssey through the nation’s bardic tradition in Marc Evans’ extraordinary documentary. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen The Dale That Died Documentary about the decline of a once thriving valley in the Yorkshire Dales. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Daleks’ Invasion Earth 2150 A.D. 1966 | 84min Exterminate! Can Dr. Who and Bernard Cribbins save the Earth? Collection: Box of Delights Will Hay – as a country vicar no less – finds himself accused of doping racehorses. Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace Dangerous Comment 1940 | 12min Loose lips sink ships: Ealing targeted wealthier audiences with this entry in a trio of WWII propaganda shorts. Collection: Ealing Studios: Propaganda Shorts Daphne du Maurier – A Loving Spirit 1997 | 60min Documentary marking the launch of the du Maurier Festival in Fowey, Cornwall. Collection: The Book Group Daphne du Maurier – The Loving Spirit 1993 | 52min Documentary shedding light on the author’s complex relationships with men and women. Collection: The Book Group The Dark Eyes of London 1939 | 73min A landmark in British horror cinema: can shifty insurance broker Bela Lugosi shed any light on those bodies floating in the Thames? Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace Dark Season 1991 | 30min The tense finale to Russell T. Davies’ adventure series, starring Kate Winslet in her breakthrough role. Collection: The Kids Are Alright Darling, Do You Love Me? 1968 | 4min Ambitious early attempt to translate Dickens’ work to the screen in greater depth. Collection: Hard Times: Dickens on Screen David Copperfield (Part 3: A Long Journey) 1966 | 25min Look out for future Doctor Who Patrick Troughton in this surviving episode from the BBC’s 13-part adaptation. Collection: Hard Times: Dickens on Screen David Hockney (South Bank Show) 1988 | 45min A private view of the painter’s Tate Gallery retrospective. Collection: Farewell South Bank Show David Hockney: A Bigger Picture 2009 | 60min The artist returns to his native Yorkshire and begins a new creative chapter in his illustrious career. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen A Day in the Hayfields 1904 | 3min Extraordinary early portrait of people caught up in the remorseless round of industrial production. Collection: Essentially British A Day in the Life of a Coal Miner 1910 | 10min Extraordinary early portrait of people caught up in the remorseless round of industrial production. Collection: Essentially British A Day in the Life of One of the World’s Great Ports 1967 | 20min Spend a day on the Manchester Ship Canal. Collection: Once Upon a Time in the North West A Day of One’s Own 1956 | 20min At last, Mum gets a well-earned break from cooking, cleaning and kids. Collection: Housewives’ Choice Alan Bennett’s first TV play, a period drama about a Halifax cycling club. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen The Day the Earth Caught Fire 1961 | 99min The Thames has dried up. Climate change threatens the survival of the world in this smart, prophetic sci-fi thriller. Collection: London Calling Daybreak in Udi 1949 | 40min Villagers in Nigeria construct a hospital under the supercilious eye of a British district officer in this Oscar-winning documentary. Collection: Cape to Cairo Days of Hope 1975 | 410min Ken Loach’s four-part drama following a working-class family from WWI to the 1926 General Strike. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective Dead Dreams of Monochrome Men (South Bank Show) 1990 | 52 min DV8 Physical Theatre’s first stage show to be adapted for film, loosely based on the story of gay serial killer Dennis Nilsen. Collection: Beautiful Things Murder most foul at the Beeb. Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace Death is a Number 1951 | 45min Occult drama: a numerologist relates the tragic part played by the number 9 in the life of his racing driver pal. Collection: Gothic: The Dark Arts Death in the Morning Alan Whicker investigates the elite world of the Leicestershire Quorn Hunt. Collection: Heartlands Death May Be Your Santa Claus 1969 | 38min Thought ‘lost’ for many years, ‘Santa Claus’ is an intriguing look at sex and politics from a black British perspective. Collection: Black Britain Dechrau Canu, Dechrau Canmol 2005 | 25min The flagship S4C show, one of the longest running religious programmes in the world and the inspiration for ‘Songs of Praise’, comes to Rhos. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen The Deep Blue Sea 1955 | 98 min A rare opportunity to see Vivien Leigh’s poignant performance in the first film version of Terence Rattigan’s play. Collection: Essentially British A demonstration against the National Front filmed by West Yorkshire Police. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Dennis Potter Interview The writer discusses his controversial work for the BBC’s Tonight programme, featuring unbroadcast footage. Collection: Dennis Potter on TV Dennis Potter: The Last Interview 1994 | 68min Thora Hird stars in this entry in Alan Bennett’s amusing and moving Talking Heads. Collection: TV Heaven Dennis Potter: Under the Skin 1998 | 50min Former colleagues of the celebrated dramatist discuss his life and legacy for BBC arts series Close Up. Collection: Dennis Potter on TV Painting the Clouds: A Portrait of Dennis Potter 2004 | 89min Arena profiles the life of the celebrated dramatist, with contributions from those who knew him best. Collection: Dennis Potter on TV Potter on Television Arena explores Dennis Potter’s lesser-known work as a TV critic. Collection: Dennis Potter on TV Denys Lasdun The pioneering architect discusses his vision for the new National Theatre. Collection: Eastward Ho! Dramatic fiction short made by a talented Leeds cine group. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Devonshire Hospital, Buxton Returning WWI soldiers get more than they bargained for in Buxton’s new-fangled thermal baths. Collection: Heartlands The Diaries of Ossie Clark (South Bank Show) 1998 | 104min A tribute to the influential designer, filmed two years after his violent death. Collection: Brit Chic A Diary For Timothy 1946 | 38min What does the future hold for Timothy, born on the fifth anniversary of the start of WWII? Collection: Essentially British Diary of a Young Man 1964 | 45min The adventures of two working-class northern lads during their first few months in London. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective Dick Henderson Singing ‘Love Her All the More’ 1926 | 5min Music hall star Dick Henderson trills out a resounding ode to his beloved. Collection: The Truth About Love Dickens Immerse yourself in Charles Dickens’ Victorian milieu with Peter Ackroyd’s three-part drama-documentary. Collection: Hard Times: Dickens on Screen Dickens’ London 1924 | 12min Join Fagin, Pickwick and Little Nell on a whirlwind tour of the sites that inspired Dickens’ work. Collection: Hard Times: Dickens on Screen Did You Ever See a Dream Talking? 1943 | 7min Spendthrift Claude Hulbert gets a lesson from his good angel in this enjoyably daft War Savings Bonds promo. Collection: Ealing Studios: Propaganda Shorts Dilip The story of Dilip Kumar, a young man with leprosy. Collection: n/a Dinner at the Sporting Club 1978 | 63min Leon Griffiths’ play climbs the bottom rungs of the boxing world, exposing the dark side of the ‘noble art’. Collection: Play for Today Dirk Bogarde: A Guardian Lecture 1983 | 40min BBC broadcast of the actor and writer in conversation at the National Film Theatre. Collection: Bogarde on the Box Dirk Bogarde: Above the Title 1986 | 50min Russell Harty interviews the notoriously guarded star at his home in Provence. Collection: Bogarde on the Box Dirty Filthy Love 2004 | 120min A man with OCD and Tourette’s Syndrome strikes up a rapport with the head of his support group. Collection: The Truth About Love Disablement 1977 | 26min A married couple discuss the challenges they face in achieving a healthy sex life after an accident leaves the man in a wheelchair. Collection: n/a Dispute 1960 | 36min A workplace grievance is told from different viewpoints in this imaginative British Productivity Council film, influenced by Kurosawa’s ‘Rashomon’. Collection: Boom Britain: We Can Work It Out Distant Voices, Still Lives A wedding and a christening evoke powerful memories for a working-class Liverpool family. Collection: Essentially British Ripping yarn starring George Arliss as Dr. Syn – vicar by day, adventurer by night. Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace Doctor Who: An Unearthly Child 1963 | 26min The original 1963 ‘pilot’ episode of the sci-fi series, unscreened until 1991. Collection: TV Heaven Doctor Who: Boom Town 2005 | 45min A wicked alien is intent on blowing up Cardiff – can our Time Lord hero save the day? Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Doctor Who: Rose The return of the intrepid Time Lord after a long 16-year hiatus. Collection: TV Heaven Doctor Who: The Sun Makers 1977 | 26min The fourth Doctor and his assistant, Leela, take on an oppressive Pluto tax system. Collection: TV Heaven Ben, 39, castrated mongrel, needs love. GSOH essential. Collection: The Truth About Love Dombey and Son 1970 | 30min Julian Glover takes the lead as the eponymous shipping company owner in the opening episode of this 1983 Dickens adaptation. Collection: Hard Times: Dickens on Screen Doomwatch 1970 | 50min ‘Series 1 Episode 6: ‘Re-entry Forbidden’. An early episode of the classic BBC series about a government scientific agency investigating threats to the human race. Collection: Sci-Fi: Days of Fear and Wonder Don McCullin: Redundant Warrior A documentary profile of the distinguished war photographer. Collection: TV Heaven Don’t Be Like Brenda! 1973 | 10min Brenda makes a mistake and it’s clearly all her own fault… Collection: The Joy of Sex Education Don’t Be Silly A middle-class wife tries to cope with her abusive husband. Collection: Play for Today Don’t Dilly Dally on the Way 1969 | 25min Jimmy Edwards and Pat Coombs star in this classic Galton & Simpson farce. Collection: Funny Girls Don’t Drop the Coffin 2003 | 30min A glimpse into life and death in Bermondsey. Collection: Beautiful South Double the Trouble, Twice the Fun 1992 | 24min A mix of documentary and drama exploring the lives of lesbians and gay men with disabilities. Collection: Beautiful Things Richard Massingham looks at pub culture across England. Collection: Roll Out the Barrel Down Cemetery Road 1964 | 22min John Betjeman joins Philip Larkin for a tour of the poet’s adopted Hull in this edition of ‘Monitor’. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Down to the Sea Follow the River Mersey from source to sea. Collection: Once Upon a Time in the North West Down to the Sea In Trucks 1947 | 18min The importance of rail transport in the shipbuilding industry. Collection: This Working Life: Tales From the Shipyard Down Town Perfect precincts: Britain goes shopping centre crazy. Collection: Pandora’s Box Bram Stoker’s great-nephew Daniel Farson investigates the enduring legacy of the Count. Collection: The Book Group The Dragon Has Two Tongues 1985 | 30min Two leading historians debate the rise of Marxism in Wales during the years before WWI. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen The Draughtsman’s Contract Peter Greenaway’s breakthrough film: a draughtsman enters into a dangerous game of wits. Collection: Cinema of Tomorrow Dream A40 1964 | 15min A young gay couple’s relationship is put to the test as a road trip takes a sinister turn in Lloyd Reckord’s underground short. Collection: Beautiful Things Dulwich College and Village 1960 | 10min Glorious colour footage of the famous Lambeth college, used as a location for the Harry Potter films. Collection: Beautiful South Durham Miners Answer Lord Kitchener’s Call To Arms 1914 | 1min Newsreel footage of Durham miners on their way to the recruiting station. Collection: North by North East Durham Miners’ Gala Marching bands and fancy dress parades – business as usual at the annual gala. Collection: North by North East Dusty Ermine A reformed criminal tries to save his nephew from going down the same road. Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace Dylan Thomas Oscar-winning documentary on the great Welsh poet and writer, narrated by Richard Burton. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen E. H. Hunt’s Amateur Films of the Rafai Fakirs 1929 | 8min An amateur record of the self-mutilation of fakirs in Hyderabad. Collection: Before Midnight Kwame Kwei-Armah’s Hackney-set story of gun crime, racism and a difficult father-son relationship. Collection: Black Britain Elphida 1987 | 60min Angela Wynter stars as a young woman who needs to make major changes in her life. Collection: Black Britain Elsie and the Brown Bunny 1921 | 8min Early Cadbury ad, playing like a surreal outtake from ‘Charlie and the Chocolate Factory’. Collection: March Hares & Easter Bunnies Elstree Calling Alfred Hitchcock directs segments of a lavish revue featuring stars of the early 30s. Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace Emergency – Ward 10 The lives and loves of the staff of Oxbridge General Hospital. Collection: Soap Bubbles Emily Brontë at Howarth – A Personal Impression 1973 | 25min Beryl Bainbridge reflects on the triumphs and tragedies which shaped the novelist’s short life. Collection: The Book Group Day-to-day life among the West Indian community living in Birmingham’s Empire Road Collection: Black Britain The Encyclopaedist 1961 | 30min A pushy encyclopaedia salesman attempts to flog his wares in this TV drama written by John Mortimer. Collection: Black Britain The End of Arthur’s Marriage 1965 | 70min A real Ken Loach curio: the director’s exuberant musical contribution to the ‘Wednesday Play’ strand. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective The Ends 2005 | 9min A shooting on an Elephant and Castle estate is not quite what it seems in this powerful short. Collection: Beautiful South Endurance: The Story of a Glorious Failure 1933 | 55min Re-edited sound version of ‘South’, detailing Shackleton’s Antarctic Expedition of 1914-16 with spoken commentary. Collection: Into the White The Lake District beckons in this evocative amateur travelogue. Collection: Once Upon a Time in the North West An Englishman’s Home… A salute to the calming influence of Horlicks. Collection: Pandora’s Box Enid 2009 | 82min A memorably icy performance from Helena Bonham Carter uncovers the public and private lives of prolific children’s author Enid Blyton. Collection: Toyland Tales and Happy Endings Entertaining Mr Sloane 1968 | 80min A sexy young murderer joins the household of a spinster and her brother – but who is manipulating whom? Collection: Beautiful Things The Enthronement of the First Archbishop of Wales 1920 | 7min Alfred George Edwards becomes Wales’ first Archbishop at a ceremony attended by Lloyd George. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Epic of Everest Mallory and Irvine’s ill-fated attempt to conquer Everest. Collection: The Search for Shangri-La Epic of Joey Follow that monkey! A pet ape makes a break for freedom in Camberwell. Collection: Beautiful South The Epic That Never Was 1965 | 70min Dirk Bogarde tells the fascinating story of unfinished 1930s epic ‘I, Claudius’. Collection: Bogarde on the Box Erection of the Dome of Discovery, Festival of Britain, 1950/51 1951 | 48min The Festival of Britain’s radical centrepiece rises from the rubble of the South Bank. Collection: Beautiful South The effect of modern transport on the Welsh valleys and beyond. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Everyday Something A Home Truths-style guide to British eccentricity narrated by John Peel. Collection: Essentially British Everything In the Garden’s Lovely 1980 | 26min Tom Baker narrates the story of the Garden City movement, founded at Letchworth in Hertfordshire. Collection: Eastward Ho! Everything is Rhythm 1936 | 73min Harry Roy stars as a band leader who falls in love with a European princess in this vibrant musical comedy. Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace Experiment 1958 | 33min How to defuse potential industrial relations problems, using an experiment at a Monmouthshire coal mine as an example. Collection: Boom Britain: We Can Work It Out Expresso Bongo Cliff Richard gyrates his way through Soho’s strip clubs and coffee bars. Collection: London Calling Ken Loach’s feature film reworking of controversial mental illness drama ‘In Two Minds’. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective Family Pride The first Asian soap to hit British television screens. Collection: Soap Bubbles Family Snapshots 1937-1941 1937 | 18min Parties and day trips give way to the arrival of wartime evacuees in one Yorkshire family’s home movies. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen The Family Way Jenny and Arthur are unable to consummate their marriage. Tongues wag… Collection: Beautiful Things Famine 1967 | 39min Jack Gold’s powerful documentary about the famine and drought in the Indian state of Bihar. Collection: Visions of Change: The TV Documentary 1950s-60s Far and Near 2003 | 30min Leaving her country for the first time, a young Chinese writer wanders on a wild mountain in West Wales. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen The Far Pavilions ‘Gone With the Wind’, India-style. Collection: Before Midnight Learn to make the perfect Yorkshire parkin in this edition of the 70s cookery show. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Fashion Fantasy A glamour-starved Wren dreams of modelling for Norman Hartnell. Collection: Brit Chic Fat Man on a Bicycle aka W-H-O-R-K a la Pimple 1914 | 3min Pimple attempts to teach a large friend to ride a bicycle, with disastrous results. Collection: Pandora’s Box Father and Son 1945 | 14min Old ways and new ways clash as a son returns to his Kenyan village and contends with his father’s belief in magic and superstition. Collection: Cape to Cairo Agitprop film campaigning against the Industrial Relations Act. Collection: Boom Britain: We Can Work It Out Figures in a Landscape The sculptures of Barbara Hepworth, and the Cornish landscapes that inspired them. Collection: Cinema of Tomorrow The Film That Never Was 1955 | 30min The making of a movie about industrial relations is thwarted – by industrial relations – in Paul Dickson’s funny and eccentric film. Collection: Boom Britain: We Can Work It Out The Films of E.J. Montgomery 1928 | 26min An often playful record of the lives and duties of Lord and Lady Stephenson. Collection: Before Midnight Filth: The Mary Whitehouse Story 2008 | 88min Julie Walters steps into the sensible shoes of a fellow West Midlands icon. Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen Fingersmith 2005 | 60min In the 1860s, a female pickpocket and an heiress enter into a relationship – but is the whole thing a con? Collection: Beautiful Things Gary Oldman stars in Alan Clarke’s searing indictment of football hooliganism. Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen First a Girl A hard-up girl pretends to be a female impersonator to make ends meet. Collection: Beautiful Things The First Born 1928 | 93min Desire for a son and heir leads to marital strife between director/star Miles Mander and future ‘Hitchcock blonde’ Madeleine Carroll. Collection: Silent Britain First Reaction: Isabella Rusbridger 1992 | 3min A schoolgirl gives her verdict on the rewritten Enid Blyton novels, which tone down the sexism of the originals. Collection: Toyland Tales and Happy Endings First Reaction: Ken Loach The outspoken director attacks the way some filmmakers promote political parties. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective First Reaction: Ken Loach 1993 | 4min The filmmaker questions Channel 4’s decision to withdraw transmission of two films set in Northern Ireland. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective Fisherfolk of Northumbria 1942 | 20min With the men at war, the laborious jobs in Newbiggin-by-the Sea fall to the village’s women. Collection: North by North East Five and Under Ministry of Information-sponsored investigation into the needs of overstretched working mothers in wartime. Collection: Reality Bites Five Go to Demon’s Rock 1996 | 25min The Famous Five encounter buried treasure, a shipwreck and a mischievous monkey in this 1990s adaptation. Collection: Toyland Tales and Happy Endings Five Have a Mystery to Solve 1964 | 15min A cliff passage on Whispering Island promises adventure for the young sleuths. Collection: Toyland Tales and Happy Endings Five Inch Bather A naked Richard Massingham extols the virtues of bathwater conservation. Collection: Pandora’s Box Five on a Treasure Island 1957 | 15min The first episode of the Children’s Film Foundation adventure serial – Julian, Dick, Ann and Timmy the dog meet tomboy George, and the Famous Five are born. Collection: Toyland Tales and Happy Endings Five Towns Life and work in the Staffordshire Potteries. Collection: Essentially British Flame in the Streets 1961 | 93min Domestic difficulties develop in a working-class family when their daughter falls in love with a Jamaican man. Collection: Black Britain The consequences of lust: an illegitimate child threatens ruin in this lavish 1920s society drama. Collection: The Truth About Love Flames of Passion Ingenious gay homage to Brief Encounter. Collection: The Truth About Love The Flaxton Boys A ghostly children’s adventure set in crumbling Flaxton Hall (actually Ripley Castle, near Harrogate). Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen The Flickering Flame 1996 | 50min Ken Loach tells the story of the sacked dockers of Liverpool and the Women of the Waterfront campaign. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective Flight of the Swan Can a young black girl hope to become a classical ballerina? Collection: Black Britain The Flipside of Dominick Hide 1980 | 95min A time-traveller from 2130 attempts to track down his great-great-grandfather in 1980, but love complicates things… Collection: Play for Today The changes in coal mining that have taken place during one man’s working lifetime. Collection: This Working Life: King Coal Forward to Service Didactic instructional film promoting company loyalty to employees of Smiths Dock Company, Teesside. Collection: North by North East The Four M’s 1964 | 44min The eccentric Lord Robens takes us through the 4 essential M’s of the coal industry. Collection: Boom Britain: We Can Work It Out The Fourth Everest Expedition 1933 | 49min Hugh Ruttledge’s failed attempt to conquer Everest – he got to a point just 1000 feet below the summit. Collection: The Search for Shangri-La Fox Farm Passion blooms in the countryside when a girl falls in love with a blind farmer. Collection: Silent Britain The hills are alive with the sound of protestors, fighting for the right to roam. Collection: Heartlands Frenzy Featurette Material 1971 | 30min Rare footage taken on set at Pinewood and on location in Soho during production of Hitchcock’s first British film since ‘Stage Fright’. Collection: Looking for Alfred Friday the Thirteenth 1933 | 84min A star-studded cast appears in this ensemble piece – a dozen characters are involved in a London bus crash, but who will survive? Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace The Frock and Roll Years 2002 | 23min A beginner’s guide to post-war British fashion. Collection: Brit Chic From High Heels to Sensible Shoes 1997 | 30min Former TV presenter Jackie Forster discusses the day that changed her life – when she had her first lesbian affair. Collection: Beautiful Things From Raw Material to Finished Product 1932 | 26min Descend into the Eston mines as coal and ore are gathered to make iron and steel products. Collection: North by North East From Spain to Streatham (Monitor) 1959 | 10min Ken Russell’s affectionate tribute to the guitar features performances by John Williams and the teenage Davey Graham. Collection: Ken Russell on TV From the Four Corners Why would Australians, Canadians and New Zealanders risk their lives for Britain? Collection: Essentially British From the Sea to the Land Beyond 2012 | 72min A lyrical portrait of Britain’s coastline, combining BFI National Archive footage and stirring music by British Sea Power. Collection: Essentially British Frontier: A Return to the Austro-Hungarian Border 1964 | 32min A personal, poetic and moving documentary by exiled Hungarian filmmaker Robert Vas. Collection: Visions of Change: The TV Documentary 1950s-60s The Frost Programme Counterculture invades The Frost Programme as Jerry Rubin and the Yippies take over the stage. Collection: n/a The Frost Report on Class 1966 | 25min Classic sketches from Messrs Barker, Corbett, Cleese and Frost. Collection: Essentially British The Frost Report on Elections 1966 | 25min Satirical send ups of politicians – ‘The Daily Show’ circa 1966. Collection: The Ballot Box An oddball inventor startles Londoners with images of the city’s future. Collection: London Calling The Funeral of Queen Victoria (Funeral Procession at Cowes) 1901 | 3min The funeral of Britain’s longest-reigning monarch. Collection: Essentially British Funny Farm 1975 | 93min Roy Minton’s play follows a day in the life of a charge nurse in a mental health unit. Collection: Unlimited: Disability on Screen Gala Day Controversial portrait of the 1962 Durham Miners’ Gala. Collection: North by North East Gallivant A tour of Britain’s coastline, with the director’s grandmother and daughter in tow. Collection: Essentially British The Gamekeeper 1980 | 80min An ex-steelworker seeks a gentler pace of life in rural Yorkshire but finds his allegiances tested in Ken Loach’s TV drama. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective The Games A surreal take on East London’s Olympian future. Collection: London Calling Gangsters 1976 | 51min Paul Barber stars in the first episode of the ‘urban western’ set in Birmingham (Series 1 Incident 1). Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen Gangsters The French Connection comes to Birmingham. Collection: Play for Today Fifth instalment in the major ‘Arena’ portrait of Orwell, focusing on his final work. Collection: The Book Group George Orwell: The Road to the Left 1973 | 60min Documentary tracking Orwell’s life in 1936, the year he married, set off for the Spanish Civil War and completed his first novel. Collection: The Book Group George Sherriff’s Home Movies – Lhasa Films 1940 | 63min These amateur films of Lhasa feature the current Dalai Lama and his family in the 1940s. Collection: The Search for Shangri-La George Sherriff’s Home Movies – S.E. Tibet, Bhutan and Sikkim Films 1934 | 155min The vivid colours of Tibet, Bhutan and Sikkim in the 1930s and 40s. Collection: The Search for Shangri-La George Sherriff’s Home Movies – Tibetan Landscapes and Ceremonies 1938 | 51min The Tibetan landscape, wildlife and religious ceremonies through the eyes of botanist George Sherriff. Collection: The Search for Shangri-La Gert and Daisy’s Weekend 1941 | 79min The irrepressible Cockney pensioners take on a boisterous group of evacuee kids in this wartime comedy. Collection: Funny Girls Ghost Downstairs The Andrew Gosling 1982 | 60 min Creepy part-animated adaptation of Leon Garfield’s children’s novel set in Victorian London. Collection: Gothic: Love is a Devil A Ghost of a Chance Jan Darnley-Smith 1967 | 53 min Spooky kids’ caper with some famous faces. Collection: Gothic: Love is a Devil The Ghost of Monks Island Jeremy Summers 1967 | 89 min Lively Children’s Film Foundation adventure filmed in the Channel Islands. Collection: Gothic: Love is a Devil Ghostbuster — The Real Thing Psychic investigator Maurice Grosse revisits his most famous case: the Enfield Poltergeist. Collection: Gothic: Love is a Devil Ghostwatch Lesley Manning 1992 | 90 min Legendary Halloween ‘mockumentary’ investigating a haunted house. Collection: Gothic: Love is a Devil Ghostwatch: Behind the Curtains Rich Lawden 2012 | 90 min Documentary revisiting the British TV phenomenon. Collection: Gothic: Love is a Devil Gi’ It Some ‘Ommer 1984 | 25min An episode from a Central TV series looking at industry and business in the Black Country. Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen Giant in the Sun Beautiful colour documentary showing Nigeria’s preparations for self-government. Collection: Cape to Cairo The Gift 1997 | 16min A man gives his disabled wife a video camera, and she begins to film their deteriorating relationship. Collection: Unlimited: Disability on Screen Gilbert & George Go Day Tripping 1992 | 10min The Turner prize-winning artists head to Southend, the popular Essex seaside resort. Collection: Eastward Ho! Gilbert and George (The South Bank Show) 1997 | 75min The flamboyant artists discuss their provocative work. Collection: Farewell South Bank Show Ginger Nutt’s Christmas Circus 1949 | 7min Disney-inspired animated mayhem at the circus. Collection: Pandora’s Box Shy factory worker Beryl lets her hair down in Joanna Quinn’s uproarious animation. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Give Her a Ring A switchboard operator unknowingly falls for her boss in 1930s Copenhagen. Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace Glasgow Belongs to Me 1965 | 20min An affectionate sketch of life in a great city, tracing the development of the ‘Glasgow man’. Collection: Scottish Reels Glengarry Cinema Topical News No.4 1929 | 12min Chester bids farewell to its trams in this local transport newsreel. Collection: Once Upon a Time in the North West Glengarry Cinema Topical News No.5 1930 | 15min Leaving Liverpool on the M.V. Britannic; back in Liverpool for the Railway Centenary exhibition. Collection: Once Upon a Time in the North West Glimpses of a Manchester Popular Rendezvous 1924 | 5min Welcome to the Piccadilly Dance Salon. Collection: Once Upon a Time in the North West Glimpses of India Indian travelogue featuring the famous sights and rural life. Collection: Before Midnight Glowyr – Mynd yn Grwt i’r Gwaith 1994 | 25min Ex-miners recall their childhood days working in the Welsh coalmines. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Go Go Go Said the Bird 1966 | 55min A trip through Swinging London with Marianne Faithfull, David Hockney, Twiggy and co. Collection: London Calling Go to Blazes 1942 | 8min Clueless know-it-all Will Hay demonstrates how not to put out incendiary bombs in this WWII public information short. Collection: Ealing Studios: Propaganda Shorts The Go-Between Sex, class and cricket – the past as a not-so-foreign country. Collection: Essentially British Perhaps the best-loved Dickens adaptation, David Lean’s 1946 feature has been painstakingly restored. Collection: Hard Times: Dickens on Screen Great Expectations Michael York stars as Pip in the first colour version of the Dickens classic. Collection: Hard Times: Dickens on Screen Great Expectations 1999 | 185min Charlotte Rampling as Miss Havisham and Ioan Gruffudd as Pip lead an all-star cast in this sumptuous two-part adaptation. Collection: Hard Times: Dickens on Screen Great Expectations (Part 1) 1959 | 30min Part one of an early adaptation of the Dickens favourite directed by children’s TV pioneer Dorothea Brooking. Collection: Hard Times: Dickens on Screen Great Hucklow Jubilee Film May 5th 1935 1935 | 6min Jubilee celebrations in a Derbyshire village. Collection: Heartlands An early forerunner of the party political broadcast from the Conservatives. Collection: Reality Bites The Great War 1964 | 40min The Devil is Coming: relive the horror of the Somme in this edition of the groundbreaking 1964 series. Collection: Reality Bites The Great White Silence 1924 | 104min Astonishing film record of Scott’s tragic 1910-13 expedition to the South Pole, restored by the BFI National Archive. Collection: Into the White The Greatest Menace We Have Ever Known 1921 | 1min ‘Topical Budget’ opposes the miners during the 1921 Coal War. Collection: This Working Life: King Coal Gregory’s Girl Affectionate Scottish high school comedy about an amiable loser in love. Collection: Scottish Reels Groove on a Stanley Knife 1997 | 41min Two girls – a lesbian and a homophobe – go on the run from crack-dealers. Collection: Beautiful Things The festival of Dashian is celebrated – including scenes of animal sacrifice. Collection: Before Midnight Gwaed ar y Sêr (Blood on the Stars) Wil Aaron 1975 | 57 min The local school kids aren’t as innocent as they look in this cult Welsh-language horror. Collection: Gothic: Monstrous Gŵyl Cerdd Dant – Rhosllannerchrugog a’r Cylch 2006 | 48min The unique Welsh art of singing poetry to the accompaniment of harp music. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen H.R.H. Prince George Prince George launches a lifeboat in Cromer. Collection: Eastward Ho! H.R.H. The Princess Royal Visit to Oswestry 1933 | 3min Princess Mary visits Oswestry, near Wrexham, in 1933. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Hadrian’s Wall Haunting landscape poem dedicated to the Roman Wall – Northern England’s most visited tourist attraction. Collection: North by North East Halcyon Days Brushes at the ready – are you ready to paint the Halcyon way? Collection: Heartlands Meet Dr Josef Ranald, palmist to the stars ‚Äì and the occasional Nazi. Collection: Gothic: The Dark Arts Hanif Kureishi – ‘Black and White in Colour’ Interviews 1991 | 30min ‘The Buddha of Suburbia’ author offers his opinions on race in British film and TV. Collection: The Book Group Hanif Kureishi (Guardian Interview) AUDIO ONLY 1999 | min South Bank Show profile of the provocative writer. Collection: The Book Group Hanif Kureishi (South Bank Show) 2003 | 48min Kureishi discusses his work at the NFT. Collection: The Book Group Ha’penny Breeze 1951 | 57min A young man tries to rally a Suffolk village on the banks of the River Orwell to improve their post-war lot. Collection: Eastward Ho! The popular sitcom that introduced the world to retired empty nesters Terry and June. Collection: Funny Girls Happy Families 1985 | 30min Jennifer Saunders takes on five roles in this neglected Ben Elton sitcom, also starring Dawn French. Collection: Funny Girls The Happy Family 1952 | 86min A plucky South Bank family decide to fight back when building work for the Festival of Britain threatens their home. Collection: Beautiful South Happy Family 1939 | 8min John Mills stars in Ealing Studios’ first foray into propaganda filmmaking, made shortly before the outbreak of WWII. Collection: Ealing Studios: Propaganda Shorts Happy in the Morning: A Film Fantasy 1938 | 13min A jolly showcase for Henry Hall’s band, doubling up as a water heater commercial. Collection: Pandora’s Box Happy Moorings 1964 | 52min Comedy starring Millicent Martin as a prim lady apparently having an affair with her manservant. But is she? Collection: Funny Girls Hard Feelings 1984 | 85min A group of Oxford graduates live in Brixton in 1980, oblivious to the rioting on the streets. Collection: Beautiful South Hard Labour 1973 | 70min Mike Leigh’s first TV drama, starring Liz Smith and Alison Steadman in a Salford-set snapshot of domestic drudgery. Collection: Play for Today Hard Times (Episode 1) 1977 | 50min The opening episode in Granada TV’s impressive four-part version of the atypical Dickens tale set in a northern mill town. Collection: Hard Times: Dickens on Screen Harlequinade Rare comedy from Terence Rattigan, starring Denholm Elliott and Edith Evans. Collection: n/a Harrison Compilation – 1950s 1950 | 14min Highlights from the home movies of a Hull fish merchant, documenting an industry on the cusp of change. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Harrods (A Day in the Life…) 1993 | 30min A 1990s peek behind the scenes of the Knightsbridge institution. Collection: London Calling An early episode of the children’s art show presented by the much-missed Tony Hart. Collection: The Kids Are Alright Hartlepool Charter 1950s Hartlepool – port town of industry and tourism. Collection: North by North East Harvest Shall Come, The 1942 | 38min Dramatised account of the poor working and living conditions of the average farm worker, filmed in Needham Market, Suffolk. Collection: Eastward Ho! Have We Missed the Boat? (Northern Scene) 1981 | 25min The challenges facing shipbuilding in Tyneside. Collection: This Working Life: Tales From the Shipyard Hawking 2004 | 89min Dramatised account of the early adult life of Stephen Hawking, including his radical work at Trinity College, Cambridge. Collection: Eastward Ho! A young woman suffers under an embittered guardian in Cecil Hepworth’s Yorkshire-set melodrama. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Hell is a City Tough thriller with Stanley Baker on a murder hunt in Manchester. Collection: Once Upon a Time in the North West Help for Russia 1941 | 9min After the German invasion of Russia in 1941, Bermondsey locals do their bit to raise funds. Collection: Beautiful South Hen Elynion (Old Enemies) 1997 | 100min The complex relationships of a Rhos-born Spanish Civil War veteran are explored in this absorbing S4C drama. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Henry V Central TV’s minority ethnic arts and culture programme visits Birmingham’s Hummingbird club. Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen Here and Now: The Jah People 1981 | 26min A look at the Rastafari way of life in Handsworth, West Midlands. Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen Here is the Gold Coast 1947 | 35min A Central Office of Information film outlining the planned development of the Gold Coast over the next ten years. Collection: Cape to Cairo Here’s a Health to the Barley Mow 1955 | 17min Traditional English folk songs and step dances in a Suffolk pub. Collection: Eastward Ho! Blackmail and murder in the colonies. Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace High Jinks at Durham Miners’ Gala 1928 | 1min In spite of an uncertain future, Durham miners party in the streets. Collection: North by North East High Living The only way is up: the 1960s’ answer to Britain’s booming population. Collection: The Promised Land High Spirits with Shirley Ghostman 2005 | 28 min Medium Shirley can channel the dead famous, ably assisted by canine spirit guide Sheba. Collection: Gothic: Love is a Devil High Summer 1972 | 75min A young man returns to the family manor to demand his inheritance in a rare written-for-television play by Terence Rattigan. Collection: n/a High Treason 1928 | 75min Britain’s answer to ‘Metropolis’ – a sci-fi epic of conspiracy and sabotage set in a futuristic London. Collection: Silent Britain Who needs an iron when you have a jam jar to hand? Collection: Pandora’s Box Hints and Hobbies No.3 1926 | 5min How to construct an efficient wireless set for just 1/10d. Although Mensa membership may be a prerequisite… Collection: Pandora’s Box Hints and Hobbies No.7 1926 | 14min How to remove dirt from your finest stole and enthral your guests with a few sugar lumps. Collection: Pandora’s Box Hints and Hobbies No.8 1926 | 12min Turn your dog into a burglar alarm and clean out that murky decanter – the Hints and Hobbies team are back. Collection: Pandora’s Box Historic Mutiny Sites 1914 | 5min Sixty years after the event, this travelogue indicates the continued potency of the Indian Mutiny to the British in India. Collection: Before Midnight History of the English Language 1943 | 15min How did the mother tongue of 400 million people come into existence? Collection: Pandora’s Box The kiss-me-quick pleasures of saucy Blackpool. Collection: Essentially British Holidays at Home – Saltwell Park Gateshead 1944 | 11min Gateshead residents enjoy a ‘staycation’ to cut down on travel during WWII. Collection: North by North East Hollow Drift Children’s Procession, Durham 1902 | 3min Thousands of Durham schoolchildren march through the streets to mark the coronation of Edward VII. Collection: North by North East The Holly and the Ivy 1952 | 83min An unfairly neglected Christmas tale starring Ralph Richardson and Celia Johnson. Collection: Pandora’s Box Holly and the Ivy, The 1952 | 83min An unfairly neglected Christmas tale starring Ralph Richardson and Celia Johnson. Collection: Eastward Ho! Hollyoaks 2000 | 25min Three men go on trial for the rape of Luke Morgan (Gary Lucy) in a superior episode of the soap. Collection: Soap Bubbles 1898 | 1min The Royal Mail steamer Munster completes its journey from Dublin to the island of Anglesey. Llong ager y Post Brenhinol, y Munster, yn cyrraedd pen ei thaith o Ddulyn i Ynys Môn. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Home Guard ‘D Coy’ Aston Park, Birmingham 1940 | 12min D Company of the Birmingham Home Guard marching and performing a drill. Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen Home James Film star James Mason returns to his home town of Huddersfield, West Yorkshire. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen The Home Movies of H.A.N. Barlow 1945 | 20min Gritty images of India’s northerly frontiers contrast with vibrant colour scenes of Udaipur in these 8mm films. Collection: Before Midnight The Home Movies of Robert Wrench 1924 | 14min Home movies showing Tyneside in the 1920s and 30s. Collection: North by North East Home Movies of T. Burtt 1933 | 39min Lahore, Rajasthan and Simla feature in Burtt’s home movies. Collection: Before Midnight Homes for All (This Modern Age No.1) 1946 | 20min A plug for the post-war housing policy of a new Labour government. Collection: The Promised Land Racism in a white, working-class family – later re-made as ‘Flame in the Streets’. Collection: Black Britain Hothouse, The 1978 | 50min Six former Newnham students – “the pleasantest of the ladies’ colleges” – discuss their lives since leaving Cambridge University. Collection: Eastward Ho! A House in Battersea (Monitor) 1961 | 17min Ken Russell’s portrait of an extraordinary collection of Pre-Raphaelite art and the 95-year-old woman who preserves it. Collection: Ken Russell on TV A House in Bayswater 1960 | 30min A nostalgic look at a house in which Ken Russell himself once lived, still packed with artists on every floor. Collection: Ken Russell on TV House in Which You Live, The 1947 | 17min Don’t mention the War: a reassuring architectural tour of British homes past, present and future. Collection: The Promised Land House of Cards 1990 | 56min The death of the Prime Minister sparks the faithful party whip’s ambition in this political thriller. Collection: TV Heaven The Houseboy 1982 | 52min A young man gets a job in a decaying London guest house managed by an ageing gay couple. Collection: Beautiful Things Moving wartime drama about a real-life Barrow housewife, written by and starring Victoria Wood. Collection: Once Upon a Time in the North West Housing Problems Inhabitants of 1930s slums voice their grievances, experiences and hopes. Collection: Essentially British How a Bicycle is Made 1945 | min The recipe for the perfect bike. Collection: Pandora’s Box How a British Bulldog Saved the Union Jack 1906 | 7min A plucky hound rescues a British cavalryman from a treacherous Zulu in this Edwardian flag-waver. Collection: Cape to Cairo How Percy Won the Beauty Competition 1909 | 6min Percy drags up to scoop the top prize in this silent short – but will he be found out? Collection: Beautiful Things How to explain the birds and the bees – and STDs – to your children. Collection: The Joy of Sex Education Hoxton…Saturday, July 3rd, Britannia Theatre 1920 | 6min A very busy Saturday on Old Street. Collection: London Calling Huddersfield International Club Opening Night 1968 | 3min A pioneering attempt to promote understanding between communities at a time of great social upheaval. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Hue and Cry 1946 | 82min A group of schoolboys uncover a dastardly scam. When the police won’t listen, it’s time to take matters into their own hands. Collection: Box of Delights Hugh MacDiarmid: No Fellow Travellers 1972 | 26min Made to commemorate the 80th birthday of the late Hugh MacDiarmid, the poet speaks about his life and work. Collection: Scottish Reels John Mills’ perfect beer moment makes for a perfect movie moment. Collection: Roll Out the Barrel The Ice House 1978 | 35min A mysterious outbuilding holds a chilling secret in the last of the 1970s Christmas ghost stories. Collection: A Ghost Story for Christmas ICI on Teesside The influence of Imperial Chemical Industries on Billingham and Wilton. Collection: North by North East Ilford Everest Members of Ruttledge’s Everest expedition at play. Collection: The Search for Shangri-La I’m All Right Jack 1959 | 105min Peter Sellers is a militant trade unionist in this peerless workplace satire. Collection: Boom Britain: We Can Work It Out I’m British But… Britain beats to the sound of Bhangra and Bangla. Collection: Essentially British Morse investigates an apparent suicide in the debut episode of the stately police drama. Collection: TV Heaven Intensive Care 1982 | 80min A teacher visits his dying father and strikes up a rapport with the night nurse in Alan Bennett’s black comedy, starring Thora Hird and Julie Walters. Collection: Play for Today International Association Match, England v. Wales, Wrexham 1912 1912 | 3min Billy Meredith, one of Wales’ early football superstars, takes on the English team at the Racecourse, Wrexham. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Interview with Beatles 1963 | 10min The Fab Four respond to searching questions from viewers of Tyne Tees Television – does Ringo like beards? Collection: North by North East Introducing Anglia Anglia Television makes its debut. Collection: Eastward Ho! Introducing Work Study 1955 | 20min Industrial film aimed at the many sceptics of the work study scheme, seen by thousands of workers across the country. Collection: Boom Britain: We Can Work It Out Invisible City 1991 | 18min The fate of a Nazi-era Jewish couple disrupts a futuristic dystopia where memory and history are outlawed. Collection: Oy Britannia A no-nonsense warning of the perils of gonorrhoea and syphilis. Collection: The Joy of Sex Education Isadora Ken Russell’s dramatised documentary on the eccentric life of American dance pioneer Isadora Duncan. Collection: Ken Russell on TV Island People The British way of life at the dawn of the 1940s. Collection: Essentially British It Ain’t Half Racist, Mum 1979 | 30min The pervasive racism of British TV in the ’70s is exposed. Collection: Black Britain It Always Rains on Sunday 1947 | 92min A housewife’s life is complicated when her ex-lover, an escaped violent criminal, comes to her for shelter. Collection: London Calling It’s a Free World 2007 | 92min The dark side of the capitalist dream: Ken Loach’s powerful feature tackles the exploitation of London’s illegal workforce. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective It’s Fantastic It’s Futuristic It’s Fatalistic It’s Science Fiction 1973 | 48min Absorbing documentary tracing sci-fi’s literary journey from Jules Verne and H.G. Wells to Isaac Asimov and J.G. Ballard. Collection: Sci-Fi: Days of Fear and Wonder It’s No Joke Living in Barnsley 1976 | 27min Writer, actor and wrestler Brian Glover revisits the South Yorkshire town where he was born. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen It’s Not Unusual: A Lesbian and Gay History 1997 | 147min Major three-part history of homosexuality in Britain from 1920 to 1996. Collection: Beautiful Things J L McAdam Ltd. Annual Staff Outing to Beadnell 1937 | 5min Staff of the Newcastle tailor’s head for the seaside at Beadnell Sands. Collection: North by North East Jack Hylton Presents: The Crazy Gang 1956 | 55min The Crazy Gang at the Victoria Palace – British humour from another era. Collection: Essentially British Jack Petersen v. Hein Muller 1930 | 9min The greatest moment in the history of Welsh boxing? Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Jack the Ripper Screaming Lord Sutch performs a song of alarmingly questionable taste. Collection: Pandora’s Box Jackanory – George’s Marvellous Medicine 1986 | 75min Rik Mayall makes for a bravura storyteller with his reading of Roald Dahl’s children’s classic. Collection: The Kids Are Alright Jacqueline Du Pre and the Elgar Cello Concerto 1967 | 70min Documentary about the legendary cellist, featuring a complete performance of her finest hour – the Elgar Cello Concerto. Collection: Hope and Glory A breathtaking glimpse of city life on the cusp of the Edwardian era. Collection: Scottish Reels James Guthrie’s Home Movies – Gyantse Trips 1935 | 50min Amateur films shot in and around Gyantse, Tibet. Collection: The Search for Shangri-La James Guthrie’s Home Movies – Lhasa Trips 1935 | 73min Life in and around Lhasa. Collection: The Search for Shangri-La James Guthrie’s Home Movies – Miscellaneous Tibet Films 1935 | 39min Ceremonies, people and landscapes – life in Tibet vividly captured by amateur filmmaker Guthrie. Collection: The Search for Shangri-La James Guthrie’s Home Movies – Tibetan Ceremonies 1939 | 60min Home movie footage including a potent scene featuring the young Dalai Lama in a golden palanquin. Collection: The Search for Shangri-La James Guthrie’s Home Movies – Tibetan Valley Trips 1939 | 29min Tibetan life and landscape by British Medical Officer/Civil Surgeon James Guthrie. Collection: The Search for Shangri-La Jemima and Johnny 1966 | 30min In a west London community divided by racism, a white boy befriends the daughter of a family recently arrived from the Caribbean. Collection: Box of Delights A day’s world news from October 1975. Collection: The Kids Are Alright John Galliano (South Bank Show) 1997 | 52min Profile of the trailblazing British couturier during his time at Givenchy. Collection: Brit Chic John Peel’s Sounds of the Suburbs: South Wales 1999 | 35min The legendary DJ turns his ear to the musical developments in South Wales. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Johnnie’s Welcome Home 1930 | 3min The ‘Topical Budget’ cameras capture Amy Johnson’s triumphant return to Croydon Aerodrome after her solo flight to Australia. Collection: Amy Johnson: Queen of the Skies Johnny Cash in San Quentin 1969 | 60min Haunting record of the singer’s legendary concert in San Quentin. Collection: Reality Bites Floella Benjamin and friends look back on 60 years of BBC children’s programmes. Collection: The Kids Are Alright Judean Club in Leeds 1935 | 17min Members of Leeds’ thriving Jewish community indulge their hobbies in this film made by a local tailor. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Jumping Bean Bag 1976 | 70min Androgynous, sexually-charged rock group Slag Bag rise to fame – but do they understand the forces they unleash? Collection: Play for Today Just A Boy’s Game 1979 | 75min The brutal life of Glasgow hard-man, Jake McQuillan – from the director of ‘The Long Good Friday’. Collection: Play for Today Just Another Saturday 1975 | 75min One young man’s long day as participant and bystander in the Protestant Orange day parades of Glasgow 1975. Collection: Play for Today Just Your Luck 1972 | 65min Greenock teenager Alison falls pregnant and has to marry: but her family is Protestant and the father’s is Catholic… Collection: Play for Today Juvenile Liaison 1975 | 97min Banned documentary from Nick Broomfield exposing the bullying methods of a juvenile liaison unit in Blackburn. Collection: Cinema of Tomorrow Juvenile Scientist, A 1907 | 4min Punished for mistreating the family pets, a young boy uses his chemistry set to wreak revenge on his parents. Collection: Pandora’s Box The Kamikaze Ground Staff Reunion Dinner 1981 | 70min Japanese servicemen – all played by white Englishmen – gather to commemorate their country’s defeat 35 years previously. Collection: Play for Today Katie Boyle at Selfridges (Camay Commercial) 1967 | 1min Camay hope the luxury store’s glamour will rub off in this 60s soap commercial. Collection: Pandora’s Box Keep an Eye on Albert 1975 | 75min The neglected wife of a pigeon fancier becomes attracted to his best mate. Collection: Play for Today The John Woods 1983 | 27 min A spooky edition of kids’ series ‘Dramarama’, written by Alan Garner. Collection: Gothic: Love is a Devil Keep Things As They Are 1991 | 12min Recreation of artist Ian Breakwell’s residency at Cambridge. Collection: Eastward Ho! George Formby and his trusty ukulele go on the hunt for missing jewellery. Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace Ken and Rosa: The Making of Bread and Roses 2001 | 49min An entertaining behind-the-scenes insight into Ken Loach’s LA-set feature and his process as a director. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective Ken Loach (South Bank Show) 1993 | 60min The veteran director reflects on the motivation behind his work in conversation with Melvyn Bragg. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective Ken Russell’s ABC of British Music (South Bank Show) 1988 | 77min Ken Russell’s wildly self-indulgent but irresistibly entertaining survey of one of his favourite subjects. Collection: Ken Russell on TV Kenneth Williams (Comic Roots) Kenneth Williams takes us on a very personal stroll around the city he called home. Collection: London Calling The Kenny Everett Television Show 1981 | 30min The ethos of punk is alive and well in Kenny Everett’s appropriately disrespectful hands. Collection: Anarchy in the UK Kensal House A visionary community powered by the miracle of gas. Collection: The Promised Land Empire adventure starring Paul Robeson as enigmatic tribal king Umbopa. Collection: Cape to Cairo Kingdom of My Own, A 1962 | 30min The life of John Constable, featuring shots of the Suffolk countryside that inspired his paintings. Collection: Eastward Ho! King’s Visit to Norwich, October 25th 1909 1909 | 14min Century-old actuality footage of Edward VII visiting Norwich. Collection: Eastward Ho! Kipps: The Story of a Simple Soul 1921 | 89min Folkestone-set film based on H.G. Wells’ novel about a draper who struggles when thrust into high society. Collection: Silent Britain The Kiss in the Tunnel 1899 | 1min Amorous Victorians indulge in illicit smooching. Collection: Essentially British The Kiss of Death 1977 | 70min ‘Shameless’’ David Thelfall plays Trevor, a quirky undertaker’s assistant, in Mike Leigh’s black comedy. Collection: Play for Today A middle-aged man’s fling with a barmaid threatens the stability of his family. Collection: Play for Today Kizzy 1976 | 45min A young Romany girl deals with prejudice after moving to a small village in Rumer Godden’s tale for children. Collection: Box of Delights Knave of Hearts [aka Monsieur Ripois] 1954 | 100min Tales of an incorrigible French womaniser, starring Gérard Philipe and Joan Greenwood. Collection: The Truth About Love Knightmare Kids’ TV entered the era of computer gaming with this cutting-edge swords-and-sorcery game show. Collection: The Kids Are Alright The Knowledge Learner taxi drivers attempt to master ‘the knowledge’ of London’s streets. Collection: London Calling The Kumars at No. 42 2001 | 30min Spoof chat-show featuring the Kumars, with this week’s special guests Graham Norton and Davina McCall. Collection: Funny Girls Laburnum Grove 1936 | 73min Hypocrisy and deceit bubble under the surface of suburbia in this brilliantly acted J.B. Priestley adaptation. Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace Lace The manufacture of Nottingham lace in the 1920s. Collection: Heartlands Victorian ladies show off their slalom cycling skills. Collection: Pandora’s Box Lady Audley’s Secret 1920 | 76min To what lengths will Lady Audley go to hide her past? Margaret Bannerman stars in this silent feature film adaptation from 1920. Collection: The Gentle Sex Lady Audley’s Secret 2000 | 98min Neve McIntosh stops at nothing to safeguard her future in this 2000 TV adaptation of Mary Elizabeth Braddon’s novel. Collection: The Gentle Sex Lady Godiva Procession in Coventry 1902 | 7min Crowds pay homage to the legendary Anglo-Saxon noblewoman during Coventry’s Edwardian coronation celebrations. Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen. Lady Windermere’s Fan 1916 | 72min Will the mysterious Mrs Erlynne redeem herself? Upper class intrigue abounds in the first screen adaptation of Oscar Wilde’s play. Collection: Silent Britain Ladybird Ladybird 1994 | 98min Ken Loach returned to the themes of his classic ‘Cathy Come Home’ with this tough domestic drama. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective The Ladykillers Brilliant black comedy of armed robbers, murder and a Boccherini string quintet. Collection: London Calling Lambeth Boys 1985 | 120min What happened to the lads from 1959’s ‘We Are the Lambeth Boys’? And do teenagers in the 80s share the same concerns? Collection: Beautiful South A lap dancer meets a man at a bus stop one rainy night. Collection: Unlimited: Disability on Screen The Larkins 1958 | 26min Forty years before ‘The Darling Buds of May’, Peggy Mount and David Kossoff star in an early TV adaptation of H.E. Bates’ popular novels. Collection: Funny Girls The Last Days of Dolwyn 1949 | 95min The shadow of murder haunts a doomed village in the Welsh valleys in Emlyn Williams’ period drama, with Richard Burton in his big screen debut. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen The Last of England* 1987 | 88min Derek Jarman’s dark, poetic vision of a city and a country brought to its knees. Collection: London Calling The Last of the Summer Wine (Comedy Playhouse) 1973 | 30min Three Yorkshire pensioners philosophise about life in Roy Clarke’s original TV play. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen The Last Place on Earth: Rejoice 1985 | 52min The final episode in a controversial TV dramatisation of Scott and Amundsen’s race for the South Pole. Collection: Into the White The Amber collective captures a breathtaking launch at the Swan Hunter’s Wallsend shipyard. Collection: This Working Life: Tales From the Shipyard The Launch of the HMS Albion 1898 | 2min RW Paul’s controversial film of the launch of the mighty battleship, which ended in tragedy when many spectators drowned following the collapse of a gangway. Collection: This Working Life: Tales From the Shipyard The Launching of Formby Lifeboat 1916 | 3min A rare glimpse of lifeboat men at work in the 1910s. Collection: Once Upon a Time in the North West Laurence Olivier – A Life (South Bank Show) 1982 | 95min Emmy award-winning edition profiling one of Britain’s greatest actors. Collection: Farewell South Bank Show The League of Gentlemen Welcome to the weird world of Royston Vasey. You’ll never leave! Collection: Heartlands The League of Gentlemen Christmas Special 2000 | 60min Festive tales of terror for local people. Collection: A Ghost Story for Christmas Learie Constantine A day in the life of the Trinidadian-British cricketer. Collection: Black Britain British Transport Films’ love letter to Wales. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen A Letter From Wales A farmer’s boy describes his life in the rural idyll of Llandwrog. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Letter to Brezhnev A romp through the rain-soaked alleyways, chip shops and cheap hotels of Thatcher era Liverpool. Collection: Once Upon a Time in the North West Licking Hitler 1978 | 65min During WWII, a woman is sent deep into the countryside to work in secret with a Glaswegian journalist, where she finds herself in a brutal and sinister world. Collection: Play for Today Lido 1995 | 49min A microcosm of London life from beautiful men to spirited single mums: meet the regulars at the Brockwell Park Lido. Collection: Beautiful South Ingmar Bergman dissects a marriage breakdown. Collection: Play for Today Lieutenant Pimple’s Dash to the Pole 1914 | 10min Fred Evans’ clownish boob heads for the Arctic in the earliest surviving film in the Pimple series. Collection: Into the White The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby 1947 | 108min The first British version of the Dickens favourite – and Cavalcanti’s final film for Ealing Studios. Collection: Hard Times: Dickens on Screen A Life Apart An examination of the charity Raphael’s work with people living with leprosy. Collection: Unlimited: Disability on Screen Life in Hunza Rural life in the mountainous valley near Gilgit – now in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. Collection: Before Midnight Life in the Freezer 1993 | 30min David Attenborough visits Captain Scott’s hut and looks at the ways scientists and filmmakers have adapted to hostile Antarctic conditions. Collection: Into the White The Life of the Rabbit 1945 | 11min The behaviour of the European rabbit. Collection: March Hares & Easter Bunnies Life on Earth 1979 | 54min This edition of David Attenborough’s landmark documentary series introduces Man’s nearest relatives, the primates. Collection: TV Heaven Life Story 1987 | 107min Jeff Goldblum stars as controversial scientist James D. Watson in the race to discover DNA in 1950s Cambridge. Collection: Eastward Ho! The Light Fantastic (Monitor) 1960 | 23min Former dancer Ken Russell takes a look at the state of the art in early 1960s Britain. Collection: Ken Russell on TV Lights and Shades on the Bostock Circus Farm 1911 | 5min A tumultuous and tragic day on the Bostock Circus Farm. Collection: Pandora’s Box Lambeth buildings at their best – and worst. Collection: Beautiful South The Lonely Passion of Judith Hearne 1987 | 116min Maggie Smith on BAFTA-winning form as a lonely Irish spinster. Collection: The Truth About Love The Lonely Shore (Monitor) 1962 | 16min A team of alien archaeologists sift through abandoned British objects in one of Ken Russell’s most original early documentaries. Collection: Ken Russell on TV The Long Day Closes Terence Davies revisits his Liverpool childhood for this lyrical follow-up to Distant Voices, Still Lives. Collection: Once Upon a Time in the North West The Long Distance Piano Player 1970 | 80min The Kinks’ Ray Davies stars as a pianist who embarks on a 4-day musical marathon. Collection: Play for Today Employers and employees give wildly varying opinions on the high productivity at a Northumberland colliery. Collection: Boom Britain: We Can Work It Out Look Around: Edgbaston If the Bard had ridden a bicycle… Industrial film masquerading as a travelogue. Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen. Look Up and Laugh 1935 | 80min Gracie Fields takes on some grasping businessmen in this superior star vehicle, also featuring Vivien Leigh. Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace Looks and Smiles 1981 | 99min Among Ken Loach’s least known works, this 1981 feature explores the romantic and economic travails of a pair of Sheffield school leavers. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective Lord Camber’s Ladies Getrude Lawrence makes a rare screen appearance in this Hitchcock-produced tale of dastardly deeds. Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace The Lord Mayor Recruiting 1916 | 1min The Lord Mayor, having opened the Mansion House as a recruiting office, makes a special appeal to Jewish men to join the war effort. Collection: Oy Britannia Home movie of the Viceroy of India. Collection: Before Midnight The Lost City: A Return Journey With J B Priestley 1958 | 45min J.B. Priestley returns to his native Bradford to see what changes have taken place over 40 years. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Lost Hearts 1973 | 35min An orphan moves in with his sinister relative, and is disturbed by visions of ghostly children. Collection: A Ghost Story for Christmas The Lost Language of Cranes 1992 | 87min Nature or nurture? A father and son discover that they have something in common. Collection: Beautiful Things The Lost World of Tibet 2008 | 90min The BBC/BFI documentary exploring life in pre-invasion Tibet features a potent interview with the Dalai Lama. Collection: The Search for Shangri-La Louise 1969 | 50min A manipulative woman (Sarah Badel) uses her illness to live a life of luxury. Based on the story by W. Somerset Maugham. Collection: The Gentle Sex Love From A Stranger 1937 | 92min A lottery winner meets the man of her dreams (Basil Rathbone) – but does he have sinister motives? Based on a short story by Agatha Christie. Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace Love is the Devil: Study for a Portrait of Francis Bacon 1998 | 87min Derek Jacobi and Daniel Craig star as artist Francis Bacon and his muse, George Dyer. Collection: Beautiful Things Wayward women, lonely soldiers and a visit to the V.D. clinic. Collection: The Joy of Sex Education Love on the Range It’s Horlicks to the rescue in this animated ad set in the Wild West. Collection: The Truth About Love Love on the Wing Banned Norman McLaren animation following the journey of a letter between two lovers. Collection: The Truth About Love Love on Wheels Wonderful toe-tapping musical comedy starring Jack Hulbert. Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace Love Story Love conquers all: Margaret Lockwood and Stewart Granger defy death on the Cornish coast. Collection: The Truth About Love Love Test Scheming chemists in laboratory love triangle shock! Collection: The Truth About Love Love Thy Neighbour The hugely popular – but deeply racist – ’70s sitcom starring Rudolph Walker and Nina Baden-Semper. Collection: Black Britain Groundbreaking British feature facing up to antisemitism in inter-war high society. Collection: Oy Britannia LSO — The Music Men 1965 | 59min Collection: The demands of life inside the London Symphony Orchestra with conductors Colin Davis and Istvan Kertesz. Visions of Change: The TV Documentary 1950s-60s L.S. Lowry, the Industrial Artist 1974 | 18min A look at the work and world of the artist who captured the industrial north. Collection: Once Upon a Time in the North West Lump 1967 | 75min A Manchester student is politicised while working on a building site in Jim Allen’s highly-charged Wednesday Play. Collection: Tony Garnett: Seeing Red Luna 14-year-old Patsy Kensit stars in this wildly inventive futuristic kids’ series. Collection: The Kids Are Alright Lunch-Hour The Lure of Crooning Water 1920 | 105min Sun-dappled pastoral romance starring the golden couple of ’20s British cinema. Collection: Silent Britain Lusitania Day 1916 | 1min A march takes place in London on the first anniversary of the sinking of RMS Lusitania by a German U-boat. Collection: Save Our Souls: Disaster at Sea Lusitania: Murder on the Atlantic 2007 | 89min John Hannah stars in this docudrama about the sinking of RMS Lusitania, torpedoed during WWI. Collection: Save Our Souls: Disaster at Sea Lust for a Vampire Hammer horror with a Sapphic twist. Collection: Beautiful Things Lyon’s Grocers Shop, Market Weighton 1957 | 20min Who needs supermarkets? This East Yorkshire emporium stocks everything the 1950s family could need. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Machair Gaelic-language soap set in the Outer Hebrides. Collection: Soap Bubbles Machynlleth (in the Heart of Cambria) 1929 | 2min Gorgeous Pathécolor snapshot of the Powys market town. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Mackrell Personal Films 1934 | 36min Hunting and fishing are the order of the day in the colourful home movies of this Assam-based tea planter. Collection: Before Midnight Made in Huddersfield 1985 | 90min A look at the Second Wave of punk that hit the North of England in the 1980s. Collection: Anarchy in the UK Madeleine 1949 | 114min New restoration of David Lean’s true-crime drama set in Victorian Glasgow, with an intriguingly icy Ann Todd. Collection: The Gentle Sex A young James Fox stars in this lesser-known Ealing comedy set on Merseyside. Collection: Once Upon a Time in the North West Magnificent Reproductions of the Great Yorkshire Show at Bradford 1901 | 13min Classes mingle in Mitchell & Kenyon’s multi-reel record of the annual agricultural event. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Magnus Family in India Home movie footage of the Magnus family. Collection: Before Midnight Maharajah of Jodhpur – Personal Films 1946 | 260min See India from a royal perspective with these home movie records of princely power and sumptuous ceremony. Collection: Before Midnight Mahatma Gandhi (Noa Khali March) 1947 | 18min Rarely seen footage of Gandhi filmed by his great nephew, Kanu. Collection: Before Midnight Groundbreaking TV play about a married transvestite coming to terms with his true identity. Collection: Beautiful Things The Maid of Cefn Ydfa: The Love Story of Ann Thomas 1914 | 40min Welsh romantic tragedy shot in and around Pontarddulais, made by William Haggar and Son. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Main Line Diesel The Derby Works proudly present Britain’s first diesel locomotive. Collection: Heartlands Maisie’s Marriage aka Married Love 1923 | 95min Based on Marie Stopes’ 1918 bestseller about sex and sexuality, Maisie learns the advantages of having a small family. Collection: The Joy of Sex Education Make Me A Tory Can a disillusioned Labour voter do the unthinkable and turn Tory? Collection: The Ballot Box Documentary examining the archetype of the Welsh ‘mam’. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen A Man and His Bottle 1908 | 6min The demon drink has dreadful consequences in this trick film. Collection: Roll Out the Barrel Man at Dover (Eye to Eye) 1957 | 29min Lyrical reflection on how England and the English appear to a refugee who has made Britain his adopted home. Collection: Visions of Change: The TV Documentary 1950s-60s A Man From the Sun 1956 | 58min One of the earliest TV dramas to explore the lives of newly-arrived West Indians in Britain. Collection: Black Britain The Man in the White Suit 1951 | 85min Ealing classic with naive inventor Alec Guinness up against British industry. Collection: Boom Britain: We Can Work It Out The Man Who Changed His Mind 1936 | 63min Boris Karloff, in his first mad-scientist role, develops a machine that can exchange minds between bodies. Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace The Man Without Desire Ivor Novello stars in this extraordinary psychosexual time-travelling drama. Collection: Silent Britain Residents of Manchester’s ‘Little Italy’ take part in the city’s annual Whit Walk. Collection: Once Upon a Time in the North West Manchester Spiritualists Procession Exponents of Britain’s newest religion parade through Edwardian Manchester. Collection: Once Upon a Time in the North West Manchester Street Scene A rare glimpse of early Edwardian Manchester when the horse-drawn tram still reigned supreme. Mandy Ealing’s powerful portrait of a family struggling to cope with their profoundly deaf daughter. Collection: Unlimited: Disability on Screen Manfailure Women are to blame for all mining accidents in this grisly – and raunchy – safety video. Collection: This Working Life: King Coal Manifesto for Love An exploration of the meaning of love – accompanied by Dusty Springfield. Collection: Beautiful Things Marcel Marceau’s A Christmas Carol 1973 | 40min Our favourite Victorian miser is brought to life by the legendary French mine artist. Collection: The Book Group Germ warfare threatens to ruin young Mary’s birthday party. Collection: Pandora’s Box Mary’s Lucky Day 1952 | 19min Extraordinary advert for Lux soap, showing how the lather makes a black Rhodesian woman’s skin look ‘whiter’. Collection: Cape to Cairo Master of the King’s Musik 1931 | 3min Elgar conducts Land of Hope and Glory. Collection: Hope and Glory Master Singers: Two Choirs and a Valley 1965 | 46min Sensitive documentary about a Welsh mining community. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Mastermind Four brave contestants face question-master Magnus Magnusson and the intimidating black chair. Collection: TV Heaven A Matter of Choice for Billy 1983 | 84min Ma’s death causes upheaval for the Martin clan in the middle part of Graham Reid’s ‘Billy’ trilogy. Collection: Play for Today A Matter of Life and Death 1946 | 104min Heavenly love – the Powell and Pressburger must-see classic. Collection: The Truth About Love May 33rd Guy Hibbert’s uncompromising TV drama about a woman with multiple personality disorder. Collection: Unlimited: Disability on Screen May We Borrow Your Husband? 1986 | 102min Dirk Bogarde stars in his own adaptation of Graham Greene’s short story, as a writer drawn into the romantic entanglements of two couples at an Antibes hotel. Collection: Bogarde on the Box Mayfair Merry-Go-Round Katie Boyle sells affordable fashion to 50s women in this early magazine show. Collection: Brit Chic Mayor Entering His Carriage Near the Town Hall, Halifax 1902 | 3min A richly detailed snapshot of Edwardian street life from Mitchell & Kenyon. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Mayor Making The election and installation of Derby’s mayor in 1946. Collection: Heartlands Comedy with a conscience in which comedian Sydney Howard saves the slums. Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace McLibel A David and Goliath tale of not-so-happy meals. Collection: Reality Bites The Michael Simpson 1973 | 31 min A medium causes upset at a North East social gathering in this rarely seen play. Collection: Gothic: Love is a Devil The Medium Exposed? Or, A Modern Spiritualistic Séance J.H. Martin 1906 | 6 min Faking the ability to contact the dead proves to be a big mistake for one Edwardian charlatan. Collection: Gothic: Love is a Devil Me! I’m Afraid of Virginia Woolf 1978 | 65min A day in the life of schoolteacher, from an unrequited crush on a male student to discussing lesbianism with Thora Hird. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Meantime Tim Roth and Gary Oldman star as troubled Londoners in Mike Leigh’s made-for-TV favourite. Collection: London Calling Meet of the Quorn Hounds at Kirby Gate 1912 | 3min The hunting pack prepare for the chase. Collection: Heartlands Meet the People 1977 | 75min Rarely-screened TV drama set in a Yorkshire pit village, directed by Ken Loach and written by Barry Hines. Collection: This Working Life: King Coal Meet the Pioneers Lindsay Anderson’s debut demonstrates new technology in coal mines across the nation. Collection: This Working Life: King Coal Memorial Service at St. Paul’s Cathedral to the Antarctic Heroes 1913 | 3min The nation says farewell to Captain Scott and his ill-fated companions. Collection: Into the White Memphis Belle: A Story of a Flying Fortress 1944 | 40min William Wyler’s classic documentary following the 25th mission of the iconic aircraft, based at Bassingbourn, Cambridgeshire. Collection: Eastward Ho! Men Cycling Up a Country Lane 1910 | 2min “An adventure into the awe-inspiring guts of steelmaking…” Collection: This Working Life: Steel Men of Corby Rabbie Burns transplanted to the East Midlands. Collection: Heartlands Men of Steel 1932 | 71min A young steelworker rises to the company board in this drama partly filmed at a Middlesbrough steelworks. Collection: North by North East Men of Two Worlds 1946 | 109min An African music student returns home and has to defeat the witch doctor who dominates his tribe and take them to healthier land. Collection: Cape to Cairo Method Study in the Office 1958 | 23min A comic tribute to improved paper filing, made by the British Productivity Council. Collection: Boom Britain: We Can Work It Out Metro-Land 1973 | 50min John Betjeman examines the culture and spirit of Metro-Land – the outer reaches of the Metropolitan Railway. Collection: London Calling Travelogue of Birmingham and Warwickshire with a ‘workshop of the world’ theme. Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen. Midland Country 1974 | 20min Take a gentle tour of the East and West Midlands with this 1970s travelogue by British Transport Films. Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen. Midlands News Day Go behind the scenes at ATV Midlands’ evening news programme. Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen. The Mighty Leek Size most definitely matters at the World Open Leek Championship in Ashington, Northumberland. Collection: North by North East Mile End Purgatorio All the signs point to the Mile End Road. Collection: London Calling Ken Russell directs the annual colliery band contest at Bedlington. Collection: This Working Life: King Coal Mining Review4th Year No. 11 1951 | 10min The race to save lives from the underground fire at Easington colliery. Collection: North by North East Mining Review 12th Year No. 10 1959 | 9min How coal contributes to the making of beer, and other tales from the pit. Collection: Roll Out the Barrel Mining Review 13th Year No. 4 1959 | 10min The acclaimed painting miners of Ashington, Northumberland feature in this edition of the mining cinemagazine. Collection: North by North East Mining Review 16th Year No 5 1963 | 10min County Durham is the focus for three of the four stories featured in this edition of the long-running cinemagazine. Collection: North by North East Mining Review 17th Year No 7 1964 | 11min Horse-drawn coal carts, female trainee engineers and a trip to Prague feature in this edition. Collection: This Working Life: King Coal Mining Review 1st Year No.1 1947 | 10min Mining songs, cutting edge machinery and heated debates. The world’s longest-running cinemagazine starts here. Collection: This Working Life: King Coal Mining Review 22nd Year No.5 1969 | 10min ‘Mining Review’ turns its attention to the women who work in the coal industry. Collection: This Working Life: King Coal Mining Review 25th Year No 9 1972 | 10min Tom McGuinness, the celebrated mining painter from Durham, and the dangers of working underground are the focal points of this review. Collection: This Working Life: King Coal Mining Review 7th Year No.12 1954 | 10min Ballet dancing miners and the crowning of the ‘Coal Queen’. Collection: Essentially British A day in the life of the ‘typical’ English family. Collection: Essentially British Mr Lloyd George at the National Welsh Eisteddfod Ceremony at Caernarfon, 1921 1921 | 1min The Prime Minister pays his annual visit to the Eisteddfod celebrations. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Mr. Mensah Builds a House 1955 | 36min Breezy comedy set around a government housing scheme in the Gold Coast. Collection: Cape to Cairo The Mrs Merton Show 1995 | 30min Spoof chatshow with Caroline Aherne: just what first attracted Debbie McGee to the millionaire Paul Daniels? Collection: Funny Girls Mrs Williamson’s Tibetan Films – Part 1 1930 | 90min Vivid homes movies of life in Tibet made by the Political Officer. Collection: The Search for Shangri-La Mrs Williamson’s Tibetan Films – Part 2 1930 | 83min Life in Tibet – look out for the somewhat surprising egg-and-spoon race… Collection: The Search for Shangri-La Mrs Williamson’s Tibetan Films – Part 3 1930 | 89min Home movie scenes in Lhasa, Tibet – as well as further afield in India and Bhutan. Collection: The Search for Shangri-La Mrs Williamson’s Tibetan Films – Part 4 1930 | 22min Home movie footage of life in Tibetan monasteries. Collection: The Search for Shangri-La Mrs Worth Goes to Westminster 1949 | 21min An intriguing attempt by the steel industry to win women over to the anti-nationalisation cause. Collection: This Working Life: Steel Mrs. Mopp Entertains Wartime washing tips from Persil, starring popular radio character Mrs. Mopp. Collection: Funny Girls 30s romcom starring Polish tenor Jan Kiepura. Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace Y Mynydd Grug (Heather Mountain) 1997 | 88min A year in the life of an 8-year-old girl living in a close-knit community in Caernarfonshire. Based on the stories by Kate Roberts. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen The Mystery of Marriage 1932 | 32min A comparison of the mating rituals of humans, animals and plants unlocks the secrets of marriage. Collection: The Joy of Sex Education N or NW Letter-writing lovers in North London postcode palaver. Collection: The Truth About Love Naked – As Nature Intended* Gratuitous nudity masquerading as a South West travelogue. Collection: Essentially British The white residents of a Leeds suburb express their thoughts on their new black neighbours. Collection: Reality Bites Neil Kinnock (Labour Party Election Broadcast) 1987 | 10min The Labour leader’s (in)famous campaigning film, dubbed ‘Kinnock: The Movie’. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Nervous Energy 1995 | 105min A young Glaswegian man with AIDS returns to visit his family and friends, but when things do not go as planned his lover comes to patch things up. Collection: Beautiful Things Never Mind the Quality, Feel the Width 1968 | 30min Can an East End Jew and an Irish Catholic run a business together? Festive edition of the popular culture clash comedy. Collection: Oy Britannia Never on a Sunday 1996 | 60min Will the ban on alcohol in Dwyfor – the last place in Britain where you can’t legally get a drink on a Sunday – be overturned? Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen New Architecture at the London Zoo 1937 | 15min Penguins get the VIP treatment in this artistic look at the Zoo’s visionary ’30s revamp. Collection: London Calling New Captain Scarlet 2005 | 44min ‘Episode 1: ‘Instrument of Destruction’. The Spectrum agents are back in this CGI reboot of Gerry Anderson’s classic series. Collection: Sci-Fi: Days of Fear and Wonder A New Era 1973 | 27min A lesson in ‘how not to do it’: the run-up to a strike in a fictitious and fractious company. Collection: We Can Work It Out New London County Hall Icon or eyesore? George V opens the still controversial landmark. Collection: Beautiful South New Orleans Jazz Club in Newcastle 1970 | 8min Hang with the cool cats in Tyneside’s legendary jazz club. Collection: North by North East New Styles of Architecture Alan Bennett surveys the architectural landscape of post-WWI Britain. Collection: The Promised Land The Night Has Eyes 1942 | 76min James Mason stars as a reclusive composer holed up on the Yorkshire Moors in this eccentric thriller. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen A Night Like This Aldwych farce with extravagant musical numbers. Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace Night Mail London to Scotland by train in the company of Benjamin Britten and W. H. Auden. Collection: Reality Bites Nightmare: The Birth of Horror 1996-97 | 200min Sir Christopher Frayling presents a 4-part series examining Britain’s most iconic gothic novels. NB Three remaining parts added to previously available episode on Dracula — replace existing record. Collection: Gothic: Monstrous There’s trouble at the coalface in Peter Pickering’s satirical, semi-improvised farce. Collection: Boom Britain: We Can Work It Out Noddy Goes to School Richard Briers narrates a softened version of Enid Blyton’s toyland tale. Collection: Toyland Tales and Happy Endings Noddy in Toyland Computer animation brings Blyton’s most popular creation up to date. Collection: Toyland Tales and Happy Endings North London Liberal Jewish Group 1956 | 16min Fabulous home movie footage of the annual competition between the Finchley and Ealing teams of the North London Liberal Jewish Group. Collection: Oy Britannia North Sea Fisheries, North Shields 1901 | 1min Fish-gutting and staged fights on the North East coast. Collection: North by North East The North West Frontier 1959 | 129min Adventure yarn starring Kenneth More as a plucky Brit sent to rescue a Hindu Prince from certain death in British India. Collection: Before Midnight A tribute to Ryan Davies, one of Wales’ most popular entertainers. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Noson Lawen 1950 | 27min Homespun evening of entertainment to celebrate the harvest, with singing, dancing and a timely lesson in thrift from National Savings, the film’s sponsor. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Not Just Tea and Sandwiches 1984 | 12min Miners’ wives speak out in one of the campaigning videotapes made in support of their striking husbands. Collection: This Working Life: King Coal Noted Eel and Pie Houses 1975 | 45min Fascinating social history of that great London delicacy – the jellied eel. Collection: London Calling Now That It’s Morning 1992 | 11min Neil Bartlett’s provocatively romantic tale of the love between a 45-year-old man and a 15-year-old schoolboy. Collection: Beautiful Things Now You’re Talking 1940 | 12min Blabber-mouthed van driver Alf puts more than lives at risk in this cautionary tale on a ‘careless talk’ theme. Collection: Ealing Studios: Propaganda Shorts Nude Woman By Waterfall A woman poses – in and out of her diaphanous shift. Collection: Pandora’s Box Number 13 2006 | 40min Greg Wise wishes there had been no room at the inn as things go bump in the night… Collection: A Ghost Story for Christmas Nursery Island The birdlife of the Farne Islands takes centre stage in Mary Field’s delightful documentary. Collection: North by North East Nuts in May 1976 | 85min A new age couple try to get back to nature – but does nature want them back? Collection: Essentially British Early karaoke from the Odeon National Cinema Club. Sing along with the bouncing ball… Collection: Pandora’s Box Of Time and the City 2008 | 74min Terence Davies’ gorgeous film-poem about his native Liverpool. Collection: Once Upon a Time in the North West The Office David Brent, Slough’s favourite son, entertains the nation. Collection: Essentially British The Official Film of the Railway Centenary 1925 | 17min The future George VI and Queen Elizabeth celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Stockton and Darlington Line. Collection: North by North East Often During the Day 1978 | 16min The notion that ‘the woman belongs in the kitchen’ gets a grilling in Jo Davis’ film. Collection: British Islands The first play broadcast by HTV – a shocking drama starring Ian Holm as an alcoholic. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen On a Cold and Frosty Morning 1969 | 17min The activities of the Indian charity, Raphael. Collection: n/a On Call to a Nation 1958 | 72min Well-regarded BBC documentary made to commemorate the 10th anniversary of the NHS. Collection: Visions of Change: The TV Documentary 1950s-60s One in Every 100 Affecting exposé showing the contrasting care of children with learning difficulties in England and Canada. Collection: Visions of Change: The TV Documentary 1950s-60s On Giant’s Shoulders 1979 | 91min Judi Dench stars in this Cambridgeshire-based dramatisation of the life of Terry Wiles, one of the babies affected by the thalidomide drug. Collection: Eastward Ho! On Ilkla’ Moor Baht At 1921 | 14min The Yorkshire Dales – from Ilkley to Hubberholme. Collection: Essentially British Onion Johnnie (Eye to Eye) 1957 | 30min Meet the Breton onion sellers as they travel through Britain selling their wares. Collection: Visions of Change: The TV Documentary 1950s-60s On Show: Strictly Male Voice 2006 | 30min The story of the record-breaking Fron Male Voice Choir. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen On the Black Hill Adaptation of Bruce Chatwin’s tale of twin brothers battling the elements – and each other. Collection: Essentially British Ronnie Barker stars as crotchety Yorkshire shopkeeper Arkwright in the sitcom’s first episode. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen The Open Road An epic trip across Britain filmed in remarkable early colour. Collection: Essentially British Opening of British Instructional Film Studio 1928 | 4min VIPs brave the mud to attend the opening ceremony of a new film studio at Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire. Collection: Eastward Ho! Opening of Ossett Town Hall 1908 | 5min Edwardian residents of the West Yorkshire market town turn out to celebrate a grand opening. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen The Opening of the New Benton Bank Tram Route 1913 | 5min Local film of the launch of a brand new tram route in Benton, Newcastle upon Tyne. Collection: North by North East Opening of the New Lambeth Bridge 1932 | 3min The opening of Lambeth Bridge by George V in July 1932. Collection: Beautiful South Author Anthony Burgess talks about the significance of Orwell’s ‘Nineteen Eighty-Four’. Collection: The Book Group Othello 1956 | 120min The first televised production of Shakespeare’s play to feature a black actor in the lead role. Collection: Black Britain The Other Woman 1976 | 70min An activist lesbian artist embarks on an affair with a young woman, with dramatic repercussions for all concerned. Collection: Beautiful Things The Otter [aka An Otter Study] 1912 | 8min Marvel at an otter from before WWI in this early nature film. Collection: Box of Delights Our Friends in the North 1996 | 75min The first episode of Peter Flannery’s epic portrait of four Newcastle friends, spanning the 1960s to the 1990s. Collection: North by North East Our Friends the Police A policeman’s lot can be a happy one, after all. Collection: Once Upon a Time in the North West Our Mutual Friend (Part 1) 1976 | 50min One-time ‘Artful Dodger’ Jack Wild stars in the first of a 13-part version of Dickens’ last completed novel. Collection: Hard Times: Dickens on Screen Out and About A vibrant colour record of the 1974 Leeds West Indian Carnival. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Out of the Darkness 1985 | 68min Three children in the Derbyshire village of Eyam are haunted by the ghosts of the 1665 plague. Collection: Heartlands A growth experiment goes horribly wrong in this macabre minute of black comedy. Collection: Pandora’s Box The Owl Service 1969 | 25min A Welsh myth threatens to possess three teenagers holidaying in a rural North Wales valley in this controversial adaptation of Alan Garner’s novel. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Oyster Fishing at Whitstable, England 1920 | 6min The harvest and consumption of everyone’s favourite bivalve. Collection: Pandora’s Box P.D. James (South Bank Show) 2006 | 45min Murder she wrote – the crime writer in conversation. Collection: Farewell South Bank Show Pacemakers: Biba Drop in on a photoshoot at the iconic Kensington fashion emporium. Collection: Brit Chic An edition of the BBC’s enduring current affairs flagship reporting on the Vietnam war. Collection: TV Heaven Panoramic View of the Morecambe Seafront 1901 | 7min Crystal-clear views of town, sands, sea, tourists and locals at the Lancashire resort. Collection: Once Upon a Time in the North West Papworth Hall, Cambridge Royalty visits the Cambridgeshire settlement in this silent film compilation. Collection: Eastward Ho! Parkgate Iron and Steel Co. 1901 | 2min Probably the first appearance of the abusive ‘V’ sign in British film history. Collection: This Working Life: Steel Parkinson: Orson Welles Legendary actor, writer and director Orson Welles is interviewed by Michael Parkinson. Collection: TV Heaven Diana Dors stars in this stern exposé of the white slave trade. Collection: The Truth About Love Pattern for Progress 1948 | 47min Early documentary from John Krish touring an Ebbw Vale steelworks, with animation from Halas and Batchelor. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Paul Merton Looks at Alfred Hitchcock 2009 | 60min A fresh take on Hitchcock’s filmmaking career and style, stressing the importance of his work in Britain. Collection: Looking for Alfred Pauline’s Quirkes 1976 | 25min Controversial – and banned – sketch show for kids featuring the future star of ‘Birds of a Feather’. Collection: The Kids Are Alright Payroll 1961 | 105min The best laid plans of a gang of crooks go horribly wrong in this Tyneside-set thriller. Collection: North by North East Peace and Plenty Savage polemic against the National government in Britain. Collection: The Ballot Box The Peaches 1964 | 15min A very beautiful, very clever girl adores peaches, but when she falls in love the world’s peaches start to wither… Collection: Pandora’s Box English pagan myths and burgeoning sexuality in the Malverns. Collection: Play for Today The People at No.19 1949 | 18min Ministry of Health film highlighting the menace of venereal disease and its impact on the health of the nation. Collection: The Joy of Sex Education People Like Us 1983 | 23min Recruitment film for psychiatric nurses, produced at a time when standards of mental health care were in the firing line. Collection: Unlimited: Disability on Screen People, Productivity and Change 1963 | 44min Workers and trade union officials voice their concerns about changes designed to increase productivity in the workplace. Collection: Boom Britain: We Can Work It Out The Perfect Home A frustrated Alain de Botton leaves Britain in search of architectural inspiration. Collection: The Promised Land Permission to Love 1999 | 30min Two couples with learning disabilities feel they are ready for a sexual relationship, but their parents have other ideas. Collection: Unlimited: Disability on Screen Peter Ackroyd’s London 2004 | 48min How has London survived over the centuries? 3-part series from the great chronicler of the capital. Collection: London Calling Two ‘black sheep’ form an unusual and enduring bond in the Black Mountains. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Petticoat Lane Sunday morning in the East End market. Collection: London Calling Phantom Light, The 1935 | 75min A series of mysterious deaths in a Welsh lighthouse lead locals to believe it is haunted in this early work from Michael Powell. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Philip and His Seven Wives 2005 | 75min Marc Isaacs’ portrait of an unconventional family – lead by a former messianic rabbi who believes he is a Hebrew king. Collection: Oy Britannia Philip Treacy: A collaboration with Alexander McQueen for Givenchy 1997 | 30min The master milliner teams up with the provocative young maverick of British fashion. Collection: Brit Chic All aboard the North York Moors Railway for a nostalgic journey from Pickering to Grosmont. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Pickwick Papers Spirited 1950s feature adaptation of Dickens’ first novel. Collection: Hard Times: Dickens on Screen The Pickwick Papers 1913 | 15min American comedian John Bunny stars in the surviving parts of this 1913 Dickens adaptation filmed in Kent. Collection: Hard Times: Dickens on Screen Picturesque North Wales A series of views of the castles, landscapes and people of North Wales. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen A Piece of Cake 1948 | 44min Husband and wife duo Cyril Fletcher and Betty Astell write and star in a madcap tale of magic and mayhem. Collection: Funny Girls Blocks of flats offer a new future for 1930s working class families. Collection: The Promised Land Platt’s New Works, Werneth, Oldham 1900 | 2min A visually striking film of staff exiting a turn-of-the-century Lancashire machine factory. Collection: Once Upon a Time in the North West Play School Innovative ‘education through play’ in a programme which also helped BBC2 trial early colour broadcasts. Collection: The Kids Are Alright The Pleasure Garden 1952 | 38min There’s magic in the ruins of Crystal Palace – and Hattie Jacques is the fairy queen! Collection: London Calling The Pleasure Girls 1965 | 88min Three beautiful girls enjoy the pleasures of London in the Swinging 60s and befriend their gay lodger. Collection: Beautiful Things Pobol y Chyff 1990 | 25min Rhys Ifans and Meirion Davies star as hapless Welsh learners in this hugely popular comedy series. Chuffin’ great! Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Pobol y Cwm Christmas edition of the Welsh-language soap from its first year of broadcast. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Pobol y Cwm 1994 | 20min A particularly eventful day for the residents of Cwmderi, the fictional village in the BBC’s longest running soap. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Polish Your Shoes The life of a Cockney patriarch is remembered by his children. Collection: London Calling Crime drama set in London’s Docklands. Collection: London Calling Poor Cow 1967 | 98min Terence Stamp and Carol White star in Ken Loach’s cinematic debut, about a young woman involved with two criminals. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective Porridge An episode of the classic prison sitcom starring Ronnie Barker. Collection: TV Heaven Port of London’s Aquatic Sports 1925 | 1min The intrepid Topical Budget newsreel scales the diving board to capture a Port of London Authority sports day at Rotherhithe. Collection: Beautiful South Portrait of a Goon (Monitor) 1959 | 14min A day in the life of Spike Milligan, as imagined by Ken Russell. Collection: Ken Russell on TV Portrait of a Miner The working day, ambitions and hopes of a Nottinghamshire coalminer. Collection: This Working Life: King Coal Portrait of a School Life in a London secondary modern school. Collection: Reality Bites Sleazy sexploitation – from Soho strippers to Jack the Ripper. Collection: London Calling Prince of Wales as Miner 1918 | 1min Prince Edward, later Edward VIII, visits a Rhondda coal mine and the Cardiff Docks. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen The Princess and the Pendant 2007 | 9min Charming animation in the style of Lotte Reiniger, made by the pupils of Hartside Primary School, Durham. Collection: North by North East Printer’s Ink 1962 | 32min Hold the front page! The production of a West Yorkshire newspaper from news gathering to distribution. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Prisoner The very first episode of the most cultish of 60s TV dramas. Collection: TV Heaven The Private Dirk Bogarde 2001 | 135min Interviews with family, friends and collaborators and previously unseen archive footage illuminate this groundbreaking two-part profile. Collection: Bogarde on the Box A Private Enterprise The first British Asian feature, about a would-be entrepreneur in Birmingham. Collection: Cinema of Tomorrow A Private Function 1984 | 94min Alan Bennett’s Yorkshire-based comedy set in times of rationing, starring Michael Palin and Maggie Smith. Collection: Funny Girls The Private Life of Henry VIII 1933 | 96min Charles Laughton on Oscar-winning form as the much-married monarch. Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace The Private Life of the Gannets 1934 | 14min Oscar-winning portrait of the seabirds of the Pembrokeshire coast. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Private Lives Penelope Keith stars in Noël Coward’s comedy of marital errors. Collection: Funny Girls Never mind the bollocks, here’s the story of the Sex Pistols. Collection: Anarchy in the UK Punk Can Take It A punk parody of wartime propaganda featuring the UK Subs. Collection: Anarchy in the UK Punk Rock (London Weekend Show) 1976 | 30min Janet Street-Porter meets The Sex Pistols. Collection: Anarchy in the UK Purely Belter 2000 | 99min Alan Shearer features in a cameo in this winning film about two lads scraping money together for Newcastle season tickets. Collection: North by North East Pwllheli Carnival Join the floats, brass bands and marching leeks in the Pwllheli carnival parade. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Q Planes Rip-roaring flag-waver starring Ralph Richardson and Laurence Olivier. Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace A Quaint Little Railway All aboard the little milk train, carrying its cargo through the Manifold Valley. Collection: Essentially British The reigning monarch pays a visit to Yorkshire during her Diamond Jubilee year. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Queen Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee 1897 | 14min Celebrations of Queen Victoria’s sixtieth year on the throne. Collection: London Calling The Queen’s Christmas Day Broadcast 1957 1957 | 14min 50 years of change and continuity reflected in the very first televised Queen’s Speech. Collection: Pandora’s Box Queenie’s Castle 1970 | 27min Comedy starring Diana Dors as the head of an unruly family on a Leeds housing estate. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Queer As Folk 1999 | 50min The opening episode of the trailblazing drama that follows the lives of three gay men in Manchester. Collection: Beautiful Things The first-ever episode of the colourful series aimed at younger children. Collection: TV Heaven Raining Stones 1993 | 87min An unemployed man tries desperately to raise funds for his daughter’s communion dress in Ken Loach’s moving Manchester-set drama. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective Rainy Day Women Wartime tensions in a remote English village. Collection: Play for Today Rali Senedd I gymru, Machynlleth 1949 1949 | 7min Plaid Cymru rally from 1949. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen The Rank and File 1971 | 78min The effect of a glass factory strike on the local community is explored in Ken Loach’s drama-documentary, filmed in Stoke-on-Trent. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective Raphael 1987 | 21min This film about the Indian charity features a focus on Ava Vihar, the residential centre for people with learning disabilities. Collection: Unlimited: Disability on Screen Raspberry Ripple 1988 | 81min A wheelchair user plots a robbery in Rupert Haselden’s comedy staring Faye Dunaway, John Gordon-Sinclair and Nabil Shaban. Collection: Unlimited: Disability on Screen Ratcatcher Lynne Ramsay’s first feature, a harrowing, beautiful tale of adolescence set in 1970s Glasgow. Collection: Scottish Reels Three films by a South Yorkshire filmmaker who captured 1940s village life with artistic flair. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Reach For the Sky Kenneth More plays real-life fighter pilot and double amputee Douglas Bader in this 50s favourite. Collection: Unlimited: Disability on Screen The Real Amy Johnson TV documentary re-examining Johnson’s life and the legends inspired by her untimely death. Collection: Amy Johnson: Queen of the Skies A Real Day Out aka Bakewell Show 1929 | 2min Prize bulls and horsemanship at the agricultural and military show in Bakewell. Collection: Heartlands The Real George Orwell (South Bank Show) 2003 | 52min D.J. Taylor traces the early years of George Orwell, their influence on his later outlook and the writing of his final novel: ‘Nineteen Eighty-Four’. Collection: The Book Group Can architects learn lessons from the mistakes made during Birmingham’s 1960s redevelopment? Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen. Record of the Opening of the Preston and Lancaster Motorways 1959 | 12min What Lancashire has today, other parts of the country will have tomorrow: the arrival of the motorway. Collection: Once Upon a Time in the North West The Red and the Blue 1983 | 80min Ken Loach contrasts the 1982 Labour and Conservative party conferences, seen through the eyes of six delegates. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective Red Ensign A visionary shipbuilder strives to rescue the British shipping industry in Michael Powell’s film. Collection: This Working Life: Tales From the Shipyard Red Road 2006 | 110min Glasgow’s condemned Red Road estate is the ominous setting for Andrea Arnold’s gripping debut feature. Collection: Scottish Reels Nye Bevan appears in this sincere protest against the Depression’s effects in the Rhondda. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Rhyl The Prince and Princess of Wales open Rhyl’s Royal Alexandra Hospital in 1903. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Rich and Strange A marriage hits the rocks during a world cruise in this Hitchcock curio. Collection: The Truth About Love Richard Dimbleby: The Voice of the Nation 1990 | 60min A review of the life and career of the remarkable broadcaster and journalist. Collection: TV Heaven Richard is My Boyfriend 2007 | 62min A young woman with learning difficulties has a sexual relationship with her boyfriend, who has Downs Syndrome. What will the neighbours say? Collection: n/a Riff-Raff 1991 | 96min Robert Carlyle stars in Ken Loach’s raucous tale of camaraderie on a London building site. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective The Right Spirit Propaganda cartoon promoting the Conservative Party. Collection: The Ballot Box The design and construction of one of Birmingham’s inner ring roads. Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen. The Rise and Fall of Nellie Brown 1964 | 80min Elisabeth Welch and Jamaican teen-singer Millie star in this festive twist on ‘The Wizard of Oz’. Collection: Black Britain Rising Damp (Pilot Ep) 1974 | 25min Pilot episode for the sitcom about a self-styled ‘aristocrat of bedsit land’ and his unfortunate tenants. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Rita, Sue and Bob Too 1986 | 90min Provocative 80s comedy about two teenage girls from a Bradford housing estate and their affair with a married man. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen River Folk (Songs of the Organ) 1944 | 10min Let the organist at Hounslow’s Ambassador Cinema take you on a musical journey down the river. Collection: Pandora’s Box Animated moral fable designed to keep the British public on the ‘straight and narrow’. Collection: The Joy of Sex Education The Robbers and the Jew 1908 | 5min Cruel, anti-Semitic comedy – one of the earliest representations of a Jew on film. Collection: Oy Britannia Robin Redbreast 1970 | 75min A woman visits her holiday home in the country, but begins to suspect the villagers may be planning a human sacrifice. Collection: Play for Today Robinson in Space 1997 | 82min Seven trips across industrial England in search of Utopia… Patrick Keiller’s sequel to his hugely successful London. Collection: Essentially British Rock Goes to College (The Stranglers) 1978 | 30min Well, what a bummer – The Stranglers are unimpressed by their student-heavy audience. Collection: Anarchy in the UK Rocket Site Story 1958 | 20min Residents of Norfolk descend upon North Pickenham near Swaffham to protest the construction of a missile base. Collection: Eastward Ho! Early film footage of Admiralty Pier, Dover. Collection: British Islands Rough Trade (South Bank Show) 1979 | 60min The story of Rough Trade, the iconic punk music store at 130 Talbot Road. Collection: Anarchy in the UK Round the Clock The story of the Giant Cream Cracker, or how biscuits are baked in Crumpsall. Collection: Once Upon a Time in the North West The Royal First episode of the ‘Heartbeat’ spin-off set in a Yorkshire hospital in the 1960s. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen The Royal Family A year in the life of the royal family. Collection: Reality Bites The Royal Festival Hall, 1951 1966 | 25min The design and construction of the arresting London landmark. Collection: Beautiful South Royal School for the Deaf 1934 | 15min Pupils and staff enjoy sports day and a trip to Skegness. Collection: Heartlands Royal Visit to Bangor 1902 | 3min The Prince and Princess of Wales go on a day trip to Bangor. / Tywysog a Thywysoges Cymru’n mynd ar daith undydd i Fangor. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Royal Visit to Barrow and Launch of HMS Dominion 1903 | 5min An Edwardian battleship takes its first plunge. Collection: This Working Life: Tales From the Shipyard Royal Visit to Sheffield A young Queen Elizabeth II receives a rapturous reception in the ‘City of Steel’. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen The Royle Family Innovative offbeat fly-on-the-wall comedy set in a Manchester council house. Collection: TV Heaven The Rugged Island: A Shetland Lyric 1933 | 54min The story of a young couple torn between the choice of emigration to Australia or remaining to work their croft in Shetland. Collection: Scottish Reels What is the future for a county that only has one set of traffic lights? Collection: Heartlands South of Watford 1985 | 33 min Ben Elton meets 80s London’s most in-demand party planners, including the infamous Vicki de Lambray. Collection: Beautiful Things S.O.S. Titanic 1979 | 98min Look out for Helen Mirren as a plucky stewardess in this rarely seen feature, originally made for US television. Collection: Save Our Souls: Disaster at Sea S.S. Olympic The building and launch of the Titanic’s sister ship in Belfast. Collection: This Working Life: Tales From the Shipyard S.W.A.L.K. aka Melody 1970 | 107min Mark Lester and Jack Wild star in a tale of young love at a Lambeth comprehensive. Collection: Box of Delights Profile of the Somali community in Cardiff. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Saloon Bar Gordon Harker plays an amateur sleuth from his base in a London pub. Collection: Roll Out the Barrel Saltburn-by-the-Sea Centenary 1861 – 1961 Seaside views on the town’s 100th Anniversary. Collection: North by North East Salvage with a Smile 1940 | 6min Ealing’s appeal for the conservation of household waste products as part of the war effort. Collection: Ealing Studios: Propaganda Shorts Sam Goes Shopping 1939 | 6min There’s a fleeting appearance from a very young Terry-Thomas in this advert for the Co-op’s wares. Collection: Pandora’s Box A South Asian teenager seeks to break free from family traditions and constraints. Collection: Heartlands Saturday Morning Out – Halifax etc. [1951-1965] 1951 | 20min A hairdressing competition is among the events caught in these short films by the Halifax Cine Club. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Saturday Shopping A brow-beaten husband causes havoc on a trip into town. Collection: Pandora’s Box Save the Children Fund Film 1971 | 50min Ken Loach’s documentary for the charity, filmed in the UK and Africa and unseen for more than four decades. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective Save Your Shillings and Smile 1943 | 7min Wartime favourite Tommy Trinder stars in this musical short to promote War Savings Bonds. Collection: Ealing Studios: Propaganda Shorts Say It With Flowers Cockney musical featuring a a flower seller and Old Kent Road music hall. Collection: London Calling Proposed pit closures provoke different responses among the inhabitants of a Durham town. Collection: North by North East Scarborough 1927-1938 The North Yorkshire resort captured in the heyday of the British seaside holiday. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Scarlet Woman Catholic fantasy starring Evelyn Waugh in an Andy Warhol fright wig. Collection: Pandora’s Box Scenes at Piccadilly Circus and Hyde Park Corner Underground Stations 1931 | 7min Magical, slightly surreal record of the London Underground. Collection: London Calling Scenes from a Suffragette Demonstration at Newcastle 1909 | 1min Supporters of the Women’s Social and Political Union campaign in the North East. Collection: North by North East Scenes in Ceylon aka Native Life in Ceylon 1909 | 8min Street scenes, elephants and ‘native magic’. Collection: Before Midnight Ken Russell documentary about the painters known as ‘the two Roberts’, MacBryde and Colquhoun. Collection: Ken Russell on TV Scrooge The definitive Scrooge? See Alastair Sim’s bravura performance and judge for yourself. Collection: The Book Group Scrooge 1913 | 30min Seymour Hicks recreates a role he played thousands of times on stage for this 1913 screen version. Collection: The Book Group Scrooge; or, Marley’s Ghost 1901 | 4min The earliest surviving Dickens adaptation: A Christmas Carol, condensed into 4 minutes. Collection: Pandora’s Box Scrubbers 1982 | 89min A young lesbian engineers her arrest to be nearer her borstal inmate lover. From the writer of ‘Scum’. Collection: Beautiful Things Scully’s New Year’s Eve 1978 | 75min Alan Bleasdale’s Scouse tearaway makes his debut. Collection: Play for Today Ray Winstone and David Threlfall star in this famously banned Borstal drama. Collection: Play for Today Sea Fort 1940 | 6min Ealing’s propaganda short offers a snapshot of life on the front line of coastal defence during WWII. Collection: Ealing Studios: Propaganda Shorts Seachd: The Inaccessible Pinnacle 2007 | 88min The first Scottish Gaelic feature film follows a young man’s quest for the truth behind the death of his parents. Collection: Scottish Reels Seacoal 1985 | 82min The men and women who eke a living from collecting ‘seacoal’ on the Northumberland coast find their way of life under threat. Collection: Essentially British Stunning, Oscar-winning doc celebrating Scotland’s shipping industry. Collection: This Working Life: Tales From the Shipyard The Secret Diaries of Miss Anne Lister 2010 | 90min Maxine Peake stars as the real-life 19th century Yorkshire landowner and rediscovered feminist icon. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Secret Lives: Enid Blyton The darker side of the bestselling children’s author. Collection: Toyland Tales and Happy Endings The Secret of Stamboul A young James Mason uncovers a sinister plot in Turkey. Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace The Secret of the Loch 1934 | 73min Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace The Selling of Noddy The first episode of the irreverent comedy series set on a Manchester housing estate. Collection: Once Upon a Time in the North West Share Thy Bread The early years of the charity Raphael as described by founder Leonard Cheshire. Collection: n/a Sheffield Spartan Swimmers 1933 | 16min A hardy band of friends brave all weathers to enjoy their local outdoor pool in this light-hearted amateur film. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Shelagh Delaney’s Salford (Monitor) 1960 | 15min Ken Russell travels to Salford to interview one of its most celebrated residents, not yet 21 but with two plays already produced. Collection: Ken Russell on TV Shellshock Rock Punk goes to Northern Ireland. Collection: Anarchy in the UK Sherlock Conan Doyle’s peerless detective genius is given a bold reboot for the 21st century. Collection: TV Heaven Two children nurse a feline patient. Collection: Pandora’s Box The Sidney Street Siege aka The Great East End Anarchist Battle 1911 | 4min Documentary footage of the 1911 Siege of Sidney Street. Collection: London Calling Sidney Turtlebaum 2008 | 19min Sir Derek Jacobi plays an eccentric gay Jewish man with an unsavoury interest in funerals in this award-winning short. Collection: Oy Britannia Sidney’s Chair 1995 | 21min The arrival of film star Sidney Poitier in East London is a momentous event for a young boy and his friends. Collection: Black Britain The Signalman 1976 | 40min Denholm Elliot struggles with a chilling premonition on an isolated railway line in Andrew Davies’ adaptation of a short story by Dickens. Collection: A Ghost Story for Christmas The Silence 2010 | 229min Deaf teenager Amelia’s life is turned upside down after she witnesses a murder in this four-part thriller. Collection: Unlimited: Disability on Screen Silent Britain Start reclaiming your silent film heritage with a look at Matthew Sweet’s ground-breaking documentary. Collection: Silent Britain A learning disabled man unwittingly poisons children in this affecting south London-set drama. Collection: Unlimited: Disability on Screen Silent Scream 1990 | 85min The true story of Larry Winters, prisoner and poet – a convicted murderer with an IQ of 165. Collection: Cinema of Tomorrow The Silent Village 1943 | 36min A Welsh mining community is used to dramatise the lives of a Czech village under Nazi occupation. Directed by Humphrey Jennings. Collection: This Working Life: King Coal Silver Blades Ice Skating Vibrant colour footage of Silver Blades, Streatham – ‘the most luxurious ice rink in the world’. Collection: Beautiful South The Silver Sword 1958 | 30min Superb adaptation of Ian Serraillier’s wartime adventure story, starring a young Frazer Hines and Melvyn Hayes. Collection: The Kids Are Alright Simba Love story set amidst the Mau Mau’s uprisings in Kenya, starring Dirk Bogarde. Collection: Cape to Cairo Vibrant animated vehicle for a rather unsavoury message from the War Office. Collection: The Joy of Sex Education Sixth Happiness The sexual awakening of a young Indian man born with brittle bones. Collection: Unlimited: Disability on Screen Size M ‘Le Déjeuner sur l’herbe’ goes underground. Collection: Pandora’s Box The Sky’s the Limit 1945 | 13min John Mills heads up a stirring recreation of a bombing raid in Ealing’s ‘Wings for Victory’ campaign film. Collection: Ealing Studios: Propaganda Shorts Slavery Business: Breaking the Chains 2005 | 60min William Wilberforce and the rise of the abolition movement. Collection: Exodus: Remembering Slavery sleep furiously 2009 | 94min Gideon Koppel’s bittersweet ode to the farming community of Trefeurig, with music by Aphex Twin. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Sling Your Hook A rowdy troupe of Nottingham miners spend a life-changing weekend in Blackpool. Collection: Heartlands The Small Back Room 1949 | 103min A bomb disposal expert, suffering from depression and alcoholism after losing a leg, is called back to frontline duty. Collection: Unlimited: Disability on Screen The Small World of Sammy Lee 1962 | 107min Taut, under-seen crime drama set in the seedy Soho underworld. Collection: London Calling The Smallest Car in the Largest City in the World 1913 | 6min A cute baby Cadillac completes a victory lap of Trafalgar Square and dodges the city’s omnibuses. Collection: London Calling Residents of Berwick compete with local dignitaries for the attention of the filmmaker. Collection: North by North East Snow Poetic portrait of running the railways through a perilous British winter. Collection: Reality Bites The Snowman 1982 | 26min David Bowie introduces the Oscar-nominated animation, a staple of festive TV schedules since the early 80s. Collection: Santa’s Grotto So Clever are the German Spies in their Disguises that Even Nuns Have to Have Their Passports Examined 1915 | 1min Nuns at bayonet point… almost. Collection: Pandora’s Box So Haunt Me 1992 | 30min Miriam Karlin stars as ghostly grandmother Yetta Feldman in the first episode of this BBC sitcom. Collection: Oy Britannia Tony Wilson presents live performances from The Stranglers, The Sex Pistols and The Clash. Collection: Anarchy in the UK So that You Can Live 1982 | 83min Reflective film following a union activist and her family in Treforest, South Wales. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Socialist Labour Party Election Broadcast 1997 | 5min Ken Loach directs the first broadcast by the newly formed SLP. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective Soho Square Painterly portrait of the sights and sounds of the crowded London square. Collection: London Calling Soho Stories 1996 | 460min All 12 episodes of the superior BBC TV ‘docusoap’ about life in London’s bohemian enclave. Collection: London Calling Road movie or acid trip? Collection: Pandora’s Box Solomon and Gaenor 1999 | 99min Oscar-nominated tale of love across the cultural divide in early 20th century Wales, starring Ioan Gruffudd. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Some Activities of the Bermondsey Borough Council 1931 | 25min A forward-thinking London borough council records its good deeds for posterity. Collection: London Calling Some Mothers Do ‘Ave ‘Em 1978 | 35min Comic misadventures of the unfortunate Frank Spencer. Collection: TV Heaven Some of My Friends Are…Jewish 2003 | 30min Anita Land investigates what it means to be Jewish, interviewing a rabbi and an edgy stand-up comedian. Collection: Oy Britannia The psychological journey of three friends from a children’s home. Collection: Cinema of Tomorrow John Harlow 1941 | 82 min A bereaved young man falls under the influence of a group of Spiritualists. Collection: Gothic: Love is a Devil Spend Spend Spend The rags to riches to rags story of Britain’s most famous pools winner. Collection: Play for Today Spender 1991 | 55min It’s Jimmy Nail vs the criminal underworld, as a jaded detective returns to his native Newcastle. Collection: North by North East Spirit of Albion New Age Travellers, Britain’s very own nomads, attempt to preserve their way of life. Collection: Essentially British A triumphant steel industry showcase featuring dazzling Technicolor photography by Jack Cardiff. Collection: This Working Life: Steel Steel for the Seventies Steelmaking enters a bold new era at the Port Talbot plant in South Wales. Collection: This Working Life: Steel Steel Goes to Sea “Hitler is a B******” – Shipbuilding at the height of WWII. Collection: This Working Life: Tales From the Shipyard Steel in South Wales A tour of milling and galvanising factories at Port Talbot, Newport, Cardiff, and Ebbw Vale. Collection: This Working Life: Steel Steel Scrap Drives in Bolton, Preston & Liverpool 1952 | 13min Any old iron? North West people contribute to the collection of scrap steel. Collection: Once Upon a Time in the North West Steel Town 1958 | 20min Evocative colour film promoting United Steel’s Stocksbridge plant and its role at the heart of the community. Collection: This Working Life: Steel The Steelchest, Nail in the Boot and the Barking Dog 1987 | 45min Award-winning documentary showing the lives of shipyard workers through story and song. Collection: This Working Life: Tales From the Shipyard Steptoe and Son Harold is led astray by a ‘cultured’ antiques dealer. Collection: Beautiful Things Home movies shot in Manipur. Collection: Before Midnight Stigma 1977 | 32min A mother and daughter move into a remote house in the middle of a stone circle – with predictably disastrous consequences. Collection: A Ghost Story for Christmas Still Waters Tropical disease prevention in Southern Rhodesia. Collection: Cape to Cairo Stille Nacht II: Are We Still Married? 1992 | 3min Echoes of ‘Alice’ in the Quay Brothers’ eerie stop-motion music video for US group His Name Is Alive. Collection: March Hares & Easter Bunnies Stocker’s Copper Drama set around the strike of Cornish clay miners in 1913. Collection: Play for Today Stockton-on-Tees 1910 | 3min The Cleveland market town-dwellers smile for the camera in a film commissioned by the local cinema. Collection: North by North East The Stone Tape Sci-fi maestro Nigel Kneale reimagines the period ghost story for the video age. Collection: A Ghost Story for Christmas Stonehenge – Panorama of the Ancient Druidical Remains 1900 | 1min The ancient British icon in the days before coach parties invaded. Collection: Essentially British Ashley Walters and Adrian Lester star in this tough drama about troubled teenagers in care. Collection: Black Britain Stormy Monday 1988 | 93min Melanie Griffith and Tommy Lee Jones come to Newcastle in Mike Figgis’ debut, inspired by the T. Dan Smith scandal. Collection: North by North East Story of Papworth: The Village of Hope, The 1935 | 18min Anthony Asquith directs an appeal for funds for the Cambridgeshire medical settlement, starring Madeleine Carroll and Gordon Harker. Collection: Eastward Ho! The Story of Tracy Beaker 2008 | 15min Funny and moving series about a high-spirited ten-year-old girl living in a children’s home. Collection: TV Heaven A Story to Frighten the Children 1976 | 85min Police struggle to investigate an horrific murder on a high-rise estate in John Hopkins’ shocking play. Collection: Play for Today Straight and Narrow-Minded 1988 | 30min A late-80s look at homophobia in the UK and the true story behind 2014 hit ‘Pride’. Collection: Beautiful Things Original Welsh-language episode of the popular children’s series about a teddy with super powers. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Supervisor’s Progress 1973 | 27min The devil may find work for an idle supervisor, but not in this colourful instructional film starring Windsor Davies. Collection: We Can Work It Out Survivors 1975 | 50min ‘Series 1 Episode 1: ‘The Fourth Horseman’. The extraordinary opening episode of Terry Nation’s classic post-apocalyptic series. Collection: Sci-Fi: Days of Fear and Wondert Suzie Gold 2003 | 90min Girl meets goy: a Jewish princess must decide between a Jew and a gentile in this light-hearted romantic comedy. Collection: Oy Britannia Sweeney Todd 1928 | 91min Early British horror about the legendary barber-cum-killer, made over 80 years before Tim Burton’s vision. Collection: Silent Britain Sweeney Todd, The Demon Barber of Fleet Street* 1936 | 68min The City’s menfolk risk a dangerously close shave in Mr Todd’s barbershop. Collection: London Calling Philip Schofield presents a behind-the-scenes look at his own Saturday morning show ‘Going Live!’ Collection: The Kids Are Alright A Tale of Two Cities 1958 | 117min A wayward barrister (Dirk Bogarde) redeems himself with a heroic act of self-sacrifice during the French Revolutionary Terror. Collection: Hard Times: Dickens on Screen Talk About Work 1971 | 16min Candid views on the world of work from three North West youngsters in Ken Loach’s rarely seen short. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective Talkies Come to Britain (Yesterday’s Witness) 1971 | 50min Hitchcock discusses the making of ‘Blackmail’ in this rarely seen documentary exploring cinema’s transition to sound. Collection: Looking for Alfred A South London schoolboy runs away and becomes involved with a gang of tearaways. Collection: Box of Delights A Test for Love 1937 | 28min Sweeping romantic drama (and treatise on STDs) set in a sleepy English seaside town in the ’30s. Collection: The Joy of Sex Education That’s What Friends Are For 1988 | 7 min Neil Bartlett performs his powerful spoken-word piece responding to the AIDS crisis for C4’s Alter Image strand. Collection: Beautiful Things That Paralympic Show 2010 | 30min This edition of the C4 series features wheelchair racer David Weir and a visit to the Olympic Stadium. Collection: Unlimited: Disability on Screen That Was the Week That Was – Tribute to President Kennedy 1963 | 20min Poetic tribute to John F. Kennedy on the day following his death. Collection: TV Heaven The Game of Haxey Hood 1929 | 1min Welcome to a mad British tradition. Follow that hood! Collection: Heartlands How to deal with airline passengers, however tiresome. Collection: Pandora’s Box Things to Come 1936 | 97min The city of the future rises from the rubble of world war in H.G. Wells’ prescient sci-fi fable. Collection: The Promised Land Things Unseen: Ena Twigg — Medium Bimbi Harris 1971 | 42 min Profile of a medium who first encountered her “misty people” at the age of seven. Collection: Gothic: Love is a Devil Think of a Number Johnny Ball does the impossible and makes maths and science interesting for kids. Collection: The Kids Are Alright Think of England Photographer Martin Parr seeks out the English icons. Collection: Essentially British Noël Coward’s saga of a Clapham family between the two World Wars. Collection: London Calling This is a Matter Which Vitally Concerns You 1938 | 4min Screen A public appeal by the Lord Mayor of Birmingham for volunteer air raid wardens, fire fighters and medical staff. Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen. This Is Tomorrow 2007 | 54min The Royal Festival Hall is reborn for a new generation, to the sounds of Saint Etienne. Collection: Of Dreams and Cities This Is Your Life Eamonn Andrews gets out the Red Book for Ealing comedies scriptwriter T.E.B. Clarke. Collection: TV Heaven This Life 1996 | 40min Family Outing’. Warren’s sexuality comes under scrutiny in this episode of the 90s legal drama series. Collection: Tony Garnett: Seeing Red This Was a Woman Mothers don’t come much deadlier than Sonia Dresdel’s murderous matriarch… Collection: The Gentle Sex Cult ’80s drama following the lives of inner city teens. Collection: Play for Today Three Weird Sisters 1948 | 82min Three spinsters – one deaf, one blind, one with arthritis – battle their younger brother in a gothic tale from Dylan Thomas. Collection: The Gentle Sex The Threepenny Opera 1931 | 105min 19th century London is recreated in a Berlin film studio for this adaptation of Brecht and Weill’s revolutionary musical. Collection: London Calling The Trial of Oscar Wilde 1960 | 52 min Gripping recreation of Wilde’s 1895 trial, starring Micheál MacLiammóir. Collection: Beautiful Things The Trial of Sir Roger Casement 1960 | 52 min Peter Wyngarde plays the gay British diplomat turned Irish nationalist, executed in 1916 for treason. Collection: Beautiful Things Don Levy’s extraordinary experimental collage film, produced for the Nuffield Foundation. Collection: Reality Bites The Time of Our Lives 1994 | 81min The life and times of an East End Irish family. Collection: London Calling A Time There Was…A Profile of Benjamin Britten (South Bank Show) 1980 | 90min The life of Suffolk’s greatest musical son. Collection: Eastward Ho! Time to Go 1989 | 30min A characteristically polemical documentary by Ken Loach, arguing for the withdrawal of British troops from Northern Ireland. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective Time-Lapse Study of Nail Growth 1960 | 2min Serious scientific study or long-lost avant-garde body horror? You decide. Collection: Pandora’s Box Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy 1979 | 41min An episode of the intricately plotted serial based on the spy novel by John Le Carré. Collection: TV Heaven Compilation of the madcap children’s Saturday morning show presented by Chris Tarrant. Collection: The Kids Are Alright The Titanic Disaster 1912 | 5min Gaumont’s newsreel boasted a brief glimpse of the real Titanic in dock prior to her ill-fated maiden voyage. Collection: Save Our Souls: Disaster at Sea Titanic: A Question of Murder? [Production material] 1983 | 88min An extended interview with surviving Titanic crewman Major Prentice, filmed for a 1983 documentary. Collection: Save Our Souls: Disaster at Sea Titanic: The Mission Five-part series following a team of engineers as they rebuild sections of the legendary liner. Collection: Save Our Souls: Disaster at Sea To Have and to Hold 2000 | 13min A woman finds herself in a gruesome predicament after a car crash in the deep, dark woods… Collection: Pandora’s Box To Keep Our Way of Life 1959 | 54min A West Indian man working in Britain faces prejudice, suspicion and jealousy. Collection: Black Britain The Tocher; A Film Ballet by Lotte Reiniger 1938 | 5min The ‘wee folk’ help a man woo his true love in Lotte Reiniger’s ‘film ballet’. Collection: Pandora’s Box To-day We Live; a Film of Life in Britain 1937 | 23min Impassioned socialist view of Depression-era Britain. Collection: Reality Bites East End and Butlers Wharf locations feature in this under-seen drama about two deaf men. Collection: London Calling Together Alone 2009 | 30min The last of a generation of East London Jews tell their story with humour and optimism. Collection: Oy Britannia Torment 1947 | 78min A mentally unstable novelist commits murder in a twisted attempt to give himself a feeling of reality. Collection: Gothic: Monstrous Tommy Cooper’s Christmas 1973 | 51min Magic, music and sketches with the kooky comedian, with appearances by Sacha Distel and Clodagh Rogers. Collection: Santa’s Grotto Tommy Steele My Life, My Song 1974 | 60min An evening of music and anecdotes from Bermondsey boy Tommy Steele. Collection: Beautiful South The Tomorrow People 1973 | 24min ‘Series 1 Episode 1: ‘The Slaves of Jedikiah’. The Tomorrow People find a new recruit in the first ever episode of the hit show. Collection: Sci-Fi: Days of Fear and Wonder Tom’s Ride Tom wants a bike and finds a wallet – will he do the honourable thing? Collection: Pandora’s Box Tonite, Let’s All Make Love in London 1967 | 72min Vivid, memorable doc examining the ‘swinging’ London phenomenon. Collection: London Calling Too Late to Talk to Billy 1982 | 85min Blistering, Belfast-set drama of a family at loggerheads, starring Kenneth Branagh. Collection: Play for Today Too Long a Winter 1973 | 47min Documentary about the lifestyle of a lone female farmer in the most isolated corner of the Yorkshire Dales. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Toot-an-kum-in Daily Sketch Cambridge students re-enact the opening of Tutankhamun’s tomb in a rag week stunt. Collection: Eastward Ho! Top of the Pops ‘78 (Inc. Kate Bush ‘Wuthering Heights’ promo video) 1978 | 59min Kate Bush throws some ethereal shapes in the iconic music video for ‘Wuthering Heights’. Collection: The Book Group All the fun of the Newcastle Town Moor Fair from over 100 years ago. Collection: North by North East Town Sparrows 1949 | 16min A day in the life of a group of children from Oldbury in the West Midlands. Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen. The Trade Winds Blow Glossy cinemagazine following the decline (and possible renaissance) of industry in the North East. Collection: North by North East Trafalgar Square Riot A suffragette procession in Trafalgar Square causes a riot. Collection: London Calling Traffic Island 1994 | 27min Five people and a dog cope with harsh conditions when they become marooned – on a traffic island just off Hemel Hempstead. Collection: Pandora’s Box A sizzling insight into student life in the ’30s. Collection: The Joy of Sex Education A Trip Down the Clyde 1921 | 2min A visit to the Dumbarton Rock and Rothesay shipyards. Collection: This Working Life: Tales From the Shipyard A Trip to North Wales on the St. Elvies 1902 | 2min All aboard the St. Elvies paddle steamer to Llandudno with Mitchell and Kenyon. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Tropical Hookworm Instructional film for African audiences on the causes and prevention of disease. Collection: Cape to Cairo The Trouble With Black Men 2004 | 53min David Matthews’ polemic unpicking the preconceptions that surround African-Caribbean men in Britain today. Collection: Black Britain The Trouble With…Gay Men 2006 | 56min After years of political and cultural progress, why do so many of today’s gay men seem content to conform to stereotypes? Collection: Beautiful Things The Truth About Gay Sex 2002 | 49min Ever wondered what gay men get up to in bed? Virgins, notepads at the ready… Collection: Beautiful Things Anti-Congress propaganda made by a District Officer. Collection: Before Midnight Trying to Kiss the Moon 1995 | 96min Film autobiography by the late Stephen Dwoskin drawing on home movies, photographs and extracts from his own experimental work. Collection: Unlimited: Disability on Screen Tryweryn 1965 | 37min Amateur film by Bangor schoolchildren, about the hugely controversial flooding of a valley to create the Llyn Celyn reservoir. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Tulip Town Tiptoe through the tulip parade at the vibrant Spalding festival. Collection: Heartlands Tunde’s Film 1973 | 40min A rarely seen portrait of racial tension in London’s East End, featuring original music by Joan Armatrading. Collection: Black Britain Spectacular sci-fi tale about the troubled construction of a transatlantic tunnel. Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace Turkey Time 1933 | 72min Festive frolics in a seaside town. Politically correct viewers, look away now. It’s Turkey Time! Collection: Funny Girls A Turn Up For Tony 1968 | 30min Tati-esque comedy – Tony Tanner seeks a job and a girlfriend in Newcastle. Collection: North by North East The Turning Point (Horlicks Ad) 1951 | 3min Who needs a marriage councillor when a mug of Horlicks is at hand? Collection: Pandora’s Box Twelve Views of Kensal House 1984 | 55min Can the social housing ideals of the ’30s survive in a very different era? Collection: The Promised Land The ancient and the modern worlds come together in the North East coal industry. Collection: North by North East Tynemouth Swimming Gala in the Haven, North Shields 1901 | 1min Racing swimmers take the plunge – wearing top hats and tails. Collection: North by North East Tyneside 1941 | 17min The building of the ‘Dominion Monarch’ on the River Tyne – the most powerful motor liner in the world. Collection: North by North East Tyrannosaur Paddy Considine’s directorial debut, a powerful Sheffield-set tale of rage and redemption. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen UCS 1 Campaign film used by the Clydeside shipyard workers. Collection: Boom Britain: We Can Work It Out An Ultra Modern House The ultimate in streamlined chic – on a hillside above Amersham. Collection: The Promised Land Un Nos Ola Leuad (One Full Moon) 1991 | 98min Haunting adaptation of Caradog Prichard’s classic novel, set in Snowdonia. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen The Uncharted Sea A young man discovers the perils – and sensual pleasures – of city life. Collection: The Joy of Sex Education Uncle Denis? US-born filmmaker Adrian Goycoolea recalls his Great Uncle Denis – aka Quentin Crisp. Collection: Beautiful Things Passions run deep on the London Underground. Collection: London Calling Undressing Extraordinary 1901 | 2min Classic comedy or early horror? A man finds taking his clothes off more difficult than usual. Collection: Pandora’s Box Uneasy Dreams: the Life of Mr Pickwick 1970 | 26min A fictional biography of Mr. Pickwick, from childhood to his adventures in Dickens’ The Pickwick Papers. Collection: Hard Times: Dickens on Screen The Union Jack: A Banner for Britain 2006 | 60min Biography of the flag – from a symbol of national pride to its adoption by the BNP. Collection: Essentially British United Kingdom 1981 | 75min Play for Today at its most political – Tyneside communities take on the police and the state. Collection: Play for Today The Universe of Dermot Finn 1988 | 15min Guess who’s coming to dinner? A brilliant, touching short reminiscent of Tim Burton. Collection: Pandora’s Box Pay a visit to the nit nurse. Collection: Pandora’s Box Up the Junction 1965 | 70min Abortion and pre-marital sex are no longer off-limits in Ken Loach’s vibrant and controversial TV play, based on the book by Nell Dunn. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective Uppies and Downies Thrilling sport or hideous brawl? Medieval football, the Ashbourne way. Collection: Heartlands Upside Down or The Human Flies 1899 | 1min A mischievous magic trick that would inspire the special effects in 2001: A Space Odyssey. Collection: Pandora’s Box Urdd Gobaith Cymru – Anenwadol ac Amhleidiol 1930 | 8min The activities of the The Welsh League of Youth. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen USSR Now (This Week) 1958 | 59min Michael Ingrams tries to fathom Russian life over the course of three months as part of an exchange programme with Moscow. Collection: Visions of Change: The TV Documentary 1950s-60s V E Day War is over, and Gateshead celebrates in style. Collection: North by North East The Val Doonican Show Snuggle up with the Irish crooner for an evening of comedy, warmth and Nana Mouskouri. Collection: Santa’s Grotto Huge box office success detailing the life and loves of Queen Victoria (Anna Neagle). Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace Victoria Wood – As Seen on TV 1986 | 30min The joy of Victoria Wood: from Acorn Antiques to the erotic potential of bicycle clips. Collection: Essentially British A View from a Hill 2005 | 40min BBC Four revived the creepy Christmas tradition with M.R. James’ tale of a mysterious pair of binoculars. Collection: A Ghost Story for Christmas View From An Engine Front – Ilfracombe 1898 | 4min A bendy train trip through Devon – full steam ahead! Collection: Reality Bites The View from the Woodpile 1989 | 50min Ken Loach’s prescient documentary exposes the plight of the West Midlands’ disenfranchised youth. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective Views on Trial 1954 | 26min Amusing, yet heavily biased, industrial film – a disgruntled worker is put on trial for rallying against the introduction of machinery in the workplace. Collection: Boom Britain: We Can Work It Out A Village Affair 1995 | 120min A married mother’s life is turned upside down in the much-loved lesbian Aga saga from Joanna Trollope. Collection: Beautiful Things Richard Burton stars as a psychotic homosexual gangster based on Ronnie Kray. Collection: Beautiful Things Viola 1967 | 23min Experimental film using still imagery to convey a man’s fractured state of mind following the disappearance of his wife. Collection: Unlimited: Disability on Screen The Violent Playground The battle of wills between a Liverpool Juvenile Liaison officer and a dangerous young pyromaniac. Collection: Once Upon a Time in the North West The Vise 1958 | 25min WWII veteran and amputee Donald Gray stars as Detective Mark Saber in this early TV crime series. Collection: Unlimited: Disability on Screen The Vision 1988 | 105min Rarely seen sci-fi drama starring Dirk Bogarde as an unwitting TV presenter recruited by a sinister organisation to front their satellite channel. Collection: Bogarde on the Box Visit of Her Royal Highness the Princess Elizabeth 1951 | 18min The future Queen Elizabeth II visits Birmingham on 9 June 1951. Collection: Brum & Beyond: West Midlands on Screen. Visit of Their Majesties The King And Queen To The North-East Coast Ship-Building and Engineering On The Wear 1917 | 8min George V and Queen Mary visit the Sunderland shipyards. Collection: North by North East A Visit to an Art School 1929 | 35min Aspiring artists acquire their skills at Manchester School of Art. Collection: Once Upon a Time in the North West A Visit to Peek Frean and Company’s Biscuit Works 1906 | 36min Meet the workers at one of Bermondsey’s thriving family businesses. Collection: Beautiful South Vivienne Westwood (South Bank Show) 1990 | 52min Take a revealing peek into the working life of British fashion’s grande dame. Collection: Brit Chic Prolific documentary producers Gaumont-British Instructional promote their output to schools. Collection: Reality Bites Vymura Advert – Noddy and Big Ears 1982 | 2min Noddy’s interior decorating tips lead to a violent altercation with Big Ears. Collection: Toyland Tales and Happy Endings The W Plan Brian Aherne is dropped behind enemy lines in this inventive espionage thriller. Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace Waddington’s Piano Works, Scarborough 1930 | 9min See the painstaking craft processes that enable us to tinkle those ivories. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Wales v. Ireland at Wrexham 1906 | 2min An Edwardian treat for footie fans courtesy of Mitchell & Kenyon. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Wales’ Wonderful Rugby Win Wales thrash England with a landslide win. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Walter 1982 | 75min Ian McKellen stars as a man with learning difficulties in the first ever Film on Four broadcast, directed by Stephen Frears. Collection: Unlimited: Disability on Screen Waltzes From Vienna A real Hitchcock rarity, and a Hitchcock musical, to boot. Collection: Welcome to the Dream Palace The Wandering Jew 1923 | 108min The legend of the Wandering Jew, condemned to walk the earth until the Second Coming, is brought to the big screen. Collection: Oy Britannia Words of warning on the eve of the war from Sir John Anderson. Collection: Heartlands A Warning to the Curious 1972 | 50min An amateur archaeologist visits the remote Norfolk coast to search for a buried Saxon crown, angering the violent forces which guard it. Collection: A Ghost Story for Christmas Waterloo Road* Soldier John Mills goes AWOL in Lambeth to investigate rumours about his wife. Collection: Beautiful South Waterloo Sunset 1979 | 78min Queenie Watts stars as a spirited Cockney pensioner returning to her Lambeth roots in Barrie Keeffe’s standout Play for Today. Collection: London Calling Watership Down* 1978 | 92min “Bright eyes, burning like fire…” Memorably dark animated classic, based on Richard Adams’ bestselling children’s novel. Collection: March Hares & Easter Bunnies Watton Christmas Party American airmen entertain war orphans at Watton airfield, Norfolk. Collection: Eastward Ho! Learie Constantine and Una Marson introduce the war effort in the West Indies. Collection: Black Britain The Westcliff Cine Club Visits Mr. Hitchcock in Hollywood 1963 | 11min One lucky film club gets a very special address all the way from Universal Studios. Collection: Looking for Alfred We’ve Come a Long Way 1951 | 11min The history of the oil tanker, as told through Halas & Bachelor’s vivid animation. Collection: This Working Life: Tales From the Shipyard What a Life! Rationing, moaning and burnt toast. A film for pessimists. Collection: Essentially British What Can I Do With a Male Nude? 1985 | 24min Ron Peck’s amusing rumination on the difficulties of showing the naked masculine body. Collection: Beautiful Things What Do You Do On Friday Night? 1926 | 2min Dance the night away at the Cambridge Varsity Dance Club. Collection: Eastward Ho! What Have You Done Today, Mervyn Day? 2006 | 45min Saint Etienne’s hymn to a vanishing east London – before the Olympic bulldozers moved in. Collection: London Calling What We Want is Watney’s: Michael Caine 1959 | 1min A pre-fame Michael Caine stars in this advert for Watney’s ale. Collection: Pandora’s Box What Will You Be Doing in 2012? 2004 | 7min East London school children discuss their hopes for 2012. Collection: Sport at Heart Whatever Happened to the Likely Lads? 1973 | 30min The Likely Lads’ finest (half) hour – can they avoid hearing the football results? Collection: Essentially British A remarkably explicit warning to WWI soldiers about the perils of fraternizing with loose women. Collection: The Joy of Sex Education What a Difference a Gay Makes 1984 | 30 min Is homosexuality contagious? Former Gay News editor Denis Lemon busts some myths in this edition of Diverse Reports. Collection: Beautiful Things What’s a Girl Like You… 1969 | 45min Scintillating look at the 1960s drag renaissance, with a visit to London’s Royal Vauxhall Tavern. Collection: Visions of Change: The TV Documentary 1950s-60s When Coal Was King with Ricky Tomlinson 2006 | 60min Ricky Tomlinson’s personal history of British coal mining, lavishly illustrated with footage from the BFI National Archive. Collection: This Working Life: King Coal When I Came to Britain 2004 | 12min Caribbean settlers in the UK recall their first impressions of Britain. Collection: Black Britain It’s never too late to come out… Collection: Beautiful Things When the Boat Comes In 1976 | 50min The first episode of the much-loved BBC series set in the fictional town of Gallowshield – loosely based on South Shields. Collection: North by North East When The Boat Comes In 1976 | 50min Dance ti’ thy daddy, sing ti’ thy mammy – Bill Seaton digs under the floorboards for precious coal in an episode from the much-loved series. Collection: This Working Life: King Coal Where There’s a Curd… There’s a Whey 1979 | 22min Is Yorkshire’s famous Wensleydale cheese under threat from mechanisation? Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Which Side Are You On? 1984 | 50min Ken Loach’s anthology of songs and poems inspired by the Miners’ Strike, controversially refused a broadcast by the South Bank Show. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective Whicker’s World California 1980 | 53min Alan Whicker investigates San Francisco’s controversial new policy of recruiting gay and lesbian police officers. Collection: Beautiful Things Gently subversive Ealing comedy about whisky smuggling in the Hebrides. Collection: Scottish Reels Whistle and I’ll Come to You 2010 | 55min John Hurt stars in ‘Spooks’ writer Neil Cross’ modern take on Jonathan Miller’s classic 1968 chiller. Collection: A Ghost Story for Christmas Whistle and I’ll Come to You 1968 | 42min Classic ghost story in which Michael Hordern summons a phantom apparition while holidaying in Norfolk. Collection: Eastward Ho! The White Shadow 1924 | 43min Hitchcock worked on this silent feature – thought lost until 2011 – about a young woman possessed by the soul of her dead twin. Collection: The Shaping of Alfred Hitchcock White Tribe Darcus Howe goes in search of white England. Collection: Essentially British Pagan rites on a Scottish isle in the original cult favourite. Collection: Essentially British Wil Cwac Cwac 1985 | 5min Children’s animation based on the Welsh-language stories by Jennie Thomas and J.O. Williams about a mischievous duckling. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen The Wild and the Willing 1962 | 115min A young cast of future stars features in this X-rated university-set drama. Collection: Heartlands The Wild Duck 1957 | 90min The idealistic son of a corrupt businessmen exposes a lifetime of lies in Ibsen’s masterpiece, directed for TV by Ealing regular Charles Crichton. Collection: Missing Believed Wiped: The Library of Congress Discoveries William Meiklejohn’s Family Films 1935 | 17min These home movies include footage of Darjeeling, West Bengal and Bangladesh. Collection: Before Midnight Women’s clubs in rural Rhodesia. Collection: Cape to Cairo The Woman for Joe 1955 | 94min A hawker at Nottingham’s Goose Fair attempts to find a woman for his latest attraction – ‘The World’s Smallest Man”. Collection: Heartlands John Bruce 1982 | 277 min Five-part BBC adaptation of Wilkie Collins’ Victorian chiller. Collection: Gothic: Love is a Devil Women in Tropical Places Women on the verge of a Newcastle breakdown. Collection: North by North East Women of Steel Documentary celebrating the contribution of Sheffield’s female steelworkers during WWII. Collection: This Working Life: Steel Women of the Rhondda Four women living in a South Wales mining village describe their experiences. Collection: Through the Dragon’s Eye: Wales on Screen Women’s Rights aka Ladies Skirts Nailed to a Fence 1899 | 1min Victoria Wood’s first TV sketch show, co-starring Julie Walters. Collection: Funny Girls Woodbine Place 1989 | 105min A gentle observation of the private world of children living on a Gateshead street, and a follow-up documentary shot 4 years later. Collection: North by North East The World of George Orwell: 1984 1965 | 113min The BBC’s second impressive adaptation of Orwell’s dystopian classic, thought lost until 2010. Collection: Sci-Fi: Days of Fear and Wonder Work at St Dunstan’s 1916 | 1min Visually impaired servicemen learn new skills on their return to civilian life. Collection: Unlimited: Disability on Screen Work Study and Tom Howard 1958 | 20min British Rail wants to follow the work study model – but Tom Howard is not a fan. Collection: Boom Britain: We Can Work It Out Workers at Jesse Crossley and Sons Ironworks, Ripley 1900 | 2min Victorians take a break from work. Collection: Heartlands Workers Leaving Butterley Ironworks, Ripley 1900 | 3min The end of a hard day’s work in Derbyshire, over 100 years ago. Collection: Heartlands Workforce of Scott and Co Shipyard Greenock 1901 | 2min Workers leaving the Greenock-based shipbuilding firm. Collection: This Working Life: Tales From the Shipyard Working Class Dykes From Hell 1992 | 60min Lesbians talk about being out, proud and working class. Collection: Beautiful Things England’s finest hour? World Cup coverage from the BBC. Collection: Sport at Heart A World is Turning (Rushes) 1948 | 40min Six reels of rushes are all that remain of this unfinished film showcasing talented members of Britain’s black and Asian communities. Collection: Black Britain The World of Frank Letch 1978 | 30min Quietly inspirational documentary about an ordinary man born with no arms, and life in his adopted South Wales. Collection: Unlimited: Disability on Screen The World of Wooster The only surviving complete episode of this 1965-66 adaptation of Wodehouse’s much-loved stories. Collection: TV Heaven The World Ten Times Over 1963 | 93min British cinema’s earliest lesbian relationship? Collection: Beautiful Things World’s First Caterpillar Track 1908 | 6min It’s tractor vs. tractor in this gruelling test to see who will triumph – will it be steam or petrol? Gentlemen, start your engines. Collection: Pandora’s Box 9/11 and its after-effects on a young Muslim woman. Collection: Essentially British The Year of the Sex Olympics 1968 | 104min Nigel Kneale’s daring play set in a future Britain, where the appetites and passions of the masses are controlled by television. Collection: Sci-Fi: Days of Fear and Wonder Yellow 1996 | 12min A young girl pits her wits against her mother’s lover in this provocative short starring Ray Winstone. Collection: Cinema of Tomorrow Yellowbacks 1990 | 80min Chilling drama with an all-star cast, set in a near future when authorities wield draconian powers in the wake of viral epidemics. Collection: Sci-Fi: Days of Fear and Wonder Yellow Caesar Ealing’s blackly comic propaganda film attacking fascist dictator Benito Mussolini. Collection: Ealing Studios: Propaganda Shorts Yellow Week at Stanway J.M. Barrie’s whimsical home-movie record of a summer house party in the Cotswolds. Collection: Pandora’s Box A death-row dame (Diana Dors) awaits execution for murder. Collection: The Gentle Sex Yorkshire Beaches 1945 | 14min A stunning colour record of family life on the Yorkshire coast made despite wartime film rationing. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen Yorkshire Curiosities Amateur documentary capturing some of the region’s more esoteric delights. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen The Yorkshire Disco Dancing Championships 1980 | 26min Step inside Doncaster’s answer to Studio 54 for a glitter-strewn edition of the regional TV talent show. Collection: God’s Own County: Yorkshire on Screen You in Your Small Corner 1962 | 82min Lloyd Reckord stars as a gifted student confronting the race and class divide in 1960s Brixton. Collection: Beautiful South You Made Me Love You: Nathan Evans Films David Hoyle 2008 | 79min Avant-garde performance artist David Hoyle muses on capitalism, gay rights and mental health in a series of six short films: Dave’s Drop-in Centre, A Village Stroll with David Hoyle, Natural Human, Manchester (So Much to Answer For), At Home with David Hoyle and On the Couch with David Hoyle. Collection: Beautiful Things Young British Artists (South Bank Show) 1998 | 45min Profile of YBAs Gillian Wearing and Gary Hume. Collection: Farewell South Bank Show Young Lesbians The problems facing young lesbians at the end of the 1970s. Collection: Beautiful Things The day the cosmonaut came to town. Collection: Once Upon a Time in the North West Z Cars 1964 | 50min When a young African man attacks a bailiff, his wife does not believe he will get unprejudiced treatment from the Newtown police. Collection: Black Britain Z Cars: A Straight Deal 1964 | 50min PC Lynch makes an unexpected discovery in this episode of the police drama series, directed by Ken Loach. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective Z Cars: Profit by Their Example 1964 | 44min A businessman takes on local hooligans in the first of three episodes of Z Cars directed by Ken Loach: Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective Z Cars: The Whole Truth 1964 | 50min A slow-witted former boxer becomes embroiled in a police investigation in this episode of Z Cars directed by Ken Loach. Collection: Ken Loach: A Retrospective A Zed and Two Noughts 1985 | 112min Peter Greenaway’s visionary tale of a woman who loses her leg in a car accident – caused by a low-flying swan. Collection: Unlimited: Disability on Screen
i don't know
In which Cornish town is there a National Maritime Museum?
Cornish Holiday Guide | Cornish Holidays | National Maritime Museum in Cornwall « View all articles National Maritime Museum in Cornwall One of the great attractions in Cornwall is The National Maritime Museum in Greenwich’s sister museum in Falmouth. It has just as an important to tell. Where the NMM in Greenwich concentrates upon larger vessels, the NMM in Cornwall’s focus is upon small craft, probably closer to every day people’s lives. The museum, located in the harbour front of Falmouth, houses several collections of national importance. The National Small Boat Collection limits its boats to 30 feet / 14.2 metres (with a few exceptions). Located in the main hall, there is a flotilla of small craft suspended from the ceiling, including sailing, row boats, canoes, and motor boats of various sizes and speeds. The Cornish Maritime Collection contains archive, models, objects and pictures whose theme is centred around the history of Cornwall. From a letters, including a mother pleading for £60 to redeem her son from slavery at the hands of the Barbary Pirates, a meat cask for storing salted meat in the olden days and a barocylonometer. The collection is many, varied and quite fascinating. The NMM also provides the home for the Royal Society of Marine Artists with more than 100 works of art. And this isn’t even touching on the other areas and exhibitions of the Museum. Really you just have to go and see it , it’s a great day out
Falmouth
Which word completes the name of these British butterflies - 'Lulworth', 'Chequered' and 'Grizzled'?
Visiting the National Maritime Museum Cornwall - Aspects Holidays Blog   >  Visiting the National Maritime Museum Cornwall Visiting the National Maritime Museum Cornwall Places to visit Thursday 7th January 2016 The sea has always provided food, livelihoods and an essential trade link to the outside world for the people of Cornwall .  Not surprisingly, boats and seafaring form a huge part of its cultural heritage. Together with Carrick Roads, its main port of Falmouth is the third deepest natural harbour in the world, the town’s fortunes owing much to its maritime past, present and future. The starting point for numerous expeditions, naval conquests and yacht races for hundreds of years, Falmouth is also home to the multi-award winning National Maritime Museum Cornwall . Situated on Discovery Quay, the museum holds the National Small Boat Collection as well as its own collection of Cornish and other small boats. Its mission is to promote an understanding of boats and their place in people’s lives, and of the maritime heritage of Cornwall. Exploring Cornwall’s fishing, trading, boatbuilding, wrecks and emigration history, you’ll be amazed at how innovative and courageous Cornish seafarers were, the Falmouth Packet story, those plucky mail ships servicing the Empire, warranting a mini exhibition of its own. But you don’t have to be a sailor to appreciate the wealth of ‘boaty’ artefacts and information on display. Equally fascinating for landlubbers of all ages, it’s the stories of the people who sailed and adventured in these boats that make this museum really come alive, and those of intrepid seafarers today – still battling the elements, beating the odds, respecting the mighty ocean, and sailing on the high seas. With fifteen galleries over five floors, housing a varied mix of permanent and temporary exhibitions, and lots of hands-on activities, there’s plenty to see and do. The hard part is deciding where to begin. We headed to the top, right to the top of the 100ft Look-out Tower, where we caught the tail-end of a talk given by one of the friendly volunteers. The views over Falmouth harbour are stunning, and help put where you are into context. From vast cruise ships, to gunmetal grey naval vessels, to pleasure boats of all shapes and sizes, moored up as far as the eye can see, it’s worth the stair climb for this panorama alone. From here we went down, right down to the Tidal Zones, where enormous 22ft windows give you a glimpse into the harbour’s natural underwater environment. It’s like looking at a giant aquarium full of shrimp, barnacles, fish (seals if you’re lucky) or going scuba diving without the hassle of tanks and all the kit. Cormorants occasionally do dive-bys as well. No mermaids when we were there though. The main attraction on the ground floor, Viking Voyagers, invites you on an epic journey to discover the truth behind the popular myth of these bloodthirsty raiders. On until January 2nd 2017, this world-class exhibition offers a rare opportunity to see antiquities on loan from the British Museum, National Museum of Ireland, National Museum of Denmark and Manx National Heritage. Expert seamen and navigators, their name for the sea was ‘whale road’, and for 300 years (700 –1050) Vikings looted, traded and settled on four continents as far as Canada and Iraq. They also made landfall in Cornwall, with Viking coins and pins having been found in Hayle and Phillack, and a bronze stirrup in Sennen. Largely known for their warring tendencies, turns out Vikings were early recyclers too, actively re-using materials and repairing their vessels, with any that were too far gone being burnt, and the nails retrieved from the ashes. An average sized boat required: 90 trees, 480kg iron (8000 nails) 200kg wool, 2200m cordage, and 50,000 man hours to build – commonly clinker construction, the same as Cornish gigs! Women were tasked with spinning and weaving to make the material for the sails, as well as for clothing, blankets, bags and tents. A full scale 14m climb aboard replica cargo ship provides a real flavour of what it might have been like to go ‘Viking’. Built by the Falmouth museum team, broad and very shallow, it would’ve been crewed by 5-8 men, trading staples of oats and butter, exotic spices, beads and even slaves. Waxed leather hoods and ethically sourced sheepskins you can dress up in, plus sniff and smell barrels of ale and salted fish, those little extras that make visiting this exhibition a far cry from just Googling it. Also on the ground floor is the Survival Zone, detailing stories of unbelievable human endurance and hope, from Tony Bullimore who was plucked from icy seas five days after his boat capsized, to Sir Ernest Shackleton and crew’s incredible 800 mile journey in a lifeboat, after their ship had been crushed in pack ice in the Weddell Sea. And the Robertson family of four and a friend, who survived for 38 days in the Pacific in a tiny dinghy, mainly due to Lyn Robertson’s skills as a nurse. And if you’ve ever wondered what it was like to be a lighthouse keeper, there’s a lovely exhibition about Godrevy Lighthouse too.  Considered sacrilege to take the kettle off the boil, tea was their lifeblood. Keepers were generally good bakers and cooks, experts at cards and board games, cross-stitch and embroidery, read an awful lot of books, and polished with Brasso daily. You can also try your hand at semaphore, signalling messages with flags. Pick your letters right and it’s possible to do a passable impression of Night Fever disco dancing. On until February 21st, Mermaids at Sea, highlights the hidden histories of women who have embraced the challenges of the open seas, making their mark in a male dominated world. From Mary Lang, who crewed on the last Windjammer to sail from South Australia to Cornwall in the 1930s, to Dame Ellen MacArthur, the fastest woman ever to circumnavigate the globe solo, their stories are brought to life using film, photography and fascinating objects. Kids are well catered for, particularly during holiday periods, thanks to an exciting workshop programme featuring storytelling, craft activities, theatre shows and themed events to coincide with guest exhibitions. Fully accessible too, wheelchair users rate the museum as being brilliant. Guide dogs and hearing dogs are welcome, while many of the interactive exhibits and objects on display, and oral history and music audio, are ideal for people with sensory impairment. Grab a cuppa or some lunch at the Waterside Café, have a go at sailing a mini radio-controlled yacht, learn all about weather systems, why boats float and more. Fun and educational, you don’t need to wait for a rainy day to enjoy visiting one of Cornwall’s premiere attractions. Exceptional value for money, if you’re planning a return visit to Cornwall, tickets are valid for multiple entry for a full 12 months from the date of purchase. For opening times and further information, visit:  www.nmmc.co.uk
i don't know
For which Rugby League club did Neil Fox play over 550 games between 1956 and 1974, apart from one season with Bradford Northern?
History of rugby league History of rugby league I intend to post a history of every professional rugby league club in England and some from Australia. I would welcome any contributions that anyone wants to make Friday, June 02, 2006 The History of Wakefield Rugby League Club In 1873 a group of young men from the local Holy Trinity Church formed the Wakefield Trinity club. One of the initial forces in the game, Trinity won the Yorkshire Cup four times in nine years and was one of the initial 22 clubs to form the Northern Union after the acrimonious split from the Rugby Football Union in 1895.Trinity won the Northern Union Challenge Cup for the first time in 1909, beating Hull 17-0 at Headingley. The corresponding 1914 final saw the result reversed, with Hull winning 6-0, and proved to be an accurate guide to the teams pre-war endeavours, as Trinity lost four Yorkshire Cups in the thirties with a side that included club stalwart Jonty Parkin.If the pre-war years were austere then the post-war period was bright and bullish for the Dreadnoughts. The first Wembley final after the war produced a return to winning ways as Trinity, with names such as Billy Stott, Herbert Goodfellow and Mick Exley, pipped Wigan to the Cup 12-13. .The club was not destined to return to Wembley until 1960 and had to slake its thirst for silverware on two Yorkshire Cup and two Yorkshire League victories in the 1950's. Wakefield returned to Wembley emphatically with a record 38-5 win v Hull under the guidance of coach Ken Traill and loose forward Derek "Rocky" Turner.Wakefield won their third Challenge Cup victory two years later in 1962, running out 12-6 winners v Huddersfield. The successful defence of the Cup the next year iced a spectacular period in the club's history with three Wembley titles in four years. Further renown was arrested due to two Championship Final defeats in 1960 and 1962 v Wigan and Huddersfield respectively.One of Trinity's great servants, centre Neil Fox, who scored a record 6,220 points in his 23 year career (19 with Wakefield) was coming to prominence, however, in Trinity's up and coming side. The club were victorious in a dour 1962 Challenge Cup win over Huddersfield although the Fartowners went on to deny them the double a few days later in the Championship final..With a victorious defence of the Cup in 1963, their fifth Challenge Cup title, Wakefield had still not been able to achieve the league championship title. The Holy Grail would be achieved in the 1966-67 season when a seasoned, Harold Poynton led side that included Neil and Don Fox, Gary Cooper and Ray Owen, defeated Saints in a replay. They repeated the title feat the following year v Hull KR but were again denied the double when Leeds defeated them in the 1968 'water splash' final at Wembley.Wakefield absorbed a number of different coaches at the helm in subsequent years but did not return to Wembley until Bill Kirkbride's talented charges fell 12-3 to Widnes in 1979 in front of nearly 100,000 people.The ensuing decline was temporarily halted when 'the King' Wally Lewis signed up for a brief spell with the club. But even the presence of the mercurial Kangaroo five-eighth couldn't prevent an inconsistent Wakefield from fluctuating between the two divisions. Former player David Topliss stabilised the Dreadnoughts' ship in the late eighties. He won immediate promotion in 1988 and consolidated the clubs top tier status by acquiring the services of seasoned internationals like Steve Ella, Mark Graham, Brian Jackson as well as now former Wildcats' coach Andy Kelly and later John Harbin after flirtations with temporary coach Tony Kemp in 1999.Wakefield were reduced to lower division football with the arrival of Super League in 1995 but earned their place in the top flight on the back of their dramatic victory over Featherstone in the inaugural Division One Grand Final in 1998. After years of struggling to keep up with the SL pace which saw the Wildcats finish next to bottom on most of there attempts they finally got around to making headway up the league, With the appointment of Shane McNally as head coach and Tony Smith as his assistant the pair guided the Wildcats to there 1st ever SL play off position finishing in 6th place in 2004 after a slow start to the season the Wildcats finished stronger than any other team in the competition giving the Wildcats fans some hope of a little glory at the club which had been missing for too long. Away at the KC Stadium in Hull the Wildcats produced a remarkable performance and managed to beat Hull despite having two men sin binned. A highlight of a magnificent performance was Michael Korkidas's run at the start of the 2nd half which saw the Wildcats run out eventual winners in a close hard fought game. The semis saw Wakefield visit Wigan away and there was real hope in the camp that they would make the elimination final play off and all looked to be going that way when the Wildcats led 14-0 but decisions went the way of the Wigan Warriors so it wasn’t yet to be but Wakefield fans will look back on these two games with fondness for many years. posted by Michael Saville @ 12:54 PM   4 comments Tuesday, March 14, 2006 The History of Hull Rugby League Club Hull FC is one of the oldest clubs in the League and was formed by a group of ex-public schoolboys from York in 1865. Following a succession of grounds and headquarters, the club moved into the Hull Athletic Club’s ground at the Boulevard and played their first game there in September 1895, when a record crowd of 8,000 witnessed the ‘Airlie Birds’ defeat Liversedge in the very first season of Northern Union Football. Hull FC was one of the original clubs to apostatise from the RFU. Hull prospered and their famous black and white irregular hooped jerseys became one of the most famous and feared strips in the League. Between 1908-10, Hull lost three consecutive Northern Union Cup Finals, and has in fact lost in more major finals than anyone else. In 1913 they paid a world record £600, plus an astounding £14 per match, to Hunslet for three-quarter Billy Batten. A year later the investment had paid dividends as the Airlie Birds won their first Challenge Cup, beating Harold Wagstaff’s stupendous Huddersfield in the semi-final and Wakefield Trinity in the final. In 1920 Batten was once again prominent in Hull’s first ever Championship final, scoring the only try in the 3-2 victory over Huddersfield. Also at that time, Jack Harrison, set the current Hull FC try scoring record for the number of tries scored in one season. Jack managed 52 tries in the 1913/14 season. The early 1920’s were bittersweet years for the club. In 1921 Hull won the Yorkshire Cup Final but lost the county Championship, both against deadly enemies Hull Kingston Rovers. Hull couldn’t emulate the successes of 1914, losing a further two consecutive Cup Finals in 1922-23 to Rochdale and Leeds respectively. The Yorkshire Cup and the top of the league table were some consolation. After a lean pre-war period, Hull won two Championships in three years, beating Halifax in 1956 and Workington two years later. These two triumphs healed the wound of two successive Yorkshire Cup final defeats immediately prior to them. Coach Roy Francis’ team fell in two further finals, consecutive Challenge Cup losses to Wigan and Wakefield in 1959 and 1960. All these reverses, when one hand had been grasping so many trophies, gave Hull a steely resolve and a thirst for success. That thirst was quenched to the point of drowning in a period of predominance that began with the coaching appointment of Arthur Bunting. Returning to the top flight without a single loss in 1978/79, the Airlie Birds lost the 1980 Cup Final to Hull KR. In 1982, Hull, crushed by Widnes in the Premiership final, avenged the defeat with an 18-9 Challenge Cup replay win. Players such as skipper David Topliss and Lee Crooks led the Hull of the early eighties. Hull won the league in 1983, also reaching the Premiership final, the Challenge Cup final and the Yorkshire Cup final. The latter trophy would be their one reward from the three finals. The signing of Kangaroo Test legend Peter Sterling maintained Hull’s level of excellence, and Bunting’s men brought home their third successive Yorkshire Cup Final but were edged out by Wigan at Wembley in 1985 – a game rated as arguably the greatest ever Challenge Cup Final. A number of subsequent coaches, including Australians Brian Smith and Noel Cleal failed to deliver a consistent return to the fans. Hull lost the Premiership Final in 1989 to Widnes, but two years later returned to beat them at Old Trafford. Hull was one of the clubs that suffered at the advent of Super League, failing to join the top tier until Phil Sigsworth guided his side to the First Division Championship in 1997. Peter Walsh took over until the middle of the 1999 season and was replaced by Steve Crooks. Ex-St. Helens and Gateshead Thunder coach Shaun McRae has been at the helm since 2000. The proposed amalgamation of Hull FC and the Super League’s newest club, Gateshead Thunder was accepted at the end of 1999 by a council of the other Super League Chairmen. Without this new partnership, Hull may well have ceased to exist after the loss of David Lloyd’s financial support. The Thunder, under the auspices of administrative wunderkinds Kath Hetherington and former Cronulla Sharks CEO Shane Richardson were introduced to Super League at the beginning of the 1999 season. Having attracted a hardcore of base support and finishing the season in sixth place, just one below the play-offs, the club incurred debts in the region of £700,000. With seemingly no contingency for losses, the club saw no option but to fold. The former Boulevard club, eschewing the ‘Sharks’ nickname and the deterioration that is indelibly associated with it, re-branded as Hull FC. Hull FC played at the Boulevard for 107 years and moved to their new home at the £44m state-of-the-art Kingston Communications Stadium in January 2003. Paul Parker scored the Club’s final try at the Boulevard on Tuesday 22 October 2002 against the New Zealand tourists. Since the move to the KC Stadium, Hull have had many high finishes in the Super League table. 2003 saw the team just miss on play off qualification to Warrington Wolves and in 2004 the club finished 3rd. 2005 can be seen as one of the most successful seasons in the clubs history with the now famous Powergen Challenge Cup success at the Millenium Stadium, Cardiff in late August. A last minute try made the scores 24-23 in Leeds Rhinos favour but Danny Brough made the successful conversion to make the scores 24-25. The final hooter saw huge elation from both the players and the many thousands of fans who had travelled to the Welsh capital. The remainder of the 2005 season saw the team finish 4th, behind Leeds, St. Helens and Bradford. Finishing fourth set up a home play off game against the Andrew Johns inspired Warrington Wolves and the Hull FC team didn't disappoint with a thrilling victory. This set up an elimination play off against the Bradford Bulls at Odsal Stadium. Unfortunately the much-hyped game turned into a very one sided affair with the Hull team playing with 12 men from as early as the 6th minute. The Bulls went on to win 71-0 and also went on to lift the coveted enage Super League trophy. Hull FC can certainly look forward to an exciting 2006 campaign with two home fixtures against rivals, Leeds Rhinos, two away fixtures to newly promoted Les Catalans and of course, the defense of the Powergen Challenge Cup which starts on the weekend of 11th/12th March. posted by Michael Saville @ 11:14 AM   3 comments Wednesday, January 18, 2006 History of Wigan Rugby League Club Wigan Warriors Rugby League Football Club is one of the most famous and successful sports club’s in the world. The club has grown from humble beginnings into one of the giants of British sport. The town’s first rugby club was Wigan F.C. founded in 1872 by a group of members of the town’s Cricket Club. Wigan FC played on Folly Field, near Upper Dicconson Street. Until financial problems and an inability to recruit quality players led to a merger with Up Holland F.C. and the creation of a new club Wigan and District F.C. The new club played its home games at the then Wigan Cricket Club, in Prescott Street. Eighteen months later however and this initial foray into the world of rugby was over and the club disbanded. In 1879 a new club Wigan Wasps was formed following a meeting in the Dicconson Arms. This new rugby club evolved into the current Wigan Warriors Rugby League Club we now know today. The club initially played in blue and white hooped jerseys before changing in 1886 to the now famous ‘Cherry and White’ hoops that are synonymous with the club today. In 1895 the Wigan club became founder members of the Northern Union following the breakaway from the Rugby Union. On 6 September 1902 the club played at its new purpose built ground Central Park for the first time against Batley in the opening match of the Northern Union’s newly formed First Division. An estimated crowd of 9,000 spectators saw Wigan beat Batley by 14 points to 8. The tenure at Central Park lasted until 1999 when the curtain fell on the famous old stadium after a pulsating final clash between Wigan and arch rivals St Helens. In between those years, the Cherry and Whites brought plenty of silverware back to Central Park, including 1 Grand Final Trophy, 17 League Championships, the Challenge Cup on many occasions including a record beating eight consecutive times between 1988 and 1995, 20 Lancashire Cups and a plethora of other titles including 3 World Championship wins. The first of those World Club Championship successes came in 1987, when Australian club side Manly came to Central Park and were defeated 8-4 in a thriller in front of a crowd of over 38,000. Other proud moments include a win by Great Britain in the 1992 test Series over Australia, when a pack of forwards made up entirely of Wigan stars pounded the Aussies into submission in Melbourne. But ask any current player the best moment in a Wigan shirt and chances are that the answer will be the 1994 World Club Championship success, when Wigan beat Brisbane against all the odds at the ANZ Stadium in Australia. Wigan now grace the JJB Stadium on a weekly basis and already they have been involved in many matches that have been listed as the best ever in the summer era of Super League. The JJB Stadium and rugby league seems like a perfect match. posted by Michael Saville @ 11:51 AM   0 comments Tuesday, January 17, 2006 History of Warrington Rugby League Club Warrington joined the split in response to the people's demands A HUNDRED years on from the revolutionary rugby split the world game underwent dramatic changes again. It seemed quite ironic that the centenary 1995 year planned for Rugby League to look back in celebration was turned on its head with the advent of Super League summer rugby and Rugby Union deciding to turn professional. The modern day changes were as controversial and provocative as 100 years earlier when the subject of money forced the big divide. But to understand the reasons behind rugby splitting into two codes you have to look back beyond 100 years, and it was as much a social issue as it was a sporting one. Warrington Rugby League Club's history goes back to 1876, but even this is a controversial point as Wire celebrated their centenary in 1979. Historians now believe that Warrington's beginnings were in 1876 when the Warrington Zingari Rugby Union Club was formed and the team played on a field in the Howley Wharf area. That was the start of a nomadic existence in a period when the game took off to dizzy heights in the working class circles of the north. Over the next seven years the club was to have five new homes – off Sankey Street at two different sites, off Wilderspool Causeway at two different sites and Slutchers Lane. In 1879, the present club was founded by several members of Padgate and Zingari, who decided to start a new team called Warrington. Amalgamations followed with Padgate Excelsior in 1881 and Warrington Wanderers in 1884. By this time Warrington were settled in at a site off Wilderspool Causeway, where Fletcher Street now stands. And a year later they attracted an estimated crowd of 10,000 to watch a game against Widnes. On that day, the ground's small wooden huts collapsed but no-one was injured. The game was attracting huge crowds all over the north of England as clubs became the focal points of their respective communities. Warrington responded to the demands. In 1888 a new stand was opened and a grass running track skirted the playing area. A rounders club was set up to encourage players to keep fit during summer months. The sport was having to learn to live with its increasing popularity. A league structure was created in Lancashire, Yorkshire and in the North West. By 1893, an A team had been established at Warrington, a county game had been played there and the club had made a tour of the Isle of Man. The game of Rugby League was then born out of necessity – a necessity to compensate players who worked in the mills, the foundries and the coal mines of northern England for wages they sacrificed in order to play rugby. On September 23, 1893, several Northern Rugby Union clubs made representation to the English Rugby Football Union (set up in 1871) asking that their players be given 'broken time payments'. The motion was defeated but two years later, on August 29, 1895, 21 clubs from Lancashire and Yorkshire, including Warrington, met at the George Hotel, Huddersfield, and voted to break away from the RFU. The new organisation, called the Northern Rugby Football Union, rested on the principle of a six-shilling (30p) broken time payment, so long as the players could prove that they were in full time employment. The opening matches were played on Saturday, September 7, 1895, a week before the start of the official Rugby Union fixtures. Players striked for a pay rise one month after historic split THE first season of the Northern Rugby Football Union was described by Warrington secretary, J. E. Warren, as 'the most remarkable in the history of the club.' His comments were made in the club's annual report at the end of the historic 1895/96 campaign. He said some of the club's members expressed doubt 'over the wisdom of the leap in the dark.' But he felt the opening season results had justified the committee's decision to join the 21 other clubs in the breakaway from the Rugby Football Union. Mr. Warren, elected president of the NRFU in 1897, continued in his report: "Reforms have been introduced into the game which I feel sure have made it more popular with the spectators. "Partly through this reason, but mainly through being favoured with an extraordinary mild winter, the money taken at the 'gates' was greater than in any preceding year." The opening matches were played on Saturday, September 7, 1895 and the results were: Bradford 11 Wakefield Trinity 0, Leigh 3 Leeds 6, Tyldesley 6 Manningham 0, Batley 7 Hull 3, Stockport 0 Brighouse 5, Liversedge 0 Halifax 5, Runcorn 15 Widnes 4, St. Helens 8 Rochdale Hornets 3, Broughton Rangers 0 Wigan 9. Huddersfield and Oldham had no fixture. Warrington began with a 5-4 win at home to Hunslet. Foden was the try scorer with Burton adding the conversion. The year ended with Warrington in 13th place in the NRFU. However, the season did not pass without controversy. A ceiling of six shillings per day was set on the broken time payments which had forced the rugby divide but the first to challenge the ceiling was Warrington. The first team decided to strike in October claiming 12/- as their expenses. Warrington's committee ignored the claim and promoted the second team. Mr. Warren stated in the annual report that the committee's stance had the heartiest support and earned for the club the respect of the other clubs in the union. Right from the start the new organisation's administrators were alive to the need to make their game even more attractive to the paying customer so that they would be able to recompense their players. At the end of the first season the competition was so keen, the playing standards so high and the crowds so good that many more clubs rushed to join the pioneers. At the first annual meeting at the George Hotel in August 1896 it was announced that 59 clubs were in membership. To boost the game's popularity further, the Northern Union launched the Challenge Cup for all member clubs and the first final was staged at Headingley, Leeds, on May 1, 1897. A crowd of around 14,000 paid £620 to see the game in which the 'Gallant Youths' of Batley beat St Helens 10-3 in a game played to standard Rugby Union rules. Then came new rules. Goals, however kicked, were to count as two points and line-outs were abolished to make way for the 'punt out' from touch. It was in 1898 that the game adopted the policy which made professionalism a fundamental part of the Northern game. A four-point charter agreed that professionalism be adopted, players properly registered, players to have 'legitimate' employment in a full time job and 'severe penalties' imposed for breaches of the charter. This obviously brought many problems but some of them were humerous. Shady jobs such as billiard marker, bookies runner and pub waiter were definitely taboo! And it was also in 1898 that Warrington moved to their Wilderspool Stadium home. A 10-year lease was agreed with Greenall Whitley for land on the east side of their existing ground, a pitch previously used by Latchford Rovers Rugby Club. It was necessary to move because the existing pitch was needed to build houses in Fletcher Street and £251 was spent on removing some of the fencing to establish the boundaries of what virtually became Wilderspool Stadium. Warrington major players in shaping the modern game THE success of the northern rugby breakaway was reflected in the 98-club league membership only three years after foundation. Once professionalism had been adopted Northern Rugby Football Union players began to reap the rewards. Northern Union players were better paid than soccer professionals with wages varying between 30 shillings (£1.50) and £4. In 1903, Warrington's Jack Fish received £3 to sign on for the season while George Dickenson received £4 to sign on, plus 17s 6d for a win or 12s 6d for a loss or a draw. Inevitably, in their search for good players and success, clubs began to look outside the traditional boundaries and to Rugby Union for major signings. These signings were made under cloak and dagger secrecy and opposition to these moves was particularly bitter in the Union stronghold of South Wales. Anger exploded when a man with a strange accent was discovered in Penarth to be a Wigan scout. He was ducked in the sea and rolled in the sand! The game was forever adapting to change in the early years with Warrington playing a major part in shaping the code towards the modern game. After the first season two county leagues were set up, the Lancashire and Yorkshire Senior Competitions, but in 1901 14 top clubs, including Warrington, set up what must be regarded as the first Super League. Then in 1902 they operated with two divisions and a rule change saw the 'punt out' from touch being scrapped and replaced by a scrum on the 10-yard line. Further changes to the game came in 1904 when it was decided that no more than three men would be allowed to scrum down in the front row. More re-structuring came in 1905 when one major league of 31 clubs was created. It was a complex system. League positions had to be decided on a percentage basis as not all the clubs played each other. But the two division set-up had had to be replaced because the Second Division system was putting clubs close to the brink of bankruptcy. It was not until the 1906/07 season that 13-a-side was brought in. It won approval of the NRFU after being proposed by Warrington and backed by Leigh. For that same campaign a new method of playing the ball was used. Also, a penalty was awarded for touch kicking and that again was Warrington's suggestion. Players and supporters on the 1905/06 New Zealand All Blacks Union tour of Great Britain were so impressed by the new rival northern code that on returning home they decided to sponsor a visit to England to play under League rules. It was agreed that the New Zealand tourists would receive 70 per cent of gate receipts, with guarantees of £50 for a midweek game and £100 for a Saturday. The tour would also be insured against loss. The proposed tour caused consternation in New Zealand and the All Blacks were stated to have signed assurances that they would do nothing 'contrary to the laws and the spirit of Rugby Union.' Baskervilles Team, the first Australasian tourists, arrived in Britain in October 1907. The 'All Golds' 35-match and three-Test tour was a huge success and their stop over in Australia en route to the Northern hemisphere gave vital impetus to a breakaway movement which was threatening to split the New South Wales Rugby Union over the issues of compensation payments. In 1908 came the expected Australian breakaway and the NSW Rugby Union decided to set up their own set of rules and send a team to Britain. Proceeds of the tour would be used to set up a NSW Rugby League on the tourists return. Town's Aussie import trend started in 1909 AUSTRALIA made history with their first tour of Great Britain in 1908. They played Warrington twice, losing 10-3 in November and drawing 8-8 in February, 1909. Australia met the Northern Union in the first Test at Park Royal, London, on December 12 and the game was drawn 22-22. The second Test was played, ironically, in the soccer stronghold of St. James' Park, Newcastle, and, in front of 22,000 fans, the British Northern Union side won comfortably. The third Test at Villa Park, Birmingham, proved an anti-climax with the Northern Union side winning 6-5. After the six-month tour ended two of the Australians, L. O'Malley and D. Frawley, stayed behind and signed for Warrington. It was the start of a long tradition for Warrington and Australian players. It was in this year that Warrington recorded their highest league win in the club's entire history. On April 12 they entertained St Helens and destroyed them 78-6. Prop forward George Thomas crashed over for five tries and landed nine goals too for a points total of 33, the highest individual haul for a Warrington player until Lee Briers came on to the scene with 40 points in a year 2000 Challenge Cup match. Although that first tour by the Australians was a failure financially, they proved their commitment to the game by inviting the Northern Union to send a touring team to Australia. The invitation was readily accepted. It became a journey to Australia and New Zealand and the first party of seaborn tourists arrived in Oz at the end of May 1910, and the late arrivals on June 2. Among them was Frank Shugars, Warrington's first tourist. He played in one Test against New Zealand. The eagerly awaited first Test on Australian soil was in Sydney when a huge crowd of more than 50,000 saw the Northern Union clinch a 27-20 win. The tourists beat Newcastle and Queensland and, with receipts totalling more than £6,000, the tour was financially safe. The second Test was played at Brisbane which the Northern Union again won, this time 22-17 and, as the Test series was decided, it was agreed that the third international should be against a combined Australian and New Zealand side. This was played at Sydney before yet another 50,000 crowd and the result was a draw. From Australia the tourists went on to New Zealand where they ran up big scores against the Maoris, Auckland, Rotorua and New Zealand 52-20 and the receipts of £520 brought tour proceeds to £11,000 from which the Union received £6,500 - a magnificent bumper return. Back on home soil, the 1910/11 season's benefit for flying winger Jack Fish brought in a little more than £268. Fittingly he bode farewell to Warrington fans with a try-scoring last performance against Coventry in the first round of the 1911 Challenge Cup competition. But as Warrington said goodbye to one hero, another arrived – Jimmy Tranter! Demands of the game continued to grow and Warrington had to adapt. The first section of the new north stand was opened (where the Brian Bevan Memorial Stand is located), seating 900 and costing £1,500 to build. Britain's amazing battle brigade clinch Test series THE years building up to World War One were eventful for Warrington and the Northern Union as a whole. The players at Warrington were in dispute again and were on strike for the second time in the club's history in 1913/14. Club officials were being kept busy because they were also working towards purchasing their ground off Greenall Whitley. That deal was completed in 1914 with the freehold being held in trust for club members until it became a limited liability company in 1941. Twenty five players from the Warrington club enlisted in the forces in 1914, but over the five years at war there were more than 90 past and present Warrington players who served their country. George Thomas was one of the fatalities. He was the man who set the club's record individual points haul for one match in the record 78-6 victory over St Helens in 1909. He scored five tries and nine goals. But prior to World War One there was a battle Down Under which did not feature any Warrington players. In 1914 came the Great Britain tour which was to include the magnificent 'Rorke's Drift' Test. After several warm up matches came the most remarkable eight-day period in Test history – a period that has never been equalled in the game – and it culminated in the courageous ‘Rorke's Drift' encounter. Three Tests were played at Sydney during the brief period. Despite injuries the Northern Union won the first Test 23-5. Incredibly, the second Test had been arranged for two days later and the Australians won 12-7 in front of a 55,000 crowd. Capitalising on public interest the Australian authorities threw the tourists' plans into complete chaos by rearranging the third Test just five days later. In vain the British managers, Messrs J. H. Houghton and W. J. Clifford, protested and when Mr. Clifford cabled Northern Union headquarters in Britain, a hastily convened management committee meeting, in true stiff upper lip manner, instructed the tourists to play. The message that came back from England concluded in true Nelson fashion: "England expects that every man will do his duty." The British team didn't let their country down – far from it. The crowd again topped 40,000 and they witnessed a rear guard action, by the tourists which was immediately dubbed 'Rorke's Drift' after the Zulu war action in which two British officers and 80 men held out against 4,000 Zulu warriors at Rorke's Drift, Zululand, in January 1879. In the first two minutes of the game winger Frank Williams twisted his leg, but despite this handicap, the tourists led 9-3 at half-time. Early in the second half Huddersfield forward D. Clark broke his collar bone. He tried to resume but had to leave the field and then Frank Williams' leg gave out and he left the field. To add to Britain's troubles Billy Hall suffered concussion going down on a loose ball. Ten tourists faced 13 Australians, a totally hopeless task with still 30 minutes to go, yet the miracle happened. There was less than 20 minutes to go when Johnson kicked and dribbled half the length of the field to touch down for a try and Wood landed a goal. Hall came staggering back on the field, Britain held out and at the end of the game the Sydney crowd rose and cheered the Britons off the field. The score was 14-6 and the series had been won against unbelievable odds. Good Fridays were bad for Arthur AS the professional game grew in Warrington, so did the works' competition of the Northern Union code. Just before World War One there were a staggering 48 teams in the town's works' competition – a record! 1919 brought the resumption of fixtures and in 1921 the club stormed to its first Lancashire Cup success. After narrow defeats of St. Helens Recs and Leigh, Warrington ended the hopes of Oldham in the final 7-5. But apart from that, success was hard to come by on the pitch for Warrington at this time and until 1926 the side never climbed above eighth place in the league. The team did have its stars despite the lack of success. Billy Cunliffe and Arthur Skelhorn toured Australia and New Zealand in 1920. There were administrative changes too with Mr. R. F. Anderton (Bob) taking on secretary's duties and S. Jones replacing Thomas Pemberton, who had served as treasurer for a marvellous 37 years. And the crowds kept flocking to Wilderspool. Although one player the audience would not have seen was 1920 tourist Arthur Skelhorn. Arthur, a forward, who signed in 1911, refused to play on Good Fridays. It is believed his reason for that was religious. He played 14 seasons with Warrington and served as a committee man too. Skelhorn played for Great Britain seven times. He was a regular for his county and scored 47 tries and one goal in his 250 appearances for Warrington. Ryder's troops so close yet so far When the outdated and parochial title Northern Union was replaced by Rugby League in 1922 the game was well and truly on its way. And the sport was becoming much more organised at supporter level. A new west perimeter wall and turnstiles were built at Wilderspool while in 1923/24 the supporters' club was formed. And what tremendous support it was in those early days. In 1925 the supporters' club provided Warrington with covered accommodation on the popular side of the ground, that's where the leisure centre was eventually built. Two years later the supporters' club donated a scoreboard. It was at this time that Warrington enjoyed their most successful league campaign since the breakaway. Skipper and scrum half Freddie Ryder was inspirational in leading his troops to runners-up in the 1925/26 championship. He was an ever-present in the club's 42-match season and he scored 17 tries. It proved to be a one-off season for Warrington though, as 12 months later they finished 17th in the one division format. A further development to Warrington's ground came in 1926 with the perimeter wooden fence being replaced by a concrete wall. All the ground work led to Warrington hosting the Lancashire Cup final and the Rugby League Championship final in 1927/28. The Warrington team's loss of form slumped to an all-time low in 1928 when the club suffered its then record defeat 68-14 at Hunslet. Wembley wonders A MOVEMENT began late in 1928 which was to have far reaching and amazingly successful repercussions for the game of Rugby League. Council members began to search for a permanent home for the great showpiece, the Challenge Cup final. Attendances had been rising and a 40,000 crowd at Rochdale had proved almost too much for police and ground staff. After many meetings with the authorities at the great new Empire Stadium, agreement was reached for the first Wembley Challenge Cup final to take place in 1929 The clubs destined to take their place in history were Dewsbury and Wigan, who met in the first Wembley final in May. The crowd was 41,500 and receipts were £5,600 which made the experiment well worth-while. Just for the record, Wigan lifted the cup 13-2. Warrington enjoyed cup success the season after lifting the Lancashire Cup for the second time with a 15-2 victory over Salford. And it was in 1933 that Wire enjoyed their first trip to Wembley in search of ‘double' success with already having the Lancashire Cup under their belts that season. Warrington's opponents for the Challenge Cup final were Huddersfield and the game attracted what was then a record crowd of 41,874. Unfortunately it was Huddersfield's year as they took the cup 21-17. Away from the Challenge Cup, Warrington maintained their superb record against Australian tourists with a 17-8 defeat of the Kangaroos in 1929. Tubby Thompson scored all Wire's points, three tries and four goals. Australians Bill Shankland and Nelson Hardy were signed for £550 and £450 in 1931. And the Aussie link continued in 1932 with Warrington secretary Bob Anderton elected as business manager for the tour Down Under. Rugby League took hold in France in the 1930s when the French Rugby Union found itself ostracised by its international fellows amid allegations of professionalism! As a result yet another breakaway movement was formed and they hosted an exhibition international game in Paris in 1933 and a year later they sent a representative side to England and staged the first Great Britain versus France Test match in April, 1934. 31,000 at Wilderspool THE mid-1930's was Warrington Rugby League Club's most successful period to date. After a first Wembley Challenge Cup final appearance in 1933, came Championship runners-up spots in 1934/35 and 1936/37 plus a Challenge Cup final defeat to Leeds in 1935/36. But four years of being so close yet so far were turned into glory in 1937/38 when Wire won the Lancashire League and the Lancashire Cup under the guidance of Chris Brockbank, who had become Wire's first team manager in 1936. Also in this era, Steve Ray established a new seasons' try scoring record with 33 in 1933, but that was increased to 34 in 1939 by Izzy Davies. January 1934 brought the opening of new dressing rooms underneath the main stand. Wilderspool hosted the 1934 Championship final between Salford and Wigan and attracted a bumper crowd of 31,565. That was a record but it was beaten in years to follow. The traditional pre-season friendly between Warrington and Wigan, the Locker Cup, started in 1938. It was then known as the Wardonia Cup and was donated by a local firm for charity matches. Charities and amateur football in both towns benefited from the proceeds of these games. Standing ovation for reserve team trialist FOR the second time, war brought a halt to Rugby League championship action. Only friendlies were played during World War Two, 1939 to 1945. Wilderspool was commandeered for storage space and many Wire stars guested for other clubs during this period. With no money coming in through the turnstiles, it left Warrington with difficulties in paying their bills. A meeting was called at the British Legion Club in 1942 and it was approved that the club should be formed as a limited company. In a successful bid to keep the club solvent a total of 10,000 shares, £1 each, were issued. The shareholders were soon to see value for their money with the arrival of an unknown Australian navy stoker in 1945. It was the start of a new era at Wilderspool. On November 10, 1945, Brian Bevan played a trial game in Warrington's A team against Widnes. Not surprisingly it was a try-scoring start and he received a standing ovation from the supporters. A week later he played for the first team as a trialist and the legend had begun. Warrington signed him on immediately and Bevan promised to return after his discharge from the Australian Navy. What an impact he had in 1946/47. Bevan set Wilderspool alight as he smashed the club's try scoring record with 48 tries in 42 appearances. His official debut came in the 10-5 second leg Lancashire Cup win at home to Salford, and again he was among the scorers. We are the champions! When Warrington got off to a bad start to their 1947/48 season, the club's ambitious officials decided to do something about it. Chairman J. S. Tilling and his directors swooped for Warrington-born Harold 'Moggy' Palin from Swinton and wasted no time in introducing to the front row close season signings Bill Darbyshire and Bill 'Spiv' Riley, both prop forwards. It made all the difference! Warrington went two months without defeat. Warrington became aware that they had to do something to make the most of their talented wingers, Bevan and Albert Johnson. So they strengthened their centre department with the capture of Albert Pimblett from Halifax and then Bryn Knowelden. Utility back Stan Powell also landed at Wilderspool. The result was that Warrington went undefeated in 20 games from December 1947 to April 1948, won the Lancashire League and gained a place in the Championship top four play-off. In the semi-final play-off, tries from Bevan 2, Pimblett 2, and hooker Dave Cotton, plus a goal from Palin, was enough to end the hopes of Huddersfield at Wilderspool. The Championship final was at Maine Road, home of Manchester City FC, with 69,341 supporters paying receipts of £9,700 to see the clash with Bradford Northern. Bevan and Pimblett crossed the whitewash again, with Powell adding the third as Wire secured an historical 15-5 success. And just for the record, Cotton won the scrums against Northern's Darlinson 38-28. Warrington were champions for the very first time! The team on that special day was: Les Jones, Brian Bevan, Albert Pimblett, Bryn Knowelden, Stan Powell, Jack Fleming, Gerry Helme, Bill Derbyshire, Dave Cotton, Bill Riley, Jim Featherstone, Bob Ryan, and Harold Palin. Pimblett proved to be an inspirational signing for Warrington that season. Not only did he score 19 tries himself but was provider for many of the 57 that Bevan scored, nine higher than the record he set in the previous year. There was another signing that season, Australian Harry Bath, who joined the club from Barrow in March, too late to be able to play in the top four play-offs. He was a world class second row who was to become a tower of strength to Warrington RLFC. Wire's first success at Wembley came in 1950 EXPECTATION was high from the current champions in 1948/49 and Warrington did not let their fans down. The team won the Lancashire League, on the back of 19 straight wins at the start of the season, finished runners-up to Wigan in the Lancashire Cup and runners-up to Huddersfield in the League Championship final at Maine Road, the stadium where Wire had become champions for the first time 12 months earlier. Warrington missed out on successive Championships by just one point, 13-12. A staggering 75,194 crammed into Maine Road. The attendance and the receipts of £11,073 were records for a northern ground. Wilderspool's record attendance was created in this season. The ground bulged at its seams as 34,304 turned out to see Warrington lose only their second game of the season – to Wigan! Almost 32,000 turned up to see the two teams battle out the pre-season friendly for the Ward Charity Cup at Central Park. Warrington's success switched away from the league competition in the 1949/50 campaign. This was a term in which Wire paid a then record fee of £4,600 for Ally Naughton from Widnes. The 20-year-old played a big part in helping Warrington reach the final of the Challenge Cup and it turned out to be Wire's first Wembley success. They defeated Widnes 19-0 in front of 95,000 fans. Just before Christmas, Warrington went down to the south of France for a weekend of action. They won at Toulouse 6-3 and followed it up 24 hours later with a 16-8 victory over Albi. Brockbank bowed out after 15 years IT was only right that in the highly successful Wire era of 1947 to 1955 that the club's stars should figure on the international scene. Prop Jimmy Featherstone and second rower Bob Ryan made the Great Britain tour Down Under in 1950 to become the club's ninth and 10th tourists. They returned to enjoy a fine 1950/51 season with Warrington, who finished the year as Lancashire League winners, Lancashire Cup runners-up and Championship runners-up. Second rower Harry Bath gave up his captaincy part way through the season because he felt the extra responsibilities had affected his game. Bryn Knowelden took over and ironically the team lost at Workington, only their third defeat in 20 games. A record 42,541 supporters at Swinton saw Warrington lose the Lancashire Cup final to Wigan 28-5. Warrington paid their third visit in four years to Manchester City's Maine Road to face Workington in the Championship final. Despite leading 8-3 at half-time, Wire went down 26-11. A big change for the club came in 1951 when manager Chris Brockbank ended 15 years at the helm to take up a hotel business in Blackpool. The man who came in to replace him was New Zealander Ces Mountford. He was introduced to the shareholders at the club's Annual Meeting held at the Co-op Hall, Cairo Street. Mountford, a regular in the Wigan team, accepted a 10-year contract as manager/coach and after some obstruction from Central Park chiefs he was eventually allowed to play for the club too. Another newcomer to the club during the season was Eric Fraser, the club's fifth full back on the books at that time. The 20-year-old joined from St Helens Junior Club and in later years was to become a Great Britain World Cup hero. And there was a new chairman too in F. W. Davies, who took over from P. F. Ward. Some things never changed that season – wing sensation Brian Bevan kept on scoring. In what turned out to be a disappointing 1951/52 campaign compared to previous years the Australian flyer, eventually to become the world record try scorer, crossed for 46 touch downs. He was also proving to Australia why he was worth an international spot too. He scored two tries for Other Nationalities against Wales, one for the British Empire side against the touring Kiwis at Chelsea and then two for Other Nationalities against England. The Bevan and Bath super show A STAGGERING 740 tries in his Wire career, 66 in just one season – that was the phenomenon that was Brian Bevan. The try-scoring machine bagged his season's club record of 66 in 1952/53 but the disappointing aspect was that such an unequalled rate was not enough to help Wire win some silverware. And in that campaign too another Australian broke a club record that still stands today. Pack ace Harry Bath, signed from Barrow, scored a record 363 points from 13 tries and 162 goals in 40 appearances. The Australians were in Britain and met Lancashire at Wilderspool after defeating Wire 34-10. There was an historical milestone in April, 1953, when Warrington's ground staged its first international. That was the game between Wales and Other Nationalities. In the Welsh team was centre Norman Harris, grandfather of the future Wire, Leeds and Great Britain Rugby League sensation, Iestyn Harris. Wire stars Albert Johnson and Gerry Helme had a joint Testimonial with a little more than £1,514 being shared between the two of them. Mountford's marauders The club's 1953/54 season was one not to be forgotten. Ces Mountford's heroes scorched to a fantastic treble. It was the first time Warrington had achieved cup success in the same season as winning the league Championship and the Lancashire League Cup. Halifax must have been sick of the sight of Wire's troops. They met in the challenge Cup final at Wembley which ended 4-4, two penalties per team. The replay took place 11 days later at Odsal Stadium before a world record crowd of 102,569. Many more did not get to the game because of horrendous travel congestion. Yorkshire had never seen anything like it and many historians now believe that as many as 120,000 people could have been on the ground that night. Warrington were successful 8-4 with tries scored by Jim Challinor and Gerry Helme. The Championship final, again between Warrington and Halifax, came only three days later at Maine Road, but this time there was only 36,519 in attendance. Wire relied on the boot of prolific goalkicker Harry Bath to kick them to victory 8-7. On the RL scene in general, France staged the first World Cup tournament in 1954. Great Britain won 16-12 after a play-off against France. Tenth trophy in eight seasons WARRINGTON secured the league championship for the second successive season in 1954/55. It was a Brian Bevan try and two Harry Bath goals that secured the 7-3 victory over Oldham in the Championship final at Maine Road with 49,434 watching the game. And with winning the Lancashire League too it was Warrington's 10th piece of silverware in eight years. Plus they had finished runners-up on four other occasions during that period, the best run of success the club has enjoyed in its entire history. That Championship success was the last to date for Wire but they did reach the semi-finals again the year after following their Lancashire League success for the third time on the trot. But Warrington were defeated 17-0 at the Boulevard. The biggest cheers of the year were for the club's three successes at Wigan, a rarity in those days too. There were Wire wins at Central Park in the Wardonia Cup, the Lancashire Cup and in the league. End of the Road WIRE'S magnificent successes of the early 1950s came to a sudden stop in 1956/57. It turned into a transformation period for Warrington with many top names drawing to a close their Wire careers. Full back or half back Eric Frodsham took no part in the campaign. Pack and goal-kicking ace Harry Bath and livewire scrum half Gerry Helme played half a season and then finished at Wilderspool. Danny Naughton played four games and then left. Loose forward Bob Ryan played fewer games as he was coming towards the end of his Wire spell. Bill McFarlane missed a season and Brian Bevan struggled with injuries. Bevan's absence was most notable because 1956/57 was the only season in his career in which he did not top the Wire try-scoring charts. That honour went to rising star Laurie Gilfedder with 22 from 39 games. He also kicked 57 goals. Players having a bigger involvement in this campaign included Jim Challinor, Arthur Fryer and Alf Arnold while new arrivals included Dick Nicholls, Martin Regan, Tony Storey, Robin Thompson. With so many changes it meant coach Ces Mountford used a total of 40 players during the campaign – the highest since World War Two and a figure that was not beaten until 1976/77. It is not surprising that Wire finished 10th in the league. They did reach the semi-finals of the Lancashire Cup but lost to St Helens 17-9. Attendances were below previous seasons' average and on January 19, 1957, Warrington took action by launching the club's lottery, which was to play an important part in the club's future finances. It was a time for change with the stadium too. In 1958 the popular side terracing of the ground became fully covered and soon after the Fletcher Street End was rooved. Ashcroft to follow footsteps of Kiwi CES Mountford came through his Wilderspool transition period by bringing further glory to the club in 1959/60. It ended a lull of four seasons without silverware, something Warrington fans were not used to after they had previously bagged 11 trophies in nine seasons. Winning the Lancashire Cup in '59 was just as special as all the rest to Mountford. The team played away from home all the way through to the final at Central Park, where Wire sneaked it 5-4 against St. Helens. A year later Warrington were back in the Championship hunt again. Wire met Leeds at Bradford's Odsal Stadium in the Championship final but it was the Loiners who came out on top 25-10. That 1961 final brought the end to Mountford's 10-year contract at the helm at Wilderspool. The New Zealander's career at Warrington might not have ended quite how we would have liked it to but he had many good times to look back on with the team and throughout his spell with Warrington he steered many individuals to county and international glory. That included Eric Fraser, Jim Challinor and Bobby Greenough who were in the Great Britain squad which won the World Cup – the last GB side to do so – in 1960. Ernie Ashcroft, who had made 11 international appearances in his playing days at Wigan, had the unenviable task of following in the footsteps of Mountford. Bye, bye Bevan … Hello Murphy BRIAN Bevan's remarkable Warrington career came to an end in Ernie Ashcroft's first season as coach. And the Australian flyer scored his 740th try in his 620th game to say a fond farewell to the Wire fans who were still a gaze in awe of the great wingman's presence. The sidesteps, the swerves, the foolery, the speed – it all ended for the Wilderspool crowd on Easter Monday, 1962, an amazing 17 years after playing his first game as a trialist. It was an emotional departure. Bill Garvin wrote in his Warrington Rugby League Club centenary publication: "Leigh were defeated 29-17 and after the match was over the crowd gathered in front of the main stand chanting 'We want Bev'. "He came into the stands and while he smiled and waved to the crowd, they sang Waltzing Matilda. It was a very moving occasion. The directors invited Brian into the boardroom where official goodbyes were said." More than 16,000 fans turned up that day to give the world record try scorer a rousing send off. Many on the terraces were saying such words as: "We'll never see the likes of him again. There will only ever be one Brian Bevan." In his time at Wilderspool Warrington won 12 major trophies in as many seasons and many of his stunning tries had proved on occasions to be the difference between disappointment and success. And it was probably no coincidence that Warrington took a long time to settle after Bevan's departure to Blackpool. Despite some well known names – the likes of Alistair Brindle, Jim Challinor, Tom Conroy, Henry Delooze, Jackie Edwards, Laurie Gilfedder, Bobby Greenough, Bill Payne and Charlie Winslade – the success of the fifties could not be repeated by coach Ashcroft. There was a split to two divisions in 1962/63 with Warrington gaining sixth spot in the top flight but it was only after reverting to a one-division set up that Wire had renewed taste of glory. Ashcroft won his only competition as Wire coach in the 1965/66 campaign, the Lancashire Cup. Warrington beat Rochdale Hornets in the final 16-5 with Ray Fisher, Brian Glover and Jackie Melling scoring tries. Glover was the new wing wizard at Wilderspool. He had topped the club's try scoring charts since Bevan's departure. Also, for the first time in seven years, Warrington won the Silcock Cup, defeating Widnes in the final of the annual seven-a-side competition. As well as league restructuring in this era there were some other important changes. Substitutes were used for the first time in 1964/65 with Joe Pickavance being Wire's first to wear a replacement's shirt. A friendly was played against Wigan in 1965 to celebrate the installation of floodlights at Wilderspool. Warrington lost that game to the cherry and whites. Success was proving difficult to come by for Warrington and, in a search for the man to turn the tide, Wire appointed new coaches in J. Fleming in 1967, Joe Egan in 1969 and then Peter Harvey in 1970. Attendances had dwindled, costs were rising and the club were understandably having financial difficulties. After the glory days of the fifties, it was certainly a case of the dark days of the sixties. The club was saved by a take-over bid from new chairman Ossie Davies and as part of the rescue package on May 20, 1971, Alex Murphy was appointed the new player/coach of the club. The wonder of Murphy's magic ALEX Murphy made a try-scoring debut as player coach for Wire in 1971. Murphy, still on a high after steering Leigh to Challenge Cup glory three months earlier, also banged over a goal and drop goal as Wire knocked Whitehaven out of the Lancashire Cup. But if fans had hopes of Murphy working overnight miracles, their hopes were short-lived. After crashing out of the Lancashire Cup and the Floodlit Trophy the team created a club record eight successive defeats. Murphy worked hard to find the winning formula and he introduced the likes of Wilf Briggs, Dave Chisnall, Geoff Clarkson, Dave Cunliffe, Toby Du Toit, George Heard, John Lowe, Derek Noonan, Frank Reynolds and Bobby Wanbon to Warrington's first team action. It started to pay off in time for the Challenge Cup. Warrington reached the semi-finals, only missing out on a Wembley trip after losing a tense replay against St Helens. Murphy had brought renewed optimism to Wilderspool and justifiably so. And his methods were having further rewards as average attendances had catapulted by more than a thousand. Success followed in 1972/73. Warrington lost only one of their opening 22 games and ended the season with the League Leader's Trophy. New arrivals that had helped Wire's cause included Kevin Ashcroft, Dennis Curling, John Hart, Clive Jones and Mike Nicholas. Mike Philbin, Billy Pickup, Alan Whittle and Aussie Dave Wright joined the fold and it all led to Warrington's best season in history so far. Welsh Rugby Union wonder John Bevan arrived just in time to enjoy it too. The former British Lion wingman signed on September 20, 1973. Three days later 'Bev' scored on his debut at home to Castleford. What was to follow can only be described as phenomenal. The Captain Morgan Trophy competition was run for the first and only time and Wire clinched it with a final success over Featherstone. Warrington followed that up with a defeat of Rochdale Hornets in the John Player final and then Murphy's men stormed to Challenge Cup success over Featherstone at Wembley. The icing on the cake was the top eight play-off Trophy, secured after a 13-12 success over St. Helens. It would have been too much to ask of Warrington to repeat their achievements in 1974/75. But they had a good go. Wire returned to Wembley only to have their celebrations spoiled by Widnes while they also had to settle for runners-up prize in the Floodlit Trophy. There were honours for the Wilderspool ground too during this era. It staged its only Test match in December 1973, between Great Britain and Australia. The Kangaroos beat the Lions, and the freezing weather, 15-5 in front of 10,019 fans. Then in 1975, Wilderspool staged the world cup clash between England and Wales. NOTHING went right for Alex Murphy and his Warrington players in 1975/76. The four-trophy haul of two seasons past seemed light years away. They finished 10th in the league and crashed out of the Lancashire Cup and the BBC2 Floodlit Trophy competitions in the opening round. Challenge Cup hopes ended in the third round at home to Widnes but they were lucky not to have been ditched in the first round by amateurs Leigh Miners at Wilderspool. Warrington struggled to a 16-12 success. The club was on a low and the fans had grown to expect better from Murphy. So where had it all gone wrong? Injuries played a big part. Tommy Martyn, Mike Nicholas, Parry Gordon and Barry Philbin missed huge chunks of the campaign. And some experienced players were transferred, including Kevin Ashcroft, Wilf Briggs, Derek Noonan, Dave Chisnall and Alan Whittle. There was no silverware to shout about the season after but Wire's fortunes seemed to have changed. Warrington, who finished a creditable fifth in the league, crashed out of the Premiership play-offs at the first hurdle, but yet appeared in the final. The Rugby League Council ruled that Hull Kingston Rovers fielded an ineligible player (Phil Lowe) at the opening stage and the tie was awarded to Warrington. Wire won through to the final but lost to St Helens at Swinton 32-20. Stars of the season were John Bevan with 17 touch downs and Steve Hesford with 129 goals while Mike Kelly and Ken Kelly were two of the newcomers to the club. It seems ironic then that after trophy success in 1977/78 Murphy's reign came to an end. Poor league form had left Wire dangerously close to the drop at one point and that meant Murphy lost many friends on the terraces. Wire won the John Player Trophy 9-4 against Widnes at Knowsley Road, St Helens. A Bevan special sealed it. And there was a good run in the Challenge Cup too which was only ended by St Helens 14-8 in the semi-finals. Murphy's last game in charge was a disappointing one – a 33-8 drubbing at Widnes in the Premiership play-offs. One of Murphy's last signings, Billy Benyon, was acting captain for this game. He was sent off for a high tackle. Less than two months later, he was the new Warrington boss. He made an immediate impact as Wire finished runners-up in the league and the John Player Trophy in his first season as player coach. This was the year Warrington beat the cocky Australian tourists 15-12 in front of a packed house at Wilderspool. And it was also the season when Steve Hesford kicked a club record 170 goals, 13 of which were one-pointers. But the season ended on a sour note. In the Premiership play-offs semi-finals Bradford Northern triumphed 14-11 at Wilderspool. Ken Kelly had to miss out on the forthcoming Great Britain tour down under after breaking his jaw in a Len Casey tackle in the Northern match. The club's centenary season brought about the resignation of chairman Ossie Davies, the man who had saved the club from extinction in 1971. Brian Pitchford was the new supremo. Prop forward Roy Lester was sold to Fulham, becoming their first signing as Rugby League arrived in the capital for 1980/81, which happened to be Wire's best season under Benyon. A marvellous display at Knowsley Road enabled Wire to stuff Second Division Wigan 26-10 in the Lancashire Cup final, their first county cup win for 15 years. And after a titanic tussle in the John Player semi-finals with Castleford, which went to a replay, Warrington were too strong for Barrow at Central Park and scored a 12-5 success. Rick Thackray, signed from Warrington Rugby Union Club, enjoyed his first full season with Wire scoring 15 tries. Bob Eccles started to show off his try-scoring prowess as well, touching down 15 times. Warrington had another new coach in 1982, their former Challenge Cup medal winner Kevin Ashcroft. Benyon was later to win an unfair dismissal case against Warrington. Ashcroft steered Warrington to Lancashire Cup glory in his first full season, a year marred by the Wilderspool fire which wiped out the complete main stand. It was also a season which saw the arrival of the sin bin and a decision at international board level to change the value of a try from three to four points. Interesting to note too that in September 1982 Huddersfield chairman Roy Brook called for a 20-club Super League! Best final In History? KEVIN Ashcroft certainly knew how to get the best out of his giant Wire forward Bob Eccles. The front or second rower scored a staggering 37 tries in Ashcroft's first full season in charge 1982/83. His 22 tries in the Slalom Lager Championship were a league record for a forward and he equalled the John Player Trophy record of scoring five tries in one match at home to Blackpool Borough. He had a trademark touch down style throughout this campaign. Eccles scored many tries from short range by using his skipper Ken Kelly as a dummy acting half back who would roll the ball through his legs, dart off one way, and then allowing Eccles to go the opposite way. Eccles, during a run of scoring tries in nine successive games, was called into the Great Britain squad for his first and only Test appearance against the all conquering Australian tourists – 15 games played, 15 games won. This was the realisation year. The Aussie game had jumped light years ahead of its British counterpart and there was a lot of catching up work to be done. Many changes followed. Some of the Aussie stars joined English clubs as trading restrictions were lifted in time for 1983/84, the term in which Peter Higham took over from Brian Pitchford as the new club chairman. While Warrington stuck to Kiwi Roby Muller and Maori man-mountain Pat Poasa, Hull Kingston Rovers snapped up Illawarra stand off and captain John Dorahy with neighbours Hull swooping for Peter Sterling and audacious Wakefield Trinity landing Kangaroo Test star Wally Lewis in a 10-match deal. And as well as this campaign signalling the start of four-point tries, it also brought the handover rule for players being caught in possession on the sixth tackle. Ashcroft's boys, wearing jerseys sponsored for the first time, took third spot in the league but were disappointing in the knockouts. Wire's name appeared to be on the Lancashire Cup after a sensational second round success at St. Helens. Wire had three men sent off and St. Helens two after a 20th minute brawl. Later, referee Stan Wall sent two Wire players to the sin bin and so for 20 minutes of the game they played with nine men against 11. Twice Warrington scored tries with only nine men on the field and recorded a thrilling 30-26 victory. All that effort was in vain when Wire lost at home to Barrow in the semi-finals. Incidentally, Wire were fined £1,000 for the brawl at St. Helens, who were hit for £500. Wire's classy centre Ronnie ‘Rhino' Duane toured with Great Britain Down Under and it lasted just nine minutes of the opening game against Northern Territory due to a serious knee injury. Wire supporters were surprised when Warrington and Ashcroft parted company in May, 1984, despite the former Wire hooker still having two years of his contract to run. The man who took over was ex-Widnes scrum half Reg Bowden, Wire's third new coach in six years. Bowden's two-year spell at the helm was more notable for some of his signings, rather than success on the field. He splashed out a world record fee for Great Britain and Widnes scrum half Andy Gregory, a deal which included part exchange for John Fieldhouse. He brought 'unknown' Bob Jackson from his former club Fulham. And then in October 1985 Bowden shocked the whole of the Rugby League world by signing Les Boyd at the end of his long term suspension for alleged 'gouging'. A week after the Kangaroo Test prop made his Wire debut, an Australian full back joined Warrington's ranks – the relatively unknown but none-the-less exciting Brian Johnson! And both played a week later as Warrington lost the Lancashire cup final by the record defeat of 34-8 against Wigan at Knowsley Road. Money had been spent but the rewards had not followed. Bowden resigned and loyal assistant coach Tony Barrow took over the reins in a caretaker role in March 1986. Success soon followed. Victories at home against Widnes and away to Wigan put Wire in the final of the Premiership Trophy against champions Halifax at Elland Road, Leeds. Fax did not know what had hit them as Barrow's boys ripped them to shreds to win 38-10. Many fans regarded this as Wire's greatest knockout final victory. The team on that glorious day was: Paul Ford, Mark Forster, Paul Cullen, Ronnie Duane, Brian Crabert, Paul Bishop, Andy Gregory, Les Boyd, Kevin Tamati, Bob Jackson, Gary Sanderson, Mark Roberts, Mike Gregory. Subs: Brian Johnson, Billy McGinty. Hesford, Johnson and Bishop break Wire records WARRINGTON's 1986 Premiership Trophy triumph over Halifax was the perfect tonic for Tony Barrow's first full season in charge. And it was the first campaign of the eighties that Warrington had gone into without the services of record-breaking goal kicker Steve Hesford. The Blackpool-based full back ended his Wilderspool career with five club records to his name – most goals in career (1,159), most goals in a season (170 in 1979/80), most points in a career (2,416), most consecutive appearances (94), most drop goals in career (47). Barrow's man with the golden boot was Paul Bishop, who broke a club record himself in 1986/87. His haul of 17 drop goals was a season's record. The year before he kicked five in one match, also a record, as Wire knocked Wigan out of the Premiership Trophy. But there was no doubting the star of 86/87 – Brian Johnson. He crossed for 25 tries – the highest total ever for a Warrington full back. He helped Wire to third place in the league and runners-up spot to Wigan in the John Player Trophy and in the revamped Premiership Trophy. The latter had a new look, being staged at Old Trafford for the first time with a double-header format. The new Second Division play-offs final acted as a curtain-raiser to the First Division final. Old Trafford was also used to stage a Test match for the first time, which attracted a British record 50,583 for the first Whitbread Trophy encounter between Great Britain and Australia. GB scrum half Andy Gregory's dispute with Warrington was settled when Wigan paid a cash record £130,000 for him. Some of that was spent on recruiting Leigh's international winger Des Drummond a month later. The season after saw the introduction of the players' contract system and random drug testing. It was a term which brought Warrington a runners-up spot to Wigan in the Lancashire Cup and British Coal Nines victory at Wigan with a 24-0 final success over The Rest of the World. In November 1988, there was a change at the top. Brian Johnson took over as the new chief. He was an instant success with the fans by leading Wire to almost Challenge Cup semi-final glory over Wigan at Maine Road. Only a 60-yard Joe Lydon drop goal and a late try knocked the stuffing out of Wire. Two months later the two sides clashed again on neutral soil – this time as a promotional game at the County Stadium, Milwaukee, America. Silverware success came the season after as Wire stormed to glory in the Lancashire Cup final over Oldham – Wire's ninth win on the trot. And better still Johnson secured Warrington their first trip to Wembley for 15 years to face Wigan in the final of the Challenge Cup. Bogy side Wigan secured a 36-14 victory preventing Wire's GB skipper Mike Gregory from the magic moment of lifting the trophy. In 1990/91 Warrington gained their second trophy in successive seasons. This time it was the Regal trophy with a 12-2 win over Bradford Northern at Headingley, Leeds. Johnson's first professional Wire signing, Mark Thomas, scored the winning try. A game in turmoil as news of Sky's Super League hits home with fans BRIAN Johnson's honeymoon period at the helm of Warrington Rugby League Club ended after two years. No more trophies followed and league form suffered while finance was not available to match the kind of £440,000 transfer fee Wigan paid out to Widnes for Martin Offiah in 1991/92. Instead, Wire's money was going into their youth policy at Academy level, the new league for 16 to 18-year-olds at professional clubs. Wire's league form was suffering, attendances were dwindling at Wilderspool and by the end of 1992/93 – which saw the arrival of Friday night RL on Sky TV – many fans believed it was time for a change of coach. Club chairman Peter Higham and his board of directors felt otherwise and their audacious signing of rugby superstar Jonathan Davies – on a free transfer – turned the club around. Cash-hit Widnes had to off-load the Welsh wizard because of his huge contract which Warrington were to finance through a special company sponsorship. The town was buzzing with the arrival of Davies, the captain of the Wales RL team which had been reformed in 1991/92. At the end of centre Davies's first season Warrington had missed out on the championship by the narrowest margin of points difference to Wigan and Bradford Northern, attendances had peaked to a 20-year high and Davies had won the Man of Steel and First Division Player of the Year awards. Expectation was high for the season after but Johnson and his team could not find the desired consistency. Matchwinner Davies damaged his shoulder in Great Britain's first Test defeat of Australia at Wembley and Warrington were lacking without him. Wire did manage to put some form together to reach the final of the Regal Trophy at Huddersfield's new 19,000 all-seater McAlpine Stadium but they were blasted off the park 40-10 by the game's dominant force Wigan. Two months later came the news that was to shock the whole of the RL world. Media magnate Rupert Murdoch announced he was to launch a rebel league in Australia and followed that up with a proposal for a European Super League. The £77 million offer from News Corporation Ltd – later to become £87m – was too good for the visionary club chairmen to resist in Britain, as the game was in a state of financial ruin. With acceptance of the money came the formation of a 1996 14-club Super League, mergers of clubs, inclusion of teams from Paris and Toulouse, a switch to summer rugby and the playing of international football only against other Murdoch-allied countries. One of the planned mergers was Warrington and Widnes to represent Cheshire and it brought an outcry in both towns from ardent followers of the game. The same situation applied with other planned mergers. On Good Friday 1995, two hours before kick off at Naughton Park for the traditional Widnes and Warrington Bank Holiday game, RL chief executive Maurice Lindsay phoned the ground from France to say that Toulouse had pulled out of Super League and that Widnes had their own place alongside Warrington. The Rugby League were hit by legal action from Keighley Cougars, the Second Division Champions, who had missed out on a place in Super League and anti-merger campaigns continued in the north of England. Members of Parliament spoke out against the Murdoch Super League deal in a special House of Commons debate and there was high-profile media coverage of the whole issue. Club chairmen decided to look again at the structure for Super League and came up with a three-division 12-11-10 format with the Super League comprising the top ten clubs from the 1994/95 season plus London and Paris. That meant that Warrington were in but Widnes were out and the Chemics then launched a High Court battle over their omission. Ironically, the biggest change to Rugby League in its entire history heralded the start of the game's 1995-96 centenary season, the last campaign to be played in winter. It was a season cut short to make way for Super League and it carried a one-month break of action to make way for the Centenary World Cup which was staged in Britain. Wilderspool played hosts to Tonga and New Zealand for a group game but the Australian Rugby League national team went on to clinch success over England at Wembley. It was a season that never really got going and Warrington had to pay the price for a heavy fixture schedule that saw them play five games in the opening 14 days. Injuries mounted up and Warrington never really fully recovered. Warrington reached the semi-finals of the Regal Trophy and were paired away to much-improved St. Helens. That semi-final turned out to be the blackest day in Warrington's history. No-one could possibly have contemplated the 80-0 mauling that was Warrington's heaviest defeat. Coach Brian Johnson resigned the morning after and his assistant Clive Griffiths was left to pick up the pieces as caretaker coach for the rest of the league season. Griffiths, the Wales coach, was overlooked for the top job with Wire raising their profile in the media by landing the double act of Alex Murphy as rugby football executive and John Dorahy as coach (rugby football manager). The new regime led to Academy coach Kevin Tamati and assistant coach Griffiths leaving Wilderspool before the Super League season was due to kick off for Wire at Leeds on March 31. The 12 teams in the first season of Super League were Bradford Bulls, Castleford Tigers, Halifax, Leeds, London Broncos, Paris St. Germain, Sheffield Eagles, Warrington, Wigan, Workington Town. The rebel Australian Super League did not kick off on time after a battle with the Australian Rugby League ended up in court with Super League being ruled unlawful. Super League 1 - 1996 THE 1996 season witnessed a major turning point in the history of not only Warrington RLFC, but of rugby league as a whole. This was the first season of Super League, with teams from Paris St Germain and London Broncos competing alongside the traditional northern heavyweights of the sport. The times were changing quickly - and the Super League revolution swept away the sport's traditional winter fixtures, bringing instead a calendar of summer games which would allow the stars to show off their skills in the best possible conditions. Before Super League began, Wire - under the guidance of Australian coach John Dorahy - were involved in Challenge Cup action. They started off with a 26-4 win at Oldham, but then suffered a disappointing 30-10 defeat at home to Leeds in the next round. Warrington's inaugural Super League game took place at Headingley on Sunday, March 31, and it was to be an exciting and successful start to the summer era, as the men from Wilderspool edged a 22-18 victory in a thrilling clash against Leeds, gaining revenge for their Challenge Cup defeat. Wire's tries came from Iestyn Harris, Ian Knott and Mateaki Mafi, with Harris landing five goals. By the end of April, Wire had won four of their first five games - the only blemish being a 42-12 thumping at Central Park, Wigan - and were sitting pretty in third place in the table. Fans were being thrilled by the try-scoring exploits of two new signings, the Kiwi duo Toa Kohe-Love and Richard Henare, whose silky skills and blistering pace were making them firm favourites of the Wilderspool faithful. May, however, proved not such a merry month for Wire, who lost 36-14 at Bradford and also fell to an agonising 25-24 home defeat at the hands of unbeaten league leaders St Helens. A mixed bag of results followed in June. Wire notched a narrow 26-24 win in Paris, with exciting youngsters Jon Roper and Paul Sculthorpe getting on the scoresheet, but they also suffered a 35-24 loss at Oldham and were humiliated 21-0 by arch-rivals Wigan in front of 8,103 fans at Wilderspool. As the month came to an end, Wire found themselves in fourth place, behind St Helens, Wigan and Bradford but still with a three-point cushion over fifth-placed London. A wretched July then did much to scupper Warrington's top-four ambitions, with defeats away to Halifax and Sheffield and at home to Bradford. A 49-4 win away to bottom-placed Workington, with Mark Forster scoring two tries, lifted the spirits briefly, and although Wire ended the month still placed fourth, London were now just a point adrift. August began with Wire slipping out of the top four following a 20-13 loss away to the Broncos, but wins against Castleford and Oldham put them back in fourth place with just one round to go. However, the season ended on an emphatic low for the primrose and blue legions, as Wire slumped to a 66-14 hammering at St Helens while London thumped Castleford 56-0 to seal fourth spot and a place in the Premiership. St Helens' win over Warrington on the final day was enough to make them the inaugural Super League champions, with Wigan a point behind in second place. Warrington finished in fifth spot, with a record of 12 wins and 10 defeats from their 22 games. Henare was the club's leading try-scorer with 17, while brilliant youngster Harris scored four tries and kicked 67 goals plus two drop goals for a 152-point haul. It was a season which had started with so much promise, but which ended on a sour note, with four defeats in the final six games and with an unhappy Harris announcing that he wanted a move away from Wilderspool. Wire squad: Paul Barrow, Andy Bennett, Gary Chambers, Paul Cullen, Andy Currier, Gareth Davies, Chris Eckersley, Salesi Finau, Mike Ford, Mark Forster, Iestyn Harris, Richard Henare, Mark Hilton, Chris Holden, John Hough, Paul Hulme, Mark Jones, Ronnie Kettlewell, Ian Knott, Toa Kohe-Love, Mateaki Mafi, Lee Penny, Jon Roper, Chris Rudd, Paul Sculthorpe, Kelly Shelford, Warren Stevens, Phil Sumner, Willie Swann, Mike Wainwright, Kris Watson. Super League 2 - 1997 AFTER the disappointment of narrowly missing the top four the previous year, Warrington began Super League 2 with fresh optimism and a new nickname - the Wolves. A quartet of high-profile signings - former Great Britain hooker Martin Dermott and the Kiwi trio of prop Dallas Mead, second rower Tony Tatupu and utility back Nigel Vagana - had come to Wilderspool and hopes were high that the Wolves fans would be howling with delight in 1997. Sadly, it was not to be. The Iestyn Harris dispute had not been resolved, and the young star eventually packed his bags and moved to Leeds for £300,000 early in the season. And there was further bad news on the field as Warrington lost 29-10 at home to Salford in the Challenge Cup quarter-finals and then crashed to defeat in their first three games of the Super League campaign, after which coach John Dorahy left the club. A daunting opener at Odsal saw the Wolves ripped apart by Bradford Bulls in a 58-20 hammering, with Vagana and Tatupu scoring a debut try apiece. A Richard Henare hat-trick could not prevent the Wolves from slipping to a 38-18 defeat at home to London, and then a 32-18 loss at Sheffield left the Wolves at rock bottom. Remarkably, the club's first points of the season came at home to Wigan on March 31, as a Vagana hat-trick helped to seal a famous 35-24 win in front of 7,213 surprised fans at Wilderspool. Alex Murphy and Paul Cullen took charge of the side that day, but soon afterwards the Wolves appointed Australian Darryl Van de Velde as their new coach. April also saw the unfortunate Mead released from his contract after suffering a serious injury. With confidence restored following the Wigan game, the Wolves went on to win three of their next four matches, beating Oldham, Castleford and Paris - but it was then that the wheels well and truly came off. In their next 14 outings - which included eight Super League games and six in the inaugural World Club Challenge - the Wolves won just once, a narrow 25-22 success against Halifax at Wilderspool. The horror run began with a 42-30 loss at Halifax, where new £65,000 signing Lee Briers scored his first Wolves try, and continued with heavy defeats by Bradford, London, Sheffield and Leeds. In the World Club Challenge, the Wolves hosted Cronulla Sharks, Penrith Panthers and Auckland Warriors, and were blown away in all three games in front of disappointingly low crowds. When the Wolves made the trip Down Under for the return fixtures, they again failed to register a win, although the 16-4 defeat at Auckland was at least respectable. The Wolves picked up slightly in August, with wins over Salford, Paris and Castleford, but for the fans and players alike, the end of Super League 2 couldn't come quickly enough. A record of eight wins from 22 games saw the Wolves finish in ninth place, with Vagana's 22 touchdowns making him the league's top try-scorer. Bradford Bulls, with 20 wins and just two defeats, were runaway winners of the Super League title. For the Wolves, though, it had proved to be a year of turmoil on and off the pitch, with players coming and going with bewildering frequency. Club stalwart Paul Cullen finally succumbed to injuries and retired in July, star winger Henare was sacked in August following off-the-field problems, while a trio of senior professionals - Paul Hulme, George Mann and Richie Eyres - arrived mid-season to try to pull the side out of its slump. But amid all the changes, it was the loss of the mercurial Harris which hurt the most - and still does. Wolves squad: Paul Barrow, Liam Bretherton, Lee Briers, Martin Carney, Chris Causey, Gary Chambers, Andy Currier, Paul Derbyshire, Gareth Davies, Martin Dermott, John Duffy, Andrew Duncan, Richie Eyres, Salesi Finau, Mark Forster, Shaun Geritas, Iestyn Harris, Richard Henare, Chris Highton, Mark Hilton, Chris Holden, John Hough, Paul Hulme, Ian Knott, Toa Kohe-Love, Mateaki Mafi, George Mann, Dallas Mead, Anthony Murray, David 'Doc' Murray, Lee Penny, Carl Roden, Jon Roper, Chris Rudd, Paul Sculthorpe, Kelly Shelford, Warren Stevens, Willie Swann, Tony Tatupu, Tony Thorniley, Nigel Vagana, Mike Wainwright, Paul Wingfield. Super League 3 - 1998 IT was once again a case of all-change as the Wolves embarked on their third Super League campaign. Great Britain loose forward Paul Sculthorpe had left the club during the winter in a £370,000 deal with St Helens which had seen Chris Morley come to Wilderspool. And for his first full season in charge, coach Darryl Van de Velde looked overseas to bolster a squad which had under-performed so badly the previous year. In came a quartet of Australian imports - hooker Danny Farrar from Penrith Panthers, prop Danny Nutley and centre Michael Eagar from South Queensland Crushers, and stand-off Adam Doyle from Western Suburbs. And also making their way to Wilderspool were former Great Britain forward Steve McCurrie, who had been playing rugby union for Bedford, ex-St Helens prop Adam Fogerty, plus winger Jason Roach and Kiwi back rower Brendon Tuuta from Castleford. It was Roach who made the first big impression, scoring four tries on his debut as the Wolves routed Wakefield 42-6 in the Challenge Cup. Roach again crossed for a try in the next round, but the Wolves bowed out after a battling 35-22 loss at St Helens. When it came to the big kick-off in Super League, the Wolves again got away to a disastrous start, losing their first four games to Leeds, Salford, London and finally St Helens, in a match played at Liverpool FC's Anfield home. The Wolves' first league win of the season came on May 10, when Halifax were the visitors to Wilderspool, Toa Kohe-Love grabbing a brace of tries in a 31-20 victory. This marked the start of a purple patch for Van de Velde's men, who then won three and drew one of their next five games, starting with a fine 33-18 home win against Castleford in which McCurrie - making quite an impact on his return to the rugby league ranks - rumbled in for two tries. Hull Sharks were harpooned at The Boulevard as the Wolves notched their first away win of the season, then after a shock 28-6 defeat at Huddersfield, the Wolves outmuscled Bradford Bulls 28-10 and drew 18-18 with Sheffield Eagles in consecutive home games. This upturn in fortunes had left the Wolves in contention for a top-five finish and a place in the first Super League play-offs, but they then suffered three defeats in four games, culminating in a 23-16 loss in a 'roadshow' game against Castleford which was played in Cardiff. From this point, the Wolves' season simply nosedived, with only two wins, at home to Hull and Huddersfield, coming from their last nine games. In the final game of the campaign, derby rivals Wigan pulled off a 30-24 win at Wilderspool in a game which marked the debut of another Aussie import, the former Canterbury stand-off Scott Wilson. In another gloomy season for the Wilderspool faithful, the Wolves finished in 10th place, with just seven wins and one draw from their 23 games. Veteran winger Mark Forster was the club's top try-scorer, with 11. This year was the first in which the Super League title was decided via a play-off system rather than on final league positions, and it was Wigan Warriors and Leeds Rhinos who fought through to the inaugural Grand Final at Old Trafford. It proved to be a tense tussle in front of 43,553 fans at the Theatre of Dreams, with Wigan edging home 10-4 thanks to a try from winger Jason Robinson and three Andy Farrell goals. Wolves squad: Lee Briers, Chris Causey, Gary Chambers, Will Cowell, Adam Doyle, John Duffy, Michael Eagar, Danny Farrar, Vince Fawcett, Phil Finney, Adam Fogerty, Mark Forster, David Highton, Mark Hilton, Ian Knott, Toa Kohe-Love, Steve McCurrie, Chris Morley, Danny Nutley, Mike Pechey, Lee Penny, Jason Roach, Jon Roper, Chris Rudd, Warren Stevens, Brendon Tuuta, Mike Wainwright, Danny Whittle, Scott Wilson. Super League 4 - 1999 THE Wolves went fishing for a Shark in the build-up to the new campaign - and they made an impressive catch as Great Britain threequarter Alan Hunte joined the club from Hull. With tough-tackling former Canterbury second-rower Simon Gillies also on board, along with two Deans - Busby and Hanger - coach Darryl Van de Velde had good reason to be optimistic about the year ahead. And the feel-good vibe was further enhanced when it was revealed that the Wolves - now under new ownership - had signed up former Bradford Bulls marketing guru Peter Deakin as their new chief executive. Big home wins over Featherstone and Halifax in the early rounds of the Challenge Cup had the town buzzing, and when a superb Toa Kohe-Love try helped to set up an opening Super League win against Halifax at a waterlogged New Shay, it really looked as though the Wolves were on the march. A 52-16 hammering in the Challenge Cup quarter-finals at Bradford brought everyone at the club down to earth with a massive bump, but the Wolves showed plenty of resilience to bounce back in Super League. Kiwi centre Kohe-Love, now back to his blistering best after being dogged by injuries, tore in for two tries as Castleford were defeated 19-14 at Wilderspool, Jason Roach scored twice in a 26-22 win at Salford, and a last-minute try from winger Mark Forster secured a thrilling home win over Super League new boys Gateshead Thunder. Warrington were now flying high in the league table, and even after narrow defeats at the hands of big guns Wigan and Bradford, there was still a feeling that the Wolves could be genuine top-five contenders. Half-backs Scott Wilson and Lee Briers shone as the Wolves produced a capital performance to win 30-18 at London, and Jon Roper then helped himself to two tries as Sheffield Eagles were put to the sword in a 40-4 romp at Wilderspool. A 33-22 win away to Hull kept the Wolves camp in high spirits, and when Leeds came to Wilderspool to play their fifth game in 16 days, a home win looked on the cards. However, despite another brace of tries from Kohe-Love, it was the men from Headingley who pulled off a fine 28-10 win to silence the home fans. A major turning point in the season came when the Wolves travelled to Castleford to face their fellow play-off hopefuls and slumped to a 39-6 trouncing, with ex-Warrington half-back Francis Maloney tormenting his former team-mates with a hat-trick of tries. The Wolves picked themselves up to beat Salford and draw 17-17 with Wigan, and then Gillies and Kohe-Love scored hat-tricks in wins against London and Sheffield respectively. But defeats by Gateshead and Bradford had hit the Wolves' play-off hopes, and when they travelled to Headingley for a do-or-die clash with Leeds, they were pipped 34-30 in a televised classic. That defeat seemed to knock the stuffing out of Van de Velde's men and after a win against lowly Huddersfield, their campaign fizzled out with a run of five straight defeats, including a last-gasp 23-22 loss at Halifax and culminating in a home 48-22 thrashing by Gateshead on the final day of the regular season. Despite their late slump, the Wolves managed to finish in seventh place - a decent improvement on the previous season but still an under-achievement given the talent within the squad. There was some personal consolation for Kohe-Love, as his glittering haul of 28 touchdowns saw him finish joint-top of the national try-scoring chart. Meanwhile, St Helens and Bradford came through the play-off series to reach the Old Trafford final, with Saints edging home in an enthralling contest thanks to a second-half try from Kiwi centre Kevin Iro. Wolves squad: Lee Briers, Dean Busby, Chris Causey, Gary Chambers, Will Cowell, John Duffy, Danny Farrar, Mark Forster, Simon Gillies, Dean Hanger, David Highton, Mark Hilton, Alan Hunte, Ian Knott, Toa Kohe-Love, Andy Leathem, Steve McCurrie, Danny Nutley, Lee Penny, Jason Roach, Jon Roper, Ian Sibbit, Warren Stevens, Mike Wainwright, Scott Wilson. Super League 5 - 2000 SEASON ticket sales for Super League 5 went through the roof at Wilderspool as coach Darryl Van de Velde pulled off three of the highest-profile and most exciting signings ever made by the club. Legendary Australian Test scrum-half Allan Langer came out of a brief retirement to wear the primrose and blue along with his long-time Brisbane Broncos colleague Andrew Gee, one of the world's toughest prop forwards, while New Zealand international Tawera Nikau chose to leave behind Aussie Grand Final winners Melbourne Storm in favour of the Wolves. With England half-back Steve Blakeley moving to Wilderspool from Salford and French international second rower Jerome Guisset joining from Canberra Raiders, all the pundits were predicting a top-five finish for Warrington. Unfortunately, the team failed to live up to the hype, despite getting their season off to a magnificent start with thumping Challenge Cup wins over NFP sides Hunslet Hawks and York Wasps. The opening round of Super League saw London Broncos thrashed 48-18 at Wilderspool, with Alan Hunte grabbing two tries, and a week later Hunte was again the hero, his last-minute touchdown giving the Wolves a thrilling win away to Salford City Reds in a televised Challenge Cup quarter-final. There was now a real belief that the Wolves were in for a season to remember, but two successive defeats by the Bradford Bulls - 58-4 at Odsal in Super League and 44-20 in the Challenge Cup semi-final at Headingley - proved that the Wolves squad was still not ready to consistently challenge the sport's big four of St Helens, Wigan Warriors, Bradford and Leeds Rhinos. With confidence naturally low after the Bradford games, the Wolves slumped to two more defeats, at home to Hull FC and, agonisingly, away to Wakefield Trinity Wildcats, where a last-minute error by Dean Busby gifted the home team their winning try. Successive wins at home to Leeds - with promising young centre Ian Sibbit scoring two tries - and away to Halifax Blue Sox seemed to put the Wolves' season back on track, only for derby defeats at home to St Helens and away to Wigan to once again expose the side's weaknesses. A narrow win away to Huddersfield-Sheffield Giants and successive defeats away to Salford and at home to Castleford Tigers created further gloom for the Wolves. But if there was one thing you could rely on in Super League 5 it was Warrington's unpredictability, and on May 28 Wilderspool witnessed a remarkable game as the Wolves overturned an 18-point half-time deficit to beat the mighty Bradford Bulls 42-32 - the Challenge Cup winners' first defeat of the season. An away win over London, in a roadshow game at Newport RUFC, gave the Wolves another lift, but their season then nosedived in spectacular fashion. The Wolves lost six of their next seven matches, culminating in a humiliating 44-24 defeat by rock bottom Huddersfield-Sheffield at Wilderspool in a rollercoaster game wich had seen on-loan winger Rob Smyth race in for four tries in the first half-hour of his Warrington debut. Frustration on the terraces turned to anger with this defeat and glum-faced supporters staged a sit-in protest after the game, calling for the resignation of Van de Velde. The Aussie coach did not quit, though, and the game was to prove a turning point in the season, as the Wolves addressed their problems and went on to win six of their final eight games to finish sixth - their highest placing in four seasons. The end-of-season play-offs resulted in a Lancashire derby at Old Trafford, with St Helens and Wigan contesting the Grand Final. And what a game it was, with Saints hanging on for an exciting 29-16 win despite a brave second-half rally from the Pie-eaters. For Warrington, though, it had proved to be another disappointing season in which there had been some notable departures. Blakeley quit Wilderspool in favour of his former club Salford after only a few months, and Jon Roper went on loan to London and Salford before being released at the end of the season. Also released in an end-of-season clear-out were: Veteran former Great Britain winger Mark Forster, who was deemed surplus to requirements in the year of his double testimonial. Popular Aussie hooker Danny Farrar, who chose to retire from the game after three hard-grafting years at Wilderspool. England prop Mark Hilton, whose once-promising career sadly continues to be disrupted by serious injuries. Jerome Guisset, who enjoyed his year in England but chose to return to his native France. Off the field, too, it was a season of turmoil for the Wolves. Chief executive Peter Deakin quit towards the end of the campaign to join rugby union outfit Sale Sharks, long-serving assistant coach Paul Cullen left to take over the reins at Whiteheaven, and as the season ended, a vital planning application for a new stadium on Winwick Road was still to be decided upon, although Warrington Borough Council had given the plan its approval. Despite all the problems and disappointments of 2000, though, Wolves fans can still look forward to better things in 2001, especially if the stadium proposal finally gets the go-ahead. With new signings Kevin Walters, Rob Smyth and Martin Masella coming to the club for Super League 6, and an exciting batch of youngsters such as Paul Noone, Jamie Stenhouse, Will Cowell, Mark Gleeson, Dave Alstead, Dave Highton and Paul Wood ready to make their mark, the play-offs should be a realistic aim next season. Wolves squad: David Alstead, Steve Blakeley, Lee Briers, Dean Busby, Chris Campbell, Gary Chambers, Will Cowell, Danny Farrar, Mark Forster, Andrew Gee, Mark Gleeson, Jerome Guisset, David Highton, Mark Hilton, Alan Hunte, Ian Knott, Toa Kohe-Love, Allan Langer, Steve McCurrie, Tawera Nikau, Paul Noone, Danny Nutley, Neil Parsley, Lee Penny, Mike Peters, Jon Roper, Ian Sibbit, Rob Smyth, Jamie Stenhouse, Paul Wood.
Wakefield Trinity Wildcats
In the comic strip 'Peanuts', how is 'Patricia Reichardt' usually known?
History of rugby league History of rugby league I intend to post a history of every professional rugby league club in England and some from Australia. I would welcome any contributions that anyone wants to make Friday, June 02, 2006 The History of Wakefield Rugby League Club In 1873 a group of young men from the local Holy Trinity Church formed the Wakefield Trinity club. One of the initial forces in the game, Trinity won the Yorkshire Cup four times in nine years and was one of the initial 22 clubs to form the Northern Union after the acrimonious split from the Rugby Football Union in 1895.Trinity won the Northern Union Challenge Cup for the first time in 1909, beating Hull 17-0 at Headingley. The corresponding 1914 final saw the result reversed, with Hull winning 6-0, and proved to be an accurate guide to the teams pre-war endeavours, as Trinity lost four Yorkshire Cups in the thirties with a side that included club stalwart Jonty Parkin.If the pre-war years were austere then the post-war period was bright and bullish for the Dreadnoughts. The first Wembley final after the war produced a return to winning ways as Trinity, with names such as Billy Stott, Herbert Goodfellow and Mick Exley, pipped Wigan to the Cup 12-13. .The club was not destined to return to Wembley until 1960 and had to slake its thirst for silverware on two Yorkshire Cup and two Yorkshire League victories in the 1950's. Wakefield returned to Wembley emphatically with a record 38-5 win v Hull under the guidance of coach Ken Traill and loose forward Derek "Rocky" Turner.Wakefield won their third Challenge Cup victory two years later in 1962, running out 12-6 winners v Huddersfield. The successful defence of the Cup the next year iced a spectacular period in the club's history with three Wembley titles in four years. Further renown was arrested due to two Championship Final defeats in 1960 and 1962 v Wigan and Huddersfield respectively.One of Trinity's great servants, centre Neil Fox, who scored a record 6,220 points in his 23 year career (19 with Wakefield) was coming to prominence, however, in Trinity's up and coming side. The club were victorious in a dour 1962 Challenge Cup win over Huddersfield although the Fartowners went on to deny them the double a few days later in the Championship final..With a victorious defence of the Cup in 1963, their fifth Challenge Cup title, Wakefield had still not been able to achieve the league championship title. The Holy Grail would be achieved in the 1966-67 season when a seasoned, Harold Poynton led side that included Neil and Don Fox, Gary Cooper and Ray Owen, defeated Saints in a replay. They repeated the title feat the following year v Hull KR but were again denied the double when Leeds defeated them in the 1968 'water splash' final at Wembley.Wakefield absorbed a number of different coaches at the helm in subsequent years but did not return to Wembley until Bill Kirkbride's talented charges fell 12-3 to Widnes in 1979 in front of nearly 100,000 people.The ensuing decline was temporarily halted when 'the King' Wally Lewis signed up for a brief spell with the club. But even the presence of the mercurial Kangaroo five-eighth couldn't prevent an inconsistent Wakefield from fluctuating between the two divisions. Former player David Topliss stabilised the Dreadnoughts' ship in the late eighties. He won immediate promotion in 1988 and consolidated the clubs top tier status by acquiring the services of seasoned internationals like Steve Ella, Mark Graham, Brian Jackson as well as now former Wildcats' coach Andy Kelly and later John Harbin after flirtations with temporary coach Tony Kemp in 1999.Wakefield were reduced to lower division football with the arrival of Super League in 1995 but earned their place in the top flight on the back of their dramatic victory over Featherstone in the inaugural Division One Grand Final in 1998. After years of struggling to keep up with the SL pace which saw the Wildcats finish next to bottom on most of there attempts they finally got around to making headway up the league, With the appointment of Shane McNally as head coach and Tony Smith as his assistant the pair guided the Wildcats to there 1st ever SL play off position finishing in 6th place in 2004 after a slow start to the season the Wildcats finished stronger than any other team in the competition giving the Wildcats fans some hope of a little glory at the club which had been missing for too long. Away at the KC Stadium in Hull the Wildcats produced a remarkable performance and managed to beat Hull despite having two men sin binned. A highlight of a magnificent performance was Michael Korkidas's run at the start of the 2nd half which saw the Wildcats run out eventual winners in a close hard fought game. The semis saw Wakefield visit Wigan away and there was real hope in the camp that they would make the elimination final play off and all looked to be going that way when the Wildcats led 14-0 but decisions went the way of the Wigan Warriors so it wasn’t yet to be but Wakefield fans will look back on these two games with fondness for many years. posted by Michael Saville @ 12:54 PM   4 comments Tuesday, March 14, 2006 The History of Hull Rugby League Club Hull FC is one of the oldest clubs in the League and was formed by a group of ex-public schoolboys from York in 1865. Following a succession of grounds and headquarters, the club moved into the Hull Athletic Club’s ground at the Boulevard and played their first game there in September 1895, when a record crowd of 8,000 witnessed the ‘Airlie Birds’ defeat Liversedge in the very first season of Northern Union Football. Hull FC was one of the original clubs to apostatise from the RFU. Hull prospered and their famous black and white irregular hooped jerseys became one of the most famous and feared strips in the League. Between 1908-10, Hull lost three consecutive Northern Union Cup Finals, and has in fact lost in more major finals than anyone else. In 1913 they paid a world record £600, plus an astounding £14 per match, to Hunslet for three-quarter Billy Batten. A year later the investment had paid dividends as the Airlie Birds won their first Challenge Cup, beating Harold Wagstaff’s stupendous Huddersfield in the semi-final and Wakefield Trinity in the final. In 1920 Batten was once again prominent in Hull’s first ever Championship final, scoring the only try in the 3-2 victory over Huddersfield. Also at that time, Jack Harrison, set the current Hull FC try scoring record for the number of tries scored in one season. Jack managed 52 tries in the 1913/14 season. The early 1920’s were bittersweet years for the club. In 1921 Hull won the Yorkshire Cup Final but lost the county Championship, both against deadly enemies Hull Kingston Rovers. Hull couldn’t emulate the successes of 1914, losing a further two consecutive Cup Finals in 1922-23 to Rochdale and Leeds respectively. The Yorkshire Cup and the top of the league table were some consolation. After a lean pre-war period, Hull won two Championships in three years, beating Halifax in 1956 and Workington two years later. These two triumphs healed the wound of two successive Yorkshire Cup final defeats immediately prior to them. Coach Roy Francis’ team fell in two further finals, consecutive Challenge Cup losses to Wigan and Wakefield in 1959 and 1960. All these reverses, when one hand had been grasping so many trophies, gave Hull a steely resolve and a thirst for success. That thirst was quenched to the point of drowning in a period of predominance that began with the coaching appointment of Arthur Bunting. Returning to the top flight without a single loss in 1978/79, the Airlie Birds lost the 1980 Cup Final to Hull KR. In 1982, Hull, crushed by Widnes in the Premiership final, avenged the defeat with an 18-9 Challenge Cup replay win. Players such as skipper David Topliss and Lee Crooks led the Hull of the early eighties. Hull won the league in 1983, also reaching the Premiership final, the Challenge Cup final and the Yorkshire Cup final. The latter trophy would be their one reward from the three finals. The signing of Kangaroo Test legend Peter Sterling maintained Hull’s level of excellence, and Bunting’s men brought home their third successive Yorkshire Cup Final but were edged out by Wigan at Wembley in 1985 – a game rated as arguably the greatest ever Challenge Cup Final. A number of subsequent coaches, including Australians Brian Smith and Noel Cleal failed to deliver a consistent return to the fans. Hull lost the Premiership Final in 1989 to Widnes, but two years later returned to beat them at Old Trafford. Hull was one of the clubs that suffered at the advent of Super League, failing to join the top tier until Phil Sigsworth guided his side to the First Division Championship in 1997. Peter Walsh took over until the middle of the 1999 season and was replaced by Steve Crooks. Ex-St. Helens and Gateshead Thunder coach Shaun McRae has been at the helm since 2000. The proposed amalgamation of Hull FC and the Super League’s newest club, Gateshead Thunder was accepted at the end of 1999 by a council of the other Super League Chairmen. Without this new partnership, Hull may well have ceased to exist after the loss of David Lloyd’s financial support. The Thunder, under the auspices of administrative wunderkinds Kath Hetherington and former Cronulla Sharks CEO Shane Richardson were introduced to Super League at the beginning of the 1999 season. Having attracted a hardcore of base support and finishing the season in sixth place, just one below the play-offs, the club incurred debts in the region of £700,000. With seemingly no contingency for losses, the club saw no option but to fold. The former Boulevard club, eschewing the ‘Sharks’ nickname and the deterioration that is indelibly associated with it, re-branded as Hull FC. Hull FC played at the Boulevard for 107 years and moved to their new home at the £44m state-of-the-art Kingston Communications Stadium in January 2003. Paul Parker scored the Club’s final try at the Boulevard on Tuesday 22 October 2002 against the New Zealand tourists. Since the move to the KC Stadium, Hull have had many high finishes in the Super League table. 2003 saw the team just miss on play off qualification to Warrington Wolves and in 2004 the club finished 3rd. 2005 can be seen as one of the most successful seasons in the clubs history with the now famous Powergen Challenge Cup success at the Millenium Stadium, Cardiff in late August. A last minute try made the scores 24-23 in Leeds Rhinos favour but Danny Brough made the successful conversion to make the scores 24-25. The final hooter saw huge elation from both the players and the many thousands of fans who had travelled to the Welsh capital. The remainder of the 2005 season saw the team finish 4th, behind Leeds, St. Helens and Bradford. Finishing fourth set up a home play off game against the Andrew Johns inspired Warrington Wolves and the Hull FC team didn't disappoint with a thrilling victory. This set up an elimination play off against the Bradford Bulls at Odsal Stadium. Unfortunately the much-hyped game turned into a very one sided affair with the Hull team playing with 12 men from as early as the 6th minute. The Bulls went on to win 71-0 and also went on to lift the coveted enage Super League trophy. Hull FC can certainly look forward to an exciting 2006 campaign with two home fixtures against rivals, Leeds Rhinos, two away fixtures to newly promoted Les Catalans and of course, the defense of the Powergen Challenge Cup which starts on the weekend of 11th/12th March. posted by Michael Saville @ 11:14 AM   3 comments Wednesday, January 18, 2006 History of Wigan Rugby League Club Wigan Warriors Rugby League Football Club is one of the most famous and successful sports club’s in the world. The club has grown from humble beginnings into one of the giants of British sport. The town’s first rugby club was Wigan F.C. founded in 1872 by a group of members of the town’s Cricket Club. Wigan FC played on Folly Field, near Upper Dicconson Street. Until financial problems and an inability to recruit quality players led to a merger with Up Holland F.C. and the creation of a new club Wigan and District F.C. The new club played its home games at the then Wigan Cricket Club, in Prescott Street. Eighteen months later however and this initial foray into the world of rugby was over and the club disbanded. In 1879 a new club Wigan Wasps was formed following a meeting in the Dicconson Arms. This new rugby club evolved into the current Wigan Warriors Rugby League Club we now know today. The club initially played in blue and white hooped jerseys before changing in 1886 to the now famous ‘Cherry and White’ hoops that are synonymous with the club today. In 1895 the Wigan club became founder members of the Northern Union following the breakaway from the Rugby Union. On 6 September 1902 the club played at its new purpose built ground Central Park for the first time against Batley in the opening match of the Northern Union’s newly formed First Division. An estimated crowd of 9,000 spectators saw Wigan beat Batley by 14 points to 8. The tenure at Central Park lasted until 1999 when the curtain fell on the famous old stadium after a pulsating final clash between Wigan and arch rivals St Helens. In between those years, the Cherry and Whites brought plenty of silverware back to Central Park, including 1 Grand Final Trophy, 17 League Championships, the Challenge Cup on many occasions including a record beating eight consecutive times between 1988 and 1995, 20 Lancashire Cups and a plethora of other titles including 3 World Championship wins. The first of those World Club Championship successes came in 1987, when Australian club side Manly came to Central Park and were defeated 8-4 in a thriller in front of a crowd of over 38,000. Other proud moments include a win by Great Britain in the 1992 test Series over Australia, when a pack of forwards made up entirely of Wigan stars pounded the Aussies into submission in Melbourne. But ask any current player the best moment in a Wigan shirt and chances are that the answer will be the 1994 World Club Championship success, when Wigan beat Brisbane against all the odds at the ANZ Stadium in Australia. Wigan now grace the JJB Stadium on a weekly basis and already they have been involved in many matches that have been listed as the best ever in the summer era of Super League. The JJB Stadium and rugby league seems like a perfect match. posted by Michael Saville @ 11:51 AM   0 comments Tuesday, January 17, 2006 History of Warrington Rugby League Club Warrington joined the split in response to the people's demands A HUNDRED years on from the revolutionary rugby split the world game underwent dramatic changes again. It seemed quite ironic that the centenary 1995 year planned for Rugby League to look back in celebration was turned on its head with the advent of Super League summer rugby and Rugby Union deciding to turn professional. The modern day changes were as controversial and provocative as 100 years earlier when the subject of money forced the big divide. But to understand the reasons behind rugby splitting into two codes you have to look back beyond 100 years, and it was as much a social issue as it was a sporting one. Warrington Rugby League Club's history goes back to 1876, but even this is a controversial point as Wire celebrated their centenary in 1979. Historians now believe that Warrington's beginnings were in 1876 when the Warrington Zingari Rugby Union Club was formed and the team played on a field in the Howley Wharf area. That was the start of a nomadic existence in a period when the game took off to dizzy heights in the working class circles of the north. Over the next seven years the club was to have five new homes – off Sankey Street at two different sites, off Wilderspool Causeway at two different sites and Slutchers Lane. In 1879, the present club was founded by several members of Padgate and Zingari, who decided to start a new team called Warrington. Amalgamations followed with Padgate Excelsior in 1881 and Warrington Wanderers in 1884. By this time Warrington were settled in at a site off Wilderspool Causeway, where Fletcher Street now stands. And a year later they attracted an estimated crowd of 10,000 to watch a game against Widnes. On that day, the ground's small wooden huts collapsed but no-one was injured. The game was attracting huge crowds all over the north of England as clubs became the focal points of their respective communities. Warrington responded to the demands. In 1888 a new stand was opened and a grass running track skirted the playing area. A rounders club was set up to encourage players to keep fit during summer months. The sport was having to learn to live with its increasing popularity. A league structure was created in Lancashire, Yorkshire and in the North West. By 1893, an A team had been established at Warrington, a county game had been played there and the club had made a tour of the Isle of Man. The game of Rugby League was then born out of necessity – a necessity to compensate players who worked in the mills, the foundries and the coal mines of northern England for wages they sacrificed in order to play rugby. On September 23, 1893, several Northern Rugby Union clubs made representation to the English Rugby Football Union (set up in 1871) asking that their players be given 'broken time payments'. The motion was defeated but two years later, on August 29, 1895, 21 clubs from Lancashire and Yorkshire, including Warrington, met at the George Hotel, Huddersfield, and voted to break away from the RFU. The new organisation, called the Northern Rugby Football Union, rested on the principle of a six-shilling (30p) broken time payment, so long as the players could prove that they were in full time employment. The opening matches were played on Saturday, September 7, 1895, a week before the start of the official Rugby Union fixtures. Players striked for a pay rise one month after historic split THE first season of the Northern Rugby Football Union was described by Warrington secretary, J. E. Warren, as 'the most remarkable in the history of the club.' His comments were made in the club's annual report at the end of the historic 1895/96 campaign. He said some of the club's members expressed doubt 'over the wisdom of the leap in the dark.' But he felt the opening season results had justified the committee's decision to join the 21 other clubs in the breakaway from the Rugby Football Union. Mr. Warren, elected president of the NRFU in 1897, continued in his report: "Reforms have been introduced into the game which I feel sure have made it more popular with the spectators. "Partly through this reason, but mainly through being favoured with an extraordinary mild winter, the money taken at the 'gates' was greater than in any preceding year." The opening matches were played on Saturday, September 7, 1895 and the results were: Bradford 11 Wakefield Trinity 0, Leigh 3 Leeds 6, Tyldesley 6 Manningham 0, Batley 7 Hull 3, Stockport 0 Brighouse 5, Liversedge 0 Halifax 5, Runcorn 15 Widnes 4, St. Helens 8 Rochdale Hornets 3, Broughton Rangers 0 Wigan 9. Huddersfield and Oldham had no fixture. Warrington began with a 5-4 win at home to Hunslet. Foden was the try scorer with Burton adding the conversion. The year ended with Warrington in 13th place in the NRFU. However, the season did not pass without controversy. A ceiling of six shillings per day was set on the broken time payments which had forced the rugby divide but the first to challenge the ceiling was Warrington. The first team decided to strike in October claiming 12/- as their expenses. Warrington's committee ignored the claim and promoted the second team. Mr. Warren stated in the annual report that the committee's stance had the heartiest support and earned for the club the respect of the other clubs in the union. Right from the start the new organisation's administrators were alive to the need to make their game even more attractive to the paying customer so that they would be able to recompense their players. At the end of the first season the competition was so keen, the playing standards so high and the crowds so good that many more clubs rushed to join the pioneers. At the first annual meeting at the George Hotel in August 1896 it was announced that 59 clubs were in membership. To boost the game's popularity further, the Northern Union launched the Challenge Cup for all member clubs and the first final was staged at Headingley, Leeds, on May 1, 1897. A crowd of around 14,000 paid £620 to see the game in which the 'Gallant Youths' of Batley beat St Helens 10-3 in a game played to standard Rugby Union rules. Then came new rules. Goals, however kicked, were to count as two points and line-outs were abolished to make way for the 'punt out' from touch. It was in 1898 that the game adopted the policy which made professionalism a fundamental part of the Northern game. A four-point charter agreed that professionalism be adopted, players properly registered, players to have 'legitimate' employment in a full time job and 'severe penalties' imposed for breaches of the charter. This obviously brought many problems but some of them were humerous. Shady jobs such as billiard marker, bookies runner and pub waiter were definitely taboo! And it was also in 1898 that Warrington moved to their Wilderspool Stadium home. A 10-year lease was agreed with Greenall Whitley for land on the east side of their existing ground, a pitch previously used by Latchford Rovers Rugby Club. It was necessary to move because the existing pitch was needed to build houses in Fletcher Street and £251 was spent on removing some of the fencing to establish the boundaries of what virtually became Wilderspool Stadium. Warrington major players in shaping the modern game THE success of the northern rugby breakaway was reflected in the 98-club league membership only three years after foundation. Once professionalism had been adopted Northern Rugby Football Union players began to reap the rewards. Northern Union players were better paid than soccer professionals with wages varying between 30 shillings (£1.50) and £4. In 1903, Warrington's Jack Fish received £3 to sign on for the season while George Dickenson received £4 to sign on, plus 17s 6d for a win or 12s 6d for a loss or a draw. Inevitably, in their search for good players and success, clubs began to look outside the traditional boundaries and to Rugby Union for major signings. These signings were made under cloak and dagger secrecy and opposition to these moves was particularly bitter in the Union stronghold of South Wales. Anger exploded when a man with a strange accent was discovered in Penarth to be a Wigan scout. He was ducked in the sea and rolled in the sand! The game was forever adapting to change in the early years with Warrington playing a major part in shaping the code towards the modern game. After the first season two county leagues were set up, the Lancashire and Yorkshire Senior Competitions, but in 1901 14 top clubs, including Warrington, set up what must be regarded as the first Super League. Then in 1902 they operated with two divisions and a rule change saw the 'punt out' from touch being scrapped and replaced by a scrum on the 10-yard line. Further changes to the game came in 1904 when it was decided that no more than three men would be allowed to scrum down in the front row. More re-structuring came in 1905 when one major league of 31 clubs was created. It was a complex system. League positions had to be decided on a percentage basis as not all the clubs played each other. But the two division set-up had had to be replaced because the Second Division system was putting clubs close to the brink of bankruptcy. It was not until the 1906/07 season that 13-a-side was brought in. It won approval of the NRFU after being proposed by Warrington and backed by Leigh. For that same campaign a new method of playing the ball was used. Also, a penalty was awarded for touch kicking and that again was Warrington's suggestion. Players and supporters on the 1905/06 New Zealand All Blacks Union tour of Great Britain were so impressed by the new rival northern code that on returning home they decided to sponsor a visit to England to play under League rules. It was agreed that the New Zealand tourists would receive 70 per cent of gate receipts, with guarantees of £50 for a midweek game and £100 for a Saturday. The tour would also be insured against loss. The proposed tour caused consternation in New Zealand and the All Blacks were stated to have signed assurances that they would do nothing 'contrary to the laws and the spirit of Rugby Union.' Baskervilles Team, the first Australasian tourists, arrived in Britain in October 1907. The 'All Golds' 35-match and three-Test tour was a huge success and their stop over in Australia en route to the Northern hemisphere gave vital impetus to a breakaway movement which was threatening to split the New South Wales Rugby Union over the issues of compensation payments. In 1908 came the expected Australian breakaway and the NSW Rugby Union decided to set up their own set of rules and send a team to Britain. Proceeds of the tour would be used to set up a NSW Rugby League on the tourists return. Town's Aussie import trend started in 1909 AUSTRALIA made history with their first tour of Great Britain in 1908. They played Warrington twice, losing 10-3 in November and drawing 8-8 in February, 1909. Australia met the Northern Union in the first Test at Park Royal, London, on December 12 and the game was drawn 22-22. The second Test was played, ironically, in the soccer stronghold of St. James' Park, Newcastle, and, in front of 22,000 fans, the British Northern Union side won comfortably. The third Test at Villa Park, Birmingham, proved an anti-climax with the Northern Union side winning 6-5. After the six-month tour ended two of the Australians, L. O'Malley and D. Frawley, stayed behind and signed for Warrington. It was the start of a long tradition for Warrington and Australian players. It was in this year that Warrington recorded their highest league win in the club's entire history. On April 12 they entertained St Helens and destroyed them 78-6. Prop forward George Thomas crashed over for five tries and landed nine goals too for a points total of 33, the highest individual haul for a Warrington player until Lee Briers came on to the scene with 40 points in a year 2000 Challenge Cup match. Although that first tour by the Australians was a failure financially, they proved their commitment to the game by inviting the Northern Union to send a touring team to Australia. The invitation was readily accepted. It became a journey to Australia and New Zealand and the first party of seaborn tourists arrived in Oz at the end of May 1910, and the late arrivals on June 2. Among them was Frank Shugars, Warrington's first tourist. He played in one Test against New Zealand. The eagerly awaited first Test on Australian soil was in Sydney when a huge crowd of more than 50,000 saw the Northern Union clinch a 27-20 win. The tourists beat Newcastle and Queensland and, with receipts totalling more than £6,000, the tour was financially safe. The second Test was played at Brisbane which the Northern Union again won, this time 22-17 and, as the Test series was decided, it was agreed that the third international should be against a combined Australian and New Zealand side. This was played at Sydney before yet another 50,000 crowd and the result was a draw. From Australia the tourists went on to New Zealand where they ran up big scores against the Maoris, Auckland, Rotorua and New Zealand 52-20 and the receipts of £520 brought tour proceeds to £11,000 from which the Union received £6,500 - a magnificent bumper return. Back on home soil, the 1910/11 season's benefit for flying winger Jack Fish brought in a little more than £268. Fittingly he bode farewell to Warrington fans with a try-scoring last performance against Coventry in the first round of the 1911 Challenge Cup competition. But as Warrington said goodbye to one hero, another arrived – Jimmy Tranter! Demands of the game continued to grow and Warrington had to adapt. The first section of the new north stand was opened (where the Brian Bevan Memorial Stand is located), seating 900 and costing £1,500 to build. Britain's amazing battle brigade clinch Test series THE years building up to World War One were eventful for Warrington and the Northern Union as a whole. The players at Warrington were in dispute again and were on strike for the second time in the club's history in 1913/14. Club officials were being kept busy because they were also working towards purchasing their ground off Greenall Whitley. That deal was completed in 1914 with the freehold being held in trust for club members until it became a limited liability company in 1941. Twenty five players from the Warrington club enlisted in the forces in 1914, but over the five years at war there were more than 90 past and present Warrington players who served their country. George Thomas was one of the fatalities. He was the man who set the club's record individual points haul for one match in the record 78-6 victory over St Helens in 1909. He scored five tries and nine goals. But prior to World War One there was a battle Down Under which did not feature any Warrington players. In 1914 came the Great Britain tour which was to include the magnificent 'Rorke's Drift' Test. After several warm up matches came the most remarkable eight-day period in Test history – a period that has never been equalled in the game – and it culminated in the courageous ‘Rorke's Drift' encounter. Three Tests were played at Sydney during the brief period. Despite injuries the Northern Union won the first Test 23-5. Incredibly, the second Test had been arranged for two days later and the Australians won 12-7 in front of a 55,000 crowd. Capitalising on public interest the Australian authorities threw the tourists' plans into complete chaos by rearranging the third Test just five days later. In vain the British managers, Messrs J. H. Houghton and W. J. Clifford, protested and when Mr. Clifford cabled Northern Union headquarters in Britain, a hastily convened management committee meeting, in true stiff upper lip manner, instructed the tourists to play. The message that came back from England concluded in true Nelson fashion: "England expects that every man will do his duty." The British team didn't let their country down – far from it. The crowd again topped 40,000 and they witnessed a rear guard action, by the tourists which was immediately dubbed 'Rorke's Drift' after the Zulu war action in which two British officers and 80 men held out against 4,000 Zulu warriors at Rorke's Drift, Zululand, in January 1879. In the first two minutes of the game winger Frank Williams twisted his leg, but despite this handicap, the tourists led 9-3 at half-time. Early in the second half Huddersfield forward D. Clark broke his collar bone. He tried to resume but had to leave the field and then Frank Williams' leg gave out and he left the field. To add to Britain's troubles Billy Hall suffered concussion going down on a loose ball. Ten tourists faced 13 Australians, a totally hopeless task with still 30 minutes to go, yet the miracle happened. There was less than 20 minutes to go when Johnson kicked and dribbled half the length of the field to touch down for a try and Wood landed a goal. Hall came staggering back on the field, Britain held out and at the end of the game the Sydney crowd rose and cheered the Britons off the field. The score was 14-6 and the series had been won against unbelievable odds. Good Fridays were bad for Arthur AS the professional game grew in Warrington, so did the works' competition of the Northern Union code. Just before World War One there were a staggering 48 teams in the town's works' competition – a record! 1919 brought the resumption of fixtures and in 1921 the club stormed to its first Lancashire Cup success. After narrow defeats of St. Helens Recs and Leigh, Warrington ended the hopes of Oldham in the final 7-5. But apart from that, success was hard to come by on the pitch for Warrington at this time and until 1926 the side never climbed above eighth place in the league. The team did have its stars despite the lack of success. Billy Cunliffe and Arthur Skelhorn toured Australia and New Zealand in 1920. There were administrative changes too with Mr. R. F. Anderton (Bob) taking on secretary's duties and S. Jones replacing Thomas Pemberton, who had served as treasurer for a marvellous 37 years. And the crowds kept flocking to Wilderspool. Although one player the audience would not have seen was 1920 tourist Arthur Skelhorn. Arthur, a forward, who signed in 1911, refused to play on Good Fridays. It is believed his reason for that was religious. He played 14 seasons with Warrington and served as a committee man too. Skelhorn played for Great Britain seven times. He was a regular for his county and scored 47 tries and one goal in his 250 appearances for Warrington. Ryder's troops so close yet so far When the outdated and parochial title Northern Union was replaced by Rugby League in 1922 the game was well and truly on its way. And the sport was becoming much more organised at supporter level. A new west perimeter wall and turnstiles were built at Wilderspool while in 1923/24 the supporters' club was formed. And what tremendous support it was in those early days. In 1925 the supporters' club provided Warrington with covered accommodation on the popular side of the ground, that's where the leisure centre was eventually built. Two years later the supporters' club donated a scoreboard. It was at this time that Warrington enjoyed their most successful league campaign since the breakaway. Skipper and scrum half Freddie Ryder was inspirational in leading his troops to runners-up in the 1925/26 championship. He was an ever-present in the club's 42-match season and he scored 17 tries. It proved to be a one-off season for Warrington though, as 12 months later they finished 17th in the one division format. A further development to Warrington's ground came in 1926 with the perimeter wooden fence being replaced by a concrete wall. All the ground work led to Warrington hosting the Lancashire Cup final and the Rugby League Championship final in 1927/28. The Warrington team's loss of form slumped to an all-time low in 1928 when the club suffered its then record defeat 68-14 at Hunslet. Wembley wonders A MOVEMENT began late in 1928 which was to have far reaching and amazingly successful repercussions for the game of Rugby League. Council members began to search for a permanent home for the great showpiece, the Challenge Cup final. Attendances had been rising and a 40,000 crowd at Rochdale had proved almost too much for police and ground staff. After many meetings with the authorities at the great new Empire Stadium, agreement was reached for the first Wembley Challenge Cup final to take place in 1929 The clubs destined to take their place in history were Dewsbury and Wigan, who met in the first Wembley final in May. The crowd was 41,500 and receipts were £5,600 which made the experiment well worth-while. Just for the record, Wigan lifted the cup 13-2. Warrington enjoyed cup success the season after lifting the Lancashire Cup for the second time with a 15-2 victory over Salford. And it was in 1933 that Wire enjoyed their first trip to Wembley in search of ‘double' success with already having the Lancashire Cup under their belts that season. Warrington's opponents for the Challenge Cup final were Huddersfield and the game attracted what was then a record crowd of 41,874. Unfortunately it was Huddersfield's year as they took the cup 21-17. Away from the Challenge Cup, Warrington maintained their superb record against Australian tourists with a 17-8 defeat of the Kangaroos in 1929. Tubby Thompson scored all Wire's points, three tries and four goals. Australians Bill Shankland and Nelson Hardy were signed for £550 and £450 in 1931. And the Aussie link continued in 1932 with Warrington secretary Bob Anderton elected as business manager for the tour Down Under. Rugby League took hold in France in the 1930s when the French Rugby Union found itself ostracised by its international fellows amid allegations of professionalism! As a result yet another breakaway movement was formed and they hosted an exhibition international game in Paris in 1933 and a year later they sent a representative side to England and staged the first Great Britain versus France Test match in April, 1934. 31,000 at Wilderspool THE mid-1930's was Warrington Rugby League Club's most successful period to date. After a first Wembley Challenge Cup final appearance in 1933, came Championship runners-up spots in 1934/35 and 1936/37 plus a Challenge Cup final defeat to Leeds in 1935/36. But four years of being so close yet so far were turned into glory in 1937/38 when Wire won the Lancashire League and the Lancashire Cup under the guidance of Chris Brockbank, who had become Wire's first team manager in 1936. Also in this era, Steve Ray established a new seasons' try scoring record with 33 in 1933, but that was increased to 34 in 1939 by Izzy Davies. January 1934 brought the opening of new dressing rooms underneath the main stand. Wilderspool hosted the 1934 Championship final between Salford and Wigan and attracted a bumper crowd of 31,565. That was a record but it was beaten in years to follow. The traditional pre-season friendly between Warrington and Wigan, the Locker Cup, started in 1938. It was then known as the Wardonia Cup and was donated by a local firm for charity matches. Charities and amateur football in both towns benefited from the proceeds of these games. Standing ovation for reserve team trialist FOR the second time, war brought a halt to Rugby League championship action. Only friendlies were played during World War Two, 1939 to 1945. Wilderspool was commandeered for storage space and many Wire stars guested for other clubs during this period. With no money coming in through the turnstiles, it left Warrington with difficulties in paying their bills. A meeting was called at the British Legion Club in 1942 and it was approved that the club should be formed as a limited company. In a successful bid to keep the club solvent a total of 10,000 shares, £1 each, were issued. The shareholders were soon to see value for their money with the arrival of an unknown Australian navy stoker in 1945. It was the start of a new era at Wilderspool. On November 10, 1945, Brian Bevan played a trial game in Warrington's A team against Widnes. Not surprisingly it was a try-scoring start and he received a standing ovation from the supporters. A week later he played for the first team as a trialist and the legend had begun. Warrington signed him on immediately and Bevan promised to return after his discharge from the Australian Navy. What an impact he had in 1946/47. Bevan set Wilderspool alight as he smashed the club's try scoring record with 48 tries in 42 appearances. His official debut came in the 10-5 second leg Lancashire Cup win at home to Salford, and again he was among the scorers. We are the champions! When Warrington got off to a bad start to their 1947/48 season, the club's ambitious officials decided to do something about it. Chairman J. S. Tilling and his directors swooped for Warrington-born Harold 'Moggy' Palin from Swinton and wasted no time in introducing to the front row close season signings Bill Darbyshire and Bill 'Spiv' Riley, both prop forwards. It made all the difference! Warrington went two months without defeat. Warrington became aware that they had to do something to make the most of their talented wingers, Bevan and Albert Johnson. So they strengthened their centre department with the capture of Albert Pimblett from Halifax and then Bryn Knowelden. Utility back Stan Powell also landed at Wilderspool. The result was that Warrington went undefeated in 20 games from December 1947 to April 1948, won the Lancashire League and gained a place in the Championship top four play-off. In the semi-final play-off, tries from Bevan 2, Pimblett 2, and hooker Dave Cotton, plus a goal from Palin, was enough to end the hopes of Huddersfield at Wilderspool. The Championship final was at Maine Road, home of Manchester City FC, with 69,341 supporters paying receipts of £9,700 to see the clash with Bradford Northern. Bevan and Pimblett crossed the whitewash again, with Powell adding the third as Wire secured an historical 15-5 success. And just for the record, Cotton won the scrums against Northern's Darlinson 38-28. Warrington were champions for the very first time! The team on that special day was: Les Jones, Brian Bevan, Albert Pimblett, Bryn Knowelden, Stan Powell, Jack Fleming, Gerry Helme, Bill Derbyshire, Dave Cotton, Bill Riley, Jim Featherstone, Bob Ryan, and Harold Palin. Pimblett proved to be an inspirational signing for Warrington that season. Not only did he score 19 tries himself but was provider for many of the 57 that Bevan scored, nine higher than the record he set in the previous year. There was another signing that season, Australian Harry Bath, who joined the club from Barrow in March, too late to be able to play in the top four play-offs. He was a world class second row who was to become a tower of strength to Warrington RLFC. Wire's first success at Wembley came in 1950 EXPECTATION was high from the current champions in 1948/49 and Warrington did not let their fans down. The team won the Lancashire League, on the back of 19 straight wins at the start of the season, finished runners-up to Wigan in the Lancashire Cup and runners-up to Huddersfield in the League Championship final at Maine Road, the stadium where Wire had become champions for the first time 12 months earlier. Warrington missed out on successive Championships by just one point, 13-12. A staggering 75,194 crammed into Maine Road. The attendance and the receipts of £11,073 were records for a northern ground. Wilderspool's record attendance was created in this season. The ground bulged at its seams as 34,304 turned out to see Warrington lose only their second game of the season – to Wigan! Almost 32,000 turned up to see the two teams battle out the pre-season friendly for the Ward Charity Cup at Central Park. Warrington's success switched away from the league competition in the 1949/50 campaign. This was a term in which Wire paid a then record fee of £4,600 for Ally Naughton from Widnes. The 20-year-old played a big part in helping Warrington reach the final of the Challenge Cup and it turned out to be Wire's first Wembley success. They defeated Widnes 19-0 in front of 95,000 fans. Just before Christmas, Warrington went down to the south of France for a weekend of action. They won at Toulouse 6-3 and followed it up 24 hours later with a 16-8 victory over Albi. Brockbank bowed out after 15 years IT was only right that in the highly successful Wire era of 1947 to 1955 that the club's stars should figure on the international scene. Prop Jimmy Featherstone and second rower Bob Ryan made the Great Britain tour Down Under in 1950 to become the club's ninth and 10th tourists. They returned to enjoy a fine 1950/51 season with Warrington, who finished the year as Lancashire League winners, Lancashire Cup runners-up and Championship runners-up. Second rower Harry Bath gave up his captaincy part way through the season because he felt the extra responsibilities had affected his game. Bryn Knowelden took over and ironically the team lost at Workington, only their third defeat in 20 games. A record 42,541 supporters at Swinton saw Warrington lose the Lancashire Cup final to Wigan 28-5. Warrington paid their third visit in four years to Manchester City's Maine Road to face Workington in the Championship final. Despite leading 8-3 at half-time, Wire went down 26-11. A big change for the club came in 1951 when manager Chris Brockbank ended 15 years at the helm to take up a hotel business in Blackpool. The man who came in to replace him was New Zealander Ces Mountford. He was introduced to the shareholders at the club's Annual Meeting held at the Co-op Hall, Cairo Street. Mountford, a regular in the Wigan team, accepted a 10-year contract as manager/coach and after some obstruction from Central Park chiefs he was eventually allowed to play for the club too. Another newcomer to the club during the season was Eric Fraser, the club's fifth full back on the books at that time. The 20-year-old joined from St Helens Junior Club and in later years was to become a Great Britain World Cup hero. And there was a new chairman too in F. W. Davies, who took over from P. F. Ward. Some things never changed that season – wing sensation Brian Bevan kept on scoring. In what turned out to be a disappointing 1951/52 campaign compared to previous years the Australian flyer, eventually to become the world record try scorer, crossed for 46 touch downs. He was also proving to Australia why he was worth an international spot too. He scored two tries for Other Nationalities against Wales, one for the British Empire side against the touring Kiwis at Chelsea and then two for Other Nationalities against England. The Bevan and Bath super show A STAGGERING 740 tries in his Wire career, 66 in just one season – that was the phenomenon that was Brian Bevan. The try-scoring machine bagged his season's club record of 66 in 1952/53 but the disappointing aspect was that such an unequalled rate was not enough to help Wire win some silverware. And in that campaign too another Australian broke a club record that still stands today. Pack ace Harry Bath, signed from Barrow, scored a record 363 points from 13 tries and 162 goals in 40 appearances. The Australians were in Britain and met Lancashire at Wilderspool after defeating Wire 34-10. There was an historical milestone in April, 1953, when Warrington's ground staged its first international. That was the game between Wales and Other Nationalities. In the Welsh team was centre Norman Harris, grandfather of the future Wire, Leeds and Great Britain Rugby League sensation, Iestyn Harris. Wire stars Albert Johnson and Gerry Helme had a joint Testimonial with a little more than £1,514 being shared between the two of them. Mountford's marauders The club's 1953/54 season was one not to be forgotten. Ces Mountford's heroes scorched to a fantastic treble. It was the first time Warrington had achieved cup success in the same season as winning the league Championship and the Lancashire League Cup. Halifax must have been sick of the sight of Wire's troops. They met in the challenge Cup final at Wembley which ended 4-4, two penalties per team. The replay took place 11 days later at Odsal Stadium before a world record crowd of 102,569. Many more did not get to the game because of horrendous travel congestion. Yorkshire had never seen anything like it and many historians now believe that as many as 120,000 people could have been on the ground that night. Warrington were successful 8-4 with tries scored by Jim Challinor and Gerry Helme. The Championship final, again between Warrington and Halifax, came only three days later at Maine Road, but this time there was only 36,519 in attendance. Wire relied on the boot of prolific goalkicker Harry Bath to kick them to victory 8-7. On the RL scene in general, France staged the first World Cup tournament in 1954. Great Britain won 16-12 after a play-off against France. Tenth trophy in eight seasons WARRINGTON secured the league championship for the second successive season in 1954/55. It was a Brian Bevan try and two Harry Bath goals that secured the 7-3 victory over Oldham in the Championship final at Maine Road with 49,434 watching the game. And with winning the Lancashire League too it was Warrington's 10th piece of silverware in eight years. Plus they had finished runners-up on four other occasions during that period, the best run of success the club has enjoyed in its entire history. That Championship success was the last to date for Wire but they did reach the semi-finals again the year after following their Lancashire League success for the third time on the trot. But Warrington were defeated 17-0 at the Boulevard. The biggest cheers of the year were for the club's three successes at Wigan, a rarity in those days too. There were Wire wins at Central Park in the Wardonia Cup, the Lancashire Cup and in the league. End of the Road WIRE'S magnificent successes of the early 1950s came to a sudden stop in 1956/57. It turned into a transformation period for Warrington with many top names drawing to a close their Wire careers. Full back or half back Eric Frodsham took no part in the campaign. Pack and goal-kicking ace Harry Bath and livewire scrum half Gerry Helme played half a season and then finished at Wilderspool. Danny Naughton played four games and then left. Loose forward Bob Ryan played fewer games as he was coming towards the end of his Wire spell. Bill McFarlane missed a season and Brian Bevan struggled with injuries. Bevan's absence was most notable because 1956/57 was the only season in his career in which he did not top the Wire try-scoring charts. That honour went to rising star Laurie Gilfedder with 22 from 39 games. He also kicked 57 goals. Players having a bigger involvement in this campaign included Jim Challinor, Arthur Fryer and Alf Arnold while new arrivals included Dick Nicholls, Martin Regan, Tony Storey, Robin Thompson. With so many changes it meant coach Ces Mountford used a total of 40 players during the campaign – the highest since World War Two and a figure that was not beaten until 1976/77. It is not surprising that Wire finished 10th in the league. They did reach the semi-finals of the Lancashire Cup but lost to St Helens 17-9. Attendances were below previous seasons' average and on January 19, 1957, Warrington took action by launching the club's lottery, which was to play an important part in the club's future finances. It was a time for change with the stadium too. In 1958 the popular side terracing of the ground became fully covered and soon after the Fletcher Street End was rooved. Ashcroft to follow footsteps of Kiwi CES Mountford came through his Wilderspool transition period by bringing further glory to the club in 1959/60. It ended a lull of four seasons without silverware, something Warrington fans were not used to after they had previously bagged 11 trophies in nine seasons. Winning the Lancashire Cup in '59 was just as special as all the rest to Mountford. The team played away from home all the way through to the final at Central Park, where Wire sneaked it 5-4 against St. Helens. A year later Warrington were back in the Championship hunt again. Wire met Leeds at Bradford's Odsal Stadium in the Championship final but it was the Loiners who came out on top 25-10. That 1961 final brought the end to Mountford's 10-year contract at the helm at Wilderspool. The New Zealander's career at Warrington might not have ended quite how we would have liked it to but he had many good times to look back on with the team and throughout his spell with Warrington he steered many individuals to county and international glory. That included Eric Fraser, Jim Challinor and Bobby Greenough who were in the Great Britain squad which won the World Cup – the last GB side to do so – in 1960. Ernie Ashcroft, who had made 11 international appearances in his playing days at Wigan, had the unenviable task of following in the footsteps of Mountford. Bye, bye Bevan … Hello Murphy BRIAN Bevan's remarkable Warrington career came to an end in Ernie Ashcroft's first season as coach. And the Australian flyer scored his 740th try in his 620th game to say a fond farewell to the Wire fans who were still a gaze in awe of the great wingman's presence. The sidesteps, the swerves, the foolery, the speed – it all ended for the Wilderspool crowd on Easter Monday, 1962, an amazing 17 years after playing his first game as a trialist. It was an emotional departure. Bill Garvin wrote in his Warrington Rugby League Club centenary publication: "Leigh were defeated 29-17 and after the match was over the crowd gathered in front of the main stand chanting 'We want Bev'. "He came into the stands and while he smiled and waved to the crowd, they sang Waltzing Matilda. It was a very moving occasion. The directors invited Brian into the boardroom where official goodbyes were said." More than 16,000 fans turned up that day to give the world record try scorer a rousing send off. Many on the terraces were saying such words as: "We'll never see the likes of him again. There will only ever be one Brian Bevan." In his time at Wilderspool Warrington won 12 major trophies in as many seasons and many of his stunning tries had proved on occasions to be the difference between disappointment and success. And it was probably no coincidence that Warrington took a long time to settle after Bevan's departure to Blackpool. Despite some well known names – the likes of Alistair Brindle, Jim Challinor, Tom Conroy, Henry Delooze, Jackie Edwards, Laurie Gilfedder, Bobby Greenough, Bill Payne and Charlie Winslade – the success of the fifties could not be repeated by coach Ashcroft. There was a split to two divisions in 1962/63 with Warrington gaining sixth spot in the top flight but it was only after reverting to a one-division set up that Wire had renewed taste of glory. Ashcroft won his only competition as Wire coach in the 1965/66 campaign, the Lancashire Cup. Warrington beat Rochdale Hornets in the final 16-5 with Ray Fisher, Brian Glover and Jackie Melling scoring tries. Glover was the new wing wizard at Wilderspool. He had topped the club's try scoring charts since Bevan's departure. Also, for the first time in seven years, Warrington won the Silcock Cup, defeating Widnes in the final of the annual seven-a-side competition. As well as league restructuring in this era there were some other important changes. Substitutes were used for the first time in 1964/65 with Joe Pickavance being Wire's first to wear a replacement's shirt. A friendly was played against Wigan in 1965 to celebrate the installation of floodlights at Wilderspool. Warrington lost that game to the cherry and whites. Success was proving difficult to come by for Warrington and, in a search for the man to turn the tide, Wire appointed new coaches in J. Fleming in 1967, Joe Egan in 1969 and then Peter Harvey in 1970. Attendances had dwindled, costs were rising and the club were understandably having financial difficulties. After the glory days of the fifties, it was certainly a case of the dark days of the sixties. The club was saved by a take-over bid from new chairman Ossie Davies and as part of the rescue package on May 20, 1971, Alex Murphy was appointed the new player/coach of the club. The wonder of Murphy's magic ALEX Murphy made a try-scoring debut as player coach for Wire in 1971. Murphy, still on a high after steering Leigh to Challenge Cup glory three months earlier, also banged over a goal and drop goal as Wire knocked Whitehaven out of the Lancashire Cup. But if fans had hopes of Murphy working overnight miracles, their hopes were short-lived. After crashing out of the Lancashire Cup and the Floodlit Trophy the team created a club record eight successive defeats. Murphy worked hard to find the winning formula and he introduced the likes of Wilf Briggs, Dave Chisnall, Geoff Clarkson, Dave Cunliffe, Toby Du Toit, George Heard, John Lowe, Derek Noonan, Frank Reynolds and Bobby Wanbon to Warrington's first team action. It started to pay off in time for the Challenge Cup. Warrington reached the semi-finals, only missing out on a Wembley trip after losing a tense replay against St Helens. Murphy had brought renewed optimism to Wilderspool and justifiably so. And his methods were having further rewards as average attendances had catapulted by more than a thousand. Success followed in 1972/73. Warrington lost only one of their opening 22 games and ended the season with the League Leader's Trophy. New arrivals that had helped Wire's cause included Kevin Ashcroft, Dennis Curling, John Hart, Clive Jones and Mike Nicholas. Mike Philbin, Billy Pickup, Alan Whittle and Aussie Dave Wright joined the fold and it all led to Warrington's best season in history so far. Welsh Rugby Union wonder John Bevan arrived just in time to enjoy it too. The former British Lion wingman signed on September 20, 1973. Three days later 'Bev' scored on his debut at home to Castleford. What was to follow can only be described as phenomenal. The Captain Morgan Trophy competition was run for the first and only time and Wire clinched it with a final success over Featherstone. Warrington followed that up with a defeat of Rochdale Hornets in the John Player final and then Murphy's men stormed to Challenge Cup success over Featherstone at Wembley. The icing on the cake was the top eight play-off Trophy, secured after a 13-12 success over St. Helens. It would have been too much to ask of Warrington to repeat their achievements in 1974/75. But they had a good go. Wire returned to Wembley only to have their celebrations spoiled by Widnes while they also had to settle for runners-up prize in the Floodlit Trophy. There were honours for the Wilderspool ground too during this era. It staged its only Test match in December 1973, between Great Britain and Australia. The Kangaroos beat the Lions, and the freezing weather, 15-5 in front of 10,019 fans. Then in 1975, Wilderspool staged the world cup clash between England and Wales. NOTHING went right for Alex Murphy and his Warrington players in 1975/76. The four-trophy haul of two seasons past seemed light years away. They finished 10th in the league and crashed out of the Lancashire Cup and the BBC2 Floodlit Trophy competitions in the opening round. Challenge Cup hopes ended in the third round at home to Widnes but they were lucky not to have been ditched in the first round by amateurs Leigh Miners at Wilderspool. Warrington struggled to a 16-12 success. The club was on a low and the fans had grown to expect better from Murphy. So where had it all gone wrong? Injuries played a big part. Tommy Martyn, Mike Nicholas, Parry Gordon and Barry Philbin missed huge chunks of the campaign. And some experienced players were transferred, including Kevin Ashcroft, Wilf Briggs, Derek Noonan, Dave Chisnall and Alan Whittle. There was no silverware to shout about the season after but Wire's fortunes seemed to have changed. Warrington, who finished a creditable fifth in the league, crashed out of the Premiership play-offs at the first hurdle, but yet appeared in the final. The Rugby League Council ruled that Hull Kingston Rovers fielded an ineligible player (Phil Lowe) at the opening stage and the tie was awarded to Warrington. Wire won through to the final but lost to St Helens at Swinton 32-20. Stars of the season were John Bevan with 17 touch downs and Steve Hesford with 129 goals while Mike Kelly and Ken Kelly were two of the newcomers to the club. It seems ironic then that after trophy success in 1977/78 Murphy's reign came to an end. Poor league form had left Wire dangerously close to the drop at one point and that meant Murphy lost many friends on the terraces. Wire won the John Player Trophy 9-4 against Widnes at Knowsley Road, St Helens. A Bevan special sealed it. And there was a good run in the Challenge Cup too which was only ended by St Helens 14-8 in the semi-finals. Murphy's last game in charge was a disappointing one – a 33-8 drubbing at Widnes in the Premiership play-offs. One of Murphy's last signings, Billy Benyon, was acting captain for this game. He was sent off for a high tackle. Less than two months later, he was the new Warrington boss. He made an immediate impact as Wire finished runners-up in the league and the John Player Trophy in his first season as player coach. This was the year Warrington beat the cocky Australian tourists 15-12 in front of a packed house at Wilderspool. And it was also the season when Steve Hesford kicked a club record 170 goals, 13 of which were one-pointers. But the season ended on a sour note. In the Premiership play-offs semi-finals Bradford Northern triumphed 14-11 at Wilderspool. Ken Kelly had to miss out on the forthcoming Great Britain tour down under after breaking his jaw in a Len Casey tackle in the Northern match. The club's centenary season brought about the resignation of chairman Ossie Davies, the man who had saved the club from extinction in 1971. Brian Pitchford was the new supremo. Prop forward Roy Lester was sold to Fulham, becoming their first signing as Rugby League arrived in the capital for 1980/81, which happened to be Wire's best season under Benyon. A marvellous display at Knowsley Road enabled Wire to stuff Second Division Wigan 26-10 in the Lancashire Cup final, their first county cup win for 15 years. And after a titanic tussle in the John Player semi-finals with Castleford, which went to a replay, Warrington were too strong for Barrow at Central Park and scored a 12-5 success. Rick Thackray, signed from Warrington Rugby Union Club, enjoyed his first full season with Wire scoring 15 tries. Bob Eccles started to show off his try-scoring prowess as well, touching down 15 times. Warrington had another new coach in 1982, their former Challenge Cup medal winner Kevin Ashcroft. Benyon was later to win an unfair dismissal case against Warrington. Ashcroft steered Warrington to Lancashire Cup glory in his first full season, a year marred by the Wilderspool fire which wiped out the complete main stand. It was also a season which saw the arrival of the sin bin and a decision at international board level to change the value of a try from three to four points. Interesting to note too that in September 1982 Huddersfield chairman Roy Brook called for a 20-club Super League! Best final In History? KEVIN Ashcroft certainly knew how to get the best out of his giant Wire forward Bob Eccles. The front or second rower scored a staggering 37 tries in Ashcroft's first full season in charge 1982/83. His 22 tries in the Slalom Lager Championship were a league record for a forward and he equalled the John Player Trophy record of scoring five tries in one match at home to Blackpool Borough. He had a trademark touch down style throughout this campaign. Eccles scored many tries from short range by using his skipper Ken Kelly as a dummy acting half back who would roll the ball through his legs, dart off one way, and then allowing Eccles to go the opposite way. Eccles, during a run of scoring tries in nine successive games, was called into the Great Britain squad for his first and only Test appearance against the all conquering Australian tourists – 15 games played, 15 games won. This was the realisation year. The Aussie game had jumped light years ahead of its British counterpart and there was a lot of catching up work to be done. Many changes followed. Some of the Aussie stars joined English clubs as trading restrictions were lifted in time for 1983/84, the term in which Peter Higham took over from Brian Pitchford as the new club chairman. While Warrington stuck to Kiwi Roby Muller and Maori man-mountain Pat Poasa, Hull Kingston Rovers snapped up Illawarra stand off and captain John Dorahy with neighbours Hull swooping for Peter Sterling and audacious Wakefield Trinity landing Kangaroo Test star Wally Lewis in a 10-match deal. And as well as this campaign signalling the start of four-point tries, it also brought the handover rule for players being caught in possession on the sixth tackle. Ashcroft's boys, wearing jerseys sponsored for the first time, took third spot in the league but were disappointing in the knockouts. Wire's name appeared to be on the Lancashire Cup after a sensational second round success at St. Helens. Wire had three men sent off and St. Helens two after a 20th minute brawl. Later, referee Stan Wall sent two Wire players to the sin bin and so for 20 minutes of the game they played with nine men against 11. Twice Warrington scored tries with only nine men on the field and recorded a thrilling 30-26 victory. All that effort was in vain when Wire lost at home to Barrow in the semi-finals. Incidentally, Wire were fined £1,000 for the brawl at St. Helens, who were hit for £500. Wire's classy centre Ronnie ‘Rhino' Duane toured with Great Britain Down Under and it lasted just nine minutes of the opening game against Northern Territory due to a serious knee injury. Wire supporters were surprised when Warrington and Ashcroft parted company in May, 1984, despite the former Wire hooker still having two years of his contract to run. The man who took over was ex-Widnes scrum half Reg Bowden, Wire's third new coach in six years. Bowden's two-year spell at the helm was more notable for some of his signings, rather than success on the field. He splashed out a world record fee for Great Britain and Widnes scrum half Andy Gregory, a deal which included part exchange for John Fieldhouse. He brought 'unknown' Bob Jackson from his former club Fulham. And then in October 1985 Bowden shocked the whole of the Rugby League world by signing Les Boyd at the end of his long term suspension for alleged 'gouging'. A week after the Kangaroo Test prop made his Wire debut, an Australian full back joined Warrington's ranks – the relatively unknown but none-the-less exciting Brian Johnson! And both played a week later as Warrington lost the Lancashire cup final by the record defeat of 34-8 against Wigan at Knowsley Road. Money had been spent but the rewards had not followed. Bowden resigned and loyal assistant coach Tony Barrow took over the reins in a caretaker role in March 1986. Success soon followed. Victories at home against Widnes and away to Wigan put Wire in the final of the Premiership Trophy against champions Halifax at Elland Road, Leeds. Fax did not know what had hit them as Barrow's boys ripped them to shreds to win 38-10. Many fans regarded this as Wire's greatest knockout final victory. The team on that glorious day was: Paul Ford, Mark Forster, Paul Cullen, Ronnie Duane, Brian Crabert, Paul Bishop, Andy Gregory, Les Boyd, Kevin Tamati, Bob Jackson, Gary Sanderson, Mark Roberts, Mike Gregory. Subs: Brian Johnson, Billy McGinty. Hesford, Johnson and Bishop break Wire records WARRINGTON's 1986 Premiership Trophy triumph over Halifax was the perfect tonic for Tony Barrow's first full season in charge. And it was the first campaign of the eighties that Warrington had gone into without the services of record-breaking goal kicker Steve Hesford. The Blackpool-based full back ended his Wilderspool career with five club records to his name – most goals in career (1,159), most goals in a season (170 in 1979/80), most points in a career (2,416), most consecutive appearances (94), most drop goals in career (47). Barrow's man with the golden boot was Paul Bishop, who broke a club record himself in 1986/87. His haul of 17 drop goals was a season's record. The year before he kicked five in one match, also a record, as Wire knocked Wigan out of the Premiership Trophy. But there was no doubting the star of 86/87 – Brian Johnson. He crossed for 25 tries – the highest total ever for a Warrington full back. He helped Wire to third place in the league and runners-up spot to Wigan in the John Player Trophy and in the revamped Premiership Trophy. The latter had a new look, being staged at Old Trafford for the first time with a double-header format. The new Second Division play-offs final acted as a curtain-raiser to the First Division final. Old Trafford was also used to stage a Test match for the first time, which attracted a British record 50,583 for the first Whitbread Trophy encounter between Great Britain and Australia. GB scrum half Andy Gregory's dispute with Warrington was settled when Wigan paid a cash record £130,000 for him. Some of that was spent on recruiting Leigh's international winger Des Drummond a month later. The season after saw the introduction of the players' contract system and random drug testing. It was a term which brought Warrington a runners-up spot to Wigan in the Lancashire Cup and British Coal Nines victory at Wigan with a 24-0 final success over The Rest of the World. In November 1988, there was a change at the top. Brian Johnson took over as the new chief. He was an instant success with the fans by leading Wire to almost Challenge Cup semi-final glory over Wigan at Maine Road. Only a 60-yard Joe Lydon drop goal and a late try knocked the stuffing out of Wire. Two months later the two sides clashed again on neutral soil – this time as a promotional game at the County Stadium, Milwaukee, America. Silverware success came the season after as Wire stormed to glory in the Lancashire Cup final over Oldham – Wire's ninth win on the trot. And better still Johnson secured Warrington their first trip to Wembley for 15 years to face Wigan in the final of the Challenge Cup. Bogy side Wigan secured a 36-14 victory preventing Wire's GB skipper Mike Gregory from the magic moment of lifting the trophy. In 1990/91 Warrington gained their second trophy in successive seasons. This time it was the Regal trophy with a 12-2 win over Bradford Northern at Headingley, Leeds. Johnson's first professional Wire signing, Mark Thomas, scored the winning try. A game in turmoil as news of Sky's Super League hits home with fans BRIAN Johnson's honeymoon period at the helm of Warrington Rugby League Club ended after two years. No more trophies followed and league form suffered while finance was not available to match the kind of £440,000 transfer fee Wigan paid out to Widnes for Martin Offiah in 1991/92. Instead, Wire's money was going into their youth policy at Academy level, the new league for 16 to 18-year-olds at professional clubs. Wire's league form was suffering, attendances were dwindling at Wilderspool and by the end of 1992/93 – which saw the arrival of Friday night RL on Sky TV – many fans believed it was time for a change of coach. Club chairman Peter Higham and his board of directors felt otherwise and their audacious signing of rugby superstar Jonathan Davies – on a free transfer – turned the club around. Cash-hit Widnes had to off-load the Welsh wizard because of his huge contract which Warrington were to finance through a special company sponsorship. The town was buzzing with the arrival of Davies, the captain of the Wales RL team which had been reformed in 1991/92. At the end of centre Davies's first season Warrington had missed out on the championship by the narrowest margin of points difference to Wigan and Bradford Northern, attendances had peaked to a 20-year high and Davies had won the Man of Steel and First Division Player of the Year awards. Expectation was high for the season after but Johnson and his team could not find the desired consistency. Matchwinner Davies damaged his shoulder in Great Britain's first Test defeat of Australia at Wembley and Warrington were lacking without him. Wire did manage to put some form together to reach the final of the Regal Trophy at Huddersfield's new 19,000 all-seater McAlpine Stadium but they were blasted off the park 40-10 by the game's dominant force Wigan. Two months later came the news that was to shock the whole of the RL world. Media magnate Rupert Murdoch announced he was to launch a rebel league in Australia and followed that up with a proposal for a European Super League. The £77 million offer from News Corporation Ltd – later to become £87m – was too good for the visionary club chairmen to resist in Britain, as the game was in a state of financial ruin. With acceptance of the money came the formation of a 1996 14-club Super League, mergers of clubs, inclusion of teams from Paris and Toulouse, a switch to summer rugby and the playing of international football only against other Murdoch-allied countries. One of the planned mergers was Warrington and Widnes to represent Cheshire and it brought an outcry in both towns from ardent followers of the game. The same situation applied with other planned mergers. On Good Friday 1995, two hours before kick off at Naughton Park for the traditional Widnes and Warrington Bank Holiday game, RL chief executive Maurice Lindsay phoned the ground from France to say that Toulouse had pulled out of Super League and that Widnes had their own place alongside Warrington. The Rugby League were hit by legal action from Keighley Cougars, the Second Division Champions, who had missed out on a place in Super League and anti-merger campaigns continued in the north of England. Members of Parliament spoke out against the Murdoch Super League deal in a special House of Commons debate and there was high-profile media coverage of the whole issue. Club chairmen decided to look again at the structure for Super League and came up with a three-division 12-11-10 format with the Super League comprising the top ten clubs from the 1994/95 season plus London and Paris. That meant that Warrington were in but Widnes were out and the Chemics then launched a High Court battle over their omission. Ironically, the biggest change to Rugby League in its entire history heralded the start of the game's 1995-96 centenary season, the last campaign to be played in winter. It was a season cut short to make way for Super League and it carried a one-month break of action to make way for the Centenary World Cup which was staged in Britain. Wilderspool played hosts to Tonga and New Zealand for a group game but the Australian Rugby League national team went on to clinch success over England at Wembley. It was a season that never really got going and Warrington had to pay the price for a heavy fixture schedule that saw them play five games in the opening 14 days. Injuries mounted up and Warrington never really fully recovered. Warrington reached the semi-finals of the Regal Trophy and were paired away to much-improved St. Helens. That semi-final turned out to be the blackest day in Warrington's history. No-one could possibly have contemplated the 80-0 mauling that was Warrington's heaviest defeat. Coach Brian Johnson resigned the morning after and his assistant Clive Griffiths was left to pick up the pieces as caretaker coach for the rest of the league season. Griffiths, the Wales coach, was overlooked for the top job with Wire raising their profile in the media by landing the double act of Alex Murphy as rugby football executive and John Dorahy as coach (rugby football manager). The new regime led to Academy coach Kevin Tamati and assistant coach Griffiths leaving Wilderspool before the Super League season was due to kick off for Wire at Leeds on March 31. The 12 teams in the first season of Super League were Bradford Bulls, Castleford Tigers, Halifax, Leeds, London Broncos, Paris St. Germain, Sheffield Eagles, Warrington, Wigan, Workington Town. The rebel Australian Super League did not kick off on time after a battle with the Australian Rugby League ended up in court with Super League being ruled unlawful. Super League 1 - 1996 THE 1996 season witnessed a major turning point in the history of not only Warrington RLFC, but of rugby league as a whole. This was the first season of Super League, with teams from Paris St Germain and London Broncos competing alongside the traditional northern heavyweights of the sport. The times were changing quickly - and the Super League revolution swept away the sport's traditional winter fixtures, bringing instead a calendar of summer games which would allow the stars to show off their skills in the best possible conditions. Before Super League began, Wire - under the guidance of Australian coach John Dorahy - were involved in Challenge Cup action. They started off with a 26-4 win at Oldham, but then suffered a disappointing 30-10 defeat at home to Leeds in the next round. Warrington's inaugural Super League game took place at Headingley on Sunday, March 31, and it was to be an exciting and successful start to the summer era, as the men from Wilderspool edged a 22-18 victory in a thrilling clash against Leeds, gaining revenge for their Challenge Cup defeat. Wire's tries came from Iestyn Harris, Ian Knott and Mateaki Mafi, with Harris landing five goals. By the end of April, Wire had won four of their first five games - the only blemish being a 42-12 thumping at Central Park, Wigan - and were sitting pretty in third place in the table. Fans were being thrilled by the try-scoring exploits of two new signings, the Kiwi duo Toa Kohe-Love and Richard Henare, whose silky skills and blistering pace were making them firm favourites of the Wilderspool faithful. May, however, proved not such a merry month for Wire, who lost 36-14 at Bradford and also fell to an agonising 25-24 home defeat at the hands of unbeaten league leaders St Helens. A mixed bag of results followed in June. Wire notched a narrow 26-24 win in Paris, with exciting youngsters Jon Roper and Paul Sculthorpe getting on the scoresheet, but they also suffered a 35-24 loss at Oldham and were humiliated 21-0 by arch-rivals Wigan in front of 8,103 fans at Wilderspool. As the month came to an end, Wire found themselves in fourth place, behind St Helens, Wigan and Bradford but still with a three-point cushion over fifth-placed London. A wretched July then did much to scupper Warrington's top-four ambitions, with defeats away to Halifax and Sheffield and at home to Bradford. A 49-4 win away to bottom-placed Workington, with Mark Forster scoring two tries, lifted the spirits briefly, and although Wire ended the month still placed fourth, London were now just a point adrift. August began with Wire slipping out of the top four following a 20-13 loss away to the Broncos, but wins against Castleford and Oldham put them back in fourth place with just one round to go. However, the season ended on an emphatic low for the primrose and blue legions, as Wire slumped to a 66-14 hammering at St Helens while London thumped Castleford 56-0 to seal fourth spot and a place in the Premiership. St Helens' win over Warrington on the final day was enough to make them the inaugural Super League champions, with Wigan a point behind in second place. Warrington finished in fifth spot, with a record of 12 wins and 10 defeats from their 22 games. Henare was the club's leading try-scorer with 17, while brilliant youngster Harris scored four tries and kicked 67 goals plus two drop goals for a 152-point haul. It was a season which had started with so much promise, but which ended on a sour note, with four defeats in the final six games and with an unhappy Harris announcing that he wanted a move away from Wilderspool. Wire squad: Paul Barrow, Andy Bennett, Gary Chambers, Paul Cullen, Andy Currier, Gareth Davies, Chris Eckersley, Salesi Finau, Mike Ford, Mark Forster, Iestyn Harris, Richard Henare, Mark Hilton, Chris Holden, John Hough, Paul Hulme, Mark Jones, Ronnie Kettlewell, Ian Knott, Toa Kohe-Love, Mateaki Mafi, Lee Penny, Jon Roper, Chris Rudd, Paul Sculthorpe, Kelly Shelford, Warren Stevens, Phil Sumner, Willie Swann, Mike Wainwright, Kris Watson. Super League 2 - 1997 AFTER the disappointment of narrowly missing the top four the previous year, Warrington began Super League 2 with fresh optimism and a new nickname - the Wolves. A quartet of high-profile signings - former Great Britain hooker Martin Dermott and the Kiwi trio of prop Dallas Mead, second rower Tony Tatupu and utility back Nigel Vagana - had come to Wilderspool and hopes were high that the Wolves fans would be howling with delight in 1997. Sadly, it was not to be. The Iestyn Harris dispute had not been resolved, and the young star eventually packed his bags and moved to Leeds for £300,000 early in the season. And there was further bad news on the field as Warrington lost 29-10 at home to Salford in the Challenge Cup quarter-finals and then crashed to defeat in their first three games of the Super League campaign, after which coach John Dorahy left the club. A daunting opener at Odsal saw the Wolves ripped apart by Bradford Bulls in a 58-20 hammering, with Vagana and Tatupu scoring a debut try apiece. A Richard Henare hat-trick could not prevent the Wolves from slipping to a 38-18 defeat at home to London, and then a 32-18 loss at Sheffield left the Wolves at rock bottom. Remarkably, the club's first points of the season came at home to Wigan on March 31, as a Vagana hat-trick helped to seal a famous 35-24 win in front of 7,213 surprised fans at Wilderspool. Alex Murphy and Paul Cullen took charge of the side that day, but soon afterwards the Wolves appointed Australian Darryl Van de Velde as their new coach. April also saw the unfortunate Mead released from his contract after suffering a serious injury. With confidence restored following the Wigan game, the Wolves went on to win three of their next four matches, beating Oldham, Castleford and Paris - but it was then that the wheels well and truly came off. In their next 14 outings - which included eight Super League games and six in the inaugural World Club Challenge - the Wolves won just once, a narrow 25-22 success against Halifax at Wilderspool. The horror run began with a 42-30 loss at Halifax, where new £65,000 signing Lee Briers scored his first Wolves try, and continued with heavy defeats by Bradford, London, Sheffield and Leeds. In the World Club Challenge, the Wolves hosted Cronulla Sharks, Penrith Panthers and Auckland Warriors, and were blown away in all three games in front of disappointingly low crowds. When the Wolves made the trip Down Under for the return fixtures, they again failed to register a win, although the 16-4 defeat at Auckland was at least respectable. The Wolves picked up slightly in August, with wins over Salford, Paris and Castleford, but for the fans and players alike, the end of Super League 2 couldn't come quickly enough. A record of eight wins from 22 games saw the Wolves finish in ninth place, with Vagana's 22 touchdowns making him the league's top try-scorer. Bradford Bulls, with 20 wins and just two defeats, were runaway winners of the Super League title. For the Wolves, though, it had proved to be a year of turmoil on and off the pitch, with players coming and going with bewildering frequency. Club stalwart Paul Cullen finally succumbed to injuries and retired in July, star winger Henare was sacked in August following off-the-field problems, while a trio of senior professionals - Paul Hulme, George Mann and Richie Eyres - arrived mid-season to try to pull the side out of its slump. But amid all the changes, it was the loss of the mercurial Harris which hurt the most - and still does. Wolves squad: Paul Barrow, Liam Bretherton, Lee Briers, Martin Carney, Chris Causey, Gary Chambers, Andy Currier, Paul Derbyshire, Gareth Davies, Martin Dermott, John Duffy, Andrew Duncan, Richie Eyres, Salesi Finau, Mark Forster, Shaun Geritas, Iestyn Harris, Richard Henare, Chris Highton, Mark Hilton, Chris Holden, John Hough, Paul Hulme, Ian Knott, Toa Kohe-Love, Mateaki Mafi, George Mann, Dallas Mead, Anthony Murray, David 'Doc' Murray, Lee Penny, Carl Roden, Jon Roper, Chris Rudd, Paul Sculthorpe, Kelly Shelford, Warren Stevens, Willie Swann, Tony Tatupu, Tony Thorniley, Nigel Vagana, Mike Wainwright, Paul Wingfield. Super League 3 - 1998 IT was once again a case of all-change as the Wolves embarked on their third Super League campaign. Great Britain loose forward Paul Sculthorpe had left the club during the winter in a £370,000 deal with St Helens which had seen Chris Morley come to Wilderspool. And for his first full season in charge, coach Darryl Van de Velde looked overseas to bolster a squad which had under-performed so badly the previous year. In came a quartet of Australian imports - hooker Danny Farrar from Penrith Panthers, prop Danny Nutley and centre Michael Eagar from South Queensland Crushers, and stand-off Adam Doyle from Western Suburbs. And also making their way to Wilderspool were former Great Britain forward Steve McCurrie, who had been playing rugby union for Bedford, ex-St Helens prop Adam Fogerty, plus winger Jason Roach and Kiwi back rower Brendon Tuuta from Castleford. It was Roach who made the first big impression, scoring four tries on his debut as the Wolves routed Wakefield 42-6 in the Challenge Cup. Roach again crossed for a try in the next round, but the Wolves bowed out after a battling 35-22 loss at St Helens. When it came to the big kick-off in Super League, the Wolves again got away to a disastrous start, losing their first four games to Leeds, Salford, London and finally St Helens, in a match played at Liverpool FC's Anfield home. The Wolves' first league win of the season came on May 10, when Halifax were the visitors to Wilderspool, Toa Kohe-Love grabbing a brace of tries in a 31-20 victory. This marked the start of a purple patch for Van de Velde's men, who then won three and drew one of their next five games, starting with a fine 33-18 home win against Castleford in which McCurrie - making quite an impact on his return to the rugby league ranks - rumbled in for two tries. Hull Sharks were harpooned at The Boulevard as the Wolves notched their first away win of the season, then after a shock 28-6 defeat at Huddersfield, the Wolves outmuscled Bradford Bulls 28-10 and drew 18-18 with Sheffield Eagles in consecutive home games. This upturn in fortunes had left the Wolves in contention for a top-five finish and a place in the first Super League play-offs, but they then suffered three defeats in four games, culminating in a 23-16 loss in a 'roadshow' game against Castleford which was played in Cardiff. From this point, the Wolves' season simply nosedived, with only two wins, at home to Hull and Huddersfield, coming from their last nine games. In the final game of the campaign, derby rivals Wigan pulled off a 30-24 win at Wilderspool in a game which marked the debut of another Aussie import, the former Canterbury stand-off Scott Wilson. In another gloomy season for the Wilderspool faithful, the Wolves finished in 10th place, with just seven wins and one draw from their 23 games. Veteran winger Mark Forster was the club's top try-scorer, with 11. This year was the first in which the Super League title was decided via a play-off system rather than on final league positions, and it was Wigan Warriors and Leeds Rhinos who fought through to the inaugural Grand Final at Old Trafford. It proved to be a tense tussle in front of 43,553 fans at the Theatre of Dreams, with Wigan edging home 10-4 thanks to a try from winger Jason Robinson and three Andy Farrell goals. Wolves squad: Lee Briers, Chris Causey, Gary Chambers, Will Cowell, Adam Doyle, John Duffy, Michael Eagar, Danny Farrar, Vince Fawcett, Phil Finney, Adam Fogerty, Mark Forster, David Highton, Mark Hilton, Ian Knott, Toa Kohe-Love, Steve McCurrie, Chris Morley, Danny Nutley, Mike Pechey, Lee Penny, Jason Roach, Jon Roper, Chris Rudd, Warren Stevens, Brendon Tuuta, Mike Wainwright, Danny Whittle, Scott Wilson. Super League 4 - 1999 THE Wolves went fishing for a Shark in the build-up to the new campaign - and they made an impressive catch as Great Britain threequarter Alan Hunte joined the club from Hull. With tough-tackling former Canterbury second-rower Simon Gillies also on board, along with two Deans - Busby and Hanger - coach Darryl Van de Velde had good reason to be optimistic about the year ahead. And the feel-good vibe was further enhanced when it was revealed that the Wolves - now under new ownership - had signed up former Bradford Bulls marketing guru Peter Deakin as their new chief executive. Big home wins over Featherstone and Halifax in the early rounds of the Challenge Cup had the town buzzing, and when a superb Toa Kohe-Love try helped to set up an opening Super League win against Halifax at a waterlogged New Shay, it really looked as though the Wolves were on the march. A 52-16 hammering in the Challenge Cup quarter-finals at Bradford brought everyone at the club down to earth with a massive bump, but the Wolves showed plenty of resilience to bounce back in Super League. Kiwi centre Kohe-Love, now back to his blistering best after being dogged by injuries, tore in for two tries as Castleford were defeated 19-14 at Wilderspool, Jason Roach scored twice in a 26-22 win at Salford, and a last-minute try from winger Mark Forster secured a thrilling home win over Super League new boys Gateshead Thunder. Warrington were now flying high in the league table, and even after narrow defeats at the hands of big guns Wigan and Bradford, there was still a feeling that the Wolves could be genuine top-five contenders. Half-backs Scott Wilson and Lee Briers shone as the Wolves produced a capital performance to win 30-18 at London, and Jon Roper then helped himself to two tries as Sheffield Eagles were put to the sword in a 40-4 romp at Wilderspool. A 33-22 win away to Hull kept the Wolves camp in high spirits, and when Leeds came to Wilderspool to play their fifth game in 16 days, a home win looked on the cards. However, despite another brace of tries from Kohe-Love, it was the men from Headingley who pulled off a fine 28-10 win to silence the home fans. A major turning point in the season came when the Wolves travelled to Castleford to face their fellow play-off hopefuls and slumped to a 39-6 trouncing, with ex-Warrington half-back Francis Maloney tormenting his former team-mates with a hat-trick of tries. The Wolves picked themselves up to beat Salford and draw 17-17 with Wigan, and then Gillies and Kohe-Love scored hat-tricks in wins against London and Sheffield respectively. But defeats by Gateshead and Bradford had hit the Wolves' play-off hopes, and when they travelled to Headingley for a do-or-die clash with Leeds, they were pipped 34-30 in a televised classic. That defeat seemed to knock the stuffing out of Van de Velde's men and after a win against lowly Huddersfield, their campaign fizzled out with a run of five straight defeats, including a last-gasp 23-22 loss at Halifax and culminating in a home 48-22 thrashing by Gateshead on the final day of the regular season. Despite their late slump, the Wolves managed to finish in seventh place - a decent improvement on the previous season but still an under-achievement given the talent within the squad. There was some personal consolation for Kohe-Love, as his glittering haul of 28 touchdowns saw him finish joint-top of the national try-scoring chart. Meanwhile, St Helens and Bradford came through the play-off series to reach the Old Trafford final, with Saints edging home in an enthralling contest thanks to a second-half try from Kiwi centre Kevin Iro. Wolves squad: Lee Briers, Dean Busby, Chris Causey, Gary Chambers, Will Cowell, John Duffy, Danny Farrar, Mark Forster, Simon Gillies, Dean Hanger, David Highton, Mark Hilton, Alan Hunte, Ian Knott, Toa Kohe-Love, Andy Leathem, Steve McCurrie, Danny Nutley, Lee Penny, Jason Roach, Jon Roper, Ian Sibbit, Warren Stevens, Mike Wainwright, Scott Wilson. Super League 5 - 2000 SEASON ticket sales for Super League 5 went through the roof at Wilderspool as coach Darryl Van de Velde pulled off three of the highest-profile and most exciting signings ever made by the club. Legendary Australian Test scrum-half Allan Langer came out of a brief retirement to wear the primrose and blue along with his long-time Brisbane Broncos colleague Andrew Gee, one of the world's toughest prop forwards, while New Zealand international Tawera Nikau chose to leave behind Aussie Grand Final winners Melbourne Storm in favour of the Wolves. With England half-back Steve Blakeley moving to Wilderspool from Salford and French international second rower Jerome Guisset joining from Canberra Raiders, all the pundits were predicting a top-five finish for Warrington. Unfortunately, the team failed to live up to the hype, despite getting their season off to a magnificent start with thumping Challenge Cup wins over NFP sides Hunslet Hawks and York Wasps. The opening round of Super League saw London Broncos thrashed 48-18 at Wilderspool, with Alan Hunte grabbing two tries, and a week later Hunte was again the hero, his last-minute touchdown giving the Wolves a thrilling win away to Salford City Reds in a televised Challenge Cup quarter-final. There was now a real belief that the Wolves were in for a season to remember, but two successive defeats by the Bradford Bulls - 58-4 at Odsal in Super League and 44-20 in the Challenge Cup semi-final at Headingley - proved that the Wolves squad was still not ready to consistently challenge the sport's big four of St Helens, Wigan Warriors, Bradford and Leeds Rhinos. With confidence naturally low after the Bradford games, the Wolves slumped to two more defeats, at home to Hull FC and, agonisingly, away to Wakefield Trinity Wildcats, where a last-minute error by Dean Busby gifted the home team their winning try. Successive wins at home to Leeds - with promising young centre Ian Sibbit scoring two tries - and away to Halifax Blue Sox seemed to put the Wolves' season back on track, only for derby defeats at home to St Helens and away to Wigan to once again expose the side's weaknesses. A narrow win away to Huddersfield-Sheffield Giants and successive defeats away to Salford and at home to Castleford Tigers created further gloom for the Wolves. But if there was one thing you could rely on in Super League 5 it was Warrington's unpredictability, and on May 28 Wilderspool witnessed a remarkable game as the Wolves overturned an 18-point half-time deficit to beat the mighty Bradford Bulls 42-32 - the Challenge Cup winners' first defeat of the season. An away win over London, in a roadshow game at Newport RUFC, gave the Wolves another lift, but their season then nosedived in spectacular fashion. The Wolves lost six of their next seven matches, culminating in a humiliating 44-24 defeat by rock bottom Huddersfield-Sheffield at Wilderspool in a rollercoaster game wich had seen on-loan winger Rob Smyth race in for four tries in the first half-hour of his Warrington debut. Frustration on the terraces turned to anger with this defeat and glum-faced supporters staged a sit-in protest after the game, calling for the resignation of Van de Velde. The Aussie coach did not quit, though, and the game was to prove a turning point in the season, as the Wolves addressed their problems and went on to win six of their final eight games to finish sixth - their highest placing in four seasons. The end-of-season play-offs resulted in a Lancashire derby at Old Trafford, with St Helens and Wigan contesting the Grand Final. And what a game it was, with Saints hanging on for an exciting 29-16 win despite a brave second-half rally from the Pie-eaters. For Warrington, though, it had proved to be another disappointing season in which there had been some notable departures. Blakeley quit Wilderspool in favour of his former club Salford after only a few months, and Jon Roper went on loan to London and Salford before being released at the end of the season. Also released in an end-of-season clear-out were: Veteran former Great Britain winger Mark Forster, who was deemed surplus to requirements in the year of his double testimonial. Popular Aussie hooker Danny Farrar, who chose to retire from the game after three hard-grafting years at Wilderspool. England prop Mark Hilton, whose once-promising career sadly continues to be disrupted by serious injuries. Jerome Guisset, who enjoyed his year in England but chose to return to his native France. Off the field, too, it was a season of turmoil for the Wolves. Chief executive Peter Deakin quit towards the end of the campaign to join rugby union outfit Sale Sharks, long-serving assistant coach Paul Cullen left to take over the reins at Whiteheaven, and as the season ended, a vital planning application for a new stadium on Winwick Road was still to be decided upon, although Warrington Borough Council had given the plan its approval. Despite all the problems and disappointments of 2000, though, Wolves fans can still look forward to better things in 2001, especially if the stadium proposal finally gets the go-ahead. With new signings Kevin Walters, Rob Smyth and Martin Masella coming to the club for Super League 6, and an exciting batch of youngsters such as Paul Noone, Jamie Stenhouse, Will Cowell, Mark Gleeson, Dave Alstead, Dave Highton and Paul Wood ready to make their mark, the play-offs should be a realistic aim next season. Wolves squad: David Alstead, Steve Blakeley, Lee Briers, Dean Busby, Chris Campbell, Gary Chambers, Will Cowell, Danny Farrar, Mark Forster, Andrew Gee, Mark Gleeson, Jerome Guisset, David Highton, Mark Hilton, Alan Hunte, Ian Knott, Toa Kohe-Love, Allan Langer, Steve McCurrie, Tawera Nikau, Paul Noone, Danny Nutley, Neil Parsley, Lee Penny, Mike Peters, Jon Roper, Ian Sibbit, Rob Smyth, Jamie Stenhouse, Paul Wood.
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Of what is 'dendrophobia' a fear?
Dendrophobia - tree fear, trees fear, tree phobia, trees phobia, fear of trees, phobia of trees Websites Welcome to my site for Dendrophobia. In hopes of trying to provide some helpful information, I have searched the Internet looking for information on Dendrophobia (tree fear, trees fear, tree phobia, trees phobia, fear of trees, phobia of trees). Please note I am not a doctor and only provide this site for informational purposes. I hope you will find some benefit in the site. Best wishes! ~Edd~ What is Dendrophobia? Dendrophobia is the fear of trees. The origin of the word dendro is Greek (meaning tree) and phobia is Greek (meaning fear). Dendrophobia is considered to be a specific phobia, which is discussed on the home page. Dendrophobia is also related to Hylophobia (fear of forests), Nyctohylophobia (fear of dark wooded areas or of forests at night), and Xylophobia (fear of wooden objects and/or forests). What are the causes? It is generally accepted that phobias arise from a combination of external events (i.e. traumatic events) and internal predispositions (i.e. heredity or genetics). Many specific phobias can be traced back to a specific triggering event, usually a traumatic experience at an early age. Social phobias and agoraphobia have more complex causes that are not entirely known at this time. It is believed that heredity, genetics, and brain chemistry combine with life-experiences to play a major role in the development of phobias. (Wikipedia - phobia). What are the symptoms? As with any phobia, the symptoms vary by person depending on their level of fear. The symptoms typically include extreme anxiety, dread and anything associated with panic such as shortness of breath, rapid breathing, irregular heartbeat, sweating, excessive sweating, nausea, dry mouth, nausea, inability to articulate words or sentences, dry mouth and shaking. . Can I take medicine? Medicine can be prescribed, but please note that these medications can have side effects and/or withdrawal systems that can be severe. It is also important to note that medicines do not cure phobias, at best they only temporarily suppress the systems. However, there are treatments for phobias, which include counseling, hypnotherapy, psychotherapy, and Neuro-Linguistic programming. Please click on the link at the top of the page called “Treatment Information” to find out more information on these types of treatments.   Note: If you are going to do a search, some common Dendrophobia search terms include Dendrophobia, tree fear, trees fear, tree phobia, trees phobia, fear of trees, phobia of trees. DISCLAIMER: PLEASE READ - By printing, downloading, or using you this information, you agree to the following: 1) I am only providing this material for information and research purposes. 2) The information is "AS IS", "WITH ALL FAULTS". 3) You understand the information was gathered by doing a general search on Internet search engines for the following terms: Dendrophobia, tree fear, trees fear, tree phobia, trees phobia, fear of trees, phobia of trees. 4) User assumes all risk of use, damage, or injury. 5) Information may have errors or be outdated. 6) Some information is from historical sources or represents opinions of the author. 7) You agree that we have no liability for any damages. 8) I are not liable for any consequential, incidental, indirect, or special damages. Finally, if you do not agree to terms, do not use the information. It is for informational and research purposes only! If you have any questions please contact me [email protected]
Tree
The Caspian Sea has borders with five countries. Which is missing from this list - Azerbaijan, Russia, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan?
PHOBIA: Living in Constant Fear: Dendrophobia: The Fear of Trees Dendrophobia: The Fear of Trees Dendrophobia is the irrational fear of trees or of the forest. It is a very common phobia, but it is not well-documented because those who suffer from the phobia don’t like to talk about it because they fear ridicule from others. Although it is an irrational fear, it is a very real fear to those who suffer from Dendrophobia. The fear is so intense that they have severe panic attacks and anxiety. It must be really hard to deal with being afraid of trees. If you have Dendrophobia leave a comment and tell everyone your story. Knowledge is very powerful. If people can gain more knowledge about phobias, maybe they will begin to understand what we go through and won’t be so quick to judge. Posted by Cristina Olvera at 12:05 AM
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The 1618 'Defenestration of Prague' triggered which war?
Defenestration of Prague | 1618 | Britannica.com Defenestration of Prague Citizen Genêt Affair Defenestration of Prague, (May 23, 1618), incident of Bohemian resistance to Habsburg authority that preceded the beginning of the Thirty Years’ War . In 1617 Roman Catholic officials in Bohemia closed Protestant chapels that were being constructed by citizens of the towns of Broumov and Hrob, thus violating the guarantees of religious liberty laid down in the Letter of Majesty (Majestätsbrief) of Emperor Rudolf II (1609). The tower at Hradčany (Prague Castle), the site of the Defenestration of Prague. DigitalExtropy In response, the defensors, appointed under the Letter of Majesty to safeguard Protestant rights, called an assembly of Protestants at Prague , where the imperial regents, William Slavata and Jaroslav Martinic , were tried and found guilty of violating the Letter of Majesty and, with their secretary, Fabricius, were thrown from the windows of the council room of Hradčany ( Prague Castle ) on May 23, 1618. Although inflicting no serious injury on the victims, that act, known as the Defenestration of Prague, was a signal for the beginning of a Bohemian revolt against the Habsburg emperor Ferdinand II , which marked one of the opening phases of the Thirty Years’ War. Learn More in these related articles: Bohemia historical country of central Europe that was a kingdom in the Holy Roman Empire and subsequently a province in the Habsburgs ’ Austrian Empire. Bohemia was bounded on the south by Austria, on the west by Bavaria, on the north by Saxony and Lusatia, on the northeast by Silesia, and on the... Thirty Years’ War (1618–48), in European history, a series of wars fought by various nations for various reasons, including religious, dynastic, territorial, and commercial rivalries. Its destructive campaigns and battles occurred over most of Europe, and, when it ended with the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648,... in history of Europe: The crisis in the Habsburg lands The Defensors created by the Letter of Majesty expressed strong objection to these measures and summoned the Estates of the realm to meet in May 1618. When the regents declared the meeting illegal, the Estates invaded the council chamber and threw two Catholic regents, together with their secretary, from the window. Next, a provisional government (known as the Directors) was created and a small... More about Defenestration of Prague 3 References found in Britannica Articles Assorted References Corrections? Updates? Help us improve this article! Contact our editors with your feedback. MEDIA FOR: You have successfully emailed this. Error when sending the email. Try again later. Edit Mode Submit Tips For Editing We welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles. You can make it easier for us to review and, hopefully, publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind. Encyclopædia Britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience. You may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered. Any text you add should be original, not copied from other sources. At the bottom of the article, feel free to list any sources that support your changes, so that we can fully understand their context. (Internet URLs are the best.) Your contribution may be further edited by our staff, and its publication is subject to our final approval. Unfortunately, our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions. Submit Thank You for Your Contribution! Our editors will review what you've submitted, and if it meets our criteria, we'll add it to the article. Please note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors, and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed. Uh Oh There was a problem with your submission. Please try again later. Close Article Title: Defenestration of Prague Website Name: Encyclopædia Britannica Date Published: June 11, 2010 URL: https://www.britannica.com/event/Defenestration-of-Prague-1618 Access Date: January 20, 2017 Share
Thirty Years' War
Where were the minerals 'Pyroxferroite', 'Armalcolite' and 'Tranquillityite' first discovered in 1969 and 1971?
1618 – The Second Defenestration of Prague – History Bytez 1618 – The Second Defenestration of Prague 23 May Defenestration is the act of throwing someone or something out of a window. There were two incidents in the history of Bohemia in which multiple people were defenestrated. The first occurred in 1419 and the second in 1618, although the term “Defenestration of Prague” more commonly refers to the later incident. Conflict had arisen between the Bohemian Protestant Estates and their Catholic ruler over construction of Protestant churches on Royal land. A meeting was convened on 23 May at the Bohemian Chancellory where this crisis came to a head. Protestants threw three senior officials out a window as a consequence. All three victims survived the 70 feet (21 metres) fall from the third floor. Catholics maintained the men were saved by angels or by the intercession of the Virgin Mary, who caught them; later Protestant pamphleteers asserted that they survived due to falling onto a dung heap, a story unknown to contemporaries and probably coined in response to divine intervention claims. Immediately after the Defenestration, the Protestant estates and Catholic Habsburgs started gathering allies for war. This would lead to the Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648). Share this:
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What was the B-side of Jasper Carrott's hit record of 1975 - 'Funky Moped' - banned by the BBC?
jasper carrot magic roundabout - YouTube jasper carrot magic roundabout Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. The interactive transcript could not be loaded. Loading... Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Sep 5, 2009 jasper carrot magic roundabout funny Category
Magic Roundabout
Who wrote the novel 'Mr. Norris Changes Trains', published in 1935?
Jasper Carrott - Nearly Three Hours of Jasper Carrott - 🔥Demonoid🔥 Details for Jasper Carrott - Nearly Three Hours of Jasper Carrott Created by Audio Books : Humor : MP3/64Kbps : English Jasper Carrott - Nearly Three Hours of Jasper Carrott Source Cassette Tape FhG MPEG 1 Layer III 64 Kbps CBR 44100Hz, 16-bit, Mono The book 3 sets of tapes found in a Charity Shop, no cases, no inlays, just lying around bound up with an elastic band, cost 75p. The author Jasper Carrott, the stage name of Robert Norman Davis OBE (born 14 March 1945), is an English comedian, actor, television presenter, and personality. Born in Shaftmoor Lane, Acocks Green (which he said sounded like the address for "the home of a professional rapist"), in Birmingham, Carrott was educated at Acocks Green primary school and Moseley School. He worked as a trainee buyer at a city centre department store, the Beehive, with schoolmate Bev Bevan. In February 1969 he started his own folk club, "The Boggery", in nearby Solihull with his friend Les Ward. Carrott performed folk songs and as an MC. His banter overtook the songs and he became more a comedian than singer. He also worked as a musical agent (with John Starkey, who was his manager from 1974 to 1992), as Fingimigig, managing among others Harvey Andrews. He toured UK rugby clubs. He recorded an album in 1973 called Jasper Carrot ? In the Club, which he sold from his van. The album contained the original "Magic Roundabout", although mainly material used in his next three LPs (such as "Hare Krishna", "Car Insurance", "Bastity Chelt", and "Hava Nagila") plus the Fred Wedlock song "The Folker". He had a UK Top 5 chart hit in August 1975 with the novelty record "Funky Moped", written by Chris Rohmann and produced by Jeff Lynne. The B-side was a risqu? monologue parodying the children's TV series The Magic Roundabout. This was banned by the BBC, which is widely believed to have contributed to its success, which in turn led to his appearance on the BBC's Top of the Pops. By the late 1970s, Carrott had developed anecdotal sketches which he still performs 30 years on. Often they purport to be auto-biographical; many celebrate the Birmingham accent and culture, including his support of Birmingham City. His live performances were recorded as Jasper Carrott Rabbitts on and on and on... and Carrott in Notts. Notable hits were "Bastity Chelt", a song in Spoonerism, "The Football Match" describing a visit to Old Trafford, "The Nutter on the Bus" including the cry "Has anybody seen my camel?"), "The Mole" ("There's only one way to get rid of a mole ? blow its bloody head off!") and "Zits" ? an explanation of American slang for spots that brought the word into use in Britain. In 1979 he published A Little Zit on the Side, a humorous autobiography. The follow-up, Sweet and Sour Labrador, mixed sections of stand-up routines with similar autobiographical material, much of it related to his world travels. Jasper was once a comp?re for the Birmingham Heart Beat Charity Concert 1986, which featured local bands such as Electric Light Orchestra and the Moody Blues, with a finale that included George Harrison from the Beatles. On 15 September 2007 he was inducted into the Birmingham Walk of Stars at the Arts Fest 2007 celebrations. The award was presented by the Lord Mayor of Birmingham. Carrott is the second inductee, following Ozzy Osbourne. Carrott was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award by the British Comedy Awards on 6 December 2008. Show Demonoid some love with
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In which Italian city would you find the famous 'Torre Pendente'?
Leaning Tower of Pisa, Italy: Guide to the Tower of Pisa Leaning Tower of Pisa, Italy PDF Leaning Tower of Pisa The Leaning Tower of Pisa in Italy is a bell tower, famous for its dramatic tilt to one side. Located adjacent to the Cathedral of Pisa, the tower has become an icon of Italy. It is the third oldest structure in Pisa’s Cathedral Square. There are eight floors in leaning tower of Pisa including the observation deck at the top. The estimated weight of the tower is 14,500 metric tons. There are amazing leaning tower of Pisa facts that we will mention here. The Leaning Tower of Pisa was not originally intended to lean, but because it was built on soft soils the tower gradually tilted to one side. Prior to its restoration in 1990 to 2001, the tower had a tilt of 5.5 degrees. Many people think that it will fall one day. Millions of tourists flock to the lawns around the tower to take the classic photo pretending to hold up (or knock down) the tower. The white-marble tower has been built using the Romanesque medieval architectural style. It is believed to have been constructed by four architects, viz., Bonanno Pisano, Gherardo di Gherardo, Giovanni Pisano, and Giovanni di Simone. Visitors can also climb the steps to the top inside the tower. Big blind arcades boasting geometrical decorations form the base of this tower. There are seven bells tuned clockwise to a musical scale located on top of the tower. It is said that you must visit the Leaning Tower of Pisa during the day. At night the shops are closed and it appears unimpressive. But, if you plan to visit on a full moon night, the tower looks captivating. Even though some people regard the tower to be an engineering failure owing to the tilt, yet the tower has acquired a special place in history. The tower has also been used for experiments by the famous Italian scientist named Galileo Galilei. He is believed to have thrown two balls (of different masses) from the tower to prove that their descending time was not related to their masses. Products like olive oil or wine bottle (bearing the shape of the tower), ornament, jigsaw puzzle, tower nanoblock, Lego, Keychain, etc. are some of the examples that make it clear that due its popularity, it is even used as a marketing tactic to attract customers. On your Tuscany tour you should not miss various points of interest near the Leaning Tower of Pisa include Lucca, Florence, Santa Maria della Spina, and Guelph Tower. Leaning Tower of Pisa Facts : Few of the Leaning tower of Pisa facts are mention here for more information go to read more option: The Leaning Tower of Pisa in Italy stands at a height of 55.86 meters (183.27 feet) on the low side; 56 meters (186.02 feet) on the high side. The tower features a tilt of 3.99 degrees. The construction of the Tower began in the year 1173 and ended in 1399. The Italian name of the Tower is Torre Pendente di Pisa. The Leaning Tower of Niles, Illinois, in Chicago, is a replica of the Leaning Tower of Pisa in Italy. The Veer Towers in Las Vegas, with an inclination of 5 degrees from the center, are inspired from the Leaning Towers of Pisa. They are also known as the Leaning Towers in Las Vegas. Leaning Tower of Pisa Map Know Where is Leaning Tower of Pisa in Italy Video Where is Leaning Tower of Pisa? The Leaning Tower of Pisa is located in Pisa, which is in the Tuscany region of Italy, not far from Florence. The tower is located in town Piazza del Duomo (Piazza of the Cathedral) along with the town’s cathedral and baptistry. You can take a taxi or choose to travel in a bus from the Pisa airport, located in the proximity of the city center. Address: Piazza del Duomo, 56126 Pisa, Italy Best time to visit Leaning Tower of Pisa Mornings are the best time to beat the crowds, although seeing all the tourists and their photo-ops can be entertaining in itself. Summer in Pisa is very hot and humid, but expect rain in fall and winter. Leaning Tower of Pisa Hours The opening timings of the Tower are: December and January: 10:00 am to 5:00 pm November and February: 9:40 am to 5:00 pm. March: 9:00 am to 6:00 pm April to September: 8:30 am to 8:30 pm October: 9:00 am to 7:00 pm Leaning Tower of Pisa Tickets The entry ticket to the Leaning Tower of Pisa in Italy (and the Cathedral) costs Euro 18 per person. The tickets can be bought at the ticket office on site as well as online at www.opapisa.it/en/plan-your-visit/ticket-office.html. For online bookings, the tickets must be bought 12 to 20 days prior to the date of the visit and are subject to availability. More on Leaning Tower of Pisa What was the Leaning Tower of Pisa used for? The original purpose of building the tower was to use it as a bell tower for the duomo located in Pisa’s Campo dei Miracoli. What’s inside the Leaning Tower of Pisa? A narrow staircase leads to the top of the tower. As the Tower is in danger, it has been closed for public access. So, you can not go inside the tower. What is the Leaning Tower of Pisa called in French? It is called la tour penchée de Pise in French. What direction does the Leaning Tower of Pisa lean? The tower leans to the southeast. When did the Leaning Tower of Pisa start to lean? The tilt of the tower began during its construction. The tower had acquired a tilt of 5.5 degrees between 1990 and 2001. How much does the Leaning Tower of Pisa lean each year? Prior to the restoration works, the tower leaned millimeter per year. It was closed for 10 years and now it doesn’t lean any more. During the restorations, it was straightened by more than 40 cm, by digging the earth. Who commissioned the Leaning Tower of Pisa? The city of Pisa commissioned the Leaning Tower of Pisa. Why the Leaning Tower of Pisa did not fall? The tower was constructed using limestone and lime mortar from the inside, and covered by a marble layering on the outer layer. It is because of the limestone that the tower has not cracked and the marble is flexible enough to resist the pressures resulting from the lean. When is the Leaning Tower of Pisa going to fall over? The experts have said that because of the restoration, the tower may not fall for another 200 years. How far is the Leaning Tower of Pisa from Florence? The tower is located at a distance of around 85.5 km from Florence. How far is the Leaning Tower of Pisa from Rome? The tower is located at a distance of around 359.3 km from Rome. What is the Leaning Tower of Pisa called in Spanish? It is called Torre Inclinada De Pisa in Spanish. What is the Leaning Tower of Pisa called in Italian? It is called Torre pendente di Pisa in Italian.
pisa leaning tower
In which US state is 'Blue Grass Airport', in Fayette County?
Leaning Tower of Pisa, Tuscany, Central Italy | 360° Aerial Panoramas, 360° Virtual Tours Around the World, Photos of the Most Interesting Places on the Earth Photogallery Total Views: 255 243 Before we start our virtual tour above the famous Falling Tower of Pisa I would like to express my gratitude to Francesco Maria De Lorenzo , the Italian photographer, for his tireless and altruistic help.  It is due to Francesco's support and the farseeing policy of Pisa City Administration, that we were able to photograph the Falling Tower from a bird's eye view.  Hundred thousands of people from around the world visit our website daily. I am certain that the Falling Tower and the small, but extremely beautiful city of Pisa will proudly represent Italy among other most interesting places of the world, photographed from a bird's eye view. Oleg Gaponyuk Traditionally all popular tourist destinations are called "monuments". Italian Pisa is not exactly a "monument", but more of a "mystery" due to many reasons, starting with a fact that nobody exactly knows who built it. The most popular theory says that it was built by Etruscan civilization. However, there are scientists, who believe that ancient Greeks or Ligures built Pisa. Unknown origin of the city makes it even harder to figure out the meaning of its name. So it's Pisa, just Pisa — an untranslatable set of characters. First of all, Pisa is famous for Torre Pendente di Pisa, The Leaning Tower of Pisa. It's so famous that it outshines all other Pisa tourist attractions and monuments combined. Locals call it the "long-drawn miracle". Ironically enough, the tower is located at Piazza dei Miracoli (the Square of Miracles). But, of course, the name is just a coincidence; because the whole Square of Miracles is so miraculously beautiful that it was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site. As for the Leaning Tower, it is not exactly a miracle, but a simple architect's mistake. However, this is where a new layer of mysteries opens! Construction of the Leaning Tower (also known as the bell tower of Duomo di Pisa (Santa Maria Assunta)) took almost two centuries... But who initiated it? There is no exact answer. We only know that the construction started August 9th, 1173. According to one of the theories, the project belongs to some architect by the name of Bonanno Pisano, who discovered his mistake only after they finished the ground floor (11 meters high) — by that time vertical deflection was about 4 centimeters. The architect aborted the construction (or has been kicked out, according to other version), fled the city, and spent the rest of his life in poverty and obscurity. However, historians offer few more names, including Gerardo di Gerardo and Diotisalvi. Although each one could easily be the project's author, there are certain architectural arguments against their authorship. History preserved only names of architects, who continued the erection of the bell tower: Giovanni di Simone, Tommaso di Andrea Pisano and many others. Almost two hundred years of construction provided a lot of work for each of the architects, but none of them was able to straighten the tower at its foundation level. Only its upper part, built in the second half of the 14th century, looks more or less straight.  It is still a mystery to modern architects, why the tower is leaning. Some theories say that it is due to a misplaced water pump, difference in soil density, or a very banal "insufficient funding" reason. Nevertheless, as soon as the tower was finished, Pisa city authorities had a new challenge — how to stabilize it. Ugly-looking supporting structures were out of the question, as well as some other not so aesthetic solutions, including really funny one: a giant ferroconcrete statue of architect Bonanno supporting his creation with his head, arms and a knee. Other experts suggested praying God, so he would keep the tower from falling; or "making a giant san "cushion" around the tower, so it doesn't shatter if it actually collapses". Finally, many years of stabilization work resulted in replacing crumbling pillars, reinforcing the subsoil, installing counterbalances and other advanced technology solutions. After the corrective reconstruction was finished in 2010, the angle of the Leaning Tower of Pisa decreased from 5°30' to 3°54' degrees.  Another interesting fact: the name of Galileo Galilei is associated with the Leaning Tower of Pisa. This famous resident of Pisa carried out his scientific experiments, such as dropping objects of different weight from the top of the tower, and — as a result — bringing down the wrath of locals upon himself. However, we have no proof of that. The only true fact is that the great scientist was indeed born, raised and studied in the city of Pisa. Actually, it would be wrong to suggest that the famous Leaning Tower is the only thing that Pisa has to offer. It has a very rich and fascinating history. For example, there was a time, when the whole city was excommunicated for several years. The Cathedral in the Square of Miracles was built on money that Pisano fleet stole from Arab pirates. Bold and freedom-loving Pisa preserved its fascinating and centuries-old architecture for us to see: from elegant boardwalks to grand royal palace...  Welcome to the virtual tour over the most mysterious city of Italy... 
i don't know
Jessica Taylor was a member of 'Liberty X'. Which sportsman did she marry in 2007?
Liberty X star Jessica Taylor tops up her tan in Barbados with husband Kevin Pietersen | Daily Mail Online comments She's been lying low since Liberty X made a pop comeback on The Big Reunion in 2013. And Jessica Taylor was making the most of her time off by embarking on a family holiday to Barbados alongside her professional cricketer husband Kevin Pietersen. The couple hit the beach on Friday alongside their four-year-old son Dylan. Scroll down for video Fit and fabulous: Singer Jessica Taylor made the most of her athletic figure in a floral bikini during her family holiday in Barbados on Friday  The Just A Little Bit hit-maker looked fantastic in her floral two-piece, which boasted a halterneck style and bow detailing. RELATED ARTICLES Share this article Share Jessica showed off her rock hard abs and toned figure, with her hair pulled back in a bun and tinted sunglasses protecting her eyes from the sun. The 34-year-old star and her husband Kevin - who tied the knot in December 2007 - looked more loved-up than ever as they splashed around in the sea. Loved-up: Jessica was joined by her famous husband, former England cricketer Kevin Pietersen Toned: Jessica has clearly been working out and showed off her trim physique on the beach  Happy families: The couple were joined by their four-year-old son Dylan  Comeback: Jessica and her Liberty X bandmates reformed for ITV2 reality show The Big Reunion in 2013 One-off: The band chose not to follow in the footsteps of their fellow groups like Atomic Kitten, who have since officially reformed and are releasing new music Keeping it simple: The Got To Have Your Love singer wore her hair pulled back in a bun The family were later seen relaxing on sun loungers as they tucked into some beach snacks. Jessica found fame in 2001 when she formed Liberty X alongside the four other finalists on TV talent show Popstars who had failed to make it into the band Hear'Say. The group stayed together until 2008, winning two Brit awards and scoring seven Top 10 singles along the way. Wading in: Jessica enjoyed a relaxing swim in the crystal clear water  Family holiday: The Thinking It Over hit-maker gave her young son Dylan a piggyback Back in the day: Liberty X - who also included Michelle Heaton - formed after failing to make the band in ITV talent show Popstars, which spawned Hear'Say Still going strong: The pair tied the knot at Castle Combe in Wiltshire on 29 December 2007 Bowing out: Liberty X revealed they hoped The Big Reunion would be a chance to 'say a proper goodbye to fans' thanks to their final performance at London's Hammersmith Apollo Reaching new heights: Kevin scaled to the top of a floteable device in the sea Snap happy: The cricket player took in the seaside view from his vantage point  However, she didn't take the decision to reform for The Big Reunion alongside the likes of Atomic Kitten and 5ive lightly. She explained at the time on ITV's Lorraine:'I don't do anything in the spotlight anymore and I haven't done for a really really long time. 'It took me a lot of time to decide whether or not to do it. I'm in a very safe place in my life. I'm in a very happy bubble and to step outside of that is scary. 'I thought I owed it to the guys to make sure that I was sure.' Doting dad: Sportsman Kevin carried his four-year-old son in his arms  Protective parents: Kevin previously revealed that Dylan had made him a 'changed man' Stylish cover-up: Jessica donned a multi-coloured vest top and a straw hat when the sun got too hot Relaxing in style: The family tucked into some beach snacks as they cooled off in the shade Tasty treats: Jessica and Kevin enjoyed a sandwich, while Dylan had some chips Treat yourself: The couple brought along some plastic wineglass so they could sip on rose  Low-profile: Jessica has avoided the limelight and focused on being a mother in recent years
Kevin Pietersen
Which Rugby Union team won the 2011-2012 Heineken Cup?
The SA issue 01 by The South African Magazine - issuu issuu CONNECTING SOUTH AFRICA AND NEW ZEALAND Issue number 001 Inside AUCKLAND CITY OF SAILS see page 4 Great South African sportsmen see page 16 A fresh with John Key see page 3 The SA 03 08.indd 1 19/3/08 5:21:38 PM From the editor W elcome to the first edition of The South African. We have decided to continue a community magazine, to the people, for the people. Many miss the Connections Magazine and we still feel there is a place for a hard copy magazine for the South African Community. This is quite a daunting task trying to create a follow on magazine with limited resources and little assistance from the community. Maybe it’s the time of the year. I would like to wish you all the best for 2008, a lucky year for the Chinese, so why not a lucky year for all. We can overcome the share market slide as well as the leveling off of the residential market by being positive in our endeavors in this beautiful land. New Zealand still has lots of plusses to offer all who settle here and want to be successful. The tourist and the dairy industries will offset any expected downturn in the economy and Australia is still looking for places to put their huge amounts of money from their super fund. So a good year is still expected. Jobs are still in abundance. If you are a tradesman or a qualified person there are positions to choose from. South Africans are now prominent in every type of trade and business and are respected for their work ethic and are becoming valued employees. We are going to run a series of successful South African businessmen and businesses. If you are one of those successful people, please contact me so we can feature your story. As a nation we have lots to celebrate, unfortunately we will have to celebrate those achievements in a new land. Most South African’s struggle for the first three years, adapting to this new environment but soar thereafter, most living in houses they could not afford back in their home country. If you are an entrepreneur you will put all your experience together to get ahead. New Zealand is one of the easiest countries in the world in which to start your own business. All you have to do is get a GST number and trade. Please support this publication by word of mouth and advertising and please send in those stories of other South Africans who have settled successfully in this land of opportunity. The South African EDITORS Peter Woodberg mob. 027 4520794 email. [email protected] Ted Woodberg mob. 021 791284 GRAPHIC DESIGNER Maria Marcella Campeanu mob 021 2100908 ADVERTISING Peter Woodberg mob. 027 4520794 Ted Woodberg mob. 021 791284 Mission Statement “The South African Magazine shall provide current, high quality, relevant editorial on subjects relating to the links between South Africa and New Zealand. It shall also be a platform for South African immigrants living in New Zealand to advertise their products and services.” Regards, Peter Woodberg The South African Cost Effective Advertising Rates Full Page Half Page 1/4 Page 1/8Page Classified Directory Internal Pages $995 $495 $299 $190 $55 $35 Outside Back $1,190 $555 $355 Please call Peter or e-mail [email protected] to discuss advertorials or sponsored articles. There is a 10% discount if you book all copies or 5% discount if you book for 5 issues. 2 The SA 03 08.indd 2 19/3/08 5:21:42 PM A Fresh Start By John Key T his year is a big year for New Zealand. It’s our opportunity to make the step-change we need to take on the 21st century. Over the coming months National will be detailing policies that will allow all of us to make a fresh start. We’ve started the year by releasing policy aimed at our young people. The energy and enthusiasm of the vast majority of our young John Key people make me hugely optimistic for our country. But, sadly, a growing number of them aren’t meeting their potential. We all see it – early school leavers unable to read or write well enough, drug and alcohol problems, newspaper headlines describing teens walking around bashing people. This week, National outlined policy that forms part of our plan for giving young people the future they deserve. National’s Youth Plan has two major aspects to it. The first part will be a new education entitlement - National’s Youth Guarantee. The Youth Guarantee will allow every young person under the age of 18 to access, free of charge, a programme of educational study towards schoollevel qualifications. This new entitlement will be on top of, not instead of, the education entitlements they have now. Many 16- and 17-year olds will continue to choose school as their preferred option, but others might prefer to continue their education through, for example, a polytechnic, a wananga, a private training establishment, an industry training organisation, or a combination of these options. School doesn’t work for all young people, so let’s apply some common sense and get them into a form of education that does. Sixteen and 17-yearolds who are not working, and who fail to take up this new entitlement, will not be eligible to receive a benefit (except in special circumstances such as illness). Teenage parents will be specifically catered for. The second part of our Youth Plan will tackle youth offending. It will give the Youth Court new powers to get young people back on the Simona Woodberg, John Key, Peter Woodberg rails, and tougher sentencing options to deal with those who pose a serious threat to the safety of our communities. We will back those powers up with increased funding to the services involved. We are proposing new powers for the Youth Court: 1) Parenting orders: Parenting courses to address problems at home that may be contributing to a young person’s offending. 2) Mentoring programmes: Providing role models to young offenders for a period of up to 12 months. 3) Drug and alcohol rehabilitation programmes: Designated funding to help get young offenders sober. National will also enable the Youth Court to impose tougher sentences where needed. 1) Longer residential sentences: Up to six months in a Youth Justice facility. 2) Fresh Start Programmes: Revolutionary, year-long, intensive programmes designed to instil discipline and address underlying causes of offending; including up to 12 weeks of residential raining at, for example, an army base. 3) Spotlight Sentences: Non-compliance with court-ordered supervision contracts will result in electronic monitoring using an ankle bracelet. We will also extend the jurisdiction of the Youth Court so it has the power to deal with 12-and 13-year-olds accused of serious offences. National thinks the Youth Court, with its wider range of powers, could play a much stronger role in getting these young offenders back on track. National’s Youth Plan is about giving young New Zealanders the opportunity and responsibility to better themselves, no matter what their circumstances, abilities, or track record. Pam specialist in • Colour • Colour Correction • Precision Cutting All consultations free 2 Montgomery Avenue Rothesay Bay Ph 09 479 9197 3 The SA 03 08.indd 3 19/3/08 5:21:47 PM South African Auckland City of Sails A uckland is the largest city in New Zealand with a population of 1.2 million people a little less than a third of the total population. Auckland is a beautiful city perched on the Waitamata Harbour and has a big city feel with its tall buildings, sky tower and lovely Viaduct area on the waterfront, abounded by lively restaurants of all types and sizes. The Viaduct is a smaller version of the Cape Town V & A waterfront with access to the heart of the city. Safe and secure during the day and night. During summer hundreds of locals mix with the huge amount of tourists that ďŹ&#x201A;ock to the restaurants and nightlife. Auckland is a vibrant city and stands up to the best in the world, rated 5th as a city in which to live for the quality of life. New Zealand was rated 2nd as an honest country and number one as a country that has adopted the internet. Aucklandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s climate is temperate and on the same latitude as Cape Town. The winters are never colder than 9 degrees and it gets very hot in summer which is from January to the end of April. The sea is warm in summer and reminds one of the Durban Beaches. This changes in winter when the sun moves north and the cold currents swirl around New Zealand. The climate is predominantly Mediterranean with winter rainfall in July and hot drier summers, without the Cape Town winds. Auckland is a very easy place to live and raise children in a safe environment. Schools are very good in most areas and parents have access to teachers and the headmaster when checking on their childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s progress. The culture of Auckland is hard to describe as it has changed dramatically over the last ten years with a huge inďŹ&#x201A;ux of Asian Immigrants from Japan, China, Korea, Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia, Taiwan & Singapore. They have brought their culture with them, so Auckland is now regarded as totally multicultural, cosmopolitan. There is a proliferation of restaurants of all types with genuine authentic cuisine, to suit any travelerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s palate. As a South African you will notice the absence of Greek and Portuguese restaurants. They, for some reason, have not found New Zealand a place to settle. The South African population has boomed over the last ten years and it is now difďŹ cult to go anywhere where you do not bump into South Africans, at work in the Malls and supermarkets. They have also brought a little of their culture with them. There are numerous shops specialising in South African goods and you do not have to go far to get your favorite biltong and borewors. IMMIGRATION MEDICALS 0800 4 MEDICAL 0800 463 342 Call Christel for all your Immigration Medicals. Excellent rates. During and after hour service. Free follow up consultation. Family discount rates. Best X-ray price and service. Emergency Immigration and Insurance Medical Services I think the boerewors is better in New Zealand because everyone that makes it is competing with each other, so the quality is of a very high standard. Woolworth and Foodtown supermarkets have a shelf dedicated to South African goods. So when you get to Auckland you will still be able to buy Pro-Nutro and Mealie Meal. If you are a sport lover, you are spoilt for choice, as all sports activities are available from Rugby, ski-ing, mountain climbing, caving, basketball and golf the widest spread sport. Golf is the number one sport played in New Zealand with the result that there are some of the most spectacular golf courses in the world close to Auckland. Irene Van Dyke, a relatively unknown net ball player in South Africa, who is now the number one shooter for the Silver Ferns netball team, is a huge celebrity in New Zealand and is in a number of television adverts. House hunting in Auckland can be daunting as house prices have risen considerably over the last 5 years, an international trend, in fact South African properties have had the highest increases in the world, recently. However the increase in the exchange rate has reduced that increase to virtually nothing. The Exchange rate is now R6.2 to one New Zealand dollar and the average house price in Auckland is now $520,000 only R2.7 million. Wow. So property can look impossible to purchase. Not so, when you are earning NZ dollars and both parties work, with the lower than South African, interest rates, it is still affordable to buy in a good area. All cities have their good and bad spots, so it is important that you take advice from people who have lived here for a while, on which are the better areas and good schools. Renting is another option and 35% of all Aucklanderâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rent with no intention of buying their own property. Rents range from $350 per week for a modest home to $550 for an average 3 to 4 bedroom home or $700 per week for a very nice modern 4 bedroom property with 2.5 bathrooms and modern kitchen. When new immigrants arrive they normally choose an area to live and then look for a job. This is not the best policy as Auckland has serious traffic congestion early morning and after 5pm. The suggestion is live close to where you work Dr Peter Neumann Formerly of Pretoria and Durban. For friendly service and a high level of professional care. Consulting rooms: 18 Morrow Street Newmarket Auckland Telephone: 09 524-8399 4 The SA 03 08.indd 4 19/3/08 5:21:51 PM feature The South African and where the kids go to school. Two main areas, where South Africans settle very comfortably is Howick/ Pakaranga area and the North Shore. It is not always possible to live and work in the same area but reduce the stress and choose wisely. The bus system and the trains are alleviating the morning crush, so look at this as an alternative mode of transport to and from work. Auckland is surrounded by beaches and no suburb is more than 15 minutes from one of the safe, pristine beaches. The surf is not dangerous, but there are backwash currents that can create difficulty, if you are not a seasoned swimmer, so always ask before venturing in too deep, in an unknown area. Spending time in summer after work at the beach, until 8 o’ clock, with a bottle of wine and the best local fish and chips, is a great treat and family time; A real bonding experience. All the local dogs come out to socialise with each other all very friendly and well trained and so are their owners. No biting, no fighting just tails wagging. This is an experience to behold. Very different from anything in South Africa, even in the good old days. Auckland has more book shops per capita than most countries, proving a well read society with only garden shops beating them in numbers. There are numerous art galleries and the museum in the domain is in a league of its own. There are lots of places to listen to live music and all the biggest bands from all over the world come to perform in Auckland. Bob Dylan has been to Auckland many times. For the theatre going public there are always good shows at the City hall or the ASB theatre, as well as local halls and theatres. If you like revolving restaurants, Orbit, at the sky tower is renowned. Not overly expensive with a nice well balanced menu. When you book for the Orbit restaurant you can go to the viewing platform at the top of the tower for free, normally $25 per person which is good value. The cost of living is low if you compare Johannesburg salaries to costs. Cars are cheaper, insurance is less than one month’s payment, annually, and very few people take out medical aid, because the free hospital system is so good, food is very affordable and fresh veggies are always available in the supermarkets. City council house rates are very low and conveyencing costs, for a new house purchase, rarely are as high as $1,400. Estate agents earn half the commission than in South Africa with the commission rates being a maximum of 3.5% for the first $500 and 2.5% thereafter. Eating out can be expensive, if you go to the more exclusive restaurants. Going to food courts and buying takeaways although expensive, is value for money and on a par with most countries. Clothing and up market fashion items are expensive relatively and can be bought elsewhere much cheaper, however there are lots of discount stores where prices are more or less similar to other countries. Tanja Clauberg The SA 03 08.indd 5 19/3/08 5:21:58 PM SOUTH AFRICAN BUSINESSMEN IN NEW ZEALAND The Success Story of Malcolm McDonald By Ted Woodberg Malcolm McDonald and his beautiful wife Ann S o many successful businessmen living in South Africa who want to emigrate to New Zealand are wary to take the step because they think that it will be hard to get re-established here. Fortunately it is extremely easy to re-locate here because New Zealand’s registration procedures for new businesses are quite streamlined and the economy is extremely buoyant, making room for expansion in virtually all industries. Take the interesting story of Malcolm McDonald as an example. Malcolm was born in Zambia and spent most of his life in Durban, South Africa and after school he studied at a tertiary institution to become a refrigeration technician. In the late 1990’s he became disenchanted with living conditions in South Africa and decided to emigrate to New Zealand with his beautiful wife Ann and their young family. He settled initially in Nelson and it did not take long before he got a job in his chosen profession. After two and a half years he decided to move to the North Shore of Auckland and at the same time he opened up an ice cream shop in Browns Bay that he called Penguino’s. Being a refrigeration expert, making and mixing his own special brand of ice cream came as second nature to Malcolm. He does not buy his ice cream from any manufacturers. During the hot summer months of Auckland, Malcolm gets up at 4a.m. every morning, 7 days a week, and he prepares his special ice cream mix. It has a unique flavour as all of the residents of Browns Bay and the surrounding areas will tell you; making Penguino’s the most popular ice cream shop on the North Shore. This may sound like hard work, but Malcolm makes sure that he and his family are well rewarded for all of the sacrifices that they have to make during summer in order to make Penguino’s the roaring success that it is. During the cold , rainy, winter months, Malcolm closes his shop and whisks his family off every year for a 4-6 week holiday overseas to some exciting destination that the whole family will enjoy. 6 The SA 03 08.indd 6 19/3/08 5:22:25 PM Select-a-Sub: a healthy concept I n 2005 Malcolm conceived of the “Select-aSub” franchise that sells the healthy concept of fresh food in a bread roll. He has followed in the footsteps of the McDonalds style of merchandising by having his special outlets custom built, with unique, recognizable design and colouring. He already has four highly successful outlets in Hamilton, Orewa, Airport Oaks and Papakura. He is in the construction phase of three more outlets which will be in Victoria Street, Auckland City; Karangahape road in Ponsonby and Kerwin Drive, East Tamaki. By the end of 2008 he will have seven outlets around Auckland. And the rest of New Zealand? “Well, the sky’s the limit!” Malcolm will tell you, with a gleam in his eye. Fortunately Malcolm has taken on a business partner to help him with the Select-a-Sub franchise operation, making it easier for him to take his annual holiday overseas. With the time it takes during a normal day to run Penguino’s and Select-a-Sub, one would think that Malcolm would be too busy to do anything else. Not so for this energetic entrepreneur. In addition to his two operations Malcolm also runs a successful cold room and freezer installation company, doing work for big companies in all corners of New Zealand. Malcolm’s advice to any businessman in South Africa who wants to take the plunge and emigrate here is: make sure that you are sufficiently qualified to obtain a work permit in New Zealand so that you can be classified as a skilled migrant. Once you have employment and have obtained permanent residence, starting your own business will be relatively easy. Malcolm works hard, but he also plays hard, and there’s nothing wrong with that! 7 The SA 03 08.indd 7 19/3/08 5:22:37 PM The First South African In Space By Ted Woodberg M Mark Shuttleworth ark Shuttleworth of Cape Town has the renowned title of being the first African in space. This is quite an achievement, because the whole exercise, which included his training, was self-funded, and believe me, it cost him a fortune. Mark did not receive one cent of state funding for his brave escapade. But he was incredibly rich at the time, probably one of the youngest billionaires of the last century. Mark did not inherit his money. He earned every cent of it the hard way. He was born in the dusty Free State gold mining town of Welkom, but his parents moved to Cape Town when he was quite young, so he ended up at the University of Cape Town studying for a Business Science degree, majoring in Finance. His fascination for technology started at an early age when he discovered computer games. However it was only when he was introduced to the internet that his business brain started ticking over and he started thinking about how this medium would affect business and society. In 1995, his final year at university, at the tender age of only 22, Mark founded Thawte Consulting , as an internet consulting business. The focus of the company quickly shifted to internet security for electronic commerce. Thawte became the first company to produce a full-security e-commerce web server that was commercially available outside the United States. This brought Mark’s company to the world of public key infrastructure, which is the basis for all encrypted and authenticated internet transactions. By the time it was acquired by VeriSign in the USA, it was the fastest growing Internet Certificate Authority, and the leading Certificate Authority outside of the U.S. When Shuttleworth sold Thawte to VeriSign in December 1999, he became an instant billionaire, raking in R3.5 billion, the equivalent of NZ$875 million, at the time. His first action after he had cleared the payment through his company’s bank was to reward his staff. From his top IT consultants down to the tea girl, they each received R1 million. It was their best Christmas ever! Mark has always been interested in science, from the study of particle physics, software engineering, digital media and biotechnology. This led to his fervent desire to venture out into space. In 2001, while he was still recovering from his newfound wealth, he applied to the Russian Space Training Centre at Star City to become a trainee astronaut. His training took him a whole year to complete. At last on 25th April 2002 he participated in the Russian Soyuz TM-34 mission, which arrived at the International Space Station two days later, where he spent eight days carrying out experiments on AIDS and genome research. While in space he had a conversation with Nelson Mandela and a 14 year old South African girl, Michelle Foster, who was terminally ill from cancer. During the conversation she asked him if he would marry her. Mark skillfully dodged the question, and before the year was out she had passed on. Her conversation with Mark was funded by the Reach for a Dream Foundation. Mark’s entire space venture cost him personally US$20 million, but he achieved instant fame and recognition as the first African in space. Mark also became interested in education and in 2001 he founded the Shuttleworth Foundation, a non-profit organisation dedicated to social innovation which also funds educational and free and open source software projects in South Africa. Mark is a shy person, despite his intelligence and fame. I remember telephoning his Foundation in Cape Town in 2004 and asking his staff whether he would be able to attend a cultural excursion of tertiary business students and address them on the secrets of his business success, but the staff member very politely turned me down, saying that Mark did not like public speaking. Mark ‘s other business interest besides Thawte was a company called HBD Venture Capital, a business incubator and venture capital provider, which he formed in 2000. In March 2004 he formed Canonical Ltd., for the promotion and commercial support of free software projects. Mark currently lives in London and holds dual citizenship of South Africa and the United Kingdom. 8 The SA 03 08.indd 8 20/3/08 12:46:51 PM travel The South African LIVE AND WORK IN NEW ZEALAND! Do you want to live, work or study in New Zealand? Do you want to gain permanent residence in New Zealand? …if the answer is yes, then you will probably need professional help to achieve your goal. We can help take the stress and strain out of dealing with the Immigration Department. We will assist you with all your immigration requirements. North Shore Immigration Services provide highly personalised assistance in all aspects of immigrating and relocating to New Zealand. We are a professional team of consultants, established for more than 15 years ago on the North Shore. Whether you are a professional considering relocating to New Zealand or you have a trade qualification or experience and are interested in temporary work opportunities available in New Zealand, you can benefit from our wealth of expertise. :KDW·VLQLWIRU\RX" The benefit of a reputable “one stop service” including assistance with the processing of your residence or work permit application, obtaining nursing registration, electrical licence, official recognition of qualifications and trades, job search, business migration and help with settlement services for those recently arrived. :HFDQKHOSZLWK • • • • Permanent Residence Work Permit or Visa Business Entrepreneur Visa Student Permit or Visa &RQWDFWXVIRUD)5((FRQVXOWDWLRQ Our free and confidential consultation will give you an opportunity to assess your chances of gaining Permanent Residence in New Zealand &DOOXVDW   RU HPDLO LQIR#QVLVFRQ] Member of The SA 03 08.indd 9 19/3/08 5:46:36 PM The Zuma factor By Ted Woodberg J acob Zuma , currently President of The African National Congress, is an enigma. He has had an extremely successful political career and he now stands at the door of the most important office in South Africa, that of State President. Next year, Thabo Mbeki will be standing down when South Africa goes to poll, and his most likely successor will be Zuma. So what lies in store for South Africa when this colourful politician takes the stage? More importantly, what will be the fate of some 4.3 million white people who still live in South Africa? (9% of the current population of 38 million) One can certainly guage from his career to date that, despite his success as a political leader, he has been guilty of some real classic blunders and fatal faux pas that would have ruined any ordinary man. His supporters follow him blindly and brush over his weaknesses as though they don’t even exist. Let us examine his profile so that we can get a better idea of the real Jacob Zuma The most striking item in Jacob Zuma’s profile is the fact that he has had no formal schooling. This does not mean that he is unintelligent. We have several highly successful people around who were born either autistic or dislexic. Richard Branson is a good example of a highly successful dyslexic who wasn’t very good at school. However there are some aspects of Jacob Zuma’s darker side that could be some cause for concern. He was allegedly involved in a serious corruption scandal after his financial advisor, Schabir Shaik, was convicted of corruption and fraud, leading to Zuma’s dismissal by Thabo Mbeki as deputy president of South Africa in June 2005. In the aftermath of this trial Zuma was formally charged with corruption by the National Prosecuting Authority, but escaped criminal prosecution on a technicality relating to evidence. At one of his court appearances Zuma’s supporters numbering in their thousands gathered to support him ; he addressed them in Zulu, urging party unity and singing the apartheid-era struggle song Lethu Mshini Wami with lyrics that translate literally to “bring me my machine” but understood to refer to a machine gun. This certainly does not auger well for whites living in South Africa. In December of the same year he was also charged in the Johannesburg High Court with rape. Again, Zuma escaped conviction when the court dismissed the charges, agreeing that the sexual act was consensual. But it is what came out of this trial that leads one to believe that Zuma’s lack of education was beginning to manifest itself. He stated in court that he knew the woman he had sex with was HIV positive, but he had a shower afterwards in order to “cut the risk of contracting HIV!” He also admitted that he had not used a condom. At the time of his rape trial Zuma was head of the National AIDS Council! As his rape trial ended , many South Africans wondered how their political system would recover from the rifts that Zuma’s trials have exposed. A Mail and Guardian analysis saw these events as especially troubling:Continued on page 18 10 The SA 03 08.indd 10 19/3/08 5:29:02 PM KiwiSaver A s a Chartered A ccountant I have been inundated with questions relating to the new KiwiSaver scheme that comes into effect on 1 July. It is important that all employers comply with the new regime. Herewith a very brief summary. All new permanent employees aged 18-65 must be enrolled in a KiwiSaver scheme. They have a small window of two to eight weeks to opt out of this compulsory enrolment, which sees their contributions locked in until they reach Superannuation age. There are a few situations that can allow a contribution holiday, or ability to receive the funds back, such as permanent departure overseas, death, financial hardship or serious illness. Existing employees can also opt in, at their own request. The employee has to chose their own scheme provider, employers are urged not to advise their employees which scheme to chose, and that the employee seek out their own advice on this, independently. There is also no guarantee offered by the Government were a scheme to fail in the future, just like any other superannuation investment scheme available. The Government offers $1,000 upon enrolment (not refunded in the above circumstances); a subsidy towards scheme fees; a first-home deposit subsidy of $1,000 per year of membership up to $5,000; and some technical tax breaks. The monthly PAYE returns will be showing new key-points to fill in the employee contributions, which need to be included with the other deductions already made from their wages. Non payment incurs similar penalties as already in place. The IRD has issued various booklets, and you can also access their website for more information. If still in doubt, don’t hesitate to contact your accountant, as it is important to do it right. And you are of-course most welcome to seek my accounting assistance for this and any other services. Virginia Stallard, CA, Vision Accounting Solutions Ltd – ph 473 0507. Virginia has over twelve years of experience in the Chartered Accounting world, and also has extensive years in the Corporate field of accounting. Her experience covers vast areas ranging from the Banking Profession, to Property Investment and Management, Import and Retail Businesses and even Farm Accounting. She joined the Chartered Accounting world in 1996 because the dealing with the individual business owners motivates her and she thoroughly enjoys all the different aspects of their businesses rather than dealing with one business all the time. Virginia is originally from The Netherlands, having emigrated to New Zealand in 1984, is married to a North Shore born and bred New Zealander and is the proud mother of two daughters who attend the local Montessori Pre-school and Primary School. Virginia enjoys meeting with her clients, being able to discuss their personal needs and goals, and to give assistance and guidance in the accounting, taxation and asset planning fields. This enables her clients to spend their own precious time working at their business instead of doing the bookwork. Services Vision Accounting Solutions Ltd provides Business Advisory Services for any business, from the self employed person to the larger corporation. Included in these services are: • All aspects of Taxation Return requirements, applications, and returns for Fringe Benefit Tax, PAYE, GST and Income Tax • Assistance with wages related matters, preparation of application forms and returns • The preparation of Interim and Annual Financial Statements for all business entities, such as Sole Traders, Partnerships, Companies and Trusts • We provide advice regarding Rental Property Investment and the best Taxation Structure for this Investment, and prepare the relevant Financial Statements • Company Formation, Incorporation and Annual Return Filing • Taxation Consultancy and Planning • Business Development including the preparation of Cash Flow Forecasts and Budgets • Business Acquisition Financial Accounting Reviews • Supply and Assistance with Accounting Software Packages (MYOB). 11 The SA 03 08.indd 11 19/3/08 5:26:03 PM Springbok Radio “THE SOUND OF SOUTH AFRICA” By Ted Woodberg A of home entertainment in those days. In addition, radio programming was carried out on a totally different style compared to today. There were regular fifteen minute news broadcasts, hour long radio plays, half hour quiz shows, exciting fifteen minute cowboy serials, court dramas etc. There was never any programme interruptions for commercial advertising. The advertising was done by specific sponsors either before or after the programme, but never in between, It all began on 1st May 1950. It was the first which made for much more relaxed listening. commercial radio station to be established in The advertising sponsors even added their name to South Africa following almost 5 years of intense the programme, for example, “The SURF SHOW, Pick-ainvestigation by the South African Broadcasting box “ or “Lux Radio Theatre.” Surf was a popular brand Corporation (SABC) and after consultations with of washing powder and Lux was a family brand of body both Lord Reith of the BBC and the South African soap. The sponsors would also provide funding for the Government. The only other stations broadcasting cash prizes on offer during the show. on medium wave in those days were the SABC’s Eric Egan and his friend “Wentworth” The art of radio broadcasting was a complex medium existing public service English and Afrikaans networks. in those early days and the performers behind the The first voice heard on the air on that morning was that of Eric Egan, who microphone could be extremely flexible in what they were doing without ran the breakfast show for many years. I remember at exactly 7.15am every having to worry about being seen. As a result radio became “the theatre morning before the family would leave home for work and school, we would of the mind” as different sounds evoked different mental images for the all gather around the radio in the lounge and wait for Eric to give us his daily listener. The techniques used were varied but some were incredibly simple, “Corny Crack.” Whether it was funny or not, we all laughed and then headed for example the shaking of a piece of masonite board to create the sound off in our various directions. of thunder, the rattling of sand in a box to create the sound of someone Without the luxury of colour television, the radio became the focal point walking on gravel etc. nybody who lived in South Africa between the years 1950 and 1985 will have fond memories of the most popular radio station of that era - Springbok Radio. Continued on page 17 The SA 03 08.indd 12 19/3/08 5:26:16 PM SA duo make South Pole history 18 January 2008 S outh Africans Alex Harris and Sibusiso Vilane made history on Thursday when they became the first South African team to walk unassisted to the South Pole. The duo set out on their epic 65-day journey on 10 November, dragging 130-kilogram sleds almost 1 200 kilometres across some of the most hostile terrain on the planet.Antarctica generates much of the bad weather in the southern hemisphere, and storms there can be fierce. Temperatures range from an ambient of about -8 degrees to about -40 degrees Celsius. They completed their journey without the help of support teams putting out food or rigging up tents, and without using wind power or sled dogs, in what Harris described as “the purest form of getting to the South Pole”. Harris and Vilane are no strangers to extreme feats, with Harris becoming the second South African to summit the highest peak on each of the seven continents, the so-called “seven summits”, in 2005 and Vilane becoming the first black South African to climb Mount Alex Harris and Sibusiso Vilane drag sleds Everest, the world’s highest weighing 130 kilograms behind them mountain, in 2003. The two men spent almost a year training for the trek, dragging tyres requiring a pulling force of 30-40kg every second day, covering a distance of about 17 kilometres per training session. The trip was premised on covering at least 20 kilometres a day - they carried only an extra five days’ worth of emergency fuel and food - meaning that any mileage lost in a day would have to be made up for, or they would risk running out of supplies. They just made it, taking exactly five more days than planned - one day more and they’d have been running on empty. The physical and mental toughness it took to achieve this is hinted at in some of the extracts from Harris’s trip journal... No painkillers.. - extracts from Alex Harris’s journal BAYVET KIT LILL(B.V.SC.PRETORIA) TONI ANNS(B.V.Sc.MASSEY) We care 37 Bute Road, Browns Bay Phone: 479 3918 The first S A to walk to the South Pole. 21 November 2007 Have only covered distance of 45kms so far, but the last 6 days we have been stuck in our tent with high winds, so it is very frustrating 23 November 2007 Finally on the move again. whiteout today so tough going. Broke a ski in the wind the other day. did a repair job, just hope it lasts 27 November 2007 Hi. only managed 14km in 8hrs. weather was perfect but it was the toughest day yet. soft snow made pulling desperate. but we finally made it to 81 degrees! 01 December 2007 at last. Day 18 and did 20.48km in 8.5hrs. felt good, weather perfect and snow improving all the time. 42 more days! 02 December 2007 Another good day. dDay 19. We did 19.4km. my heel is starting to act up. there is a monster bank of clouds rolling in from the east. 04 December 2007 Day 21. I battled today. Heel burning like a hot poker. Trying different things. Sibu is fine 11 December 2007 Day 28. Last two days have been desperate conditions. Zero visibility and thick snow. Only managed 15km today. Heaviest the sleds have felt! 13 December 2007 This place deprives us of the luxury of nighttime but the gloom of the day robs us of the light. Instead we move through a grey twilight that knows not dawn nor dusk. It is fit for neither the living nor the dead. Battled for 10hrs in the same conditions just for 15km 04 January 2008 Day 52. Feel exhausted. Did 22.3km but getting colder measured -25.9 in my pocket! Done 800km 12 January 2008 Day 60 comes at last. Perfect weather. Still -22. did 25.4km in 10 hrs. Tomorrow its on to emergency rations some juicy tidbits not mentioned before Alex Harris and Sibusiso Vilane for fear of freaking the folks out. In that very windy spell in the first week, I got frostbite on my inside left thigh, about the size of my hand. Not serious though as there is nothing to freeze solid and fall off. Unless it was higher up my leg! Anyway I have had to doctor it every day and make sure it doesn’t go septic. But it is finally healing and forming scabs. 14 January 2008 Day 62. Mon 14th. Gloomy day but still did 25.4km. Countdown! 3 more days. 67km. Unbelievable! JTB #3. In the first week sibu and I had a huge argument about whether it was acceptable to do a #2 in the bell of the tent if conditions outside warranted it! thankfully it never came to that! 15 January 2008 Day 63. JTB #4 We have had no painkillers on this trip. Zip! Must have fallen out when i was consolidating 2 kits into 1 at home 16 January 2008 Day 64. Wow, we have only 15km to go. listen to 702 thurs 4to6. You might catch us. I cant believe this day has finally come! 13 The SA 03 08.indd 13 19/3/08 5:26:23 PM The SA 03 08.indd 14 19/3/08 5:26:25 PM classifieds The South African Life & General Insurance Pension Transfers Investments By Glen Gilbert 1. Most South Africans are probably more used to Medical Aid Schemes as such than Health Insurance as we now call it. The nearest to the SA schemes is Southern Cross or Tower, which offer a variety of plans ranging from only Hospital Cover to Hospital and Specialists/tests and then Hospitals/specialists/test and GP’s and then dentistry for the Ultra Care plan. A major difference is also that few employers pay towards the costs of health insurance - they often have a “Group Scheme” which offers slightly cheaper rates to employees, but the employee actually pays the whole cost. The only advantage to the member is a group scheme (if large enough) does sometimes avoid problems arising from pre-existing health conditions. 2. Free Health is a myth! Most South Africans are employed or earning so do not qualify for this. Children up to the age of 6 years are entitled to free health care, including GP. For persons over 45 and those on a Community Services Card, GP visits are subsidised as are prescriptions and then only drugs on the Pharmac list. The State does pay for operations and hospitalisation in a public hospital - there are, however, long waiting lists and one has almost no choice of hospital or medical provider or medication. You probably know more about the maternity side than I do because of your wife and having had your own children “in the system”. Dental care for children is free up to their 18th birthday. However, orthodontic treatment is not covered by the public system or any private provider. Spectacles are covered to a limited extent by Tower’s and Southern Cross’ GP cover. It is up to the individual to determine what cover, if any is needed. My advice is that we all need some form of health insurance, if only the Hospital cover. We can usually afford to pay GP costs and thus cut our overall medical bill.(I have a good presentation to illustrate this). 3. When buying health insurance, it is usually best to deal with an adviser who has a good, in-depth knowledge of what is available and who understands their clients’ requirements/affordability. Some schemes purport to cover all treatments 100%, but (like Southern Cross) are actually limited to paying out according to a pre-determined cost schedule. When treatment for a major health problem occurs, there is often a great deal that the insurer does not cover! To my knowledge, there is only one company that covers drugs not on the Pharmac schedule (this is extremely important, seeing that Herceptin, used in the treatment of breast cancer, is not on the Pharmac list). There is only one company that covers treatment in Australia fully. Another has limited Australian cover, while the rest of the insurers do not cover treatment in Australia at all. The contract wording is extremely important - some insurers can change their policies by giving 30 days notice. Only one company can not do this. Some insurers offer treatment overseas, but only if there is none available in New Zealand. 4. It is important to determine which conditions are not covered ever, or may be offered on Special terms. How much will the insurer pay? Would accepting a voluntary excess reduce the premiums? 5. It may appear a “minefield”, but there is an ever-increasing need for health insurance because the public system is reneging on its responsibility and the health system is a “political pawn” Having our own plan, can save much unecessary financial loss as well as trauma having to wait for the public system to take action. I have personal experiences of clients whose health insurers have looked after them in times of need. It is important to differentiate between what ACC covers and what health insurers cover, too. All accidents are covered under ACC! Health insurers may assist if there is a concern over time, for example and a real urgency that they cannot meet in their system. It is important to note that, in the event of an accident, ACC must be consulted first and a claim made! Also, having health insurance may mean returning to work after an illness/ treatment sooner than waiting for treatment in the public system and thus back to earning again. Many South Africans here do not have the necessary “support systems” in place that they had in the past (resources) and thus actaully have a greater need than most for health insurance. Gilbert & Associates PO Box 303 209, North Harbour , Auckland 0751 Tel/Fax: (+64) 9 413 6460 Mob: 021 214 2449 Email: [email protected] Dr Bernie Brenner MB BCh (Wits), FRCOG, FRANZCOG, MBA, M Phil, BA (UNISA) Gynaecologist and Uro Gynaecologist Specialising in: • Female Urinary Incontinence and Urodynamic Assessments • Minimally Invasive Surgery for Bladder Leaking • Menopause - Hormone replacement therapy • Colposcopy (the treatment of abnormal cervical cytology) including Laser • Office Hysteroscopy for diagnosis of menstrual problems • Gynaecological Ultrasound • Laporoscopic Surgery - for removal of Fibroids, Ovarian Cysts and Endometriosis Consulting rooms at 131 Shakespeare Road, Milford For appointments Phone 486 0182 • Email: [email protected] Webpage: www.berniebrenner.co.nz 15 The SA 03 08.indd 15 20/3/08 12:48:19 PM PROFILES OF GREAT SOUTH AFRICAN SPORTSMEN AND WOMEN Kevin Pietersen By Ted Woodberg O ne of the most iconic cricket players of our time , Kevin Pietersen, who now plays for England, was born in Pietermaritzburg, a beautiful city set in a huge hollow of the Umgeni River basin in Kwa Zulu Natal. Kevin attended local Pietermaritzburg schools during his youth and even after his family moved to Durban he continued travelling to his home city every day in order to stay at Maritzburg College until he had completed his matriculation. He had three brothers who were just as sport mad as he was and on any given day all four boys were involved in some sort of sporting activity, which kept his parents extremely busy ferrying them back and forth between home and various sports venues. The fact that all four boys were very good at sport made Kevin extremely competitive from a very young age. “I could be a stroppy kid but above all I was a bad loser,” says Kevin. “I’d break tennis or squash rackets when I’d lose against one of my brothers and I regularly ended up having fights with them when one scored a try against me in rugby or a goal in football.” Kevin did not grow up as a spoilt kid. His father was quite strict and had a saying:- “Buy what you need, not what you want!” If Kevin or his brothers messed up or did anything wrong at school, his father would discipline them with a cane he called an army stick. Kevin says that the discipline he received in this way did him no harm at all. During his final year at Maritzburg College he spent most of the season in the second cricket team despite his obvious talent for the game. The current coach of the first team, Mike Bechet, was biased against Kevin for some unknown reason and kept him out of the team. As soon as Bechet emigrated to New Zealand, he got his chance to play in the first team and immediately excelled as their best player, going on to be selected for the South African Schools eleven. After a short stint with SA Schools, Kevin went on to play for Natal B, which meant first class cricket. He honed his batting skills, he was a reasonable off-spin bowler and became quite good in the field. Finally Kevin was admitted to the Natal A team and toured Western Australia with them, playing against the touring England side of 1999/2000. He then played a bit of club cricket with Cannock in Staffordshire, UK. Kevin says that his stint with Cannock was his first time away from home, and the experience matured him as a player and human being. Kevin always fancied himself as a bowler, but the Cannock captain insisted that he was a better batsman, which turned out to be true in the longer term. Then, completely out of the blue, Kevin was dropped from the Natal first team during the summer of 1999/2000 as part of the quota system adopted by the SA cricket authorities in order to fast track the inclusion of players of colour into the provincial teams, as a precursor to including them in the national team. This left him extremely bitter and totally heartbroken at a time when his cricketing career was blossoming and his sights were set on gaining a place with the “big boys” in the South African side. Kevin was replaced by Gulam Bodi, a talented offspinning Asian batsman, who was included with two other non-white players in the Natal team. When he was told Kevin lost his temper and shouted at the selectors : ”I’m leaving here!” There were quite a few options open to Kevin; his mother was born in the U.K. and he had a British passport, so when it came to looking for a place to play cricket, England naturally was on top of the list. Then Clive Rice, one of SA’s greatest players, who was instrumental in getting Kevin into the SA Schools’ eleven, approached him with an offer to play for Nottinghamshire, a team that Clive was coaching at the time. The offer included a contract worth £15 000 to play for the team during the 2001 season. For a 20 year old this added up to a substantial amount of money, especially considering that the exchange rate at the time was about R12 to the English pound. continued on page 20 Willie Steenkamp B.Ch.D. Pret. 1979 DRNZ Otago 1994 Dentist EAST COAST DENTAL LTD 758 East Coast Rd • Browns Bay Phone 09 478-1300 16 The SA 03 08.indd 16 19/3/08 5:26:37 PM The South African Continued from page 12 Some of the more popular programmes on Springbok Radio during its hey days were:1) Serials: These were short 15 minute programmes broadcast daily during the week. Week-end programming had a different format to the weekday shows. Kid Grayson Rides the Range - cowboy series. No Place to Hide – sci fi space series featuring Adrian Steed as “Mark Saxon.” (1958 to 1970) The Mind of Tracy Dark – detective series. The Creaking Door – horror series. This show ran from 1963 to 1970 Jet Jungle – drama set in Africa similar to “Tarzan.” (1973 to 1985) Strangers from Space – sci fi series. 2) Quiz Shows : These were normally hour long once-per-week programmes that had a lot of audience participation. The Surf Show Pick-a-box - some of the prizes were big – motor cars, electrical home appliances etc. Test the Team – listeners were invited to send in tricky questions to a panel of experts. Nice Work – a panel were selected to work out an audience member’s job by asking leading questions. 3) Action/Adventure series : Once-off weekly shows with a specific theme. Squad Cars – Police series set in Johannesburg. The Avengers – Detective series which ran from 1972 to 1973. Wolwedans in die Skemer – Africaans drama series. ( 1982 – 1983) The Sounds of Darkness – horror series. (1967 to 1974) 4) Comedy series : Shows that portray a variety of comedy sketches. Snoektown Calling – Set in Cape Town amongst the Cape Coloured community. The Pip Freedman Show – In this series Pip rips off all of SA’s colourful The Studio on 31st December 1980 cultures. This show was extremely popular and ran from 1968 to 1985. The Men from the Ministry - Based on the antics of government employees.(1969 to 1985). Next Stop Makouvlei – Written and presented by Pip Freedman. Africaans comedy. Caltex Kaskenades – Another series by Pip Freedman. The Loudspeaker Show – English comedy from Pip Freedman. 5) Courtroom Drama/Crime/Detective series: Once per week drama shows. Consider your Verdict – A courtroom drama series, one of the longest running shows on Springbok Radio (1954 to 1985). Inspector Carr Investigates – Detective drama featuring Hugh Rouse as the voice of Inspector Carr (1957 – 1985.) 6) Music Shows : Disc Jockeys give airplay to the latest music releases. The Springbok 4.30 Special - half- hour daily show of latest pop hits. The Springbok Radio Hit Parade – once per week show of the top ten most popular songs as reflected by record sales by music shops. 7) Feature Shows – regular shows on specific themes. So Maak Mens (roughly translated : “What People Do) – Afrikaans cultural series. (1957 to 1985) Call Back The Past – history programme dealing with major events of the past. (1968 to 1982) Lux Radio Theatre – weekly play series. Longest running programme on Springbok Radio – from 1950 to 1985. In order to preserve the heritage that was Springbok Radio, a special non-profit organization was set up in Johannesburg just after the closure of the station, known as “The Springbok Radio Preservation Society of South Africa.” It has carefully archived and collected all sorts of material including photographs of personalities and places and it is recognized as one of the largest sound recording archives in the world. The archive holds many original recordings on tape, reel to reel and transcription discs and also has many private off-air recordings of different activities involving the station. The society is currently engaged in a massive restoration project to convert all of its analogue recordings into a digital format.With the introduction of television into South Africa in 1976, radio listenership declined and the big sponsors started channeling their money into TV advertising when the service went commercial in 1978. The introduction of commercial TV and the excitement that its late introduction into South Africa caused, led to the ultimate demise of Springbok Radio at the end of 1985. Another major factor was the introduction of FM radio during the 70’s which gave listeners superb sound reproduction quality on their home hi fi systems, contrary to the medium wave reception that Springbok Radio offered. The format of FM radio was also quite different, concentrating more on broadcasting 24 hours of music, with short newscasts, traffic updates and sports commentaries at regular intervals during the day. It must have been a very sad day for all involved when the colourful radio station that represented everything South African had to finally close its doors on 31st December 1985. I am sure that a few listeners shed a tear as well! 17 The SA 03 08.indd 17 19/3/08 5:26:43 PM The South African Continued from page 10 “The political damage is incalculable, with the ruling African National Congress now an openly divided and faltering movement. The trial has been fought against the backdrop of a bitter succession war between Mbeki and Zuma….Mbeki’s support in the ANC has crumbled, with the party faithful refusing to accept that he will anoint a leader….But even Zuma’s most diehard supporters privately acknowledge that he cannot now be president, regardless of the trial outcome.” The prospect of Zuma’s return as a contender for the presidency has reportedly caused South African business leaders to work on reassuring international investors; but even as they reassure, an Independent analyst suggested, “The fear of seeing Zuma and his crowd marching to the Union Buildings wielding machine guns is unnerving mostly to the middle class and businessmen, according to recent surveys.” How Zuma will unfold as the country’s leader if he is appointed,is difficult to guess at this stage, but his attitude towards Zimbabwe could give us a clue. He is reported to have implied that Western criticism of Mugabe was partly motivated by racism, saying:- “The Europeans often ignore the fact that Mugabe is very popular among Africans. In their eyes, he has given blacks their country back after centuries of colonialism. The people love him, so how can we condemn him?” Zuma has obviously not noticed the constant stream of refugees who are crossing the border from Zimbabwe to South Africa in an effort to survive. On a positive note, Zuma has been widely acclaimed in Natal of bringing peace to the deeply divided Xhosa and Zulu factions living there. The ANC has long been a Xhosa dominated organization whereas Zuma was a Zulu, so his influence amongst the Zulus living in Natal has been immense. On 28 December 2007, the Scorpions served Zuma an indictment to stand trial in the High Court on various counts of racketeering, money laundering, corruption and fraud, according to Michael Hulley, Zuma’s attorney. The trial is to proceed on 14th August 2008. The charges are believed to be linked to the $5billion arms procurement deal by the South African government in 1999. Should Jacob Zuma be convicted of corruption and sentenced to a term of imprisonment of more than 1 year (without being pardoned by Thabo Mbeki) he will be ineligible for election to the South African Parliament and subsequently will not be able to serve as President. To sum up, what are the chances of Zuma becoming president especially in the light of his corruption trial? A lot depends on the evidence, the crowd support and on the sympathy of other ANC party members. The only other contender for the job is Phumzile Mlambo-Nguka, the wife of Bulelani Ngcuka, who had been Minister of Minerals and Energy since 1999. While her appointment as Deputy President of South Africa was widely welcomed by the business community, her popularity with rank-and-file ANC members remains uncertain. Whatever happens, the future of South Africa will most definitely be strongly influenced by the “Zuma Factor.” Chartered ACCOUNTANT Looking for a good accountant and expert advice? Tim England BCom CA (SA) Specializing in: new business set ups, staff recruitment and project management. Call for any business advice - tax and accounting Rices Mall, 65 Picton Street, Howick Phone 09 532 9971 • Fax 09 532 9972• Email: [email protected] G E O R G E D E E B B a r r i s t e r, S o l i c i t o r & N o t a r y P u b l i c (Formerly Attorney & Conveyancer of 20 years in Johannesburg) Ensuring your success is my practice Relocating to a new country is probably one of the most difficult things you and your family will undertake in your lifetimes. I know as I have been there done that. Planning your affairs is crucial to your success in your new country - you cannot afford mistakes. Formerly of Johannesburg, I have practised in New Zealand for the past ten years and I can advise you on all matters relating to • Purchasing your new home • Purchasing and setting up a new business • Setting up new Wills and Estate Planning (including Family Trusts) • Winding up your South African Affairs • Immigration Applications and Problems • Notarising of documents for use in South Africa I am here to help you to succeed so give me a call to discuss your requirements. The first half hour is free of charge and so are standard wills. Offices at 94 Anzac Street, Takapuna, Auckland Telephone (09) 486 1415 • Facsimile (09) 486 0301 Email: [email protected] 18 The SA 03 08.indd 18 19/3/08 5:26:47 PM South African Caesar Salad Serves 4-6 The classic combination of lettuce, bacon, egg and croutons, combined in a Caesar dressing. It’s addictive – especially when you know how easy it is. Ingredients 1 iceberg lettuce, trimmed 1-2 tbsp oil or about 50g garlic butter 2-3 thick slices crusty bread 4-6 bacon rashers, rind removed # Hint: For this recipe, the eggs should be just hard-boiled. Size 7’s will take 8 minutes placed from cold into boiling water. # For a light lunch add smoked or grilled chicken pieces. 3 hard boiled eggs, quartered Caesar Salad Dressing Method 1. Cut the iceberg lettuce into chunky pieces and arrange on a serving platter. (If wished wash the chunky pieces in running cold water and then shake gently in a clean tea-towel to dry off excess water). 2. Cut the bread into large crouton size dice and chop the bacon roughly. Cook in the oil in a hot frying pan, tossing until the bacon and croutons are crisp. Alternatively melt the garlic butter in an oven proof pan or roasting dish, add the bacon and bread and cook at 180°C until the bacon and bread is crispy. 3. Scatter the cooled bacon and croutons on top of the lettuce with the hard-boiled eggs. 4. Pour over plenty of Caesar Salad dressing and serve. Dr Mairi Wallace MBChB(Stel), MMed (O&G), FCOG (SA), FRANZCOG Gynaecologist From that first painful period with acne and mood swings to the last period with hot flushes and feeling like it’s all too much, and all the years in between, there are many reasons, for women of any age, to see a Gynaecologist. I’m a generalist Gynaecologist with a particular interest in pelvic pain, hormonal imbalance, female sexual dysfunction, prolapse and incontinence. I offer both mainline and natural therapies. Consulting rooms: Suite 9 Auckland Surgical Centre, 9 St Marks Rd, Remuera. Phone 523 5959 19 The SA 03 08.indd 19 19/3/08 5:26:53 PM The South African Continued from page 16 Kevin was total disillusioned about his future in SA cricket and knew that he couldn’t stay, but a move to the UK where he had no family or friends was quite daunting. Then came the meeting with Dr Ali Bacher, the most powerful man in SA cricket. He was very rude to both Kevin and his Dad, who had joined him for the meeting, saying that the quota system would soon stop and selection will go back to the old system of taking on players based on their ability. However, when Kevin asked whether there would be an all-white cricket team for Natal A for the 2001 season if the non-white players were not good enough, he said no, they WILL be good enough and they WILL play. That was the end for Kevin. He made up his mind there and then that he was leaving for the U.K. Kevin’s stint as player for Notts county was a real education because he came across a lot of mediocrity, cliques and lack of ambition. This was quite frustrating for the new go-getter from South Africa, but he played his heart out and during the 2001 season he chalked up 1 275 championship runs, scoring at a rate of 82 runs for every 100 balls, which was impressive to say the least. Kevin was showing at an early stage that he was able to play Kevin Pietersen first-class cricket. Then came the crunch. At the end of the 2001 season Clive Rice lost his job as Notts coach and was replaced by one of the players. Kevin was relegated to the second team. Emotions ran high during this season because Kevin felt he deserved better. His relationship with the team got so bad that he used to warm up on his own rather than be with some of his teammates. Eventually Kevin announced that he was leaving, at the same time running down the team captain. Then he received a call to say that Jason Gillian, the team captain, had dumped his cricket gear over the balcony at Trent Bridge! Fortunately Kevin got a job with the English Academy that winter, saving him from a horrible situation. Finally Kevin broke his ties with the Notts club and joined Hampshire, an extremely well-run club that was coached part-time by Shane Warne of Australia. Here he grew and matured and he has been with the club ever since and supported them as and when his England commitments have allowed. Kevin’s biggest breakthrough came when he was selected to play for England on a tour to Zimbabwe in 2004. He got some positive feedback from the English coach, Duncan Fletcher, announcing that he wanted Kevin to play in South Africa as part of a series of ODI’s. Kevin was apprehensive about the South African tour because he realised that the SA public wouldn’t take kindly to someone they considered to have walked out on their country returning to play against their team so soon after becoming eligible. Then in January 2005, the first ODI against South Africa got off to an emotional start. Both teams stood for the national anthem, and Kevin wondered whether he was standing in the right place. But he had no doubts. He was an Englishman now, standing in the country of his birth. The crowd in general gave their displeasure towards Kevin, calling him a “Judas” and a “racist” when he was working in the outfield. The abuse was not pleasant, but Kevin stood his ground and consoled himself when he took an early catch to dismiss Herschelle Gibbs in the first ODI. Unfortunately Graeme Smith, the SA captain, compounded the situation by announcing in the press that Kevin had turned his back on the country of his birth. This soured the relationship and Kevin and Graeme no longer talk to each other. By the end of the tour the South African public began to warm to Kevin because he was such an entertaining player. In Centurion at the end of the last test the South African crowd, at last, rose to cheer Kevin. It was the end of the tour, England had lost 4-1, but they gave him a standing ovation. The biggest highlight of Kevin’s career to date was England’s victory over Australia to take the Ashes Trophy, the biggest prize in cricket. Kevin scored 150 runs in the final match of the series to clinch victory for England. In addition, he was awarded Man of the Match. Today Kevin is a happy, contented man, continuing to surprise spectators with his inimitable confident style, now an entrenched member of the English team. He is engaged to Jessica Taylor, who is a member of the British pop group Liberty X. The group was discovered by the first UK Pop Stars TV show. As he reflects on his life so far, Kevin says that despite his fiery temperament and many disagreements, he has no regrets and looks forward to a rewarding and stimulating cricket career. Now this superior wood treatment is available countrywide at an affordable price. For more information. Contact: Dennis Schionning Tel/Fax: 07 552 6310 Mob: 027 235 3071 Freephone: 0508 966 362 Email: [email protected] 20 The SA 03 08.indd 20 19/3/08 5:26:58 PM The South African Music Scene By Ted Woodberg T he South African music business is a thriving industry that has grown in leaps and bounds since its infancy in the early 50’s of last century. We have seen phenomenal growth in all of the modern genres especially amongst black music. Hip hop and kwaito have experienced the most growth over this period. Being the avid music lover that I am, I love surfing the radio waves for new and different sounds. We are extremely fortunate here in New Zealand to have local radio stations enjoying considerable state funding, hence the proliferation of different and extremely interesting on-air programming. I counted more than twenty local radio stations in Auckland alone, and I have played them all. It’s a real pity that they don’t give a lot of airtime to good old South African music, after all, there is so much variety to choose from and South African musicians have made a genuine impact around the world with their unique style. Who can forget Paul Simon’s collaboration with black South African group Ladysmith Black Mambazo back in the 80’s and the beautiful “Diamonds in the Soles of her Shoes?” Even today, SA artists like Karen Zoid perform at sell-out concerts all around the world. Her appearance at the Ukkasie in London in 2003 caused a stir in the British pop scene at the time. For 2008, she has planned concerts for London, Belgium and Holland. Boy! I do miss her song “I’ll get stuck in a small room with you” which received so much airplay in South Africa just before I emigrated to New Karen Zoid Zealand. And when we go back even further to the 70’s the world held its breath when the super SA rock group Rabbitt hit the international music scene. They sold hundreds of thousands of records and band leader, Trevor Rabin is now one of the top movie score producers in the world. Then we had the all-girl super group Clout who had a monster hit with “Substitute” which reached number 2 on the British charts and number 1 in numerous European cities. Not bad for a bunch of local lasses, hey? The 80’s boomed with a glut of hot original acts spanning crossover to power-pop to hard rock to Afrikaans bubblegum to alternative/indie: the likes of Tribe After Tribe, eVoid, Petit Cheval, Hotline, Bright Blue, Johnny Clegg (Jaluka and Savuka), Mango Groove, The Helicopters, Ellamental and that doyen of the Cape Karroo, David Kramer. Then along came the nefarious 90’s with groups like Fetish, Boo!, Just Jinger, Springbok Nude Girls, Sugardrive and our one and only Steve Hofmeyer. All of these acts were (and some still are) huge sellers and crowd pullers and have filled venues across South Africa and abroad. And I haven’t even mentioned the plethora of massive African bands that have been around for decades; some of whom still command deity status in the country and regularly sell millions of albums across the African continent. At the turn of the century a new breed of SA muso’s emerged that have now firmly placed South Africa on the international map as far as the music scene is concerned. A recent addition to the popularity polls is a new Cape Town band known as Freshlyground. They have managed to combine a tuneful type of backstreet kwaito with unique African rythms and have come up trumps. Their first mega-hit, “Do be doo” (not to be confused with Frank Sinatra’s ending in “Strangers in the Night!”) has become a national best seller. They describe their music as ‘contemporary urban afro pop’ and lead singer African lady Zolani Mahola, who hails from the Eastern Cape, - has a voice like fresh spring water. So why aren’t the local radio station disc jockeys sitting up and taking notice? When I was living in South Africa we could always switch on our radio dial and hear New Zealand stars like Split Enz and Crowded House. Why not the other way round? Continued on page 22 Plumbing Services All of Auckland 5% Maintenance Alterations if you mention 5RR¿QJDQGVSRXWLQJ this ad 1HZZRUNLQFOXGLQJGUDLQDJH family owned and operated. Call us first. NEUMANN PLUMBING LTD 0800 - PLUMBLINK or 0800 758 625 465 21 The SA 03 08.indd 21 19/3/08 5:27:04 PM The South African Continued from page 21 I leave that up to the music afficiandos of this beautiful land that we (including a large crowd of ex-South Africans!) all live in. I must say, however, that Pretoriabased hard rock/grunge outfit known as Seether are enjoying a bit of airplay on Auckland’s local “The Rock” radio station. This is extremely encouraging and we hope that the trend catches on with the other stations. Seether have had long associations with other USA groups like Breaking Benjamin, 3 Doors Down, Three Days Grace and The Nixons . Their breakthrough came in 2002 with their second album “ Disclaimer” which received much airplay on local rock stations and prompted a worldwide tour with Evanescence. On this tour, the band reworked the Lucky Dube acoustic ballad “Broken” into an electric ballad and Amy Lee, lead singer of Evanescence shared vocal duties with lead singer Shaun Morgan during live performances. In 2005 follow-up album “Karma and Effect” was well received by the grunge-loving SA music public. In August of 2006 lead singer Morgan went into rehab for alcohol and cocaine abuse forcing the band to cancel their tour with Staind and Three Days Grace. Evanescence’s hit “Call Me When Your Sober” was written about this incident. Seether’s music has been used widely by the international film industry. Their song “Hang On” features on the soundtrack for the movie, Daredevil and “Out of My Way”was featured on the soundtrack of the 2003 movie, Freddy vs Jason. So why aren’t the local radio station disc jockeys sitting up and taking notice? When I was living in South Africa we could always switch on our radio dial and hear New Zealand stars like Split Enz and Crowded House. Why not the other way round? I leave that up to the music afficiandos of this beautiful land that we (including a large crowd of ex-South Africans!) all live in. The longest running ever South African musical festival, Splashy Fen will be happening around Easter time again this year. It is hard to imagine how a small group of tents pitched on the foothills of the Drakensberg mountain range in the Underberg farming district in April of 1989 has now grown into the huge annual festival that it is today, with attendances of over 15 000 being the norm. The organizers have now put out a request to all South African muso’s to come up with a song that epitomizes the festival, in the same vein as “Woodstock,” which was composed by Crosby, Stills & Nash to commemorate that huge festival of the same name. There should be enough talent in the country to come up with something that reminds one of the mountains, the trout streams, the three different sound stages, the smoking campfires at night….it certainly brings back fond memories for me. There was quite a lot happening in the SA music scene last year. One of the most noteworthy events was the tragic shooting of Lucky Dube on the 18th October last year. The South African music industry was shocked by the news of the death of this much loved reggae star who was shot dead by car thieves while he was dropping his teenage son and daughter off in a Johannesburg suburb. He was 43 years old. He will be missed as a great musician and an untiring freedom fighter. Alongside Bob Marley, Lucky Dube was thought of as one of the great reggae artists – singing about social problems. President Mbeki honoured him by attending his funeral and he called on the people of South Africa to “confront this terrible scourge of crime.” Music producer TK of TS records and a friend of Dube’s told the BBC the killing was tragically ironic. “The whole continent has lost a performer, musician, a guy that fought for freedom in his own way, in his own right; he was just shot by some guy who wanted to take his car, you know, which is Mickey Mouse really,” he said. Opposition parties and the youth wing of the ruling African National Congress party have called on the government to take drastic measures against crime. South African musical journalist Peter Makurube told the BBC’s Network Africa programme that: “Lucky filled up stadiums all over the continent. I would say he was far bigger outside South Africa than he was in South Africa.” Dube began his career by singing mbaqanga (traditional Zulu) music and recorded his first album with the Super Soul band in 1982. He later moved into reggae, producing “Rastas Never Die,” which was banned by the apartheid government. In 2004 a song that Dube wrote in 1989 as an anti-apartheid hit “Together as One,” which calls for world peace and harmony, was voted one of Africa’s top ten songs by BBC readers and listeners. Goodbye, Lucky, we will all miss you. Before signing off, I must make mention of a band that started in Johannesburg in the early 80’s that is now carving a significant niche in the international musical arena. They are the band Off The Edge which was started by original guitar player Peter Hanmer in 1981 as the group Boss. Changing their name to Streetalk in 1982 and then ultimately to Off the Edge, their latest albums “On the Run” and “Just Another Band” have made inroads into the Norwegian, Swedish, German, Japanese and American markets. Their music is decidedly popular hard rock reminiscent of the era that belonged to Led Zeppelin and Foreigner. We hope to hear much more from this highly talented group in the future. 22 The SA 03 08.indd 22 19/3/08 5:27:09 PM The South African Directory RATES: Display Advertises Directory only $25 per month for a minimum contract period of 6 months in advance. 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Formerly of Johannesburg, Ian holds a BComm, LLB, H Dip Tax and has practised in New Zealand for the past eight years. Quay Law is located in a convenient city centre location from were I enjoy working with a broad spectrum of private clients and successful companies. My experienced team and I are able to advise you on the following matters: • Residential conveyancing • Commercial conveyancing and leasing • Purchasing and establishing a new business • Trust and estate planning (including wills, family trusts and retirement issues) • Taxation • Business succession planning • Relationship property • Immigration My focus is to build long lasting and trusting relationships with my clients in a professional yet friendly environment. The initial half hour is free of charge as are standard wills. Offices at Lobby 2, Shed 24, Princes Wharf, 147 Quay Street, Auckland Telephone (09) 309 6660 Facsimile (09) 309 6662 Email: [email protected] Go wild. South Africa from $2,635 + $90 tax* Fly the fastest route to Africa with SAA via Australia. Fares from Auckland, Wellington or Christchurch to Johannesburg or Capetown available from $2,635 + $90 tax*. Travel is valid XQWLOIXUWKHUQRWLFHEXWVHDWVDUHOLPLWHG*RZLOGDQGPDNHWUDFNVWR\RXUORFDOWUDYHODJHQWRUJRWRZZZÀ\VDDFRPWRGD\ * Fare includes fuel surcharge, government taxes & levies quoted separately. Seats are limited and special conditions apply. The SA 03 08.indd 24 19/3/08 5:27:17 PM
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Al Gore was Vice-President to which US President?
Al Gore | vice president of United States | Britannica.com vice president of United States Written By: Alternative Title: Albert Arnold Gore, Jr. Al Gore Vice president of United States Also known as John Kerry Al Gore, in full Albert Arnold Gore, Jr. (born March 31, 1948, Washington, D.C. , U.S.), 45th vice president of the United States (1993–2001) in the Democratic administration of President Bill Clinton . In the 2000 presidential election , one of the most controversial elections in American history, Gore won the nationwide popular vote over George W. Bush by more than 500,000 votes but narrowly lost in the electoral college , 271–266—the first inversion of the electoral and popular vote since 1888. In 2007 Gore was awarded, with the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , the Nobel Prize for Peace for his efforts to raise awareness about global warming . Al Gore, 1994. U.S. Department of Defense The son of a Democratic congressman and senator from Tennessee , Gore graduated from Harvard University in 1969 and enlisted in the army, serving in the Vietnam War as a military reporter from 1969 through 1971. He then became a reporter for The Tennessean, a newspaper based in Nashville, Tennessee. While working (1971–76) for that paper, Gore also studied philosophy and law at Vanderbilt University . Gore won election to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1976 and was reelected three times before winning a seat in the Senate in 1984. In 1988 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination. Gore was reelected to the Senate in 1990, and in 1991 he was one of only 10 Democratic senators who voted to authorize the use of American military force against Iraq in the Persian Gulf War . In 1992 he was chosen by Clinton , the Democratic presidential nominee, to be his running mate, and Gore became vice president when Clinton defeated Republican incumbent George Bush in the 1992 presidential election. In 1993 Gore helped the Clinton administration secure congressional passage of the North American Free Trade Agreement . Gore and Clinton were reelected in 1996 to a second term, defeating the Republicans led by Bob Dole . Al Gore. Playing cards featuring depictions of (left) Vice President Albert Gore and (right) President … Americana/Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Gore announced his candidacy for the presidency of the United States in June 1999. A moderate Democrat, his campaign focused on the economy, health care, and education. On issues that were controversial in the United States, Gore generally supported the Democratic Party’s platform, favouring abortion rights for women and greater restrictions on guns, but he broke with the party’s traditional stance on the death penalty, which he supported. Gore favoured strong measures to protect the environment; his ideas on this issue were set out in his book Earth in the Balance: Ecology and the Human Spirit (1992). Campaign finance reform also became a prominent issue following allegations that Gore conducted illegal fund-raising activities during Clinton’s 1996 reelection bid. Although Gore denied knowing at the time that he was committing any wrongdoing, Republicans repeatedly called for an independent counsel to investigate the matter. Results of the American presidential election, 2000… Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Bill Clinton
Who was the drummer with 'Pink Floyd'?
Al Gore Biography (U.S. Vice President) U.S. Vice President Best known as: The former vice-president who starred in "An Inconvenient Truth" Name at birth: Albert Gore, Jr. Al Gore served for eight years as vice-president under Bill Clinton , then was the Democratic Party's nominee for president in 2000. Gore's father, Albert Gore Sr., served 32 years as a U.S. representative and senator from Tennessee. The younger Gore served in the U.S. Army and worked briefly as a newspaper reporter before winning election to Congress in 1976. In 1984 he moved up to the Senate and was re-elected in 1990. After making a run at the presidency in 1988, Gore was chosen by Clinton to be his 1992 running mate; the two were elected and then re-elected in 1996. Gore's detail-oriented concern for environmental and economic issues earned him a reputation as a "policy wonk" and a somewhat wooden personality. Al Gore won the Democratic Party nomination for U.S. president in 2000, choosing Connecticut senator Joe Lieberman as his running mate; in the November general election they ran against the Republican ticket of George W. Bush and Dick Cheney . After a post-election delay of a month while votes were recounted and lawsuits were filed on both sides, Gore conceded the election to Bush on December 13, 2000. Gore actually received more popular votes than Bush: the final official tally was 50,158,094 votes for Gore to 49,820,518 votes for Bush. But after being awarded Florida, Bush led in electoral votes, 271 to 267. In later years Gore dedicated himself to raising public awareness about global warming. A documentary about Gore and climate change, titled An Inconvenient Truth, was released in 2006; the film was given an Oscar as the year's best documentary (though Gore himself was not awarded an Oscar). Gore was awarded the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize for his work on climate change. Extra credit: Al Gore married the former Mary Elizabeth Atchison (nicknamed ‘Tipper) in 1970. They had four children: Karenna (b. 1973), Kristin (b. 1977), Sarah (b. 1979), and Albert Gore III (b. 1980). After 40 years of marriage, Al and Tipper Gore announced in June of 2010 that they were separating… Tipper was once known as a leading advocate against violent and explicit lyrics in popular music… Al Gore has an undergraduate degree from Harvard, where he once roomed with actor Tommy Lee Jones … Gore attended graduate classes at Vanderbilt University’s schools of divinity and law, but did not pursue a degree from either… During the 2000 campaign it was often reported that Gore claimed he had invented the Internet; the actual quote, from a CNN interview on March 9 of 1999, was: “During my service in the United States Congress, I took the initiative in creating the Internet”… Gore replaced Dan Quayle as vice president and was succeeded by Dick Cheney … Gore himself did not win the Oscar for An Inconvenient Truth; the award went to the film’s director, Davis Guggenheim. The film also earned an Oscar for Melissa Etheridge for her song, “I Need to Wake Up”… Gore shared the 2007 Nobel Prize with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, or IPCC. Copyright © 1998-2016 by Who2?, LLC. All rights reserved.
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What is the name of the drawing by Leonardo da Vinci, which is a study of the proportions of the human body?
Universal Leonardo: Leonardo da Vinci online › The proportions of the human body in the manner of Vitruvius (The Vitruvian Man) © Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali, Polo Museale Veneziano The proportions of the human body in the manner of Vitruvius (The Vitruvian Man) c1490 This iconic drawing illustrates Leonardo’s own interpretation of Vitruvius’ written account of how the ideal proportions of man, with arms and legs outstretched, would fit into the geometric forms of the square and the circle. In order to achieve a coherent solution, Leonardo chose to adjust the relationship between the circle and the square - only the centre of the circle coincides with the navel, while the centre of the square is located somewhat lower. In this drawing, he corrected inconsistencies in Vitruvius’ measurements of the human figure, guided by his own observations and deductions based on the study of life models. Through the precision of his own measurements, he created an image that is accepted as a true representation of Vitruvius’ findings, and a perfectly credible albeit constructed image of the ideal proportions of the human figure. Medium Pen and brown ink with wash over metalpoint Size 34.4 x 24.5 cm Location Galleria dell’Accademia
Vitruvian Man
Who played King Edward I of England in the 1995 film 'Braveheart'?
The Vitruvian Man   leonardo's vitruvian man "We know very little about Leonardo’s apprenticeship in Verroccio’s workshop, but the short account provided by Vasari confirms that it included architectural and technological design, according to a concept that was being revived on the model of Vitruvius, as reproposed by Alberti" (Pedretti 14). Having had access to Alberti’s and Vitruvius’ treatises, it is no surprise that Leonardo produced his own version of the Vitruvian man in his notebooks. This rendering of the Vitruvian Man, completed in 1490, is fundamentally different than others in two ways: The circle and square image overlaid on top of each other to form one image. A key adjustment was made that others had not done and thus were forced to make disproportionate appendages: “Leonardo’s famous drawings of the Vitruvian proportions of a man’s body first standing inscribed in a square and then with feet and arms outspread inscribed in a circle provides an excellent early example of the way in which his studies of proportion fuse artistic and scientific objectives. It is Leonardo, not Vitruvius, who points out that ‘If you open the legs so as to reduce the stature by one-fourteenth and open and raise your arms so that your middle fingers touch the line through the top of the head, know that the centre of the extremities of the outspread limbs will be the umbilicus, and the space between the legs will make and equilateral triangle’ (Accademia, Venice). Here he provides one of his simplest illustrations of a shifting ‘centre of magnitude’ without a corresponding change of ‘centre of normal gravity’. This remains passing through the central line from the pit of the throat through the umbilicus and pubis between the legs. Leonardo repeatedly distinguishes these two different ‘centres’ of a body, i.e., the centers of ‘magnitude’ and ‘gravity (Keele 252).” This image provides the perfect example of Leonardo's keen interest in proportion. In addition, this picture represents a cornerstone of Leonardo's attempts to relate man to nature. Encyclopaedia Britannica online states, "Leonardo envisaged the great picture chart of the human body he had produced through his anatomical drawings and Vitruvian Man as a cosmografia del minor mondo (cosmography of the microcosm). He believed the workings of the human body to be an analogy for the workings of the universe."
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What is the earliest possible date in March for Easter Sunday?
Early/Late Easter : snopes.com from now). The last time it was on March 22 was 1818. So, no one alive today has or will ever see it any earlier than this year!   Origins:   How to determine the date of Easter, the annual Christian celebration of Christ's resurrection, is something of a mystery to the average person. Unlike most other significant dates on the western calendar, which fall either on fixed dates (e.g., Halloween is always October 31st ) or on easily-reckoned relative calendar days (e.g., Thanksgiving in the U.S. is the fourth Thursday in November), Easter moves around from year to year in order to preserve its relationship to the astronomical phenomena (i.e., the season of the year and the phase of the moon) that would have occurred at the time of the resurrection (traditionally reckoned as having taken place in 30 A.D.). In the modern era, Easter Sunday generally falls on the Sunday following the Paschal Full Moon (i.e., the first full moon of Spring in the northern hemisphere, or the first full moon occurring after the date of the vernal equinox). However, since astronomical observations are variable (e.g., the date of the full moon can vary depending upon the location of the observer), the date of Easter is typically calculated from tables. We'll dispense with an explanation of how to perform these calculations (for the curious, such an explanation can be found here ) in favor of addressing the main points of the example quoted above. The earliest calendar date on which Easter can fall is March 22, and the latest date is April 25. Easter therefore took place unusually early in 2008, with its date of occurrence being March 23. The last time Easter fell on so early a date was 1913, and the next time it will do so will be in the year 2160 (not 2228, as claimed in the example cited above — although Easter will also fall on March 23 that year, it will not be the next such occurrence). Seeing Easter fall on the earliest possible date, March 22, is an experience that has not been, and (barring some remarkable breakthroughs in longevity) will not be, witnessed by anyone alive today: It last occurred in the year 1818, and it will not happen again until 2285. The odds are considerably better for witnessing a late Easter. This year Easter falls on April 24, the second latest date on which that holiday can occur. Many people are still around from the last time Easter fell on April 25, an event which took place in 1943, and a good many people here today will likely still be around when Easter next falls on April 25, which will occur in 2038. Last updated:   22 April 2011 Snopes Delivered to Your Inbox: Sign Up
March 22
Which African country, a former Belgian colony, joined the Commonwealth in 2009?
How the Easter Date Is Determined 2105 * All Dates are Converted to Gregorian Calendar Dates (Julian Dates) In 325 CE the Council of Nicaea established that Easter would be held on the first Sunday after the first full moon occurring on or after the vernal equinox .(*) From that point forward, the Easter date depended on the ecclesiastical approximation of March 21 for the vernal equinox. Easter is delayed by 1 week if the full moon is on Sunday, which decreases the chances of it falling on the same day as the Jewish Passover. The council’s ruling is contrary to the Quartodecimans, a group of Christians who celebrated Easter on the day of the full moon, 14 days into the month. Comparative calendars Not all Christian churches observe Easter according the Gregorian calendar. Some churches still observe Easter under the Julian calendar. The Gregorian calendar was created because the Julian calendar was slightly too long. With the Julian calendar, the equinox date moved towards the earlier dates of March and further away from the Easter. Therefore, the introduction of the Gregorian calendar allowed for a realignment with the equinox. Is there a perfect calendar? In the Gregorian calendar, Easter falls on a Sunday between March 22 and April 25 from 1753 to 2400. In the Julian calendar, used by some eastern or Orthodox churches, Easter also falls on a Sunday from March 22 to April 25, which in the Gregorian calendar are from April 3 to May 10 from 1753 to 2400. In 2007 Easter fell on the same date (April 8) in both calendars when the Julian date was converted to the Gregorian date. This happens in some years, such as 2004, 2010 and 2011. Latest Easter Dates from 1753 to 2400 Gregorian Calendar * All Dates are Converted to Gregorian Calendar Dates (Julian Dates) Proposed Easter Date Reforms There have been a number of suggested reforms for the Easter date. For example, in 1997 the World Council of Churches proposed a reform of the Easter calculation to replace an equation-based method of calculating Easter with direct astronomical observation. This would have solved the Easter date difference between churches that observe the Gregorian calendar and those that observe the Julian calendar. The reform was proposed to be implemented in 2001, but it is not yet adopted. Another example of a proposed reform occurred in the United Kingdom, where the Easter Act 1928 was established to allow the Easter date to be fixed as the first Sunday after the second Saturday in April. However, this law was not implemented, although it remains on the UK Statute Law Database. (*) The resolution's exact wording is unknown, so the council's precise contribution to the process of determining the date of Easter is disputed. However, according to some historians, contemporary sources (e.g. by Epiphanius of Salamis and Socrates of Constantinople) suggest that the council decided on a Easter date after the spring equinox.
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Which American research ship was boarded and captured by North Korean forces in January 1968?
LiveLeak.com - The Pueblo Incident - 1968 Browse Channels The Pueblo Incident - 1968 "This film presents an analysis of the North Korean evidence relating to the capture of the USS Pueblo (AGER-2), an American ELINT and SIGINT Banner-class technical research ship (Navy intelligence) which was boarded and captured by North Korean forces on 23 January 1968, in what is known as the Pueblo incident or alternatively as the Pueblo crisis or the Pueblo affair. Occurring less than a week after President Lyndon B. Johnson's State of the Union Address and only weeks before the Tet Offensive, it was a major incident in the Cold War. North Korea stated that Pueblo strayed into their territorial waters but the United States maintains that the vessel was in international waters at the time of the incident. Pueblo, still held by North Korea today, officially remains a commissioned vessel of the United States Navy. It was moored along the Loading the player ...
USS Pueblo (AGER-2)
In which city is the 'Morse Bar' at the Randolph Hotel?
Pueblo Incident pt1-2 1969 US Navy Analysis of North Korean 'Evidence' - YouTube Pueblo Incident pt1-2 1969 US Navy Analysis of North Korean 'Evidence' Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. The interactive transcript could not be loaded. Loading... Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Apr 13, 2012 "Analysis of the North Korean Evidence." NEW VERSION with improved video & sound: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-wo5u... Public domain film from the National Archives, slightly cropped to remove uneven edges, with the aspect ratio corrected, and mild video noise reduction applied. The soundtrack was also processed with volume normalization, noise reduction, clipping reduction, and equalization (the resulting sound, though not perfect, is far less noisy than the original). Split with MKVmerge GUI (part of MKVToolNix), the same software can recombine the downloaded parts (in mp4 format): http://www.bunkus.org/videotools/mkvt... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Pueb... ) USS Pueblo (AGER-2) is an American ELINT and SIGINT Banner-class technical research ship (Navy intelligence) which was boarded and captured by North Korean forces on January 23, 1968, in what is known as the Pueblo incident or alternatively as the Pueblo crisis or the Pueblo affair. Occurring less than a week after President Lyndon B. Johnson's State of the Union Address and only weeks before the Tet Offensive, it was a major incident in the Cold War. North Korea stated that it strayed into their territorial waters, but the United States maintains that the vessel was in international waters... Pueblo, still held by North Korea today, officially remains a commissioned vessel of the United States Navy. It is currently moored along the Taedong River in Pyongyang, where it is used as a museum ship... The ship was launched at the Kewaunee Shipbuilding and Engineering Company in Kewaunee, Wisconsin, on April 16, 1944... It was transferred to the United States Navy in 1966 and was renamed USS Pueblo... shortly after resuming service was converted to an intelligence gathering ship, or what is colloquially known as a spy ship, and redesignated AGER-2 on May 13, 1967... On January 5, 1968, Pueblo left Yokosuka, Japan, in transit to Sasebo, Japan, from where she left on January 11, 1968, headed northward through the Tsushima Strait into the Sea of Japan. She left with specific orders to intercept and conduct surveillance of Soviet naval activity in the Tsushima Strait and to gather signal and electronic intelligence from North Korea... ...January 22... a North Korean unit made an assassination attempt against the South Korean President Park Chung-hee, but the crew of Pueblo were not informed. According to the American account, the following day, January 23, Pueblo was approached by a sub chaser... The North Korean vessel then ordered her to stand down or be fired upon. Pueblo attempted to maneuver away, but was considerably slower than the sub chaser. Additionally, three torpedo boats appeared on the horizon and then joined in the chase and subsequent attack. The attackers were soon joined by two MiG-21 fighters. A fourth torpedo boat and a second sub chaser appeared on the horizon a short time later. The ammunition on Pueblo was stored below decks, and her machine guns were wrapped in cold weather tarpaulins... U.S. Navy authorities and the crew of the Pueblo insist that before the capture, Pueblo was miles outside North Korean territorial waters; the North Koreans claim the vessel was well within North Korean territory... North Korea, however, claims a 50-nautical-mile (93 km) sea boundary even though international standards were 12 nautical miles (22 km) at the time. The North Korean vessels attempted to board Pueblo, but she maneuvered to prevent this for over two hours and a sub chaser opened fire with a 57 mm cannon, killing one member of the crew. The smaller vessels fired machine guns into Pueblo, which then signaled compliance and began destroying sensitive material. The volume of material on board was so great that it was impossible to destroy all of it... Pueblo was taken into port at Wonsan and the crew was moved twice to POW camps, with some of the crew reporting upon release that they were starved and regularly tortured while in North Korean custody... Commander Lloyd M. Bucher, Commanding Officer of the Pueblo, was tortured and put through a mock firing squad in an effort to make him confess. Eventually the Koreans threatened to execute his men in front of him, and Bucher relented. None of the Koreans knew English well enough to write the confession, so they had Bucher write it himself... Following an apology, a written admission by the U.S. that Pueblo had been spying, and an assurance that the U.S. would not spy in the future, the North Korean government decided to release the 82 remaining crew members, although the written apology was preceded by a verbal statement that it was done only to secure the release. On December 23, 1968, the crew was taken by buses to the DMZ border... Category
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What was the name of the skiffle group formed by John Lennon in March 1957?
John Lennon meets Paul McCartney | World History Project Jul 6 1957 John Lennon meets Paul McCartney In March 1957 John Lennon formed a skiffle group called The Quarrymen. McCartney met Lennon on 6 July 1957, and agreed to join the group a few days later. Source: Wikipedia Added by: Dan Harpaz John Lennon and Paul McCartney first met (three years before forming the Beatles) and radios were playing ‘Bye, Bye Love’, ‘Wake up, Little Susie’, ‘All Shook Up’ and ‘A White Sport Coat.’ Source: Mind Bites blog Added by: Dan Harpaz On this day in 1957, 15-year-old Paul McCartney attends a church picnic in the village of Woolton, near Liverpool, where he meets 16-year-old John Lennon. Lennon had formed a band called the Quarrymen, which was playing at the picnic. Between sets, McCartney played a few songs on guitar for the band, and a few days later Lennon invited him to join. At first, McCartney didn't take the group seriously-in fact, he missed his first performance with the band because he had a scouting trip. Source: History.com Added by: Dan Harpaz More information
The Quarrymen
'The Voyage Of The Dawn Trader' was, in 1952, the third book published in which series?
The Beatles The Beatles Trimis la data: 2015-02-23 Materia: Engleza Nivel: Liceu Pagini: 13 Nota: 10.00 Autor: Andreescu Larisa Dimensiune: 198kb Voturi: 1 Raporteaza o eroare Aged sixteen, singer and guitarist John Lennon formed the skiffle group The Quarrymen with some Liverpool schoolfriends in March 1957. Fifteen-year-old Paul McCartney joined as a guitarist after he and Lennon met that July. When McCartney in turn invited George Harrison to watch the group the following February, the fourteen-year-old joined as lead guitarist. By 1960, Lennon's schoolfriends had left the group, he had begun studies at the Liverpool College of Art and the three guitarists were playing rock and roll whenever they could get a drummer.   Joining on bass in January, Lennon's fellow student Stuart Sutcliffe suggested changing the band name to "The Beetles" as a tribute to Buddy Holly and The Crickets, and they became "The Beatals" for the first few months of the year. After trying other names including "Johnny and the Moondogs", "Long John and The Beetles" and "The Silver Beatles", the band finally became "The Beatles" in August. The lack of a permanent drummer posed a problem when the group's unofficial manager, Allan Williams, arranged a resident band booking for them in Hamburg, Germany. Before theend of August they auditioned and hired drummer Pete Best, and the five-piece band left for Hamburg four days later, contracted to fairground showman Bruno Koschmider for a 48-nightresidency. "Hamburg in those days did not have rock'n'roll music clubs. It had strip clubs",says biographer Philip Norman. Bruno had the idea of bringing in rock groups to play in various clubs. They had thisformula. It was a huge nonstop show, hour after hour, with a lot of people lurching in and theother lot lurching out. And the bands would play all the time to catch the passing traffic. In an American red-light district, they would call it nonstop striptease. Many of the bands that played in Hamburg were from Liverpool...It was an accident. Bruno went to London to look for bands. But he happened to meet a Liverpool entrepreneur inSoho, who was down in London by pure chance. And he arranged to send some bands over.Harrison, only seventeen in August 1960, obtained permission to stay in Hamburg by lying to the German authorities about his age. Initially placing The Beatles at the Indra Club,Koschmider moved them to the Kaiserkeller in October after the Indra was closed down due tonoise complaints. When they violated their contract by performing at the rival Top Ten Club, Koschmider reported the underage Harrison to the authorities, leading to his deportation inNovember. McCartney and Best were arrested for arson a week later when they set fire to acondom hung on a nail in their room; they too were deported. Lennon returned to Liverpool inmid-December, while Sutcliffe remained in Hamburg with his new German fiancee, AstridKirchherr, for another month. Kirchherr took the first professional photos of the group and cut Sutcliffe's hair in the German "exi" (existentialist) style of the time, a look later adopted by theother Beatles.
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Who was the second Pope?
The First 10 Popes of the Catholic Church Contact The First 10 Popes of the Catholic Church Listers, we’ve catalogued the first ten Vicars of Christ for the one, holy, catholic, and apostolic Church. Save the information on our first pope – St. Peter – all the information presented is taken from the Catholic Encyclopedia and links for further reading are provided.   Painting of Saint Peter by Peter Paul Rubens depicting the saint as Pope (1611-1612) – Wikipedia 1. Pope St. Peter (32-67) St. Peter held a primacy amongst the twelve disciples that earned him the title “Prince of the Apostles.” This primacy of St. Peter was solidified when he was appointed by Jesus to the Office of the Vicar – demonstrated by Christ giving St. Peter the Keys to the Kingdom. To understand St. Peter, one must first understand Christ and the Church Christ came to establish. Jesus is the “Son of David” and his life and ministry fulfilled the Old Testament prophecies of the New Davidic Kingdom and New Jerusalem; hence, we look to the historic kingdom of King David as a guide to the New Davidic Kingdom. King David had a vicar that ruled his kingdom when David was absent  and the sign of authority for this vicar was the keys of the kingdom. In the New Davidic Kingdom, Christ the Son of David gave the keys to his Vicar to guide the Kingdom until the return of Christ – we now refer to this vicar as “the pope.”  SPL has written extensively on these issue in 10 Biblical Reasons Christ Founded the Papacy and 13 Reasons St. Peter Was the Prince of the Apostles . 2. Pope St. Linus (67-76) All the ancient records of the Roman bishops which have been handed down to us by St. Irenaeus, Julius Africanus, St. Hippolytus, Eusebius, also the Liberian catalogue of 354, place the name of Linus directly after that of the Prince of the Apostles, St. Peter. These records are traced back to a list of the Roman bishops which existed in the time of Pope Eleutherus (about 174-189), when Irenaeus wrote his book “Adversus haereses”. As opposed to this testimony, we cannot accept as more reliable Tertullian’s assertion, which unquestionably places St. Clement (De praescriptione, xxii) after the Apostle Peter, as was also done later by other Latin scholars (Jerome, Illustrious Men 15). The Roman list in Irenaeus has undoubtedly greater claims to historical authority. This author claims that Pope Linus is the Linus mentioned by St. Paul in his 2 Timothy 4:21. The passage by Irenaeus (Against Heresies III.3.3) reads: After the Holy Apostles (Peter and Paul) had founded and set the Church in order (in Rome) they gave over the exercise of the episcopal office to Linus. The same Linus is mentioned by St. Paul in his Epistle to Timothy. His successor was Anacletus. We cannot be positive whether this identification of the pope as being the Linus mentioned in 2 Timothy 4:21 goes back to an ancient and reliable source, or originated later on account of the similarity of the name. [ Read More ] 3. Pope St. Anacletus (Cletus) (76-88) The second successor of St. Peter. Whether he was the same as Cletus, who is also called Anencletus as well as Anacletus, has been the subject of endless discussion. Irenaeus, Eusebius, Augustine, Optatus, use both names indifferently as of one person. Tertullian omits him altogether. To add to the confusion, the order is different. Thus Irenaeus has Linus, Anacletus, Clement; whereas Augustine and Optatus put Clement before Anacletus. On the other hand, the “Catalogus Liberianus”, the “Carmen contra Marcionem” and the “Liber Pontificalis”, all most respectable for their antiquity, make Cletus and Anacletus distinct from each other; while the “Catalogus Felicianus” even sets the latter down as a Greek, the former as a Roman. [ Read More ] 4. Pope St. Clement I (88-97) Pope Clement I (called CLEMENS ROMANUS to distinguish him from the Alexandrian), is the first of the successors of St. Peter of whom anything definite is known, and he is the first of the “Apostolic Fathers”. His feast is celebrated 23 November. He has left one genuine writing, a letter to the Church of Corinth, and many others have been attributed to him. According to Tertullian, writing c. 199, the Roman Church claimed that Clement was ordained by St. Peter (De Praescript., xxxii), and St. Jerome tells us that in his time “most of the Latins” held that Clement was the immediate successor of the Apostle (Illustrious Men 15). St. Jerome himself in several other places follows this opinion, but here he correctly states that Clement was the fourth pope. [ Read More ] In defense of the historical fact that the “Early Church” was also the Catholic Church, SPL composed a list entitled The Apostles Appointed Bishops: 9 Teachings from St. Clement AD 97 . The list shows a very early snapshot of the Early Church and its Catholicity. 5. Pope St. Evaristus (97-105) Date of birth unknown; died about 107. In the Liberian Catalogue his name is given as Aristus. In papal catalogues of the second century used by Irenaeus and Hippolytus, he appears as the fourth successor of St. Peter, immediately after St Clement. The same lists allow him eight years of reign, covering the end of the first and the beginning of the second century (from about 98 or 99 to about 106 or 107). The earliest historical sources offer no authentic data about him. In his “Ecclesiastical History” Eusebius says merely that he succeeded Clement in the episcopate of the Roman Church which fact was already known from St. Irenæus. This order of succession is undoubtedly correct. [ Read More ] 6. Pope St. Alexander I (105-115) St. Irenaeus of Lyons, writing in the latter quarter of the second century, reckons him as the fifth pope in succession from the Apostles, though he says nothing of his martyrdom. His pontificate is variously dated by critics, e.g. 106-115 (Duchesne) or 109-116 (Lightfoot). In Christian antiquity he was credited with a pontificate of about ten years (Eusebius, Church History IV.1) and there is no reason to doubt that he was on the “catalogue of bishops” drawn up at Rome by Hegesippus (Eusebius, IV, xxii, 3) before the death of Pope Eleutherius (c. 189). According to a tradition extant in the Roman Church at the end of the fifth century, and recorded in the Liber Pontificalis he suffered a martyr’s death by decapitation on the Via Nomentana in Rome, 3 May. [ Read More ] Detail of Saint Sixtus from Sistine Madonna, painting by Raphael c.1513. 7. Pope St. Sixtus I (115-125) Pope St. Sixtus I (in the oldest documents, Xystus is the spelling used for the first three popes of that name), succeeded St. Alexander and was followed by St. Telesphorus. According to the “Liberian Catalogue” of popes, he ruled the Church during the reign of Adrian “a conulatu Nigri et Aproniani usque Vero III et Ambibulo”, that is, from 117 to 126. Eusebius, who in his “Chronicon” made use of a catalogue of popes different from the one he used in his “Historia ecclesiastica”, states in his “Chronicon” that Sixtus I was pope from 114 to 124, while in his “History” he makes him rule from 114 to 128. All authorities agree that he reigned about ten years. He was a Roman by birth, and his father’s name was Pastor. [ Read More ] 8. Pope St. Telesphorus (125-136) St. Telesphorus was the seventh Roman bishop in succession from the Apostles, and, according to the testimony of St. Irenæus (Against Heresies III.3.3), suffered a glorious martyrdom. Eusebius (Church History IV.7, IV.14) places the beginning of his pontificate in the twelfth of Hadrian’s reign (128-129), his death in the first year of the reign of Antoninus Pius (138-139). [ Read More ] 9. Pope St. Hyginus (136-140) Reigned about 138-142; succeeded Pope Telesphorus, who, according to Eusebius (Church History IV.15), died during the first year of the reign of the Emperor Antonius Pius — in 138 or 139, therefore. But the chronology of these bishops of Rome cannot be determined with any degree of exactitude by the help of the authorities at our disposal today. According to the “Liber Pontificalis”, Hyginus was a Greek by birth. The further statement that he was previously a philosopher is probably founded on the similarity of his name with that of two Latin authors. [ Read More ] 10. Pope St. Pius I (140-155) Date of birth unknown; pope from about 140 to about 154. According to the earliest list of the popes, given by Irenaeus (Against Heresies II.31; cf. Eusebius, Church History V.6), Pius was the ninth successor of St. Peter. The dates given in the Liberian Catalogue for his pontificate (146-61) rest on a false calculation of earlier chroniclers, and cannot be accepted. The only chronological datum we possess is supplied by the year of St. Polycarp of Smyrna’s death, which may be referred with great certainty to 155-6. During the pontificate of Pius the Roman Church was visited by various heretics, who sought to propagate their false doctrine among the faithful of the capital. The Gnostic Valentinus, who had made his appearance under Pope Hyginus, continued to sow his heresy, apparently not without success. The Gnostic Cerdon was also active in Rome at this period, during which Marcion arrived in the capital (see MARCIONITES). Excluded from communion by Pius, the latter founded his heretical body (Irenaeus, Against Heresies III.3). But Catholic teachers also visited the Roman Church, the most important being St. Justin, who expounded the Christian teachings during the pontificate of Pius and that of his successor. A great activity thus marks the Christian community in Rome, which stands clearly conspicuous as the centre of the Church. [ Read More ]
Linus
What was the name of Ann Boleyn's older sister?
The Second Pope: St. Linus, Ladies' Heads, and Massacring Early Christians Melissa One comment In the 1st century AD, while his flock was suffering from the sadistic persecutions of the Roman Emperor Nero, the second pope, Linus, put as his top priority, at least as far as we have records of, ladies’ hair. Little is known of Linus, and in fact some accounts dispute that he was even the second pope. Tertullian claimed in his De praescriptione that St. Clement succeeded Peter as the second pope. However, most scholars accept the account provided by St. Irenaeus in his Adversus haereses , where he wrote in the 2nd century AD: “After the Holy Apostles (Peter and Paul) had founded and set the Church in order . . . they gave over the exercise of the episcopal office to Linus.” According to most sources, this was a dangerous time to be a Christian in Rome. On July 19, 64 AD, fire broke out and raged for the next six days. Although the extent of the damage has been disputed (see Did Nero Really Fiddle While Rome Burned? ), when it was finally contained, several districts of Rome were destroyed, along with the hearth of the Vestal Virgins, the Temple of Jupiter Stator and the Atrium Vestae. Needless to say, the Roman people were not happy and were looking for someone to blame. Some at the time blamed Nero. Tacitus wrote that “appearances suggested that Nero was seeking the glory of founding a new capital,” and that he leveled most of the city to make room for new construction. This conspiracy theory doesn’t really line up with what we know of the situation (again see: Did Nero Fiddle When Rome Burned? ), but it is known that after the fire, Nero built a a mansion on some of the cleared land, as well as a beautiful landscaped park with a man-made lake, and populated the area with majestic villas and pavilions.  It should come as no surprise that this gave the rumor that he’d set the fire even more legs. To deflect the charge that he started the fire, Nero publicly claimed that a newly-formed religious sect, the Christians, set the fire. To punish these terrible arsonists, Nero fed them to the lions, crucified them, clothed them in animal hides to be hunted and attacked by vicious dogs, and used them as human torches to light his garden parties… Charming. At about this time, Linus took the papal throne. The Liberian Catalogue states that his reign was from 56 to 67 AD, while the Catholic Encyclopedia puts the period from 67-76 AD. Whatever the case, he was in charge while terrible things were being done to his people. Given that, you might expect that Linus would have offered guidance to his followers on how to avoid persecution, or at least issued letters of instruction and encouragement in the style of St. Paul’s epistles. Yet there is only one instruction given by Linus that we have today; recorded in the Liber Pontificalis- it limits its directive to ensuring that women keep their heads covered “ in conformity with the ordinance of St. Peter .” Linus’ original decree has not survived, which has led some to claim that Linus was not the first pope to issue the proscription against bareheaded women participating in religious activities. Others believe that Linus was the originator of this important policy, which today is found in St. Paul’s first letter to the Corinthians : “I want you to know that Christ is the head of every man, and a husband the head of his wife, and God the head of Christ. Any man who prays or prophesies with his head covered brings shame upon his head. But any woman who prays or prophesies with her head unveiled brings shame upon her head, for it is one and the same thing as if she had had her head shaved. For if a woman does not have her head veiled, she may as well have her hair cut off. But if it is shameful for a woman to have her hair cut off or her head shaved, then she should wear a veil. A man, on the other hand, should not cover his head, because he is the image and glory of God, but woman is the glory of man. For man did not come from woman, but woman from man; nor was man created for woman, but woman for man; for this reason a woman should have a sign of authority on her head, because of the angels . . . .” –1 Corinthians 11:3-10 At least Linus had his priorities straight… So what ever happened to St. Linus? Along with many other Christians of his era, it appears he was martyred on September 23, presumably in 76 AD; however, as with nearly everything concerning Christians of this time period, even Linus’ martyrdom is in dispute. While the Roman Canon places him as an early martyr of the primitive church, along with Pope St. Clement I and Pope St. Anacletus, other historians note there is no direct evidence of this. Regardless, the test of time proved that Linus’ women’s heads decree was popular. In fact, as late as 1917 (while all of Europe was embroiled in The Great War), Catholic leaders issued an updated Code of Canon Law that instructed men to remain bareheaded but women to cover their heads when they assisted at mass. Today, women are still expected to cover their heads when they assist with an Extraordinary Form Mass, but not with a Mass of the Ordinary Form. However, being more enlightened, after 2000 years, now if a woman participates in a Holy Mass of the Extraordinary Form without a veil, the church will not consider this faux pas a sin.
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Midland Bank became part of which larger Bank in the 1990's?
How Midland Bank went from its Birmingham roots to giant HSBC - Birmingham Post Birmingham Post How Midland Bank went from its Birmingham roots to giant HSBC 18:26, 19 Aug 2011 It is 175 years since Midland Bank opened its doors in Birmingham.   Share Get daily news by email It is 175 years since Midland Bank opened its doors in Birmingham. Anna Blackaby looks at how it became one of the biggest names in finance before succumbing to takeover On August 15, 1836 Charles Geach, a former Bank of England employee, set up a bank which would serve the industrialists and merchants of the thriving city known as the Workshop of the World. Sadly, Midland Bank no longer exists in its own right – it was swallowed up by HSBC in the 1990s and the name disappeared in 1999. But the legacy of industrial development that it helped usher in is still visible in the region today. When Midland Bank opened in Union Street 175 years ago, Mr Geach’s early customers were railway builders, iron founders, engineers, utilities and municipal corporations – the firms that built the foundations of the Industrial Revolution that powered Britain into the Victorian era. John Purser, the Coventry-based honorary secretary of the British Banking History Society, said the establishment of strong local banks went hand in hand with the region’s growing prosperity during that time. “Banking in general has quite a history in Birmingham,” he said. “As well as the Midland Bank being founded in Birmingham, there was also Lloyds Bank, which was originally Taylor and Lloyds, and the only municipal bank in the country, The Birmingham Municipal. “So, from a historical point of view, Birmingham can be said to be the birthplace of important banks that have survived in one form or another up to today. “Obviously, Midland Bank is now part of a much larger global organisation, but in its time it was very important to the development of industry and commerce, not only in Birmingham but the surrounding areas.” Mr Geach’s bank was successful right from the start – in its first year, trading profit totalled more than £3,000. Just 18 months after it opened its doors, the bank moved to new and larger premises higher up Union Street on the corner of Little Cherry Street. The new site cost £6,300 and even incorporated a house that was intended for Mr Geach’s private use. In the 1830s and 1840s Midland Bank occupied an important niche in Birmingham business, particularly in the discounting of bills of exchange for its customers. From the start, the bank set about growing its branch network to serve the needs of the local economy, originally acquiring Stourbridge Old Bank in 1851 and Nichols, Baker and Crane of Bewdley in 1862, both of which traced their roots back to the 1700s and the very early days of the Industrial Revolution. By the 1860s the bank’s directors realised that business was expanding at such a rapid rate that the Union Street premises would soon become too small to cope. Midland acquired land on the corner of New Street and Stephenson Place and construction work began on the bank’s new head office in 1867, which was completed two years later. The building still stands today, occupied by Waterstones bookshop. The bank made its first move outside the region in 1891 with the acquisition of the Central Bank of London, which gave the bank a seat in the London Clearing House, and, in 1898, by taking over the City Bank, which provided a London head office. By 1918, under the direction of Edward Holden, the bank had deposits of £335 million and ranked as the largest bank in the world – a position it held for a number of decades. Mr Holden oversaw more than 20 bank amalgamations between 1891 and 1918, and opened new branches throughout England and Wales. He also encouraged the development of Midland’s international business – it was the first British bank to set up a foreign exchange department at this time. In 1907 Midland first established links with The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC). After the Second World War Midland continued expanding its branch network and diversified away from traditional banking by acquiring Forward Trust in 1958, which specialised in instalment finance, leasing and factoring services. In 1967 it bought a share in Montagu Trust, the owner of Samuel Montagu & Co, the first association between a British clearing bank and a London merchant bank. And in 1972 Midland led a consortium which bought out travel business Thomas Cook. Then in 1987 HSBC took its first stake in the bank, acquiring 14.9 per cent of the firm. Their relationship was sealed in 1992 when HSBC pulled off one of the biggest acquisitions in banking history, taking full ownership of Midland Bank as part of its strategy to gain a foothold in Europe. Mr Purser said: “It’s always sad to see the name of a well-known institution disappear. “But as things change and global importance becomes more significant, we’re very pleased that HSBC through their archives do sterling work to make sure the history is still maintained.”
HSBC
In which debtors' prison was John Dickens, the father of Charles Dickens imprisoned in 1824?
Midland Bank plc - Company Profile, Information, Business Description, History, Background Information on Midland Bank plc Midland Bank plc - Company Profile, Information, Business Description, History, Background Information on Midland Bank plc 27-32 Poultry United Kingdom History of Midland Bank plc Midland Bank plc is one of the leading deposit banks in the United Kingdom. Following its heyday in the first half of the 20th century, when it was the largest bank in the world, Midland flirted with disaster in the 1980s due to an ill-conceived international expansion and then recovered some of its luster after its acquisition by HSBC Holdings plc. Rapid Growth in the 19th Century through Acquisitions The Birmingham & Midland Bank was founded in 1836 as a joint-stock company. The leading figure among its founders was Charles Geach, a 28-year-old Bank of England clerk stationed in Birmingham who quit his job to become the new institution's general manager, which he remained until his death in 1854. Midland's starting capital was a very modest £28,000, but the bank quickly proved to be a successful enterprise. It prospered until 1851, when it acquired Bates & Robins, a Stourbridge private bank. In 1862 it added Baker & Crane, another private bank. These two acquisitions marked the beginning of a long series of amalgamations that would turn Midland into a banking powerhouse by the early years of the next century. Despite its early success, Midland remained a relatively small institution for the next 20 years, its operations limited to Birmingham and the immediate area. But the bank expanded in the 1880s, beginning with the acquisition of Union Bank of Birmingham in 1883. Amalgamation with Coventry Union Banking Company and Leamington Priors & Warwickshire Banking Company followed in 1889, as well as Derby Commercial Bank, Leeds & County Bank, and Exchange & Discount Bank, Leeds in 1890. Edward Holden became Midland's general manager in 1891, and it was under his guidance that the bank experienced its greatest rise in stature. Perhaps the most momentous decision of his career as the head of Midland was also one of his earliest: in 1891, Midland acquired Central Bank of London. In one leap, the bank transformed itself from a provincial institution with a presence limited to the industrial Midlands to one with nationwide ambitions and a strong presence in the financial capital of the world. Midland moved its headquarters to London that year and renamed itself London & Midland Bank (it would drop the first half of the name in 1923, giving it its current form). A further wave of acquisitions in the 1890s established Midland's presence throughout England, from the Scottish border in the North to the Channel Islands in the South. By 1898, it had 250 branches in England and Wales and £32 million in deposits. Holden's expansion policy was nothing if not aggressive; a contemporary cartoon portrayed him as a hunter bagging hares labeled with the names of Midland acquisitions. He would make an unsolicited takeover offer for a bank and, if it refused, open a Midland branch to compete with it as soon as possible. Continued Expansion in the Early 20th Century Midland's expansion continued into the early years of the 20th century. The acquisition of North & South Wales Bank in 1908 was one of its more important acquisitions, giving Midland stronger Welsh connections. In 1914 it took over Metropolitan Bank, a substantial institution in its own right with deposits of almost £12 million. In that same year, Midland expanded its presence into Northern Ireland with the purchase of a large interest in the Belfast Banking Company. And in 1918, the bank made its largest acquisition to date when it bought out the London Joint-Stock Bank, with more than £60 million worth of deposits. Midland also took an increased interest in foreign loans and underwriting during this time. After assuming the title of managing director in 1898 and delegating much of his authority to senior executives, Holden traveled to North America and became convinced that his bank ought to do more overseas business. His straightforward manner won him friends in the American banking community, and he once considered opening Midland branches in New York and Chicago. At Holden's instigation, Midland opened a foreign exchange department in 1905 and was the first British deposit bank to do so. His London colleagues criticized the move as unconventional, but it proved so successful that all of Midland's major competitors eventually followed suit. The bank's traveler's check business and its installation of branch offices on Cunard ocean liners in 1920 both stemmed from this interest in foreign business. Sir Edward Holden (he had been made a baronet in 1909) died in 1919. He had started out as a bank clerk and worked in the banking business all of his life; it was a sign of the stature that Midland Bank had achieved during Holden's reign that his successor as chairman was a Cambridge graduate who had served as first lord of the admiralty, home secretary, and chancellor of the exchequer in the liberal government of Prime Minister Henry Asquith. The Rt. Hon. Reginald McKenna left politics in 1917 to become Holden's heir apparent, but remained an outspoken authority on economic matters all of his life and was a noted ally of John Maynard Keynes. Under McKenna, Midland stopped its practice of expansion through acquisition, but only because treasury regulations in the 1920s made mergers virtually impossible. The purchase of North of Scotland Bank in 1924 would be Midland's last acquisition for more than 40 years. Despite these difficulties and the political and economic instability of the interwar years, Midland still prospered and expanded through its branch network. By 1939, it had more than 2,100 branch offices. By 1934, it had become the largest deposit bank in the world, with more than £457 million in assets. Reginald McKenna died in 1943. During the 1940s and most of the 1950s, Midland was comparatively dormant, at first because of the disruption and destruction caused by World War II, and after the war had ended, because of tight credit restrictions. Expansion of its branch network stopped. Falling Behind Competitors: 1950s-1970s The government eased credit restrictions in 1958 and expansion resumed, but Midland found that it had fallen behind its major competitors--Barclays, Lloyds, National Provincial, and Westminster formed the Big Five deposit banks along with Midland--in developing its foreign operations, an area in which it had once blazed the trail. To rectify this situation, Midland combined with the Commercial Bank of Australia, Canada's Standard Bank, and the Toronto-Dominion Bank in 1963 to form Midland and International Bank. The new institution was designed to engage in both merchant and development banking activities, and it also marked the first time that a British bank participated in an international banking joint venture. In 1967 Midland scored another first when it purchased a 33 percent interest in the merchant bank Samuel Montagu. This marked the first merger in Britain between a merchant bank and a deposit bank and was taken as a sign that the Bank of England was willing to blur the traditional lines between financial companies. Midland wanted to diversify its activities and also sought Montagu's expertise in international markets, and Montagu felt that it would gain business among Midland customers. During the late 1960s, as Midland shed its image as a banker's bank and a correspondent bank, it cofounded Bank Europ&eacute-e de Credità Moyen Terme and several other consortium banks, with Deutsche Bank, Amsterdam-Rotterdam Bank, and Société General de Banque, but later divested itself of these consortium banks. In 1974 Midland increased its stake in Samuel Montagu to 100 percent. It also acquired another merchant bank, the Drayton Corporation, and merged it with Montagu. This stronger commitment to merchant banking did not work entirely to Midland's advantage, however; Montagu's financial performance had been solid, but Drayton came with many questionable real estate investments, causing Midland's position in merchant banking to slip somewhat after the acquisition. In 1982 it sold a 40 percent stake in Montagu to Aetna Life and Casualty, only to buy it back in 1985. International Ventures in the 1980s Despite its international ventures, Midland still lagged behind its rivals in establishing an overseas presence in the late 1970s. The problem was that Midland had done all of its foreign business through correspondent banks, consortiums, and joint ventures and had little direct representation abroad. Midland promptly tried to make up for lost time, but with mixed results. In 1979 it acquired 67 percent of Banque de la Construction et les Travaux Public, a French mortgage and real estate bank. That year it also made a bid for the American financial company Walter E. Heller, but called it off after discovering that Heller held an unusually high number of problem loans in its portfolio. In 1980 Midland purchased 60 percent of Trinkaus und Burkhardt, West Germany's largest privately owned bank, from Citicorp. And in 1982 it acquired a 69 percent interest in Handelsfinanz Bank of Geneva from Italy's Banca Commerciale Italiana. These acquisitions gave Midland a substantial expertise in foreign markets. But the centerpiece of this strategy was an unqualified disaster. In 1981, Midland acquired a 57 percent stake in Crocker National Bank, the fourth largest bank in California and twelfth largest in the United States, for $820 million. It was the largest foreign takeover, ever, of an American bank. Midland, of course, sought to establish a large direct presence in one of the most prosperous regions in the country through the deal, and Crocker felt that the increase in capital would allow it to expand. Midland, already the third largest deposit bank in Britain, became the tenth largest banking organization in the world when the deal was consummated. But the honeymoon did not last long. Crocker's financial performance began to falter almost from the moment Midland took it over, and it collapsed in 1983 when it posted a loss of $62 million for the fourth quarter. Plagued by bad real estate loans and a substantial share of Latin American debt, it went on to lose $324 million for its parent company in 1984, causing The Economist to exclaim in one headline, "What a big hole Crocker is making in Midland's pocket." Nevertheless, Midland stuck by its beleaguered subsidiary, even buying out the rest of Crocker's stock in 1985 after it hit its rock-bottom price of $16.25 per share, down from $90 in 1983. Before long, however, Midland decided that it had had enough. In 1986 it sold Crocker National to one of its California rivals, Wells Fargo & Company, for $1.1 billion, roughly the same amount of money that Midland had sunk into Crocker. But the Crocker debacle did not end there. Five years of nursing a major acquisition had stunted Midland's capital base while its competitors increased theirs. So when Sir Kit McMahon, an Australian-born former deputy-governor of the Bank of England, became chairman and CEO in 1987, his first priority was to bolster Midland's capital by means of a rights issue and by selling assets. Profitable regional subsidiaries in Scotland, Ireland, and Northern Ireland were divested in 1987. In the same year, Midland Montagu was established, combining the group's treasury, global corporate, international, and investment banking businesses. Midland Montagu was the result of the merger of Samuel Montagu & Company; Greenwell Montagu Gilt-Edged, the leading British government bond primary dealer; and Midland's international corporate banking operations. Overall, the bank aimed to concentrate on its core domestic banking business, deemphasizing international operations. Optimism about Midland began to surface again in the securities markets, and its depressed stock looked like a bargain. In 1987 several parties purchased substantial interests in the bank. Hanson Trust acquired 6.5 percent, tabloid publisher Robert Maxwell acquired 2.5 percent, and Prudential Insurance Company bought two percent. In 1988 the Kuwaiti Investment Office disclosed that it owned a 5.1 percent stake in Midland. All of this led to speculation in the financial press that Midland might itself become a takeover target. Midland reacted in late 1987 by agreeing to let the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation acquire a friendly 14.9 percent of its stock. Hongkong agreed to hold the stake for a standstill period of three years while the two banks consolidated and rationalized their international businesses, with Hongkong to concentrate on Asia and Midland on Europe. Acquisition by HSBC Midland's 1987 results illustrated that the bank was recovering from, but still seriously affected by, its disastrous international forays. Operating profits before provisions increased 18 percent over the previous year to £511 million, but because the bank was forced to take a huge provision for bad debt (primarily to guard against defaults on shaky Third World loans undertaken earlier in the decade), it posted an overall operating loss of £505 million. On the positive side, the asset sales, rights issue, and outside purchases of Midland stock had improved the bank's capital strength. The three-year agreement between Midland and Hongkong was an important component of Midland's newfound domestic focus. For example, in 1988 Midland Bank Canada was transferred to Hongkong Bank of Canada. Although the agreement was not renewed in 1990, Hongkong retained its large stake in Midland. The two companies entered into merger talks in 1990, but the talks broke off late in the year because of what were termed "financial difficulties." In 1991 Midland was still struggling to recover when McMahon resigned in March; he was replaced as chief executive by Brian Pearse, who had been finance director at Barclays. The same week as McMahon's departure, the bank announced that its dividend would be reduced from 18p to 9p, the first time in history Midland had cut its dividend. Meanwhile, Hongkong reorganized itself in 1991, creating a new holding company, HSBC Holdings plc, and making Hongkong a subsidiary of HSBC Holdings. HSBC stock was set up on both the London and Hong Kong markets, showing the importance Hongkong placed on Europe (and London) for its future. This emphasis was borne out the following year when the long-anticipated merger of Hongkong and Midland finally occurred. In March 1992 HSBC Holdings made a friendly takeover offer for Midland, amounting to 378p for each share of Midland stock. The next month Lloyds contemplated entering into the bidding with a hostile takeover offer of 400p per share. For Midland, a merger with HSBC would keep its domestic operation fairly intact; HSBC planned to earn back its investment from synergies that would develop between the two largely complementary operations. By contrast, merging with Lloyds would mean the end of the Midland name and huge reductions in branches and employees; Lloyds planned to cut costs dramatically to make the takeover pay off. The sharp differences between these choices quickly became moot when HSBC upped its offer in June to 480p per share, leading Lloyds to decide not to pursue Midland anymore, concluding that the price had grown too high. HSBC ended up paying £3.9 billion (US $7.2 billion) to acquire Midland. About the same time this deal was being concluded, Midland continued its focus on banking by divesting its travel agency subsidiary, Thomas Cook Group Ltd., through a £200 million (US $363.9 million) sale to the LTU Group, a German travel operator. Over the next few years, HSBC worked to revamp Midland and bring the bank under HSBC control. Management was almost immediately shaken up, as Midland's two management boards were reduced to one, an entire layer of management was eliminated, and HSBC executives were brought in to take over key slots. In July 1992 two senior Midland executives--Gene Lockhart, head of domestic banking, and George Loudon, head of international banking--resigned, and Keith Whitson, who had headed up HSBC's Marine Midland (no relation to Midland Bank) subsidiary based in New York, was brought in as deputy chief executive reporting to Pearse. Whitson soon moved into the top spot, replacing Pearse, who took "early retirement." HSBC placed its own people in the other key positions as well. Another change was the merger of Midland's corporate and institutional banking operations. Overall, a few years after its completion, the merger was viewed positively by most analysts. Thanks to its improved capital base, Midland's market share was improving because the bank could seek out younger, riskier customers who bring in more profits. Companywide, profits recovered and grew steadily: £844 million before tax in 1993, £905 million in 1994, and £998 million in 1995. Midland Bank, although no longer an independent firm, faced a much brighter future in the mid-1990s than it did just a few years earlier. Backed by the deep pockets and international strength of HSBC Holdings, Midland was well positioned to regain some of its past glory. Principal Subsidiaries: Forward Trust Limited; Griffin Factors Limited; HSBC Limited; Midland Bank Trust Company Limited; Midland Life Limited; Swan National Leasing Limited; Midland Bank SA (France); Trinkaus & Burkhardt KGaA (Germany; 71%); Midland Bank International Finance Corporation Limited (Jersey); Guyerzeller Bank AG (Switzerland). Additional Details Wholly Owned Subsidiary of HSBC Holdings plc Incorporated: 1836 Total Assets: £93.63 billion (1995) Stock Exchanges: London
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Released last year, 'Mylo Xloto' is an album by which British band?
Coldplay Announces Release Date for 'Ghost Stories,' Drops New Single 'Magic': Listen | Billboard Coldplay Announces Release Date for 'Ghost Stories,' Drops New Single 'Magic': Listen COMMENTS Coldplay has quietly unveiled “Magic,” the first single from their anticipated new album "Ghost Stories." The album, the British band’s sixth, will arrive May 19 via Parlophone/Atlantic Records. Fans who pre-order "Ghost Stories" will receive an instant download of the new single, which can be streamed at youtube.com/coldplay . News of Coldplay’s new album release comes a week after the outfit dropped the atmospheric track "Midnight"  -- and its trippy clip.  "Magic," like "Midnight," is a more introspective production which veers well away from the radio-geared, stadium-rock works which helped make Coldplay a household name.  "Ghost Stories" is the Chris Martin-fronted group’s first album since 2011's "Mylo Xyloto." In August of last year, the band released "Atlas" from the soundtrack of "The Hunger Games: Catching Fire." A deluxe edition of the "Ghost Stories" CD, featuring three bonus tracks, is available exclusively from Target at target.com/coldplay . Coldplay will support the album with a headline slot on the opening night of the inaugural US iTunes Festival at SXSW on March 11 . The performance will be streamed live and on-demand worldwide for free via the iTunes Store.  Track-Listing for "Ghost Stories": 1. Always In My Head 2. Magic
Coldplay
Which book (and film) records the events of 'Harry Potter's' sixth year at 'Hogwarts'?
Coldplay's Mylo Xyloto tops Billboard album chart | Reuters Wed Nov 2, 2011 | 5:43 PM EDT Coldplay's "Mylo Xyloto" tops Billboard album chart Coldplay's lead vocalist Chris Martin performs on stage during the band's world presentation of their new album ''Mylo Xyloto'' at Madrid's Las Ventas bullring October 26, 2011. Reuters/Susana Vera By Piya Sinha-Roy | LOS ANGELES LOS ANGELES Coldplay debuted at the top of the Billboard 200 album chart on Wednesday with "Mylo Xyloto," while pop star Rihanna scored her 11th No. 1 single with "We Found Love" on the Hot 100 chart. "Mylo Xyloto," the fifth studio album from Coldplay, sold 447,000 copies in the first week of its release, according to Nielsen SoundScan. It beat out stiff competition from "American Idol" alumnus Kelly Clarkson, who entered the charts at No. 2 with her fifth album, "Stronger," selling 163,00 copies. This is the third studio album for British rockers Coldplay to debut at No. 1, following their 2005 release "X&Y" and 2008's "Viva La Vida Or Death And All His Friends." Coldplay's latest record is the third biggest-selling album to top the charts this year, and the largest single-week sales for a rock record in nearly three years, according to Jim Donio, president of the National Association of Recording Merchandisers (NARM), a music business association. The band have also broken their own record, previously held by "Viva La Vida," for highest-ever first week album sales on iTunes stores worldwide, amassing over 500,000 copies sold across all 35 iTunes stores, a representative for Capitol Records said. "Mylo Xyloto" has received mixed reviews, despite its chart-topping success. Rolling Stone's Josh Eells gave the record three-and-a-half stars, saying "the choruses are bigger, the textures grander, the optimism more optimistic," but other critics were less impressed. Alexis Petridis of British newspaper The Guardian, criticized the lack of evolution in Coldplay's music and said that a lot of the album "just sounds like standard-issue Coldplay, replete with echoing guitars, woah-oh choruses and vocals that signify high drama by slipping into falsetto." British singer Adele, who has been dominating the album charts with "21," dropped to No. 4 as Michael Buble's holiday album 'Christmas," released last week ahead of the festive season, debuted at No. 3. Country singer Toby Keith rounded out the top five albums on the Billboard 200, with his 15th studio album, "Clancy's Tavern," also released last week, while singer-songwriter Tom Waits scored his first Top 10 album with "Bad As Me" entering the charts at No. 6. Completing the Top 10 albums were Scotty McCreery's "Clear As Day" at No. 7 followed by Lady Antebellum's "Own The Night," Tony Bennett's "Duets II," and Casting Crowns' "Come To The Well," in that order. In the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart, Rihanna has become the fastest solo artist to earn 20 hits in the Top 10 in the course of her six year career, as her latest single featuring French DJ David Guetta, "We Found Love," took the No. 1 spot from Adele's "Someone Like You." The previous record for fastest solo artist to reach 20 Top 10 singles in her career was held by Madonna, whom Rihanna beat by 5 months. The single is the 11th No. 1 hit for the Grammy-winning Barbadian singer, who became the fifth female artist to reach 20 Top 10 singles, an achievement shared with Whitney Houston, Mariah Carey, Janet Jackson and Madonna. Rihanna's sixth studio album, "Talk That Talk," is due for release on Nov 21. Next week's album chart are likely to feature new entries from Justin Bieber, Miranda Lambert and Florence + The Machine, all of whom have released new albums this week. (Reporting and Writing by Piya Sinha-Roy; Editing by Bob Tourtellotte) ADVERTISEMENT
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Who was the wife of Orpheus?
Orpheus Orpheus by James Hunter Orpheus was the son of Calliope and either Oeagrus or Apollo . He was the greatest musician and poet of Greek myth, whose songs could charm wild beasts and coax even rocks and trees into movement. He was one of the Argonauts , and when the Argo had to pass the island of the Sirens , it was Orpheus' music which prevented the crew from being lured to destruction. When Orpheus' wife, Eurydice , was killed by the bite of a serpent, he went down to the underworld to bring her back. His songs were so beautiful that Hades finally agreed to allow Eurydice to return to the world of the living. However, Orpheus had to meet one condition: he must not look back as he was conducting her to the surface. Just before the pair reached the upper world, Orpheus looked back, and Eurydice slipped back into the netherworld once again. Orpheus was inconsolable at this second loss of his wife. He spurned the company of women and kept apart from ordinary human activities. A group of Ciconian Maenads, female devotees of Dionysus , came upon him one day as he sat singing beneath a tree. They attacked him, throwing rocks, branches, and anything else that came to hand. However, Orpheus' music was so beautiful that it charmed even inanimate objects, and the missiles refused to strike him. Finally, the Maenads' attacked him with their own hands, and tore him to pieces. Orpheus' head floated down the river, still singing, and came to rest on the isle of Lesbos. Orpheus was also reputed to be the founder of the Orphic religious cult. Article details:
Eurydice
Which Canadian city has the largest population?
Orpheus, Ancient Greek Hero Orpheus Background The mythological tradition names Orpheus as the pre-eminent musician of the "Golden Age" of heroes. Orpheus' music and song are said to have been so enticing that they could charm the very birds from the trees, soothe Cerberus and bring the Furies to tears (Metamorphoses, X.48). Orpheus' parentage is unclear and though all sources agree his mother was the Muse of epic poetry, Calliope, there is dispute over the identity of his father, some authors claiming he was the son of the Thracian king Oeagrus, others claim he was sired by the God of the sun and music, Apollo. Details concerning Apollo's early life are sparse, although it appears as though his mother and aunts taught him to sing and play the lyre. Orpheus Marries and becomes an Argonaut Although one might not expect a famous musician to be a "hero" per se, Jason sought out Orpheus to join him and the other Argonauts in his quest to recover the Golden Fleece for King Pelias. This was due to a prophecy given to Jason by Chiron, a centaur famed for his nobility and skill in the arts of medicine and divination, which stated that the mission of the Argonauts would fail if Orpheus did not lend his assistance. Orpheus' sole weapon was his lyre, which he used to raise the spirits of his fellow Argonauts, and to charm fish from the sea as food for their long journey. Orpheus' most famous contribution to the quest was, however, his dealing with the Sirens (Argonautica, 4.890-920). The Sirens were three bird-women, who lived on an island meadow scattered with the bones of their numerous victims. These monsters would sing a seductive song to passing sailors, luring them onto jagged rocks where their ships would be wrecked and the mariners drown. When the Argo neared this island, Orpheus began to play his lyre and to sing an echoing song in order to confuse that of the Sirens, thus preventing the crew from being seduced into a shipwreck. One Argonaut, Boutes, was nevertheless affected by the song of the Sirens and, seeing that his comrades were sailing away from the enchanting music, he jumped overboard but was saved by Aphrodite and taken to the shores of Cape Lilybaeum. Before he joined the Argonauts, Orpheus was married to a maiden named Eurydice. Unfortunately this marriage was short-lived, as Eurydice was killed when a poisonous snake bit her heel. There is dispute regarding the manner of her death, some say that she was struck as she danced to Orpheus' music, while others maintain that she was fleeing the advances of Aristaeus, Apollo's son. Still others, such as Ovid, state that she was killed when 'roaming with her gay Naiads' (Metamorphoses. X.13). Regardless of the manner of death, all authors agree that Orpheus was distraught at the news of his bride's demise, and he resolved to descend into the Underworld to bring her back to the land of the living. Ovid tells of how Orpheus appealed to Persephone, queen of the Underworld, for the return of his bride and how his song was so beautiful that the shades of the dead wept at the sadness of the music (Metamorphoses X.59). Persephone called Eurydice to her and gave her to Orpheus to take out of the Underworld, on the condition that he not look back at his bride until they both stood back under the light of the sun. The pair climbed the steep path back to the upper world, and Orpheus stepped out into the sunlight, but eager and forgetting that they must both be out of the Underworld, Orpheus looked back before Eurydice had time to follow. She slipped back into Erebus, dying a double-death, leaving Orpheus alone. Plato interprets this myth as a play on appearances versus reality, stating that the shade of Eurydice was merely an apparition reflecting Orpheus' desire for insubstantial, mortal love. Furthermore, Plato infers that, as Orpheus is unwilling to kill himself for his love, rather seeking to bring her back to the living, he lacks heroism and this is why he leaves empty-handed. Orpheus's Insanity Following his failure to rescue Eurydice from Hades, Orpheus went mad, Ovid compares him to Heracles, a hero who similarly visited the underworld and would later be driven to insanity (Metamorphoses. X. 64-7). Despite all his efforts, he would not be admitted into the Underworld a second time, and so Orpheus returned to the land of the living, living in the wild and spurning the love of women, although many burned with desire for him, and it is said that this behaviour is what inspired the men of Thrace to love adolescent boys rather than women. Death of Orpheus One day, Orpheus was singing in a wooded glade when a group of Thracian women happened upon him. These women were Maenads, devotees of Bacchus, and in their drunken frenzy they threw stones and branches at Orpheus, but the beauty of his music stopped the missiles as they were unwilling to strike the bard. Undeterred, the women began to attack Orpheus with their bare hands, tearing him apart. Tradition states that his head and lyre were cast into the river Hebrus, where they still gave out mournful music as they flowed to the sea, and landed on the isle of Lesbos. Orpheus' shade then fled to the Underworld, retracing his steps searching for Eurydice and eventually found her in the Elysian Fields. Since Orpheus had been the bard of Bacchus' mysteries, the god avenged his death by transforming the Maenads into trees. However, this account is contested, as it is unlikely that Bacchus would drive his own devotees to kill his favourite musician (although it is possible that these women were spurred on to kill Orpheus by the fact that he shunned their sexual advances). Alternate versions of the death of Orpheus do exist, for example, Orpheus is said to have shunned the gods (except Apollo) towards the end of his life and, in one version of the story, Bacchus killed him for abandoning his cult. Still other accounts say that Orpheus killed himself after his failure to rescue Eurydice, or that Zeus struck him with lightning for the crime of revealing the mysteries of the gods. Poems about Orpheus In later antiquity, several poems were attributed to Orpheus, although few of them survive in their entirety, they have been quoted by subsequent authors (mostly in the 1st century C.E., although papyrus fragments containing Orphic poetry have been found as old as the 6th century B.C.E.). These texts are all theogonies (accounts of the origins of the gods and their deeds), including works on Uranus and Gaia as well as an unconventional telling of the birth of Dionysus. As some of these poems are accompanied by ritual prescriptions, it can be assumed that they would have been performed in ritual contexts in mystery cults. Separate from his theogonies, Orpheus is credited with some 87 hymns revolving around Dionysus, again presumably sung in Bacchic mysteries. It is, however, unlikely that any surviving poems were composed by Orpheus himself (if he existed at all), but rather after the Orphic style. Bibliography Apollonius (trans. R. Hunter), Jason and the Golden Fleece (The Argonautica), 1998, Oxford University Press S. Hornblower & A. Spawforth, The Oxford Classical Dictionary (third ed.), 1999, Oxford University Press Ovid (trans/ A.D. Melville), Metamorphoses, 1986, Oxford University Press
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What is the home ground of Paris St. Germain FC?
About Paris Saint-Germain | PARIS SAINT-GERMAIN FOOTBALL SCHOOL French Champions: 1986, 1994, 2013, 2014, 2015 French Cup Winners: 1982, 1983, 1993, 1995, 1998, 2004, 2006, 2010 French League Cup Winners: 1995,1998, 2008, 2014, 2015 French Champions Trophy Winners: 1995, 1998, 2013, 2015 French Youth Champions: many times in various age categories Europe European Champions: Cup Winners Cup 1996 Champions League: 1 Semi-Final and 3 Quarter-Finals   Website available in 7 languages; Facebook page available in 7 languages 21 million unique visitors 160 m page views per season Over 26 million Facebook fans (and growing fastly). Paris Saint-Germain TV- 2 million unique visitors and 12 m videos viewed per season   www.psg.fr ,  facebook.com/PSG , twitter.com/PSG_inside, plus.google.com/+PSG   5th richest football club in the World in 2013 Owner- Qatar Sports Investments Chairman of the Board & CEO- Nasser Al- Khelaifi Deputy CEO: Jean-Claude Blanc Manager: Laurent Blanc (World Champion in 1998 and European Champion in 2000 with France, played for FC Barcelona, Olympique de Marseille, Inter Milan, Manchester United) Stadium Name: Parc des Princes Capacity: 45,000 Located in the heart of Paris, it has been the club’s home ground since 1974. The stadium boasts one of the best atmospheres in Europe and is a favorite of a majority of Ligue 1 players. Highest average attendance in France: 44,000 Seasons Ticket Holders: > 30,000 Fans Chants and Club Mottos Allez Paris Saint-Germain , to the tune of “Go West”, is the official anthem of Paris Saint-Germain. “Ici c’est Paris” (This is Paris) is one of the club’s most popular mottos. “Allez Paris, Paris est Magique” (Let’s go Paris, Paris is Magical !) is another one  Mascot
Parc des Princes
Who was the second Roman Emperor?
Coach: Laurent Blanc History and achievements Paris Saint-Germain is a French club based in the capital of France that was formed in 1970 after Paris FC and Stade Saint-Germain merged in one team. The home ground of the club is Parc des Princes that has a capacity of 48,700 seats. The badge of the club features the stylized image of the Eiffel Tower, the white cradle of Louis XIV both depicted on blue background. The official anthem of the club was introduced in 2010 and is called ‘Go West’. It did not take much time for the club to claim its first title as in 1982 and in 1983 PSG was crowned as French Cup champions, and it was three years later the team finished atop of the League and was honored the champions of France. The 1990s saw the team’s golden age as Canal+ that became the owner of the club and invested money in the club’s growth and development. The team enjoyed international success winning the final of the UEFA Cup Winners’ Cup in 1996, collecting a League title, two League Cups and three French cups. The 2000s turned out to be a huge decline for the club as it stayed in the mid position and even finished 16th once, though managing to capture one League Cup. Recently the club regained its lost positions taking the French Cup in 2010, but it was the summer of 2011 that changed the history of the club as the Qatar Investment Authority became the major shareholder of the team and announced plans to clinch the UEFA Champions League. PSG signed a number of talented players like Thiago Motta, Maxwell, Jérémy Ménez and Diego Lugano building the squad that would win the title. The fiercest rival of the team is Olympique de Marseille, the matches between these teams are called ‘Le Classique’ and are famous for hot atmosphere. The current manager of the club is Carlo Ancelotti and the director of football is Leonardo. Paris Saint-Germain is famous for its youth academy and the prominent players that graduated from it are Nicolas Anelka, Luis Fernández, Jean-Marc Pilorget and Jérôme Leroy. Found a mistake? Highlight it with mouse and press CTRL + Enter. Thank you!
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In which Kent castle did Ann Boleyn grow up?
Hever Castle in Kent, England, Anne Boleyn's Childhood Home Hever Castle in Kent Anne Boleyn's Childhood Home Hever Castle was Anne's childhood home, and provided a backdrop for her courtship with Henry VIII, whom she married in 1533. Hever castle may have been Anne Boleyn's birthplace, provided her year of birth was 1507. It is more likely that she was born at Blickling Hall  around 1500, but her exact place of birth is unknown.  We would be more apt to know WHERE Anne was born if we could conclusively say WHEN she was born (see  Anne's year of birth ). Anne Boleyn's great-grandfather, Geoffrey Bullen, purchased Hever Castle in the 1400's, then passed it along to his grandson Thomas, Anne's father. Thomas Bullen (or "Boleyn") and his family moved to Hever in about 1504 or 1505 from Blickling Hall, where they'd lived previously. Within one or two years after Anne died, both her parents died as well and left no heirs (their only son George was executed at around the same time as Anne), so Hever Castle became the property of the Crown. Henry VIII gave it as a divorce gift to Anne of Cleves, who lived in it thereafter. It then passed through other hands, and was in a state of abandoned disrepair until the early 1900�s when William Waldorf Astor purchased it, renovated it, and essentially saved it.  There were three main periods in the construction of Hever Castle: 1300, 1500 and 1900. The oldest part of the castle was built around 1270, and consisted of the gatehouse and a walled bailey, all surrounded by a moat and approached by a wooden drawbridge. In 1500, the Bullen family added a comfortable family house inside the protective wall. Finally, in 1903, the castle was purchased by William Waldorf Astor, an American millionaire  who lavished a fortune on restoring the castle, filling it with treasures, building a little "Tudor Village" (which can be rented for events) and creating the gardens and lake (scroll to view photos of these). Much of what you see when you visit (and a visit is heartily recommended!) is the result of his imagination, standards of perfection, and money.  See Tudor Facts for more information. Beautiful Video of Hever Castle   Contributed by Nancy Enright, scanned from "Anne Boleyn" by Norah Lofts Anne's bedstead takes up most of the wall on your right as you enter the room from the hallway. The window is directly facing you from the doorway, with the fireplace on your left.  In the far right hand corner of the room, just on the other side of the bedstead, is a spiral stone staircase. The room is very small and holds only a dozen or so people at a time WITHOUT the full, intact bed. If the bed were in place, you could barely squeeze into the room! As you can see, the walls in this room are stone. Other parts of the house have wood paneling. Hever in springtime.
Hever Castle
In which city can you visit Michaelangelo's 'Statue of David' in the Piazza della Signoria?
Anne Boleyn's home Hever Castle unveils Henry VIII portrait - BBC News BBC News Anne Boleyn's home Hever Castle unveils Henry VIII portrait 10 March 2015 Image copyright Hever Castle Image caption The painting has been acquired on behalf of the castle A portrait of Henry VIII as a young man has been unveiled at Anne Boleyn's childhood home at Hever Castle, Kent. The picture is a 16th Century replica of a painting by Joos van Cleve. The original Joos van Cleve portrait is in the Royal Collection . The painting has been purchased on behalf of the owners of the castle and is part of an exhibition there. According to the castle, it is thought to date to 1532 and pre-dates more widely-known portraits by Holbein . 'Desperately courting Anne' Art historian Philip Mould, who acquired the painting, said it offered an exciting look at a man who was "a colossus of English history" at a time when he was pursuing his second wife. "This is the Henry who, in 1532, was courting the woman who lived here at Hever - the Queen Anne-to-be," he said. Staff at the castle near Edenbridge said the unveiling coincided with the recent broadcast of the BBC's Wolf Hall and a renewed public interest in "all things Tudor". Author and broadcaster Kate Williams, who was at the unveiling, described Hever Castle as a "Tudor time machine". "It's like walking into Anne Boleyn's house as it was when she was standing here and Henry VIII was desperately courting her, begging her to marry him, and she was still holding back." The exhibition at the castle, A Bed of Roses, includes a medieval oak bed frame believed to be the marriage bed of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York. Image caption Anne Boleyn grew up at Hever Castle
i don't know
In which series of films did Mel Gibson play L.A. detective 'Martin Riggs'?
Lethal Weapon (1987) - IMDb IMDb 17 January 2017 4:34 PM, UTC NEWS There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error A veteran policeman, Murtaugh, is partnered with a younger, suicidal officer, Riggs. They both have one thing in common: hating working in pairs. Now they must learn to work with one another to stop a gang of drug smugglers. Director: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC a list of 30 titles created 22 Jul 2011 a list of 46 titles created 02 Dec 2011 a list of 25 titles created 21 Aug 2013 a list of 25 titles created 06 Apr 2014 a list of 25 titles created 30 Oct 2014 Search for " Lethal Weapon " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Nominated for 1 Oscar. Another 5 wins & 1 nomination. See more awards  » Videos Riggs and Murtaugh are on the trail of South African diplomats who are using their immunity to engage in criminal activities. Director: Richard Donner Martin Riggs and Roger Murtaugh pursue an arms dealer who is a former LAPD officer. Director: Richard Donner With personal crises and age weighing in on them, LAPD officers Riggs and Murtaugh must contend with a deadly Chinese crimelord trying to get his brother out of prison. Director: Richard Donner Bret Maverick, needing money for a poker tournament, faces various comic mishaps and challenges, including a charming woman thief. Director: Richard Donner Porter is shot by his wife and best friend and is left to die. When he survives he plots revenge. Director: Brian Helgeland A man obsessed with conspiracy theories becomes a target after one of his theories turns out to be true. Unfortunately, in order to save himself, he has to figure out which theory it is. Director: Richard Donner In the post-apocalyptic Australian wasteland, a cynical drifter agrees to help a small, gasoline rich, community escape a band of bandits. Director: George Miller When a rich man's son is kidnapped, he cooperates with the police at first but then tries a unique tactic against the criminals. Director: Ron Howard In a self-destructing world, a vengeful Australian policeman sets out to stop a violent motorcycle gang. Director: George Miller Former Green Beret John Rambo is pursued into the mountains surrounding a small town by a tyrannical sheriff and his deputies, forcing him to survive using his combat skills. Director: Ted Kotcheff After being exiled from the most advanced town in post apocalyptic Australia, a drifter travels with a group of abandoned children to rebel against the town's queen. Directors: George Miller, George Ogilvie Stars: Mel Gibson, Tina Turner, Bruce Spence A freewheeling Detroit cop pursuing a murder investigation finds himself dealing with the very different culture of Beverly Hills. Director: Martin Brest Edit Storyline Martin Riggs is an L.A. cop with suicidal tendencies and Roger Murtaugh is the unlucky police officer with whom Riggs is assigned. Together they uncover a huge drug-smuggling operation, and as their success rate grows so does their friendship. Written by Graeme Roy <[email protected]> See All (167)  » Taglines: After 20 years on the force, police detective Roger Murtaugh has come face-to-face with the most dangerous killing machine in Los Angeles... his new partner. See more  » Genres: 6 March 1987 (USA) See more  » Also Known As: 70 mm 6-Track (70 mm prints)| Dolby Stereo (35 mm prints) (4 channels) Color: Did You Know? Trivia In one scene, Riggs asks Murtaugh, "Did the stock market crash?". The infamous Black Monday of October 19, 1987 occurred 7 months after its film's release, and one year after its filming. See more » Goofs After getting hotdogs, while Riggs and Murtaugh are getting into their car, passengers in a vehicle on the road are staring at the camera watching the scene being filmed. See more » Quotes Martin Riggs : You know you're not the first guy to thinnk of this you know. A lot people have got problems especially during the silly season like now. McCleary, Attempted Suicide Jumper : Look, I didn't don any thing wrong. Martin Riggs : I know that. It's not like your murdering anyone or anything. McCleary, Attempted Suicide Jumper : The only one I hurt was me. Me! [...] See more » Crazy Credits There is a dedication to Dar Robinson, a stuntman who died in a motorbike accident as Lethal Weapon was in Post-Production. See more » Connections Bugs Bunny Theme - This Is It (uncredited) User Reviews   This is the classic action film that introduces one of the best action duos ever to come to the big screen. (Luoyang, China) – See all my reviews Lethal Weapon is a nearly perfectly structured action movie. The acting, the story, the script, the directing, even the IDEA of the movie all combine to make up a fascinating and thrill-packed police film. The cross-cutting at the beginning of the film was particularly effective, in my opinion, as Martin Riggs (Mel Gibson) and Roger Murtaugh (Danny Glover) are introduced. The startling difference between their separate lives provides for tons of fun to be had later in the movie. Roger starts his day off as the family man reluctantly celebrating his 50th birthday party with his numerous children and his loving wife in the big family house, while Riggs is shown waking up naked in his trashy trailer and beginning his day with a healthy breakfast of a cigarette and a beer. The fact that both Roger and Riggs hated that they had to work together was especially effective in creating a touching atmosphere as they grew to be closer and closer friends. They worked so well together in this movie; it was a symbiotic relationship. It was almost like they fed off of each other, and kept each other in line and out of trouble. I also liked the way that they showed that Riggs was deeply angered when he learned that the bad guys had taken Murtaugh's daughter. Things like this, when done right, can really get you to sit up and really get into the movie, and it was definitely done right here. Riggs was also very amusing in his anxiousness about being a cop (`Why don't you let me go to sleep?' `No, come on, we gotta get up and catch bad guys!'), and Gary Busey delivers an excellent performance as the lead bad guy. This is the type of role that he plays best (see "Under Siege"). Although the violence was painfully present in some parts (the torture scenes were short but extremely difficult to watch), the film never relied on violence to pull it along or keep the audience's attention. The story was sufficient enough so that there was no overindulgence necessary in anything like that. In this film you see the first of the now traditional Lethal Weapon scenes in which Riggs and Murtaugh stagger away from a smoking crime scene, seeming to hold each other up. The final fight scene between Riggs and Mr. Joshua (Busey) was a little excessive, and there were a few scenes which were a bit faulty (how did the guy on the building ledge expect to kill himself when there was such a huge air bag inflated on the ground directly below him?), but overall this was a spectacular crime thriller. The movie rushes along at a feverish pace, and particularly Gibson's and Glover's success working together on screen make this a timeless action film that is not to be missed. 51 of 63 people found this review helpful.  Was this review helpful to you? Yes
Lethal Weapon
Joe Anderson became the first directly elected Mayor of which city in May this year?
Lethal Weapon Lethal Weapon Mel GibsonDanny GloverGary BuseyMitchell RyanTom Atkins Music by 110 minutes (Theatrical) 117 minutes (Director's cut) Country Edit Block Theatrical release poster Lethal Weapon is a 1987 American buddy cop action film, and the first in a series of films, all directed by Richard Donner and starring Mel Gibson and Danny Glover as a mismatched pair of LAPD detectives, and Gary Busey as their primary adversary. After the first film, the series fell into the action thriller genres, and is generally considered to typify the "buddy cop" plot device. Plot Edit Block LAPD Homicide Detective Sergeant Roger Murtaugh (Danny Glover) is worried about getting old, having recently celebrated his 50th birthday. He receives a message from Michael Hunsaker (Tom Atkins), an old Vietnam War friend who Murtaugh realizes he has not seen in over 12 years. Before he can meet him, he is called to investigate a suicide, and is horrified to find the victim is Hunsaker's daughter Amanda. Elsewhere, younger L.A.P.D. Detective Sergeant Martin Riggs (Mel Gibson), who is suicidal following the recent death of his wife in a traffic accident, nearly kills a disarmed suspect after flying into a psychotic rage during a drug bust. Wary of his behavior, Riggs' superiors transfer him to Homicide, making them very reluctant partners. It is then learned that Amanda's autopsy results show that she had taken drugs laced with drain cleaner; even though she had jumped to her death, she would have died within minutes anyway - making her death a homicide. After informing her distraught father, who claims he was trying to contact Murtaugh to get Amanda out of the underworld of drugs, prostitution and hardcore pornography, Riggs and Murtaugh go to question a pimp known to have connections to Amanda. Finding a drug lab on the premises, they engage in a brief gunfight with the pimp, killing him; Riggs saves Murtaugh's life in the process. Having found the drugs and with the pimp dead, Murtaugh assumes the case is closed, but Riggs finds it suspicious that the only witness to Amanda's suicide was a prostitute named Dixie (Lycia Naff), who was working away from her usual location. They deduce that Dixie was the one who poisoned Amanda, then posed as a witness to cover her crime. The next morning, Riggs and Murtaugh go to Dixie's home to question her, but her house explodes just as they arrive. Investigating the site, Riggs, who during the Vietnam War served in the US Army Special Forces, finds part of the bomb, a mercury switch - something he knows only a professional would use. A neighborhood child remembers seeing a man at Dixie's earlier who had a Special Forces tattoo similar to Riggs's own. Seeing a connection, they decide that Michael Hunsaker knows more than he has admitted, and Murtaugh confronts him at Amanda's visitation. Hunsaker admits he is involved in a heroin-smuggling operation run by ex-Vietnam War era special operations troops, known as 'Shadow Company'. The scheme is masterminded by a ruthless retired general, Peter McAllister (Mitchell Ryan)—the former commander of Shadow Company—and his chief enforcer, Mr. Joshua (Gary Busey). Hunsaker was laundering the profits through his bank. McAllister had ordered the murder of Amanda when Michael wanted out and unsuccessfully tried to alert Murtaugh to the scheme. As Murtaugh attempts to make Hunsaker reveal the entirety of his operation, Joshua makes a surprise appearance in a helicopter and shoots Hunsaker dead. As Riggs and Murtaugh attempt to investigate Dixie's connection, Shadow Company goons attempt to kill Riggs, and then kidnap Murtaugh's daughter, Rianne (Traci Wolfe). Murtaugh agrees to meet Shadow Company in the desert to exchange himself for Rianne, knowing Shadow Company's plan is to kill them all anyway. As Riggs provides sniper cover from a distance, Murtaugh attempts to make Rianne flee, but ultimately the three are captured. McAllister tortures Murtaugh and Riggs for information; McAllister demands to know which of their drug shipments have been compromised, eventually threatening Rianne when Murtaugh is not forthcoming. Riggs frees himself and then rescues both Murtaugh and Rianne. The pair then fight their way free of their prison, finding themselves in a downtown L.A. nightclub. Riggs chases Joshua on to the street and attempts to cut him off on the freeway, though Joshua ultimately escapes. Murtaugh finds McAllister trying to flee in his car. Taking out McAllister's driver, Murtaugh watches as the car crashes on Hollywood Boulevard and is destroyed by a live hand grenade (along with the heroin shipment). Riggs and Murtaugh then head to Murtaugh's home, knowing Joshua will head there to attack Murtaugh's family, who are absent. While Joshua is arrested and led away without incident, Riggs, wanting revenge, proposes "a shot at the title," which Joshua eagerly accepts. Sanctioned by Murtaugh, Riggs engages Joshua in hand-to-hand combat on Murtaugh's front lawn; after a brutal fight, Riggs locks Joshua in the Triangle Chokehold. Riggs releases the pressure and says "You're not worth it". As he's being arrested, Joshua overpowers two officers and attempts to shoot Riggs. Riggs and Murtaugh both draw and fire, killing Joshua. Riggs spends Christmas Day at the Murtaugh home with his new partner's family; Riggs brings his dog Sam to be a friend to the Murtaugh family cat, Burbank (which proves to be disastrous). Riggs also gives Murtaugh a symbolic gift: the unfired bullet which he had been saving to commit suicide, as he does not need it anymore. Production Edit Block Development Recent UCLA graduate Shane Black wrote the screenplay in mid-1985. His agent sent it to producer Joel Silver, who loved the story and worked with Black to further develop the script. After they took it to Warner Bros. in early 1986, studio production executives offered it to director Richard Donner, who also loved it. Leonard Nimoy was one of the choices considered for directing, but he did not feel comfortable doing action movies, and he was working on Three Men and a Baby at the time. With those key elements in place, the search began for the right combination of actors to play Riggs and Murtaugh. Casting director Marion Dougherty first suggested teaming Mel Gibson and Danny Glover. She arranged for Gibson to fly in from his home in Australia, while Glover was flown in from Chicago, where he was appearing in a play, to read through the script. According to a June 2007 Vanity Fair article, Bruce Willis was considered for the Riggs role. This is gag referenced in the spoof of Lethal Weapon films, National Lampoon's Loaded Weapon 1. Bruce (as John McClane) appears after the villains attack the wrong beach residence, looking for the protagonist. According to Donner, "It took about two hours and by the time we were done, I was in seventh heaven. They found innuendoes; they found laughter where I never saw it; they found tears where they didn't exist before; and, most importantly, they found a relationship — all in just one reading. So if you ask about casting... it was magical, just total dynamite." Explains Gibson, "This particular story was a cut above others I had passed on, because the action is really a sideline which heightens the story of these two great characters. I picture Riggs as an almost Chaplinesque figure, a guy who doesn't expect anything from life and even toys with the idea of taking his own. He's not like these stalwarts who come down from Mt. Olympus and wreak havoc and go away. He's somebody who doesn't look like he's set to go off until he actually does." The draw for Glover was equally strong. Fresh from his success as Mister in The Color Purple, he felt the role of Roger Murtaugh offered a whole new range of character expression and experience. "Aside from the chance to work with Mel, which turned out to be pure pleasure, one of the reasons I jumped at this project was the family aspect. The chance to play intricate relationships and subtle humor that exist in every close family group was an intriguing challenge, as was playing a guy turning 50. Murtaugh's a little cranky about his age until everything he loves is threatened. His reawakening parallels Riggs'." Both actors were signed by early spring 1986. Gibson and Glover then flew home to pack, and, returning to Los Angeles, began an intensive two months of physical training and preparation. Meanwhile, the crucial role of Joshua was settled when Gary Busey asked for a chance to read for the part. An established star since his Academy Award-nominated performance in The Buddy Holly Story, Busey had not auditioned for longer than he could remember. "I had butterflies," he realized. "I'd never played a bad guy. And no one had seen me since I'd lost 60 pounds and got back into shape. But I decided to take the initiative in order to have the opportunity to work with Dick, Joel, Mel and Danny. I'm constantly looking for someone to pull the best performance out of me and any of those guys could. They even talked me into dyeing my hair!" In his E! True Hollywood Story biography, Busey says he was hired to play Joshua because they were looking for someone big and menacing enough to be a believable foe for Mel Gibson. Busey also credits the film for reviving his failing movie career. Stunt coordinator Bobby Bass planned and supervised all phases of Gibson's and Glover's intense pre-production training; physical conditioning, weight workouts, and weapons handling and safety. Bass administered the latter category according to the strict guidelines of the National Rifle Association. Bass also used his own military experiences to bring a greater depth of understanding to the Riggs character. To familiarize the actors with the specialized skills and sensibilities acquired by undercover cops, arrangements were made for Gibson and Glover to spend time in the field accompanying working L.A.P.D. police officers. Throughout filming, technical advisors from the L.A.P.D. as well as the Sheriff's Department worked closely with Donner and the actors to ensure authenticity. Filming Lethal Weapon began principal photography on August 6, 1986, shooting on locations throughout the Los Angeles area, as well as on the backlot facilities of Burbank Studios. Filming began in Long Beach, California, with helicopter camera work that would set the tone for the opening title sequence and the first spectacular stunt of the movie. The company then moved to Palos Verdes, Santa Monica, Studio City, West Hollywood, and Inglewood with one week out-of-town in El Mirage, an enormous dry lake bed outside Victorville, California. From the early pre-production stages of Lethal Weapon, Richard Donner wanted Mel Gibson's final fight sequence to be unique, yet also to make a strong statement about the characters involved. Coincidentally, assistant director Willie Simmons had an avid interest in unusual forms of martial arts, and he invited several practitioners to the set to demonstrate for Donner. The result was the hiring of three technical advisors, each a master of a particular martial arts style. Cedric Adams was the first expert brought in. "Adams thought the best possible way to show just how lethal Riggs really is — is to show his mastery of a form of martial arts never before seen onscreen," said Donner. Adams taught the actors the movements of Capoeira. A second technical advisor, Dennis Newsome, brought jailhouse rock to the fight sequence. The third technical advisor was Rorion Gracie, who specialized in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu. The filming was spread over four complete nights, shooting from dusk to dawn, resulting in an edited sequence that would last minutes on screen. Principal photography was completed in mid-November 1986. Hollywood city officials hung Christmas decorations on Hollywood Blvd. a few months early so that the scenes shot for this film, particularly the action scenes near the end of the picture, looked like they happened at the end of the year. Legendary stunt man Dar Robinson was killed in a motorcycle accident shortly after principal photography was finished. Director Richard Donner dedicated the film to him. Jackie Swanson performed the high fall on her own. She was trained by Dar Robinson. Richard Donner's directing credit appears after Amanda Hunsaker leaps to her death. This is a reference to a joke that Richard Donner films often have sequences of people falling in his films (Lee Remick in The Omen and Margot Kidder in Superman). One sequence shows a theatre marquee advertising The Lost Boys, a film Donner was producing at the time. A short segment of the 1951 film A Christmas Carol is shown on a television towards the end of the movie. Music Edit Block Michael Kamen, who just completed work on Highlander, composed the score for Lethal Weapon. The guitar part of Riggs' theme was performed by Eric Clapton. Kamen and Clapton had worked together on the music for the 1985 BBC TV series Edge of Darkness (the feature adaptation of which would later, by coincidence, star Mel Gibson). The saxophone part of Murtaugh's theme was performed by David Sanborn. The Christmas song "Jingle Bell Rock", is played during the film's opening credits. Honeymoon Suite's song, "Lethal Weapon," is played during the film's end credits without being credited.[citation needed] Reception Edit Block The reviews by critics were mostly positive.Chicago Sun-Times critic Roger Ebert in particular enjoyed the film, giving it four-out-of-four stars, saying Donner "tops himself."Franco Zeffirelli reportedly decided to offer Mel Gibson the role of Hamlet after seeing his suicide contemplation scene in this film. In 2007, Entertainment Weekly named Lethal Weapon #24 on their list of the greatest action movies of all time. American Film Institute Lists AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies - Nominated AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills - Nominated AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains: Martin Riggs & Roger Murtaugh - Nominated Heroes Box office Edit Block Released on March 6, 1987, Lethal Weapon was #1 at the box office for three weeks before Blind Date supplanted it. It grossed $120.2 million worldwide and was nominated for Academy Award for Sound and for Sound Effects Editing (the former was won by The Last Emperor, the latter won by RoboCop). It is widely considered to be one of the best buddy cop films of all time, influencing numerous "buddy cop" films such as Tango & Cash, Bad Boys and the Rush Hour series. Alternative versions Edit Block An alternate opening and ending were both filmed and are available on the Lethal Weapon 4 DVD. The alternate opening featured Martin Riggs drinking alone in a bar where he is accosted by a couple of punks who want his money. Riggs claims all of his is in the bank and tells the thugs "not to fuck with him." The thugs attack him, but Riggs easily subdues them. He is then allowed to take a free bottle of booze from the bar in exchange for never returning. Director Richard Donner felt the movie should open with a brighter look at Riggs and filmed the scene with Riggs awakening in his trailer to replace it. The alternate ending featured Riggs and Murtaugh saying good-bye to one another. Murtaugh tells Riggs he's thinking of retiring, but Riggs tells him not to. In addition to the theatrical release of the film, an extended "Directors Cut" version was released later on DVD. The Director's Cut version is longer (117 minutes) than the original theatrical release version (110 minutes), and features additional scenes. One notable extended scene includes Riggs dispatching a sniper who had been firing at children in a playground. Home releases Edit Block Lethal Weapon has been released on VHS and DVD numerous times, along with a single Blu-ray release. The first DVD was released in 1997 and featured the theatrical version of the film. The Director's Cut was released in 2000. Since then, numerous sets have been released that contain all four films in the series (featuring the same DVDs). The theatrical version was also released on Blu-ray in 2006. Remake
i don't know
Which American playwright has won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama the most times-four-including posthumously in 1957?
American Experience | Eugene O'Neill | People & Events | PBS People & Events The Pulitzer Prize in Drama 9 of 9 Columbia University awards the annual Pulitzer Prize in drama based on the nominations of a "drama jury" and the recommendations of the Pulitzer board. Eugene O'Neill dominated the early years of the award, winning three of the first 10 given. The Honored Plays When he won his first Pulitzer, in 1920 for Beyond the Horizon, O'Neill was not initially pleased. In fact, he had not heard of the award, which first had been given two years earlier (no drama award was given in 1917, the first year of the Pulitzers, or in 1919). "My reaction was a disdainful raspberry," he recalled later. "Oh, a damned medal and one of those presentation ceremonies. I won't accept it." He was much happier when he learned that the award came with a $1,000 prize, with no ceremony. O'Neill won the Pulitzer again in 1922 for Anna Christie, in 1928 for Strange Interlude, and posthumously in 1957 for Long Day's Journey Into Night. Moral Standards Though his Pulitzer awards -- as well as the Nobel Prize in literature in 1936, the only Nobel ever awarded to an American playwright -- cemented O'Neill's reputation as the preeminent playwright in the country, one judge was reluctant to honor the playwright's work. In its early years, the award recognized a play that "rais[ed] the standard of good morals, good taste, and good manners." Hamlin Garland, a member of the three-person drama jury, questioned whether O'Neill met the criteria, calling him "ruthless for the sake of ruthlessness." Garland later resigned as an award judge over "the pornographic drama of our day." Tensions between morality and artistic quality also surfaced in later years. Other Winners The Pulitzer for drama established a precedent in its first decades by honoring the best-known playwrights, such as O'Neill, Elmer Rice, Maxwell Anderson, and Thornton Wilder, but less prominent work was also rewarded. In 1927, for example, Paul Green, a 32-year-old North Carolina teacher, won for In Abraham's Bosom, a hard-hitting look at the tragic life of young black man in the South. Another play, The Old Maid by Zoe Baird, won in 1935 over favorites by Clifford Odets, Lillian Hellman, and Anderson. The award could generate box office sales -- The Old Maid ran for 305 performances on Broadway on the strength of its Pulitzer -- and controversy. The New York Drama Critics Circle created its own award after Baird's play won the Pulitzer, with a promise to make better choices. Postwar Prizes The post- World War II period brought a new generation of talented dramatists to the forefront. Pulitzers were awarded to the popular plays A Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams (1948), Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller (1949), South Pacific by Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein (1950), and Picnic by William Inge (1953). In a sign of the loosening of the Pulitzer's moral standard, Williams' Cat on a Hot Tin Roof won the award in 1955 despite its sexual themes and risqué language. Yet the Pulitzer advisory board overruled the drama jury's nomination of Edward Albee's Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf in 1963, finding the script lacked an "uplifting" quality because of its language and sexual content. After two members of the drama jury resigned in protest, the "uplift" requirement for the award was stricken the next year. Heirs to O'Neill The Pulitzer is not awarded in any given year if competitors don't meet a standard of excellence. In a dozen-year period in the 1960s and early 1970s, the prize was withheld six times. Albee gained the first of his three Pulitzers in 1967 with A Delicate Balance. Since 1974, the award has been presented in all but two years and has recognized plays dealing with such difficult subjects as suicide ('Night, Mother by Marsha Norman, 1986), AIDS (Tony Kushner's Angels in America: Millennium Approaches, 1993), and terminal cancer (Wit by Margaret Edson, 1999). O'Neill, who long ago exploded on the American theater scene with his forthright examination of social and personal issues, has still won more Pulitzers than any other playwright.  
Eugene O'Neill
Which position in American Football is denoted by the letters 'LB'?
Home - Birthdays of Authors - Welcome/Home at Saint Xavier University Birthdays of Selected Authors: July - December July George Sand, (1 July 1804 – 8 June 1876) aka Aurore Dudevant, French novelist . July 1 Hermann Hesse, (1877; d.1962), German-Swiss novelist and poet who received the Nobel prize for literature in 1946, the novel Siddhartha (1922). July 2 Franz Kafka, (1883; d.1924), Czech writer, "Die Verwandlung" ("The Metamorphosis"), Der Process (The Trial), and Das Schloss (The Castle), most were published posthumously, by his friend Max Brod, who ignored Kafka's wish to have the manuscripts destroyed.  July 3 Sir Tom Stoppard, Czech born, Tomáš Straussler, (1937), playwright, one Academy Award and four Tony Awards, The Real Thing; Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead; Shakespeare in Love. July 3 Nathaniel Hawthorne, (1804; d.1864), American novelist and short story writer (born Salem, Mass.) author of The House of the Seven Gables (1851) and The Scarlet Letter (1850). July 4 Neil Simon, (1927), American playwright, Barefoot in the Park (1963) and The Odd Couple (1965 Tony Award), Pulitzer Prize for drama in1991 for Lost in Yonkers. July 4 Jean Cocteau, (1889; d.1963) French writer, artist, and filmmaker, novel Les Enfants Terribles (1929), and the films Blood of a Poet (1930), Les Parents Terribles (1948), Beauty and the Beast (1946) and Orpheus (1949). July 5 Jan Neruda (1834), Czech writer and poet of the Czech Realism school, Povídky malostranské (1877, Tales of the Lesser Quarter). July 7 Robert Heinlein, (1907- May 8, 1988), Missouri-born science-fiction writer, In his lifetime, Heinlein received four Hugo Awards, for Stranger in a Strange Land (1961), The Moon is a Harsh Mistress (1966), Starship Troopers (1959), and Double Star (1956), and was nominated for four Nebula Awards, for Stranger in a Strange Land, Friday, Time Enough for Love, and Job: A Comedy of Justice. He was also given two posthumous Hugos, for Farmer in the Sky and The Man Who Sold the Moon. July 7 Louise Erdrich, (1954) Native American novelist, raised in North Dakota, an enrolled member of the Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians, a band of the Anishinaabe (also known as Ojibwe and Chippewa), Love Medicine won the 1984 National Book Critics Circle Award; The Plague of Doves (2009); the 2012 National Book Award for Fiction for The Round House. July 7 Margaret [Abigail] Walker, (1915-1998), Alabama native, African American poet and novelist, the award-winning poem For My People (1942) and the novel Jubilee (1966). July 7 Dr. Elizabeth Kubler-Ross, (1926-2004), born in Zurich, Switzerland, On Death and Dying (1969) which described her theory of the five stages of grief. July 8 Oliver Sacks, (1933-2015), British neurologist, Awakenings (later made into a movie); Musicophilia: Tales of Music and the Brain; The Mind's Eye (2010), and a number of popular books on neurological phenomena. July 9 Marcel Proust, (1871; d.1922), French novelist, À la recherche du temps perdu (In Search of Lost Time; earlier translated as Remembrance of Things Past; published in seven parts between 1913 and 1927). July 10 Alice Munro, (1931) Canadian short story writer, 2013 Nobel Prize in Literature for her work as "master of the contemporary short story, and the 2009 Man Booker International Prize for her lifetime body of work. July 10 E.B. White, (1899- October 1, 1985), New England writer, books for children, including Stuart Little (1945), Charlotte's Web (1952), and The Trumpet of the Swan (1970). In 1978, White won a special Pulitzer Prize citing "his letters, essays and the full body of his work". Also the co-author of the English language style guide The Elements of Style, which is commonly known as "Strunk & White". July 11 Harold Bloom, (1930), NYC native literary critic, Yeats; The Anxiety of Influence: A Map of Misreading; The Western Canon (1994). July 11 Henry David Thoreau, (July 12, 1817 - May 6, 1862), American writer and Transcendentalist. Walden (1854); Civil Disobedience; Life Without Principle; Slavery in Massachusetts; and Walking.  July 12 Pablo Neruda, (1904-1973), Chilean poet and Nobel Prize for Literature in 1971. Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair (1924). July 12 Clifford Odets, (1906), U.S. playwright, Waiting for Lefty (1935); Awake and Sing! (1935); The Country Girl (1950); The Flowering Peach (1954). July 18 Hunter S. Thompson, (1937; d.2005), American journalist, Hell's Angels: The Strange and Terrible Saga of the Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs (1967); Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas: A Savage Journey to the Heart of the American Dream (1971); Fear and Loathing on the Campaign Trail '72; The Rum Diary (written in the 1960s but released in 1998). July 18 Ernest [Miller] Hemingway, (July 21, 1899 - July 2, 1961),  American novelist and short-story writer, The Sun Also Rises (1926), For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940), The Old Man and the Sea (1953), which won the 1953 Pulitzer prize; he also won the 1954 Nobel prize for literature. July 21 [Harold] Hart Crane, (1899; d.1932), Ohio-born poet, leapt to death from ship as he was returning from Mexico to New York, most famous work is The Bridge (1930). July 21 Marshall McLuhan, (1911;d.1980), Canadian writer and media analyst, is known for coining the expressions “the medium is the message”, “the global village”, and “Turn on, tune in, drop out” by its popularizer, Timothy Leary. Understanding Media (1964). July 21 Raymond Chandler, (1888; d.1959), Chicago-born mystery writer and creator of "private detective" Philip Marlowe. The Big Sleep (1939), Farewell, My Lovely (1940), The Little Sister (1949), and The Long Goodbye (1953). July 23 Alexandre Dumas pere, (1802; d.1870), born Davy de la Pailleterie Dumas. The Count of Monte Cristo (1845–1846), Three Musketeers (1844). July 24 Robert Graves, (1895; d.1985), British poet (The White Goddess) and novelist, writing popular historical novels such as I, Claudius, King Jesus, The Golden Fleece and Count Belisarius. July 24 George Bernard Shaw, (1856-1950), Irish playwright, Man and Superman, Mrs. Warren's Profession, Major Barbara, Saint Joan, Caesar and Cleopatra, and Pygmalion. The only person to have been awarded both a Nobel Prize (Literature, 1925) and an Academy Award (Best Adapted Screenplay, 1938), the first for his contributions to literature and the second for his film adaptation of his most popular play, Pygmalion into My Fair Lady. July 26 Aldous [Leonard] Huxley, (1894; d.1963), British novelist and essayist (though he lived in California from 1930s to death), best known for novel Brave New World (1932). July 26 [Helen] Beatrix Potter, (1866; d.1943), British children's author, The Tale of Peter Rabbit.  July 28 Alexis de Tocqueville, (1805 – 16 April 1859), French political scientist and writer author of the four-volume Democracy in America (1835 and 1840). July 29 Emily [Jane] Bronte (1818;d.1848), whose only novel was Wuthering Heights (1847). July 30 JK Rowling, (1965), born Joanne 'Jo' Rowling, Harry Potter series (1997-2007) and Cormoran Strike series:The Cuckoo's Calling (as Robert Galbraith) (18 April 2013), The Silkworm (as Robert Galbraith) (19 June 2014), Career of Evil (as Robert Galbraith) (20 October 2015). July 31   August Herman Melville, (1819–1891) American writer, sea adventure Typee (1846) and whaling novel Moby-Dick (1851), short fiction for magazines, such as "Bartleby, the Scrivener" and "Benito Cereno.". August 1 James [Arthur] Baldwin, (1924-1987), Harlem-born novelist, playwright, and essayist. Essays collected in Notes of a Native Son (1955), "Sonny's Blues" appears in many anthologies of short fiction used in introductory college literature classes. First novel is Go Tell It On the Mountain (1953). August 2 Percy Bysshe Shelley, (1792-1822), Romantic English poet, best known for such classic poems as Ozymandias, Ode to the West Wind, To a Skylark, Music, When Soft Voices Die. August 4 Guy de Maupassant, (1850-1893), French short story writer, His first published story, "Boule de Suif" ("Ball of Fat", 1880), is often considered his masterpiece. August 5 Alfred Lord Tennyson, (1809-1892), English poet and Poet Laureate of Great Britain and Ireland. "Break, Break, Break", "The Charge of the Light Brigade", "Tears, Idle Tears" and "Crossing the Bar". August 6 Piers Anthony, (1934), British-born,  American sci-fi/fantasy writer author of the Xanth series. August 6 Garrison Keillor (1942), humorist, author, and host of ' A Prairie Home Companion'. Lake Wobegon Days and Leaving Home: A Collection of Lake Wobegon Stories. August 7 Daniel Keyes (1927; d.2014), American author, the 1960 Nebula award-winning novel Flowers for Algernon. August 9 Alex [Murray Palmer] Haley, New York-born biographer, scriptwriter, and novelist (Roots) (1921). August 11 Jacinto Benavente y Martinez, (1866-1954), Spanish dramatist and 1922 Nobel prize winner. August 12 Mary Jo Salter, (1954), Michigan-born poet and a co-editor of The Norton Anthology of Poetry.  August 15 Stieg Larsson, (1954; d.2004), Swedish journalist and crime novelist, (Millennium series: The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo, The Girl Who Played with Fire, The Girl Who Kicked the Hornet's Nest). August 15 [Edward James] Ted Hughes, (1930-1998), English Poet Laureate, married to American poet Sylvia Plath from 1956 until her suicide in 1963 at age 30. The Hawk in the Rain (1957), Crow (1970), Shakespeare and the Goddess of Complete Being (1992), Tales from Ovid (1998), and children’s book The Iron Man (1968). August 17 V[idiadhar] S[urajprasad] Naipaul, (1932), Trinidad-born British novelist and essayist, won the 2001 Nobel Prize for Literature "for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories.".  August 17 Ogden Nash, (1902-1971) American light verse writer. Examples include "If called by a panther / Don't anther"; "Who wants my jellyfish? / I'm not sellyfish!".  August 19 H[oward] P[hillips] Lovecraft, (1890-1937), U.S. Gothic (or supernatural) novelist, known primarily as a writer of weird fantasy and horror fiction and a prodigious correspondent. August 20 Ray Bradbury, (1920-2012), U.S. science fiction writer. Fahrenheit 451 (1953), The Martian Chronicles (1950), and The Illustrated Man (1951). August 22 Dorothy Parker, (1893-1967), American short story writer/poet/critic and wit, her first volume of poetry, Enough Rope (1926), Her best-known short story, "Big Blonde", published in The Bookman magazine, was awarded the O. Henry Award as the best short story of 1929. August 22 E. Annie Proulx, Connecticut-born novelist, short story writer, and how-to writer (1935) August 22 Edgar Lee Masters, (1869-1950), Kansan poet, playwright, and novelist. Twelve plays (Spoon River Anthology , 1915), twenty-one books of poetry, six novels and six biographies, including those of Abraham Lincoln, Mark Twain, Vachel Lindsay, and Walt Whitman. August 23 Jorge Luis Borges, (1899-1986), Argentine fiction writer and essayist, His best-known books, Ficciones (Fictions) and El Aleph (The Aleph), published in the 1940s, are compilations of short stories. August 24 A.S. Byatt, (1936), born Antonia Susan Drabble, British novelist. Possession: A Romance (1990 Booker Prize for Fiction), The Children's Book (2009).  August 24 Confucius, (551-479 BC), aka K'ung-fu-tzu, Chinese teacher, editor, politician, and philosopher, who wrote the Analects (Lun Yu) and may have authored or edited many of the Chinese classic texts including all of the Five Classics. August 27 Theodore Dreiser, (1871; d.1945), American novelist and newspaper writer (born Indiana) who wrote Sister Carrie (1900) and An American Tragedy (1925). August 27 C.S. Forester, (1899-1966), Cecil Louis Troughton Smith, Horatio Hornblower naval officer series, and The African Queen (1935). August 27 William Least Heat Moon (1939) born in Kansas City as William Lewis Trogdon, author of Blue Highways and other books about place. August 27 Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, (1749; d.1832), German dramatist, poet, and novelist, his first novel, The Sorrows of Young Werther (1775), his second novel, Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship (1795-96), his first major scientific work, the Metamorphosis of Plants (1791), and 'Faust' (1770 and 1831). August 28 Leo Tolstoy, (1828; d.1910), Russian author, War and Peace (1869) and Anna Karenina (1877). August 28 Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley (née Godwin;  1797-1851) was an English novelist, short story writer, dramatist, essayist, biographer, and travel writer, best known for her Gothic novel Frankenstein: or, The Modern Prometheus (1818). August 30 William Saroyan, (1908-1981), U.S. novelist and playwright, the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1940, and 1943 Academy Award for Best Story for the film adaptation of his novel The Human Comedy. The Time of Your Life, My Name Is Aram and My Heart's in the Highlands. August 31   September Edgar Rice Burroughs (1875; d.1950), Tarzan of the Apes (1912 and beyond) and Under the Moons of Mars and other books in the Barsoom series.  September 1 Francois-René de Chateaubriand, (1768; d.1848), French writer and statesman, poet, and historian. Génie du christianisme (1802), and the autobiography Mémoires d'outre-tombe ("Memoirs from Beyond the Grave'", published posthumously in 1849–1850). September 4 Richard [Nathaniel] Wright, (1908; d.1960), Mississippi-born African American novelist. Native Son (1940) and Black Boy (1945). September 4 Robert Pirsig, (1928), Minnesota-born writer, Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance: An Inquiry into Values (1974). September 6 Dame Edith Sitwell, (1887; d.1964), English poet and eccentric, two books about Queen Elizabeth I of England: Fanfare for Elizabeth (1946) and The Queens and the Hive (1962), English Eccentrics (1933) and Victoria of England (1936). September 7 Franz Werfel (1890; d.1945), Austrian-Bohemian novelist, playwright, and poet. Forty Days of Musa Dagh (1933) and The Song of Bernadette (1941).  September 10 Stephen Jay Gould, (1941; d.2002), New York City-born paleontologist, zoologist, and essayist who wrote science for the layperson. Ever Since Darwin (1977), The Panda's Thumb (1980), Hen's Teeth and Horse's Toes (185), and The Flamingo's Smile (1985).  September 10 O. Henry (1862; d.1910), pseudonym of William Sidney Porter, American short story writer (born North Carolina), who began writing while serving jail time for embezzlement, and whose tales, including 'The Gift of the Magi' and 'The Ransom of Red Chief,' are noted for their surprise endings. September 11 D[avid] H[erbert] Lawrence (1885; d.1930), English novelist and poet, Sons and Lovers (1913), Women in Love (1920), and Lady Chatterley's Lover (1928). September 11 Michael Ondaatje, (1942), Canadian (born Sri Lanka) poet and author. The English Patient (1992). September 12 James Fenimore Cooper, (1789; d.1851), New Jersey-born social critic, historian, and the first major American novelist. The Leatherstocking Tales (1823-1827) which includes The Last of the Mohicans (1826). September 15 Dame Agatha Christie, (1890; d.1976), British mystery writer, Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple series (starting in 1920, composed of 33 novels and 54 short stories), and the world's longest-running play, the murder mystery, The Mousetrap (1952) . September 15 Henry Louis Gates, Jr., (1950), West Virginia-born African American literary critic, Emmy Award-winning filmmaker, and editor. The Signifying Monkey (1989 American Book Award winner), the host and co-producer of African American Lives (2006) and African American Lives 2 (2008), and Faces of America, a four-part series presented by PBS in 2010. September 16 William Carlos Williams, (1883; d.1963), New Jersey native, doctor and poet. Spring and All, which contained the classic poems "By the road to the contagious hospital," "The Red Wheelbarrow," and "To Elsie" and Paterson (published between 1946 and 1958). September 17 Ken Kesey, (1935; d.2001), Colorado-born novelist and countercultural figure. One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1962), Sometimes a Great Notion (1964).  September 17 Upton Sinclair, (1878; d.1968), novelist who exposed the Chicago stockyards in The Jungle (1906), and won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for Dragon's Teeth (1943). September 20 Donald Hall, (1928), Connecticut native (now living in New Hampshire) and poet, playwright, essayist, and U.S. Poet Laureate. 1979 Caldecott Medal, for children’s book Ox-Cart Man. September 20 Stephen King, (1947), Maine thriller/horror/suspense writer. Carrie (1973), The Shining (1977), The Dark Tower series (1970s), short story "The Man in the Black Suit" (1994) received the O. Henry Award. September 21 H. G. Wells, (1866; d.1946), English writer of novels, history, politics, and social commentary. The Time Machine (1895), The Island of Doctor Moreau (1896), The Invisible Man (1897), and The War of the Worlds (1898). September 21 Euripides, (480? B.C.; d.406 B.C.), Greek playwright, of which eighteen or nineteen have survived more or less complete, including Medea (431), Hippolytus (428), and Electra (c. 420). [birthdate is 'according to legend' September 23 Edgar Lee Masters, (1869; d.1950), midwestern poet. The Spoon River Anthology (1914). September 23 F[rancis] Scott [Key] Fitzgerald, (1896; d.1940), American novelist and short-story writer (born St. Paul, Minnesota) author of The Great Gatsby (1925), Tender is the Night (1934), and other works that vividly evoke the time of the Jazz Age, the Roaring Twenties, and the Wall St. Crash. September 24 William [Harrison] Faulkner, born William Cuthbert Falkner (1897; d.1962), Mississippi-born novelist, 1949 Nobel Prize for literature for . novel The Sound and the Fury (1929), As I Lay Dying (1930), Light in August (1932), and Absalom, Absalom! (1936). Two of his works, A Fable (1954) and his last novel The Reivers (1962) won Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, and the 1949 Nobel Prize for Literature. September 25 T[homas] S[tearns] Eliot, (1888; d.1965), American born English poet, dramatist, and critic (born St. Louis, MO), his poem The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock (1915), The Waste-Land (1922), Nobel Prize in Literature in 1948, "for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry." September 26 Kate Douglas Wiggin, (1856; d.1923), Maine novelist and children's writer. Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm (1903), and The New Chronicles of Rebecca (1907). September 28 Miguel de Cervantes, (1547; d.1616), Spanish novelist, playwright, and poet. El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quixote de la Mancha (1605): First volume of Don Quixote; Four novelas: El amante liberal, La señora Cornelia, Las dos doncellas, and La española inglesa.  Sonnets include Al Túmulo del Rey Felipe en Sevilla. Poetry includes Canto de Calíope, Epístola a Mateo Vázquez, and the Viaje del Parnaso (Journey to Parnassus – 1614) c. September 29 Truman Capote, (1924; d.1984), American novelist, screenwriter, playwright, actor, and celebrity. The novella Breakfast at Tiffany's (1958), Other Voices, Other Rooms (1948), and the true crime novel In Cold Blood (1966). September 30   October Wallace Stevens, (1879; d.1955), Connecticut-born poet, insurance salesman, and won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry for his Collected Poems (1955). Some of his best-known poems include "Anecdote of the Jar," "Disillusionment of Ten O'Clock," "The Emperor of Ice-Cream," "The Idea of Order at Key West," "Sunday Morning," "The Snow Man," and "Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird." October 2 Graham Greene, (1904; d.1991), prolific English novelist. Stamboul Train (1932) which was adapted as the film Orient Express (1934). Most of his novels and many of his plays and short stories have been adapted for film or television at least once, examples of multiple adaptations include Brighton Rock in 1947 and 2011, The End of the Affair in 1955 and 1999, and The Quiet American in 1958 and 2002. October 2 Thomas Wolfe, (1900; d.1938), North Carolinian novelist. Look Homeward, Angel (1929), Of Time and the River (1935). October 3 James Herriot, (1916; d.1995), Scottish writer and veterinarian. His books have been adapted for film and television, including a 1975 film titled All Creatures Great and Small, sequelled by 1976 It Shouldn't Happen to a Vet, and a long-running BBC television programme of the same title. October 3 Gore Vidal, (1925-2012), NY native writer, playwright, and public intellectual. Myra Breckinridge (1968), Burr (1973) and Lincoln (1984). Two plays, The Best Man: A Play about Politics (1960) and Visit to a Small Planet (1955) were, respectively, theatre and movie successes. October 3 Edward Stratemeyer (1862; d.1930), creator of the Stratemeyer Syndicate that produced over 1,300 juvenile novels, including the Nancy Drew, Hardy Boys, Tom Swift, and Bobbsey Twins series. October 4 Denis Diderot, (1713; d.1784), French encyclopaedist, literary critic, and man of letters. His plays: Jacques the Fatalist, Rameau's Nephew, and D'Alembert's Dream, were published only after his death October 5 Vaclav Havel, (1936-2003), Czech playwright, political leader, and first president of the Czech Republic (1993–2003). His works such as The Garden Party and The Memorandum critique communism. October 5 Frank Herbert, (1920; d. 1986), science fiction writer; author of the Dune series. October 8 Harold Pinter, (1930-2008), English playwright, screenwriter, director and actor. His best-known plays include The Birthday Party (1957), The Homecoming (1964), and Betrayal (1978); His screenplay adaptations of others' works include The Servant (1963), The Go-Between (1971), The French Lieutenant's Woman (1981), The Trial (1993), and Sleuth (2007). He won the 2005 Nobel Prize in Literature. October 10 e. e. cummings, (1894; d.1962), Massachusetts-born poet, playwright, and painter. Tulips and Chimneys (1923), Xaipe: Seventy-One Poems (1950), and the play Santa Claus: A Morality (1946). October 14 Virgil, (70 B.C.; d.19 B.C.), Publius Vergilius Maro, Roman poet. The Eclogues (or Bucolics), the Georgics, and the Aeneid. October 15 (Sir) P[elham] G[renville] Wodehouse, (1881; d.1975), comedic British novelist who wrote the Jeeves and Wooster series, including Right Ho, Jeeves, Uncle Fred in the Springtime, and Blandings Castle.  October 15 Italo Calvino, (1923; d.1985), Italian novelist (born Cuba). Our Ancestors trilogy (1952–1959), the Cosmicomics collection of short stories (1965), and the novels Invisible Cities (1972) and If on a winter's night a traveler (1979). October 15 Arthur Schlesinger Jr. (1917; d.2007), historian, primary speechwriter and adviser to Democratic presidential nominee Adlai Stevenson II. 1946 Pulitzer Prize for History for his book The Age of Jackson; 1966 Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography for his book A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House; Robert Kennedy and His Times (1978). October 15 Oscar Wilde (1854; d.1900), Irish wit and author.  The novel The Picture of Dorian Gray (1990-91), and his plays An Ideal Husband (1895) and The Importance of Being Earnest (1895). October 16 Eugene O'Neill, (1888; d.1953), American playwright and Nobel laureate in Literature. Mourning Becomes Electra (1931), The Iceman Cometh (1940), A Moon for the Misbegotten (1947), and Long Day's Journey Into Night (Pulitzer Prize 1957). October 16 Günter Grass, (1927-2015), German novelist and playwright. 1999 Nobel Prize in Literature. The Tin Drum (1959) and the film adaptation won the 1979 Palme d'Or and the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. October 16 Arthur Miller, (1915; d.2005), American playwright. Death of a Salesman (1949), The Crucible (1953), awarded the 1949 Pulitzer Prize for Drama. October 17 John Le Carré, nee David John Moore Cornwell (1931), English spy novelist. The Spy Who Came in from the Cold (1963). October 19 [Jean Nicolas] Arthur Rimbaud, (1854-1891), French poet.  Poésies (1895), Une Saison en enfer (1873), Les Illuminations (1874), Derniers Vers (Last Verses) (1886). October 20 Samuel Taylor Coleridge, (1772; d.1834), English Romantic poet. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner (1798) and Kubla Khan (1816). Biographia Literaria, a collection of his thoughts and opinions on literature (1817). October 21 Ursula LeGuin, (1929), California-born sci-fi and fantasy writer, She has won the Hugo Award, Nebula Award, Locus Award, and World Fantasy Award, each more than once. The Left Hand of Darkness (1969) (Hugo Award;Nebula Award), The Dispossessed, 1974 (Nebula Award; Hugo Award; Locus Award), The Word for World is Forest (1976) (Hugo Award, best novella). October 21 Michael Crichton, (1942-2008), Chicago-born novelist. The Andromeda Strain (1969), Congo (1980), Sphere (1987), Travels (1988), Jurassic Park (1990), and many others. October 23 Anne Tyler, (1941), Minnesota-born, NC-raised, long-time Baltimore resident. Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant (1983), The Accidental Tourist (1985), Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for Breathing Lessons (1989). October 25 Pat Conroy, (1945), American writer. The Great Santini (1976), The Prince of Tides (1986), South of Broad (2009). October 26 Dylan Marlais Thomas, (1914-1953), Welsh poet and writer whose works include the poems "Do not go gentle into that good night" and "And death shall have no dominion", the "Play for Voices", Under Milk Wood, and stories and radio broadcasts such as A Child's Christmas in Wales and Portrait of the Artist as a Young Dog.  October 27 Sylvia Plath, (1932-1963), American poet, married to poet Ted Hughes, committed suicide in 1963. The Colossus and Other Poems (1960), Ariel (1965). In 1982, she won a posthumous Pulitzer Prize for The Collected Poems.  October 27 Evelyn [Arthur St. John] Waugh, (1903-1966), British novelist. The early satires Decline and Fall (1928), A Handful of Dust (1934), and the novel Brideshead Revisited (1945). October 28 Ivan Turgenev (1818-1883), Russian novelist, poet and playwright. Short story collection entitled A Sportsman's Sketches (1852), and novel Fathers and Sons (1862). October 28 Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky, (1821-1881), Russian novelist. Crime and Punishment (1866) and The Brothers Karamazov (1880). October 30 Ezra [Weston Loomis] Pound, (1885-1972), Idaho-born poet and critic, helped discover and shape the work of contemporaries such as T. S. Eliot, James Joyce, Robert Frost, and Ernest Hemingway.  Ripostes (1912), Hugh Selwyn Mauberley (1920) and the unfinished 120-section epic, The Cantos (1917–69). October 30 John Keats, (1795; d.1821), British Romantic poet. the sonnet O Solitude (1816), his collection Lamia, Isabella, The Eve of St. Agnes and other poems (1820). "the Ode to a Nightingale” October 31   November Stephen Crane, (1871; d.1900), New Jersey-born novelist, reporter, and poet. The Red Badge of Courage (1895), and short stories such as "The Open Boat", "The Blue Hotel", "The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky", and The Monster. November 1 William Cullen Bryant, (1794; d.1878), Massachusetts-born American romantic poet, editor, and lawyer. The poems 'Thanatopsis' (1817), "To a Waterfowl" (1821).  November 3 Sam Shepard, born Samuel Shepard Rogers III, (1943), playwright and actor, born in Illinois. Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1979 for his play Buried Child, a multiple Obie Award-winning playwright.  November 5 Jonas Lauritz Idemil Lie, (1833; d.1908), Norwegian novelist, one of the Four Greats of 19th-century Norwegian literature.  Familien paa Gilje (" The Family at Gilje: A Domestic Story of the Forties") (1883), and the short stories Trold and Elias and the Draugh. November 6 James Jones, (1921; d.1977), Illinois novelist. From Here To Eternity (1951). November 6 Albert Camus (1913; d.1960), French existentialist essayist, novelist, journalist (born Algeria), awarded 1957 Nobel in Literature, the novels L'Etranger (1942; The Stranger) and La Peste (1947; The Plague). November 7 Bram Stoker (1847; d.1912), Irish, the personal assistant of actor Henry Irving and business manager of the Lyceum Theatre in London, creator of Dracula (1897). November 8 Margaret Mitchell (1900; d.1949), Gone with the Wind (1936), Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1937. November 8 Kazuo Ishiguro, (1954), Japanese/English Booker Prize winning novelist for The Remains of the Day (1989). November 8 Sir Muhammad Iqbal (1877 d.1938), widely known as Allama Iqbal, Muslim poet, philosopher and politician; his poetry in Urdu and Persian is considered to be among the greatest of the modern era. in In the Persian language, books of poetry include Rumuz-i-Bekhudi, Payam-i-Mashriq and Zabur-i-Ajam. Amongst these his best known Urdu works are Bang-i-Dara, Bal-i-Jibril, Zarb-i Kalim and a part of Armughan-e-Hijaz. November 9 [Johann Christoph] Friedrich von Schiller, (1759; d.1805), German poet, lyricist, and playwright. Two important essays entitled "Vom Erhabenen" and "Über das Erhabene", the play The Robbers (Die Räuber), and On the Aesthetic Education of Man in a Series of Letters (Über die ästhetische Erziehung des Menschen in einer Reihe von Briefen) (1794). November 10 Winston Churchill, (1871; d.1947), American novelist. Richard Carvel (1899), The Crisis (1901) and The Crossing (1904). November 10 Neil Richard Gaiman, (1960), British writer (lives Minnesota), author of science fiction and fantasy short stories and novels, graphic novels, comics, and films. His notable works include the comic book series The Sandman and novels Stardust, American Gods, Coraline, and The Graveyard Book. He has won the Hugo, Nebula, and Bram Stoker awards, as well as the Newbery and Carnegie medals. He is the first author to win both the Newbery and the Carnegie medals for the same work, The Graveyard Book (2008). November 10 Kurt Vonnegut, Jr., (1922; d.2007), American writer. Cat's Cradle (1963) God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater (1964), Slaughterhouse-Five (1969). November 11 Robert Louis Stevenson, (1850-1894), Scottish author.  Treasure Island (1883), Kidnapped (1886), and Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (1886). November 13 José Saramago, (1922-) Portuguese playwright, novelist, short story writer. Nobel Prize winner in 1998.  The Gospel According to Jesus Christ (1991),The Year of the Death of Ricardo Reis (1984),The Stone Raft (1986), Blindness (1995). November 16 Margaret Atwood, (1939), Canadian novelist, poet, and short-story writer. The Handmaid's Tale (Arthur C. Clarke Award in 1987), Cat's Eye, Alias Grace, The Blind Assassin, Oryx and Crake, and Surfacing. She has been shortlisted for the Booker Prize five times. November 18 Nadine Gordimer, (1923; d.2014), South African novelist, short-story writer, and 1991 Nobel Prize for Literature. Booker Prize for her novel The Conservationist (1974). Works such as Burger's Daughter and July's People were banned. November 20 Voltaire, born Francois-Marie Arouet; (1694; d.1778), French philosopher, a versatile writer, producing works in almost every literary form, including plays, poems, novels, essays, and historical and scientific works. Candide (1759). November 21 George Eliot, aka Mary Anne Evans, (1819-1880), English novelist.  Adam Bede (1859), The Mill on the Floss (1860), Silas Marner (1861), and Middlemarch (1871–72). November 22 Benedict [Baruch] de Spinoza, born Benedito de Espinosa (1632; d.1677), Dutch philosopher, author, and lens-grinder. Theological Political Treatise (1670), the posthumous Ethics (1677).  November 24 Carlo Collodi, aka Carlo Lorenzini, (1826; d.1890), Italian journalist and author of the world-renowned fairy tale novel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1880s). November 24 Lope Felix de Vega (1562; d.1635), Spanish dramatist and poet, in the world of Spanish literature, he is second only to that of Cervantes. Some 3,000 sonnets, 3 novels, 4 novellas, 9 epic poems, and about 500 plays. He published two hundred sonnets in the collection La Hermosura de Angélica (1602) and in 1604 he republished them with new material in Rimas. His religious sonnets appeared in a book entitled Rimas sacras (1614), and Rimas humanas y divinas del licenciado Tomé de Burguillos (1634). November 25 Eugene Ionesco, (1909; d. 1994), Romanian/French playwright. Participated in the Theatre of the Absurd  with plays such as The Killer, The Chairs, A Stroll in the Air, Amédée, Victims of Duty. November 26 William Blake, (1757; d.1827), visionary and revolutionary English poet and painter well-known for Songs of Innocence (1789), Songs of Experience (1794), and The Marriage of Heaven and Hell (c.1790). November 28 Louisa May Alcott (1832; d.1888), Pennsylvania-born author of Little Women (1868) and Little Men (1871). November 29 C. S. Lewis (1898; d.1963), English essayist, children's writer, and Christian apologist. The Screwtape Letters, The Chronicles of Narnia, and The Space Trilogy, and for his non-fiction Christian apologetics, such as Mere Christianity, Miracles, and The Problem of Pain.  November 29 Jonathan Swift, (1667; d.1745), English satirist. He originally published all of his works under pseudonyms – such as Lemuel Gulliver, Isaac Bickerstaff, Drapier's Letters as MB Drapier – or anonymously. A Modest Proposal (1729) and Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World, in Four Parts, by Lemuel Gulliver, first a surgeon, and then a captain of several ships, better known as Gulliver's Travels (1726). November 30 Mark Twain, aka Samuel Clemens (1835; d.1910), American humorist.  "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County", was first published in the New York Saturday Press on November 18, 1865. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876), Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885), A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court, (1889). November 30 David Mamet, (1947), Chicago-born playwright, screenwriter and director. As a playwright, Mamet has won a Pulitzer Prize and received Tony nominations for Glengarry Glen Ross (1984) and Speed-the-Plow (1988). As a screenwriter, he has received Oscar nominations for The Verdict (1982) and Wag the Dog (1997). Mamet has also written the screenplays for such films as The Verdict (1982), The Postman Always Rings Twice (1981), The Untouchables (1987) Hoffa (1992), Ronin (1998), Wag The Dog (1997), The Edge (1997), and Hannibal (2001). November 30   December Woody Allen, aka Allen Stewart Konigsberg (1935), Brooklyn native, director and screenwriter. Four Academy Awards. His books include Getting Even, Without Feathers, Side Effects and Mere Anarchy. The best-known of his over 40 films are Bananas (1971), Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex* (1972), Sleeper (1973), and Love and Death (1975) Annie Hall (1977), Manhattan (1979), Hannah and Her Sisters (1986), Midnight in Paris (2011), and Blue Jasmine (2013).  December 1 T[homas] C[oraghessan] Boyle, (1948), NY-born humour novelist and short story writer. World's End (1988), The Road to Wellville (1993). His short stories regularly appear in the major American magazines, including The New Yorker,[8] Harper's,[9] Esquire, The Atlantic Monthly and Playboy. December 2 Ann Patchett, (1963), California native, novelist. Bel Canto (2001). December 2 Joseph Conrad, born Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski, (1857; birthdate also given as Dec. 6; d.1924), Polish-born English writer famous for short stories, and the novels Heart of Darkness (1899), and Lord Jim (1900). December 3 Mark Salzman, (1959), born Greenwich, Connecticut, novelist and memoirist, awarded a Guggenheim fellowship in 2000. Iron & Silk (1986), The Soloist (1994). December 3 Rainer Maria Rilke, (1875; d.1926), German poet. Poetry collections Duino Elegies (Duineser Elegien) and Sonnets to Orpheus (Die Sonette an Orpheus), the semi-autobiographical novel The Notebooks of Malte Laurids Brigge (Die Aufzeichnungen des Malte Laurids Brigge), and a collection of ten letters that was published after his death under the title Letters to a Young Poet (Briefe an einen jungen Dichter). December 4 Willa [Sibert] Cather, (1873, d.1947), born near Winchester, Virginia, and raised in Nebraska, author of O Pioneers! (1913), The Song of the Lark (1915), and My Ántonia (1918). In 1923 she was awarded the 1923 Pulitzer Prize for One of Ours (1922). December 7 Horace, born Quintus Horatius Flaccus (Horace in Latin), (65 BC; d.8 BC), Roman poet. Known for his lyric poetry Odes, elegant hexameter verses (Sermones and Epistles), and caustic iambic poetry (Epodes). December 8 James Thurber, (1894; d.1961), Ohio cartoonist, author, journalist, playwright, and celebrated wit. His best-known short stories are "The Dog That Bit People" and "The Night the Bed Fell"; they can be found in My Life and Hard Times, which was his "break-out" book. Among his other classics are The Secret Life of Walter Mitty, The Catbird Seat, A Couple of Hamburgers, The Greatest Man in the World, and If Grant Had Been Drinking at Appomattox.  Thurber wrote over seventy-five fables, some of which were first published in "The New Yorker" (1939), then collected in Fables for Our Time & Famous Poems Illustrated (1940) and Further Fables for Our Time (1956). December 8 John Milton, (1608; d.1674), British poet. His celebrated Areopagitica (1644) is among history's most influential and impassioned defences of free speech and freedom of the press. Wrote the epic poem Paradise Lost (1667). December 9 Emily [Elizabeth] Dickinson, (1830; d.1886), 'the Belle of Amherst' (Massachusetts), poet. The first volume of Dickinson's Poems, edited jointly by Mabel Loomis Todd and T. W. Higginson, appeared in November 1890. The Poems of Emily Dickinson (1955).  December 10 Naguib Mahfouz, (1911, d.2006), Egyptian novelist, playwright, and short-story writer who won the 1988 Nobel Prize for Literature. He published 34 novels, over 350 short stories, dozens of movie scripts, and five plays. The Cairo Trilogy (Palace Walk, Palace of Desire, and Sugar Street.), Tharthara Fawq Al-Nīl (Adrift on the Nile, 1966), and Children of Gebelawi (1959, also known as Children of the Alley).  December 11 Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, (1918; d.2008), Russian novelist, historian, and outspoken critic of the Soviet Union, awarded the 1970 Nobel Prize in Literature "for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature". One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich (1962), The Gulag Archipelago (1973). December 11 Gustave Flaubert, (1821; d.1880), French novelist. Madame Bovary (1857), and his life-long Correspondence. December 12 Betty Smith, née Elisabeth Wehner, (1906; d.1972), American novelist and dramatist. A Tree Grows in Brooklyn (1943), Joy in the Morning (1963). December 15 Jane Austen, (1775; d.1817), English novelist. Sense and Sensibility (1811), Pride and Prejudice (1813), Mansfield Park (1814) and Emma (1815), and Northanger Abbey and Persuasion, both published posthumously in 1818. December 16 George Santayana, Jorge Agustín Nicolás Ruiz de Santayana y Borrás, (1863-1952), Spanish poet, novelist, and philosopher, known for famous sayings, such as "Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it", and "Only the dead have seen the end of war." The Sense of Beauty (1896), The Life of Reason (five volumes, 1905–6), The Last Puritan (1935). December 16 Sir Noel Coward, (1899-1973), English playwright, composer, director, actor and singer, known for his wit and flamboyance, won an Academy Honorary Award in 1943 for his naval film drama, In Which We Serve, 1933 film adaptation won the Academy Award for Cavalcade (1931). The plays Hay Fever, Private Lives, Design for Living, Present Laughter and Blithe Spirit; a cabaret performer, performing his own songs, such as "Mad Dogs and Englishmen", "London Pride" and "I Went to a Marvellous Party", the movie Around the World in 80 Days (1956), and the comic novel, Pomp and Circumstance (1960).  December 16 Arthur C. Clarke, (1917-2008), futurist and science fiction writer. Winner of many Hugo and Nebula awards, and co-writer of the screenplay for the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey. Childhood's End (1953), A Fall of Moondust (1961), Rendezvous with Rama (1972) (Nebula Award winner, 1973; Hugo Award winner, 1974), The Fountains of Paradise (1979) (Hugo Award winner, 1979; and Nebula Award winner, 1980). December 16 Philip K. Dick, (1928-1982), Chicago-born novelist, short story writer, essayist and philosopher.  The Man in the High Castle (Hugo Award 1963), popular films based on his works include Blade Runner, Total Recall, A Scanner Darkly, Minority Report, Paycheck, Next, Screamers, The Adjustment Bureau, and Impostor. December 16 Ford Madox Ford, born Ford Hermann Hueffer, (1873; d.1939), very prolific English novelist, critic, biographer, and editor. The Good Soldier (1915), the Parade's End tetralogy (1924–28) and The Fifth Queen trilogy (1906–08). Ford founded The English Review (1908) and The Transatlantic Review (1924), publishing works by Thomas Hardy, H. G. Wells, Joseph Conrad, Henry James, May Sinclair, John Galsworthy and William Butler Yeats; and debuted works of Wyndham Lewis, D. H. Lawrence and Norman Douglas. December 17 Ossie Davis, (1917-2005), Georgia native, African-American actor, dramatist, screenwriter, and novelist who wrote the play Purlie Victorious (1961) and its musical adaptation Purlie (1970), and Paul Robeson: All-American. Directed the movie Cotton Comes to Harlem. December 18 Jean Genet, (1910-1986), French novelist and playwright. Novels include Querelle of Brest (1947), The Thief's Journal (1949), and Our Lady of the Flowers (1943); and the plays The Balcony (1957), The Blacks (1959), The Maids (1947) and The Screens (1964) which were later adapted into films. December 19 Sir Benjamin 'Dizzy' Disraeli, (1804; d.1881), 1st Earl of Beaconsfield, British Tory statesman, twice served as Prime Minister, and pioneer of the political novel. Vivian Grey (1826), The Young Duke (1831), Henrietta Temple (1837), Coningsby; or, The New Generation (1844), and Sybil; or, The Two Nations (1845).  December 21 Heinrich Boll, (1917-1985), German writer, and 1972 Nobel Prize for Literature for “his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature". Billiards at Half-past Nine (1959), And Never Said a Word (1953), The Bread of Those Early Years (1955), The Clown (1963), Group Portrait with Lady (1971), The Lost Honour of Katharina Blum (1974), and The Safety Net (1979). December 21 Juan Ramón Jiménez, (1881; d.1958), Spanish poet and journalist (born Andalusia), went into exile in Puerto Rico, where he settled in 1946. Received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1956 "for his lyrical poetry, which in the Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity". The book Platero y yo (1917; "Platero and I"). His poetic output during his life was immense. Among his better known works are Sonetos espirituales 1914–1916 (1916; “Spiritual Sonnets, 1914–15”), Piedra y cielo (1919; “Stones and Sky”), Poesía, en verso, 1917–1923 (1923), Poesía en prosa y verso (1932; “Poetry in Prose and Verse”), Voces de mi copla (1945; “Voices of My Song”), and Animal de fondo (1947; “Animal at Bottom”). A quotation from Jiménez, "If they give you ruled paper, write the other way," is the epigraph to Ray Bradbury's novel Fahrenheit 451 (1953). December 24 Carlos Castaneda, (1931-1998), U.S. mystic and writer. The Teachings of Don Juan: A Yaqui Way of Knowledge (1968); A Separate Reality (1971); and Journey to Ixtlan (1972). December 25 Henry Miller, (1891-1980), American writer. Tropic of Cancer (1934), Black Spring (1936), Tropic of Capricorn (1939) and The Rosy Crucifixion trilogy (1949–59). The publication of Miller's Tropic of Cancer in the United States in 1961 by Grove Press led to a series of obscenity trials that tested American laws on pornography. The U.S. Supreme Court, in Grove Press, Inc., v. Gerstein, citing Jacobellis v. Ohio (which was decided the same day in 1964), overruled the state court findings of obscenity and declared the book a work of literature; it was one of the notable events in what has come to be known as the sexual revolution. The Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin holds a selection of Miller's watercolors. December 26 Manuel Puig, born Juan Manuel Puig Delledonne,  (1932-1990), Argentinian writer, lived in exile throughout most of his life. La traición de Rita Hayworth (1968) (Betrayed by Rita Hayworth), Boquitas pintadas (1969) (Heartbreak Tango), and El beso de la mujer araña (1976) (Kiss of the Spider Woman), which was adapted as the film Kiss of the Spider Woman (1985), directed by the Argentine-Brazilian director Héctor Babenco; and as the Broadway musical Kiss of the Spider Woman (1993). December 28 [Joseph] Rudyard Kipling, (1865; d.1936), English author (born Bombay, India), 1907 Nobel prize for Literature "In consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world-famous author.". His works of fiction include The Jungle Book (1894), Kim (1901), and many short stories, including "The Man Who Would Be King" (1888).[3] His poems include "Mandalay" (1890), "Gunga Din" (1890), "The Gods of the Copybook Headings" (1919), "The White Man's Burden" (1899), and "If—" (1910). He is regarded as a major innovator in the art of the short story. December 30 Paul Bowles, (1910; d.1999), New York-born novelist, short story writer, composer, and travel writer who spent many years in Morocco. The Sheltering Sky (1949), collection of short stories A Little Stone (John Lehmann, London, August 1950), . His light opera The Wind Remains, based on a poem by Federico García Lorca, was performed in 1943 with choreography by Merce Cunningham and conducted by Leonard Bernstein. His translation of Sartre's play Huis Clos ("No Exit"), directed by John Huston, won a Drama Critic's Award in 1943. The score of his 1955 opera Yerma receives much radio-play, and he made field recordings from 1959 to 1961 of traditional Moroccan music. December 30  
i don't know
Yorkshire Bank is a division of Clydesdale Bank, which is itself a subsidiary of which country's National Bank?
Yorkshire Bank - Apply Online Today! HMRC tax Notification or assessment letter Yorkshire Bank A quick look at Yorkshire Bank's Current Accounts "The Yorkshire Bank is a commercial bank which mostly operates in the North of England, they are a division of Clydesdale Bank, which in turn is itself a subsidiary of the National Australia Bank. The bank offers a comprehensive range of financial products ton UK customers, including: Internet Banking, Current Accounts, Credit Cards, Savings, Loans, Mortgages, Insurance and Travel money." Their current account range includes the Current Account Direct, Signature Current Account, Current Account Plus, Current Account Control, Readycash and Student Account. In addition they have a pre-paid card account which can be used as an alternative to a current account. Current Account Direct The most popular account from the Yorkshire Bank is the Current Account Direct. This is a high interest bank account that has a minimum monthly credit of £1000 required. The account offers a competitive overdraft rate and you're directly in control of the account 24/7 via Telephone banking, Internet and Mobile Banking. This account is designed for self service, so customers must use the phone and internet services to operate the account. The account also comes with a Debit card to withdraw cash and make purchases at home or abroad. The Signature Current Account The Signature Current Account from the Yorkshire Bank includes all year round family travel insurance, car breakdown cover, gadget insurance and ID Defender. You an also save every time you shop at major stores and supermarkets with My Signature Rewards discounts on travel, leisure and high street shopping at Asda, Sainsbury’s and Morrisons. The Current Account Plus offers a competitive planned overdraft rate, an instant access savings account, Debit Card and CashBack at participating retailers. The Current Account Plus overdraft facility is competitive and flexible, plus the included Savings Account Plus allows you to easily transfer funds between saving and cheque accounts (though access to the savings account is by Internet and/or Telephone Banking only, customers cannot withdraw or deposit money from the Savings Account at any branch). The Current Account Control The Current Account Control works just like a traditional current account, except with this account there is a £7.50 monthly fee, which usually stops payments being processed that would incur unplanned borrowing charges. Nobody likes paying bank charges when there aren’t enough available funds to cover a direct debit or if a payment takes you over an agreed overdraft limit, Current Account Control helps customers to avoid these charges for £7.50 a month. Applicants for the Current Account Control account must be 18 or over and you get all the same great account facilities including a Debit Card, CashBack from participating retailers, Direct Debit or standing order facilities, 24 Hour Telephone and Internet Banking; and your salary, wages, pension or student grant can be paid directly into the account. About Us We are small UK based company with big ambitions and desire towards helping UK customers find the right bank for them. We are not credit experts so do not solely use the information on this site in your decision making process. Always check the full terms and conditions of any agreement with the corresponding company. Quick Links
Australia
In which year did James Callaghan become Prime Minister?
Banking: Can Duffy make Clydesdale a contender? /Euromoney magazine Share on googleplus David Duffy, the new chief executive of Yorkshire Bank, will be familiar with the claim among locals that Yorkshire is "God’s own country". For investors and bankers in its parent National Australia Bank, however, recent years in the northern UK heartlands of Yorkshire and Scotland (home of Clydesdale Bank) have been far from heavenly.  During a period when the Australian economy was booming, NAB’s UK banking business was a heavy drag on group profits. The nadir came in 2012, when Clydesdale – whose licence encompasses the Yorkshire brand since NAB merged the two banks in 2005 – recorded a £139 million cash earnings loss. That year, Clydesdale transferred £5.6 billion of underperforming UK commercial real estate assets to NAB, after a botched attempt to build up in business banking in the UK’s more affluent southern regions. The losses have made NAB’s UK ties particularly frustrating, not least because the business in Australia enjoyed especially strong revenue growth in 2012 and 2013. Clydesdale managed to post a positive cash earnings profit in 2013, but losses from the UK commercial real estate run-off then more than wiped out any benefit to NAB. Meanwhile, reconciled earnings figures show Clydesdale continued to lose money in 2013 and 2014, largely due to the UK’s consumer-redress scheme for mis-sold payment protection insurance.  Perhaps ironically, now that the UK’s economic recovery is gathering pace and the country’s regulator may be easing pressures on banks’ profits, NAB finally looks set to rid itself of Clydesdale – just as Australian economic growth slows due to weaker mineral demand from China. As Euromoney went to press, Duffy and his bosses at NAB were preparing to set Clydesdale free as an independent entity for the first time since the 1920s (NAB bought Clydesdale in 1987 and Yorkshire in 1990. Clydesdale was previously part of Midland Bank). In October, NAB said it hoped to complete a demerger of Clydesdale to existing shareholders, before an IPO of between 20% and 30% of the bank in London and Sydney in February 2016.  "I think the markets are good," says Duffy, pointing to the £5 billion IPO of Worldpay in October. He estimates the value of Clydesdale at the IPO at £2 billion to £2.5 billion, or about 0.7 times book value. For Duffy, the return to profitability of Allied Irish Banks in 2014 presented an opportune time to leave after a "very tiring, demanding" three-year tenure at the bank. He would otherwise have been getting stuck into what he says would have been at least another five years of managing the Irish state’s gradual exit, starting with an IPO. "It was the only time I could reasonably do it, in a stable way, with good relationships with everyone around," he explains, meaning in particular relations with the finance ministry. He thought about taking a year off, and took calls from bigger banks of the kind he used to work for. Duffy started his career at Goldman Sachs, before eventually becoming head of wholesale banking at ING, then spearheading Standard Bank International in London (the markets unit of the latter was sold last year to China’s ICBC). "Going back into a big bowling lane in some giant organisation didn’t really attract me – it’s just processing," Duffy says. The lure of Clydesdale, which he joined in June, was that he thinks it, of all the UK’s so-called challenger banks, has the best chance of closing the gap on the country’s handful of dominant banks. "This is an opportunity to change the face of UK banking," says Duffy. He admits that sounds grandiose; Clydesdale is only a quarter of the size by assets of Nationwide, the smallest of the six biggest UK lenders. It is 18 times smaller than HSBC’s UK business, the smallest of the big four UK franchises. Yet Clydesdale is already the biggest of the next tier of banks, by revenues and assets. The branch network is clustered in Scotland and Yorkshire, but in mortgages, which make up around two thirds of its balance sheet, more than half of its book is in London and the southeast, much originated via brokers. Duffy deems his bank to have better odds of gaining on the incumbents than more specialised challengers: those with more than 90% of their loans in areas like mortgages (Virgin Money), consumer finance (Tesco Bank) or SMEs (Shawbrook). Although it still needs to set up its own treasury function, Duffy claims Clydesdale, which is headquartered in Glasgow and named after the river that runs through the city, has the further advantage of already operating largely independently, so needing less investment in areas like IT systems than banks carved out of big UK banks as part of competition requirements, such as TSB from Lloyds Banking Group or Williams & Glyn from RBS.  He readily admits there has been a lack of investment in the Clydesdale and Yorkshire brands. But Duffy is already succeeding in one of his first priorities, before a shareholder vote on the demerger in January, which is overcoming a "negative bias" against Clydesdale among NAB’s Australian investors, while mustering interest in the IPO among potential new investors, including in the US, UK and Asia. The investment banks coordinating the transaction – Bank of America Merrill Lynch, Macquarie Capital and Morgan Stanley – had "very positive feedback" from a non-deal roadshow earlier this year to Sydney, Melbourne, Hong Kong, New York, London and Edinburgh. The Australians liked the idea of getting exposure to the UK story as the Chinese and Australian economies slow, says Duffy. "They looked at this as diversification with good timing."  Crucially, the chief executive and his team can point to a £1.7 billion indemnity from NAB against past conduct charges (principally the mis-selling of PPI) that the UK regulator asked for as a condition of the demerger. NAB raised A$5.5 billion ($4 billion) in a rights issue in May, mostly to fund the indemnity. Despite news in October of £390 million in additional PPI provisions, which will be deducted from the indemnity, Duffy reckons there is only a "very low risk" that future charges for PPI will exceed the remaining indemnity. "The calculations we had done on what might be the most extreme outcome, you can imagine, are significantly lower than the amount the regulator finally settled on [for the indemnity]," he says. "They’re the ones on the hook for whether you’re sufficiently capitalized for the future, so they added another layer of conservatism." In addition, according to Duffy, asset quality risks are "historically low" after NAB’s transfer of commercial real estate loans. The non-performing loans ratio, in fact, fell to 1.6% in the first half of 2015, while the bank has a 13% common equity tier-1 ratio and is 86% funded by retail deposits. So selling at a discount to book value allows plenty of upside, in his opinion. Challenger bank listings hardly offer rarity value in the UK today. There have already been two such IPOs this year – Aldermore and Shawbrook. One Savings Bank, TSB and Virgin Money listed last year. Metro Bank appointed BAML, Goldman and Royal Bank of Canada for an IPO, it was reported in October. Williams & Glyn aims to have an IPO before the end of 2016. Still, they have generally performed strongly in the secondary market; Virgin Money was up 44% from its listing, for example.  Clydesdale face other challenger banks such as Aldermore and Shawbrook, Metro Bank, Williams & Glyn, One Savings Bank, TSB and Virgin Money Buying into Clydesdale at 0.7 times book value would offer an "attractive entry point," says Brian Johnson, Sydney-based banking analyst at CLSA. He says asset manager Henderson’s split from insurer AMP is a well-known precedent for a demerger of a UK subsidiary that has brought good returns for Australian investors who held onto it, although there are also tax disadvantages to owning non-Australian stocks. The possible impact of M&A activity on Clydesdale’s share price could bring in other investors. Johnson points to Spanish bank Sabadell’s takeover of TSB , less than a year after its IPO, at a 29% premium to the share price immediately before the takeover was announced. "There’s a fair chance that [Clydesdale] will be merged or taken over in the medium term," says Johnson. "A lot of the players [in the UK challenger market] are sub-scale, so it’s inevitable they will get together and merge, or be taken over." With market share in loans at Clydesdale and TSB both under 2%, one senior FIG banker in London thinks Sabadell could acquire Clydesdale, while Virgin Money, Shawbrook and Bank of Ireland – or even AIB, after its IPO – could also acquire or merge with Clydesdale. "Sabadell has to buy more in the UK. It needs to get to at least 7% or 8% market share, minimum," says the banker. "You only really start to make money after 10%."  Duffy, likewise, expects mergers between challenger banks. "In a few years’ time I doubt the market will look as it does today," he says. He is open to the idea of being bought out. "If somebody comes along, the board has to make a decision in the shareholders’ best interests, and if they’re paying a very expensive premium, then it’s right for shareholders."  He adds: "There are other Asian, US and European players who might consider the UK market attractive for different reasons, and they might come in and look at establishing a beachhead with a challenger bank today." In time, Duffy hopes Clydesdale itself could be in a position to make an acquisition to strengthen the franchise, either geographically or in terms of its product offering. Scale alone would not be enough. "There are parts of northern England, which we’re not in, which we would see as logical and as an extension of our footprint," he says, discussing a potential acquisition.  "There are parts in the south, where, if it was a complementary product profile and if you’re extending […] the number of customers that you are accessing, then [an acquisition] could make sense."  In the latter case, he points to SMEs in particular. "Mortgages would be less attractive because [the bank] already has that capability nationally." Clydesdale will have to gain greater credibility in the stock market first. "The only path to consolidation is if we’ve earned the right to the conversation with investors," Duffy says. "We have to deliver on this franchise." Duffy has the advantage, at least, of his experience at AIB – Ireland’s second biggest bank, with similar franchise strengths to Clydesdale in mortgages and, before his arrival, similar deficiencies in areas like costs and digital banking. Being Irish After the bailout, Duffy took the job at AIB in late 2011 in a "politically intense environment" in which the country was pretty much being run by the troika of the IMF, European Commission and the European Central Bank, and the bank itself was heavily reliant on ECB funding. "The media were caught up in the emotional events of the day, with the banks being particularly important in that media discussion," he remembers. He was given the job, he says, thanks to being "untarnished by events" and, unlike many of the people previously at the top of the bank, being Irish. "There was no way to address the situation without being in the field and taking it full-on. I had to do constant media, so go on the radio, TV, as well as bank enquiries, troika meetings, regulator meetings… I used to travel round the entire country, meeting the customers and taking the heat, the stress, the anger," he says. "From the staff, to pay, benefits, pensions, to the structure of the bank, to the leadership team, to the board, it all had to change at the same time." Duffy built a 2,000-strong division to restructure non-performing loans, mainly residential real estate, but had to lay off many thousands more. He cut his own pay, despite the state already effectively capping bankers’ pay at €500,000 (less than half, incidentally, what his predecessor at Clydesdale earned). "It was about the optics of being willing to take a sacrifice as well," says Duffy. Fixing AIB was crucial to Ireland’s economy and its relations with the multilaterals. Ultimately, AIB was able to convince the local and international authorities that it could bring down levels of arrears and provide credit to the economy. Duffy says he started to gain "grudging acceptance" from customers that he was solving the bank’s problems. That record at AIB is an assurance for potential investors in the Clydesdale IPO, says Johnson. In turning around Clydesdale, Duffy can enjoy a less politically charged environment, given that it has not been bailed out by the taxpayer, and possibly a more benign economic and regulatory environment too.  The dangers of the UK leaving the EU – and possible Scottish independence prompted by that – are both "wonderful imponderables", according to Duffy. Clydesdale would be likely to register outside Scotland in the event of independence. "The reality is you protect your funding; access to the Bank of England would dictate your actions," he says. But he feels it is best to focus more on what the bank’s management can control. Now is a good time for UK banks, he says, even one concentrated outside London and the southeast. "You’ve got a stable, growing economy, with a stable political environment and a single party that has reasonable tenure to run in its election window and a regulatory environment that seems to have started to see the light at the end of the tunnel," he says. There has been an "inflexion point" in the SME segment in the north of the England, in his view, with deleveraging ending and net loan growth returning. "You’re seeing growth occurring now in the north of England," he says. "There’s a lag factor in Scotland and in northern England, where house prices are growing again, faster than in London."  'This is an opportunity to change the face of UK banking' – David Duffy Duffy remains confident that this is a good time for challenger banks, including Clydesdale. The big banks are more distracted by lawsuits, legacy conduct charges and managing new regulations, he says, particularly around their investment banking divisions. "The big banks are obviously capable and competitive in scale, but they are going through immense amounts of complexity and will do for some period of time." Up to now, Clydesdale has been a "poorly managed, poorly served business" – partly a result of being run by a parent bank "many thousands of miles away, almost on global lines". Coupled with uncertainty over the ownership of the bank, he says it "led to lack of management focus and lack of investment". An example is the weak digital banking platform, or the reliance on human cashiers at branches. Now Clydesdale’s management "can make decisions […] for the value of the franchise". Investment in digital banking is "a top priority". Spending money on the franchise apparently does not mean getting out of its regional heartlands – repeating the mistake of venturing into businesses it understands less well, like commercial real estate – and seeking higher returns in riskier assets. The bank’s average loan-to-value in mortgages is already relatively high, around 58%, compared with a national average of around 50%, according to Standard & Poor’s. Duffy says Clydesdale has spent time restructuring its risk management division, tightening its concentration and operational risk appetite by sector and product. Clydesdale’s strategy under Duffy "expressly decides not to charge off down south and start building in other places where we don’t have history," he insists. "That’s what we did before." Instead, the approach is to "take what you already have that’s really strong and do it a hell of a lot better." Rather than expanding in southern England, Duffy thinks Clydesdale should be doing more in Edinburgh, while the Yorkshire Bank brand should become more active in Manchester and Birmingham: cities where it has operated since its creation. "We see natural potential and competitive ability in those markets," he says. Among the bank’s best assets in Duffy’s mind are its customer relationships passed down generations, sometimes with bank managers who have worked with families and their businesses for decades. Yorkshire Bank clients sometimes talk of a "systemic bank in Yorkshire," he says. "There is a tremendous opportunity to play into that loyalty." It was the same at AIB. "These are community-based brands," he says. Digital banking Meanwhile, when it comes to digital banking – which could also see Clydesdale pick up clients outside its traditional heartlands – investors will also gain some confidence from Duffy’s record at AIB.  John Cronin, research analyst at Investec, says heavy investment in this area under Duffy has brought AIB a larger market share in Ireland’s unusually large under-40s demographic. "First mover advantage [in digital banking] is something AIB will benefit from in the years to come," says Cronin. "It’s now up to the other Irish banks to follow suit." Investment in technology at AIB was a central element of the difficult, rather paradoxical effort to reposition the bank for an economic recovery at the same time as drastically cutting costs (he says branches had never been closed in the history of the state). "When I started [at AIB] there was no app, no digital, no branch transformation," he says. By the time of his departure the bank could claim existing customers could go online and get approval for a mortgage in principle within a minute. Duffy draws a parallel to the situation at Clydesdale, even if the strategy is even less radical today. "I’m not in any way going to pretend that this is lifetime-advantage territory; this is interim-advantage territory," he says. "I think digital across all the banks will revert to the mean over time. Every now and again you have an advantage, or you have to catch up, but digital is not the differentiator anymore." But investments in mobile banking, for example, could help Clydesdale improve its efficiency. Cost-to-income at the bank is high, around 70%. Duffy thinks it will help take out "the hoops, the bureaucracy" of serving customers. The bank will open new branches as economic activity shifts to new districts. In busy urban areas, it is launching what Duffy calls "flagship branches" with state-of-the-art technology for retail and SMEs that will be open evenings and on Sundays so small businesses can drop off their day’s takings via self-service machines.  Duffy maintains that when it comes to taking out a big loan, people still want to speak to bankers face-to-face in a branch, even if they take some initial steps online. Yet the aim is for "a fully transformed distribution network".  "The model of the branch is going to change dramatically," he says.
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"""..A tale of the riots of eighty"" completes the title of which work by Charles Dickens?"
Barnaby Rudge, a tale of the riots of 'eighty. (Book, 1899) [WorldCat.org] The E-mail message field is required. Please enter the message. E-mail Message: I thought you might be interested in this item at http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/80354439 Title: Barnaby Rudge, a tale of the riots of 'eighty. Author: Charles Dickens Publisher: London, J.M. Dent & Co., etc. etc., 1899. OCLC:80354439 The ReCaptcha terms you entered were incorrect. Please try to match the 2 words shown in the window, or try the audio version.
Barnaby Rudge
Who was the last British player to win the Ladies' Singles title at Roland Garros?
Barnaby Rudge: A Tale of the Riots of 'Eighty: Amazon.co.uk: Charles Dickens: 9781588278043: Books By S. Hapgood VINE VOICE on 29 Nov. 2003 Format: Paperback Verified Purchase "Barnaby Rudge" was the first commercial failure Dickens had. There were a number of reasons for this, mainly I suspect that it was published during a recession, but also because Dickens had by then made a big name for himself as an observer of his own times. That is very much the image he still has today, Dickens is synonymous with the mid-19th century, so going back to the end of the 18th century wasn't perhaps commercially a good move. These days "Barnaby Rudge" has become overshadowed completely by Dickens's other historical novel, "A Tale Of Two Cities", not helped by the fact that both books cover more or less the same themes: the horrors of mob rule, a city plunged into anarchy, the storming of a prison, and what happens when innocent people get dragged into a cause that is being manipulated by people with dubious axes to grind, plus of course the perennial theme of love triumphing in the face of evil. Having said all that, "Barnaby Rudge" holds up strongly as a book in its own right. The anti-Catholic Gordon Riots are virtually unknown to us these days (I have to admit, somewhat shamefully, I had never heard of them before, it was quite an eye-opener to find that such a devestating thing had happened in London!), but its central core theme of people becoming divided and wrecking havoc and hatred on each other is as relevant now as ever. Barnaby himself is a mentally-handicapped young man, and it is heartbreaking to see him allowing himself to be adopted by the cause in the belief that he will make his mother proud of him. It is also a delightful portrait of someone totally pure at heart caught up in a cynical, hate-filled world. Read more ›
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Which 2008 film is a sequel to the 2005 film 'Batman Begins'?
The Dark Knight (2008) - IMDb IMDb 17 January 2017 4:34 PM, UTC NEWS There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON TV ON DISC ALL When the menace known as the Joker wreaks havoc and chaos on the people of Gotham, the caped crusader must come to terms with one of the greatest psychological tests of his ability to fight injustice. Director: Famous Directors: From Sundance to Prominence From Christopher Nolan to Quentin Tarantino and every Coen brother in between, many of today's most popular directors got their start at the Sundance Film Festival . Here's a list of some of the biggest names to go from Sundance to Hollywood prominence. a list of 25 titles created 17 Mar 2011 a list of 36 titles created 14 Jan 2012 a list of 46 titles created 07 Jun 2012 a list of 27 titles created 24 Sep 2013 a list of 45 titles created 31 Aug 2015 Title: The Dark Knight (2008) 9/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Won 2 Oscars. Another 146 wins & 142 nominations. See more awards  » Videos     1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 8.5/10 X   Eight years after the Joker's reign of anarchy, the Dark Knight, with the help of the enigmatic Selina, is forced from his imposed exile to save Gotham City, now on the edge of total annihilation, from the brutal guerrilla terrorist Bane. Director: Christopher Nolan After training with his mentor, Batman begins his fight to free crime-ridden Gotham City from the corruption that Scarecrow and the League of Shadows have cast upon it. Director: Christopher Nolan A thief, who steals corporate secrets through use of dream-sharing technology, is given the inverse task of planting an idea into the mind of a CEO. Director: Christopher Nolan An insomniac office worker, looking for a way to change his life, crosses paths with a devil-may-care soap maker, forming an underground fight club that evolves into something much, much more. Director: David Fincher Gandalf and Aragorn lead the World of Men against Sauron's army to draw his gaze from Frodo and Sam as they approach Mount Doom with the One Ring. Director: Peter Jackson A computer hacker learns from mysterious rebels about the true nature of his reality and his role in the war against its controllers. Directors: Lana Wachowski, Lilly Wachowski Stars: Keanu Reeves, Laurence Fishburne, Carrie-Anne Moss The lives of two mob hit men, a boxer, a gangster's wife, and a pair of diner bandits intertwine in four tales of violence and redemption. Director: Quentin Tarantino Forrest Gump, while not intelligent, has accidentally been present at many historic moments, but his true love, Jenny Curran, eludes him. Director: Robert Zemeckis A meek Hobbit from the Shire and eight companions set out on a journey to destroy the powerful One Ring and save Middle Earth from the Dark Lord Sauron. Director: Peter Jackson Two imprisoned men bond over a number of years, finding solace and eventual redemption through acts of common decency. Director: Frank Darabont While Frodo and Sam edge closer to Mordor with the help of the shifty Gollum, the divided fellowship makes a stand against Sauron's new ally, Saruman, and his hordes of Isengard. Director: Peter Jackson A team of explorers travel through a wormhole in space in an attempt to ensure humanity's survival. Director: Christopher Nolan Edit Storyline Set within a year after the events of Batman Begins, Batman, Lieutenant James Gordon, and new district attorney Harvey Dent successfully begin to round up the criminals that plague Gotham City until a mysterious and sadistic criminal mastermind known only as the Joker appears in Gotham, creating a new wave of chaos. Batman's struggle against the Joker becomes deeply personal, forcing him to "confront everything he believes" and improve his technology to stop him. A love triangle develops between Bruce Wayne, Dent and Rachel Dawes. Written by Leon Lombardi The night is darkest before the dawn. See more  » Genres: Rated PG-13 for intense sequences of violence and some menace | See all certifications  » Parents Guide: 18 July 2008 (USA) See more  » Also Known As: Batman Begins 2 See more  » Filming Locations: $158,411,483 (USA) (18 July 2008) Gross: Did You Know? Trivia The Joker falling from the Prewitt building mirrors a scene from the very first Joker story in 'Batman' #1 (Spring, 1940) in which the Joker falls from a penthouse scaffolding, but is caught by the Batman. See more » Goofs When Gordon, Dent, and Batman meet on the roof of the MCU, and Gordon enters the scene from an indoor stairwell, the city could be seen behind the door, indicating that it was, in fact, built. See more » Quotes [first lines] Grumpy : [with Chuckles, picks up Bozo on the street] Three of a kind, let's do this! Chuckles : Huh, that's it? Three guys? Grumpy : Plus two guys on the roof. Every guy gets a share. Five shares is plenty. Chuckles : *Six* shares. Don't forget the guy who planned the job. Grumpy : He thinks he can sit it out and still take a slice? I know why they call him "The Joker". Happy : [up on the roof, breaking open the alarm box with Dopey] So why do they call him "the Joker"? Dopey : I hear he wears makeup. Happy : Yeah, to scare people. You know, war ... [...] Crazy Credits Christian Bale is credited with playing "Bruce Wayne" but not "Batman" in the closing credits. See more » Connections Composed by Craig Braginsky,Randy Kerber Sony Special Products GmbH (Chicago, Illinois) – See all my reviews I got to see The Dark Knight on Wednesday night, the reason though why I'm writing this movie comment this late is because I didn't wanna just jump and say this movie was awesome, I wanted to think it through, still today, I can't stop thinking about this movie! The Dark Knight lives up to it's hype and goes beyond it, this is the Batman movie that goes where no other Batman movie has gone before. It gave us a real sold story, we are finally told why the villains are the way they are, how all the injustice in the world can get underneath Batman's skin, how you have to believe that people still have faith in good on Earth. Heath Ledger, I absolutely loved Jack Nicolson's performance in the 1989 film, when I first read that Heath was signed onto The Dark Knight, I was like "What are they, kidding?", once you see The Dark Knight... Heath was incredible! I'm not going to compare Jack and Heath's performance, because they were two different versions of the Joker, but Heath's Joker was definitely the more scary and intense of the two nominations. You didn't know what he was going to do next, he was so crazy, he was also so charismatic to the point where you could relate to his character, and the worst part is not only that he's crazy, he's driving Gotham crazy and treating everyone like little puppets on strings that he can control, and guess what, he is doing it so well with a smile on his face. This was so much more than a Batman film, this was so much more than a comic book film, The Dark Knight truly delivers with drama, action, romance, horror, dark humor, the study of a psychopathic killer, a detective story. The force behind this epic movie is Christopher Nolan, who's previous film, Batman Begins, didn't really thrill me, but his incredible film making is truly shown in The Dark Knight, the shots that he got of Gotham City were absolutely fantastic and made you feel part of the city, part of the Batman story. One of the things that I absolutely loved about The Dark Knight is that normally with a comic book movie, you know it's not real, people don't dress up in costumes, and save the day, villains don't name themselves crazy names and dress in make up or crazy costumes, but The Dark Knight actually makes it seem incredibly real, like it could happen. Bruce Wayne is still learning how to be in his double life of Batman and himself, he has lost Rachel to the new district attorney, Harvey Dent, he's inspiring others who are dressing up as Batman and are trying to take on the villains of the city themselves. But things are much worse when the Joker waltzes into town, and he's going to bring Hell upon Gotham City. Constantly playing with Gotham's mind and trying to get Batman to reveal himself, Batman has never dealt with such a psychopathic genius before. The Joker has named himself as the "Classy Villain that Gotham needs", he also has brought a new thought into Batman's head of them actually being more alike than different, that Batman completes him, the Joker would be nothing without him. But Batman is relying on Harvey Dent, who is Gotham's "White Knight" trying to put all of Gotham's scum in jail. But when the Joker plays Batman and Commissioner Gordon, Harvey and Rachel find themselves in very horrific position and Harvey must discover if he will die a hero or live long enough to become a villain. All the performances are dead on in this movie, now everyone's going crazy over Heath Ledger's performance, but one performance I would also love to credit is Aaron Eckhart who plays Harvey Dent/Two Face, his performance was just as great as Heath's and made Two Face a human villain. You could understand his hatred and vengeance on what happened to him and why he became Two Face. I know that everyone is saying this but I truly mean when I say this is one of the best movies I have seen in a very long time. We had some great movies these past few years, but I think The Dark Knight is seriously something special, but I don't wanna build it up too much since some people go to the theater expecting my words to be the same as your own. In my opinion though this is not a great movie, I can't come up with a word describe how incredibly powerful this movie was, to be honest I would go above a 10 rating if I could; this is the Batman film that we have been waiting for. I've seen it twice in one weekend, I'm going to see it three times this upcoming week, I don't mind one bit. I can't wait for the sequel and I would just like to say RIP to Heath, wish he could have seen his breath taking performance as The Joker. 10/10 439 of 574 people found this review helpful.  Was this review helpful to you? Yes
Dark Knight
Who was the wife of Odysseus?
Batman Begins (2005) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error After training with his mentor, Batman begins his fight to free crime-ridden Gotham City from the corruption that Scarecrow and the League of Shadows have cast upon it. Director: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC a list of 41 titles created 26 Dec 2013 a list of 30 titles created 12 Oct 2014 a list of 25 titles created 04 May 2015 a list of 45 titles created 8 months ago a list of 22 titles created 5 months ago Search for " Batman Begins " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Nominated for 1 Oscar. Another 14 wins & 66 nominations. See more awards  » Videos     1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 8.5/10 X   Eight years after the Joker's reign of anarchy, the Dark Knight, with the help of the enigmatic Selina, is forced from his imposed exile to save Gotham City, now on the edge of total annihilation, from the brutal guerrilla terrorist Bane. Director: Christopher Nolan When the menace known as the Joker wreaks havoc and chaos on the people of Gotham, the caped crusader must come to terms with one of the greatest psychological tests of his ability to fight injustice. Director: Christopher Nolan While Frodo and Sam edge closer to Mordor with the help of the shifty Gollum, the divided fellowship makes a stand against Sauron's new ally, Saruman, and his hordes of Isengard. Director: Peter Jackson A thief, who steals corporate secrets through use of dream-sharing technology, is given the inverse task of planting an idea into the mind of a CEO. Director: Christopher Nolan A meek Hobbit from the Shire and eight companions set out on a journey to destroy the powerful One Ring and save Middle Earth from the Dark Lord Sauron. Director: Peter Jackson A computer hacker learns from mysterious rebels about the true nature of his reality and his role in the war against its controllers. Directors: Lana Wachowski, Lilly Wachowski Stars: Keanu Reeves, Laurence Fishburne, Carrie-Anne Moss Gandalf and Aragorn lead the World of Men against Sauron's army to draw his gaze from Frodo and Sam as they approach Mount Doom with the One Ring. Director: Peter Jackson Earth's mightiest heroes must come together and learn to fight as a team if they are to stop the mischievous Loki and his alien army from enslaving humanity. Director: Joss Whedon After being held captive in an Afghan cave, billionaire engineer Tony Stark creates a unique weaponized suit of armor to fight evil. Director: Jon Favreau When a Roman general is betrayed and his family murdered by an emperor's corrupt son, he comes to Rome as a gladiator to seek revenge. Director: Ridley Scott Forrest Gump, while not intelligent, has accidentally been present at many historic moments, but his true love, Jenny Curran, eludes him. Director: Robert Zemeckis An insomniac office worker, looking for a way to change his life, crosses paths with a devil-may-care soap maker, forming an underground fight club that evolves into something much, much more. Director: David Fincher Edit Storyline When his parents are killed, billionaire playboy Bruce Wayne relocates to Asia where he is mentored by Henri Ducard and Ra's Al Ghul in how to fight evil. When learning about the plan to wipe out evil in Gotham City by Ducard, Bruce prevents this plan from getting any further and heads back to his home. Back in his original surroundings, Bruce adopts the image of a bat to strike fear into the criminals and the corrupt as the icon known as 'Batman'. But it doesn't stay quiet for long. Written by konstantinwe Rated PG-13 for intense action violence, disturbing images and some thematic elements | See all certifications  » Parents Guide: 15 June 2005 (USA) See more  » Also Known As: £4,427,802 (UK) (17 June 2005) Gross: Did You Know? Trivia Liam Neeson's role in this film is an similar role to his role in Star Wars: Episode I - The Phantom Menace (1999). Like Qui-Gon Jinn, Henry Ducard is mentor to Bruce Wayne and is a member of the League of Shadows, which is a ninja cult and Ducard trains Wayne as a ninja. See more » Goofs The position of tree branches over the water well young Bruce falls in changes. The branches look one way (from the bottom looking up) when Rachel calls down, but it appears to be a different tree when Thomas Wayne lowers himself to rescue Bruce. This may be a deliberate, as the scene is a subjective view of a confusing, traumatic moment, when memory can become unreliable. See more » Quotes See more » Crazy Credits The DC logo contains two comic-book images: a shot of the Riddler, and picture of Batman punching him out. See more » Connections See more » Frequently Asked Questions Batman Is Back and Better Then Ever 6 June 2005 | by DPG311 (United States) – See all my reviews This film easily trumps any live-action incarnation we've scene of the Dark Knight before, borrowing heavily from both the comics and the Dini and Co. animated series. This is a hard, fast, driving, heartfelt epic that draws you into the character of Bruce Wayne and makes you damn well care. Batman doesn't play second-fiddle to the villains here like in the other films. It's his movie and that's the way it should be. Much has been said of the film's "reality" quotient, and I'm here to say it works. Nolan talks about how Batman's strong because he does push-ups, he gets around because of his gadgets, and by introducing each of them with a plausible explanation, we forget to quibble and go along with it. The technology may be fantastic, but it's believable. And, unlike the "reality" of something like Daredevil, Nolan doesn't forget his ideals halfway though and start having Batman wire-jump thirty feet into the air. 499 of 670 people found this review helpful.  Was this review helpful to you? Yes
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Which African country has the largest population?
Map of Most Populated African Countries Online Quiz Most Populated African Countries Among the African Countries, Nigeria is the most populated. Below is the map of Africa showing the top ten most populated countries along with the table stating their capital city and population. Click on any shaded country on the map for enlarged view
Nigeria
Haiti occupies the western part of which island?
Africa to Record Largest Population Growth Over Next 40 Years Africa to Record Largest Population Growth Over Next 40 Years September 12, 2013 11:13 AM Jennifer Lazuta A woman poses for a photograph with her children in front of house in the slum of Makoko in Lagos, Nigeria, January 22, 2013 Share See comments DAKAR —  A new report predicts that sub-Saharan Africa will record the world's largest population growth between now and 2050. According to the Population Reference Bureau, the world's poorest region will more than double in population, from 1.1 billion to 2.4 billion. By the year 2050, the report states Africa's population is likely to grow by a staggering 1.3 billion people -- the largest growth of any region in the world, including Asia, which currently has about 60 percent of people on the planet. Sub-Saharan Africa, where fertility rates are among the highest in the world, will account for the majority of the increase. In sub-Saharan Africa, the population is expected to grow from 926 million people to nearly 2.2 billion people. Africa's population explosion has the potential to zoom past current estimates, said Carl Haub, a senior demographer at the Population Reference Bureau, a Washington-based non-profit group. “Sub-Saharan Africa has, without a doubt, the greatest population growth potential of any region," said Haub. "The projection today is that it will increase by about two and a half times. But the important thing to remember is that even that projection assumes that the birth ate in sub-Saharan Africa will decrease. And in many of those countries today, it [has] not.” People crowd a street in a market in Lagos, which is expected to overtake Cairo soon as Africa's largest city. The Population Reference Bureau report shows that women in sub-Saharan Africa currently average 5.2 children during their lifetime, compared to averages of 1.6 in Europe and 1.9 in North America. In some African countries, such as Niger, the birth rate is as high as 7.6 children per woman. And even the assumption that this rate will decline steadily over the coming decades, the population of Niger is still expected to nearly quadruple by 2050, according to Haub. In the past, population growth in many African countries was slowed by high rates of HIV/AIDS and infant mortality. But recent improvements in access to health care across the continent mean that people are living longer. While this is a good thing, African countries must now actively work to reduce their fertility rates in order to keep future population growth in check, said Haub. “One of the main things is to include family planning services with maternal health. And inform couples about the different methods and what they can do to either reduce the number of children or to space births out," he said. "It’s much healthier for a woman to have at least two years between the births. And that’s had some success in a few countries. I think it’s fair to say that in many of the other countries, the willingness to do that is really not there.” Haub added that if African populations do grow at projected rates - or even faster - it could lead to many problems, including higher rates of poverty and unemployment, and environmental degradation. That trend might also affect foreign aid from donors, many of whose budgets are already strained by growing numbers of people who need assistance.
i don't know
Which group did Ringo Starr leave to join 'The Beatles'?
Ringo Starr Meets the Beatles | Modern Drummer Magazine Ringo Starr Meets the Beatles Views 152By Kevin Kearns Shares 0 Facebook Share on facebook Twitter Tweet it Google+ Share on google+ Linkedin Share on linkedin Reddit Read it on Reddit Whatsapp Share on whatsapp Share on Email Mail it + We travel back to the December 1981/January 1982 issue of Modern Drummer, which featured a cover story with former Beatle Ringo Starr. In the piece, Ringo talked extensively about growing up in England, sharing the most remarkable ride in pop history with John Lennon, Paul McCartney, and George Harrison, and embarking on his solo career following the group’s 1970 breakup. Here, in celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Beatles’ February 1964 arrival in America, we focus on Ringo’s recollections of his early years with the Beatles.   Ringo: I was playing with Rory Storm and the Hurricanes about eighteen months, two years [before I joined the Beatles]. We’d all played the same venues and, at the time, Rory and the Hurricanes used to be top of the bill. There’d be all these other bands on, and occasionally the Beatles would play. It ended up that they were the only band I ever watched, because they were really good, even in those days. One morning, I was in bed, as usual. I don’t like getting up in the day because I live at night. So a knock came at the door, and [Beatles manager] Brian Epstein said, “Would you play a lunchtime session at the Cavern with the Beatles”? And I said, “Okay, okay, I’ll get out of bed,” and I went down and played. I thought the band was good, and it was great for me to play. MD: Were they different from other bands playing at the time? Ringo: Yeah, they were playing better stuff. They were doing very few of their own songs then, but they were doing really great old tracks—Shirelles tracks and Chuck Berry tracks, but they did it so well. They had a good style. I don’t know, there was a whole feel about Paul, George, and John. And Pete [Best], it’s no offense, but I never felt he was a great drummer. He had sort of one style, which was very good for them in those years, I suppose, but I think they felt that they wanted to move out of it more. So I just played the session, and then we went and got drunk, and then I went home. MD: So it was a one-shot deal. Ringo: It was a one-shot, but we knew each other. We met in Germany when Rory played there and so did the Beatles, but we didn’t play with each other. There was heavy competition because we used to play weekends, twelve hours a night between the two bands, and we’d try to get the audience in the club, so there was a lot of competition. And then, at the four- or five-in-the-morning set, if the Beatles were left on, I’d usually still hang around because I was drunk, asking them to play some sort of soft sentimental songs, which they did. So basically, they were at one club and we were at another club, and we ended up at the same club. That’s how we sort of said hello. We never played with each other, but then out of the blue, Brian came and asked me to play. MD: Was that an audition for you from their standpoint? Ringo: No, Pete wasn’t well or something, so they needed a drummer for the session and asked me, or asked Brian to ask me. So I went and played and that was all there was to it. This went on for about six months, where every couple of weeks I’d play, for whatever reasons. Then there was talk about me joining and I was asked if I would like to. I said, “Yeah,” and then went away with Rory to play this holiday camp again, because it was good money for three months and we just played what we wanted. About five weeks into this three-month gig, Brian called and asked if I would join the Beatles. I said, “Yeah, I’d love to. When”? He called me on a Wednesday, and he said, “Tonight.” I said, “No, I can’t leave the band without a drummer. They’d lose a six-week gig, which [is how long] they have left to go.” So I said I’d join Saturday, which gave Rory the rest of the week to find a drummer. MD: Why did you choose to join the Beatles if both bands, in essence, were starving? Ringo: Well, I’d rather starve with a better band, and I felt the Beatles were a better band. And by then we weren’t actually starving. We were making…not great money, but enough to live on. And the Beatles were making a bit more—they were coming up real fast. But I loved the band so much. And I thought I had done everything our band could do at the time. We were just repeating ourselves. So it was time to move on. And I liked the boys as well as the music. So I left on Saturday, played on Saturday night, and it was in every newspaper. There were riots. It was okay when I just joined in and played a gig and left, but suddenly I was the drummer. Pete had a big following, but I had been known for years in Liverpool, so I had quite a following too. So there was this whole shouting match, “Ringo never, Pete forever,” and “Pete never, Ringo forever.” There was this whole battle going on, and I’m just trying to drum away. But they got over it and then we went down to make a record. I’m not sure about this, but [I think] one of the reasons they also asked Pete to leave was George Martin, the producer, didn’t like Pete’s drumming. So then when I went down to play, he didn’t like me either, so he called a drummer named Andy White, a professional session man, to play the session. But George has repented since. [laughs] He did come out one day, saying it—only when he said it, it was ten years later. In the end, I didn’t play that session. I played every session since, but the first session, he brought in a studio drummer. MD: There are reportedly two versions of the first release, “Love Me Do,” one where Andy White plays and one where you play. Ringo: I’m on the album and he’s on the single. You can’t spot the difference, though, because all I did was what he did, because that’s what they wanted for the song. MD: It’s also been said that Martin handed you a tambourine. Ringo: Yeah, and told me to get lost. I was really brought down. I mean, the idea of making a record was real heavy. You just wanted a piece of plastic. That was the most exciting period—the first couple of records. Every time it moved into the 50s on the charts, we’d go out and have dinner and celebrate. Then when it was in the 40s, we’d celebrate. And we knew every time it was coming on the radio and we’d all be waiting for it, in cars or in someone’s house. We wouldn’t move for that three minutes. And then, of course, the first gold disc and the first number one! But like everything else, when you’ve had five number ones, one after the other, and as many gold discs as you can eat, it’s not boring, but it’s just that the first couple of records were so exciting. I think they are for everybody. It’s like sweets every day, though. You get used to it. So I was really brought down when he had this other drummer, but the record came out and made it quite well, and from then on I was on all the other records, with my silly style and silly fills. They used to call it “silly fills.” MD: Who? Ringo: Everyone used to sort of say, “Those silly fills he does.” MD: And yet, your playing turned drumming around for a lot of people. Ringo: But we didn’t know that then. Everyone put me down—said that I couldn’t play. They didn’t realize that was my style and I wasn’t playing like anyone else—that I couldn’t play like anyone else. MD: You really had an affinity for the toms. Ringo: That was my style. Also, I can’t do a roll to this day, and I hit with the left first, while most drummers do it with the right first. Mine might be strange in its way, but it was my style. I can’t go around the kit, either. I can’t go snare drum, top tom, middle tom, floor tom. I can go the other way. So all these things made up these so-called “funny fills,” but it was the only way I could play. And then later on, after I was always put down as a drummer, I came to America and met Jim Keltner and people like that who were telling me they were sick of going in the studio, because they’d only been asked to play like me. So it was very good for my ego, and it turned out that I wasn’t silly after all. MD: George Harrison said that he felt the response to the Beatles was some sort of hysterical outlet for people. The four of you must have sat around and conjectured as to what was going on. It had to be mind blowing. Ringo: Well, we enjoyed them getting their hysterical needs out, because no one came to listen to our gigs. They bought records to listen to. They just came to scream and shout, which was fine, but after four years I was becoming such a bad player because I couldn’t hear anything. Because of the noise going on, all I had to do was just constantly keep the time, so we’d have something to follow. If you look at films, you’ll see I’m looking at their mouths—I’m lip reading where we’re up to in the song because I couldn’t hear the amps or anything. We were becoming bad musicians, so we had the discussion about it. Besides, we could play in any town or country in the world and get the same response, but only the four of us would know if we played any good, and that was very seldom, because we couldn’t hear. So you’re getting the same response for a bad gig, and it wasn’t any help. You only wanted applause if you did something that worked. It was pointless playing on stage anymore, so we decided to go into the studio, where we could get back to playing with each other again. [That] got us playing again and exploring a lot of avenues of the technology of the studio, which, compared to now, was Mickey Mouse. MD: What were the highlights of your time in the Beatles, in terms of the band and your playing? Ringo: As an act, which we were, the Palladium or the Ed Sullivan Show, because they were definite moves in a career. We still wanted to be the biggest band in the world. Not that we knew it would be a monster, but we knew we were aiming somewhere and the only [way to measure] it is popularity. And we did become the most popular group on earth, so there’s all those moves. [In terms of playing], the “Rain” session, where something just comes out of the bag, that just arrives—that’s exciting. It’s not a conscious thing—it just happens, and some sessions can get exciting. Musically, sometimes you would be blown away with what came out, but not every time. Other times you did the best you could, and if it worked, great. But sometimes magic just came out of the blue, and it comes out for everybody. To play with three other people, any other people, when it works is when everyone is hitting it together, no one is racing, no one’s dragging, the song is good or the track is good and the music is good…. If you’re not a musician, I don’t know if you’ll understand it, when three, four, or ten of you, or a hundred-piece orchestra, hit it together for as much time as you can—because there’s very few times it goes through the whole track, never mind the whole album—there’s a magic in that that is unexplainable. I can’t explain what I get from that. It’s getting high for me. Just a pure musical high. MD: How does someone maintain his perspective on being a human being when the world has made him larger than life? Ringo: I think you’re born with it. Also, at certain periods I did go over the edge and believe the myth, but I had three great friends who told me, “You’re bullshitting yourself.” MD: But weren’t they going over the edge as well? Ringo: Yes, but they had three friends too, to tell them they’re bullshitting themselves. It’s not that we actually all did it at once. MD: What kind of effect would you say the Beatles, the fame, etc., has had on you today? Ringo: I don’t know. It’s hard to say where I’d be if it hadn’t happened. But it did, so I’m exactly where I feel I should be. Does anybody know what he would have done if he hadn’t been doing what he did at the time he was doing something? It’s impossible to tell. The difference would be that you wouldn’t be interested in talking to me if I had just been playing some little club somewhere. But whether I would have been a different human being…it’s hard to tell. I’m sure I must have changed, but would I have changed had I gone through a whole different type of life? I don’t know. The effect it all had, from being born to today and everything that went on in between, is that we’re sitting here in the garden, trying to say hello.   Tagged With anniversary beatles Beatles’ February 1964 arrival in America classic interview December 1981/January 1982 interview Jim Keltner Meet the Beatles Modern Drummer Modern Drummer interview Modern Drummer Magazine questions Richard Starkey Ringo Ringo Starr Rory Storm and the Hurricanes The Bealtes Shares 0
Rory Storm
Which element has the chemical symbol 'V'?
The Beatles' Ringo Starr: 'Paul McCartney likes to think he's the only remaining Beatle' | Daily Mail Online comments Sir Paul McCartney won't go on Ringo's new tour either. Is he bothered? If you got to keep a sense of humour, £200 million and a Bond girl, would you be? 'It's difficult, because people don't want you to grow up. A lot of people outside the Beatles want to keep me in that world,' said Ringo Starr Ringo Starr looks at a photograph of his young self and laughs. ‘We didn’t know what was ahead of us. You never do. We didn’t think it would last.’ The black-and-white image shows the Beatles in suits in the early Sixties, waiting to appear on a television show. He’s not sure which one. Paul is whistling, George is distracted, John is wide-eyed and Ringo is staring at the camera, his feet up on a seat. In the picture (below) he looks the most assured, by far. ‘Even Paul thought, “Well, I’ll probably end up as a writer.” So did John. George was going to have a garage.’ But Ringo was a drummer before the Beatles and he still is, long after them. Nearly half a century later, at the age of 70, the boy in that picture is preparing to go on the road again, touring Britain and Europe with the latest incarnation of his All Starr Band. He rarely gives interviews, and gets frustrated when all people want to talk about is the Fab Four, but today says he’s ‘at ease with it’. So here goes. How does it feel to be a Beatle, at his age? ‘It is difficult, because people don’t want you to grow up. A lot of people outside the Beatles want to keep me in that world. They look at that guy from A Hard Day’s Night and think, “That’s still him.” They want you to be that person they related to, in a movie, on record.’ The cheeky chappy? ‘Yeah. Exactly.’ What would he say to that young Ringo, if he could? ‘Who, me? I don’t know. “Hey, how you doing?” Or, “Hey, cool!”’ He gives the peace sign with both hands, and chuckles. Ringo has never pretended to be deep. He was always the natural clown in the band, the friendly face the kids and grannies loved, the yin to the yang of John Lennon’s caustic wit. But he hasn’t given up on the Sixties idealism, even after all this time. ‘Peace and love’ is his catchphrase, and his T-shirt says ‘Give Love’. At the age of 70, Ringo is preparing to go on the road again, touring Britain and Europe He’s still dressing like a rock star – dark suit, dark glasses, three big silver rings in his ear lobe, making it droop – with brushed-forward hair and a closely cut beard, both of which look suspiciously black. Ringo is small, skinny and familiar – that habit of sitting back in the chair, head up like a meerkat, echoes the images of him drumming in the Cavern, at Shea Stadium, on the roof of the Apple building. And we are surrounded by such ghosts, here in the offices of Apple, the company the Beatles set up to run their business affairs. The Beatles brand is bigger than ever: they passed a billion record sales a long time ago, and they’ve conquered the world again lately, thanks to new technology. More than two million of us own the computer game The Beatles: Rock Band. But the masterstroke was to wait a long time before releasing their 13 albums on iTunes – making sure they were remastered and repackaged, and the clamour was intense. Yet Ringo has ‘only’ made an estimated £200 million from the Beatles – far less than Sir Paul McCartney, one of the two main songwriters. As the only two members left to face old age, how do they get on? ‘We are as close as we want to be,’ he says, laughing. ‘We’re the only two remaining Beatles, although he likes to think he’s the only one.’ Ringo has a habit of saying audacious things with a poker face, so you can’t tell if he’s being funny or mad. It’s safer to laugh, and in this case right to do so – because he and Macca made glorious fun of that idea of themselves for this year’s Comic Relief. If you haven’t seen the sketch, look it up online. James Corden and a room full of superstars are arguing about who should be picked to film a special appeal in Africa, until Sir Paul butts in, as pompous as a knight of the realm can be. 'I think it's people on the outside who perceive Paul (McCartney) as thinking he's the only one left. Actually, it's me. I am the last remaining Beatle' ‘You all know that the only person round this table who can go is me. I was in the biggest rock ’n’ roll band in the history of music… I am the last remaining Beatle.’ They all fall silent in awed agreement – until a familiar, flat voice pipes up from the corner: ‘What about me?’ It’s funny and self-aware, but how on Earth did Comic Relief persuade Ringo to do it? ‘I thought it was a great sketch; it worked really well. I did my bit in Los Angeles, where I live half the time. I just sat in a hotel with a camera.’ The best jokes are based on truth, so does he feel like the forgotten man sometimes? And is Paul that self-important? ‘There is an element of truth in it,’ Ringo says, before pausing for thought. ‘But I think it’s people on the outside who perceive Paul as thinking he’s the only one left. Actually, it’s me. I am the last remaining Beatle.’ Deadpan is his default setting. Once you realise that, Ringo is a very engaging man. I’m not surprised he’s still mates with Macca. ‘We are good friends. We don’t live in each other’s pockets, but if we’re in the same country, we get together. He’s singing and playing on my latest album and I played on several of his. We’re just pals. We’re the only two who’ve experienced all this who are still here.’ The Beatles during rehearsals for The Ed Sullivan Show, 1964 The pair of them work with the widows of John and George, Yoko Ono and Olivia Harrison, on managing the Beatles legacy. But how close is that relationship? ‘I was with Yoko and Olivia in Iceland in October for the celebration to mark what would have been John’s 70th birthday. She and my wife Barbara are really good friends. She got up on stage with me on my birthday. We’re all OK together. What’s your point?’ Only that the rancour which followed the Beatles split, and which lasted for years, seems to have gone now. Yoko performed at Ringo’s 70th birthday bash at Radio City Music Hall in New York last summer, and Sir Paul sang the Beatles song Birthday. Doesn’t it make him wonder if a reunion might have become possible by now, had they all survived? ‘We don’t know,’ says Ringo with a sigh, which may be because the question irritates him, or because it makes him sad. ‘We didn’t do it when we’d just split up. God knows. It would have been a great moment for me if the four of us were just sitting around talking about it. It’s never going to happen with us.’ He’s getting restless, wanting questions about the present day, so I ask him if he’s annoyed that he hasn’t been given a knighthood like Sir Paul. ‘Well. That’s up to them. It doesn’t grate with me. It doesn’t alter my life. People have tried campaigns, but it never goes anywhere. Maybe you should start one. What can I say? That’s why I called my last album Y Not. To all the questions like that, I just say, “Well, why not?” I thought I was cool, just using the letter Y.’ 'We didn't think it would last... Even Paul thought, "Well, I'll probably end up as a writer." So did John (Lennon). George (Harrison) was going to have a garage' Ringo’s idea of cool is unique. He won’t shake hands, but prefers to bump elbows. British crowds will see it a lot this summer, as he plays stately homes and theatres with the All Starr Band, which has toured every few years since 1989. Why does he still do it? ‘I still love to play. I go down the front and sing Photograph or whatever, then I get to go back to the drums and play with all these other musicians. It’s a win-win situation. I get the chance to be both the entertainer and the musician. Everyone’s a star, but I’m the big star. The band gets to play 12 numbers between them and I do 12 numbers.’ Ringo does Beatles songs, as well as his solo hits from some of the 16 albums he has released since the Beatles broke up. Has he ever invited Sir Paul to join him? ‘Every time I ask him to join the All Starrs he says he’s too busy. I tell him he’ll have his two numbers…’ So Ringo sticks to the songs he sang in the first place. ‘I have to do With A Little Help From My Friends. I have to do Yellow Sub. And for myself, I have to do Boys, because I’ve done that since I was with Rory Storm and The Hurricanes, the band I was in before the Fabs. People love to see me playing and singing from the drums. There is a responsibility to do stuff that people have come to hear.’ Today is the 30th anniversary of his marriage to Barbara Bach. ‘There’s a song on the new record that says, “The worst it ever was, was wonderful.” That’s a cool line. Everything in it relates to Barbara. I loved the woman from when we met and I still love the woman, and I know she loves me. It’s not like we don’t have a row, but underneath it all there’s always love.’ Ringo has been married to former Bond girl Barbara Bach for 30 years Bach was a Bond girl, hailed as one of the most beautiful women in the world, when he first set eyes on her in 1980. ‘I met her at Los Angeles airport. Her boyfriend was putting her on the plane. I was on the other side of the counter dealing with my ticket, and I just fell in love with the woman. Then we went off to Mexico to do a movie together, Caveman, and I got to know her through that.’ Ringo had been married before, to Maureen Cox, and had two sons and a daughter (his son Zak is a drummer who has played with Oasis). But he was divorced and free to marry Barbara in 1981. They seemed to have everything, but checked into a rehab clinic in Arizona seven years later; Ringo has said, ‘We both have addictive personalities.’ They’ve been through some hard times, then? ‘We’ve been together for 30 years, so we’ve been through all the times. And we’re still together.’ The couple have a charity, The Lotus Foundation, which supports projects to assist those affected by addiction, as well as domestic violence, cerebral palsy and cancer. They live in Los Angeles and Surrey. ‘Home is England. But we split it pretty even.’ He’s not one of those wealthy men who flee the country, saying it’s going to the dogs? ‘Not our house,’ he says dryly, the Scouse in his voice overpowering the Californian for a moment. ‘Our house is great.’ A 17th-century mansion in 200 acres of prime Surrey countryside is certainly great, compared to where he came from. No 9 Madryn Street in the Dingle area of Liverpool is scheduled for demolition by the city council, although the housing minister Grant Shapps is resisting the plan. Ringo isn’t sentimental about the place at all, and clearly on the side of local residents who want new homes. ‘You only have to go walking round there to see where I lived. It was dark and damp. I have to tell you those lyrics on my song The Other Side Of Liverpool are true: “The house I lived in was cold and damp/My mother was a barmaid/At the age of three, my father was gone.” 'As a kid you didn’t care. That’s what we knew. Every woman in our street was a mother if mine wasn’t there. If you fell over they’d pick you up. If you had a cough they’d be putting cough mixture in you. I had a great childhood, besides being a little ill. But then you move out. I grew up. I’m not a child. I’ve moved on.’ Not everybody appreciates that. ‘When the Beatles moved south to London there were people in Liverpool calling us traitors. You know, like they said it to Bob Dylan when he went electric? I was there that night, by the way. People who are like that don’t want you to grow in any way.’ After the last time he went back, in 2008, there was a huge fuss about something he said. ‘Not at the gig. I played the Echo Arena and everything was great. Then I did the Jonathan Ross show and he said, “Is there anything you miss about Liverpool?” I said, “No.” I was being flippant. It was funny. I thought the whole of Liverpool would laugh.’ It didn’t. There were complaints to the BBC. Somebody vandalised a Beatles tribute in the city, cutting his head off. ‘My auntie and my relations laughed at what I said to Jonathan. You know, I’d just had my whole family – those that are left – round for tea on the Sunday.’ Ringo works with Sir Paul and the widows of John and George, Yoko Ono and Olivia Harrison, on managing the Beatles legacy At his house? ‘Like I have a house in Liverpool! No. Round the back of the Arena. We took a room and we put on a great thing. The family are still important. My mother’s dead, so I don’t go back that often.’ He hasn’t been to Liverpool since – and hasn’t spoken about the controversy until now. ‘But I’m going back this summer to do what I do best.’ He nearly spent his life doing something else, as it happens. The career of Richard Starkey, born in 1940, would have been very different if the boy had listened to his family. Having made his first drum kit out of biscuit tins and bits of firewood at the age of 13, he faced a huge decision in the summer of 1960. ‘I was working in a factory, for Henry Hunt and Sons, a light engineering company. I was an apprentice engineer, which was very big news in our family. But I was also playing with Rory and The Hurricanes, and we got the offer of a three-month gig in Butlin’s at Skegness and Pwllheli, so we had to give up our jobs. All my uncles and aunties came over to try and tell me that drumming was OK as a hobby. I had to stand there and defend myself. I said, “No, I’m a drummer, I’m off.” That’s a Sliding Doors moment. Some decisions are good.’ Butlin’s led to a season in Hamburg at the same time as the Beatles were there, which led to an invitation to join them. John Lennon said people forget that Ringo was a star before he joined the band. ‘I was. Within Liverpool I was a lot more well known than them. Rory and The Hurricanes were big shots in the city. We had suits. That was our claim to fame.’ So rather than Ringo being lucky to join the Beatles – as lots of jealous people have said over the years – the opposite was true? ‘Yeah. They were lucky to get me. It wasn’t just that I was a big shot; I was a cool drummer. Brian Epstein asked if I would play a lunchtime at the Cavern with them. That’s how I got started.’ There’s your reason why he’s still on the road. He was joking earlier, but maybe Ringo is the one who has stayed closest to the original spirit of the Beatles, as lads from Liverpool who played the clubs, worked at their music and made people feel good. He’s the only one of the Fab Four who doesn’t get treated as a legend, which is exactly what he wants. ‘That’s your word. I’m a dad and a grandfather and a husband. I’m a regular guy. I like doing regular stuff. But we did leave music behind. The moptops, the style you see around you on the wall, was all transient, but the records are still holding up. The remasters are great – because you can hear the drums. The drums are up, brother.’ Now that you can hear what he’s playing clearly, on all those remastered songs, Ringo is finally getting the credit he deserves. John’s quip about him not even being the best drummer in the Beatles was put to rest when Rolling Stone magazine recently chose Ringo as the fifth greatest rock drummer of all time. ‘I did do some great music. And I’m not done yet.’ He gets up to go, and I tell him it’s been an honour. Ringo laughs loudly. ‘An honour, you say? Ha! That’s great. Put that in your damn article. Peace and love, brother, peace and love.’ Ringo Starr & His All Starr Band are on tour in the UK from June 17. ringostarr.com
i don't know
At 'minus twenty three feet', in which country is the lowest point in the EU?
Neue Seite 1 Arctic Europe - winter of 1939/40 (2_11)  Climate Surprise   In autumn 1939 just 19 years had passed since WWI, named the Great War, had ended. With the end of WWI a dramatic temperature rise had started in the Northern North Atlantic, generating the expression �Greening of Greenland� and �Warming of Europe�. The �Big Warming� was most pronounced at the Norwegian Island Spitsbergen (Svalbard) high in the North bordering the Arctic Sea. The pre World War II winters were the warmest for several hundred years. Suddenly, without any geophysical event, e.g. volcano, earthquake, or meteorite the Northern hemisphere in general, but particularly Northern Europe plunged to Ice Age conditions. Not nature had caused weather to change the course but huge naval armadas going into action on September 1st 1939.  Top Secret - The Weather   Censorship commenced with the start of WWII. Weather was given a top-secret place. Only when Britain plunged into glacial conditions, not experienced for many decades, His Majesty�s Censor relaxed censorship on weather reporting and The New York Times was able to report as follows (excerpts):  �London, 27 January 1940 British Cold Snap Can Now Be Told. Military Censorship on the Weather Lifted � Freeze Severest Since 1894. 7-Degrees Low in London. Press Has Noted Subzero Spell in Europe Without a word of Arctic Conditions locally.  Now it can be told. For the first time since the war began, British censors today allowed that humdrum conversational topic, the weather, which has been a strict military secret in Britain, to be mentioned in news dispatches � providing the weather news is more than fifteen days old. The weather has been so unusually Arctic that by reaction the censors� hearts were thawed enough to permit disclosure of the fact that this region shivered since past several weeks in the coldest spell since 1894, with the mercury dropping almost to zero and a damp knife-edged wind piercing the marrow. While British newspaper readers� teeth chattered, the newspapers told them about a cold wave sweeping Europe, with sub-zero temperature records in Germany, Finland and neutral countries.� (NYT, 28 January 1940).  Note: Temperatures reported by NYT are in Fahrenheit.  Introduction  WWII started during a period of fine weather. The previous months of 1939 had been entirely normal. Two decades of global warming had made the late 1930s the warmest period since the 16th century. Only four months later Northern Europe became arctic. Since September 1939 the North Sea had blocked Atlantic cyclones from moving east on common routes via Central Europe. (A) The reason is obvious. Enormous naval activities stirred and churned huge seawater areas, due to naval activities (B), which inevitably led to the North Sea and Baltic Sea cooling. (C)   Further details:  (A) Lost West Drift, 2_12.  (B) Sea war events, 2_13, Sea mines, 2_14, Depth charges, 2_15. (C) North Sea cooling , 2_16; Baltic Sea cooling, 2_17.  This section proposes to concentrate entirely on the ultimate outcome of the weather conditions in Northern Europe during the first war winter of 1939/40. It will be done mainly by providing a list of significant events from mid December 1939 until the end of February 1940. These events will demonstrate in the most convincing manner how extraordinary and how severe this winter was. It shall particularly raise the awareness that the arctic winter 1939/40 must have been caused by something. Much of this information has been mainly compiled from reports from three newspapers: The New York Times (NYT), the Neue Z�rcher Zeitung  (NZZ) and the Hamburger Anzeiger. The marvellous job The New York Times did is highly appreciated. Their reporting was outstanding, excellent, comprehensive, detailed and prompt.  The list will also contain some general information or analysis of events of particular significance pertaining to the theme �war and weather�. On the other hand the list does not aim in any way to provide a detailed or complete account of the situation, but shall only describe, by a collection of certain examples, the severity of this winter. One cannot seriously discuss �climatic changes� as long as the reasons for the icy winter 1939/40 have not been discussed and explained.  Nothing had happened on earth prior to 1 September 1939, respectively January 1940, that could have caused or been linked to the sudden arrival of this extraordinary cold winter, except that the Second World War had started. (A)  Further details: (A) concerning impact of El Ni�o, see : Lost West Drift, 2_12.  Before starting with the historical list of events, a brief climatic assessment on the severity of the winter conditions in Northern Europe is compiled. It was the coldest winter for more than 100 years for some countries or parts thereof, e.g. Sweden, Germany and Holland. The centre of the �cold pole� in winter the 1939/40 could be located within the triangle Rotterdam � Hamburg � Koenigsberg/Kaliningrad - Riga � Budapest [1] . However, for all countries in the Northern European realm relevant information is compiled in the Chronicle (below, last section), just to give a basic idea as to the exceptional nature of this winter.  This work aims to prove that the war at sea caused this weather anomaly. Naval aspects during the initial war period of a couple of months are given in the three papers. (A) These analyses are also part of the wider investigation to prove that the five years� war at sea during WWII caused the biggest man-made global climatic disaster in the last century, starting with the first war winter of 1939/40 and lasting for four decades. (B)    Further details: (A) Sea war events, 2_13, Sea mines, 2_14, Depth charges, 2_15. (B) Oceans at war, 4_11, Ocean system affected, 4_12.   Severity of the winter of 1939/40  Great Britain Britain�s overall assessment: January 1940 had the lowest mean temperature over Britain. The mean temperature at sea level was 33�0�F over Scotland, and 31�7�F over England and Wales [2] , [3] . January 1940 was probably the coldest for 100 years [4] .  Some locations:  Richmond (Kew Observatory)/London: January 1940 was the coldest since 1791 [5] ; Richmond (Kew Observatory)/London: January 1940 had the highest percentage of �frost days� (87%) since 1854, and registered 84% morning frost [6] ; of the whole winter (December-February) 58% were �frost days� and 13% were �ice days� [7] ; Greenwich: As regards mean temperatures at Greenwich in January the figure was the lowest recorded during the past one hundred years, it being 30.8� F, which is 7.8� F below normal and 0.9� F lower than the mean for the long � remembered January 1881 [8] ; in Kilmarnock (ca. 35 km south of Glasgow):  on January 22, 1940 the temperature deviated by minus 25.3� F from average, the highest since 1902 [9] ; in Durham: January mean temperature (34.8�F) was the lowest of a table 1901-1940; the February temperatures correspondingly were the lowest since 1902 [10] .  The Netherlands  The winter of 1939/40 ranks as No 8 in the list of the coldest winters since 1706, and was the coldest since 1845 [11] .  The record winter conditions were reckoned immediately:  The meteorologists say that last month has been colder than any January in the last one hundred years, with mean daytime temperatures of 23 degrees Fahrenheit (-5�C). (NYT, 1 February 1940).   �February has not yet reached January�s disagreeable record but during the last two days has not been far away�. (NYT, 15 February 1940). The coldest winter since 1830.� (NYT, 20 February 1940).  Norway  The mercury dropped to 54 degrees below zero Fahrenheit at Tynset, in Eastern Norway. (NYT, 18 January 1940).  Sweden  On the basis data for four months i.e., December � March, the winter of 1939/40 ranked 9th in the list of the coldest winters since 1757, trailing behind only the winters of 1880/81 (rank 6); 1837/38 (rank 5); 1808/09 (rank 2). On the basis data for three months the winter is ranked No.10., succeeding the winter of 1892/93 (rank 9) [12] .  ï¿½In Sweden all cold records were broken in the last twenty-four hours, the coldest since 1805.� (NYT, 21 February 1940).  Denmark Based on a list taken from ten observation stations from 1906 to 1941 the amount of cold in winter of 1939/40 was by far the severest at any of the places observed. The figures available, with the mean data in respect of  the 10 coldest years since 1906 in brackets, are as follows: Kobenhavn �378.5 (204.0); Fan� � 349.9 (208.2); Hammershus - 305.6 (176.4); Bog� � 438.0 (235.0). The lowest winter temperatures noted had been for December(-22.2�C); January(-24.3�C); February (-27.4�C); March (-22,0 �C) [13] .  ï¿½It is Denmark�s worst winter since 1860�. (NYT, 15 February 1940).  The Chronicle (below) provides further information on the severity of the situation in Denmark.  Baltic Countries  The lowest temperature in seventy years was reported at Riga, Latvia, with a reading of 47.2�F degrees below zero (-44�C); (NYT, 18 January 1940). Remark: Information on the weather situation during the WWII war winters in the Baltic countries is rare, if existed at all. Presumably, Tallin, Riga and Vilnius experienced the same glacial war winters as Stockholm, Copenhagen, Rotterdam, and London from 1939 to 1942.    Germany   For Berlin and Halle it was the coldest winter in 110 years. The assessment is based on the �summary of the daily mean data from November to March�. For Berlin (correspondingly for Halle), the data noted for 1829/30 is the �cold sum� figure -791�C, for the winter 1939/40 the figure is  -736�C [14] . These data are confirmed by other researches as well [15] .  The coldest January months with respect to Berlin since recording started in 1719 are:  1823, 1838 and 1940. With regard to the winter of 1928/29, February (-10.4�C) was colder than February 1940 (-7�C), but as January 1929 is not among the 20 coldest winter months, the winter 1939/40 ranks higher on the list of cold winters16For Dresden the winter of 1939/40 (December-February) was the second coldest in the 115 year record, only surpassed by the winter of 1829/3017. Dresden recorded the coldest January ever measured since observations started, with minus 9.1�C from average, while the previously lowest figure for 1838 was minus 8.2�C. It was the coldest January for at least 112 years18. For Darmstadt (near Frankfurt a. M.) the winter was the severest since 1837/38 and 1829/30 accompanied with abundant snowfall19.  Hungary  The winter 1939/40 ranked 6th among the 115 year record, and occupied third place in the list of frost days, after 1829/30 (84), 1890/91 (82), and 1939/40 (76); while the coldest February in the last 115 years occurred during the winters of 1929/30 and 1939/4020.  Switzerland  As observed by Groissmayr in 1947: �In contrast to Germany, Austria and Hungary, the winter of 1939/40 in Switzerland was short, the February was close to normal�21 while by comparison the difference in mean temperatures was -8.2�C in Koenigsberg, and -6� to -8�C in Hungary (compared with Switzerland�s average temp.)22  Italy  Italy experienced some cold from the end of December 1939 to mid January 1940.  A record low had been measured in Modena with 13.8�F (-25 �C) on 15th February 1940.  (NYT, 16 February 1940).  For further details concerning the weather conditions in the Mediterranean from end of December 1939 to mid January 1940  (see: Turkey quake, 2_51).   Turkey (Black Sea - Rumania, Bulgaria)  An assessment concerning the earthquake in Turkey on 27th December 1939 is given in: Turkey quake (A). Further details: (A) Turkey quake, 2_51.  United States  The months October to December 1939 had been very dry all over the US, (A) which may have some connection to the military activities in Europe and Asia in autumn 1939.(B) January 1940 was cold, followed by a mild February23 Due to above normal average temperatures over the arctic (and Siberia), the cold pole over Canada has moved south towards the US in January 1940.  According to Scherhag24 January 1940 saw the �typical picture of a weakened sectional circulation�. Brooks observed that most of eastern Canada north of latitude 48�N was above normal in January 1940, with deviations running up to more than 25�F above normal north of latitude 58� N and 18�F above normal in the interior of Alaska. Missouri was actually as cold as the Hudson Bay region for the month25.               Further details: (A) USA dried out, 2_32;  (B) Rain-Making, 2_31  Chronicle Mid December 1939 to February 1940 NOTE: The temperatures reported by The New York Times are always in Fahrenheit; some of which have been converted to Celsius (in brackets).  22/23 December 1939; Snowstorm at the Petsamo (Arctic) Front in Finland with minus 30�C to minus 36�C (Frankfurter Zeitung, 23 Dec.39).  22 December 1939; A very severe snowstorm brought shipping in the Black Sea and the lower Danube river to a standstill on Thursday (21 December 1939). At the coast the temperatures dropped to 15�C below zero. The stormcaused considerable damage in Bucharest. (Hamburger Anzeiger, 23/24 December 1939). Snow also fell all over Bulgaria on 21-22 December, starting a new cold weather episode (down to -16�C), 24th in Northern Bulgaria -20�C, (according to Bulgarian newspaper �Zora�; by personal communication).   23 December 1939; Heavy snowstorm reported from Latvia (Hamburger Anzeiger).  24-27 December 1939: Baltic countries temperatures: In the Eastern parts of the Baltic countries (Russian West border) the temperatures fell to minus 17�C from the 24th to 25th, and below 20�C one day later, extending to the Baltic coast, with minus 14�C in Klaipeda and minus 17�C in Gdynia (Bight) on 27th December26. (Newspaper reports)  28 December 1939; Snow storms sweep Denmark (Frankfurter Zeitung, 29 December 1939).  29 December 1939; Ice closes Danube to German supplies; Rail traffic expected to be hampered by snow (NYT, 30 December 1939); �Cold winds recently have been blowing westward from Russia and the constantly low temperature in the river valley indicates a general freeze will set in soon.� (NYT, ditto).  29 December 1939; From Agram in Yugoslavia temperature of minus 32�C is reported.  (Neue Z�rcher Zeitung, 31 December 1939).  30 December 1939; Cold wave over the Riviera. In Genoa a rapid fall of temperature was followed by an extensive snowstorm. Trieste reports heavy winter storms. Milan had minus ten degrees Celsius during the Saturday night. (Neue Zuercher Zeitung, 31 Dec. 1939).  30 December 1939; �An unprecedented and severe snow storm in Naples region today indirectly caused a train wreck in��. �Rome�s heaviest snowfall in recorded history - six inches - made the Romans feel as New Yorkers did in the 1888 blizzard. There had been nothing close to this as snow fell for three days continuously from December 16 to 18, 1846. (NYT, 31 December 1939), (so also: Neue Z�rcher Zeitung (2 Jan. 1940), but snow fall lasted only for eight hours. The snow melted away in a few hours on 1st January 1940).  30 December 1939; Roma covered by 25-30 cm snow; Venice minus 5�C; Finland�s Arctic Front minus 48�C; record cold in Sweden and Norway with  26 Seewarte, minus 40�C (earlier severest in January 1914 minus 50�C); severe cold in Yugoslavia with minus 23�C (Frankfurter Zeitung).  31 December 1939); cold wave in Bulgaria, the lowest at Rustschuk at the Danube river with minus 20�C. Banja Luka/Westbosnia minus 27�C; in Slovenian cities minus 26�C. (information by personal communication)  31 Dec. 1940; The Atlantic island Madeira reports a violent storm on Sunday (31 December) with heavy flooding. (Neue Z�rcher Zeitung, 2 January 1940);  
Netherlands
Kelly Rowland was a founding member of which group?
Neue Seite 1 Arctic Europe - winter of 1939/40 (2_11)  Climate Surprise   In autumn 1939 just 19 years had passed since WWI, named the Great War, had ended. With the end of WWI a dramatic temperature rise had started in the Northern North Atlantic, generating the expression �Greening of Greenland� and �Warming of Europe�. The �Big Warming� was most pronounced at the Norwegian Island Spitsbergen (Svalbard) high in the North bordering the Arctic Sea. The pre World War II winters were the warmest for several hundred years. Suddenly, without any geophysical event, e.g. volcano, earthquake, or meteorite the Northern hemisphere in general, but particularly Northern Europe plunged to Ice Age conditions. Not nature had caused weather to change the course but huge naval armadas going into action on September 1st 1939.  Top Secret - The Weather   Censorship commenced with the start of WWII. Weather was given a top-secret place. Only when Britain plunged into glacial conditions, not experienced for many decades, His Majesty�s Censor relaxed censorship on weather reporting and The New York Times was able to report as follows (excerpts):  �London, 27 January 1940 British Cold Snap Can Now Be Told. Military Censorship on the Weather Lifted � Freeze Severest Since 1894. 7-Degrees Low in London. Press Has Noted Subzero Spell in Europe Without a word of Arctic Conditions locally.  Now it can be told. For the first time since the war began, British censors today allowed that humdrum conversational topic, the weather, which has been a strict military secret in Britain, to be mentioned in news dispatches � providing the weather news is more than fifteen days old. The weather has been so unusually Arctic that by reaction the censors� hearts were thawed enough to permit disclosure of the fact that this region shivered since past several weeks in the coldest spell since 1894, with the mercury dropping almost to zero and a damp knife-edged wind piercing the marrow. While British newspaper readers� teeth chattered, the newspapers told them about a cold wave sweeping Europe, with sub-zero temperature records in Germany, Finland and neutral countries.� (NYT, 28 January 1940).  Note: Temperatures reported by NYT are in Fahrenheit.  Introduction  WWII started during a period of fine weather. The previous months of 1939 had been entirely normal. Two decades of global warming had made the late 1930s the warmest period since the 16th century. Only four months later Northern Europe became arctic. Since September 1939 the North Sea had blocked Atlantic cyclones from moving east on common routes via Central Europe. (A) The reason is obvious. Enormous naval activities stirred and churned huge seawater areas, due to naval activities (B), which inevitably led to the North Sea and Baltic Sea cooling. (C)   Further details:  (A) Lost West Drift, 2_12.  (B) Sea war events, 2_13, Sea mines, 2_14, Depth charges, 2_15. (C) North Sea cooling , 2_16; Baltic Sea cooling, 2_17.  This section proposes to concentrate entirely on the ultimate outcome of the weather conditions in Northern Europe during the first war winter of 1939/40. It will be done mainly by providing a list of significant events from mid December 1939 until the end of February 1940. These events will demonstrate in the most convincing manner how extraordinary and how severe this winter was. It shall particularly raise the awareness that the arctic winter 1939/40 must have been caused by something. Much of this information has been mainly compiled from reports from three newspapers: The New York Times (NYT), the Neue Z�rcher Zeitung  (NZZ) and the Hamburger Anzeiger. The marvellous job The New York Times did is highly appreciated. Their reporting was outstanding, excellent, comprehensive, detailed and prompt.  The list will also contain some general information or analysis of events of particular significance pertaining to the theme �war and weather�. On the other hand the list does not aim in any way to provide a detailed or complete account of the situation, but shall only describe, by a collection of certain examples, the severity of this winter. One cannot seriously discuss �climatic changes� as long as the reasons for the icy winter 1939/40 have not been discussed and explained.  Nothing had happened on earth prior to 1 September 1939, respectively January 1940, that could have caused or been linked to the sudden arrival of this extraordinary cold winter, except that the Second World War had started. (A)  Further details: (A) concerning impact of El Ni�o, see : Lost West Drift, 2_12.  Before starting with the historical list of events, a brief climatic assessment on the severity of the winter conditions in Northern Europe is compiled. It was the coldest winter for more than 100 years for some countries or parts thereof, e.g. Sweden, Germany and Holland. The centre of the �cold pole� in winter the 1939/40 could be located within the triangle Rotterdam � Hamburg � Koenigsberg/Kaliningrad - Riga � Budapest [1] . However, for all countries in the Northern European realm relevant information is compiled in the Chronicle (below, last section), just to give a basic idea as to the exceptional nature of this winter.  This work aims to prove that the war at sea caused this weather anomaly. Naval aspects during the initial war period of a couple of months are given in the three papers. (A) These analyses are also part of the wider investigation to prove that the five years� war at sea during WWII caused the biggest man-made global climatic disaster in the last century, starting with the first war winter of 1939/40 and lasting for four decades. (B)    Further details: (A) Sea war events, 2_13, Sea mines, 2_14, Depth charges, 2_15. (B) Oceans at war, 4_11, Ocean system affected, 4_12.   Severity of the winter of 1939/40  Great Britain Britain�s overall assessment: January 1940 had the lowest mean temperature over Britain. The mean temperature at sea level was 33�0�F over Scotland, and 31�7�F over England and Wales [2] , [3] . January 1940 was probably the coldest for 100 years [4] .  Some locations:  Richmond (Kew Observatory)/London: January 1940 was the coldest since 1791 [5] ; Richmond (Kew Observatory)/London: January 1940 had the highest percentage of �frost days� (87%) since 1854, and registered 84% morning frost [6] ; of the whole winter (December-February) 58% were �frost days� and 13% were �ice days� [7] ; Greenwich: As regards mean temperatures at Greenwich in January the figure was the lowest recorded during the past one hundred years, it being 30.8� F, which is 7.8� F below normal and 0.9� F lower than the mean for the long � remembered January 1881 [8] ; in Kilmarnock (ca. 35 km south of Glasgow):  on January 22, 1940 the temperature deviated by minus 25.3� F from average, the highest since 1902 [9] ; in Durham: January mean temperature (34.8�F) was the lowest of a table 1901-1940; the February temperatures correspondingly were the lowest since 1902 [10] .  The Netherlands  The winter of 1939/40 ranks as No 8 in the list of the coldest winters since 1706, and was the coldest since 1845 [11] .  The record winter conditions were reckoned immediately:  The meteorologists say that last month has been colder than any January in the last one hundred years, with mean daytime temperatures of 23 degrees Fahrenheit (-5�C). (NYT, 1 February 1940).   �February has not yet reached January�s disagreeable record but during the last two days has not been far away�. (NYT, 15 February 1940). The coldest winter since 1830.� (NYT, 20 February 1940).  Norway  The mercury dropped to 54 degrees below zero Fahrenheit at Tynset, in Eastern Norway. (NYT, 18 January 1940).  Sweden  On the basis data for four months i.e., December � March, the winter of 1939/40 ranked 9th in the list of the coldest winters since 1757, trailing behind only the winters of 1880/81 (rank 6); 1837/38 (rank 5); 1808/09 (rank 2). On the basis data for three months the winter is ranked No.10., succeeding the winter of 1892/93 (rank 9) [12] .  ï¿½In Sweden all cold records were broken in the last twenty-four hours, the coldest since 1805.� (NYT, 21 February 1940).  Denmark Based on a list taken from ten observation stations from 1906 to 1941 the amount of cold in winter of 1939/40 was by far the severest at any of the places observed. The figures available, with the mean data in respect of  the 10 coldest years since 1906 in brackets, are as follows: Kobenhavn �378.5 (204.0); Fan� � 349.9 (208.2); Hammershus - 305.6 (176.4); Bog� � 438.0 (235.0). The lowest winter temperatures noted had been for December(-22.2�C); January(-24.3�C); February (-27.4�C); March (-22,0 �C) [13] .  ï¿½It is Denmark�s worst winter since 1860�. (NYT, 15 February 1940).  The Chronicle (below) provides further information on the severity of the situation in Denmark.  Baltic Countries  The lowest temperature in seventy years was reported at Riga, Latvia, with a reading of 47.2�F degrees below zero (-44�C); (NYT, 18 January 1940). Remark: Information on the weather situation during the WWII war winters in the Baltic countries is rare, if existed at all. Presumably, Tallin, Riga and Vilnius experienced the same glacial war winters as Stockholm, Copenhagen, Rotterdam, and London from 1939 to 1942.    Germany   For Berlin and Halle it was the coldest winter in 110 years. The assessment is based on the �summary of the daily mean data from November to March�. For Berlin (correspondingly for Halle), the data noted for 1829/30 is the �cold sum� figure -791�C, for the winter 1939/40 the figure is  -736�C [14] . These data are confirmed by other researches as well [15] .  The coldest January months with respect to Berlin since recording started in 1719 are:  1823, 1838 and 1940. With regard to the winter of 1928/29, February (-10.4�C) was colder than February 1940 (-7�C), but as January 1929 is not among the 20 coldest winter months, the winter 1939/40 ranks higher on the list of cold winters16For Dresden the winter of 1939/40 (December-February) was the second coldest in the 115 year record, only surpassed by the winter of 1829/3017. Dresden recorded the coldest January ever measured since observations started, with minus 9.1�C from average, while the previously lowest figure for 1838 was minus 8.2�C. It was the coldest January for at least 112 years18. For Darmstadt (near Frankfurt a. M.) the winter was the severest since 1837/38 and 1829/30 accompanied with abundant snowfall19.  Hungary  The winter 1939/40 ranked 6th among the 115 year record, and occupied third place in the list of frost days, after 1829/30 (84), 1890/91 (82), and 1939/40 (76); while the coldest February in the last 115 years occurred during the winters of 1929/30 and 1939/4020.  Switzerland  As observed by Groissmayr in 1947: �In contrast to Germany, Austria and Hungary, the winter of 1939/40 in Switzerland was short, the February was close to normal�21 while by comparison the difference in mean temperatures was -8.2�C in Koenigsberg, and -6� to -8�C in Hungary (compared with Switzerland�s average temp.)22  Italy  Italy experienced some cold from the end of December 1939 to mid January 1940.  A record low had been measured in Modena with 13.8�F (-25 �C) on 15th February 1940.  (NYT, 16 February 1940).  For further details concerning the weather conditions in the Mediterranean from end of December 1939 to mid January 1940  (see: Turkey quake, 2_51).   Turkey (Black Sea - Rumania, Bulgaria)  An assessment concerning the earthquake in Turkey on 27th December 1939 is given in: Turkey quake (A). Further details: (A) Turkey quake, 2_51.  United States  The months October to December 1939 had been very dry all over the US, (A) which may have some connection to the military activities in Europe and Asia in autumn 1939.(B) January 1940 was cold, followed by a mild February23 Due to above normal average temperatures over the arctic (and Siberia), the cold pole over Canada has moved south towards the US in January 1940.  According to Scherhag24 January 1940 saw the �typical picture of a weakened sectional circulation�. Brooks observed that most of eastern Canada north of latitude 48�N was above normal in January 1940, with deviations running up to more than 25�F above normal north of latitude 58� N and 18�F above normal in the interior of Alaska. Missouri was actually as cold as the Hudson Bay region for the month25.               Further details: (A) USA dried out, 2_32;  (B) Rain-Making, 2_31  Chronicle Mid December 1939 to February 1940 NOTE: The temperatures reported by The New York Times are always in Fahrenheit; some of which have been converted to Celsius (in brackets).  22/23 December 1939; Snowstorm at the Petsamo (Arctic) Front in Finland with minus 30�C to minus 36�C (Frankfurter Zeitung, 23 Dec.39).  22 December 1939; A very severe snowstorm brought shipping in the Black Sea and the lower Danube river to a standstill on Thursday (21 December 1939). At the coast the temperatures dropped to 15�C below zero. The stormcaused considerable damage in Bucharest. (Hamburger Anzeiger, 23/24 December 1939). Snow also fell all over Bulgaria on 21-22 December, starting a new cold weather episode (down to -16�C), 24th in Northern Bulgaria -20�C, (according to Bulgarian newspaper �Zora�; by personal communication).   23 December 1939; Heavy snowstorm reported from Latvia (Hamburger Anzeiger).  24-27 December 1939: Baltic countries temperatures: In the Eastern parts of the Baltic countries (Russian West border) the temperatures fell to minus 17�C from the 24th to 25th, and below 20�C one day later, extending to the Baltic coast, with minus 14�C in Klaipeda and minus 17�C in Gdynia (Bight) on 27th December26. (Newspaper reports)  28 December 1939; Snow storms sweep Denmark (Frankfurter Zeitung, 29 December 1939).  29 December 1939; Ice closes Danube to German supplies; Rail traffic expected to be hampered by snow (NYT, 30 December 1939); �Cold winds recently have been blowing westward from Russia and the constantly low temperature in the river valley indicates a general freeze will set in soon.� (NYT, ditto).  29 December 1939; From Agram in Yugoslavia temperature of minus 32�C is reported.  (Neue Z�rcher Zeitung, 31 December 1939).  30 December 1939; Cold wave over the Riviera. In Genoa a rapid fall of temperature was followed by an extensive snowstorm. Trieste reports heavy winter storms. Milan had minus ten degrees Celsius during the Saturday night. (Neue Zuercher Zeitung, 31 Dec. 1939).  30 December 1939; �An unprecedented and severe snow storm in Naples region today indirectly caused a train wreck in��. �Rome�s heaviest snowfall in recorded history - six inches - made the Romans feel as New Yorkers did in the 1888 blizzard. There had been nothing close to this as snow fell for three days continuously from December 16 to 18, 1846. (NYT, 31 December 1939), (so also: Neue Z�rcher Zeitung (2 Jan. 1940), but snow fall lasted only for eight hours. The snow melted away in a few hours on 1st January 1940).  30 December 1939; Roma covered by 25-30 cm snow; Venice minus 5�C; Finland�s Arctic Front minus 48�C; record cold in Sweden and Norway with  26 Seewarte, minus 40�C (earlier severest in January 1914 minus 50�C); severe cold in Yugoslavia with minus 23�C (Frankfurter Zeitung).  31 December 1939); cold wave in Bulgaria, the lowest at Rustschuk at the Danube river with minus 20�C. Banja Luka/Westbosnia minus 27�C; in Slovenian cities minus 26�C. (information by personal communication)  31 Dec. 1940; The Atlantic island Madeira reports a violent storm on Sunday (31 December) with heavy flooding. (Neue Z�rcher Zeitung, 2 January 1940);  
i don't know
Which of the apostles was crucified on a diagonal or X- shaped cross?
Crucifixions - Different Forms and Types of Crosses By Mary Fairchild Crucifixion was an ancient method of execution in which the victim's hands and feet were bound and nailed to a cross . There was a strong social stigma associated with crucifixion, a punishment reserved for traitors, captive armies, slaves and the worst of criminals. Detailed descriptions of crucifixions are few, perhaps because secular historians could not bear to describe the gruesome events of this horrible practice. However, archaeological finds from first century Palestine have shed a great deal of light on this early form of death penalty. Four basic structures or types of crosses were used for crucifixions: Pvasiliadis/Wikimedia Commons • Crux Simplex Crux Simplex was a single upright stake or post upon which the victim was tied or impaled. It was the simplest, most primitive cross used for capital punishment of criminals. The victim's hands and feet were bound and nailed to the stake using just one nail through both wrists and one nail through both ankles, with a wooden plank fastened to the stake as a footrest. Most often, at some point the victim's legs would be broken, hurrying death by asphyxiation. Crux Commissa. Image: © Mary Fairchild • Crux Commissa Crux Commissa was a capital T-shaped structure, also known as St. Anthony's cross or the Tau Cross, named after the Greek letter ("Tau") that it resembles. The horizontal beam of the Crux Commissa or "connected cross" was connected at the top of the vertical stake. This cross was very similar in shape and function to the Crux Immissa. Crux Decussata. Image: © Mary Fairchild • Crux Decussata Crux Decussata was an X-shaped cross, also called St. Andrew's cross. The Crux Decussata was named after the Roman "decussis," or Roman numeral ten. It is believed that the Apostle Andrew was crucified on an X-shaped cross at his own request. As tradition tells, he felt unworthy to die on the same type of cross on which his Lord, Jesus Christ , had died.
Andrew
Which 1968 film features the character 'Truly Scrumptious'?
Saint Andrew's cross - definition of Saint Andrew's cross by The Free Dictionary Saint Andrew's cross - definition of Saint Andrew's cross by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Saint+Andrew%27s+cross Also found in: Thesaurus , Wikipedia . Related to Saint Andrew's cross: Saltire Cross Saint Andrew's cross n. 1. A cross shaped like the letter X. 2. A small shrub (Hypericum hypericoides) of North and Central America having yellow flowers with four petals. Saint Andrew's Cross 1. (Ecclesiastical Terms) a diagonal cross with equal arms 2. (Heraldry) a white diagonal cross on a blue ground [C18: so called because Saint Andrew, one of the twelve apostles of Jesus, is reputed to have been crucified on a cross of this shape] Saint` An′drew's Cross′
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The 1815 Battle of New Orleans was part of which war?
The Battle of New Orleans - Jan 08, 1815 - HISTORY.com No-nonsense commander Andrew Jackson cleverly defended New Orleans against the threat of an overwhelming British force during the War of 1812. General Interest The Battle of New Orleans Share this: The Battle of New Orleans Author The Battle of New Orleans URL Publisher A+E Networks Two weeks after the War of 1812 officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent, U.S. General Andrew Jackson achieves the greatest American victory of the war at the Battle of New Orleans. In September 1814, an impressive American naval victory on Lake Champlain forced invading British forces back into Canada and led to the conclusion of peace negotiations in Ghent, Belgium. Although the peace agreement was signed on December 24, word did not reach the British forces assailing the Gulf coast in time to halt a major attack. On January 8, 1815, the British marched against New Orleans, hoping that by capturing the city they could separate Louisiana from the rest of the United States. Pirate Jean Lafitte, however, had warned the Americans of the attack, and the arriving British found militiamen under General Andrew Jackson strongly entrenched at the Rodriquez Canal. In two separate assaults, the 7,500 British soldiers under Sir Edward Pakenham were unable to penetrate the U.S. defenses, and Jackson’s 4,500 troops, many of them expert marksmen from Kentucky and Tennessee, decimated the British lines. In half an hour, the British had retreated, General Pakenham was dead, and nearly 2,000 of his men were killed, wounded, or missing. U.S. forces suffered only eight killed and 13 wounded. Although the battle had no bearing on the outcome of the war, Jackson’s overwhelming victory elevated national pride, which had suffered a number of setbacks during the War of 1812. The Battle of New Orleans was also the last armed engagement between the United States and Britain. Related Videos
War of 1812
Which architect's works include the Queen's House at Greenwich and the Banqueting House in Whitehall?
Map of Battle of New Orleans, 1815 Description: A map of the Battle of New Orleans. Place Names: New Orleans ISO Topic Categories: biota, inlandWaters, location, intelligenceMilitary Keywords: Battle of New Orleans, physical, historical, war of 1812, political, physical features, local jurisdictions, other military, biota, inlandWaters, location, intelligenceMilitary, Unknown, Source: Frank Gilbert, The World: Historical and Actual (Chicago, IL: National Library Association, 1892) 520 Map Credit: Courtesy The Private Collection of Roy Winkelman
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Who painted the famous picture the Laughing Cavalier?
Famous Painters: Frans Hals and The Laughing Cavalier Famous Painters: Frans Hals and The Laughing Cavalier Tweet Frans Hals, along with Rembrandt van Rijn and Johannes Vermeer, were three famous painters who dominated the Golden Age of Dutch Art  in the 17th century.   Frans Hals, born circa 1581, introduced a vitality and expressivenesss not previously seen in portraiture.  Of the 300 or so paintings he created, nearly all are portraits, typically of Haarlem citizens as individuals or in groups. Among his most famous artwork is The Laughing Cavalier, also called The Merry Cavalier.    Frans Hals, The Laughing Cavalier. Oil on canvas.  1624.  33 3/4" x 27".  The Wallace Collection, London. Here, the courtly soldier epitomizes Baroque gallantry and seemingly flaunts his amorous tendencies - his sleeves are ornately decorated with bees of Cupid and Mercury's winged staff and hat.  The intricacy of the embroidery is juxtaposed by Frans Hals' broad, energetic brushwork in the cavalier's black sash. As in most portraits by Frans Hals, a fleeting moment is captured with immediacy. Fast forward three centuries to the 1920s, a time during which the three masters of the Dutch Golden Age were frequently imitated and forged.  Noted art historian Cornelis Hofstede de Groot had devoted himself to determining which 17th century Dutch paintings were authentic, and which were created by followers or forgers.  In 1924, he published a brief article titled, "Some Recently Discovered Works by Frans Hals", announcing his discovery of The Merry Cavalier.  De Groot proclaimed it an authentic Frans Hals painting, after which the work was sold to an auction house.  Shortly thereafter, the auction house claimed it a forgery and demanded partial reimbursement of the purchase price.  Profoundly offended, De Groot stated that if he was wrong, he'd donate his personal (and sizeable) art collection to Holland's museums, further vowing "never to express another word, either in writing or verbally, about the genuineness of an unknown Frans Hals." The subsequent trial provided incontrovertible proof that De Groot had erred -- although Frans Hals died in 1666, the blue paint in the cavalier's coat was first available in 1826; another blue in the background was made in 1820, while the white in the collar was zinc white, only made after 1781.   Furthermore, the canvas was attached to its stretcher with modern, paint-splattered nails, meaning that they were positioned before the painter began.  In spite of this data, De Groot was steadfast in his conviction that he'd found an authentic Frans Hals work.  Before the trial concluded and a verdict announced, De Groot - contending he was the victim of injustice - purchased Merry Cavalier for himself. The following year, he published a booklet entitled True or False? Eye or Chemistry?.  Here he stated that a connoisseur's eye was the best determination of artistic authenticity, adding that scientific analyses were beside the point. "A forger could scarcely imagine a more welcome message", notes Edward Dolnick in The Forger's Spell. If you are engaged by the complexities of art forgery -- in the work themselves and in the mind of the forger -- I strongly recommend Dolnick's work, "a true story of Vermeer, Nazis and the greatest art hoax of the twentieth century".   
Frans Hals
What is the currency unit of Finland?
Frans Hals (1582/83–1666) | Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art The Metropolitan Museum of Art Works of Art (12) Essay The celebrated portraitist and genre painter Frans Hals has been placed second only to Rembrandt van Rijn and, during the past hundred years, to Vermeer in the pantheon of great Dutch painters of the “Golden Age.” In the second half of the nineteenth century, Hals was actually the most admired artist in some quarters—especially in Paris, since Vermeer’s small oeuvre was still only beginning to be defined, and Hals’ bourgeois subjects, his often colorful palette, and above all his bold brushwork became more inspiring to Realist and Impressionist painters than was the venerable model of Rembrandt. Like many less famous Dutch artists, Hals was actually from the Spanish Netherlands; his parents moved from Antwerp to Haarlem when he was quite young (probably about 1586, and certainly before his brother, the genre painter Dirck Hals [1591–1656], was born). Frans reportedly studied with the Mannerist painter and writer on art Karel van Mander I (1584–1606), probably about 1600–1603. He joined the Haarlem painters’ guild in 1610 and married about the same time. The earliest known works by Hals are impressive formal portraits of ca. 1612–14, when he was already about thirty years old. From 1612 to 1624, Hals served in the Saint George civic guard in Haarlem; his portrait of that company’s officers, of 1616 (Frans Hals Museum, Haarlem), was the first of about ten large group portraits that Hals painted for public institutions. The last two, depicting the male and female regents of the old men’s almshouse in Haarlem (Frans Hals Museum, Haarlem), date from about 1664, when the artist was about eighty-two years old. From the 1860s onward, these works and others by Hals in his hometown museum made Haarlem a mecca for painters such as Courbet , Manet , Monet , Van Gogh , Sargent , Whistler , Chase , and other masters of the brush, especially from France and America. As in the case of Vermeer, the French art and social critic Théophile Thoré (1807–1869) was an early champion of Hals. Haarlem had been a fairly cosmopolitan artistic center since the 1580s, with internationally known artists such as Van Mander, Cornelis Cornelisz van Haarlem (1562–1638), and above all the great draftsman and engraver (and, from 1600, painter) Hendrick Goltzius (1558–1617). Nonetheless, Hals’ Merrymakers at Shrovetide, of about 1616 ( 14.40.605 ), is more colorful, painterly, and swirling with surface movement than almost any Dutch painting to date. Its shift in style from slightly earlier works by Hals probably reflects his study trip to Antwerp from about early August until mid-November in 1616. The way the crowded figures and objects on the table completely fill the frame and appear pressed against the picture plane, and are painted in broad, open brushstrokes, with bold colors and shadows rendered in tones of blue and green, recalls works by Rubens of about 1610–15 and early pictures by his young colleague Jacob Jordaens (1593–1678), including the Adoration of the Shepherds, of 1616 (66.53.7). In Antwerp, Hals may also have seen oil sketches and impetuously executed history pictures by the teenaged prodigy Anthony van Dyck (1599–1641). By November 1616, Hals’ wife and two of their three small children had died. In February 1617, the painter married a Haarlem woman, who gave birth to a daughter nine days later. Ten other children from this marriage are known. For the next half-century, Hals rarely left Haarlem, where he was a respected and successful but never prosperous citizen. His clients included a good number of burgomasters and wealthy citizens, including leading figures in the local beer and cloth industries. At various times, and especially in his late years, Hals struggled financially, mainly because of the large size of his family and the fact that few Dutch portraitists were well paid. The notion that Hals’ difficulties had more to do with drinking and lack of discipline was first introduced by the inventive biographer Arnold Houbraken in 1718 and flourished in the late nineteenth century. This image of Hals (like Houbraken’s biography of Jan Steen) was simply derived from his genre paintings and is unsupported—indeed, contradicted—by documentary evidence. Hals’ popular scenes of “everyday life” (which date mainly from the 1620s and 1630s) are in fact highly conventionalized essays on contemporary social customs and the human comedy in general. As a brilliant portraitist, the artist was quite capable of lending his genre figures strongly individualized characters and convincing expressions, as he did in his seductive picture of a country courtesan, The Gipsy Girl (Musée du Louvre, Paris). His pictures of mirthful children and of diverse fisher folk were evidently based on life studies as well (unfortunately, no drawings by Hals are known). However, the majority of Hals’ genre pictures, like the Young Man and Woman in an Inn (“Yonker Ramp and His Sweetheart”), of 1623 ( 14.40.602 ), employ standard types in clever variations. This becomes obvious when one compares the figures (especially the young “ladies”) in the canvas of 1623 and a panel of about 1625, The Smoker ( 89.15.34 ). Both paintings address the theme of the “Modern-Day Prodigal Son” (the title of a Dutch play published in 1630), while the earlier one recalls a contemporary adage: “the nuzzle of dogs, the affection of whores, and the hospitality of innkeepers: None of it comes without cost.” The theme of frivolous youth was topical in the Dutch Republic, at a time when the older generation complained (like postwar parents in America ) that their spoiled kids knew nothing of hardship and earning one’s keep. Despite the great reputation of Hals’ best known genre scenes and group portraits, the essence of his achievement is found in portraits of individuals, as in the Portrait of a Man, possibly Nicolaes Pietersz Duyst van Voorhout, of about 1636–38 ( 49.7.33 ). The confident pose repeats that found in Hals’ famous picture The Laughing Cavalier , of 1624 (Wallace Collection, London), which is actually a formal portrait in which the dignified gentleman faintly smiles. In the later portrait, broadly brushed highlights suggest the shine of the satin jacket and the naturalistic effects of daylight, atmosphere, and movement all at once. In addition, almost every stroke in the figure (but especially in the face) contributes to the impression of modeling and space, a fact that Hals’ contemporary imitators, later emulators, and many critics have misunderstood. The idea that Hals executed his pictures rapidly, advanced already by Houbraken in 1718, is nonsensical to conservators and close viewers of his technique. What a few contemporaneous observers described as the impression of “life itself” in Hals’ work was arrived at with virtuoso flair but also careful control, and with an eye to the impression made by the work at a normal viewing distance and in the light of a seventeenth-century interior. Comparisons with the flattening effects of Manet reveals at once great admiration of Hals (and Velázquez ) and a different concept of representation. What is more comparable with the achievement of later portraitists is Hals’ ability in his single portraits to suggest distinctive personalities. Whether in the dashing portraits of the 1630s or the more sober examples of the next three decades (as in the Paulus Verschuur, of 1643; 26.101.11 ), Hals conveys individuality more convincingly than almost any artist of the time, except Rembrandt. More than a century later (in 1774), Sir Joshua Reynolds , who esteemed Rubens, Van Dyck, and Rembrandt, told students of the Royal Academy in London that Hals’ “composition of the face”—no doubt meaning mainly the handling of the eyes and mouth—produced “that strong-marked character of individual nature, which is so remarkable in his portraits, and is not found in an equal degree in any other painter.” Of course, this ability is not equally evident in every work. Many of Hals’ portraits suggest friendliness, preoccupation, or reserve, without giving away much about the person. The emphasis placed in modern times on personal thoughts and feelings was barely beginning in the seventeenth century, with exceptional authors such as Shakespeare and John Donne. Hals’ wonderful portraits of married couples and families (like the large group portrait in the Museo Thyssen-Bornesmisza, Madrid) convey a strong sense of individuality but are essentially about the institution of marriage. Similarly, many of Hals’ sitters wanted to be portrayed as representatives of a certain type or class. It is precisely in this context of strong social conventions that Hals’ frequently compelling sense of individual character is so remarkable. Walter Liedtke   Citation Liedtke, Walter. “Frans Hals (1582/83–1666).” In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/hals/hd_hals.htm (August 2011) Further Reading Atkins, Christopher "Frans Hals's Virtuoso Brushwork." In Virtus: Virtuositeit en kunstliefhebbers in de Nederlanden, 1500–1700 / Virtue: Virtuoso: Virtuoso, Virtuosity in Netherlandish Art, 1500–1700, edited by Jan de Jong et al., pp. 281–307. Zwolle: Waanders, 2004. Liedtke, Walter A. "Frans Hals: Style and Substance." Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 69, no. 1 (Summer 2011). See on MetPublications Slive, Seymour. Frans Hals. 3 vols. London: Phaidon, 1970–74. Slive, Seymour. Dutch Painting, 1600–1800. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995. Slive, Seymour, with contributions by Pieter Biesboer et al. Frans Hals. Exhibition catalogue. London: Royal Academy of Arts, 1989. Additional Essays by Walter Liedtke
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What is the capital of Guernsey?
St Peter Port, Guernsey - Things to Do & See | VisitGuernsey Things To Do St Peter Port With its cobbled streets and picturesque seafront marina and historic gardens, it is easy to see why St Peter Port is considered one of Europe's prettiest harbour towns. Guernsey's capital has been a busy port since Roman times. Castle Cornet has stood guard over the town for 800 years. Once cut off by the tide, it now provides a spectacular backdrop to the town as well as staging theatre productions and musical events. St Peter Port's centrepiece is its beautiful church, which is believed to be the closest church to a pub in the British Isles. If you want to learn more about the island's history, head to the Guernsey Tapestry  at the Gallery in St James Concert Hall , wander through the beautiful Candie Gardens or explore Hauteville House , home to French writer Victor Hugo. If you would rather just take it easy, explore the boutique shopping, then sit back and relax with a coffee or bite to eat and watch the world go by. At the top of town is Candie Gardens . Once the formal gardens of a private home, they are now open for the public to enjoy and house the Guernsey Museum & Art Gallery . The tearoom has lovely views over the town and across to neighbouring islands. Castle Cornet  has been at the forefront of the island's history  for hundreds of years and there are five museums inside its walls to explore. La Vallette Underground Military Museum covers all aspects of Guernsey's military history. It is situated at the south of St Peter Port, alongside the Victorian Bathing Pools and The Guernsey Aquarium . The Old Victorian Shop in Cornet Street acts as a historic shop and museum, which highlights islanders home life of the past. The street weaves up to the top of Tower Hill, an area of town steeped in folklore and tales of witches and ghosts. A short walk further up the hill takes you to the door of Hauteville House, where Victor Hugo  lived between 1856 and 1870. His town house has been preserved as a museum, which captures the French writer's eccentric life with its amazing collection of furniture and artefacts. If you want to uncover more about St Peter Port's hidden past,  Accredited Guides  are available to take you on a variety of guided walks or pick up a copy of our Map of St Peter Port from the Guernsey Information Centre , with five trails taking you to different areas of the town. View the webcam from the Old Government House Hotel below!
Saint Peter Port
In Greek mythology who was the son of Zeus and Alcmene?
Guernsey: Islands, Parishes & Capital - Population Statistics in Maps and Charts 9,592 880 (Guernsey) States of Guernsey (web). (Alderney) States of Alderney (web). (Sark 2014/2015) Sark Chamber of Commerce (web). The 2014 and 2015 population of Guernsey (incl. Herm and Jethou; excl. Sark and Alderney) were 62,576 and 62,612 (including 1,057 and 326 persons with address unknown). The 2014 and 2015 population figures for Sark refer to the beginning of the year. Contents: Capital The population development of the capital of Guernsey according to census results and the latest register-based census.
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What is comedian Frank Skinner's real name?
Frank Skinner, 55, becomes father for first time to baby Buzz Cody | Daily Mail Online Comedian Frank Skinner is celebrating after becoming a father for the first time at the age of 55. The TV presenter's girlfriend Cath Mason, 43, gave birth to their son Buzz Cody earlier this week. Ecstatic Skinner announced the arrival of the 9lbs tot on his Absolute Radio Show this morning. Baby joy: Frank Skinner and his partner Cath Mason are first time parents to a baby boy called Buzz Cody He told his listeners Buzz was born following an 'exciting 5am drive across London' with comedy agent Mason in the advanced stages of labour. Skinner admitted he had named their son after American astronaut Buzz Aldrin. He said: 'Now I know celebrity types get condemned for giving their babies unusual names. Tribute: Their baby is named after American astronaut Buzz Aldrin 'So this is the name that I went for. He's called Buzz B-U-Z-Z. If you're my age, obviously he's after Buzz Aldrin, the second man on the moon. For you youngsters listening, yes, it's that puppet from Toy Story.' Skinner admitted he once interviewed Aldrin - the second man to walk on the moon during the Apollo 11 landing in 1969. He explained: 'He was brilliant. When he walked on stage I actually said to him: "Careful, there's just one small step." He took it very well, I must say. 'His second name is Cody, as in Buffalo Bill Cody, the greatest showman of all time, so I've worked out his career. 'I looked at him, I don't know if many dads do this, but I looked at him, and you know you're supposed to say: "Oh he's so blah-blah." I said: "Oh God, he's going to be so funny when he grows up."' Skinner praised staff at the maternity ward at the London hospital where Buzz was born. RELATED ARTICLES Share this article Share He continued: 'The great thing about maternity hospitals is that everybody is incredibly used to maternity, whereas obviously when you're in as an individual, especially for your first one, it's a massively life-changing thing. 'Cath was already in mighty labour when we arrived. We had the exciting five o'clock drive across London with me very worried about her and slightly worried about the upholstery. Fun: The couple in fancy dress at Jonathan Ross's Hallowe'en party in October 2010 'I'm just glad he's out and he's well and his mother is okay and all that.' Skinner announced the news after playing Johnny Mathis's song When A Child is Born, declaring: 'Yes, I am a father.' Skinner revealed his long-term partner Mason was expecting on his radio show in January. The couple started dating in 2003 when she was a receptionist at his management company. He was previously engaged to radio DJ Caroline Ferady before he called it off, and in 2003 he dumped West End showgirl Dannette McLaughlin a month before her 30th birthday. Inspiration: The baby's middle name comes from William Frederick 'Buffalo Bill' Cody
Frank Skinner
Which engineer built the Bridgewater canal?
The Frank Skinner Show by Absolute Radio on iTunes       by Viaccess I have long been a Frank Skinner fan. He may not make you split your side with laughter, but he has a quick wit and his observations are often spot on and very funny. His co-presenters are not in his class, but it's unfair (as one reviewer seems to have done) to dismiss them as being irritating. They are decent 'feeds' helping Frank to provide the meat of the show - and most importantly knowing when to shut up and leave the platform to the Star. In addition, there have been some very good guests over the last few weeks. This is a free podcast, so you cannot criticise the value for money! I would pay for this if it were not given away for nothing. If you haven't yet heard the Show, do yourself a favour and subscribe. It could be so much better.       by Squeaker Paul Poor Frank, having taken on the job of presenting a radio show he’s landed with ‘co-presenter’ Emily Dean, and to bounce ideas off stand-up comedian Gareth. A Podcast with Frank Skinner in…. Great stuff…until that is Emily’s non-stop totally irritating false laugh is heard. No matter what Frank says or does Emily just has to find it funny and just ruin it. A co-presenter, did she climb up through local radio and was then snapped up for her presenting skills? Or is this a case of nepotism…or maybe ‘celebrity’ parents helping out. As for stand-up comedian Gareth…. I’d pay good money to see him live…and then ask for a refund on the way out. Poor, poor Frank what a waste. Have a listen to Jonathan Ross to see how it should be done. No wonder they didn’t get them to go head to head at the same time slot…Ross would trounce Frank. Only a three-month radio contract for Frank, I can’t see it being extended until changes are made, and if Emily “Mummy and Daddy…I want to work in the media business” gets her own radio show or becomes ‘famous’ in any way shape or form then there truly is something wrong with the world. Her voice will drive you mad!!! Frank Skinner review       by Polly V Love it and totally disagree with other reviewers that the co-presenters detract... it's a show, not stand up. Frnak's brilliant, of course he is, we already know that... but without the other two, it wouldn't work as a radio show, would it? Especially love Emily Dean, how often do you hear a girl on the radio being that sharp and funny? Not just a drivelling sycophant or piece of fluff... nice to hear a woman with an opinion and a real sense of humour given air space. But I think the three of them together really work, nicely balanced
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In which English seaside resort would you find Peasholm Park?
Best seaside resort in UK - Peasholm Park, Scarborough Traveller Reviews - TripAdvisor “Best seaside resort in UK” Reviewed 24 January 2016 I have been going to Scarborough since I was a little boy and we now have a caravan at Burniston just on the outskirts and we always park the car near PeasHolm park and walk through it, some times have an ice cream or just sit and watch the lake and the boats. There is also a cafe which is nice to sit outside and take in the view. There is also the Navel battle which takes place regularly and is well worth seeing. Visited September 2015
Scarborough
Who in 1962 became the first Prime Minister of a fully independent Uganda?
Hotel Breaks in Scarborough | Short Breaks from Bay Hotels A traditional seaside holiday destination on the Yorkshire coast. Enjoy peaceful walks around the beautifully maintained Peasholm Park. Boat trips and visits to the Rotunda Museum can fill a short break or holiday itinerary. Clean, safe beaches to relax on. Tour the impressive ruins of Scarborough Castle. Scarborough is a truly classic seaside resort town - one that is packed with plenty of fun activities across its North and South bays. From your hotel in Scarborough you’ll have access to a whole host of exciting attractions, from traditional favourites to more modern things to do. Scarborough’s beach runs along the front of the town, split into the North Bay and South Bay with the Castle Headland in between. Both bays offer high quality sands ideal for family fun or a quiet stroll, with the South Bay being the beach where you’ll find the more traditional seaside attractions, including the amusements, as well as the harbour where you can hop aboard a boat for an interesting tour of the coast. Scarborough’s North Bay tends to be quieter, but has numerous ice cream parlours as well as the ever-popular SEA LIFE aquarium and adjacent Pirate Adventure Mini Golf. The North Bay area is typically the busier of the two and is typically the most popular choice for families with children. During your stay in Scarborough, don’t forget to visit the beautiful Peasholm Park. Decorated in an oriental style and complete with a boating lake, the park features plenty of space for picnics and outdoor games. Through the summer months, live music performances can also be enjoyed at the park’s colourful bandstand. Buy an ice cream, sit back and enjoy the sunshine, for a great day out that you can enjoy without dipping too much into your holiday budget. Scarborough has a rich heritage as a resort town, with many attractions providing an insight into the town’s interesting past. At the Scarborough Fair Collection, situated on the coast road towards nearby Filey, you can see a host of vintage fairground rides alongside steam engines, vintage cars and other mechanical wonders, with many of the rides maintained in full working order. Anyone with an interest in the heritage and history of the area would a do well to visit Scarborough Castle, with ruins that offer fantastic views in both directions towards the North and South Bays. On-site you can learn all about the history that dates back 2,500 years, covering many sieges and attacks that the castle survived right up to the First World War. Alternatively, if you simply want to enjoy views of the area, hop on-board the North Bay Miniature Railway which travels for almost a mile between Peasholm Park and Scalby Mills at the furthest point of North Bay. Your Scarborough hotel is the ideal place to enjoy an escape back to classic seaside holidays, whilst enjoying plenty of more modern sights within the area. Few coastal towns are as charming, as well-maintained or as peaceful. What's nearby?
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The 1961 film One-Eyed Jacks was the only one directed by which famous actor?
One Eyed Jacks 1961 Marlon Brando, Karl Malden - YouTube One Eyed Jacks 1961 Marlon Brando, Karl Malden Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Sep 18, 2015 One-Eyed Jacks, a 1961 Western, is the only film directed by actor Marlon Brando. The picture was originally planned to be directed by Stanley Kubrick from a screenplay by Sam Peckinpah, but studio disputes led to their replacement by Brando and Guy Trosper. Brando portrays the lead character Rio, and Karl Malden plays his partner "Dad" Longworth. The supporting cast features Katy Jurado, Ben Johnson, and Slim Pickens. Category
Marlon Brando
Murano in Italy has been famous since the middle ages for the production of what?
One-Eyed Jacks, two faces of Marlon Brando - Festival de Cannes 2016 Cannes Classics 16.05.16 . 3:17 PM Update :16.05.16 . 5:07 PM One-Eyed Jacks, two faces of Marlon Brando Share Print Film still of One-Eyed Jacks (La Vengeance aux Deux Visages) © RR Film historian Patrick Brion, the creator and host of Cinéma de Minuit on France 3, raises several points on the great western One-Eyed Jacks (1961), the only film directed by Marlon Brando, screened in Cannes Classics. Brando as actor-turned-director plays brilliantly on the long shots, in the same way as certain Japanese films of the same period. An actor's film Its release coincided with a period when actors had greater freedom of action, as the major studios did not hold them under contract. And some of them, under the influence of their agents, chose to invest financially and to direct films. An example is Clint Eastwood who later on managed to film Bird instead of making just another western in a long series of westerns. They were also free to change directors, as Kirk Douglas did when he chose Stanley Kubrick to direct his production of Spartacus. In this sense, One-Eyed Jacks is a typical actor's film (directed by an actor), and a masochistic one at that, because for an actor, tragedy offers more scope than comedy. Marlon Brando as director     Sam Peckinpah penned an initial script inspired by the myth of Billy the Kid, but Brando refused to play this protagonist. So Brando contacted Stanley Kubrick. Kubrick turned down Peckinpah's script because he thought Billy the Kid was not a hero, but a killer. And he had two conditions: he wanted Spencer Tracy to play the second role. But Brando had already promised the role to a friend and so he turned Kubrick down. The actor, who already had a production company, launched his project and finally decided to direct the film himself, in addition to playing the lead role. On set From that point, he took over the filming. He shot six times more film than planned and the film was eight hours long! Then it was cut to 4:30 hours, to 3 hours and finally to 1:41, which is the definitive version screened at Cannes Classics. The filming lasted six months instead of twelve weeks and it went way over the planned budget: from two to six million dollars!  
i don't know
Who co-wrote “Some Other Rainbow” with Jill Morrell?
Some Other Rainbow: Amazon.co.uk: John McCarthy, Jill Morrell: 9780552139533: Books Some Other Rainbow Add all three to Basket One of these items is dispatched sooner than the other. Show details Buy the selected items together This item:Some Other Rainbow by John McCarthy Paperback £12.99 Sent from and sold by Amazon. FREE Delivery in the UK. Details An Evil Cradling by Brian Keenan Paperback £9.98 Only 10 left in stock (more on the way). Sent from and sold by Amazon. FREE Delivery on orders over £10. Details Taken on Trust by Terry Waite Mass Market Paperback £10.99 Only 10 left in stock (more on the way). Sent from and sold by Amazon. FREE Delivery in the UK. Details Customers Who Bought This Item Also Bought Page 1 of 1 Start over Page 1 of 1 This shopping feature will continue to load items. In order to navigate out of this carousel please use your heading shortcut key to navigate to the next or previous heading. Enter your mobile number or email address below and we'll send you a link to download the free Kindle App. Then you can start reading Kindle books on your smartphone, tablet, or computer - no Kindle device required. Apple To get the free app, enter your mobile phone number. or Don't have a Kindle? Get your Kindle here , or download a FREE Kindle Reading App . Product details Publisher: Corgi; New Ed edition (1 April 1994) Language: English Product Dimensions: 10.7 x 3.7 x 17.5 cm Average Customer Review: Review "'Compelling and moving...A beautiful story'" (The Sunday Times) "'An astonishing achievement: while often wildly funny, it is also humbling, draining, exhausting and ultimately exhilarating to read'" (Sue Gaisford Independent) "'A riveting, penetrating tale of adventure'" (The Economist) "'Enthralling...You do not want to put it down'" (David Sinclair Glasgow Herald) Book Description By DM on 11 Jun. 2002 Format: Paperback This book is one of my favorites ever. John almost took me into the small, terrifying spaces he lived in for 5 years. I can almost smell the place, feel his fear and absolute terror that there is no-one out here is remembering him. Unbeknown to him, Jill faught tirelessly for his release. I read this book a long time ago, but still can feel the empathy with him & Brian Keenan as they sat in darkness........making chess pieces, amongst other things. Their bodies fell apart but thier minds proved that no-one could take away their thoughts, regardless of the fear & isolation. Their spirit was so strong, maybe they hold an experience that makes their (now) free lives so so much more precious than ours.I am so amazed that he kept his spirit and humour throughout.John McCarthy & Brian Keenan have to rate as my 'most wanted' at my my all time dinner companions.Read this book, you won't be dissapointed. Just be glad that he is now free..and no doubt he has a wonderful life to boot, albeit without Jill. Not an 'happy ever after' story (don't expect 'titanic' romantisism here). He is left with some demons I am sure...but that's another book!!!
John McCarthy
What is the common name of the disease Herpes zoster?
9780552139533 - Some Other Rainbow by Mccarthy, John; Morrell, Jill - AbeBooks 9780552139533 - Some Other Rainbow by Mccarthy, John; Morrell, Jill You Searched For: Results (1 - 30) of 66 1 ISBN 10: 055213953X ISBN 13: 9780552139533 Used Paperback ISBN 10: 055213953X ISBN 13: 9780552139533 Used ISBN 10: 055213953X ISBN 13: 9780552139533 Used Paperback ISBN 10: 055213953X ISBN 13: 9780552139533 Used Paperback ISBN 10: 055213953X ISBN 13: 9780552139533 Used Paperback ISBN 10: 055213953X ISBN 13: 9780552139533 Used ISBN 10: 055213953X ISBN 13: 9780552139533 Used Paperback Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Corgi Books, 1994. Paperback. Book Condition: Very Good. All orders are dispatched the following working day from our UK warehouse. Established in 2004, we have over 500,000 books in stock. No quibble refund if not completely satisfied. Bookseller Inventory # mon0001605076 ISBN 10: 055213953X ISBN 13: 9780552139533 Used Mass Market Paperback ISBN 10: 055213953X ISBN 13: 9780552139533 Used Mass Market Paperback ISBN 10: 055213953X ISBN 13: 9780552139533 Used Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Corgi 01/04/1994, 1994. Book Condition: Good. This book is in good or better condition. It has no tears to the pages and no pages will be missing from the book. The spine of the book is still in great condition and the front cover is generally unmarked. It has signs of previous use but overall is in really nice, tight condition. Shipping is normally same day from our UK warehouse. We offer a money back guarantee if you are not satisfied. Bookseller Inventory # 9053-9780552139533 ISBN 10: 055213953X ISBN 13: 9780552139533 Used Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Corgi 01/04/1994, 1994. Book Condition: Very Good. This book is in very good condition and will be shipped within 24 hours of ordering. The cover may have some limited signs of wear but the pages are clean, intact and the spine remains undamaged. This book has clearly been well maintained and looked after thus far. Money back guarantee if you are not satisfied. See all our books here, order more than 1 book and get discounted shipping. . Bookseller Inventory # 7719-9780552139533 ISBN 10: 055213953X ISBN 13: 9780552139533 Used Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Corgi 01/04/1994, 1994. Book Condition: Good. Will be shipped promptly from UK warehouse. Book is in good condition with no missing pages, no damage or soiling and tight spine. There may be some dog-eared pages showing previous use but overall a great book. Bookseller Inventory # 9053-9780552139533 ISBN 10: 055213953X ISBN 13: 9780552139533 Used Paperback ISBN 10: 055213953X ISBN 13: 9780552139533 Used Paperback ISBN 10: 055213953X ISBN 13: 9780552139533 Used Paperback ISBN 10: 055213953X ISBN 13: 9780552139533 Used Paperback ISBN 10: 055213953X ISBN 13: 9780552139533 Used Paperback ISBN 10: 055213953X ISBN 13: 9780552139533 Used Paperback ISBN 10: 055213953X ISBN 13: 9780552139533 Used Hardcover ISBN 10: 055213953X ISBN 13: 9780552139533 Used Paperback Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Corgi, 1994. Paperback. Book Condition: Good. Creased Cover/pages Second-Hand! sun damaged yellowing pages and possibly read. May Have a small bit of writing on inside of cover or front/back page not affecting the book itself All items inspected and guaranteed. All Orders Dispatched from the UK within one working day. Established business with excellent service record. Bookseller Inventory # mon0000034973 ISBN 10: 055213953X ISBN 13: 9780552139533 Used Paperback ISBN 10: 055213953X ISBN 13: 9780552139533 Used Paperback ISBN 10: 055213953X ISBN 13: 9780552139533 Used Paperback ISBN 10: 055213953X ISBN 13: 9780552139533 Used ISBN 10: 055213953X ISBN 13: 9780552139533 Used Paperback ISBN 10: 055213953X ISBN 13: 9780552139533 Used Paperback Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Corgi Books, 1994. Paperback. Book Condition: Used; Good. Cover creased and frayed **SHIPPED FROM UK** We believe you will be completely satisfied with our quick and reliable service. All orders are dispatched as swiftly as possible! Buy with confidence!. Bookseller Inventory # 2377926 ISBN 10: 055213953X ISBN 13: 9780552139533 Used Paperback ISBN 10: 055213953X ISBN 13: 9780552139533 Used Paperback ISBN 10: 055213953X ISBN 13: 9780552139533 Used Softcover Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Corgi, 1994. Book Condition: Good. On 17th April 1986 John McCarthy was kidnapped in Beirut. This book describes the five years which he spent as a hostage, and its effects on those closest to him, especially his girlfriend, Jill Morrell. It also describes her campaign to free him and all the other British hostages in Beirut. Num Pages: 704 pages, 8pp b&w illustrations. BIC Classification: 1FBL; BGHA. Category: (G) General (US: Trade). Dimension: 175 x 107 x 37. Weight in Grams: 348. A well read copy. In good to very good condition. 1994. Paperback. . . . . Bookseller Inventory # KRS0015393 Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Corgi. Book Condition: Good. On 17th April 1986 John McCarthy was kidnapped in Beirut. This book describes the five years which he spent as a hostage, and its effects on those closest to him, especially his girlfriend, Jill Morrell. It also describes her campaign to free him and all the other British hostages in Beirut. Num Pages: 704 pages, 8pp b&w illustrations. BIC Classification: 1FBL; BGHA. Category: (G) General (US: Trade). Dimension: 175 x 107 x 37. Weight in Grams: 348. A well read copy. In good to very good condition. 1994. Paperback. . . . . Bookseller Inventory # KRS0015393
i don't know
What was the real surname of British science fiction writer John Wyndham?
The war of the words | Science | The Guardian The war of the words The world's best scientists nominate their favourite authors "Magic equals science, and science of the future equals magic": Phillip K Dick The war of the words The world's best scientists nominate their favourite authors Close 1 Isaac Asimov As predictable as the human race eventually being enslaved by robots, Asimov, the founding father of modern science fiction, tops the poll. Despite an astonishingly prolific career, he has never been regarded highly for his prose. "Asimov was not a stylish writer in the way that say, Philip K Dick was, but he was very rigorous scientifically, and thoughtful about how he projects scientific ideas into the future," says Philip Ball, a writer of popular science books. Two works mark him out as the master of the genre: I, Robot, and the Foundation trilogy. Last month, Will Smith got jiggy in I, Robot, a film version so distant from the source that the credits say only "suggested by Isaac Asimov's book". In the Foundation series, science and maths were used to predict and plan the development of societies, a device that Mark Brake, professor of science communication at the University of Glamorgan, thinks may be a touch heavy-handed: "We can't even predict a flood in Boscastle, let alone how a society behaves a thousand years in the future." Trained as a chemist, Asimov, who was born in 1920, held a teaching post at Boston University for many years. As well as his fiction, he wrote many popular guides to science. His scientific credentials were recognised when he had an asteroid (5020) named after him - as is Honda's humanoid prototype robot ASIMO. He died in 1992. "Unlike a lot of sci-fi writers, Asimov knew how to explain the science, and was a great populariser of real science," says Brake. "But what sets him aside is that he was also masterful at documenting human responses to scientific progress." 2 John Wyndham Born John Wyndham Parkes Lucas Beynon Harris in Knowle, Warwickshire in 1903, he was one of the few science fiction authors to become hugely popular with people who never normally read science fiction. The Day of The Triffids, written in 1951, has been stunningly popular as a novel, radio serial and a rather terrible film. In the book, a comet effectively blinds most of the planet, which gives a set of seemingly innocent perambulating plants, the triffids, their chance to bid for world domination. Like The Invasion of the Bodysnatchers, the book now seems to be a Cold War paranoia novel. At the time, it just seemed wonderfully gripping. Wyndham followed up with a handful of other thriller-chillers: The Chrysalids, The Midwich Cuckoos, The Kraken Wakes. All were bestsellers. He died in 1969. "He was exploring the societal, political and other dimensions as a consequence of something happening in science," says Julia Higgins, professor of polymer science at Imperial College, London. "They were good novels in which there were real people, and the science issues simply pushed the real people into interesting situations." 3 Fred Hoyle One of Britain's most creative scientists, Hoyle was as well known for his influential work in the postwar years as an astrophysicist as he was as a science fiction author. Based in Cambridge, first as lecturer in mathematics, and from 1958 as professor of astronomy, he also worked in the US. Hoyle's first novel, The Black Cloud (1957), is cited by evolutionary biologist and author Richard Dawkins, as his most influential science fiction work. "In The Black Cloud I learned about scientific method and information theory - the interchangeability of different kinds of information." In the novel, humans try to communicate with an alien intelligence in the form of a cloud of gas, by playing it piano music translated into radio signals. "Today we see information theory in genetic code and the translation of information from one computer to another," says Dawkins. Hoyle wrote and co-authored other books before his death in 2001, including A for Andromeda: A Novel for Tomorrow (1962), Ossian's Ride (1959); and October the First is Too Late (1966). But it is The Black Cloud for which he is chiefly remembered. "The hero in The Black Cloud is spectacularly unpleasant. He is a male scientist who is arrogant, even fascist. This is very unfortunate and seems to be characteristic in Fred Hoyle's books," says Dawkins. 4 Philip K Dick "Magic equals science, and science of the future equals magic," said Philip K Dick, whose works are regarded as increasingly prescient. Certainly he is one of the most adapted science fiction novelists: Do Androids Dream Of Electric Sheep? became Blade Runner, We Can Remember It For You Wholesale became Total Recall and Minority Report was filmed by Steven Spielberg in 2002. But his cerebral work was underrated for years until Blade Runner brought acclaim - only months after he had died of a stroke. "The fact that what Dick is entertaining us about is reality and madness, time and death, sin and salvation, has escaped most critics," says Ursula K Le Guin. "Most of Dick's books are concerned with the question of how do we know what is real. These are the key questions for all of us who study the neural correlates of consciousness," says Chris Frith of University College London's Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience. 5 HG Wells Socialist, journalist, historian, and author, Herbert George Wells was nothing if not prolific before his death in 1946. He predicted the invention of tanks, aerial bombing, nuclear war, gas warfare, lasers and industrial robots. His scientific background (he studied biology under TH Huxley) led him to produce iconic tales such as The Time Machine, The Invisible Man, The War of the Worlds - almost entirely pessimistic about human nature and the future. University College London geneticist Steve Jones admires The Time Machine: "to my mind the most significant piece of science fiction. The protagonist goes forward thousands of years to find a peaceful society populated by the Eloi, a highly evolved race who sat around chatting and reading the Guardian. Of course, their secret is that they are the crop of a terrible underclass, the Morlocks, who come out at night and eat them." 6 Ursula K Le Guin Her two most famous works are The Left Hand of Darkness (1969) and The Earthsea Quartet (1968-1990), but this diverse author has produced over 19 novels of science fiction and fantasy, nine volumes of short stories, essays, translations, 13 children's books and poetry. She even collaborated with avant garde composer David Bedford on an opera in 1985 - she wrote the libretto for Rigel 9, about a group of astronauts on a strange planet. The twist is, only one of the astronauts can see an alien city. Her works are vehicles for her evolving views on feminism, environmentalism and utopia and some have been described as "didactic". "It's very meaningful in thinking about gender issues," says Diana Liverman, director of the Environmental Change Institute at Oxford University. 7 Arthur C Clarke Sixty books, 50m copies in print, and a link with some of the 20th century's most indelible ideas: not bad for a boy from Minehead in Somerset. He was born in 1917, and signalled his space odyssey intentions by joining the British Interplanetary Society before the second world war. He worked on radar in the RAF and in 1945 submitted a technical paper called Extraterrestrial Relays, laying down the principles of satellite communication in geostationary orbits. He graduated with first class honours in physics and mathematics from King's College London in 1948. About 25 years later, the world caught up with him. He worked with Stanley Kubrick on the film of 2001: A Space Odyssey. He was a CBS broadcaster on the Apollo missions with Walter Cronkite, and he is famous for three laws, known as Clarke's Laws and a clutch of unforgettable sci-fi novels and short story collections, such as Childhood's End, Rendezvous with Rama and The Nine Billion Names of God. A polio victim in childhood, and an underwater diver, he has lived in Sri Lanka since 1956. 8 Ray Bradbury Has published more than 500 works but is most famous for epics such as The Martian Chronicles (1950) and Something Wicked This Way Comes (1962). His most influential work is Fahrenheit 451 (1953), set in a dystopian future where firemen burn books - Fahrenheit 451 is the ignition temperature of paper. It's a tale which still resonates today. "I used to read lots of science fiction during my teens," says Robert May, biologist and president of the Royal Society, "Fahrenheit 451 is a great book that was turned into a great movie." "People call me a science fiction writer, but I don't think that's quite true," says Bradbury on his website. "I think that I'm a magician who is capable of making things appear and disappear right in front of you and you don't know how it happened." 9 Frank Herbert "While writing the third Dune book," Herbert said, "I first realised consciously that I had to be an entertainer above all, that I was in the entertainment business." Nominated for the successful Dune series of novels, which has been translated into dozens of languages, has outsold any science fiction novel yet published and became a 1984 film directed by David Lynch. The novel - an epic tale of a desert planet called Arrakis dominated by giant sandworms, the focus of an intricate power struggle in a byzantine interstellar empire - took him six years of research and writing to complete and was rejected by 23 publishers. "The best science fiction transports you to a different kind of world," says Carl Wunsch, professor of physical oceanography at MIT. 10 Stanislaw Lem Lem has sold 27m copies of 2,000 editions in 41 languages, but his books remain curiously hard to find. He is best known for the haunting Solaris (1961) - filmed twice - but aficionados would probably start enthusing about hugely funny, often startling, books such as The Cyberiad, The Futurlogical Congress, The Star Diaries, and The Tales of Pirx the Pilot. He was born in 1921, in what is now Lvov in Ukraine and studied medicine. He published his first novel in 1948, became a member of the Polish Academy of Sciences in 1972. In 1991, the Austrians awarded him the Kafka Prize for Literature. The New York Review of Books called him "a major writer, and one of the deep spirits of our age". · More on these and many other authors at theguardian.com/books
Harris
What is the common name of the disease Tinea pedis?
We are the Disaster » IAI TV We are the Disaster Suburban apocalypse, augmented reality, and the twin giants of science fiction. Simon Ings | Novelist, science writer and editor of Arc, New Scientist's magazine about the future Simon Ings is a novelist, science writer and editor of Arc, New Scientist's magazine about the future. His latest novel, Wolves, explores an imagined future world where Augmented Reality reigns. Here, he speaks to Vassili Christodoulou about science fiction, J.G. Ballard, and whether Google Glass will ever really take off.   Wolves is identified as... Simon Ings is a novelist, science writer and editor of Arc, New Scientist's magazine about the future. His latest novel, Wolves, explores an imagined future world where Augmented Reality reigns. Here, he speaks to Vassili Christodoulou about science fiction, J.G. Ballard, and whether Google Glass will ever really take off.   Wolves is identified as a tribute to Ballard. What do you consider his influence on you as a writer and contemporary literature and science fiction as a whole? It's much more an homage to John Wyndham than to Ballard. Wyndham lived near my home town and the house where my protagonist dispenses the body of his mother is actually the house where Wyndham lived. So there’s a bit of self-indulgent forelock tugging there. Obviously no writer of my generation or the generation previously is going to be without influence from Ballard, but I think what’s especially interesting is where Ballard is drawing his influences from, largely Joseph Conrad. That form of delivery, that very calm, almost hypnogogically lucid, form of delivery is something we’ve inherited with our mother’s milk if you like. Ballard harnessed a particular British tradition of fantasy with an interest in apocalyptic adventure narratives derived from the American tradition, and then played a very clever game by saying that things which were already happening in the real world were now happening to middle-class white people. This is a perfectly legitimate thing to do and is salutary, as well as entertaining, for the middle-class white people who read his books. Presumably because it’s not actually happening to them in quite the way he imagines? For example: we rarely see blocks of luxury flats descend into civil war in the real world. Sure, but had you been in Mozambique during the civil war in the 1970s, you'd have found a city where blocks of flats still stood, but with all the wood – including floorboards – taken out and used to cook food on the balconies of tower blocks. It all exists within a world of metonym and metaphor. Your protagonist is called Conrad – were you, like Ballard, referring back to Joseph Conrad? That happened quite late actually. I needed to strip out all the identifying marks, or at least as many cultural markers as I could, from the book in order to make it work. One problem with writing about a real emerging technology – there’s virtually nothing in that book that isn’t real in some form or other – is that it dates faster than your average unrefrigerated yoghurt. In order to maintain the realism and not have the book become out-of-date as I was writing it, I found myself needing to remove the cultural specificity. I delivered a draft and then realised, even as I pressed the send button, that all my names were English, irremediably English, and that they had no pan-European quality to them whatsoever. All the names were changed at the last minute, so changing my main character's name to Conrad was a happy Freudian slip – a last-minute Freudian act that I'm now quite chuffed about, and which I'm sure Jimmy Ballard would appreciate. One of the more subversive qualities of Ballard’s fiction is the sense of psychic fulfilment that his characters feel as the cataclysm unfolds around them. In Wolves the protagonist’s best friend writes apocalyptic fiction and seems to be a tribute to the Ballardian hero, whereas the hero Conrad is more conservative: more Wyndham-esque, if you will. Was this a conscious dichotomy? The character who wishes to write about, and indeed succeeds in writing post-apocalyptic narratives with heroic elements, is based on a friend of mine who wrote like that when he was 14 – as a lot of us did – and then continued to think how to build a redoubt against the coming apocalypse for several years after. I’m really interested – and this is where the Ballard influence kicks in fairly clearly – in the way in which all our civilisations are at heart completely mad. They have to be, in a way, because they’re taking a very big world and turning it into some sort of anthropocentric or anthropophilic game. In effect, the reason that we don’t all dash out and commit terrible crimes and steal from each other is because we’d rather play the game. Most of us would rather play a game than ignore civilisation entirely and run off into the wild. This is what science fiction feeds on at all times. Because when it tries to posit the future, what it’s really doing is saying: if this present moment went on forever, so that the cracks started to show, what would it be like? And the answer to the question is that it would be a nightmare. Any present moment taken beyond its natural life, any present moment preserved over time, becomes increasingly nightmarish. You see this in any kind of totalitarian state where the state uses its resources to preserve the present moment forever as much as possible. I mean, there’s a reason why tyrants generally – and this is amazing, I found this out in a book recently – tyrants almost never have mirrors over their bathroom sinks: what they have is a portrait of themselves at a younger age. This has been true of Hitler, it was true of Napoleon, it was true of Saddam Hussein. It's absolutely fantastic, this idea of freezing time in order to preserve your vision of how you’re going make the world work. I think what Ballard spotted, and what a lot of us have been playing with and exploiting since, is this idea that the disaster itself is already under way. This is Wyndham’s nightmare actually. Before Ballard said it, Wyndham said “we are the disaster” – the idea that it's only our politics or our culture that makes it seem that we are in some kind of operational status, but actually the disaster is going on all around us. Apocalyptic narratives, adventure stories and post-apocalyptic narratives are basically lies; they’re comforting lies because they say the disaster is over there, implying that you can so something about it. “It's coming, but it's not here yet” is a way of preventing the future, when the truth is we're already in the future, we're already the disaster. That’s why – to be indulgent for a minute – my favourite bit of Wolves is the line saying, “how can it be the disaster, it's got pudding.” You’re looking at the menu and going “yeah, it's disaster”, but it's not how you normally think of disaster because there are menus with puddings on them. And I think this was my deliberate extreme domestication of Ballard, because his heroes have been deprived of a politic if you like, of a polis, of community. Their anthropocentric reading of the world is increasingly personal, increasingly neurotic, increasingly Freudian, increasingly fantastic and more and more obviously crazy. Whether it's the madness of a character who is seen to be deranged, or the madness of an environment which is clearly fantastical, but which you believe for the purpose of the novel, despite an awareness that Ballard is playing a deep, metaphorical game. This is something that a writer who had a big influence on me, M. John Harrison, is very good on. He’s very good on the politics of the game, mainly because he’s been playing it for ages. He gets this out of Wyndham Lewis, the fact that politics is insane, that the very act of politics is insane, but a necessary insanity. It’s a necessary game you play so that you stay within the tribe and don’t disappear into the greater world because you simply wouldn’t survive there. In Wolves the apocalypse looks like it's about to happen three quarters of the way through and then never really does. So it’s almost like you’ve looked Ballard in the eye and turned back towards Harrison instead? Well the thing is you’ll never know whether the disaster has happened or not, because you only see the domestic lives of the characters. The only glimpse of the wider picture is a false one – which is the one of the reasons commercial post-apocalyptic fiction is doing very nicely at cinemas near you. The hints at collapse actually increase throughout the book, but you’re never entirely sure what to believe because it doesn't look like a typical collapse. I mean, you can still get to the room downtown, but when you get there you find that there isn’t any copper in the wiring because it's been nicked. You drop in little hints like that and gather them up, so that they build into something. But the reader will probably only pick them up on the second reading because they're too busy with the personal on the first go. I think that’s what I tried to bring to this, that just as your personal life means that you don’t always recycle your garbage at the end of the week – you know, the “everyone wants to save the world, but no one wants to do the washing up” idea. The personal life is always going to count more than the political. I can remember what I was doing when the Berlin wall came down, but what I was doing was more important to me, to my history, than the fact that the Berlin wall came down. The public perception of augmented reality is very much the Google Glass model – none of us really know what else it’s for. But, as you mention, there are real companies looking to delete swathes of the world from our perception. When you were thinking about the technological schemes of the book, how important was it to you to extrapolate what you saw as real-world trends plausibly, given that science fiction writers so often run wild? What interested me primarily about augmented reality (AR) was the huge gap between the hype and the reality. While there’s always a gap between the hype and the reality in technology, the interesting thing about AR is that it's got a huge problem at its heart yet to be solved, and that is that you’ve got to put the damn glasses on for it to work. I wrote a book about eyesight some years ago for Bloomsbury and what was interesting then was that the first guy to get an artificial retina – they’re still being developed and the really good ones are still in the early stages, so this was quite a primitive effort – the first thing he did was to jack into his television so he could read Ceefax to look for the investment pages so he could trade on his stocks and shares. Prior to the operation, he could navigate the New York subway, but he couldn’t read the stocks and shares. It interested me that it was only in this extreme case, an extraordinary operation conducted on someone who had been blind, that there was a reason to put the glasses on. At the end of the novel one of the characters considers having eye surgery to experience augmented reality all the time, and there are also hints of technology that can directly interfere with your mind via magnetism. That’s already been done! I was going to ask if that was satirical! In dealing with such a young technology, without dropping brand names in so as to date it, I was in a good position to start playing with some of the weirder nightmares associated with this technology. Once I'd embarked upon the book, I was very careful not to have too many conversations with people I'd been working with in these little start-up companies, because I didn’t want the next big idea to interfere with what I was doing. And of course the big idea that does change the game is Google Glass, because it's not about presenting information to you; it's about gathering information about you and selling it back to you as a product. In a way I’m very glad I didn’t get into the politics of Google Glass until I finished the book, because I wanted the book to be about eyes – it’s the novel I wanted to write since I wrote the eye book. Do you think Google Glass will become commercially popular? The most common criticism of Glass is that it looks so uncool that no one will ever want to wear it. That is a huge problem Maybe if Jonathan Ive had designed it? I think it’ll find its market – whether it's going to be a huge market, I don’t know. . Would you say your attitude to augmented reality in the long run is a muted one? You expect it to have a small impact on the way we do things, but ultimately just become one tool among all of our tools, not a world-changer. I honestly think that the gamification might just be enough, oddly, because it has so little immediate practical use, because it’s getting in your face and in your way. There are some people who love to have technology get between them and the world – we know these people and we tend to avoid them if possible, but they will always be there. There will always be people who shove Glass in front of their face from day one, that’s just part of the bell curve of human nature. I think for the rest of us we’re looking for some kind of utility. But maybe augmented reality is the most fantastic gaming platform in the world. It may be that, if we’re canny about it and we’re not tripping over our own feet, AR may just work as the most fantastic gaming medium we’ve come across. It could be the thing after video games, it could be gigantic. I think it’s a lot more playful than people give it credit for – I think it's much more of a play medium than a utility.  
i don't know
Name the Nuclear powered submarine which sank the Argentine cruiser General Belgrano on May 2nd 1982.
BBC ON THIS DAY | 2 | 1982: British sub sinks Argentine cruiser About This Site | Text Only 1982: British sub sinks Argentine cruiser Argentina's only cruiser, the General Belgrano, has been sunk by a British nuclear submarine in the South Atlantic. It is the first serious attack on the Argentine navy by the British since the conflict over the disputed Falkland Islands began last month. The second largest ship in the Argentine navy was struck by two Tigerfish torpedoes from HMS Conqueror. It is thought there were about 1,000 men on board. British helicopters also sank a patrol boat and damaged another using Seaskua air-to-surface missiles. According to sources in Buenos Aires, at least five Argentine warships have been taking part in the search for survivors throughout the day. I sincerely hope it will not be a long and bloody conflict John Nott, Defence Secretary Chances of anyone being found are limited with reports of 30-foot high waves and icy conditions. The Belgrano, an old World War II ship, was reported to have been severely damaged this morning. News that she had actually sunk came as the Defence Secretary, John Nott, was answering questions from journalists this afternoon. The Belgrano was outside the 200-mile total exclusion zone at the time of the attack and Mr Nott was asked whether the bombing was therefore justified. He replied: "The General Belgrano was a threat to our men and therefore it is quite correct that she was attacked by our submarines." Mr Nott said the past week had been a successful one for British armed forces, but that the overriding aim was a peaceful and lasting settlement. "I sincerely hope it will not be a long and bloody conflict," he added. Earlier today, the government announced the next stage in the military build-up. The QE2 has been called into service - she is due back at Southampton at midnight tonight - as well as two ferries and a container ship. They will be used to carry 3,000 infantrymen.
HMS Conqueror
Who painted the picture of The Fighting Temeraire?
CDG 38 – Submarine Attack: HMS Conqueror vs. AGA Belgrano, 1982 | Armchair General | Armchair General Magazine - We Put YOU in Command! Home » Boardgames » CDG 38 – Submarine Attack: HMS Conqueror vs. AGA Belgrano, 1982 Posted on May 3, 2010 in Boardgames CDG 38 – Submarine Attack: HMS Conqueror vs. AGA Belgrano, 1982 By Armchair General Historical outcome and winning Reader Solutions to CDG #38, May 2010 issue. The May 2010 issue of Armchair General® magazine presented the Combat Decision Game “Submarine Attack! Falklands, 1982.” This CDG placed readers in the role of British Royal Navy Commander Christopher Wreford-Brown, skipper of the nuclear-powered fast attack submarine HMS Conqueror during the 1982 Falklands War between Britain and Argentina. Argentina, which had long claimed that the British Overseas Territories of the Falkland Islands and South Georgia Island were rightfully its possessions, invaded and occupied these tracts of lands on April 2, 1982. Britain responded by sending naval, air and ground forces on an 8,000-mile journey to the South Atlantic to reclaim them. Control of the seas surrounding the Falklands was crucial to the success of the British amphibious assault. Therefore, Conqueror’s mission on May 2, 1982, was vitally important to Britain’s naval operations. Subscribe Today Subscribe online and save nearly 40%!   Wreford-Brown’s mission was to attack and sink the Argentine cruiser ARA General Belgrano in history’s first-ever nuclear submarine attack on an enemy warship. If successful, Conqueror’s attack would likely convince Argentine naval commanders to withdraw their entire fleet to safer waters, thus conceding command of the sea to the Royal Navy. If the attack failed, however, the outcome of the naval war would remain in doubt, putting Britain’s amphibious assault against the Falklands in jeopardy.  HISTORICAL OUTCOME HMS Conqueror, sent to patrol the waters south of the Falklands to screen the southern approaches, detected and began tracking Argentine naval Task Force (TF) 79.3, composed of the cruiser Belgrano (the former USS Phoenix, built in 1938) and two destroyers, Piedra Buena and Hipolito Bouchard (both former U.S. Navy World War II-vintage warships). TF 79.3 was steaming just outside the 200-mile Maritime Exclusion Zone that Britain had established primarily to keep neutral vessels safely clear of the combat area. On May 2, while tracking the task force, Wreford-Brown received a high-priority message from the top level of the British government authorizing Conqueror to attack and sink Belgrano. Wreford-Brown decided to maneuver Conqueror into torpedo firing position and immediately attack Belgrano using the “tried and true” Mark 8 torpedoes (CDG Course of Action Two: Immediate Attack). After observing Belgrano through his submarine’s periscope at a distance of 2.5 miles and noting that the escorting destroyers were positioned 2,500 yards fore and aft on the cruiser’s starboard side, Wreford-Brown took Conqueror deeper, to 380 feet, and maneuvered to a firing position on Belgrano’s port side. As the sub was being moved, he had three forward torpedo tubes loaded with Mark 8 torpedoes. Bringing Conqueror to periscope depth on the cruiser’s port side, Wreford-Brown observed TF 79.3’s actions and judged that the Argentine ships remained unaware of his sub’s approach. He ordered a torpedo firing solution computed. At 4 p.m. Conqueror’s outer torpedo doors were opened, and soon the three “fish” were in the water on a course to intercept Belgrano. Shortly after 4:02 p.m., as Wreford-Brown raised the periscope to observe the cruiser, a massive explosion erupted amidships on the Belgrano. The violent blast ripped through four of the cruiser’s decks, killing 272 Argentine crewmen outright and wounding scores of others. Seconds later, another Mark 8 torpedo struck Belgrano’s bow area. The two torpedoes were fatal to the Argentine cruiser, which began to list dangerously. A third torpedo missed Belgrano but struck the destroyer Bouchard’s keel. Although that torpedo failed to explode, the impact damaged Bouchard’s sonar and caused flooding. Wreford-Brown ordered his crewmen to take immediate evasive action to avoid any retaliatory attack by TF 79.3’s destroyers. His men took Conqueror down to 500 feet, and the sub raced away from the stricken cruiser at 22 knots. They soon heard the destroyers’ depth charges exploding near the attack area. Widely circling the task force, Conqueror maneuvered to a position 11 miles north of the sinking ship to observe. At 4:40 p.m. Wreford-Brown saw the Belgrano’s remaining 770 crewmen abandon ship and board life rafts (they endured 30 hours in the open sea, and 23 of them succumbed to the elements before the group was rescued). At 5 p.m. on May 2, 1982, Belgrano sank, plummeting 10,000 feet to the bottom of the ocean. As the cruiser went down, Conqueror’s sonar operators could hear it being crushed by the immense pressure. As expected, Argentine naval commanders conceded control of the seas around the Falklands to the British. Although an Argentine airstrike sank the destroyer HMS Sheffield with an Exocet missile on May 4, the amphibious landings were successful thanks to British control of the seas, which Conqueror had helped to secure. The Falklands were recaptured, and the islands returned to British rule on June 14, 1982. READER SOLUTIONS ACG judges based their selections for winning Reader Solutions and those receiving honorable mention on submissions that chose Course of Action Two: Immediate Attack, or those whose explanations demonstrated a solid understanding of the key points for a submarine attack. (See After Action Report.) With COA Two, the British engaged the enemy at once, ensuring that they did not lose contact with the task force. By using the reliable Mark 8 torpedoes with their superior explosive power, the British increased their chances of a fatal hit against the cruiser. Wreford-Brown reasoned that attacking immediately with a powerful, combat-proven torpedo design was less risky than attacking at a closer range with a less stealthy torpedo design. The success of Course of Action One: Delayed Attack depended on the British maintaining continuous contact with TF 79.3, which was highly problematic given the rapidly changing weather in that area of the South Atlantic Ocean. Although senior British politicians in London preferred that the Argentine ships be shown as the aggressors by having them engage the British within the 200-mile Maritime Exclusion Zone, there was no guarantee that TF 79.3 would enter the zone at all. Furthermore, since Wreford-Brown was given the authorization to attack, this indicated that the top level of the British government thought that showing the Argentine ships as the aggressors was a desirable condition and not a mandatory one. Course of Action Three: Standoff Attack turned a combat action into a test of an unproven torpedo design, risking failure of the mission if the Mark 24 did not live up to expectations. Although the Mark 24’s longer range (up to 17 miles) and homing ability would have given Conqueror a greater chance of avoiding retaliation by Belgrano’s escorting destroyers, the nuclear-powered submarine’s superior speed, deep diving capability, and outstanding maneuverability convinced Wreford-Brown that the sub could get close to the enemy and still evade any counterattacks by the World War II-era destroyers. AFTER ACTION REPORT KEY POINTS FOR A SUBMARINE ATTACK Maintain the highest level of training so that all crewmen can quickly and efficiently perform their combat duties. Keep all submarine weapons, target acquisition, and tracking systems manned and in perfect working order at all times. Adjust tactics to the assigned mission, accounting for weather and sea conditions. Consider torpedo system capabilities and limitations when planning the attack. Monitor enemy escort ship actions during approach to target, attack, and withdrawal. Once torpedoes are launched, take immediate evasive action to avoid enemy escort ship retaliation. 1 Comment challenger 11/11/2011 neither destroyer launched any counter attack although conquerors crew were convinced they had presumably due to the explosions/implosions of munitions/compartments aboard belgrano,upon hearing the explosion reports on sonar both destroyers steamed 30 miles at high speed (as agreed) to escape the danger they returned to search for belgrano several hours later,an 11 mile oil slick was discovered by aircraft at 9:10 and the search for survivors began.
i don't know
Which Scottish Football League club has the nickname “The Honest Men”?
Ayr United: Ian McCall retains ambition - but only for Honest Men - BBC Sport Ayr United: Ian McCall retains ambition - but only for Honest Men By Martin Dowden Read more about sharing. Ian McCall (right) is back in the spotlight following Ayr United's promotion We all harbour our own perceptions and opinions of characters in Scottish football. Often they're deeply inaccurate; based on any number of factors that amount to distorted fiction. I'm guilty of it. For some reason, I'd formed a view that there was arrogance about Ian McCall that hindered his playing and managerial career. Maybe there was, maybe it did, but it's missing now if it was ever there. My confession comes from the realisation that he is a deeply intriguing figure. I've just enjoyed editing an interview, conducted by my colleague, Kenny Macintyre, which will be broadcast on BBC Radio Scotland's Sportsound on Saturday. It's littered with honesty and refreshing self-awareness. After three-and-a-half-years out of the game, McCall steered Ayr United to promotion to this year's Scottish Championship. His personal stock is on the rise once again. You'd think it's all going to plan as he charts his rise back to top-level management. "Oh no," he sighs. "Are you kidding me on? I've been through all that, I'm not really interested. My life's completely changed. "If you have the experts and pundits saying that's a lack of ambition, well okay, I'm cool with that, that's no problem. I'm very, very ambitious for Ayr United." There's no hint of falseness in those words. He credits new Hibernian manager, Neil Lennon, as the man who helped him back into football by arguing his case to Ayr chairman Lachlan Cameron. McCall was sacked by Dundee United in 2005 He's grateful for what he has and is making the most of it. The height of McCall's managerial career to date, in terms of size of club, was a spell at Dundee United after then chairman Eddie Thompson made a third approach to take him from Falkirk. "I was pulled kicking and screaming out of there," he said. "I found it so hard to leave. "There's no point in lying about it. I left because I was offered the third-highest paid manager in Scotland and I was 38. "That doesn't mean it was my big chance. My big chance was at Clydebank getting a job." It initially went well until Thompson asked for significant wage cuts to be implemented. Results dipped and, after two years, he was shown the door. "I don't question being given the sack," said McCall. "It was the right thing to do at the time. "I did the wage cuts, but I sort of lost control of it. I recognise that, when Eddie sacked me, it was the right thing to do." There's a reason McCall applies a dose of realism to how he views his past. He's battled personal issues that he doesn't wish to detail, but they've clearly defined the man he is today. "Rehabilitating myself was a very personal issue that I had to sort out myself," he said. "It went on over a five-year period. McCall joined Rangers from Dunfermline Athletic in 1987 "I don't really talk about it. I find it a very personal thing and I managed to do it. "I firmly believe that a person that hasn't got any baggage, I think they're the ones you've got to worry about. "I had some baggage, but I would defy anybody not to have some of that. "I came through a lot. I came out the other side and am very proud of myself and the people close to me I think are proud of me." McCall values professionalism in his players - something he feels let him down as a player. His application at Rangers in the late 1980s under Graeme Souness is a good example. "He demanded a level of professionalism that I just didn't show," he admits. "I showed sometimes but not very often. "To play at a club like that or that type of level, you've got to devote everything. "There's no art to getting yourself the fittest you possibly could be. That doesn't involve talent. "He was right about that. I got on well with him at times, but other times he didn't like me and probably rightly so." McCall has some regrets about walking out on Falkirk His contemporaries at Ibrox were the likes of Ray Wilkins, Terry Butcher, Trevor Steven and Richard Gough, a glittering array of top-level footballers. "When I was living my life well, I could play with them no problem and I wouldn't look out of place," suggests McCall. "At other times, I couldn't. "I maybe lacked a certain mentality to make it at that level. Ability and talent is not enough. Mentally, you need to be switched on. "Away from the pitch, at times I didn't always conduct myself the right way as a professional athlete should, but I would never have given a minute's problem at the pitch in how I trained." His players surely benefit from McCall's reflection on his own approach. You sense he won't let them make the same mistakes. McCall's contentment at Ayr seems genuine, but what if a job at a bigger club was offered? Could he resist? "My answer would be 'no' for certain," he insists. "I was asked to apply for a couple of jobs recently and the chairman knows that. "I already did it to Campbell Christie [at Falkirk], albeit he understood. "How could I do that to Lachlan Cameron, who's given me this opportunity? Not even to re-establish myself as a football manager, re-establish myself as a man? "I'm not going to do that. I might have done it years ago." Kenny Macintyre's interview with Ian McCall will be broadcast on Sportsound on Saturday on BBC Radio Scotland 92-95 FM & 810 MW, online and on digital radio from 15:00 BST. Share this page
Ayr United F.C.
On television which actor played Jim Hacker MP?
Scottish Cup: Six crackers from the last 16 - BBC Sport BBC Sport Scottish Cup: Six crackers from the last 16 By Andrew Southwick Potential giant killings and an Edinburgh derby await this weekend as the Scottish Cup reaches the last 16. It is a round that has rarely failed to deliver drama and excitement over the years. Last season Queen of the South ended holders St Johnstone's dream of making it two-in-a-row, Raith Rovers shocked Rangers at Ibrox and Spartans took Berwick Rangers to a replay. Ahead of Sunday's live game between East Kilbride and Celtic, BBC Scotland takes a look back at six classic last-16 clashes in Scotland's premier cup competition. 1962 - Heart of Midlothian 3-4 Celtic Although the second half of the 1960s was to become a happy one for Celtic, in 1962 the team were struggling to get their hands on silverware. After winning the league in 1953/54 they would have to wait 12 years before they would claim it again. Their luck in the Scottish Cup was not any better. Winners in 1954, they would lose the final four times before finally seeing it in green and white ribbons again in 1965. Hearts had enjoyed a more profitable few years. League winners in 1958 and 1960, they had also lifted the cup for the fifth time with a 3-1 win over Celtic in 1956. A few months after this game they would win the League Cup, though what they did not know at the time was that would be their lot until 1998. Pat Crerand scored the penalty which sent Celtic through The Jambos had added incentive having lost that season's League Cup final in a replay to Rangers, and over 35,000 fans packed Tynecastle for the clash with Celtic, with just one point separating them in the league table at the time. After Bobby Blackwood cancelled out a John Divers opener for Celtic, Johnny Hamilton gave Hearts the lead to set up an enthralling last 20 minutes. Stevie Chalmers and Divers had Celtic leading again, Danny Paton levelled, but Pat Crerand's late penalty settled it. Hearts: Marshall, Kirk, Holt, Ferguson, Cumming, Higgins, Rodgers, Wallace, Paton, Blackwood, Hamilton. Celtic: Haffey, McKay, Kennedy, Crerand, McNeill, Price, Chalmers, Jackson, Hughes, Divers, Carroll. 1990 - Celtic 1-0 Rangers After playing second fiddle to Aberdeen and Dundee United for much of the 1980s, the Old Firm were back to going head to head at the top of the table, at least for a few years. From Celtic winning the double in 1988, it took a Joe Miller goal in the 1989 Cup final to deny Rangers the treble. However, in 1989/90 the fortunes differed vastly for both sides. Graeme Souness' Rangers were embarking upon their record equalling nine-in-a-row run of league titles, though another tilt at the treble had been put to bed by a League Cup final defeat to Aberdeen. Celtic on the other end were to finish a distant fifth, and needed to win the Scottish Cup if they were to avoid the ignominy of failing to qualify for Europe. Joe Miller (right) battles against Gary Stevens in an Old Firm Scottish Cup encounter Tommy Coyne, at the time a much maligned £500,000 signing from Dundee, was the hero when he pounced on the rebound after goalkeeper Chris Woods parried Joe Miller's shot just before half-time. Rangers threw everything at Celtic in the second half but could not find a way through. It was a rare high point in a poor season for the Parkhead faithful, and their hopes of making Europe failed when they lost the final on penalties to Aberdeen. Celtic: Bonner, Morris, Wdowczwk, Galloway, Elliot, Whyte, Grant, McStay, Dziekanowski, Coyne (Walker), Miller. Rangers: Woods, Stevens, Munro, Ferguson, Spackman, Butcher, Steven, Walters (Vinnicombe) (Dodds), McCoist, Johnston, Brown. 1994 - Hibernian 1-2 Heart of Midlothian The two sides meet on Sunday in a much anticipated showdown at Tynecastle. For those clad in maroon, though, the 90 minutes will have to go some way to beat the 1994 derby win at Easter Road. It was the day Hearts celebrated getting the key to the door. It had been 20 derbies - and five years - since the Hibees had managed to beat their capital rivals. Hearts were 32 years without a trophy. Hibs were smarting from Ally McCoist's overhead kick that settled the season's League Cup final. John Robertson, so often the hammer of Hibs, opened the scoring in the second minute. But Hibs fought back and Keith Wright had them level. With four minutes to go and a replay looking likely, Wayne Foster raced onto a long ball, squeezed between two Hibs defenders, and smacked the ball through the goalkeeper's legs. Maurice Johnston (left) challenges Hibs goalkeeper Jim Leighton Hearts went on to make it 22 in a row without defeat against their Edinburgh rivals before their famous run was finally stopped in August that year. Hibernian: Leighton, Miller, Beaumont, Farrell, Tweed, Lennon, McAllister, Hamilton, Wright (Evans), Jackson, O'Neill. Hearts: Smith, McLaren, McKinlay, Levein, Berry, Millar, Colquhoun, Mackay, Robertson (Foster), Johnston, Leitch (Weir). 1995 - Stenhousemuir 2-0 Aberdeen This was the low point of a depressing period for Aberdeen fans. Bottom of the league and fighting to avoid relegation for the first time, club legend Willie Miller had been sacked weeks earlier. Roy Aitken's first game in charge was a 2-0 win over Rangers. However, six days later and they were brought back down to earth with an incredible bump at Ochilview Park. Despite the Dons boasting a line-up including internationals Theo Snelders, Eoin Jess, Duncan Shearer and Billy Dodds, it was dairy farmer Tommy Steel who grabbed the only two goals of the game in one of the great Scottish Cup shocks. Both sides lifted trophies the following season. Aberdeen winning the League Cup against Dundee, and Stenhousemuir humbling Dundee United in the Challenge Cup final. Stenhousemuir: Harkness, Clarke, Donaldson, Armstrong, McGeachie, Christie, Steel, Fisher, Mathieson, Hutchison, Sprott. Aberdeen: Snelders, Wright, Glass, Kane, Inglis, Smith, Jess, Shearer, Miller, Dodds, McKinnon. Stenhousemuir players celebrate in the dressing room after beating Aberdeen 2000 - Motherwell 3-4 Ayr United It was not often that Andy Goram conceded eight goals in a four days, however it was a taxing week for a Steelmen in an otherwise impressive season, where they were strutting their stuff at the top end of the table and only missed out on European qualification by two points. The other team in Ayrshire, Kilmarnock, had made the journey to Fir Park in midweek and scored four times. If any extra incentive was needed for the Honest Men when they had their turn, that was it. The sides shared six goals in a frantic first half; Gary Teale with a double and Neil Tarrent scoring for Ayr, with Lee McCulloch, Don Goodman and Ged Brannan finding the net for the Steelmen. The question was, could First Division Ayr keep it going for another 45 minutes? They answered that by pegging Motherwell into their own half and taking the lead again before the hour mark through Tarrent, but then had Michael Reynolds sent off just four minutes later. However, Motherwell could not find an equaliser and Ayr went on to make it as far as the semi-finals. 2011 - Rangers 2-2 Celtic (replay Celtic 1-0 Rangers) It was the tie that brought us the "Broony" and a confrontation that still has us asking what Ally McCoist said to Neil Lennon on the touchline. In the first game at Ibrox both sides finished with 10 men in an enthralling contest. Jamie Ness had the hosts in front within three minutes, but Kris Commons equalised before Celtic goalkeeper Fraser Forster was sent off as he conceded a penalty, which was scored by Steven Whittaker. Scott Brown levelled with a curling shot, then turned and taunted nemesis El-Hadji Diouf. Steven Naismith got a second caution for simulation and the game went to a replay at Celtic Park, which was to be even more controversial. Rangers had three players sent off as tempers boiled over; Whittaker and Madjid Bougherra, followed by Diouf after the final whistle for a second yellow card - his first coming after squaring up to Celtic manager Lennon. Mark Wilson's goal settled the game in Celtic's favour, but even at the final whistle the action did not stop, with McCoist and Lennon pulled apart while shaking hands. Share this page
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Which former Beirut hostage wrote “An Evil Cradling”?
Former hostage Keenan visits Beirut for 'another holiday' | Media | The Guardian Former hostage Keenan visits Beirut for 'another holiday' · After 17 years, author to film documentary about ordeal · He feels no hatred towards captors despite ordeal Former hostage Keenan visits Beirut for 'another holiday' · After 17 years, author to film documentary about ordeal · He feels no hatred towards captors despite ordeal Wednesday 15 August 2007 06.46 EDT First published on Wednesday 15 August 2007 06.46 EDT Share on Messenger Close Brian Keenan, the Belfast-born lecturer who was imprisoned and tortured for four and a half years by Shia militants, has returned to Lebanon to film a documentary about his experience. Seventeen years after being released, the former hostage has revisited the suburbs of Beirut where he was abducted at the height of the country's destructive civil war. The 56-year-old, who wrote a bestselling book, An Evil Cradling, about his captivity, gave a public reading and talk in the Lebanese capital about his ordeal. Keenan was seized by Islamic Jihad gunmen on his way to his teaching job at the American University in Beirut in April 1986. Initially he was held in isolation and later moved to a series of underground dungeons where he was chained alongside another hostage, the British journalist John McCarthy. At his reading in Beirut last weekend, Keenan recalled the violence he had endured at the hands of his captors. "I often refer to my captivity as a holiday. I'm back for another holiday because I thought Lebanon owed me one," the Irish Times reported him as saying. "I was nine months on my own in a tiny frigging little cell. The food was slid under the door, I was taken out for 10 minutes a day to go to the toilet and put back in again." One of his captors, Keenan remarked, had been a cruel and psychotic man who took pleasure in inflicting pain. "If I had the capacity I would have slit his throat and smiled while doing it." But he insisted he bore no animosity towards those who had imprisoned him or towards the Lebanese people. "I don't want revenge, an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth leaves everybody blind and unable to speak." He had been due to visit Lebanon last year but the trip was postponed after the outbreak in summer of the Israel-Hizbullah war. Keenan's wife, Audrey, and his two sons, Cal and Jack, accompanied him on his three-week tour. The documentary is being made for BBC television. Earlier this year Keenan had been active supporting calls for the freeing of the kidnapped BBC journalist Alan Johnston who was held hostage by an Islamist group in Gaza. He described in the Guardian the final "unreality of freedom" after "having spent months in a small room, most likely in the dark, having only the use of a radio for the intellectual stimulation that holds back your other companions for a short time - those being panic, anxiety, and fear so intense that you feel yourself suffocating, and you cannot do a thing about it." · To contact the MediaGuardian newsdesk email [email protected] or phone 020 7239 9857. For all other inquiries please call the main Guardian switchboard on 020 7278 2332. · If you are writing a comment for publication, please mark clearly "for publication".
Brian Keenan
In Greek mythology who was the daughter of Zeus and Demeter?
18 years on, Beirut hostage Brian Keenan returns to the city that left him a 'living corpse' | Daily Mail Online 18 years on, Beirut hostage Brian Keenan returns to the city that left him a 'living corpse' By ANTONIA HOYLE Last updated at 00:47 16 March 2008 Former Beirut hostage Brian Keenan has told of his terror as he returned to the city for the first time since he was released from captivity 18 years ago. He was held in the Lebanese capital by Hezbollah terrorists during the country's civil war. For 1,574 days, he was kept in windowless cells, chained, beaten and blindfolded. Scroll down for more ... Good times: Brian Keenan with wife Audrey and children Jack and Cal in Lebanon's Bekaa Valley His book charting his captivity, An Evil Cradling, became an instant bestseller. And now Brian, 57, has made the final step to putting his nightmare ordeal behind him by flying back to the land that kept him a "living corpse" for four years and four months. "I was terrified on that flight," he says. "I remember looking out of the window, down on the city, as the plane came in, not knowing what to expect." The trip has been filmed for a BBC2 documentary, Back To Beirut, in which he revisits the street he was kidnapped on, the cell where he was likely to have been held and areas ravaged by ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict. After spending a week on his own to deal with the "difficult stuff", he was joined by his wife, Audrey Doyle, 44 – the physiotherapist who helped nurse him back to health and whom he married in May 1993 – and their two children, Jack, ten, and Cal, eight. Brian wanted them to see the country as something other than a land of imprisonment and hate. Scroll down for more ... Survivors: John McCarthy, Terry Waite and Brian Keenan reunited in 1993 He was captured in 1986, four months after moving from his native Belfast to work as a teacher at the American University in Beirut. With Americans Terry Anderson and Thomas Sutherland, and English journalist John McCarthy, whom he describes as a "brother" figure, he was held hostage in response to Britain's support of America's foreign policy in the Middle East. The same year, Church of England envoy Terry Waite was kidnapped in Beirut as he tried to negotiate their freedom. Brian was finally released in August 1990, John McCarthy was freed a year later and Mr Waite was kept until November 1991. "I always had a sense that I'd return to Lebanon," says Brian. "I wanted to see the country I never got to see. And I wanted to take my kids to the place where they knew bad things happened to their dad and to see it's not bad." When he arrived at Beirut Airport last summer, he was struck by how different it looked from the menacing, gun-filled terminal that greeted him back in 1986. "I thought maybe the plane had missed a turn somewhere," he smiles. "There was a sea of people with colourful clothes, balloons, flowers and chocolates. "But, of course, it's still a city in turmoil. It looks like a beautiful flower, but you soon learn that there's poison in its petals." On the trip, Brian revisited the Mayflower Hotel, where he had spent his first few days in Beirut, and the villa he had rented near the university campus. It was outside its blue iron gate that he was ambushed on his way to work by four militiamen brandishing Kalashnikovs. Yet he insists the visit bought back no bad feelings and that he has nothing but happy memories of the house. "I loved that villa," he says. "It was exactly the same, and I didn't want to leave it." He also returned to the Ouzay district in southern Beirut, a poverty-stricken area where locals told him he probably spent the early months of his captivity. Brian cried on only one occasion, in Qana – a town struck by Israeli bombs during the July War of 2006, killing 28 civilians, 16 of them children. He admitted: "I wanted to be away as fast as possible." But the atmosphere lightened when his wife and sons arrived. They went swimming and to the beach, to St Mema's monastery and the caves in Jeita, and out of the city to the Bekaa Valley – one of 15 places to where Brian, bound in masking tape and dumped in a bag, was driven in a coffin-sized box during his imprisonment. "That was unnerving because of what he went through," says Audrey. "Hezbollah spotted the camera equipment and stopped to check our passports. "I was very protective over the children and expected the worst, but it was totally different." Brian adds: "They had a ball, and now they'll associate Lebanon with fun times." He, too, remains positive about the country. "It's been constantly invaded, but it's survived," he says. "Its greatest attribute is its ability to endure." • Brian Keenan: Back To Beirut is on BBC2 on March 31 at 7pm.
i don't know
What is the capital of The Scilly Isles?
St. Mary's | The Islands | Visit Isles of Scilly UK St Mary's Bike Hire St. Mary's All year The place to hire your bicycle on St Mary’s. We provide a full range of bicycles and accessories  to suit all ages and sizes. Pedal power for all the family. We provide a comprehensive service that lets you enjoy your stay here with peace of mind and all the time to follow the big yellow map and see St Mary’s at its best. Read more » St Mary's Boatmen's Association St. Mary's Mar-Oct There are daily trips to the islands and out to see the wildlife and lighthouses.  Boats leave from 10:15am and return until 4:45pm.  The service is seven days a week from just before Easter or the beginning of April until the end of October.  There are evening trips available through the main part of the season. There is an attractive special offer on purchases of ten or more tickets.  We can cater for special groups and parties.  Made up of the ten largest boats operating from St Mary's, we are the prime mover of visitor traffic. Read more » Toots Taxi St. Mary's All year We are a friendly and reliable taxi service based on St. Mary’s, working seven days a week, including evenings and weekends.  We have two vehicles available for hire, one carrying four passengers and one carrying six passengers.  The larger vehicle has two integrated baby/booster seats so children can be transported safely and comfortably.  We are available for a quick taxi trip to get you from A to B, as well as more leisurely tours of the island. We really look forward to being of service to you whilst you are on the islands. Read more » DJ Cabs St. Mary's All year Local, family run cab company operating around the islands for 5 years. Reliable, comfortable transport for short trips or late pick ups around St Mary's. Read more » Book a Bike St. Mary's All year Cycle around St Mary's in just a few hours and take in the stunning views from every point of the island. We will drop off and pick up cycles from your accommodation FREE OF CHARGE to save you time, so sit back and enjoy your holiday on the Isles of Scilly with BOOK A BIKE. COMING FOR A DAY TRIP? We can deliver to the airport or the quay. Hire and delivery also available to the off islands on request (St Martin's, St Agnes, Tresco and Bryher). Read more » Calypso Boat Company St. Mary's Apr-Oct Boat trips from St Mary's with skipper Tim - visit 3 islands in one day, take a day trip to an off island or an unihabited island, or a trip to see seals and birds. Read more » Island Sea Safaris St. Mary's Apr-Oct Island Sea Safaris operate marine wildlife safaris in their 8m RIB FIREBRAND IV around and amongst the islands and rocks of Scilly to see Grey Atlantic seals, seabirds including Puffins, Razorbills and Guillemots,Shearwaters,Fulmars,Cormorants,Shags and Various Gulls from April to mid July. and visit  some of the Islands shipwreck sites. We also visit many places of historical interest on our tours.  The 8 meter rib seats 10 passengers. Read more » Isles of Scilly Flowers St. Mary's All year Isles of Scilly Flowers offer scented Narcissi and Scilly Show Pinks Flowers from the Scilly Isles, the perfect all year round gifts for family and friends. Our beautiful range of scented Scilly Flowers are freshly picked and posted from our own Family run Scillonain flower farm. Isles of Scilly Flowers make the perfect gift for every special occasion or person. We carefully hand pick your Scilly Flowers from our finest blooms to ensure the highest quality and perfection - so your Flowers from Scilly are truly spectacular. Read more » Chris Hall Photography St. Mary's All year Widely regarded as a contemporary photographer, Chris is well known for his creativity and visual storytelling. From fashion to unique weddings to beautiful family images, Chris brings out the best in any situation creating images you can treasure. Read more » Juliet's Garden Restaurant and Bar St. Mary's Mar-Nov Juliet's Garden is a well established, family run business which was created over 30 years ago on Seaways Farm, overlooking the harbour and seascape. Above Porthloo on St Mary's, its friendly atmosphere and fresh food have made it a great favourite with visitors and locals alike. Read more » 49 Degrees St. Mary's All year The IOS Store, born and bred on the islands since 1973. Visit us for all your IOS apparel Read more » Phoenix Craft Studios St. Mary's All year The Phoenix Craft studios and workshops comprise seven individual craftspeople, many of whom will teach their skills to visitors. visitors can paint glass roundels, ceramic mugs and plates or fabric bags and tee-shirts. Beaded jewellery and silk scarf painting classes are open to all age groups too. Adults (over 14 years) also have the option of doing a three hour class in Tiffany glass, learning to to cut, copper-foil and solder coloured glass into a light-catcher to take home. Prices from £9.50 to £30. During Art Scilly Week in May each year, many more classes are laid on. Read more » Island Sea Safaris St. Mary's Apr-Oct Island Sea Safaris operate marine wildlife safaris in their 8m RIB FIREBRAND IV around and amongst the islands and rocks of Scilly to see Grey Atlantic Seals, seabirds including Puffins, Razorbills and Guillemots from April until mid July, and some of the Island's shipwreck sites.  We also visit many places of historical interest on our tours.  The 8 meter rib seats 10 and  Mark and his wife Susie  like to give you a full, friendly and informative commentary during the trip which also has plenty of good photo opportunities. Read more » Coasteer Scilly – with Kernow Coasteering St. Mary's Apr-Oct Coasteering on the Isles of Scilly has arrived! Brought to you by Kernow Coasteering, one of Cornwall’s foremost coasteering providers, Don’t miss your chance to experience the stunning golden granite coastline of Scilly in an epic costal adventure you’ll never forget. Read more » Stephen Morris at Glandore Gallery St. Mary's All year Located within their home at Porthloo, Glandore Gallery is a small, friendly, beachside gallery run by local artist, Stephen Morris, and his wife, Lois. Stephen paints exclusively ‘en plein air’ in watercolour and, more recently, inks, with a colourful and distinctive signature style. His cards and giclee prints are also available along with those of his late aunt, Nan Heath. Read more » St Mary's Bike Hire St. Mary's Jan-Dec The place to hire your bicycle on St Mary’s. Pedal power for all the family. Bikes for all ages and sizes. Free helmets supplied . Follow the big yellow map and see St Mary’s at its best. Full recovery available if there's a problem. Workshop and spares service. Self Catering St. Mary's Sleeps 4 | All year | £345 - £695 per week One of three beautiful self-catering cottages situated on the historic Garrison. They are in an area of outstanding natural beauty, on the glorious island of St Mary’s in the Isles of Scilly Read more » Self Catering St. Mary's Sleeps 4 | All year | £750 - £1,305 per week Standing Stone and Standing Stone Terrace are two adjoining houses lovingly converted from late 19th Century buildings. They are set in a large, shared garden with some sunny corners for reading or sunbathing on loungers. Two miles from Hugh Town, they allow for a 40 minute meander round the coastal path, happily encountering Juliet's Garden Restaurant and Bar en route! Read more » Special offer Self Catering St. Mary's Sleeps 4 | All year | £595 - £1,110 per week Modern duplex apartment right in the centre of Hugh Town offering light and airy accommodation. Ideal location for shops, beaches,restaurants and the quay for visits to the off islands. Perfect for couples sharing or families. Read more » Self Catering St. Mary's Sleeps 2 | May-Oct | £300 - £370 per week Situated at the North of St Marys, Morgelyn offers a peaceful retreat in comfortable surroundings with stunning views, historical sights and beaches nearby. McFarlands Down is a quiet, unmade road with 20 or so houses surrounded by fields and downland (Halangy Down) leading to Pendrathen, Bants Carn Ancient village and Burial Chambers and Bar Point. Read more » Self Catering St. Mary's Sleeps 4 | All year | £535 - £1,680 per week Harbourside, as its name suggests, is just that, with direct access down to the beach or even at high tide a swim off the steps! Being only 100 metres from the quay this is an ideal location for those who want to be close to the harbour activities.l Read more » Self Catering St. Mary's Sleeps 4 | All year | £300 - £840 per week South facing views, centrally located in Hugh Town, this property has a large open plan lounge/diner and kitchen with one double and one bunkroom. Self Catering St. Mary's Sleeps 2 | Apr-Oct | £490 - £570 per week Set in an elevated position, Avoca Hoopers is a spacious ground floor apartment is the perfect place to relax and unwind. The accommodation comprises of a large living area that adjoins a galley kitchen which is equipped with all that is needed to enjoy a restful break. The double bedroom is furnished with zip and link beds that allow easy conversion to a twin room. Read more » Self Catering St. Mary's Mar-Oct | £200 - £930 per week The recently refurbished accommodation benefits from lots of natural light and sleeps four guests in one double bedroom and one twin bedroom. There is a compact but fully equipped and well-fitted modern kitchen, a bathroom and a panoramic lounge/dining room with breathtaking views that are arguably the best on St Mary’s and we guarantee you will not be disappointed with your outlook. Read more » Bed & Breakfast St. Mary's 1 Room | Apr-Oct | £40 - £40 pppn The Midas Suite comprises of three rooms; a spacious bedroom with large en suite shower room and conservatory with food station (equipped for making light snacks and picnics). The suite has a limestone floor with underfloor heating. There is an outside area with hammocks, seating and sunloungers and views across to the other islands and Lower Moors. Although close to town, the property is located off the main road so is quiet and peaceful. Read more »
Hugh Town
Which battle of July 1685, ended the Duke of Monmouth’s rebellion against James VII of Scotland (Second of England) ?
Is this England's Best Kept Secret? The Isles of Scilly Written by Kirstie Is this England’s Best Kept Secret? The Isles of Scilly Have you heard of the Isles of Scilly? Can you point them out on a map? On a week long trip to the rocky archipelago that lies off the coast of Cornwall, I wondered if they could be one of the UKs’ best kept secrets. As a first time visitor and a parent of thoroughly modern kids who hate being unplugged, I was beguiled. And what’s more, so were they.. A bicycle pootles down a quiet lane, past the sign for an ancient burial ground where spirits are at one with the moon and the tide. An electric golf cart whirrs down a hill, containing five hungry tourists on their way to lunch in a sea front café where the sky meets the sea. This is England. But not as we know it. Panorama of Hugh Town, St Mary’s, Isles of Scilly Have you heard of the Isles of Scilly? The Isles of Scilly . Do you know where they are? And I’m not talking about Sicily. Despite the marketing on the mainland, plenty of people are still unaware of the quiet pleasures of island life just a few miles from the packed surf resorts of Devon and Cornwall. Scilly locals find it hard to understand why more English people don’t embrace the paradise on their doorstep. “Many Cornish people have never been across to visit,” says Dave the lobster fisherman, mending his nets for the start of the summer season. Our hotel staff joke that some of their acquaintances in Devon haven’t even heard of the islands. Well I’m not going to fill them in about it when I next pass through Exeter. Although tourism is vital to the island economy (second only to flower growing), part of the joy of visiting Scilly is the lack of crowds. Part of the charm is wandering down a deserted high street as the early morning light throws a sunburst over your shoulder. Compared to packed Newquay on the mainland, the five inhabited outcrops might as well be desert islands. And as for the 130+ uninhabited islands; well they are one long picnic on an endlessly empty beach. A child runs through a neat field of narcissi. Another makes a heart on the beach out of readily available shells. A boatman wades through the shallows in wellies that match the sun. A motorboat roars into action to catch the tide before it plays hide and seek down the bay. This is England. But not as we know it. A day sailing boat drops anchor on the unihabited isle of Samson, Isles of Scilly The local bus is a SkyBus If you are still in any doubt, the Isles of Scilly are 28 miles off the southwest tip of Cornwall. You can get there on a ferry, or fly in under half an hour from Land’s End or Newquay. And contrary to what you might think, the flight isn’t an extra faff. It’s all part of the fun of stepping forward into yesterday. Our Skybus is a small Twin Otter plane and carries just 15 passengers. All aboard the Skybus, at Lands End Airport. Getting there is travel as it used to be The Skybus ride is spectacular. There’s a real excitement flying from a little aerodrome, taking off in a tiny plane. It’s romantic; how flying used to be. The co-pilot hangs his jacket on the seat in front of me, briefs me personally on emergency exits. I sit a foot or two away from the pilot and watch him steer us into the sky. I am hypnotised by the propeller churning the air over a patchwork sea. I look down on the gently moving shadow of the plane as it weaves away from the mainland over rocky bays and down towards a small airfield at the top of a yellow gorse hill. Welcome to Scilly. A dog sits on a chair in the high street, outside a neat terraced house, basking in the sun. Another sits in the front seat of the doctor’s van, looking poised to start the engine. Sea birds cackle and soar, and an ‘off island’ group of visitors are getting up close with seals. This is England. But not as we know it. Bus stop ahead. Arriving in the Isles of Scilly on the SkyBus A city that’s not so big Michel, our shuttle driver, charmingly calls Hugh Town a city. It is clearly not the Big Apple, but it is as sweet as apple pie. Hugh Town is the main hub on St Mary’s, the biggest and most populated of the islands. There are fewer people living here than in our small village back home. Yet it offers so much more. Vibrant cafes, imaginative gift shops, a town hall and a clutch of pubs selling cloudy cider and freshly caught crab and fish. St Mary’s is where tourists touch down before transfer to the ‘off islands’ by boat. Its harbour is the launch pad for day trips to settlements on Tresco, St Agnes, Bryher and St Martins, and to other uninhabited islands, weather and tide permitting. Today the cafes are opening again for the summer season. People are coming out of hibernation and meeting and greeting each other. In winter the islands have just over 2000 inhabitants; in summer numbers can swell to over 6000. Yet the tourists always disperse. Not by car. Only locals are permitted cars on St Mary’s. Visitors travel around this island and others by foot, bike, golf cart and shuttle bus. It creates an old fashioned sense of wellbeing. An unfamiliar feeling of safety. I believe that if I send my child out with a bicycle and a fishing net they’d come back some time, possibly some days later, with dinner. A dog digs for treasure in the sand opposite the old dairy café. Mick, the café owner loads his van for the day’s deliveries. A family lick ice creams on one of the many benches that line the harbour. They watch boats bob up and down on the water as someone launches a kite. The ferry arrives in a wash of white. This is England, but not as we know it. Dog sits out in rush hour in Hugh Town, St Mary’s, Isles of Scilly First steps on Scilly St Mary’s is our base for our week of adventures. We make our way up a tiny back street, with its own bell tower, to Tregarthen’s Hotel where tourism began on the islands in the 1850’s. Frank Tregarthen, Captain of the steam packet Ariadne, regularly invited passengers to stay in his home after trips to Penzance, and effectively turned the building into St Mary’s first hotel. Today it has 33 bedrooms and stands on sentry over the bay, keeping an eye on the maritime heritage. There are many reasons to stay in Tregarthen’s and one of these is the exceptional food. (The chef is the son of the town’s former butcher and grew up learning how to make the bread that the shop sold.) But the real draw is the service it offer to families. The sun comes up on Tregarthen’s Hotel, seen from the Hugh Town harbour, St Mary’s, Isles of Scilly An extra mile Receptionist Kelly has a full time job with our itinerary alone. And it starts even before our arrival when flights are cancelled due to a storm and Tregarthen’s staff sort rooms near the airport for five of us at an hour’s notice. “We always try and go that extra mile for our guests,” says Tregarthen’s General Manager Carina Luscombe. “People might find the idea of doing the Isles of Scilly a bit daunting, with all the travel involved in getting around. But we can sort out all your travel for you.” And they do. We leave Kelly buried under a mountain of logistics and head for the hilltop Garrison. This camera friendly fortification with views to forever holds a huge chunk of the history of the island within its walls. If we want to discover the life and rhythms of the UK’s best kept secret, it seems as good a place to start as any. Daffodil on The Garrison, Isles of Scilly Practical Information Getting there Skybus is the fastest way to get to the Isles of Scilly. It’s a great part of the island experience, flying in small planes at about 1000 feet with incredible views. Skybus fly from Lands End, Newquay and, in season, Exeter. Flights take from 15 minutes (ex Lands End) and you are advised to check in one hour before your scheduled flight time, as your flight may leave (as ours did) as soon as everyone has arrived! You are allowed 15 kilos of baggage free of charge per person (except on day trips) and there are severe restrictions on the size of your hand luggage given the size of the planes. Getting through the airports at Lands End and St Mary’s is a pleasant experience as they are small, modern with nice coffee shops. The Twin Otter planes hold 19 people and can provide a dog box for your pet. The Islander planes hold up to 8 people. Transfer buses will take you, your pet and kids from the airport to different locations on St Mary’s for a small charge or to the port for off island transfers. We paid £25 for the whole family for a return transfer. We also paid a £50 charge for parking in the airport car park at Lands End for a week. If you prefer not to fly, the Scillonian III passenger ferry runs daily from Penzance. Crossings can be rough but you may spot dolphins. You can also get a fly out, return by sea ticket to experience the best of both worlds. Both the Scillonian and Skybus services are, of course, weather dependent. Staying there There are lots of accommodation options on the Isles of Scilly to suit different budgets and interests, from camping to guest houses, self catering rentals to flexible catered rentals, simple hotels to full service hotels, both in town and scattered around island locations. The tourist board site, Visit Isles of Scilly , can help with finding suitable accommodation. We stayed on St Mary’s at the Tregarthen’s Hotel , close to the Hugh Town port, convenient for island hopping and ‘city’ services. Tregarthens welcome families and multigenerational groups, offer great advice on local services and attractions and work hard to tailor and arrange activities to suit your needs and interests. Their food was great and the superfast broadband proved very popular with the kids too. Heading around town in a Scilly golf cart. Disclosure Note: We visited the Isles of Scilly in a collaboration with The Islands Partnership. Tregarthen’s Hotel and Skybus helped with accommodation and transport for our stay on the Isles of Scilly while we funded most of our own activities and adventures. All the views, opinions, experience and photography are, as ever, all entirely our own.
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Who in 1964 became the first president of a fully independent Zambia?
BBC ON THIS DAY | 25 | 1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia 1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia Zambia has become the ninth African state to gain independence from the British crown. The former colony of Northern Rhodesia - part of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland since 1953 - celebrated with a ceremony at the Independence Stadium in the capital, Lusaka, as a huge copper torch was lit on a hill overlooking the city. The new president of the country, Kenneth Kaunda, was given the Instruments of Independence by the Queen's representative, the Princess Royal. Thousands of people shouted "Kwatcha" - meaning the Dawn - as they watched the red, black, green and orange colours of the Zambian Republic's flag replace the British Union Jack to mark the official changeover at midnight. Princess Mary read a personal message the Queen as the UK welcomed the newest member of its Commonwealth. Kaunda's vision President Kaunda - the only candidate in the August elections - has given his first news conference since taking office. He spoke of the new republic's "task of building a nation founded on respect for all people of all races, all colours and all religions". And he told journalists Zambia would support Britain if neighbouring Rhodesia - formerly Southern Rhodesia - made a unilateral declaration of independence. "That declaration would meet resistance from all over the world and would not last," he said. The son of a Church of Scotland minister, Dr Kaunda, 40, has a reputation as a moderate and reasonable man, opposed to violence. He supports the preservation of 10 of the 73 seats in parliament for the Europeans, for at least the next four years. He hopes this will reassure the community of 70,000 Europeans in Zambia, most of whom work in the Copper Belt near the border with Congo and are of great economic importance to the country. Many have already left for South Africa fearing increased African resentment against them. One of Dr Kaunda's first acts as head of state was to release 200 "freedom fighters" jailed for sedition by the colonial administration. He has also sent letters to the South African Prime Minister asking for African leaders, including Nelson Mandela, to be imprisoned in Zambia rather than their homeland. Lusaka is currently home to the headquarters of 15 African freedom movements, including Zanu and Zapu from Rhodesia.
Kenneth Kaunda
What is comedian Jasper Carrot's real name?
Zambia's Independence and Democracy Independence T he Federation was dissolved in 1963, its only enduring monument the Kariba Dam across the Zambezi, intended by the federalists to bind Northern and southern Rhodesia forever. In January the following year Zambia’s first universal adult suffrage elections were held and though the ANC performed well in a few substantial areas, UNIP won convincingly, Kaunda becoming Prime Minister. Then at midnight on 24th October 1964, Zambia became an independent republic with him as president. Kaunda remained in office for 27 years. Although during his early years great strides were made in the areas of education, health and infrastructure, his attempts to ‘decolonise the economy by nationalising it completely, produced only inefficiency, corruption and a disastrous decline. His one party participatory democracy; which gave UNIP sole power, soon fossilised into an autocracy maintained by police-state methods. In 1990 an obviously collapsing economy together with political frustration, led to serious food riots and an attempted military coup d’etat that had people dancing in the streets. Opposition to the regime became so deep and widespread and the demand for change so urgent that Kaunda had to concede. Democracy The one-party state was abolished and free elections were held in October 1991. Kaunda and UNIP were defeated eighty per cent to twenty per cent by the newly formed Movement for Multi-party Democracy, a broad coalition of different interest groups. The MMD’s Frederick Chiluba, a trade unionist who had been locked up by Kaunda, became Zambia’s second president. He promised democratic, transparent and accountable governance, but inherited and empty treasury, a foreign debt of seven billion US dollars and a country in a worse state than it had been when it won its independence in 1964. Whether the liberal free-market policies Zambia is now experiencing will put the country back on track to prosperity is a subject of constant debate. Upon assuming the presidency, Chiluba made christianity the official state religion. And on the economic front the government embarked on an economic reform programme. It abolished foreign exchange controls, passed new investment laws, set up a stock exchange, and embarked on a privatisation programme which at one point was dubbed by the World Bank as the best on the continent. All this led to Zambia being courted enthusiastically by aid donors, and saw a surge, in investor confidence in the country reflected in a growing number of investors. But in the ’90s there was been a cooling in relations with the donors amid negative perceptions of constitutional tinkering ahead of the November 1996 elections, which prevented former president Kenneth Kaunda from standing as a presidential candidate. The elections in 1996 saw blatant harassment of opposition parties. In 2001 Chiluba announced he was going to amend the constitution and stand for a third term. The public outcry was immense amid increasing allegations of corruption. He finally agreed to stand down and named Levy Mwanawasa as his successor. After a very controversial election in Dec 2001 MMD won again and Mwanawasa sworn in as President. The election was marked by administrative problems with at least two parties filing legal petitions challenging the results. In 2008 Rupiah Banda won the national election after the death of Mwanawasa. In 2011 Michael Sata took the Presidency, breaking the MMD monopoly since Kenneth Kaunda.
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