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In the 'Planets Suite' by Holst, which planet is 'The Magician'?	Holst- Uranus, the Magician- The Planets Suite - YouTube Holst- Uranus, the Magician- The Planets Suite Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Feb 22, 2008 English composer Gustav Holst composed The Planets between 1914 and 1916. The Birmingham premiere of the suite took place in 1918, fifteen years before Pluto was discovered. Though the Planets became by far the most popular work of Holst's and one of the most known pieces by an English-born composer, Holst did not consider the piece one of his finest. Partially because of this, he never wrote an eighth movement, though unexpectedly the IAU relegated Pluto from its status as planet proper in 2006. Category	Uranus
In which country is Mount Sinai?	Holst - The Planets - Classic FM Schedule Holst - The Planets It’s probably an oft-made point, but it’s worth making again: Holst’s 1914 work, The Planets, is not about the planets. That is, it’s not about astronomy. Rather, it’s about astrology. So we are not hearing a suite of tributes to, say, Saturn, the planet with rings around it. Instead, Holst was writing about Mars, the bringer of war; Venus, the bringer of peace; Mercury, the winged messenger; Jupiter, the bringer of jollity; Saturn the bringer of old age; Uranus, the magician; and Neptune, the mystic. Holst had managed to finish his much-pondered suite – it had been in his mind for some time – by 1916, by which time the First World War made all thoughts of a performance impractical. However, in the war’s closing days, and in between his own personal war efforts, he was granted the use of the great Queen’s Hall in London, as a gift from a friend. He immediately commandeered the twenty-nine-year-old Adrian Boult to conduct his new suite. A great deal of Holst’s personality is captured in The Planets, with the extrovert in Jupiter, his sense of humour in Uranus, and his relaxed manner in the lyrical in the second movement of the work, Venus. Venus was the second of the seven to be composed and has an unmistakable air of calm contrasts with the first movement, which is very loud and thunderous. Listen for the French Horn call at the start which is answered by soft flutes, and the use of the harp – an instrument often associated with femininity, beauty and peace. Holst News	i don't know
Which town near Antwerp has given its name to a thick coarse woollen cloth and in particular to a bag made from this material?	fabrics for boys' clothing: fabrics A-L Fabrics Used in Boys' Clothing A-L Figure 1.--This Macy's ad appeared we beliec=ve in the 1900s, perhaps the very early 1910s. The quality of the images tells us that it was not doine in the 1890s. The ad provides a look at the ways ginghan, cambric, muslin, and percale were used for children's clothes. Boys clothing has been made in a wide variety of fabrics. Aristocratic boys once wore fabrics such as brocades that we would today consider totaly unsuitavle for boys. Some such as denim have been used for play and casual clothes. Others such a velvet have been made for elegant party suits. Other fabrics such as flannel, serge, cheviot, corderoy and many others have been used for a wide variety of different garments. Quite a variety of other fabrics, sometimes quite expensice such as cashmere, camelhair, and satin have been used for expensive boyswear. Some fabrics were once quite popular, such as chambray, cheviot, duck, and serge were once very commonly used for boys clothing, but now rarely seen. In recent years clothing has moved from formal styles to more utilitarian clothing and thus the hard wearing durable fabrics like denim and corderoy have become increasingly important. One particularly luxurious fabrics sometimes used for outfits to be worn by younger boys is velvet. Many fabrics have interesting modern historical stories denim and chino. Other fabrics date back many centuries if not milenia. Cashmere, camelgair, and silk were staples of the freat caravan trade. Some of the most important fabrics used in boys clothing has included the following. Bedford Cloth The term " Bedford cloth " is sometimes used to describe corduroy. The term is used because large quantities of corduroy was manufactured in Bedford England. Corduroy was one of the many fabrics developed by the English cotton goods industry which was at the center of the Industrial Revolution . A related term commonly used in Germany and the Netherlands is " Manchester Cloth ". Manchester was an even more important center of corduroy production. Boussac A fabric widely used in France after World War II (1939-45), especially after 1955, was "tissu boussac". ("Tissu" means fabric in French. It was a cotton material, but not-printed. Boussac was according to a French source a "self-colored" fabric. I'm not sure what that means, perhaps solid colored. I'm also not sure about the English translation. It was used in all sorts of clothing. Brocades Brocade is a fabric woven with an elaborate raised design. Fine brocades often included gold or silver threads. Brocades were commonly used for quality men clothes, especially coats, during the 18th Century. At the time the same styles were used for both adults and boys. Calico Calico reportedly got its name from the Indian port of Calcutta, a major port for trade with Europe. Cloth shipped to England was called Calicut-cloth and eventually Calico-cloth. It was at first a general name for all kinds of cotton cloth imported from India and other Asian locationms. Some of the imported Indian fabric was died with bright clors. Calico in England is now used primarily for plain white unprinted cotton cloth, bleached or unbleached. In the United States, however, it usually means a printed cotton cloth that is coarser than muslin. Cambric Cambric is a fine, dense whitev fabric of medievl origins. It is a lightweight cloth, with a plain weave, originally from Cambrai, a northern French town near what is now the Belgian border. This area of northern France became the economic heart of the late medieval economy based on weaving. It was originally woven in greige. This wa a erm used for raw silk which had a gry-beige color. Camric became for a long time associated with linen which ws made from flax. The greige fabric is then bleached and piece-dyed. Further processing often involved glazing or calendering. While initially made from flax, the Industrial Revolutin greatly expanded the use of cotton. As a result, mills began doing cambric in cotton. Some mills called it batiste. Cambric was widely used for fine inens, shirtings, quality handkerchieves and as fabric for a range of lace and needlework. Lesser quality cotton cambric was commonly used to cover the bottom of furniture which kept dust out and loose stuffing from fallingon to the floor. Chambray is a related fabric, usually done in cotton, often marketed in America similar to ginham. . Camelhair Camelhair comes from the two humped Bactrian Camel in central Asia.During the winter the camel grows a long thick coat which by spring has formed into clumps of wool that hang from the camels body. By early summer these clumps have fallen to the ground and are collected by caravans and carefully graded. The longer, coarser hairs are used for weaving and only the fine underhair is selected for fine carments like sweaters. Cashmere Cashmere is a twill weave wool worsted fabric which began to be used for suits in the late 18th Century. It is derived from Kashmir goats. Cashmere is currently a disputed province between Pakistan and India. It was used for better boys' suits during the late 19th Century. Cashmere is of the rarest and most expensive fibres known to man. It is combed from the soft underfleece of the Cashmere Goat, which lives in the mountains of Central China. Each animal yields only 4 oz per annually. The finest fleeces comes form those animals living at the highest altitude where the temperatures are coldest. We suspect that many fabrics identified as Cashmere was actually cheaper fabrics. We note different spellinfs were often used. Cassimere We note adds at the turn of the 20th century for boys suits made out of cassimere. We are not sure at this time just what cassimere was. Sears tells us that it was a fabric that was part wool, but we have no other details at this time. Because it sounds like Cashmere, we think it was an effort to make a less expensive fabric sound like expensive Cashmere. At the time there were no consumer protection laws protecting the public from misleading advertisement. Chambray Chambray is a fine cloth of cotton, silk, or linnen, commonly of plain weave with a colored warp and a white weft. The first references are note around 1805-15. Chambray is an American term, the fabric is commonly referred to as cambric in England. Challie Challie or chally is a soft, light-weight fabric of plain weave which was done in wool, cotton, or perhaps a mixture. Modern production includes sunthetic fibers. It was sometimes done done in solid color or more commonly a small print. It was commonly used for women's and girl's dresses. The term first appears in the mid-19th century (1840s). The origin of the term is unknown, but is believed to be a surname. A reader writes, "My main interest has been largely little girl's mid 19th century clothes. This weekend I purchased a deep orange checked dress, lined, and trimmed in velvet. The dealer called it linsey woolsey, but I think it's challie wool. Can you ask your readers what the main differences are between the two? (I don't think linsey woolsey pieces were printed fabrics, for one thing.)" Cheviot Cheviot is a British breed of sheep noted for its heavt fleece of mediem length. It was used to produce a woolen fabric in a course twill weave. It was widely used for boys' suits and coats in the late 19th and early 20th Century. It also refers to cotton fabrics used for shirts beginning in the early 19th Century. The term is derived from the Cheviot Hills on the border of England and Scotland. This was an area of considerable fighting. The Cheviot Hills were celebrated in the Ballad of Chevy Chase. Chinchilla A chinchilla is a small South American rodent living in rocky burrows in the Andes (Bolivia, Peru, and Chile). The rodents were domesticated for their silver gray fur. It is a very coistly fur. The term is also used for a coat fabric with a curly nap. We believe that the boys' coats described as chinchilla may not have been true chinchilla, but rather wool with a curly nap. True chinchilkla would have been relatively expensive, but we can not be sure if it was used in any specific garment. Thus while chinchilla appears to refer to a material, it is probably used more, in reference to boys' garments, to indicate a weave--fabric with a curly nap. Chinos Chino cloth was a dueaable chinese fabreic used for pants and to a lesser extent shirts. Chinos were military issue pants. The British khakis found their way into China where they were duplicated and sold to American soldiers in the Philippines for uniforms. (The Philippines were a former Spanish colony and the Spanish word for Chinese is "Chino") Chino fabric is most commonly a twill fabric, do not have to be. Any firm cotton weave can be used. Chino pants are most commonly a khaki color. The military style had no pleats and was tapered at the leg bottom to conserve fabric. When soldiers returned to civilian life from World War II they continued to wear their military chinos especially to college. Many boys from the 1950s and 60s especially rember wearing "chinos". One reader reports, "I had one pair of Chinos that I just wore to death." Corduroy Corduroy is often said to be a French fabric, litterly fabric of the king. It was daid to be originally used as livery for the king's hunting attendants. This does not appear to be the case. Corduroy seems to have developed in England, although it dod become popular in France. It was originally comsidered to be roughwear for working men. Corduroy became a popular childrens fabric in the 1920s because of its warmth and durability. American boys commonly wore cord knickers and British boys cord shorts. It was eclipsed by denim in the 1950s, but is still commonly used for children's clothing. Coutile Coutile as the name suggests ia a cotton fabric. It was done un a herringbone weave. It was as the name suggests a cotton fabric. It was done in a herringbone weave. It was used in both underwaista and corsets because it was both sturdy and heavy-duty and at the same time pliable and soft. Some observers report in softened upon washing. A good example of the use of the fabric for children's underwaists can be seen in an unidentified 1900 catalog . Crash HBC has noted this fabric in adverisements for turn of the century garments. Few details, however, are available on the fabric. It is a plain weave fabric of rough, irregular, or lumpy yarns. Crï¿½pe de Chine A french reader has suggeste adding crï¿½pe de Chine (Chinese crepe) on the list of materials. I'm not sure about the English translation. It came both printed and plain and was used for boys' dress clothing. Dacron Dacron is an American trademarked synthetic polyester textile fiber. Damask Damask is a term used for a fabric made from a wide variety of fibers, including linen, silk, rayon, cotton, synthetics, wool, and worsteds. The classic definition is a rich silk fabric woven with often elaborate designs and figures, frequently in a variety of colors. Damask was originally made of silk, which originally came from China through Arab traders. One of the most important Arab cities was Damascus and thus became known in Euope as "damask". Italian traver, Marco Polo, in the 13th century descibed the fabric. Damask is one of the oldest and most popular older materials still in use today. Weavers are able to make very beautiful and elaborate designs. Damask cloth is beetled, calendared, and the better qualities are gross-bleached. It is a very durable, hard wearing silk fiber. Damask can worn reversible. It is known for shedding dirt. The firmer the texture of damsk fabric, the better the quality. Damsk launders well and holds a high lustre--particularly when made in linen. Damsk was initially used as a clothing fabric. Today it is used more commonly as a table cloth. It was never used specifically to make boys clothes, but during the era in which garments were made of damask, boys afterbreeching wore clothes much like their fathers. Thus boys from affluent families might wear damask garments. Denim No fabric has assumed more importance in a boy's wardrobe during the second half of the 20th century than cotton denim. The origin of denim is a truly international story involving the French, English, Italians, Germans, and Americans with the California Gold Rush of 1849 thrown in. The primary garment was of course jeans, but denim has come to be used for caps, shirts, jackets, and many other garments. Most jeans were long pants, but cutoff shorts were worn in America and jean shorts were worn in Europe. Now bibfront overalls in both long and short pants versions are popular. Dimity Dimity was first made in silk or wool, but beginning in the 18th century it became an essentially cotton fabric. This was the result of the Industrial Revolution which significantly reduced the cost of cotton fabric. Dimity tends to be sheer and the fabric characteristically has at least two warp threads thrown into relief creating thin cords. Dimity has been used for bed upholstery and curtains. It is normally white, sometimes with a printed colored pattern. It is madein different weughts, depending on the purpose. A fairly stout texture can be used for draperies. A softer texture dimity has been used for underwear or women's bustles. The material for the light-weight cotton union suit is dimity material, similar in weight to nainsook but of a smoother texture. A good example is a Sexton union suit in 1921. Douffle Douffle is a course, thick woolen material which owes its name to the Flemish (Belgian) town where it was made--Duffel in Brabant, between Antwerp and Mechlin. It was a coarse woollen cloth having a thick nap or frieze. HBC has noted references to "duffel" as early as the 18th century. The primary boys's garment is of course the duffle coat --a garment first adopted by the British Royal Navy in the late-19th century and made with fabric imprted from Flanders. After Word War II the duffle coat became very popular with children, especially boys. Draps Piquï¿½s A French reader has suggested adding draps piquï¿½s to the material list. Hecsays thatit was a white material wudely used for boy' wear. HBC is not sure about the translation. Drill Drill is a strong twilled, usually cotton, fabric. It was widely used for "chinos" in America. The most popular color was khaki, but other colors were also used. They were mostly long pants, but cotton drill was also used for shortbpants as well. Duck HBC has noted this fabric in adverisements for turn of the century garments. Few details, however, are available on the fabric. It is a heavy, plain weave cotton fabric for tents, clothing, bags, etc. Slacks and trousers especially were made of duck. Elastic An fabric is one which has been made elastic (capable of returing to its own length or shape after being streached). This is normally done by adding strips of rubber . Elastic appeared in the early 19th century. It was invented by Thomas Hancock. Hancock was an English inventor who was the moving force in founded the British rubber industry. All rubber at the time was natural rubber harvested in tropical countries. Hancock in 1820 obtained a patent for elastic fastenings. He used them for for gloves, suspenders, shoes, and stockings. He also invented a machine he called the masticator. After he began producing elastic fabrics he found that in in cutting rubber he was wasting large quantities of the expensive imported raw material. The mastucar allowed him to use the scaraps from the manufacturing process. The masticaror shredded rubber scraps. The rubber could then be recycled. We notice elastic being used for suspenders and pants waistbands and eventually the tops of kneesocks. One common use of elastic today is in pants waistbands. This was not nearly as common in the 19th and early 20th century. We aret sure at this time just why this was. Flannel Flannel is a soft, slightly napped fabric made of wool or wool blends. It is used for trousers, jackets, shirts, underwear, and other garments. Cotton flannel is a lighter version napped on one side is commonly used for sleepwear and sheets. Flannel became a popular material for men's blazers and trousers in the late 19th Century. British school boys by the 1920s commonly dressed in flannel blazers and short pants. American boys would commonly have a blue blazer and grey slacks in there wardobe in the 1950s, younger boys might wear shorts instead of long pants with their blue blazers. Flannel trousers and shorts declined in popularity in the 1950s as polyester belends that did not require ironing to keep a crease became increasingly popular. They have not, however, completely disappeared. Fustian One theory postulates that the name "fustian" was derived from Fostat, the name of a suburb of Cairo where cloth was manufactured. Fustian was once a coarse cloth made of cotton and flax. It now is used for a sturdy or thick, twilled, cotton cloth with a short pile or nap, often dyed in an olive, leaden, or other dark color. The term has often been used for any of a variety of thick twilled cotton fabrics with a short nap. The most common of these fabrics is corduroy. For some reason, another meaning for the term is Pretentious or pompous speech or writing. Gabardine Gaberdines or gabardines were originally a long, loose coat or frock for men worn in the Middle Ages, especially by Jews. In modern usage gaberdin overcoats were commonly worn by men and boys. Many British private schools perscribed a particular style of gaberdine raincoat to be worn over their school uniform. Galatea HBC has noted this fabric in adverisements for many turn of the century garments. We have so far collected very little information on it. Galeta appears to have been a popular, but moderately priced cotton material. Galeta was a durable fabric and for that reason commonly used in children's clothing. It was often, but not always a striped fabric. Galatea is, however, a figure in Greek mythology. The American Heritageï¿½ Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000. suggests that the fabric was named after the HMS Galatea, a 19th-century English warship. Apparntly the connection was that galeta was commonly used for children's sailor suits. Figure 2.--This American boy was photographed in 1915vwearing a gingham or cjeckerecd tunic suit. Gingham Gingham is a plain-woven fabric, initially made exclusively of cotton fabric. The strongm seviceable nature of the fabric makes its ideal for children's summer clothing. It has been worn more by girls than boys, but French and other European boys did wear gingham smocks in the first half of the 20th century. Some of the bows worn by boys in the late 19th century appear to have been made of gingham fabric. Holland HBC has noted this fabric in adverisements for turn of the century garments. No details, however, are available on the fabric. Holland was a cotton cloth with an opaque finish, often used for window shades. Indian Head Cloth A reader tells us about Indian Head cloth, a trade-marked fabric sold in America during the early 20th century. Our reader reports that Indian Head was "a superior muslin with a linen texture". [Kiplinger] An company advertisement in 1916 claimed, "More Clothes for Less Money. Indian Head cloth costs one third as much as linen, doesn't wrinkle easily and keeps clean an unusually long time." The manufacuturer was Amory, Browne & Co. in Boston, Massachusetts. We notice Tom Sawyer wash suits done in Indian Cloth advertized in 1924. Jersey Cloth Khaki Khaki uniforms originally started with the British empire at it's height during it's colonization in the late 19th century. It originally came from India when it was realized that when cotton was mixed with a substance (?) from India, a material could be made that was durable and comfortable to wear in countries that had temperate climates and could be worn in winter and summer with ease. The material was made to be several gauges heavier than cotton but it was comfortable and durable to wear in a harsh enviroment such as bushveld. It also became ideal for military uniforms due to it's durability and being light at the same time--hence the name 'Khaki Uniform'. Khaki's were usually brown in colour but green was also extensively used for military dress and was used worldwide. Although intially an adult military fabric, as is so often the case, khaki became very important in boys' clothing. Lace Lace is not a fabric, but I'm not sure yet precisely how to link the lace page currently under construction. Lace was heavily used during the 17th Century by Caviliers in England and nobility on the continent. It was not considered a child's adornment, but used by adults and children. Lace in the 19th Century was extensively used by women and girls and for boys party suits, especially from 1880-1910. Lambswool Only the first clip of wool from the baby lamb can be termed lambswool. Lambswool has many outstanding qualities such as softness, resilience, drape and warmth. A wool fabric acts as an insulating medium preventing a quick escape of bodyheat. This is due to thousands of tiny air pockets trapped in the yarn because the crimpy resilient fibres stand away from each other, and the fibre itself being protein does not transmit heat quickly. A further benefit is that wool will absorb moisture without leaving the wearer uncomfortable. Leather Leather is not a fabric, but we will archive it here for organizational simplicity. Leather is the skin of animal with the hair removed and prepared by tanning or other comparable process preserving it and making it supple and pliable when dry. Leather is used used for gloves , shoes , leggings , luggage, and lederhosen . The most common leather is made from cattle, but other kinds exist. Sheep or lambskin, for example is called nappa. Linen Linen is the fabric woven from flax yarns. One of the earlist plants used in the manufacture of clothing is flax. The flax plant is associate with the dawn of civilization where is was cultivated as a crop for food and fiber. The flax plant was extensuvely used for the production of linen in Egypt and other ancient civilizations and is still used today. The production and use of linen was significantly affcted by Eli Whitney's invention of the cotton gin in 1793. Linsey Woolsey Linsey-woolsey is a British fabric sometimes referred to as woolsey-linsey. In Scotland it is sometimes referred to as wincey. It is a mixed material, as the name suggests produced from both wool and linnen. Such a textule has been produced since ancient times. It was knowen as Shatnez in Hebrew, the Torah. Jewish religious law explicitly forbid wearing it, although we do not know why. It was an obvious combiation in medieval Europe when cotton was unknown or very expensive. It is coarse twill or plain-woven fabric. The woven fabric has a inen warp and a woollen weft. American weavers sometimes replaced theclinnen with cotton, but the British names persisted. It was produced in Kidderminster (17th century). It was at first a wool fabric. Linsey-woolsey became a much used fabric in Colonial America where wool was much mor scarse than in Britain. Adding linnen or cotton extended the wool. Some sources say was widely used in quilts replacing wool blankets. Others suggest is was more commoin in light blankets and clothing. Another use was the ground fabric for needlepoint. Linsey-woolsey was noted for its warmth, durability, and above all because it was less expensive than an all wool garment. It was commonly used in the clothing given to slaves in the south. One slave girl writes, "I have a vivid recollection of the linsey-woolsey dress given to me every winter by Mrs. Flint. How I hated it! It was one of the badges of slavery." [Jacobs] But it was not just slave girls that wore Linsey woolsey. "There was sheds made out of poles and roofed over with branches, where they had lemonade and gingerbread to sell, and piles of watermelons and green corn and such-like truck... The women had on sun-bonnets; and some had linsey-woolsey frocks, some gingham ones, and a few of the young ones had on calico. Some of the young men was barefooted, and some of the children didn't have on any clothes but just a tow-linen shirt." [Twain, Huck] A reader writes, "My main interest has been largely little girl's mid 19th century clothes. This weekend I purchased a deep orange checked dress, lined, and trimmed in velvet. The dealer called it linsey woolsey, but I think it's challie wool. Can you ask your readers what the main differences are between the two? (I don't think linsey woolsey pieces were printed fabrics, for one thing.)" The fabric seems to be primarily for dresses. We do not notice the fabric mentioned in mail order catalogs and other advertidements for boys clothes that we begin to see in the lste-19th century. Lustre HBC has noted this fabric in adverisements for turn of the century garments. No details, however, are available on the fabric. Lycra Lycra is a sunthetic fabric which was riginally developed as a replacement for rubber, LYCRAï¿½ is remarkable for its ability to stretch up to six times its original length--and then amazingly snap back to its starting size with no loss to its spring. Every day in every country, LYCRAï¿½ lends those properties to every fabric and garment in which it's used. A touch of LYCRAï¿½ is the solution, adding comfort and freedom of movement and improving the fit, shape retention, drape and wrinkle resistance of the apparel. It has proven to be especially useful in bike shorts and sunsuits, perhaps more popular in Australia than many other countries. Sources Jacobs, Harriet. Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. Kiplinger, Joan. E-mail message, May 13, 2008. Ms. Kiplinger is writing on history of Indian Head cloth and its mill owners. Twain, Mark. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, chapter 20.	Duffel
Which king did Henry Bolingbroke depose, and then succeed as Henry IV in 1399?	COMBAT MilTerms: D a raised platform, as derived from "discus"; see ROSTRUM. DAISY CHAIN : a sequence of explosives designed to fire in series; used most often to create or expose a defense. Also, any series of interconnected things or events, such as a garland of flowers or a sex orgy. [v: séance à trois ("session of three"), ménage à trois ("household of three")] DAISY CUTTER : indirect or aerial munitions which detonate prior to impact, exploding above ground level, and which may also be used for clearing an LZ; was later called "Blue Lady II" during the second GULF WAR. See LZ CUT, PROXIMITY FUZE, VT. DAKOTA : USAF C-47 twin-engine, piston-driven, fixed-wing light transport based on the Douglas DC-3, which revolutionized air travel in the late 1930s; also called GOONEY BIRD, Night Train, Sky Train, and Vomit Comet. The C-47 flew AIRDROP, medical evacuation, and transport-type missions in the VIETNAM WAR. It also served as a FLARESHIP, and was modified into the AC-47 GUNSHIP. See SPOOKY, PUFF, PUFF THE MAGIC DRAGON, DRAGON, DRAGON SHIP, JOLLY GREEN GIANT, SMOKY BEAR, LIGHTNING BUG, DIRTY THIRTY, SACRED COW. DAME : Defense Against Methods of Entry, methods and techniques practiced by MI and CIC agents. DANCE CARD : an abridged mission schedule posted by Operations (S-/G-/J-3) giving DTG, AO, and CODENAME of activities; allusion is probably due to the limited number of missions that can be supported at any particular time without interference (ie: make music and serve refreshments while X-number dance with the enemy on the ballroom floor). See WARNING ORDER, FRAG ORDER, OPLAN, COURSE OF ACTION, CAPABILITY, STAND-TO. DANCE OF DEATH / DANSE MACABRE : literary allusion to a procession of the condemned being led to their grave by a skeleton; see DEATH MARCH. Also, the grotesque antics exhibited by someone in the flexions and spasms of terminal suffocation (anoxia) due to lynching; see ROOM TO SWING A CAT, STRANGE FRUIT, CHRISTMAS TREE, LYNCH, GALLOWS, TWIST IN THE WIND, LET THE CAT OUT OF THE BAG. DANCER : see CALL ON THE CARPET; also, TAP-DANCER. DANCING PONY : 11th ACR nickname for the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment (ACR), as derived from the "rearing horse" design of its shoulder PATCH; also called "Frightened Pony" and SCARED HORSE. See DARK HORSE. DAN CONG : a civilian laborer drafted by the Vietnamese to serve as a porter of military materiel, or as a LITTER-BEARER for the wounded; although Asian peasants have traditionally used DUMMY STICK yokes to transport goods, the DAN CONG porters used reinforced bicycles to push loads averaging 600# over rough terrain on concealed narrow trails (eg: 1954 Dien Bien Phu). The corps of DAN CONG porters worked for the VC/NVA/PAVN, and included female (aka: LONGHAIR) laborers. In China, a casual or piecework porter is called a "bon-bon man". Compare CHIGGIE BEAR, COOLIE; see LITTER. [nb: according to the international LAWS OF WAR, a civilian compelled to act as a military porter by transporting weapons or munitions and materiel becomes a bona-fide combatant, subject to treatment as a de-facto soldier, and forfeits the protection of civilian noncombatant status; international law includes rules on the treatment of prisoners of war, but only extends protection to combatants, excluding any civilians who engage in hostilities, and those unconventional forces that do not observe restrictions for combatants] DANGER CLOSE : the expression used in a message when calling for supporting fire from mortar, artillery, naval gunfire, and tactical air delivered munitions if the dispersion pattern or probable error may impact friendly forces as well as the enemy; the close proximity distance to a target is determined by the weapon and munition fired. See AIMPOINT, DELIVERY ERROR, CEP, DISPERSION ERROR, HORIZONTAL ERROR, ZONE OF FIRE, CAS, TAC-AIR, AIR STRIKE, FCSL, MLR, FLOT, FEBA, FRONT LINE, LINE OF BATTLE. DANGLE : an operative or intelligence datum ("bait") used to entice or entrap the opposition, such as a "honey pot" or "honey trap". See CAMPAIGN WIFE, PROVOCATEUR, DECOY, THROW-AWAY, LEGEND, NOC, CLEAN, LIFTED SKIRT, FLAME-BAIT, TRADECRAFT. [v: WWII deception Operation Mincemeat, "the man who never was"] DANGLE IN THE BREEZE : see TWIST IN THE WIND. DANGLE PARADE : see SHORT ARM INSPECTION, PECKER CHECK. DANSE MACABRE : see DANCE OF DEATH. DAO : Defense Attaché Office, convenient shortening of USDAO (qv); see USMILAT, L&L, LO, DA, DIP CO. DAP : a Department of the Army Pamphlet, or DA Pam. Also, a stylized, ritualized manner of shaking hands that was started by African-American troops, which is sometimes called "hand-jive" or "handshake dance"; see HAND SIGN; compare WIGWAG, DITTY-BOP. [nb: the slapping of hands above the head in celebration, called "high five", is falsely credited to Derek Smith, a 1979 University of Louisville basketball player; it actually derives from the ritualized "give me five" DAP that Black Power "brothers" would exchange when greeting in Vietnam from 1965 onward, including hand slides, thumb pivots, knuckle bumps, "high five" and "low five" slaps, often so elaborately choreographed that it formed a brief dance, then a strutting departure] [cf: "chest bump", being a short-lived fad between the Vietnam-era and the Gulf-era where MACHO males expressed their solidarity and camaraderie by jumping at each other so as to slam their chests together ... requiring a modicum of coordination and strength, this theatrical gesture probably dissipated with the occurrence of 'nose bumps' and the onset of potbellies; nb: not to be confused with the MACHO contest commonly known as "Texas Chest Slapping", wherein two men (typically drunk) stand facing within arm's length of one another, alternately exchanging open-handed slaps to each other's chest in a DUEL to determine who will forfeit primacy (alpha male) by being made to stagger or fall from his position] DAPSONE : a small pill taken periodically by U.S. troops, ostensibly to prevent MALARIA or JUNGLE ROT, but actually to prevent leprosy; compare HORSE PILL, "acedapsone" at MALARIA. [cf: lazaretto] DAR : Designated Area of Recovery, or Designated Area for Recovery, being a specified geographical location from which surveillance, reconnaissance, or other special operations teams may be extracted (EXFIL) by air, boat, or other means as a result of enemy contact or mission failure. Designated during the planning phase of an operation as part of the Escape and Evasion (E&E) protocol, and coordinated with rescue and personnel recovery teams prior to insertion (INFIL). Such a pre-designated position for assembly or a fallback designation was formerly known as a RALLY POINT or rendezvous (RV). DARE : possessed of sufficient courage or audacity; to encounter defiantly; bold enough to venture an attempt or to hazard a try; to challenge danger or provoke risk; see DERRING-DO, GUTS, SPUNK, MOXIE, ONIONS, RISKY-SHIFT EFFECT. [v: swashbuckler, swasher, daredevil] DARING : bold or audacious, dauntless or venturesome, fearless or intrepid, brave or courageous; see DERRING-DO. DARING-DO : see DERRING-DO. DARK ADAPTATION : the reflex adaptation of the human eye to dim light, which consists of the dilatation of the pupil, together with a shift that increases the number of functioning rods (gray scale) while decreasing the number of functioning cones (color scale), being an accommodation that normally takes about twenty minutes so as to achieve optimal night vision ... such a dark-adapted condition (Purkinje effect) can be instantaneously lost by any sudden flash of intense illumination. See NVD, NVG, MNVD, ENVIS, I2, VIPER, NOD, GREEN-EYE, STARLIGHT. [cf: light adaptation; night blindness (nyctalopia)] DARK AND BLOODY GROUND : a poetic allusion to an alien battleground that seems to have originated with an AmerIndian attempt to discourage pioneers from settling wilderness Kentucky, wherein Dragging Canoe, a Cherokee chief, advertised the territory in 1775 to the Transylvania Land Company as a bloody ground that is dark and would be hard to settle, which was a warning about contending tribal claims. [nb: although this phrase refers to Kentucky, the word itself probably derives from Iroquoian 'meadow land' ("kentake"), but another etymology alleges its derivation from Wyandot 'land of tomorrow' ("ken-ta-teh")] [nb: "Sons of the Dark and Bloody Ground, Ye must not slumber there, ... Your own proud land's heroic soil Shall be your fitter grave" by Theodore O'Hara in The Bivouac of the Dead (1847)] DARK HORSE : any unknown or unsuspected entity that performs unexpectedly well or is surprisingly successful, as inexperienced troops winning a victory; also cited as "dark-horse". Compare STALKING HORSE, TROJAN HORSE, CAT'S-PAW. DARK LANTERN : a lantern having an opening with a shutter that can be slid across the opening to obscure the light; a lamp with a variable shade for controlling the illumination; compare ALDIS LAMP. DARK WEB : a series of overlay or underground networks contained within the public internet that require specific configurations or authorizations so as to access the prohibited information or illicit exchanges readily solicited; electronic payment for the CONTRABAND entailed by this "black economy" is transacted by "bitcoin" or credit card. The DEEP WEB, which has legitimate covert applications, differs contextually from the DARK WEB, which is a similar network arranged for illegal transactions; by analogy to an iceberg, it's estimated that together these underground databases constitute resources five times larger than the standard "clear net" surface databases. [nb: surveys postulate that the most frequent DARK WEB offerings include: pornography, animal battles, drugs, gambling, weapons, mercenary or terrorist recruitment, and (allegedly) hacking, counterfeiting, or assassination services ... almost all of the latter seem to be hoaxes or scams, phishing or other cybercrimes] DARPA : abbreviation for Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, being an agency of the Department of Defense (DOD) responsible for the research and development of new technologies for military and national security applications. Established in February 1958 in response to the Soviet launching of the Sputnik satellite, it revived the WWI National Research Council and the WWII Office of Scientific Research and Development, was originally named ARPA, was renamed DARPA in 1972, reverting to ARPA in 1993, and again reverting to DARPA on 11 March 1996. It was responsible for establishing the ARPANET, which developed into the InterNet, as well as engendering the Berkeley version of Unix (BSD) operating system and the TCP/IP messaging protocol. DARPA is responsible for transformative innovation beyond any proposed doctrinal requirement or anticipated military need; thus the Twentieth century inventions of the airplane, tank, jet engine, RADAR, helicopter, electronic computer, and atomic energy would be augmented by hypertext (NLS), hypermedia (Aspen Movie Media), BURST communication, sensor detection, stealth technology, global positioning system (GPS), and unmanned systems. Other DARPA programs have included Project Defender (defense against ballistic missiles), Project Vela (nuclear test detection), and Project Agile (counterinsurgency R&D). DARPA continues to work on STAND-OFF weapons, high-energy LASER technology, space-based surveillance, automatic target recognition, integrated circuit and submicron electronic research, artificial intelligence (AI), and other behavioral or material science projects. DARPA comprises eight program offices, including the Advanced Technology Office, Defense Sciences Office, Tactical Technology Office, Joint Unmanned Combat Air Systems, Information Processing Technology Office, Information Exploitation Office, Microsystems Technology Office, and Special Projects Office. Although some programs are considered too radical (eg: "Combat Zones That See"), most of these technologies have civilian applications (eg: NVG used to aid night blindness) resulting in greater efficiency and improved lifestyle. See SOTA, PEACE DIVIDEND. [nb: adaptations or extensions of technological invention have traditionally passed through three phases: gadget creation, improved accommodation, and streamlined production; or, in other words, from the simple to the complex and on to the simplified] [nb: "Engines of war have long since reached their limits, and I see no further hope of any improvement in the art." by Frontinus (AD90); "Everything that can be invented has been invented." by Charles H. Duell (Commissioner of US Office of Patents, 1899)] DARTH VADER : Direct Air Support Center, providing a direct link between ground and air units; see HORN. DASH : Drone Anti-Submarine Helicopter; a remote-controlled miniature helicopter used to detect and track submarines at a distance during the Vietnam-era; this experimental program was canceled for numerous reasons, not the least being the drone's tendency to attack its mother ship shortly after being launched; see ASW. Also, a short sudden scurrying movement, as a swift rush along a direct line or course; compare ZIGZAG, SCUTTLE; see FIRE 'n' MANEUVER, BUTTERFLY, CLOVERLEAF, CHECKERBOARD, HOPSCOTCH, LEAP FROG, BUTTONHOOK, STACK, WAY POINT, COMBAT SPREAD. Also, to violently strike, smash, throw, thrust, splash, spatter or splatter. DASH TEN / -10 : designation for the operator's manual for any piece of military equipment, military vehicle or aircraft; as derived from the suffix appended to these Technical Manuals (TM). DATA MINING : the use of programmatic algorithms and other applicable index techniques that identify (profile) suspicious individuals and analyze (investigate) their relationships from the vast array of statistics accumulated on random subjects and situations so as to discern connections and cross-connections, of which facts and patterns a person may not be consciously aware of about themselves; such indepth queries have been used for background investigations, security clearances, criminal and subversive detections, as well as determining credit worthiness. [nb: data aggregated by third parties is generally not subject to Fourth Amendment warrant requirements (United States v. Miller 1976)] DATE : see TIME. DATE LINE : a theoretical line at approximately the 180 meridian, with the calendar date of the regions to its east counting as one day earlier than regions to its west; formally identified as the International Date Line. For seafarers, the part of the ocean across this 180 meridian is called the "Realm of the Golden Dragon". See SAILING INTO YESTERDAY, TIME. THE DAUGHTER OF THE REGIMENT : an expression dating from the earliest days of the U.S. Army, when posts were smaller and more remote, when army life was more intimate than present days, and when the children of NCOs and officers were more or less adopted by all the soldiers with a familial bent, watching them grow and helping them mature; in this bygone environment, the senior officer's eldest daughter embodied all the aspirations of the soldiery for a safe and healthy rearing, for a good courtship and a true marriage ... like it or not, this privileged "princess" had scores of chaperones, and her conduct personified the honor of the unit. She either rebelled against the strictures of the military or she exemplified its ideals, marrying within its ranks and raising her children in the fortress of comradeship wrought by national defense. In modern times, THE DAUGHTER OF THE REGIMENT is too often a spoiled and aloof BRAT who's overprotected and scheduled for greater success, courtesy of her BRASS HATted father. See OFFICER'S WIFE, COW, DRAG, PETTICOAT COMMAND, RING THE BELL, THE MOTHER-IN-LAW OF THE ARMY, DISTAFF, GREEN BLOOD, ARMY SOUP. [nb: "You promised me my answer to-night." "Well, you can't have it, Ben," Helen said, "until you have fought the Yankees." "What heart will I have for fighting," he said, "if you give me no promise?" "I'll not be engaged to any man," she said, "until he has fought the Yankees. You distinguish yourself in the war, and then see what I'll have to say to you." "But suppose I don't come back at all!" exclaimed Ben. "Oh, then I'll acknowledge an engagement and be good to your mother – and wear mourning all the same – provided – your wounds are all in the front." Later, when Ben leaned out the window of his departing train, he whispered as she gazed up at him, "Can't I have the promise now, Helen?" "Yes!" Helen exclaimed. "Yes, Ben – dear Ben, I promise!" As the train cars gathered speed and rolled away, Helen turned an calmly announced to the others, "Girls, I'm engaged to Ben Shepard." "I'm engaged to half a dozen of them," said one. "That's nothing," said another, "I'm engaged to the whole regiment."] DAU TRANH : the Vietnamese term for "struggle", being the key concept of "people's war" or "wars of liberation"; see INSURGENCY, GUERRILLA WARFARE; compare CHINH HUA. DAVIT : any of various crane-like devices used on ships for moving or supporting boats, anchors, and other objects; see BOOM. DAVY JONES'S LOCKER : the seafloor beneath the waters; the bottom of the ocean, which is regarded as the grave for all who perish at sea; also called "iron bottom sound". Compare BOX JOB, BONEYARD; see FLOATER, CREATURE FEATURE, MORTUARY AFFAIRS, GRAVES REGISTRATION. DAY OF RECKONING : that time when one is called to account for one's actions, when one must pay one's debts, to fulfill one's promises or obligations; also called "settlement day", such payback, comeuppance, or just deserts is also expressed as "when the chickens come home to roost" or "pay the piper". See FACE THE MUSIC, COME TO JESUS, RETRIBUTION. [v: Judgment Day] DAYROOM : a separate room or building with facilities for leisure activities; often used by troops as a semi-private "living room" when meeting guests, since the ORDERLY ROOM is not an appropriate place for visiting. [cf: lounge, den, game room, man cave] DAYS OF RAGE : a series of demonstrations orchestrated by the Weatherman faction of the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) commencing in October 1969, which protests were subsequent to an October 1968 resolution proposed by John Jacobs advocating "Bring the war home!" as a method of emulating the actions ("Elections Don't Mean Shit -- Our Power Is In The Street") that successfully disrupted the August 1968 Democrat National Convention in Chicago. After exploding the statue commemorating the policemen killed in the 1886 Haymarket Affair on 5 October 1969, about 800 protestors gathered in Lincoln Park to listen to speeches and demonstrate against "imperialist America"; then after brief appearances by Tom Hayden, Abbie Hoffman, John Froines, and some Chicago Eight defendants, the crowd had dwindled to less than 350 by 11 October, who were supposedly representative of a nationwide dissatisfaction among young Americans with their cultural norms, mores and folkways. The Weatherman leaders directed the crowd to riot on 8 October, perpetrating vandalism on cars and businesses as they surged toward the Drake Hotel and other Gold Coast properties, resulting in a score of injuries and almost 70 arrests. Before he was arrested, Jacobs told the demonstrators that resisting the police was equivalent to fighting fascism during World War II ... "the fact that we are willing to fight the police is a political victory". On the following day, Bernardine Dohrn intended to lead approximately 70 militant feminists on a raid against a draft board, but they were stopped before they left Grant Park. The governor of Illinois then decided to activate the National Guard to protect the city, and after a brief riot in Chicago's Loop, the Weatherman cancelled further activities. Both the Black Panther Party and the Revolutionary Youth Movement (RYM II) disassociated themselves from the anarchism of SDS, holding peaceful rallies at several public buildings (eg: federal courthouse, Cook County hospital, etc) and an interracial march of more than 2000 participants through a Spanish-speaking district. This failed revolution alienated the Weatherman from other groups, driving it to become the Weather Underground. See BURN BABY BURN, AMERIKA, BY ANY MEANS NECESSARY, PROVOCATEUR, SYMPATHIZER, PROTESTOR, YIPPIE, WE SHALL OVERCOME. DAZZLE : slang for the targeting and attack of enemy SATELLITEs, especially by electronic or radiation weapons; see ASAT, DSP, SBIRS, STAR WARS. Also, a harlequin patterned camouflage introduced in 1916 for large objects that could not be hidden, such as WARSHIPs and TANKs; this interruption pattern was purportedly the brainchild of Thomas A. Edison, who served as a volunteer technical adviser on the U.S. Navy Consultation Board. Composed of brilliant colors (ie: orange, blue, yellow, etc) in both irregular and lozenge patterns, the camouflage effect of DAZZLE was intended to distort the object's shape, size, and movement ... disrupting perception and perspective. DAZZLE was so effective (receiving less than one-tenth as many strikes as normal) that it promoted a survivor's superstition, making crews unwilling to serve in vehicles or vessels without a DAZZLE treatment. See CAMO, JUDAS GOAT; compare COUNTERSHADING, GRAYBACK, INTERNATIONAL ORANGE. [cf: parti-colored, mottle/motley, variegate, pied/piebald] DB : Daily Bulletin, being the post/base newsletter; see CIRCULAR. Also, Disciplinary Barracks; Vietnamese term: Trai Giam; see USDB. DCA : Defense Communications Agency; see DCS. DC CENTRAL : Damage Control Central processing point aboard ship. DCI : abbreviation for the Director of Central Intelligence, being the senior administrator and coordinator of America's foreign intelligence programs; see CIA. DCIS : Defense Criminal Investigative Service, or Defense Criminal Investigation Service, being the DoD section subordinate to DIS that specializes in criminal investigations and prosecutions; see CID, NIS, OSI, FBI, BUTTON, POLICE. DCO : Deputy Commanding Officer; compare XO; see SECOND BANANA, COMMAND ELEMENT, CHAIN-OF-COMMAND. [v: locum tenens, vicar, heir apparent, tanist, substitute, surrogate, successor; cf: lieutenant (LT)] DCS : Defense Communications System; see DCA. Also, Deputy Chief of Staff; see JCS. DCU : informal designation of the Desert Camouflage Uniform in its various patterns and configurations; see DESERT, CAMO, DRESS. DD : destroyer armed with guns; see TIN CAN. [nb: Vietnamese term: Khu Truc Ham] Also, abbreviated designator for Department of Defense (DoD), as form "DD-214"; compare AGO. Also, abbreviation for Dishonorable Discharge; see DISCHARGE. [nb: during the 19th century, a "bobtail" discharge was slang for both a curtailed term of service, and for a certificate with its character cutoff so as to obscure or conceal the type of discharge ... always "other than honorable"] D-DAY : the term used to designate the unnamed day scheduled for the commencement, execution, implementation, or initiation of a particular operation; designation originally created by repetition, but since re-defined as "deployment-day"; also expressed as "go day" or "game day". See H-HOUR, TIME. [nb: a "national day of prayer" was proclaimed on 6 June 1944 wherein all entertainment facilities and non-essential businesses were closed so the American people could spiritually support our military personnel during the Normandy invasion] DDG : destroyer armed with guns and guided MISSILES; see TIN CAN. DDI : Deputy Director of Intelligence for the Central Intelligence Agency; subordinate to the Director of Intelligence (DI). See CIA. DDIIR : Department of Defense Intelligence Information Report. DDO : Deputy Director of Operations for the Central Intelligence Agency; subordinate to the Director of Operations (DO). See CIA. DD-214 / DD214 : a Department of Defense document that summarizes and characterizes the service of anyone who's completed a tour of duty in the military; entitled the "Armed Forces of the United States Report of Transfer or Separation" after WWII (AGO 53-55), it was renamed the "Certificate of Release or Discharge from Active Duty" after the VIETNAM WAR. A preliminary worksheet (DD214WS) is prepared for approval; and if substantive omissions or errors (not typographical) are discovered, an application (DD-149) for correction of military record (under the provisions of Title 10 US Code, section 1552) is submitted, and a supplemental DD-215 ("Correction to DD Form 214, Certificate of Release or Discharge from Active Duty") is issued. Both the DD-214 and DD-215 are not "letter sized" to help prevent forgeries. See DISCHARGE. [nb: because a separate DD-214 is issued for each period of service, the DD-149 is used by active duty personnel and the SF-180 is used by retirees and veterans when requesting a corrected DD-215] DE : destroyer escort; see DESOTO. DEA : (dee-ee-ay) Drug Enforcement Administration [not "Agency"], which has jurisdiction on federal installations, also shares concurrent jurisdiction with the FBI for domestic enforcement of controlled substance laws, and bears sole responsibility for investigating illegal drugs abroad. The Drug Enforcement Administration was reorganized in the Department of Justice on 1 July 1973 from its predecessor, the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs, which had been formed as a subsidiary agency of the Department of Justice in 1968 by merging the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, an agency of the Treasury Department, with the Bureau of Drug Abuse Control, an agency of the Food and Drug Administration under the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. The Federal Bureau of Narcotics had been established in June 1930, and maintained foreign offices in France, Italy, Turkey, Lebanon, and Thailand. The DEA has grown to encompass 21 domestic Field Divisions and 80 Foreign Offices in 58 countries. Although the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center is a separate facility, the DEA Academy is colocated with the Marine installation at Quantico Virginia. See POLICE, CID, BABY 007, STICK, CAN SA, DOPE, STONED, SMACK, HOT SHOT, CHINA WHITE, GOLDEN TRIANGLE, SILVER TRIANGLE, GOLDEN CRESCENT; compare FBI, REVENUER, DIS, DHS. DEACTIVATE : to withdraw all personnel and transfer all assets of a duly constituted or commissioned unit, and retire it to the inactive list; also called "inactivate", "disband", "demobilize", "dissolve", "decommission", or "retire"; compare ACTIVATE, ORGANIZE, REFLAG, RECONSTITUTED; see STAND-DOWN, ACTOV, VIETNAMIZATION, PROVN, CRIMP, CSMO, KEYSTONE [nb: the U.S. Navy, established 1775, was disbanded from 1786 to 1794]. Also, to render a bomb, shell, or other EXPLOSIVE inoperative, especially by disconnecting, removing, or otherwise interfering with the action of its FUZE or trigger mechanism, as when interrupting a catalytic process; see SYMPHONY, EOD, DUD, FIZZLE, MISFIRE, UXO. DEAD AIR : the interruption, suspension,or loss of an audio or video broadcast, leaving the recipient without content. Also, the absence of speech during a meeting or gathering, which may be either a pause for thought or a shocked silence; this phrase never refers to a meditative or companionable quiescence; compare HOT AIR. DEAD DROP : (forthcoming); DEAD LETTER, LETTER BOX, FLAPS 'n' SEALS, BLIND DATE. [v: accommodation address] DEADEYE : two-holed disk rove with LINE or LANYARD, used for tightening YARDARM, SPAR, or other attachment; compare EYE, PAD EYE; see BELAY [cf: turnbuckle]. Also, an expert marksman, an "eagle eye" or "hawkeye"; see SHARPSHOOTER, KISS THE MISTRESS, KNOCK THEIR SPOTS OFF, SNIPER, AIMPOINT, BULL'S-EYE, POINT-BLANK. Also, in AvnSpeak, an advisory message indicating that the airborne laser/IR designation system is inoperative. DEAD EYE : see HAIRY EYEBALL; compare STINK EYE. DEAD GROUND : area which cannot be covered by observation or fire due to the nature of the terrain; also known as DEAD SPACE; compare KILL ZONE, ZONE OF FIRE, DEFILADE. DEADHEAD : a vehicle, craft, or vessel returning without cargo [v: dead freight] or passengers; see POB, SPACE A; compare RUNNING LIGHT. Also, a sunken, semisubmerged, or floating object that's a hazard to navigation; see DODO, FLOTSAM, JETSAM. Also, a person using a free PASS or complimentary ticket; compare STRAP-HANGER, BLOB. Also, in NavSpeak, the "needle" of a magnetic COMPASS that resists excessive oscillation; a compass pointer or course indicator that's dampened so as to maintain its direction despite the constant movement of the ship or aircraft or other vehicle; see GIMBAL, GYROCOMPASS. [v: pelorus] Also, a dull or stupid person, a dumbbell or dummkopf, doofus or flubadub, dolt or nitwit, harebrain or lamebrain, blockhead or bonehead, meathead or chowderhead, dunderhead or lunkhead, chucklehead or knucklehead, nincompoop or numskull, numb nuts or scrot (shortening of 'scrotum'); see DOPE, PUKE, DUD, SOS, YARDBIRD, MAGGOT, SMACK, FIELD REJECT, POGUE, SHIT MAGNET, TURD, FUCK-UP. Also, by analogy to horticultural pruning, the removal by transfer or termination of marginal and dysfunctional personnel, so as to revitalize an operation or to reform an organization; also called HOUSECLEANING. DEAD HORSE : an issue or question already settled, resolved, or made moot, which is being raised, broached, or revived for further discussion or examination, as to "beat a dead horse" or to "flog a dead horse", and is also called "flogged to death" and "Monday morning quarterbacking" or "second-guessing" ... which are favorite pursuits of "armchair experts" and other know-it-all theoreticians, which is a waste of time and energy, except for the education or edification of students. Also, in the U.S. Navy, the period of time that was required for a sailor to pay-off, to payback, or to recoup an advance payment; being that span when a sailor does not receive money, but credit toward his indebtedness; also called "beating a dead horse" with regard to the work, labor, or effort involved in the repayment schedule. Compare CHARGE, CHARGE SHEET, CHIT. [nb: the "horse latitudes", a calm region situated about thirty degrees north and south of the equator (also called the "doldrums"), may derive from the "beating a dead horse" repayment schedule, since sailors on sailing ships were usually out of debt when the vessel arrived in this region; an alternative explanation of this ascription has livestock being cast overboard in this becalmed area due to an inadequate supply of drinking water] DEAD IN THE WATER : adrift without motive, power or propulsion; also called HULL. DEAD LETTER : a moot point, or an unenforced regulation; being an issue not worth pursuing, as derived from "undeliverable mail". Compare DEAD DROP, LETTER BOX, FALL ON DEAF EARS; compare FLAPS 'n' SEALS. DEADLINE : a line or limit that must not be passed or yielded, as a battle line; compare FRONT LINE, LINE OF BATTLE, FEBA, FLOT, HARD-AND-FAST. Also, at one time, the boundary outside a military prison beyond which a prisoner could not venture without risk of being shot by the guards; see STOCKADE, GUARDHOUSE, CROSSBAR HOTEL, HOT HOUSE, LBJ, DEADLOCK, CHL, BRIG, THE CASTLE. Also, the latest time by which something must be finished or submitted; see NLT, SUSPENSE DATE, UNDER THE GUN. DEADLIGHT : a strong shutter able to be screwed against the interior of a PORTHOLE in heavy weather. Also, a thick pane of glass set in the HULL or DECK to admit light; sometimes called BULL'S-EYE. DEADLOCK : a state in which progress halts due to intransigent or inexorable opposition; as a stalemate or impasse, standstill or dead-end, at loggerheads or discontinuance; see MEXICAN STANDOFF, SIAMESE INSURANCE; compare FALL ON DEAF EARS, BRINKMANSHIP. Also, a maximum-security cell for the solitary confinement of a prisoner; also called "the hole"; see STOCKADE, GUARDHOUSE, CROSSBAR HOTEL, HOT HOUSE, LBJ, CHL, BRIG, THE CASTLE, TANK. [v: dungeon, keep, oubliette, hock (sty or prison as a miserable place to live)] DEADMAN / DEADMAN'S SWITCH : a control or switch that stops a machine, disengages the operating mechanism, or disconnects the processing sequence when positive pressure fails; a safety serving as an automatic interrupt or shutoff. Also, a control or switch that triggers activation of an illegally planted subroutine designed to damage computer data or processing whenever a safety or inhibition is interrupted, released, or removed; usually fabricated as the secondary element in serious computer SABOTAGE; see TROJAN HORSE, NETRUSION, FALSE FLAG. DEAD MARCH : a 17th century piece of solemn music for a procession at a military funeral; a requiem, dirge, hymn, or musical service for the repose of the dead. See TAPS, KNELL, TATTOO, FUNERAL PACE, PALLBEARER, PARADE; compare DEATH MARCH. DEADPAN : an Americanism coined to represent the deadpan facial expression, being marked by a fixed air of seriousness or calm detachment; see FLINT FACE, HALF-MAST, QUARTERDECK FACE, WAR FACE, FACE. [nb: the pan is the depressed part of the lock holding the priming in old guns, so a "deadpan" facial expression derives from a musket's flash-pan being empty, that is, without any primer to set-off the charged barrel when the hammer falls to strike a spark of ignition] DEAD-RECKONING : estimated calculation of one's present position based upon compass readings, speed, and distance traveled from the last known point, with allowances for drift (LEEWAY) from terrain, wind, or currents; also known as "guesstimate" or "by guess and by God". See AZIMUTH, COMPASS, GRID COORDINATES, GRID LINES, CONTOUR LINES, SLANT DISTANCE, PLOT, AIMPOINT, HEADING, LORAN, MGRS, GPS, UTM, DOUBLE DRIFT, ASPHALT COMPASS, WAG, MAP, COMICS, RANGER BEADS, SLACK. [nb: an analog wrist-/pocket-watch (or simulated clock face) may serve as an improvised compass; when the hour hand is pointed at the sun, south is between the hour hand and 12 o'clock] [nb: the moon can provide a rough east-west reference during the night because during its 28-day orbital circuit, the shape of the reflected light varies according to its position; as the moon moves away from the earth's shadow, it begins to reflect light from its right side, and waxes to become a full moon before waning, to appear as a sliver on the left side. If the moon rises before the sun has set, the illuminated side will be the west. If the moon rises after midnight, the illuminated side will be the east.] DEAD-SOLDIER : slang since WWI for an empty wine or liquor bottle; see STONED, BREW, HOOCH, GROG, JUICE, GROUP TIGHTENER, SPLICE THE MAINBRACE, HOIST, HATCH, BYOB, CLASS SIX, THE DRINK, TOAST, WASH, SAIGON TEA; compare DUTCH COURAGE, WHISKEY WARRIOR. Also, a euphemism for a penis which is either temporarily or permanently incapable of achieving an erection, being flaccid or impotent, as 'penis promissus'; also called DEAD STICK, especially among aviators and aircrew; see HORS DE COMBAT. DEAD SPACE : area which cannot be covered by observation or fire due to the nature of the terrain; also known as "dead ground"; compare KILL ZONE, ZONE OF FIRE, DEFILADE. [v: Military Earthworks Terms ] DEAD STICK : slang for descending flight (LETDOWN) and landing in an airplane without engine power; formally known as VOLPLANE; compare AUTO-ROTATE; see CONTROL STICK, JOYSTICK, STICK. Also, a euphemism for a penis which is either temporarily or permanently incapable of achieving an erection, being flaccid or impotent, as 'penis promissus'; also called DEAD-SOLDIER; see HORS DE COMBAT. DEAD-TIME : extended active duty service period in repayment for time spent in jail; also called BAD TIME. See CHL, PAIN, STOCKADE, BRIG, THE CASTLE, GUARDHOUSE, UCMJ. DEADWOOD : useless things or burdensome persons, as from figurative meaning of dead branches or trees; see FILE 13, MOCK-UP, WHITE ELEPHANT, DEADHEAD, LOOSE CANNON, SHIT MAGNET, FUCK-UP, DOUCHE BAG, FIELD REJECT, STACK ARMS, HORS DE COMBAT. DEAD ZONE : the exposed area of saturated fire where most casualties will occur; also called "killing ground", "killing field", "beaten zone", or KILL ZONE. DEAF EARS : see FALL ON DEAF EARS. DEAR JOHN : see JODY, SUGAR REPORT, MAIL CALL. DEATH BEFORE DISHONOR : a sentiment often misattributed to Napoleon that's properly dated to Julius Caesar's dispatch of the Roman Legion, and widely used in the modern era to signify the willingness of combatants or their units to make the ultimate sacrifice for their cause; this slogan, now variously translated, has become international, and represents the spirit of passionate devotion to an ideal. [v: potius mori quam foedar (Latin: death before dishonor); mors ante infamiam (Latin: death before disgrace); cf: a fate worse than death] [nb: "But a real man will never let his fear of death overpower his honor, his sense of duty to his country, and his innate manhood." by George S. Patton Jr (5 June 1944); "We didn't come here to die for our country, but to make our enemy die for his!" attributed to George S. Patton Jr] DEATH BELL : an idiom for ringing in the ears (tinnitus), which, according to ancient Celtic lore, is supposed to announce the death of a friend; compare HELL'S BELLS. [cf: death knell / knell] DEATH CARD : novelty calling card, often depicting a unit's motto or insignia, and making some sardonic or wry announcement in English or English/Vietnamese (such as"This BELIEVER converted courtesy of ..."); as derived from the earlier practice of leaving a unit PATCH (either official shoulder or unofficial pocket insignia) on the corpse. The PSYOPS and INTEL sections developed this concept, in conjunction with the CHIEU HOI program, by printing "skull and crossed bones" Ace of Spades cards, which is purportedly an evil omen in Asia, with a Vietnamese message stating that PAVN troops should surrender or be killed. A wide variety of novelty DEATH CARDs were produced during the VIETNAM WAR. This practice probably originated during WWII beginning with the Anzio campaign (Feb 1944), when the BLACK DEVILs left German-text "The worst is yet to come." DEATH CARDs on corpses to enhance the mystique of the FSSF. After the 9/11 2001 TERRORIST attack, the U.S. Army Counter-Terrorist Task Force made an arrangement with the New York city Police Department to supply the JSOTF operatives with NYPD shoulder patches to leave on Taliban or al-Qaida corpses and HARD TARGET wreckage as retributive DEATH CARDs. Specially minted unit coins, including novelty coins (eg: hunting club, varmint license, 72 virgins dating service, etc), have also been left as macabre calling cards during Operation Iraqi Freedom and the Global War On Terror (GWOT) campaign, despite the official prohibitions against such "insults". Compare TS CARD, COINING; see KISS THE MISTRESS, TURN THE JACK, KNOCK THEIR SPOTS OFF, WAR GAMES. [nb: the deuce of clubs, from underworld lingo, was popularized as a DEATH CARD by the publication of hard-boiled stories in pulp media] DEATH FILE : in its simplest form, a page of outlined directives that concisely provides surviving relatives or friends with all instructions required to settle someone's estate, specifying one's preferences [ie: life support, resuscitation, organ donation, burial, cremation, cemetery, funeral, memorial, etc] "in the event of my death", together with an itemized inventory of formal or official documents [eg: will, insurance, bank accounts, investments (stocks, bonds, savings), possessions (titles, deeds, collectibles), etc] with their locations [eg: safe, coffer, safety deposit box, etc]; some DEATH FILEs include the actual documents, keys and other access codes. Aged or ill persons should prepare this file and prominently post a notice of its location to assist others in handling their affairs. Furthermore, veterans and retirees should include all pertinent military forms that will be needed to prove eligibility for benefits. [nb: because the 'last will and testament' is not opened (as part of probate) until after the funeral, this is not the proper document for stipulating one's burial preferences] DEATH FROM ABOVE : sardonic catch-phrase for the AIRBORNE doctrine of vertical envelopment. DEATH FROM WITHIN : in a parody of the AIRBORNE catch-phrase, a description of the fatal effects from food prepared and served in military facilities; see BEANS, CHOW, RATIONS. DEATH IS NOT THE GOAL : a countervailing thesis that seeks to limit or reduce combat casualties whenever engaged by employing innovations or alternatives to the accomplishment of mission directives; this conservative philosophy is opposed to making the ultimate sacrifice for one's cause or mission, especially when such BLOOD 'n' GUTS heroics is wasteful or pointless, preferring to husband resources and reserve assets so as to be able to continue the fight for another day, in another time and place ... "where there's life, there's hope". Compare BERSERK, AMOK, FIGHTING MAD, BLOOD IN THE EYE, SEE RED, WILD-EYED, GO KINETIC, BLOODTHIRSTY, BLOODY-MINDED; see BALL GAME, MISSION, DUTY. [v: Bernard Law "Monty" Montgomery, George B. "Young Napoleon" McClellan; cf: suicide, genicide, annihilation] [nb: "Life is real! Life is earnest! / And the grave is not its goal; / Dust thou are, to dust thou returnest, / Was not spoken of the soul." by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow; "The sky, not the grave, is our goal; / Oh trump of the angel! Oh voice of the Lord! / Bless�d hope, bless�d rest of my soul!" by Horatio G. Stafford; "It is foolish and wrong to mourn the men who died. Rather we should thank God that such men lived." by George S. Patton Jr (20 Nov 1917); "We didn't come here to die for our country, but to make our enemy die for his!" attributed to George S. Patton Jr] DEATH KNELL : see KNELL. DEATH MARCH : any compulsory march, as of prisoners or refugees, wherein the pace (ie: without rest stops) or treatment (ie: without water, food, or medical care) causes participants to FALL-OUT of ranks, which inability to keep up with the group is punished by execution; a forced march under guard with dire consequences for failure to continue ... one of the most notorious is the 1942 Bataan Death March of thousands of Allied prisoners of war (POW). Compare FORCE MARCH, DANCE OF DEATH, DEAD MARCH; see MARCH. [nb: the forgotten and emaciated POWs in the Philippines during WWII referred to themselves as "ghost soldiers" (eg: ghost soldiers of Bataan)] DEATH OF A THOUSAND CUTS : a catch-phrase for the slow death of the condemned by the torture of many small wounds, none lethal in itself, but fatal in their cumulative effect; also expressed as "death by a thousand cuts", "lingering death", and "slow slicing", from a classical allusion to the slow ascent of a mountain. This traditional form of execution in China, employed from 900 to 1905 (when it was abolished), was reserved for the most heinous crimes; transliterated as "one thousand knives and ten thousand pieces", which gruesomeness was believed to serve as a deterrence against villainy. This agonizing practice has captured the imagination of many sensationalists over the years until its precise methodology is too confused by fantasy and legend to be accurately revealed. Despite its mythic reputation, this form of torture was probably no "worse" than Occidental forms, as eviscerate, impale, press, rack, draw and quarter. Compare GARROTE, KEELHAUL, GAUNTLET, OVER A BARREL, PAIN, TWIST IN THE WIND, TORTURE, COUP DE GRACE. Also, metaphorically representative of excruciating suspense, agonized delay, or exaggerated prolongation; describing the gradual destruction of an idea or procedure, program or institution by a multitude of minor changes; see TWIST IN THE WIND, HANG TOUGH, BACK CHANNEL, RED TAPE, BAYONET SHEET, MILICRAT. DEATH RAILWAY : informal designation for the 200km railroad built across Burma (Myanmar) and Siam (Thailand), including 688 bridges spanning the Kwai and Mekong rivers and their tributaries, during 1942-3 by the slave labor of Allied POWs, with an attrition rate of 20% to 35% due to starvation, maltreatment, accidents and executions. The construction of this railroad, intended to move PETROL for Imperial Japan, was supervised by Japanese and Korean guards who practiced draconian BASHING and group punishments for individual transgressions in order to elicit work force cooperation; but despite promised inducements and threats of punishment, sabotage of the project was relentless and ubiquitous ... due to a misreading of Pierre Boulle's book, The Bridge Over the River Kwai, and popularization of the book in film, the post-war era was rife with recriminations over "excessive collaboration", primarily leveled by critics who were not there and who had not been prisoners anywhere. The POWs were transferred to other labor camps after this DEATH RAILWAY was completed, so could never obtain a satisfactory accounting of this episode. The surviving veterans, from Britain, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, America, Belgium, and the Netherlands, erected a memorial to their ordeal and in remembrance of the dead twenty years after WWII. The film based on Boulle's book remains popular, and a section of the DEATH RAILWAY has been preserved as a tourist attraction. See LEDO ROAD. DEATH'S-HEAD / DEATHS-HEAD : the image of a grinning skull that's used as a symbol of mortality, such as the central motif in the insignia of the Marine RAIDERs or the interservice Special Operations Group (SOG / MACV-SOG). [v: death's-head moth] [nb: in the time of Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1603), prostitutes and procuresses could be identified by their wearing of a ring bearing the impression of a death's head; see BUTTERFLY, LBFM, GRASSHOPPER, LULU THE ZULU, CHOCOLATE BUNNY, CAMP FOLLOWER, CAMPAIGN WIFE, SLEEPING DICTIONARY] DEATH TV / DEATH TELEVISION : slang for the surreal imagery displayed when downlink targeting remotely exhibits death and distruction to the AWACS or UAV operators; a form of abstract broadcast from GOD'S EYE VIEW that makes the grotesque images of death and destruction seem unreal, artificial or fictitious. [cf: splatter film, snuff film; v: voyeurism] DEATH WARRANT : the official authorization for an execution to be carried out; however, for someone to "sign one's own death warrant" is when that person performs some act that has the probability of causing their own destruction. See SUICIDE SQUAD, SPEARHEAD, SNOWBALL, WASTED, AUTOTOMY, BITTER END, BELL THE CAT, CAM TU, LAST MAN STANDING. [v: enfants perdus, forlorn hope; cf: picket, vedette] DEBARK : to disembark a vehicle or vessel; to depart or exit a conveyance, as derived from "leave the boat" (débarque). DEBARKATION NET : a specially prepared type of General Purpose net, CARGO NET, or other similar mesh employed when scaling, as during INSERTION or EXTRACTION, but especially during debarkation from or embarkation of a transport ship; see JACOB'S LADDER, RATLINE, GP, NET, SNAKING, SKYHOOK, STABO, RAPPEL, SPY RIGGING. [v: escalade] [v: Climbing Terms ] DEBONAIR : see ETIQUETTE, MANNERS, SOCIAL GRACES, CHARISMA, BEARING, TACT. [nb: until recently, an OFFICER was simultaneously designated a "gentleman" when appointed by an ACT OF CONGRESS, which not only inspired further intellectual development but also encouraged cultural sophistication, which refinements were mocked as being 'suave and debonair' (deliberately mispronounced as "soo-wave" and "dee-boner")] DEBOUCH : to come forth or emerge, as when a body of troops march out from a narrow or confined place into open country; as derived from "mouth", as a defile that flows onto a plain. Compare SALLY. DEBOUCHE / DÉBOUCHÉ : an outlet or exit, a passage or opening through which troops may come forth or emerge (debouch); compare SALLY PORT, HATCH, POSTERN. DEBRIEF : an after-action interrogation, often conversational, of operational leaders and select participants, in order to assess the conduct and results of a mission; to systematically inquire in order to obtain useful information or intelligence; see AAR, HOT WASH, COLD WASH, FLUTTER, SWEAT; compare BRIEF-BACK, BRIEFING. Also, to subject a former participant to precautions and prohibitions against disclosing or discussing classified information, as upon separation from a position of military sensitivity; see VERBUM SAP, compare BRIEFING. [nb: a so-called "back brief" must be rendered when an intermediate-level officer or NCO, acting on his own initiative, launches an operation or commences a series of events which develop in unpredicted ways or expand beyond their original scope, necessitating a combined BRIEFING and DEBRIEFing to the next higher echelon] DECALOGUE / DECALOG : any catalogue of ten precepts, especially the Ten Commandments (or Ten Utterances) of the Judeo-Christian faith; see CREED, PROMISE, OATH, CODE OF CONDUCT, DUTY, HONOR CODE. [v: Exodus 20:2-17, Deuteronomy 5:6-21; cf: Shema Yisrael / Sh'ma Yisrael] DECAMP : to pack up equipment and leave a campground, to disassemble, dismantle, break-down, take-down and remove; being the opposite of "encamp". Also, to depart hastily and often secretly, as to escape or evacuate, to flee or skip, to scarper or SPLIT; see BEAT FEET, CUT AND RUN, BAILOUT, HAUL-ASS, BUSTER, PULL PITCH, SCRAMBLE, JUICE, GOYA, ASAP, PDQ, STAT, CHOGI, FORTHWITH. DECAPITATION : the tactic of targeting political leaders, military commanders, and/or their headquarters (HQ) in an attempt to effect a strategic result. Although it is considered immoral to assassinate the head of state or national leaders of the opposing or enemy forces, it is not illegal to target the director(s) of INSURGENT, GUERRILLA, or TERRORIST groups. This concept probably derives from WAR GAMES theory, such as winning chess by checkmating the king, but it is impractical in any hierarchical organization with a CHAIN-OF-COMMAND, and may inspire even greater resistance, as with STRATEGIC BOMBING. In the cases where it has the greatest potential to be most effective, such as a "cult of personality" dictatorship, the tactic has been declared illegal, so a surrogate must be induced to execute what a purportedly law-abiding nation will not do for itself! ... the moral contradiction in deniably abetting a criminal conspiracy is reprehensibly fraudulent and cowardly. It is always better to intelligently attack the structure of the opposition in order to effect permanent change, than the DECAPITATION of its figurehead, a practice also known as HEADHUNTING or "executive action". See SNIPER'S TRIANGLE, BEAUTY MARK; compare COUP D'ETAT, HAIRCUT AND MANICURE. [cf: malum prohibitum, malum in se; v: bounty, reward, head price, recompense, premium] [v: Executive Orders prohibiting assassination include: EO11905(5g) Gerald R. Ford (18 Feb 1976), EO12036(2-305) James E. Carter (24 Jan 1978), EO12333(2.11) Ronald W. Reagan (4 Dec 1981); cf: Barbary pirates (1804-1805), Pancho Villa (1916), Augusto Cesar Sandino (1928-1932), Ernesto "Che" Guevara (1967), Achille Lauro hijackers (1985), Muammar al-Qaddafi / Kaddafi (1986), Osama Bin Laden (2001)] [v: Operation Gaff attempted the assassination of Erwin Rommel; Operation Valkyrie attempted the assassination of Adolf Hitler (20 July 1944); Operation Mongoose attempted the assassination of Fidel Castro (1962)] [nb: Salome, the daughter of Herod Antipas, was granted the head of John the Baptist; Abraham Lincoln declared that the CIVIL WAR could not be won until Longstreet was killed, and pleaded for someone to bring him Longstreet's head on a platter; and the CIA director in Afghanistan during 2001 declared that his primary goal was to place a burlap bag containing Osama Bin Laden's head on Rumsfeld's desk] [nb: Mozart's Idomeneo opera, first performed in 1781, tells the story of this Cretan king, but the 2006 rendition by Hans Neuenfels adds a scene depicting the severed heads of the prophets Mohammad, Buddha, and Jesus] DECAPITATION STRIKE : a strategy for quickly ending a war against a strongman or other dictatorial leader by isolating or removing the regime's superstructure, disorganizing opposition by eliminating command; the U.S. military employed this technique to rapidly curtail resistance at the outset in Grenada (URGENT FURY), Haiti, Panama (JUST CAUSE), and Iraq (DESERT STORM). DECATHLON : an athletic competition comprising ten consecutive events, primarily track and field, whether organized as sprint, intermediate, or endurance; compare BIATHLON, TRIATHLON, PENTATHLON; see PT, PFT, EXERCISE, AIRBORNE SHUFFLE, TRUSCOTT TROT, MARATHON, FIELD HOUSE, WAR GAMES. [v: Pheidippides was the Athenian runner sent to request aid from Sparta before the battle at Marathon plain (490BC) against the Persians; which inaugurated the long-distance footrace and other endurance events] [nb: "With all our technology, we should never forget that soldiering is first and foremost an outdoor sport." by David Petraeus (2009)] DECCA : low-level radio navigational aid chain installed and maintained by the Army, but rarely used due to mistrust by senior Army officers, and due to nonacceptance by the Air Force. DECENT INTERVAL : the period between US/SEATO abandonment of RVN and the eventual collapse of RVN, together with the Cambodian HOLOCAUST and the Laotian usurpation. The POLITICIANs who betrayed the trust of all participants by arranging this "indecent interval" were awarded Nobel Peace Prizes. Compare the US commitment to Korea. See WHITE ELEPHANT, DOMINO THEORY, SIDESHOW, BOAT PEOPLE, REEDUCATION, APOCALYPSE, WISE MEN, PEACE WITH HONOR, VIETNAM SYNDROME. DECEPTION : those single, serial, or collective measures designed to mislead the enemy by manipulation, distortion, or falsification of evidence so as to induce the enemy to act or react in a manner prejudicial to its own interests; also called ruse (RUSE DE GUERRE), PLOY, feint, artifice, stratagem, subterfuge, wile, GAMBIT, chicane/chicanery, imposture, machination. A deception course of action will identify the deception objective, the deception target, the desired perception, the deception story, and the tentative deception means. The deception target may be influenced or affected by physical, technical, or administrative methods and means, resources and techniques, including the use of dummy equipment and devices, notional assets and organizations, and the emission, suppression, alteration, absorption, or reflection of data, radiation, sound, odor (chemical or biological), or other energy sources. A deception event or operation must be coordinated and integrated with conventional actions or operations so as to effectively concentrate available resources on the objective, and not to confuse allied assets with misleading information. Military deceptions are tactical and strategic actions executed to deliberately mislead adversaries as to allied capabilities, intentions, and operations, thereby causing the adversary to take specific actions (or inactions) that will contribute to the accomplishment of the allied mission. See CONTROLLED INFORMATION, COUNTERDECEPTION, INTEL, PSYOPS, CONCEALMENT, CAMO, HIDE IN PLAIN SIGHT, GHOST UNIT, PHANTOM OPERATIONS, TRICK, MIJI, FALSE FLAG, HINKY, DECOY, MEACONING, RED HERRING, TROJAN HORSE, STALKING HORSE, DARK HORSE, CAT SKINNER, CAT'S-PAW, NIGHTINGALE, PROPAGANDA, OODLES, BIG LIE, FACTOID, DISINFORMATION, HOOPLA, RUMOR, GHOST WALK, Q-SHIP, CLOAK-AND-DAGGER, TRADECRAFT, WHITE PROPAGANDA, TRUTH. [nb: artists and technicians served in special units during WWI (ie: Camouflage Corps) and WWII (ie: 603rd Engr Camo Bn, 3132nd Sonic Sig Co, 23rd HQ Special Troops, Beach Jumpers, 12th Army Gp Special Plans Branch) which were responsible for creating and implementing deception operations by use of camouflage, spoof transmissions, false movements, fake organizations, decoy constructions, dummy vehicles, imitation troops, simulated weapon discharges, artificial representations, illusions and other special effects; then during the GULF WAR, these deception operations were conducted by "Ambiguity Forces" under Task Force Troy, and used a "wheeled camel" symbol] [nb: under the Double Cross system of Operation Fortitude preliminary to the WWII D-Day INVASION, a procedure similar to CPX was used to create "ghost" and "phantom" units as a deception] [nb: CSA Fort Humbug near Shreveport was defended against MG Nathaniel P. Banks with faux cannons; likewise Quaker cannon were used on the Peninsula campaign to resist MG George B. McClellan's invasion ... also used false cookfires, bugle calls to missing troops, marching remaining soldiers in a circle to multiply their apparent strength] [nb: "All warfare is based on deception. Hence, when able to attack, we must seem unable; when using our forces, we must seem inactive; when we are near, we must make the enemy believe we are far away; when far away, we must make him believe we are near. Hold out baits to entice the enemy. Feign disorder, and crush him. If he is secure at all points, be prepared for him. If he is in superior strength, evade him. If your opponent is of choleric temper, seek to irritate him. Pretend to be weak, that he may grow arrogant. If he is taking his ease, give him no rest. If his forces are united, separate them. Attack him where he is unprepared, appear where you are not expected. These military devices, leading to victory, must not be divulged beforehand. In war, practice dissimulation, and you will succeed." by Sun-Tzu (ca490BC); "Force, and fraud, are in war the two cardinal virtues." by Thomas Hobbes (1651)] DECIPHER : see DECRYPT, DECODE. [nb: according to DoD JP1, the term 'encrypt' covers the meanings of encipher and encode; as the term 'decrypt' covers the meanings of decipher and decode] DECK : a floor-like surface occupying all or most of one level in a superstructure or HULL; see BELOW DECK, TOPSIDE, FANTAIL, QUARTERDECK, POOP DECK, BOAT DECK, HURRICANE DECK, CIGARETTE DECK, WELL DECK, ORLOP, GUNDECK, BRIDGE, PLANK, CAMBER, SCUPPER, LADDERWELL, COMPANIONWAY, GANGWAY, HATCH, BULL'S-EYE, DEADLIGHT, BULKHEAD, OVERHEAD, SPONSON, BARBETTE, BOARD, ABOVE BOARD. [nb: the deck of a ship is slightly convex or cambered so as to shed water] Also, informal term for a full or sealed pack of cigarettes; not as much by its resemblance to a deck of PLAYING CARDS as by its completeness; see GASPER, BUTT, FAG. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE : the public act, and the document embodying it on 4 July 1776, by which the Second Continental Congress declared the American colonies to be free, sovereign, and independent of England; compare ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION, THE CONSTITUTION, see AMERICAN REVOLUTION. DECLARATION OF WAR : a proclamation issued by the governing authority (typically a legislature but sometimes a chief executive officer) of one state to the diplomatic representative of another state that explicates the (extant) condition of hostile conflict, which often includes some justification and specific terms for its conclusion; a mandate reserved to Congress by the Constitution of the United States (Article I, Section 8) ... the AMERICAN REVOLUTION, TRIPOLITAN WAR, CIVIL WAR, INDIAN WARS, COLD WAR, KOREAN WAR, and the VIETNAM WAR, among others, were conducted by presidential authority (Article II, Section 2) without formal DECLARATIONs OF WAR. See WAR POWERS ACT, LAWS OF WAR, WAR; compare EXIT STRATEGY, UNDECLARED WAR. Also, any sociopolitical or socioeconomic act by one nation that threatens the security or stability of another nation, such that this sanction is deemed to be tantamount to a formal proclamation of hostility; see BUFFER STATE, CLIENT STATE, SATELLITE, PUPPET, FLAG OF PROTECTION, IRREDENTISM. [v: Neutrality Act] [nb: censorship may not be imposed upon the press or mass media without a DECLARATION OF WAR, although journalists may be constrained (by threatening a revocation of their credentials) within privacy and security guidelines so as to protect operational autonomy and personal identity] [nb: in settling the issue of seizures from those violating the CIVIL WAR blockade, the Supreme Court established (1863) that a genuine state of WAR could exist without a formal DECLARATION OF WAR; furthermore, the Supreme Court declared (Miller v. U.S.) that the rebellious Confederacy (CSA) enjoyed the rights of a belligerent and a sovereign, even without a formal DECLARATION OF WAR, and could not be characterized as "traitorous"] DECODE : to translate or convert unintelligible forms into plain text by means of a cryptographic system; to decipher or DECRYPT. See ALPHABET SOUP, ENCRYPT, CIPHER, KAK, KEK, KEY, SHACKLE, SCRAMBLE, ONE-TIME PAD, FLASH PAPER, NULLITY, BURST, RTO, RADIO, TAP CODE, DUNGEON, CRYPER, INTEL, ASA, MI, CIC, ICAP, IR, COMICS. [nb: according to DoD JP1, the term 'encrypt' covers the meanings of encipher and encode; as the term 'decrypt' covers the meanings of decipher and decode] DECOMMISSION : to remove from active service, as an OFFICER, WARSHIP, or BASE; also known as "inactivate", "demobilize", "dissolve", or "retire". See DEACTIVATE. DECONSTRUCT : to break something down into its constituent parts; to utterly and entirely dismantle something, as being an apparent back-formation of DECONSTRUCTION ... an EOD grandiloquence for "smashed to smithereens". DECONSTRUCTION / DECONSTRUCTIONISM : a philosophical movement that was introduced into academe as a pseudosophisticated doctrine by the defeated and demoralized French [Jacques Derrida (1967ff)] as an insidious form of anti-intellectualism during the Vietnam-era; by challenging all traditional assumptions, it urges value-free references and representations in literature, art criticism, and other creative realms, extending its identifications and analyses into sociopolitical affairs, purging all ethnocentric or metaphysical ideations ... this post-structuralist methodology (being both anti-triumphal and anti-establishment) has been applied to architecture and fashion design, to phenomenology and philology. See CULTURE WAR, POST-MODERN, NIHILISM. [cf: skepticism, empiricism, epistemology] [nb: the doctrine of "cultural diversity" was introduced into American institutions during the post-Vietnam era by Islamists (and their sympathizers) who sought to corrupt the Western ideal of pluralistic tolerance with diffuse multiculturalism as a strategy ("a house divided...") for defeat] DECORATION : see BADGE, CORD, Q-TAB, TRASH, WINGS, GONG, IMPACT AWARD, FRUIT SALAD, DEVICE, SASH, UNIT CITATION, STREAMER, I WAS THERE, BTDT, TROPHY, PRECONIZE, PARADE, SALUTE. DECORATION DAY : the solemn decoration of the gravesites of the CIVIL WAR dead, as informally observed around the country from the end of hostilities until officially inaugurated in 1868, later becoming a day to commemorate all war dead, and renamed MEMORIAL DAY; a national holiday honoring the service and sacrifice of those killed in battle, it's celebrated on 30 May each year ... it's observed as "Confederate Memorial Day" on various dates in many Southern states. It's known as "Remembrance Day" (or "Poppy Day") by AUSSIE, KIWI, and other United Kingdom veterans. DECOY : an imitation of people or objects, or simulated occurrences or phenomena, which are intended to deceive enemy surveillance or to mislead enemy evaluations; also called "dummy"; see Q-SHIP, MOSS, LITTLE BUDDY, RUBBER DUCK, RED HERRING, TROJAN HORSE, STALKING HORSE, DARK HORSE, CAT'S-PAW, CAMO, DECEPTION, JUDAS GOAT, AUTOTOMY. Also, someone, usually a military intelligence or political officer, disguised as an ordinary soldier and inserted into a combat unit for the purpose of being captured, so as to surrender false information. These DECOYs, also called "plant" or "dispatched agent", are specially trained to render 'false positives' while misdirecting their captors. DECOYs are often older, better educated, and more physically fit than other troops, and may exhibit better medical or dental care than their alleged peers; which battlefield assessments may avert a disasterous trap. A military (eg: HOI CHANH) or political defector may also be a DECOY agent. See SECRET AGENT, SPOOK, CRYPTO, PROVOCATEUR, CUTOUT, THROW-AWAY, DANGLE, RABBIT, SWEEPER, STOOGE, CLEAN, LIFTED SKIRT, TRADECRAFT; compare BORDEN. [v: WWII deception Operation Mincemeat, "the man who never was"] DECRYPT : to translate or convert unintelligible forms into plain text by means of a cryptographic system; to decipher or DECODE. See ALPHABET SOUP, CODE TALKER, ENCRYPT, CIPHER, KAK, KEK, KEY, SHACKLE, SCRAMBLE, NULLITY, BURST, RTO, RADIO, TAP CODE, DUNGEON, CRYPER, INTEL, ASA, MI, CIC, ICAP, IR, COMICS. [nb: according to DoD JP1, the term 'encrypt' covers the meanings of encipher and encode; as the term 'decrypt' covers the meanings of decipher and decode] DECUMAN GATE : the main entrance to a Roman camp, sited on the farthest side from the enemy; so-called from it being guarded by the tenth ("decimus" Latin) cohort of each legion. DEEP DIP : slang meaning to be promoted before becoming regularly eligible due to excellence of merit or performance, being advanced ahead of the "above the zone" FAST MOVERs for cause; the modern equivalent of a BREVET for achievement or valor. See HARD CHARGER, SWEAT HOG, SUPER-TROOPER, BOOMER, HOT DOG, HOT SHOT, FIGJAM, GOLDEN BOY, BALLS TO THE WALL, VULCANIZE; compare BRASS HAT, UP OR OUT. DEEP FREEZE : a cooperative operation to establish (1955) a research base (ie: LITTLE AMERICA) for military and civilian scientists on Antarctica, the "white continent"; this project was preceded by operations "High Jump" and "Window" at the end of WWII. See ICE STATION, RED NOSE. [v: Antarctic Treaty 1 December 1959] DEEP SHIT : the worst possible position, such as being nearly overrun, being a crisis on the verge of disaster; sometimes called "deep doo-doo", "deep serious", or a "shit storm". See TAR BABY, BITTER END, SNOWBALL, DOG'S CHANCE, SHIT HIT THE FAN, SHIT, LAST STAND. DEEP SIX : the rejection or abandonment, suppression or concealment of something; derived from soundings by FATHOM (6feet), expressed as "by the deep six" (36feet), and not from a "six feet under" grave or gravesite. Also, to cast an object over the side, or to jettison something from a vessel or vehicle; also called "splash" or DX, especially when discarding unwanted articles or useless debris. Also, a euphemism for burial at sea. [nb: refers only to objects; living people fall "overboard"] DEEP THROAT : see BUNKER BUSTER. DEEP WEB : the part of the world wide web (www) that's not indexed by conventional search engines, which is also known as the "hidden web", "invisible web" [Jill Ellsworth (1994)], and "deep net" [Michael K. Bergman (2000)]. The DEEP WEB, which has legitimate covert applications, differs contextually from the DARK WEB, which is a similar network arranged for illegal transactions; by analogy to an iceberg, it's estimated that together these underground databases constitute resources five times larger than the standard "clear net" surface databases. The DEEP WEB was originally conceived by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) as a concealed medium that could be accessed through innocent portals by simple password (instead of by elaborate encryption) for ready use by overseas agents and foreign operatives, where the mere existence of clandestine devices or methodologies would be instantly alarming to enemy surveillance. The DEEP WEB exists at one or more layers beneath an ordinary website so that reports and instructions can be posted for a limited period of time; access through such a conventional portal may be an image map or other link that will trigger a security sequence, but the website otherwise functions normally within its genre (eg: recreation, travelogue, financial blog, cooking lessons, etc). The DEEP WEB is also iconoclastic in seeking a forum that's not regulated by the MILITARY-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX so as to freely publish unauthorized "subversive" material (eg: samizdat) without fear of CENSORSHIP. Although research continues on refining the access protocols for search engines, the contents of the DEEP WEB / DARK WEB can be protected from surveillance by registering log-in access, by delimiting password security, by coding technical prohibitions against caching, by publishing only in script languages, by producing only in dynamic multimedia, by mandating specific software, and by excluding forward and back link navigations. DEER GUN : (forthcoming); see LIBERATOR, ZIP GUN, PISTOL. DEERS : Defense Enrollment Eligibility Reporting System, the database of servicemembers, retirees, and their dependents. DE FACTO GOVERNMENT : a functional government that is in physical and operational control of a state, as by revolution, but is unrecognized by other states as being legitimate; see REALPOLITIK. DEFCON : DEFense CONdition, also represented as "defense configuration"; a graduated security alert system denoting the worldwide readiness of U.S. military forces, ranging from 5 (no advanced readiness) to 1 (all-out war). See SACON, FPCON, ESP, GQ, ALERT, FOOTBALL, TOCSIN, STAND-TO, STAND-DOWN. DEFEAT : a downfall or setback, a destruction or ruin; to conquer, foil, beat, subdue, check, repulse, quell, crush, trounce, vanquish, overpower, overwhelm, overthrow, overturn, overcome, thwart, deprive, or ROUT. See THROW IN THE TOWEL, WATERLOO, EXIT STRATEGY, WHITE FLAG, STRIKE THE FLAG, CAPITULATION, CHANGING TUNE, RETROGRADE, BEAT FEET, HAUL-ASS, RETREAT. [nb: "You may be always victorious if you never enter into any contest where the issue does not wholly depend upon yourself." by Epictetus (ca100); "Therefore the skilful leader subdues the enemy's troops without any fighting; he captures their cities without laying siege to them; he overthrows their kingdom without lengthy operations in the field." by Sun-Tzu (ca490BC); "As always, victory finds a hundred fathers, but defeat is an orphan." by Galeazzo Ciano (9 September 1942); "You can't win them all." by Raymond Chandler (1954); "We will get everything out of her that you can squeeze out of a lemon and a bit more. ... I will squeeze her until you can hear the pips squeak. My only doubt is not whether we can squeeze hard enough, but whether there is enough juice." by Sir Eric Geddes (9 Dec 1918 speech on German war reparations); "The gain to the winner is somehow always less than the loss to the loser." by Ian Fleming (1955); "In war there is no second prize for the runner-up." by Omar Bradley (Feb 1950); "Losing is the only American sin." by John R. Tunis (19 Mar 1992)] DEFEAT IN DETAIL : the defeat of the separate parts of a force in turn, singly and sequentially, as a piecemeal destruction; not a total annihilation or an utter extermination. DEFECT : a fault or shortcoming, a deficiency or lack of something essential, as any flaw or imperfection; see CHINK, GIG, TURD, DR, DEMERIT, GRIPE SHEET. Also, to desert a cause or country, to "skip" or "fade-out"; as derived from a failure or shortcoming that's due to weakness; see TREASON, TURNCOAT, QUISLING, TRAITOR, DESERTER, WHITE VC, JUDAS GOAT, EXILE, PNG, REFUGEE. DEFENDER : the entity that wards off attack; those that guard against assault or injury; compare AGGRESSOR, see LAWS OF WAR, RULES OF ENGAGEMENT (ROE), WAR POWERS ACT, BLOODY SHIRT, JUST WAR, CROSS THE RUBICON, WARNING SHOT, SABER-RATTLING, GUNPOINT, ALL'S FAIR IN LOVE AND WAR, RETALIATION, NEUTRALIZE. [nb: "The aggressor sets the rules in any conflict."] DEFENSE ATTACHE / DEFENSE ATTACHÉ : see WAR BOND, SAVINGS BOND. DEFENSE DEPARTMENT : see Department of Defense (DOD), PENTAGON. DEFENSE MECHANISM : an automatic response to a perceived threat or an offensive provocation, typically a pre-planned reaction to hostility directed toward personal integrity or group identity; culturally approved aggressivity warranted by self preservation or group survival; see FIGHTING WORDS, BLOODY SHIRT, TRIGGER TERM, TRAILING HIS COAT, FIGHTING MAD, RAMPAGE, BATTLE ROYAL, SABER-RATTLING, HAIR-TRIGGER, HALF-COCKED, SCAPEGOAT, PARANOIA, FIGHT OR FLIGHT, JUST WAR, SIEGE MENTALITY, RISKY-SHIFT EFFECT. Also, an unconscious psychological process that protects an individual from unacceptable ideas or painful impulses; a form of denial. Also, the body's automatic physiological reaction as an organism, generated for self-protective survival, such as against an invasive pathogen. DEFENSE POLICY BOARD : an ex-officio panel of experts, appointed by the president (POTUS), who volunteer to consult with the Secretary of Defense (SecDef) on global strategy, and advise on the social, political, and economic ramifications of military interventions. See WISE MEN, KITCHEN CABINET, BRAIN TRUST. DEFERMENT : a temporary exemption from induction into military service, as based upon educational enrollment, marital status, and the like, until the status changes, the regulations change, or manpower needs change; not a total and permanent exemption; see MILITIA, STRIKER, WEEKEND WARRIOR, PARAMILITARY. Also, a temporary postponement of obligation, such as the payment of taxes while serving in a combat zone; see TOUR BABY, COMBAT BUM, HOMESTEADER, LIFER. DEFILADE : protection from frontal fire or ground observation, as provided by any natural or artificial barrier; including rampart, parapet, bulwark, bastion, redan/redent, battlement, lunette/lunet, barbette, salient, countergarde. Compare HULL DOWN; see REVETMENT, EMPLACEMENT, DEAD SPACE, BERM, REDOUBT, CATWALK, BANQUETTE, COVER, CONCEALMENT, FACE. [cf: escarp, scarp/escarpment, counterscarp] [v: Military Earthworks Terms ] DEFILE : a narrow passage; also, to march in line of file(s). DEFLAGRATION : to burn, especially in a sudden and violent manner; see DET CORD, EXPLOSIVE. DEFLECTION : the amount of lateral deviation between the point of aim (AIMPOINT) and the POINT OF IMPACT on the target, or the mean error of a SALVO. Making a DEFLECTION shot entails adjustments for distance and movement, so the round launched by empirical calculus will coincide with the arrival of the target; also called "Kentucky windage". See SIGHT PICTURE, PEEP SIGHT, ZERO, BORESIGHT, BULL'S-EYE, POINT-BLANK, ELEVATION, TRAVERSE, LEAD, TRAIN, DISPERSION; compare RICOCHET, WILD SHOT, DEAD-RECKONING. DEGA : a MONTAGNARD tribal association, or ethnic unity group, comprising peoples of the CENTRAL HIGHLANDS of INDOCHINA; see YARD, BAJARHAKO, FULRO, INDIG, LITTLE BROWN BROTHER, CIDG, STRIKER, RF/PF, Y SI, LONG HOUSE, BRACELET, WHITE ELEPHANT; compare COUNTERPART, ADV, GONE NATIVE. DEGAUSS : (forthcoming) also expressed as "degaussing", eponymous derivation from Karl Friedrich Gauss. DELAWARE : combined US/SVN operation in A SHAU VALLEY during 1968. DELEGATE : the commitment of powers and functions to someone, as being deputed to act on another's behalf, as an agent or representative; term derives from "assign as envoy", an emissary or legate; see RESPONSIBILITY, ACCOUNTABILITY, MICROMANAGEMENT, CYA. [nb: only authority can be delegated to subordinates, while responsibility and accountability cannot be transferred] [nb: "Don't bottleneck the decision-making process -- delegate down and out to competent subordinates. When problems are found, reinforce the decentralized structure by forcing others to assume responsibility and accountability -- the pressure is to 'pass the buck', but if the policy is clear, then resist this tendency and delegate." paraphrase of Donald H. Rumsfeld] DELEGATOR : someone who commits his power or transfers his function to an agent or deputy as representative, being a reptilian life form that practices the fine art of 'remote' or 'indirect' leadership by a scrupulous insistence upon "hand's off" command modalities while tirelessly garnering all credit and avoiding all blame; a cold-blooded leader devoted to his own welfare and preferment; see RHIP, CYA, BRASS EAR, EMPTY SUIT, PIG LOOKING AT A WRISTWATCH, HOLLOW BUNNY, DRONE, MILICRAT, HEADQUARTERISM; compare CASTRATION ANXIETY, MICROMANAGEMENT. DELIVERY ERROR : the inaccuracy associated with a given weapon system resulting in a dispersion of shots about the aiming point. See AIMPOINT, POINT OF IMPACT, CEP, HORIZONTAL ERROR, DISPERSION ERROR. DELOUSING STATION : DELTA : ARVN 81 Abn Rngr a special project that operated during the VIETNAM WAR as Detachment B-52, organized under the auspices of Special Operations Augmentation, 5th Special Forces Group (Airborne); the supplemental training in reconnaissance and surveillance, patrolling and airmobility techniques taught to unit members became the basis for the MACV Recondo School. The Greek letter designation 'delta' [Δ] represents the fourth in a series, and signifies incremental change. See LEAPING LENA, THE GREEKS, STD, SOG, SPECIAL FORCES, SPECIAL OPERATIONS. Also, shortened form of DELTA FORCE (1SFOD-D), and also called "The Unit"; see KILL HOUSE, DOUBLE TAP, AT CLOSE QUARTERS, JSOC, USSOC, SPECIAL OPERATIONS. Also, the word assigned to represent the letter "D" in the international phonetic alphabet; at various times in different spelling schemes, it has also been acrophonetically represented as Dog and Dock. See ALPHABET SOUP, PHONETIC ALPHABET. [v: Alphabet Codes & Signal Flags ] DELTA DAGGER : Convair / General Dynamics F-102 supersonic, all-weather, delta-wing, single-place, interceptor aircraft, powered by a turbojet engine. See BIRD. DELTA DART : F-106A aircraft; see SHARPSHOOTER, BIRD. DELTA FORCE : informal name of the U.S. Army's 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment - Delta (1SFOD-D), being a Direct Action (DA) component of the Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC); it was activated in November 1977 by COL Charles Beckwith, who was also the first commander of its namesake entity Project Delta (DET B-52, 5th SFGA). DELTA FORCE is also called "The Unit", and its operatives are sometimes called "D-boys". See LEAPING LENA, THE GREEKS, KILL HOUSE, DOUBLE TAP, AT CLOSE QUARTERS, USSOC, SPECIAL OPERATIONS. DEMARCATION / DEMARKATION : determining and marking off the boundaries of something; to mark the separate and distinct limits of something; being a Latinization of the line of demarcation that divided the world between Spain and Portugal. Also, a standard of attainment, a level of measure, a qualifying line of demarcation; a delimiter or BAR; see CUT THE MUSTARD. DEMARCHE / DÉMARCHE : the making of an official approach about a plan or procedure that requires some sort of response; a diplomatic representation for raising a matter that requests that the host country make a decision, especially involving a change of course or direction; as literally derived from 'gate'. DEMERIT : a negative mark denoting misconduct or deficiency; also known as a "ding" or "black mark", GIG or TURD. See ADY, DR, SHIT LIST, ATTITUDE ADJUSTMENT, FASHION SHOW, DROP, FRONT LEANING REST, BOX THE COMPASS, AIRMAN ALIGNMENT TOOL, BLANKET PARTY, SQUEEZE, GIG LINE, GHOST TURD, PET. DEMIBOOT / DEMI-BOOT : [v: chukka, bootee] see BOONDOCKERS, JODHPUR. DEMILITARIZE : to denature or render safe, as when made inert, inactive, inoperable, non-lethal, non-toxic, or otherwise harmless (eg: removal of explosives from munitions), including neutralization of HAZMAT, disposal of CBR ingredients, and destruction of classified design components. Also, to prohibit a military presence; to banish military organizations or operations, armaments or munitions from a designated area. Also, to deprive of military influence by placing under civil authority and control. DEMILITARIZED ZONE : see DMZ. DEMO : contraction of DEMOlition, referring to the specialist, the techniques, and/or the munitions, being an artful MIL-CRAFT of inverse architecture or reverse engineering; see EXPLOSIVE, CHARGE, SHAPED CHARGE, BOOBY-TRAP, IED, COCKTAIL, SOUP, TRIGGER, FIRE IN THE HOLE. [nb: Vietnamese term: Pha Huy] DEMOB / DE-MOB : short for DEMOBilize or DEMOBilization, meaning to disband troops or units from active service; to DISCHARGE a person from military service, as used since the CIVIL WAR by Americans, and since WWI by British / UK personnel. See RIF, SERB, ETS, KICKSTANDED, DUMP, PEACE DIVIDEND. DEMONS : NavSpeak for depth in meters; see FATHOM, CABLE, SHOT, NAUTICAL MILE, KNOT, KLICK. DEMONSTRATOR : someone who assists the instructor in teaching by an exhibition of what is being taught; a prime example or specimen, superlative model or exemplar, paradigm or prototype; see SUPER-TROOPER, FUGLEMAN. Also, someone who exhibits their disagreement with or disapproval of government policies, especially international relations, being a privilege of citizenship forsaken by MIL-PERS; see PROTESTOR, SYMPATHIZER, SILVER-TAIL, PROVOCATEUR, BULLSHITVIK, BY ANY MEANS NECESSARY, POWER TO THE PEOPLE, WE SHALL OVERCOME, SPEAK TRUTH TO POWER. DENGUE / DENGUE FEVER : an infectious, usually epidemic, eruptive fever of warm climates that's characterized by severe pains in the joints and muscles, as caused by a togavirus. DENTCAP : Dental Civic Action Program; military dentists and dental assistants provided oral hygiene treatment in many remote VILLEs. See CA, CAP, MEDCAP, ICAP, WINNING HEARTS AND MINDS. DEP : Delayed Entry Program, which allows a delay of one year from enlistment before reporting for duty. The Reserve component calls this the Delayed Training Program (DTP), and assigns participants to a Troop Program Unit (TPU) for accountability. See CONAP, ACASP, NESEP, BOOTSTRAP, USAFI, SOC, ROTC. DEPENDENT : military designation of a spouse or minor child, being the legal family member(s) of a servicemember; see DISTAFF, BRAT. DEPERSONALIZE / DEPERSONALIZATION : to deprive of personality or individuality, as to behave impersonally toward someone or something; see OBJECTIFICATION, DISSOCIATION, STRESS OF SOUL, TELESCOPING. [v: double-blind, impartiality, unprejudiced or unbiased] DEPLOYABILITY : a determination of the eligibility of a servicemember, who is without pending CHARGEs or restrictive PROFILEs, to be positioned (individually or as part of a unit) to a location outside of the continental United States (CONUS) for an unspecified period of time, with or without prior notification, at the convenience of the government; a basic warrant of good health and general qualification for re-assignment OVERSEAS. DEPOT : a station, terminal, or way-station; see REPL' DEPOT, ANNEX, COMFORT STATION. Also, a depository or repository; see DUMP, NSD, DRMO, PRE-POS, GODOWN, ELEPHANT HUT, UTILITY BUILDING, MULTIPLE UTILITY BUILDING, STEELDROME, LOG, QM. DEPTH CHARGE : see ASHCAN, TEARDROP; compare HEDGEHOG, ASW. DEPUY FOXHOLE : defensive positions set so as to ensure interlocking fields of fire; as advocated by MG William E. DePuy, 1966 CG of 1st Inf Div. See FOXHOLE, SPIDER HOLE, HASTY TRENCH, BUNKER. [v: Military Earthworks Terms ] DEROS : Date Eligible [for] Return [from] OverSeas; the estimated date a person's tour in Vietnam was scheduled to end. See WAKE-UP, WHEN IN ROME. [nb: the military has an involuntary "stop-loss" authority, which allows each branch to compel soldiers who reach the end of their enlistment to remain in uniform for "the good of the service"] [nb: civilians go 'abroad' while soldiers go 'overseas'] DERRICK : see BOOM; also, GIBBET. DERRING-DO : daring deeds; erroneously derived from the phrase "daring to do". See GUTS, SPUNK, MOXIE, ONIONS, RISKY-SHIFT EFFECT, CLOAK-AND-DAGGER, PAY DUES, BTDT, BRAGGING RIGHTS, COUNT COUP, HERO, MOCK-HEROIC, TOY SOLDIER, ACETATE COMMANDO, CHAIRBORNE, FOBBIT, TOCROACH, WANNABE, WHISKEY WARRIOR, CHAIR FORCE, MISSION IMPOSSIBLE, IN LIKE FLYNN, IOTA, MACHO, TALK TRASH, TELL IT TO THE MARINES, CHITTY CHITTY BANG BANG, WAR STORY, SEA STORY, FICTIONAL CHARACTER. [v: swashbuckler, swasher, daredevil] DESEGREGATION : (forthcoming); Executive Order 9981 (1948); OCS during WWII was the first training course to be racially desegregated. see BEANER, BLACK, CHINK, RICE BALL, BASKET HEAD, BUDDHAHEAD, PURPLE HEART BATTALION, NIP, FLIP, LITTLE BROWN BROTHER, WOG, WOP, GREEN BLOOD, POSSE COMITATUS. [nb: the Enforcement Act, among other powers, allows the president to activate and assign military forces whenever state authorities are either unable or unwilling to suppress violence that's in opposition to the constitutional rights of the people; which allowed President Eisenhower to send federal troops into Little Rock, Arkansas, during the 1958 school desegregation crisis] DESERT : desert camo a three-/six-tone camouflage patterned uniform worn for concealment in an arid region; originating as a subdued KHAKI tan uniform in the British Army, the artificial mottling (often called "coffee-stain") of such clothing has extended to CHOCOLATE CHIP and TIGER STRIPE versions, and has since been extended to pixelated DIGITALS with infrared (IR) protection. See CAMMIES, CAMO, DRESS. DESERT BAR : see CONGO BAR, HERSHEY BAR. DESERT BOOTS : desert boot a combat boot featuring a direct molded-sole (DMS) of lug cleats, leather vamp with drain vents, leather heel counter, anti-penetration insole, and reinforced muted tan fabric legging. Developed from JUNGLE BOOTS, it is designed to dry more quickly than all leather boots; although the insole and air vents aided in wicking moisture from the wearer's foot, their lightweight construction made them unsuitable for the extremely cold conditions of the desert uplands. After 30 April 2008, the wear of all-leather boots as well as the green-and-black JUNGLE BOOTS is no longer authorized. See FOOTWEAR. [nb: not to be confused with the classic suede or rough-out tan leather demiboot that was worn casually by outdoor recreationalists after WWII, which has since been replaced by high-tech trainers and hikers; cf: BOONDOCKERS, BUSKINS] DESERTER : to leave military service, or to abandon one's oath and duty, without authorization, and with the intention of never returning; being grounds for punishment and dishonorable discharge, as denoted by Article 85 of the UCMJ; see FIRING SQUAD. Also, to fail one's associates, or to forsake one's obligations. Also, to abandon the responsibilities of the law, as a renegade outlier or recreant outlaw, rogue, fugitive, rebel, apostate, reaver / reiver. See MERCENARY, TERRORIST, MUTINEER, RIOT ACT, UCMJ; compare AWOL, UA, DRAFT DODGER, TRAITOR, DEFECT, TURNCOAT, WHITE VC. [v: Riley and other USArmy deserters who fought against their former units during the Mexican War (1846-8)] [nb: during the 19th century, those deserters who were recaptured were marked on the face with the letter 'D' branded into both cheeks] DESERT FOX : (forthcoming); operation in the Mid-East during 16-22 Dec 1998. Also, informal reference to a female MIL-PERS stationed in the Mid-East during the GULF WAR-era; also called "desert diamond" or QUEEN FOR A YEAR; see SKIRT, GI JANE, WARRIOR PRINCESS, ANGEL. DESERT RATS : the British Long Range Desert Group (LRDG), operating in North Africa during WWII, which was also called the "mosquito army" and the "desert taxi service"; it was later reorganized as a Special Air Service (SAS) unit. DESERTS / JUST DESERTS : [ety: deserve] see FACE THE MUSIC, DAY OF RECKONING, RETRIBUTION, RETALIATION, REPRISAL, JUST WAR. [v: comeuppance] DESERT SHIELD : an operation launched by U.S. and coalition forces on 7 August 1990 to contain the Iraqi Republican Guard, which had invaded Kuwait on 2 August, and to comply with treaty obligations to protect Saudi Arabia, preventing further annexation; a U.S. declaration on 20 September and a UN resolution on 29 November stipulated the unconditional withdrawal of Iraqi forces and restoration of the legitimate government in Kuwait, including a deadline of 15 January 1991. The Persian Gulf War (7 Aug 1990 - 28 Feb 1991) is also known as the GULF WAR or "Gulf War I". DESERT SPRING : operation in southwest Asia from 31 Dec 1998 to 18 Mar 2003. DESERT STORM : an operation launched by a U.S.-led coalition on 17 January 1991 with air attacks, followed by ground attacks on 24 February, with Kuwait City liberated on 27 February 1991; having obtained all military objectives and fulfilled its mission, the coalition declared a cease-fire on 28 February 1991. The Persian Gulf War (7 Aug 1990 - 28 Feb 1991) is also known as the GULF WAR or "Gulf War I". DESERT THUNDER : operation in the Mid-East (ie: Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, UAE, Oman, Yemen, Egypt, Jordan, Gulf of Oman, Persian Gulf, and Red Sea) during 11 Nov - 22 Dec 1998. DESK JOCKEY : see REMF. DESK MAPPING : the process of securing, in proper order and placement, all documents and effects on the desk of a senior official by his AIDE or Executive Assistant (EA), in accordance with regulations requiring that all sensitive materials be protected when not in actual use; in effect, the complete clearing and later complete restoration of the contents of a superior's desk top by his trusted DOG ROBBER; see LMD, BUCK SLIP, CHAIRBORNE, ORIFICE, HEADQUARTERISM. Also, to surveil a cluttered desk or working surface so as to glean useful information without disturbing the layout or leaving detectable clues of intrusion; see TRADECRAFT, INTEL. DESOTO : US Navy patrols by destroyers and escorts in the Gulf of Tonkin. See TONKIN GULF INCIDENT. DESTROYER : see TIN CAN, DD, DDG, DLG, APD, WARSHIP. DESUETUDE : the state of being no longer used or practiced, as to rescind or discontinue; as derived from "unlearn", to become "disaccustomed" to, to cease to become accustomed to; see DX, SALTY DOG, LIFT, IN THE AIR, BELAY, SCRUB, WAVE OFF, STAND-DOWN. DET : DETachment; any organic unit separated for operational independence, or any integral element assigned to a separate duty or mission; see HHD, AAD, NAD, MID, TDY, DETAIL, FIRING SQUAD, CORPORAL'S GUARD, AD HOC. DETAIL : an assignment, to be assigned a DUTY. Also, a temporary or special duty, such as CQ, KP, POLICE CALL, guard mount, as a provisional detachment; see DET, TDY, FIRING SQUAD, CORPORAL'S GUARD, AD HOC. Also, a work party, which, in the case of an onerous or unpleasant assignment, was sometimes characterized as a "shit detail" or "lifer's revenge"; see GI PARTY, SHORE PARTY, FATIGUE, BITCH. DETAIL STRIP : to disassemble a weapon beyond its major components or housings for maintenance or repair, as performed by ARMORERS; compare FIELD STRIP. [nb: despite the allusive sexual metaphor, there is no "quick and easy solution" to total exposure; it must be done slowly and painfully, one incremental part at a time ... and reassembled in the same exacting manner] DETAINEE : any person, usually an INDIGenous civilian, held in custody for questioning, especially for a political transgression or a violation of MARTIAL LAW; see THIRD DEGREE, RENDITION, CURFEW, METAL TEST, VCS, DOUBTFULS. DET CORD : detonating cord; being an "instantaneous fuse" in the form of a long, thin, waterproof, flexible fabricated tube loaded with explosive (PETN) designed to carry a detonation wave, with an explosive transmission chain rate of 25,000 feet per second. Used to obtain the (nearly) simultaneous explosion from widely spaced demolitions, such as multiple CLAYMOREs. Also used to "cut" objects and obstacles, as when constructing tank-traps (ABATIS, FRAISE, BOLLARD) by felling trees, with the formula of wrapping three turns per foot of trunk diameter around the tree, and then igniting. [aka: "Primacord" trademark] DETENTE / DÉTENTE : a relaxing of tension [v: detent], especially between nations, as by negotiations or agreements; see TRUCE, CARTE BLANCHE, RAPPROCHEMENT, RAISON D'ETAT, DEMARCHE, COUP D'ETAT, DIKTAT, APPEASE, PEACE; compare ENTENTE. [nb: the phrase "peaceful co-existence" seems to have originated as the expression "peaceful and friendly co-existence" at the Ninth All-Russian Congress of the Soviets, then was used in a 30 June 1954 press conference by Dwight D. Eisenhower, but was made famous when uttered by Nikita Khrushchev in a 6 January 1961 speech] [v: Diplomatic Terms ] DETERMINED / DETERMINATION : see RESILIENT / RESILIENCE. [v: persistent / persistence, perseverant / perseverance, tenacious / tenacity, unbent / unbowed / unbroken / undefeated] DETERRENCE : see UNDER THE GUN, OUTGUN, MCCM, BIGGER BANG FOR THE BUCK, MAD, NEW LOOK, BRINKMANSHIP, DEATH OF A THOUSAND CUTS, DUMDUM, BEARD THE LION, HEAD IN THE LION'S MOUTH, KNOCK INTO A COCKED HAT, PREEMPTIVE STRIKE, PREVENTIVE WAR, SPOILING ATTACK, COUNTERPUNCH, CONTAINMENT, PAPER TIGER, YELLOW DOG, MILITIA. DETONATOR : a mechanism, such as a switch or TRIGGER, or a device, such as a percussion cap or blasting cap, that's used to make another substance explode; compare SECONDARY EXPLOSION, CLACKER, FUSE, FUZE, EXPLODER, WAR NOSE; see EXPLOSIVE. DEUCE : two. Also, a mild oath meaning devil or dickens. [v: deuce of clubs note at DEATH CARD] DEUCE-AND-A-HALF : M-35 2.5-ton truck; Marines call this vehicle a "six-by". See GUN TRUCK, WAR PIG, DUCK, TRUCK. DEUCE GEAR : Marine term for the WEB GEAR or LBE issued to each individual infantryman; named for the gear's Requisition Form 782, or "Seven-Eighty-Deuce". [nb: called "belt order" by AUSSIE and KIWI troops] DEVIATION : the angle of error of a magnetic compass on a given heading as a result of local magnetism; the declination from true north; see AZIMUTH, BEARING, AIMPOINT, HEADING, COMPASS, DEAD-RECKONING. Also, the distance by which a point of impact or burst misses the target; see DELIVERY ERROR, CEP, DISPERSION ERROR, HORIZONTAL ERROR, DANGER CLOSE. DEVICE : an emblematic representation or heraldic charge; also known as "ribbon devices". Such distinctive ornaments include stars (eg: bronze, silver), leaves (eg: oak, palmette), letters (eg: E, V), numerals, date bars, campaign bars, and other representative symbols. Common DEVICEs on medals include stars for service, leaves and numerals for multiple awards, a capital letter for achievement or valor, and an arrowhead for a combat parachute jump. Common DEVICEs on skill badges include pendant skill bars, silver stars for multiple awards, and a bronze star for each combat parachute jump. The proper placement of authorized DEVICEs is strictly regulated by each separate branch of service (eg: 'V' device centered between multiple award indicators for the Army, but positioned at the far left for the Navy). See GONG, FRUIT SALAD, CAMPAIGN MEDAL, I WAS THERE, BATTLE STAR, OLC, V-DEVICE, WINGS, BRASS, TRASH, CONTRAFOIL, GREEN TAB. [nb: an insignia emblematic of the honors and lineage of a military organization, unlike familial "coats of arms", may be individually enhanced but not personally heritable; v: Heraldry ] Also, anything made for a particular purpose; an invention or contrivance, mechanical or electronic; see GADGET, WEAPON, TECHNOLOGY. DEVIL : a supreme or subordinate evil spirit at enmity with God; also known as Satan, Prince of Darkness, Evil One, Foul Fiend, Old Tempter, Old Scratch, Old Nick, Old Harry, Old Serpent, Lucifer ("Light Bringer"), Beelzebub ("Lord of the Flies"), Apollyon / Abaddon ("the Destroyer"), Belial, Cloot / Cloots, Moloch / Molech, Mephistopheles, Dickens, M'ra, Skin-walker, Shape-shifter, and the like; see GREAT SATAN, EVIL EMPIRE, HELL ON WHEELS, HOLY WAR, ROMAN HOLIDAY, ARMAGEDDON, VALHALLA, WARLOCK. [v: Tartarus, Erebus, Pluto, Stygian, Orcus, Avernus, Tophet, Satan's kingdom, Devil's house, underworld, lower world, netherworld, nether regions, the bad place, hell, hades, inferno, infernal regions, perdition, purgatory, limbo, oblivion, pit, bottomless pit, abyss, lake of fire and brimstone, lake of fire, fiery furnace, abode of the damned, home of lost souls, place of departed spirits, shades below, hellhole] Also, to maliciously annoy or harass, to diabolically torment or beset; to besiege or bedevil; see SQUEEZE, CHICKEN SHIT, ELEPHANT SHIT, SNIPE HUNT, SHORT-SHEET, SQUARE MEAL, BRACE, FASHION SHOW, BOX THE COMPASS, SQUAT, FRONT LEANING REST, WHISTLE DRILL, SUGAR COOKIE, ROCK PORTAGE, SURF TORTURE, HELL WEEK, MICKEY MOUSE, FANG, NASTY-GRAM, SALTING, READ-BACK, CALL ON THE CARPET, ATTITUDE ADJUSTMENT, PRESTRESS. Also, to prepare food with hot or savory seasonings; see CONDIMENTS. DEVIL DOGS : [teufelhunden] a nickname for Marines, meaning "hell hounds", as derived from their fighting prowess at Belleau Wood (France) in WWI. Also, a nickname for the Marine Corps mascot: BULLDOG (qv). See USMC, LEATHERNECK, MILITARY ORDER OF THE DEVIL DOGS. DEVIL'S ALIBI : see WIGGLE ROOM, FAIRY DUST, SMOKE 'n' MIRRORS, WANGLE, SOB STORY, MEA CULPA; compare NO EXCUSE, CHECKING THE DICTIONARY, UNODIR, ZERO TOLERANCE, ACCOUNTABILITY, RESPONSIBILITY. DEVILS IN BAGGY PANTS : characterization in the diary of a German officer that's attributed (Jan 1944) to members of the 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment at Anzio; see ALL AMERICAN, JUMP POCKETS. DEVIL'S BRIGADE : see FSSF, BLACK DEVIL, V-42 STILETTO. DEVIL'S GARDEN : slang for a MINEFIELD; see BOOBY-TRAP, MINE, COCKTAIL, BOMB, FISH, EXPLOSIVE. Also, slang reference to the inhospitable desert; also called "sand land" and "camel land"; see SANDBOX. DEVIL'S MARK : see MEAT MARKER, TATTOO. THE DEVIL'S WATER : a colloquialism for dirty or unsafe water, especially a salty or poisoned source; see NUOC, WATER PURIFICATION TABLET. Also, an allusion to any alcoholic beverage, especially as a temptation to dissolute turpitude; see HOOCH, GROG, TORPEDO JUICE, MOONSHINE, IRISH SODA POP, DUTCH COURAGE, THE DRINK. Also, during the GULF WARs, an allusion to petroleum in any of its forms (eg: gasoline, naphtha, benzene, kerosene, paraffin, etc), especially as an anti-war catch-phrase (ie: "No blood for oil!"); see PETROL, POL, AVGAS, MOGAS, JUICE, CHERRY JUICE, REDNECK CREDIT CARD. DEW : see LAM SON 719. DEW LINE : Distant Early Warning Line of RADAR stations forming a 3,000 mile surveillance network positioned north of the Artic Circle that's been jointly maintained since 1955 by the USA and Canada to provide advance warning of the approach of hostile planes or missiles. See GROUND OBSERVER CORPS, OUTPOST; compare STAR WARS, MAGINOT LINE, SIEGFRIED LINE, MARETH LINE, SMEZ, IRON CURTAIN, BAMBOO CURTAIN, BAR LEV LINE, CACTUS CURTAIN, McNAMARA'S WALL, McNAMARA LINE, CHINESE WALL, PHASE LINE. [cf: Hadrian's Wall, Antonine Wall, Great Wall of China] [nb: the Dutch built Wall Street (1652-98) as a defense against the British in New York] [nb: "The strength of a wall is neither greater nor less than the men who defend it." by Genghis Khan; "Whoever loves a quarrel loves sin; whoever builds a high gate invites destruction." Proverbs 17:19 NIV Bible] DEXTER : in heraldry, being of or on the right side, or pertaining to the right side of a shield from the bearer's position or point of view; representative of good, skillful, clever, adroit, deft, fortunate, favored. Compare SINISTER. [nb: the left-hand side of an illustration] [cf: like heraldic "dexter" and "sinister", "port" and "starboard", "stage left" and "stage right", "proper left" and "proper right" are clarifications of direction for orientation or perspective so as to avoid confusion] DF : Disposition Form, the military format (essentially a blank sheet of paper) for a narrative to be composed and distributed; see FORM. Also, Distribution Form, a cover slip specifying the identification of recipients for circulation; see BUCK SLIP. Also, Direction Finding, as in RDF. DFAC : (dee-fak) Dining FACility, being the modern military designation for a place to eat, often provided with radio or television, and generally displaying sports or combat MEMORABILIA; a refectory that was formerly known as a CHOW HALL or MESS / MESSHALL. See CANTEEN, ANNEX, GALLEY, FIELD KITCHEN, CHOW LINE. DFAS : (dee-fass) Defense Finance and Accounting Service; see THE EAGLE SHITS, BP, SALARY, DEAD HORSE, SEPARATE RATS, DOUBLE-DIP, COLA, MISERY INDEX. DFP : Defensive Fighting Position; see FOXHOLE, DEPUY FOXHOLE, SPIDER HOLE, HASTY TRENCH, E-TOOL, PERIMETER. DFS : Defense Forces Support; see SDF, SSDF, PSDF. DHOLE : a wild Asian dog (cuon alpinus) that hunts in packs; alleged to be the indigenous name of this animal, though apparently not attested in Indo-Aryan or Dravidian languages. [cf: lupine, vulpine, canid, dog-like, mongrel, feral dog, wild dog, dingo, jackal, warrigal, maned wolf, raccoon dog (tanuki); v: ravenous, Anubis (Great Collector of Souls)] DHS : Department of Homeland Security, organized after the 9/11 2001 TERRORIST attack from the Terrorist Incident Working Group (TIWG) as an interagency organization with ANTI-TERRORISM being its primary mission; commonly known as OCTOPUS, it is the supervening agency for federal law enforcement, Transportation Security Administration (TSA), Secret Service, U.S. Border Patrol, Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration, Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), and Coast Guard (USCG); DHS coordinates with other federal departments and agencies, as well as state, local, and tribal governments to establish the National Response Plan (NRP) and the National Incident Management System (NIMS). See CIA, FBI, DEA, REVENUER, DIS, NSC, NSPG, CBP, USCIS, ICE, ANTI-TERRORISM, COUNTER-TERRORISM, TERRORIST. DI : Drill Sgt (dee-eye) Drill Instructor, formerly called "drill master", and also known as "drill major" [nb: not "drum major"]; synonymous with "Drill Sergeant" as a duty assignment, not a RANK [cf: FIRST SHIRT, CHIEF] being the specially trained NCO who is responsible for the initial instruction of new recruits so as to ensure their military knowledge and discipline before being assigned to a duty station. [nb: it's a well established fact that a good Drill Sergeant will take the raw material of a civilian and turn him into a soldier in the same way that he would take a tangled mess of steel wool and knit it into a tank!] Also, abbreviation for "distinctive insignia", properly known as Distinctive Unit Insignia (DUI); see CREST, BEERCAN, GREEN TAB, EMBLEM, INSIGNIA. Also, abbreviation for the Director of Intelligence of the Central Intelligence Agency; see DDI, CIA. DIA : DIA (dee-eye-ay) Defense Intelligence Agency; an intelligence gathering organization that was established (1962) by the Department of Defense to compensate for the weaknesses exhibited by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in providing reliably actionable information for the conduct of military operations; compare DNI; see DIME, MI, INTEL. DIARRHEA : an intestinal disorder characterized by frequent and fluid fecal evacuations; contrary to popular fiction, enemy contact would temporarily cure (not cause) this condition. See TROTS, SQUIRTS, DUMP, SHIT, HEAD CALL, SLOP CHUTE, CAT HOLE, BLUE CANOE, SLIT TRENCH, HEAD, LATRINE, HONEY BUCKET, TRA CA, COMFORT STATION, SALMONELLA / SALMONELLOSIS, COCHIN CHINA DIARRHEA, SPRUE, CORK. [nb: diarrhea, with its associated dehydration, is the condition most responsible for human death worldwide] DICE : small cubes, made of bone or ivory, wood or metal, ceramic or plastic, that are marked on each side with a symbol or PIP, as used by shaking two or more in the hand and tossing onto a flat surface for reading in divination or games of chance; also known as "bones" or "galloping dominoes". [nb: "Don't roll the dice if you can't pay the price."] [v: alea jacta est (Latin: the die is cast)] DICE GAMES : 11th Corps see HAZARD, CRAPS, LIAR'S DICE, POKER DICE, AT SIXES AND SEVENS, BRAG, PIP, CRAPSHOOT, PLAY THE GAME, BATRACHOMYOMACHIA, WAR GAMES. DICKED : being caught-up in one's own intrigue, blamed for or betrayed by another, or simply out of resources or options; see SHIT HIT THE FAN, FLAP, SOL, FUCKED-UP, SCREW THE POOCH, PYHOOYA, BOHICA. [nb: undoubtedly originating with victimization from sodomy or rape, this term (like 'sucks' and 'fucked') has lost its original meaning by acquiring its metaphorical applications] DID : see DIDDLY. DIDDLY : the least amount or degree, next to nothing, being of little import or value; sometimes called "diddly-squat" or "doodly-squat", which are euphemistic variants of diddleshit or diddlyshit; see WASTED, ZAP, CANNON FODDER, SNOWBALL, compare SHIT LOAD, DOOLIE. Also, being of no import or value, worthless, naught, CIPHER, nil, aught, rush, zilch; see ZERO, ZIP, NULLITY, SQUAT. Also, a flaw or malfunction, as from cheat, swindle, or hoax, as to "diddle a mark". Also, to squander or dawdle; as from toy, fiddle, manipulate, or maneuver, as to "diddle a scam". Also, to copulate or masturbate with, as to "diddle a partner"; see FUCK, CHURNING BUTTER, TRICK, BOOM-BOOM, SHORT-TIME, DU, STEAM 'n' CREAM, HOOKUP, HELL ON WHEELS, ACT OF CONGRESS, CHOWING DOWN, HEAD, HUMMER, BUSH PILOT, MUFF DIVER. DIDDLYSHIT : see DIDDLY. DI DI MAU : (dee dee mau) Vietnamese phrase for move quickly, move out, go away, get out of here; also emphasized as "di di mau len", and often shortened to "di di". DIEHARD : a fiercely tenacious and resilient person, as derived from the British BATTLE CRY of "Die hard, my lads, die hard!" by Colonel Inglis at the Battle of Albuera in 1811 against the French; see V-DEVICE, BRAGGING RIGHTS, COUNT COUP, WATCH MY SMOKE, ROOT HOG OR DIE, TAKE IT ON THE CHIN, ONCE MORE UNTO THE BREACH, LAST STAND, STAND ONE'S GROUND, A MAN'S GOTTA DO WHAT A MAN'S GOTTA DO, RISKY-SHIFT EFFECT, BITE THE BULLET, BEARING, ONIONS, MOXIE, GUTS, SCAR, PAIN. Also, to be stubborn, resistant, reluctant, obdurate, unyielding, rock-ribbed, or uncompromising, as unwilling to change, being more inflexible than immobile; also spelled "die-hard"; compare HARD-AND-FAST, see HARD-SET, HARD-NOSE, HARD-ASS. DIEN CAI DAU / DIÊN CÁI đ&#1EA7;U : see DINKY DAU. DIETARY LAWS : any of the traditional practices regulating the preparation of permitted foods or food combinations, and the utensils or dishes used in serving them, especially those customary prohibitions imposed by strict adherents of Judaism and Islamism, Manicheanism and Sikhism, Buddhism and Jainism; a food may be classified as blessed, sacrificed, transubstantiated, or forbidden. See MESS, DFAC, GALLEY, CHOW, BEANS, FORAGE, RATIONS. [v: kosher, kashruth, halal] [nb: American MIL-PERS serving on active duty are explicitly excused from the constraint of dietary laws regardless of their religion] [nb: "It is what comes out of a man that defiles him, not what goes into him." Mark 7:19; "Do not call anything impure that God has made clean." Acts 10:15; "Everything created by God is good, and nothing is to be rejected if it is received with thanksgiving, for it is sanctified by the word of God and prayer." I Timothy 4:4-5] DIE WITH ONE'S BOOTS ON : to die while fighting, as in battle, or in some worthy cause. Also, to die while actively engaged in one's work or profession; sometimes expressed as to "die in harness". [nb: represented by Brits as: "die in one's boots"] DIGITALS : digital camouflage informal designation of the high-tech field uniform or work UTILITIES that has an integrated dispersion pattern, incorporated Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) indicators, and even includes tracking or locator sensors for the recovery of wounded or dead servicemembers. These rugged and sophisticated uniforms replace the earlier FATIGUES, DUNGAREES, and BDUs. Originating with a camouflage pattern for Canadian uniforms (CADPAT), the USMC then developed a design (MARPAT) using the same technique, and other services followed with different patterns. Although DIGITALS are also known as "pixels", this refers to the stippling technique more than the actual pattern, such that WOODLAND and TIGER STRIPE are both pixelated. See ACU, ABU, AQUAFLAGE, CAMMIES, CAMO, DRESS. DIKTAT : a harsh settlement or decree imposed unilaterally, especially on a defeated nation; literally "something dictated". See CARTE BLANCHE, CAPITULATION, NEUTRALIZE, TREATY, TRUCE, RAPPROCHEMENT, DETENTE, ENTENTE. [v: Diplomatic Terms ] DILLIGAFF : sardonic abbreviation for "Does It Look Like I Give A Flying Fuck?"; compare XIN-LOI, WTFO, FIGMO, SOL, BOHICA, PYHOOYA, SHIT MAGNET. DIME : interagency acronym for Diplomacy, Information, Military, and Economics, which are considered to be the most effective elements of modern COUNTERINSURGENCY, which de-emphasizes the function of military intervention, as currently taught in all advanced coursework. This is the latest buzzword in the new vocabulary promoting the Army's most profound restructuring in half a century, but is an unproven theoretical stopgap to the shrinking military budget and downsized Armed Forces. See WAR COLLEGE, NEW WORLD ORDER, FOREIGN POLICY; compare GUNBOAT DIPLOMACY, BIG STICK DIPLOMACY. Also, a small silvery white coin of the United States, being equal to ten cents (PENNY), or one tenth of a DOLLAR; originally spelled 'disme', as derived from "tenth part" [decima]; see LEGAL TENDER. Also, slang for something costing ten dollars, especially drugs (ie: "dime bag"); also known as sawbuck, tenner, or ten-spot. [nb: each dime has 118 ridges around the outside edge] [v: decimal, tithe] DIME-NICKEL : a 105mm HOWITZER; may be spelled "dime nickel", and is also called "penny nickel" and ONE-OH-DEUCE. See TOWED, SP, KILLER JUNIOR, ARTY. DINAR : the basic monetary unit of currency in Algeria, Bahrain, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Tunisia, and Yugoslavia. Also, a monetary unit of currency in Iran that's equal to one-hundredth part of a RIAL. See LEGAL TENDER. DINGLEBERRY : equipment jump a gear bag or equipment pack that's released for suspension by a tether or GUY rope, called a "lowering line", from the harness of a PARATROOPER after the canopy has properly deployed; also called "dangleberry" or "dillberry". Just as the retaining straps on scabbarded weapons are released from the jumper's leg, likewise this KIT BAG is let down so as not to injure or interfere with the PARATROOPER executing a parachute landing fall (PLF). See FLIGHT BAG, STABO, LBE, WEB GEAR, LET-DOWN ROPE, ABN, PARACHUTE. Also, naval slang for the discharged waste matter that's expelled from a pressurized toilet aboard ship when it's improperly operated; due to the complicated mechanics of flushing a water-/airtight toilet, this accident is not rare, and the sewage usually spatters the user, clinging to his face and chest! ... requiring that not only the person but the compartment be thoroughly cleaned after the incident. DINGUS : an informal placeholder term used to identify an article, object, tool, part, gadget, device, contrivance, mechanism, technique, or process whose proper name is unknown or forgotten; including gismo / gizmo, doohickey, thingy / thingee, thingamabob / thingumabob, thingamajig / thingumajig, whatsis / whatsit, whachamacallit / whatchamacallit, whuddayacallit / whudyacallit, what-do-you-call-it, what-you-may-call-it, jigger, doojigger / do-jigger, doojiggy, doodad / do-dad, widget. [v: doover in Australia and New Zealand] Also, one of the many euphemisms for 'penis'; see PRICK, CU. DINING-IN : a unit banquet or ceremonial feast, which included officers, men, and their spouses dressed in formal MESS DRESS attire, often held at the unit MESS / GALLEY, FIELD HOUSE, HANGAR, or some other suitably sized facility (as opposed to "dining-out" at a restaurant or hall). A DINING-IN, as distinguished from holiday gatherings or promotion parties, often celebrated a reunion of elements, mission accomplishment, unit achievement, or personnel rotation; also called "grip 'n' grin", "meet 'n' greet", "hail 'n' farewell", and "mugs 'n' hugs". According to some OLD BREED elders, the original DINING-IN was a formal stag affair wherein the senior officers conveyed the traditions of the unit, its legends and lore, to the junior officers in a convivial setting that was sequestered from all concerns and interruptions; a practice that was discontinued during the Vietnam-era, and afterwards admitted couples. Compare COMPANY PARTY, SIGG; see ANNEX, CANTEEN, DIRTY SHIRT, SLOP CHUTE, O CLUB, BLAST, FEATHERS, WITH BELLS ON. [aka: occasion, gathering, get-together, celebration, festivity, fiesta, gala, shindig, reception, banquet, soirée, festal, mixer, fete, fête champêtre, garden party, open house, house party, housewarming, splore, potlatch, frolic, gaiety, frisk, gambol, revel, funfest, wingding, charivari, shivaree, corroboree, bash, blast, blowout, orgy] [v: napery, serviette] DINK : derogatory term for an Asian; allegedly derived by rhyming 'dinky' (small, unimpressive) with 'chink' (slur for Chinese); see SLOPE, GOOK, RICE BALL, ZIP, SLANT-EYE, NIP, JAPE, CHINK, YELLOW PERIL, YELLOW DOG, WOG, LITTLE PEOPLE; compare BUDDHAHEAD, LITTLE BROWN BROTHER, INDIG. DINKY DAU : Americanized version of Vietnamese phrase ("dien cai dau" / "diên cái đ&#1EA7;u") for "crazy (in the head)" or "acting crazy". Compare GO KINETIC, GOING COMMANDO. [cf: wahnsinnig, verrückt / verrückter, meschugge (German); meshuga / meshugga (Yiddish); gek, krankzinnig, waanzinnig (Dutch); mal (Afrikaans); galen, konstig, tokig, vansinnig (Swedish); hullu (Finnish); vanvittig, afsindig (Danish); gek, dwaas (Flemish); gwallgof, gorffwyll (Welsh); fou, dingue, barjo (French); sot, foll, trelatet, diod, diskiant, pitilh (Breton); scema (Italian); loco, demente, orate, chiflado, chalado, colifato (Spanish); louco (Portugese); louco, maluco, demente, doido, tonto (Brazilian Portuguese); loko, ulol (Tagalog); lud, mahnit (Croatian); waali (Somali); tidak waras, gila (Indonesian); pupule, hehena, hewahewa, lolo (Hawaiian); baka, toppyoushimonai, kichigai (Japanese)] [aka: absurd, afflicted, amok / amuck, around the bend, balmy, bananas, bats in the belfry, batty, bizarre, bonkers, brainsick, buggy, cockamamie, cockeyed, crack-brained, cracked, crackers, crackpot, crank, crazed / crazy, crazy as a loon, cuckoo, daft / daffy, demented, deranged, ding-a-ling, dingbat, dippy, disordered, distraught, dopey, dotty, eccentric, erratic, flaky, foolish, fruity, gaga, go amuck, goofy, half-cooked, harebrained, haywire, insane, irrational, kook, loco, loon / loony, loopy, lunatic, mad, mad as a hatter, maniacal / mania / maniac, mentally ill, mentally unsound, moonstruck, non compos mentis, nonsensical, not all there, not playing with a full deck, nut / nutso, nuts / nutty, nutty as a fruitcake, odd, off one's gourd, off one's head, off one's rocker, off the rails, off track, of unsound mind, one sandwich short of a picnic, out of one's gourd, out of one's head, out of one's mind, preposterous, psycho, run amuck, screwball / screwy, short-circuit, short-circuit in the head, sick in the head, softheaded, so senseless as to be laughable, stark raving mad, strange, tetched / teched, tomfool / tomfoolery, touched, unbalanced, unsound, wacko, wacky, weirdie / weirdo, wrongheaded, zany] DINNER DRESS : the blue or white cutaway-style uniform worn at formal occasions, being the military version of "top hat and tails" (ie: tail coat or swallowtail coat), which attire is required of senior officers; see MESS DRESS, DRESS WHITES, ICE-CREAM SUIT, SPANKERS AND CLANKERS, WITH BELLS ON, FEATHERS, CUMMERBUND, BLACK TIE, WHITE TIE, DRESS. DINOSAUR : fossils from above an experienced senior sergeant (NCO) or warrant officer (WO), principally soldiers and PARATROOPERs; tone of voice and attitude will convey approbation or derogation, as of an "old timer" with valuable knowledge and skills, or an anachronistic behemoth that's unable to adapt. In the best sense, these remarkable specimens are excellent role models, leaving deep footprints that others may follow. These DINOSAURs have more dedication than ambition or aspiration; they care more about the job than about promotion or reward ... they always spread the credit and take the blame. They are sometimes humorously depicted as "Fossils From Above" when AIRBORNE. See OLD BREED, BROWN SHOE / BOOT, OLD SWEAT, OLD SALT, MOSSBACK, MAVERICK, GO TO GUY, PROFESSIONAL VETERAN, RAINMAKER, SILENT MAJORITY. [nb: The Iguanodon, discovered in 1822 by the English geologist Gideon Mantell, was the first dinosaur species to be identified, and dinosaur fossils were first found in the western hemisphere in 1855, which spawned an exploratory craze of competitive expeditions and scientific hucksterism lasting decades ... dinosaur tracks in the Connecticut Valley were alleged to belong to enormous ravens, freed from Noah's Ark after the Great Flood. The genus 'dinosauria', meaning "terrible lizard", was named by British scientist Richard Owen in 1841; this class of land animals and aquatic birds specifically excludes flying reptiles (pterosaurs) and marine reptiles (ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, and mosasaurs), which lived separately in the same geologic period ... in other words, DINOSAURs are not aviators or sailors] DIOGENES' CUP : the cup-like hollow that's formed by the palm of the hand with the closed fingers bent upward; to drink by using one's hollowed hand as a cup; being an allusion to the simple mode of life practiced and promoted by Diogenes ["born of god"], the ancient Greek philosopher. See CANTEEN CUP. [nb: founder of the cynic sect at Athens, Diogenes lived in a tub (according to Seneca) in order to show his contempt for the amenities of life; Alexander the Great so admired him that he said: "If I were not Alexander, I would wish to be Diogenes."] DIP CO : contraction of DIPlomatic COrps, being those Foreign Service personnel from the Department of State (DOS) who comprise the staff of an embassy, including ambassador, attaché, envoy (minister plenipotentiary), gray eminence (éminence grise), consul, and liaison; also sardonically called "diplo corpse". See CT, FSO, COOKIE PUSHER, L/FE, LO, L&L, DA, USMILAT, USDAO, EXTRATERRITORIALITY. [nb: "Diplomacy is to do and say / The nastiest things in the nicest way." by Isaac Goldberg; "Diplomacy is the art of getting along with the very people that you dislike the most." paraphrase of Robert A. Heinlein; "In statesmanship, get the formalities right, never mind about the moralities." by Mark Twain (Samuel Langhorne Clemens); "A diplomat is never accidentally rude to someone."; "A diplomat is a national representative who praises other dignitaries by telling them how open-minded they are, instead of pointing out that they have holes in their heads!"; "Diplomacy is the art of saying nothing while talking constantly." by Theodore Roosevelt; "Diplomacy: the patriotic art of lying for one's country." by Ambrose Gwinnett Bierce; "Diplomats make it their business to conceal the facts." by Margaret Sanger; "Diplomacy is the act of concealing or ignoring, distorting or lying about something in the best interests of your country."; "Minister: an agent of a higher power with a lower responsibility. In diplomacy, an officer sent into a foreign country as the visible embodiment of his sovereign's hostility. His principal qualification is a degree of plausible inveracity next below that of an ambassador." by Ambrose Gwinnett Bierce; "Plenipotentiary: having full power. A Minister Plenipotentiary is a diplomatist possessing absolute authority on condition that he never exert it." by Ambrose Gwinnett Bierce; "An ambassador is a politician who is given a job abroad in order to get him out of the country."; "Ultimatum: in diplomacy, a last demand before resorting to concessions." by Ambrose Gwinnett Bierce; "Diplomacy without arms is like music without instruments." by Frederick the Great, King of Prussia; "Diplomacy is utterly useless where there is no force behind it." by Theodore Roosevelt; "Diplomacy has rarely been able to gain at the conference table what cannot be gained or held on the battlefield." by Walter Bedell Smith; "Diplomats don't mind starting a war because it's a custom that they are to be brought safely home before the trouble starts." by Will Rogers; "During a crisis, soldiers are the ones who stand in the line of fire while civilians run for cover ... and politicians are the ones who thrust others into harm's way while diplomats pretend that nothing is happening."] [v: Diplomatic Terms ] DIPLOMAT : see COOKIE PUSHER, FSO, DIP CO, CT, L/FE, LO, L&L, DOS, DA, USMILAT, USDAO, SIGG, COCKTAIL WARS. [ety: the word 'diploma' derives from a folded-over letter, and is the basis of the designation of 'diplomat', the person who carried such a folded document] DIPLOMATIC IMMUNITY : the exemption of diplomatic agents, officials, representatives, and their dependents from taxation, searches, criminal arrest or civil procedures in local jurisdictions, so that their pursuit of official duties will not be unnecessarily impeded, as a reciprocal privilege enjoined by international law; also known as "Diplomatic Privileges and Immunities". Compare SOFA, CIVIL AFFAIRS AGREEMENT, EXTRATERRITORIALITY. DIPLOMATIC POUCH : a sealed mailbag containing non-telegraphic correspondence that is sent free of inspection between a foreign office and its diplomatic or consular post abroad, or from one such post to another; this specially marked container may be variously sized so as to include sensitive objects or classified equipment; it's dispatched on "bag day", and is also known as "the pouch" or "the bag". Compare FARADAY POUCH, BLACK BAG; see COURIER. DIPPER : slang for a submariner, for behavioral similarity to the small diving bird (water ouzel) that frequents rapid streams to feed underwater; also known as BOOMER, DOLPHIN, BUBBLEHEAD. Compare SKIMMER, AIRDALE, SHELLBACK; see GUPPY, SUBMARINE. Also, slang for penis, phallus, PRICK / CU, SHORT ARM, JOYSTICK, STICK, SPAR, YARDARM, HOT DOG, HOSE, BAYONET, BIRD, POGY BAIT, POGUE, and the like; compare LITTLE PRICK, DEAD-SOLDIER, ONIONS. DIRECTOR : the fire control RADAR station for guns on-board ship, sometimes enumerated (eg: Director 1). DIRHAM : the basic monetary unit of currency in Morocco and the United Arab Emirates; having the same root as the Greek drachma, meaning "handful". Also, a monetary unit of currency in Libya that's equal to 1/100 of the DINAR. Also, a monetary unit of currency in Qatar that's equal to 1/100 of the RIYAL. See LEGAL TENDER. DIRK : a knife with a spear-pointed blade having the profile of a (double-edged) 'dagger' but sharpened only along a single-edge (eg: skean / sgian-dubh), or sharpened partly from the tip along the blade back in an "edge-and-a-half" configuration [eg: M-3 trench knife, M-7 bayonet, Gerber Command II (Force II)]; compare COMMANDO DAGGER. [cf: boot knife] DIRT SAILOR : slang reference to the Navy's engineers serving in mobile Construction Battalions (CB); see SEABEES. Also, slang for any NavPers serving in a non-traditional role. DIRTY : aviation slang for operating or maneuvering an aircraft in its least aerodynamic configuration, as with FLAPs down, SPEED BRAKEs activated, landing gear deployed, arresting TAILHOOK extended, and so forth; usually done for dramatic effect in air shows or other demonstrations of "trick flying", but also done as a signal when surrendering the aircraft. Compare CHRISTMAS TREE; see SCISSORS, AEROBATICS. [nb: the lowering of landing gear while in flight is a visual confirmation, along with illuminating all navigation and anti-collision lights (CHRISTMAS TREE), that the airplane, its passengers and crew, is subordinate to and will comply with the instructions of its military or law enforcement escort; although the lowered landing gear generates drag, inhibiting escape or aerial combat, this feature in modern military aircraft also engages a safety mechanism that prevents weapons from being discharged] DIRTY BARREL : based upon a FOUL BORE or an unclean gun barrel, a euphemism for an infected penis or vagina; see CLAP, ARC, VD, STD. DIRTY BIRD : nickname for Nha May Dien Yen Phu (the Yen Phu Electric Plant) (geo: 21 02 33N 105 50 53E; UTM: 48QWJ88102689), site of major NVN prison camp for captive allied population; also known as Hanoi Thermal Power Plant, TPP. Dates US POWs present: 25 Jun 67 to 25 Oct 67. According to a mural on the wall outside the main entrance, an AAA gun crew defending the Yen Phu power plant shot down Senator McCain. A separate monument on the shore of Truc Bach Lake, a short distance west of the power plant, commemorates the persons who pulled him from the lake and captured him. In 1992, a former deputy director of the Enemy Proselyting Department told American interviewers that after the U.S. announced plans to bomb the Yen Phu power plant and the nearby Doumier Bridge, PAVN decided to place American POWs in the power plant and publicize the fact to prevent the U.S. from bombing the plant. Two American POWs escaped from the camp, but were recaptured as they tried to make their way down the Red River to the coast. The power plant stopped generating power sometime before 1991. See POW. DIRTY BOMB : (forthcoming); radiological dispersion device (RDD) THE DIRTY DOZEN : the title of a popular book [by E.M. Nathanson (1965)] and film [directed by Robert Aldrich (1967)] that represents the training and performance of a fictitious American unit that was composed of incorrigibles who were patriotically recruited for a special operation; this story line is based upon an actual British force [Assault Unit 30] that was organized from convicted criminals and other undesirables by Ian Fleming under MI6, which performed several daring raids and rescues throughout Europe during WWII. [nb: because the book author was unable to substantiate the rumors concerning the wartime exploits of some unidentified American unit, the origin of this commando unit has been falsely attributed by others to a demolitions squad called "the filthy thirteen" within the headquarters section of the 101st Airborne Division, a rowdy group that painted themselves as AmerIndians] [nb: Ian Fleming (agent 17F) conceived and perpetrated many clandestine operations while a British officer assigned to NID / MI5, later writing novels with plots extrapolated from his wartime experience, including reference to the department head as 'M' (Maxwell Knight); Fleming repeatedly denied that his 'James Bond' character was autobiographical] [nb: film sequels include: "Play Dirty" (1969), "Too Late the Hero" (1970), "The Dirty Dozen, The Next Mission" (1985), "The Dirty Dozen, The Deadly Mission" (1987), "The Dirty Dozen, The Fatal Mission" (1988)] DIRTY FIGHTER : not fair or sportsmanlike; unscrupulous or ruthless; see DARTH VADER, ALL'S FAIR IN LOVE AND WAR, DOG-EAT-DOG, TOOTH 'n' NAIL, HARDBALL, UPHILL BATTLE, ROMAN HOLIDAY, WE DON'T NEED NO STINKIN' BADGES, COUP DE PIED DE L'ANE, OFF THE RESERVATION, OUTSIDE THE WIRE, WHEN IN ROME. [v: omo lupus homini (Latin: man is a wolf to man)] DIRTY LAUNDRY : slang for the unsubstantiated gossip and distorted half-truths that are propounded as "legitimate" and "authentic" news in the co-opted media by biased reporters, bigoted journalists, and other sycophantic HACKs; as expressed in the phrase: "airing the dirty laundry". See BLACKOUT, DISINFORMATION, PROPAGANDA, FIVE O'CLOCK FOLLIES, BIG LIE, RED INK, WAR STORY, SEA STORY, RUMOR, FOURTH ESTATE, FRUIT FLY, WAR CORRESPONDENT, SHUTTERBUG. DIRTY RAIN : slang for the friable earth, clastic tuff, and other debris thrown into the air by an explosion, which then falls like an irregular nuisance after the SHRAPNEL has passed; also called "solid rain", "heavy rain", and "dirty hail". Compare ALUMINUM RAIN, FALLOUT. DIRTY SHIRT : slang for a work uniform, such as FLIGHT SUIT or FATIGUES; see DRESS. Also, a specific area, such as a club ANNEX or CANTEEN, where informal attire is appropriate; the Navy/Marine version of this refuge was SLOP CHUTE (qv); compare CAMMIES, DIGITALS, MUFTI, CIVVIES, PARTY SUIT. DIRTY THIRTY : C-47 copilots to Viet fliers out of Tan San Nhut; see FARMGATE, SANDBAG. DIRTY TRICKS : those actions that are malicious and underhanded, as performed by the putative "Department of Dirty Tricks", being the ostensible covert intelligence operations of the plans division of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); see BLACK BAG, CANDY, HONEY POT, PROPRIETARY AIRLINE, DECOY, PROVOCATEUR, SQUEEZE, TWEP, WET WORK, FLAPS 'n' SEALS, DOUBLE DUTCH, TRADECRAFT. DIRTY WAR : a war conducted by the military or secret police of a regime against revolutionary insurgents (including terrorists), which is marked by the use of kidnapping, torture, and murder on both sides, with members of the civilian population often becoming the greatest victims of both sides; see REBELLION, INSURGENCY, COUP D'ETAT, GUERRILLA WARFARE, CIVIL WAR. DIS : Defense Investigative Service, or Defense Investigation Service, being the DoD headquarters for administrative and criminal investigations and prosecutions; see DCIS, CID, NIS, OSI, FBI, POLICE. DISABILITY : a medical condition in the military that prevents a servicemember from performing the duties of his office, rank, grade, or rating, which may be temporary or permanent after treatment and rehabilitation; if permanent, the impairment resulting from or incident to military service will be assigned a rating (by intervals of ten percentage points) based upon a loss of earning capacity in equivalent civilian occupations. See PROFILE, LINE OF DUTY, PEB. DISCARD : see THROW-AWAY, KITE. DISCHARGE : to relieve of a charge. Also, to perform a duty or execute a charge. Also, to remove, unload, or send forth. Also, to shoot a firearm or MISSILE. Also, to eject or emit something. Also, to release from position or dismiss from service [nb: five types of military discharge: Honorable, General (incl COG), Other Than Honorable (incl UD), Bad Conduct, and Dishonorable Discharge]; see GD, COG, BCD, UD, DD, CHL, ADRB, ABCMR, AFBCMR, AFDRB, CORB, DRB, EDP, OCB, RUPTURED DUCK, RIF, KICKSTANDED, DUMP, FIELD REJECT, CASHIER, TITLE TEN, SECTION EIGHT, BAD PAPER, FACE THE MUSIC. [nb: the military has an involuntary "stop-loss" authority, which allows each branch to compel soldiers who reach the end of their enlistment to remain in uniform for "the good of the service"] Also, a certificate documenting the release or separation of a MIL-PERS from military service [nb: the DD-214 was formally known as the "Armed Forces of the United States Report of Transfer or Separation" until after the VIETNAM WAR, when it was renamed the "Certificate of Release or Discharge from Active Duty"]. [nb: just as the actual DD-214/-5 is not "letter sized" to help prevent forgeries, so the various DISCHARGE certificates are colored, textured, or watermarked to help prevent counterfeiting; during the WWII-era, the only "white discharge" was Honorable, a "blue discharge" was medically unfit, and a "yellow discharge" was Dishonorable] [nb: during the 19th century, a "bobtail" discharge was slang for both a curtailed term of service, and for a certificate with its character cutoff so as to obscure or conceal the type of discharge ... always "other than honorable"] DISCIPLINE : training to act in accordance with rules of conduct; behavior instilled by DRILL. Also, an activity or a regimen that develops or improves a skill; to train by instruction and exercise. Also, a set or system of rules and regulations; a branch of instruction or learning. Also, to bring to a state of order and obedience by training and control; the training effect of experience, adversity, or the like. Also, to punish, penalize, or chastise by training and correction. [v: thew/thews] DISCRIMINATION : the making of distinctions; to distinguish or differentiate. Also, a distinction made on any basis, as in setting preferences (eg: most favored nation status, exclusionary tariffs, etc) and in making inequitable differentiations with injurious consequences; 'reverse discrimination' is classified as permissible discrimination against those persons who are not included in the group that the law is designed to benefit. DISEASE : any harmful illness or sickness; the abnormal condition of an organism, or any of its parts, resulting from deficiency, toxicity, infection, or the like ... the pestilence in the FOUR HORSEMEN of the Apocalypse. See MALARIA, FUO, BLACKWATER, BONE BREAK FEVER, YELLOW JACK / YELLOW FEVER, CHIKUNGUNYA, DENGUE / DENGUE FEVER, KOREAN HEMORRHAGIC FEVER, BUBONIC PLAGUE, PARROT FEVER, TYPHUS / TYPHUS FEVER, TYPHOID / TYPHOID FEVER, SALMONELLA / SALMONELLOSIS, DYSENTERY, SPRUE, DIARRHEA, COCHIN CHINA DIARRHEA, HEPATITIS, JAUNDICE, HEAT EXHAUSTION, HEATSTROKE, CLAP, ARC, VD, STD, GERM WARFARE, CBR, GNR, VECTOR, FLEA, COOTIE, GRAYBACK, CRAB, BEDBUG, WATER PURIFICATION TABLET, COMFORT STATION, SICK CALL, DISPENSARY, AID STATION, BAND-AID, AGONY WAGON, MEDEVAC; compare CAPE HORN FEVER. [nb: "Plague has destroyed more armies than artillery ever could!"] DISEMBARK : to leave an aircraft or other vehicle, especially a boat when going ashore. Also, to remove passengers or unload cargo from a ship, aircraft, or other vehicle. DISGRONIFICATOR : a contrived term that's intended to sound technical when attempting to explain why something doesn't work ("There's probably a glitch in the disgronificator."), or how to diagnose the malfunction ("Run a test with the disgronificator."); this neologism has probably been coined on the model of 'denitrificator'. See BUG, GREMLIN, SNIVITZ, SNARK, PLAN B, SEAT OF THE PANTS, MURPHY'S LAW; compare SNIPE HUNT. [nb: it's a Murphy Law of Combat that: "Nothing ever works as advertised."] DISHONOR / DISHONORABLE : the lack or loss of honor; disgraceful conduct or dishonest character; exhibiting shameful or discreditable behavior; a cause of reproach or insult. A person or act that brings or reflects a loss of respect or esteem; to be excluded from confidence or trust; to incite taint or disapprobation. Compare HONOR, OATH, CREED, CORE VALUES, CODE OF CONDUCT, ABOVE BOARD, PROMISE, HONOR CODE, SUMMUM BONUM, TRADITION, MORAL COURAGE. DISHONORABLE DISCHARGE : abbreviated 'DD'; see DISCHARGE. Also, a euphemism for the semen or seminal fluid ejaculated by the aroused penis, as from masturbation or nocturnal emission (ie: WET DREAM), whenever sexual intercourse does not or will not occur; being a putatively immoral effect with a pretty point of causal distinction, especially for the unwed; see SPUNK, PECKER TRACKS, FIRING LINE. DISINFORMATION : false and misleading information that's released by a government, publicly or secretly, to rival intelligence agencies or the news media; a counterintelligence technique conceived by the Soviet Union (USSR) in the post-WWII era, which practice has become widespread; from the Russian word for misinformation. See BORDEN, ELDEST SON, PARADISE ISLAND, THE EDGE, FALSE FLAG, DECEPTION, SPIN, RUMOR, BIG LIE, FACTOID, HOOPLA, CHATTER, CONTROLLED INFORMATION, PROPAGANDA, PSYOPS; compare ROCKING HORSE APPLES, WHITE PROPAGANDA. [v: subreption, obreption] [nb: the neologism "pollaganda" / "polloganda" (poll + propaganda) has been coined to identify the representation of biased samples, slanted surveys, special pleading arguments, and ex-parte news depicted as authentic or authoritative; cf: "polingo" as a neologism for political lingo] [v: Myths of the Vietnam War ] DISMISS : the command directing any collected individuals or assembled units to depart; may be conversationally expressed as "That's all." or "That'll be all.", which is nonetheless an order for being politely rendered. Also, to discharge someone from office or service, as when relieved or replaced. Also, to reject or remove from consideration; as derived from "send away". Also, to expel someone from service for misconduct; see CASHIER, FACE THE MUSIC, ROGUE'S MARCH. DISMOUNT : to alight from a vehicle or other conveyance, as when AIR ASSAULT and MECH infantry perform as regular ground-pounding GRUNTs; a foot soldier who is otherwise transported to battle; see DRAGOON, MARINE. [nb: "dismounted reconnaissance" is MIL-SPEAK for patrolling on foot] Also, to bring down or take down something, as the removal of a weapon from its support or setting, as when being otherwise employed or for periodic maintenance; compare LOOSE CANNON. Also, to disassemble something, as to take a mechanism to pieces or break it down. DISPATCHED AGENT : also called "plant"; see DECOY. DISPENSARY : the place where minor medical care is practiced and medicines are dispensed to ambulatory patients; a medical clinic or AID STATION. See ASA, APC, BAND-AID, SICK CALL, AGONY WAGON, COMFORT STATION. [nb: Vietnamese term: Benh Xa] [v: polyclinic] DISPERSION : the scattered pattern of hits around the mean point of impact of bombs and projectiles dropped or fired under identical conditions; also known as "dispersion pattern". Also, in antiaircraft gunnery, the scattering of shots in range and DEFLECTION about their mean point of explosion. Also, in chemical and biological operations, the dissemination of agents in liquid or aerosol form. Also, in airdrop operations, the scatter of personnel and/ or cargo on the drop zone (DZ). Also, the spreading or separating of troops, materiel, fortifications, vessels or vehicles, encampments or establishments, or activities which are usually concentrated in limited areas to reduce their vulnerability; also called "dispersion site". DISPERSION ERROR : the distance from the POINT OF IMPACT or burst of a round to the mean point of impact or burst; this distance is a factor in calculating probable damage or casualty as a projection or preventive. Compare DELIVERY ERROR, CEP, HORIZONTAL ERROR, AIMPOINT. DISPUTE RESOLUTION : see CONFLICT RESOLUTION. DISSEMBLE : to give a false or misleading appearance; to put on the appearance of; to feign or dissimulate. Also, to conceal the real nature of someone or something; to mask or obscure one's true motives or intentions, thoughts or feelings, as by some pretense or pretext ... the hypocritical disguise of a politician. [cf: resemble, dissimilation] [nb: not 'disassemble'] DISSOCIATION : a disintegrated condition (either process or result) in which a set of thoughts, attitudes, emotions, or activities becomes separated from the rest of the person's personality and functions independently, wherein such disjunctive separation may be unconscious or hysterical; a form of neurotic depersonalization or psychotic compartmentalization. See THOUSAND-YARD STARE, ZOMBIE, BLACKOUT, FLASHBACK, WATERWORKS, CONVERSION SYMPTOMS, PTSD, TELESCOPING, OBJECTIFICATION, BROKEN-WING SYNDROME, STRESS OF SOUL, FIGHT-OR-FLIGHT, COMBAT BUM, TOUR BABY, TWO-FISTED, HOMESTEADER. [v: dementia praecox] DISTAFF : "woman's work" or the female perspective, as the female side of the family; also called "distaff side" or "spindle side", and contrasted with the masculine "spear side". The military spouse or dependent is at best an asset, and at worst a deterrent to the career of a MIL-PERS: "They also serve who only stand and wait" (John Milton). See SKIRT, SQUEAK, DRAG, COW, LADY, OFFICER'S WIFE, PETTICOAT COMMAND, THE DAUGHTER OF THE REGIMENT, RING THE BELL, THE MOTHER-IN-LAW OF THE ARMY, SHACK-JOB, CLASS-B DEPENDENT, CAMPAIGN WIFE, CAMP FOLLOWER, SLEEPING DICTIONARY, BITCH, BALL BUSTER, FLYING BRAVO, BRAT, ARMY SOUP, GOLD STAR. [nb: "If the military wanted you to have a wife, they'd have issued you one." serviceman's adage] [nb: until the Vietnam-era, the military did not recognize the spouse or other dependents of enlisted personnel below the non-commissioned officer ranks] DISTAFF INTEL NET : see OFFICER'S WIVES' INTEL NETWORK. DISTINGUISHED FLYING CROSS / DFC : awarded for exceptional achievement or valor in aerial flight. See DEVICE, V-DEVICE, IMPACT AWARD, GONG. DFC DSM DISTINGUISHED SERVICE CROSS / DSC : the nation's second highest award for valor; instituted during WWI, and equivalent to the Air Force Cross or Navy Cross. Due to its resemblance to the Boy Scouts of America award, a recipient of the DSC is sarcastically called an "Eagle Scout", and mockingly given the three-finger Boy Scout salute. See V-DEVICE, IMPACT AWARD, GONG. DISTINGUISHED SERVICE MEDAL / DSM : the highest award for non-combat service, including command or staff positions in a combat zone, and regarded as the FLAG OFFICER's version of the "Good Conduct" medal (ie: the "General's Weenie"), since withholding it would imply censure. See GONG, TICKET-PUNCHER, LOM, MSM, AAM, GREEN WEENIE. [nb: in the U.S. Maritime Service (USMS), commonly known as the MERCHANT MARINEs, the medal bearing this title is a valor medal for "service above and beyond the call of duty", equivalent to the MEDAL OF HONOR (MOH) for the Armed Forces; the fact that seven cadets of the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy earned this award while serving aboard transports during WWII entitles the USMMA to display a battle streamer from the school colors ... the only federal facility so distinguished] DISUM : Daily Intelligence Summary. DITCH / DITCHED / DITCHING : to crash-land an airplane and abandon it, especially when it's sinking on water; see BAILOUT, POOPIE SUIT. Also, slang for escape; to be rid of (someone or something); to be absent from (someplace). Also, to cause a vehicle to veer off its course of travel, such as when derailing a train. Also, an open narrow channel that's used for irrigation or drainage; compare TRENCH. DITTY BAG : top-zippered ditty bag of treated cloth a small container, variously configured, usually a cloth bag with a drawstring closure, used for stowing personal sundries or toiletries, as carried by travelers; originating as a sailor's sewing kit that was to be made from scraps as a test of craftsmanship by the sailmaker, it was also known as a "ditty box". See HOUSEWIFE, STRING BAG, DOPP KIT, DUNNAGE. [cf: masterpiece, masterwork] [nb: "rucksack" = back-sack; "knapsack" = bite/snap-up/eat, food sack; "kit-bag" = soldier's small bag/knapsack; "haversack" = single-strapped feed bag worn over one shoulder; musette = single-strapped small bag worn over one shoulder] [cf: bundle, bindle/bindlea, swag, bluey, dilly bag, tucker-bag, bag, pouch, tote, sack, traps, pack, grip, gripsack, overnighter, weekender, holdall, carpetbag, B-4 bag, suitcase, one-suiter, single-suiter, two-suiter, three-suiter, portmanteau, Gladstone bag, traveling case, garment bag, Val-Pack, luggage; v: "scrip" wayfarer's bag or wallet; "viaticum" traveler's money and necessities] DITTY-BOP : slang for the communications specialist (COMM OP) who monitors RADIO transmissions for COMSEC and SIGINT, typically situated in a COMM SHACK (eg: RRD) at some headquarters (HQ) COMPOUND; compare RTO, RUNNER; see EARS, KNOB-TURNER, RDF, COMMO. Also, an unmilitary style of walking wherein the head bounces and the torso sways, being a gait indicative of an untrained individual desirous of "standing out in a crowd"; a civilian trait abjured by all MIL-PERS, who automatically walk in step with each other, moving forward in a gliding motion by swiveling their hips; see WALK LIKE A PUSSY, MARCH, QUICK TIME, DOUBLE TIME, FUNERAL PACE, PARADE, MARCH, MARK TIME, HEP, CADENCE, ROUTE STEP, STUTTER-STEP, DUCK-WALK, FROGMARCH, GAGGLE. DIV : the abbreviation for a division; which is a nearly universal military organization consisting of about 10-20,000 troops commanded by a major general (MG); including Armored Division (AD), Cavalry Division (CD), Infantry Division (ID), and so forth. The division is the basic COMBINED ARMS organization for waging war, consisting of two or more brigades (or regiments) together with supporting elements (eg: armor, artillery, engineer, signal, medical, ordnance, quartermaster, etc). The following U.S. divisions or elements thereof participated in the VIETNAM WAR: 1st Cavalry; 1st, 4th, 5th, 9th, 23rd, and 25th Infantry; 82nd and 101st Airborne; 1st, 3rd, and 5th Marine; 2nd, 7th, and 834th Air. The so-called "square division" organizational structure, consisting of two brigades with two regiments and supporting elements each, was changed in 1942 during WWII to a "triangular" arrangement, consisting of three regiments with supporting elements each, which eliminated an intervening command echelon, thus reducing the number of officers while keeping an equivalent number of operational soldiers, making the divisions more responsive and effective in combat. After WWII, in the transition to the "atomic military", divisions were restructured as PENTAGONAL; but during the reorganization of the counterinsurgency era of the VIETNAM WAR, the military reverted to its traditional "square" divisional setup. Regular Army (RA) divisions are numbered 1-9, National Guard (NG) divisions are numbered 26-59, and all other numbers denote the Organized Reserve divisions, except divisions numbered 10-22, which are reserved for specialty units (ie: odd numbers indicate AIRBORNE, and 10th Mountain Division), and the 82nd / 101st Airborne Divisions, which were converted from extant units, and the 23rd Infantry Division, which was constituted on the battlefield from separate elements, and the 24th / 25th Infantry Divisions, which were organized from the 100th Hawaiian National Guard Division. See TO&E, OB, CARS. [nb: Vietnamese term: Su Doan] [cf: dimi-division] DIVE KNIFE : Saturna dive knife Wenoka underwater knife a survival-style utility knife of various designs that is specifically engineered to resist salt water corrosion; although generally designed for high-visibility and secure grip with gloved or benumbed hands, underwater knives typically include serrations or sawteeth, a retention lanyard, a waterproof sheath, and easy post-dive maintenance. In the early aqua-lung era before Vietnam, underwater knives were large and aggressive, as if to be used for fighting sharks and barracudas, squids and octopi! The knife issued to UDT and SEAL divers at that time was the M-2 fighting utility knife (or KABAR), despite the availability of a non-magnetic Haynes Alloy (nickel-titanium) demolition knife specifically designed for underwater use. The private-purchase commercial alternatives during the Vietnam-era included the Randall #16 Dive Knife (7" 440B stainless with brass single guard and black Micarta finger-grip haft), the Gerber Neptune (5.5" 440C stainless with single guard and orange or yellow "Armorhide" grip), and Gerber's Mark II and Command II underwater versions (7" L6 tool steel with crossguard and international orange or bright yellow crinkle-finished "Armorhide" handle) ... each of which used a waxed or oiled leather sheath. Wenoka was probably the first manufacturer to design smaller, more practical, utility knives for SCUBA and skin divers using 300-series high-chromium stainless that snapped into a wide-throated plastic sheath, both of which could be disassembled for post-dive cleaning. A variety of skeletonized knives have also been offered as a low-profile alternative, but most are too small to use with confidence in a cold, dark, wet world of alien threats. Compare SURVIVAL KNIFE; see KNIFE. [nb: author James Jones (From Here to Eternity and Some Came Running) collaborated with "Bo" Randall on modifying the #14 Attack into the #16 Dive Knife] [nb: Gerber's 'Armorhide' handle treatment is a textured coating of vinyl dispersion resins, being a plasticizer that resists abrasion and improves slip-resistance better than paint, which treatment was later changed to an electrostatic dry-powder baked-on coating; 'Armorhide' exists in gray, black, yellow, and orange] [nb: because epoxy will lose strength and adhesion when exposed to salt water, high humidity, extreme temperature (high or low), and atmospheric pressure (excessive or reduced), knives that must perform under extreme conditions (such as underwater demolition or high altitude aircrew escape) should either be mechanically constructed on a full-length tang or their parts bonded together with silver solder] DIVER : a skill qualification of progressive proficiency gradated into SCUBA, Salvage, Second Class, First Class, and Master; originally differentiated by regulations dated 15 February 1944, the SCUBA rating was authorized on 1 May 1969. All classes of DIVERs work with explosives, especially Salvage to Master, but UDT and EOD training are separate qualifications. See HARD HAT, HARD SUIT, DRY SUIT, WET SUIT, SNORKEL, SCUBA, BUDWEISER, Q-COURSE, TRASH, BLOODING. [v: Diving Terms ] DIVETOSS : (dive-toss) the computerized bomb-release aiming device used by F-4 PHANTOM aircraft; see BOMBSIGHT, compare SKIP BOMBING. Also, the technique of delivering a bomb load onto a target by releasing at the point of steep vertical climb so as not to fly over the designated impact area; compare SKIP BOMBING. DIVIDE AND CONQUER : the military and political strategy of forestalling or disintegrating opposition alliances so as to inhibit the acquisition of superior power, or the formation of overwhelming force. Also known as "divide and rule", this strategy is attributed to Philip II of Macedon in his management of relations with the Greek city-states, which strategy enables a nation to exist as long as the balance of power is not collectively and concertedly united against it. See BALKANIZATION, BRUTE FORCE, BLOOD AND IRON, CONTAINMENT. [nb: "Don't divide the world into 'them' and 'us', into opponents and supporters, into rivals and allies -- avoid infatuation or resentment, identification or antipathy. Beyond all the obstacles, aside from all the static, accept the facts -- they have their agenda and you have yours, they have their job and you have yours. Put your head down, do the best job possible, let the flak pass, and work toward your goals." paraphrase of Donald H. Rumsfeld] DIXIE CUP : slang reference to a sailor's traditional cap, also called a WHITE CAP or "white hat"; this so-called "dog dish" serves as a flotation device and improvised bucket, worn brim down in tropics as sun shield, and Jones-style for visor, both unauthorized. See JARHEAD, BLUE JACKET, SQUID, SWABBY, DOGFACE, ZOOMIE, GI. [nb: members of the ship's engine room crew (SNIPE or BLACK GANG) were issued black DIXIE CUPs during WWII, so were sometimes called 'black hats'] [nb: sailors used to also have "undress blues" (and "undress whites") as a semi-work uniform without neckerchief or piping; but in 2006 the Navy exchanged its service dress blues and whites for a year around tan, and its DUNGAREES for digitized multicolor work utilities with an 8-point COVER, abolishing their traditional bell-bottoms and DIXIE CUPs] [nb: Dixie Cup (c1906), a waxed paper container used for individual drinks of water or other liquids] DIXIE STATION : the designated patrol area situated south of the DMZ off-shore in the South China Sea for Naval ships supporting air and ground operations in southeast Asia. Also, the southern off-shore staging area for Naval air operations. Compare YANKEE STATION. DIY : abbreviation for Do It Yourself, being a job of work or duty assignment that cannot be delegated; as in "Checking guard posts is a DIY responsibility." DLA : Defense Logistics Agency, formerly designated the Defense Supply Agency (DSA); see CFREB, LOGISTICS. DLAB : (dee-lab) Defense Language Aptitude Battery, the placement test for admission to one of the 25 foreign language courses taught at the Defense Language Institute (DLI). DLC : Duty Limiting Condition; see PROFILE. DLG : a large destroyer armed with guns and guided MISSILES; see TIN CAN. DLI : DLI Defense Language Institute, established at the Presidio of Monterey in 1963 to teach 25 foreign languages for military applications by a thousand instructors using accelerated methods. Originated during WWII as the Defense Language School in San Francisco to instruct Japanese translators in military subjects; later moved to Fort Snelling MN, and redesignated the Military Intelligence Language School under MIS and CIC. DLI remedies the inconsistency of foreign language instruction in military schools. During the Second Indochina War, the South Vietnamese regime prevented the US from including ethnic dialects in DLI's course offerings; thus ADVISORs had to use translators for languages other than VN, Thai, French, and Chinese, or learn to speak them on the job (OJT). The ten core foreign languages of strategic significance are Spanish (8 wks), French (8 wks), German (8 wks), Indonesian (8 wks), Persian-Farsi (12 wks), Russian (12 wks), Tagalog (12 wks), Arabic (12 wks), Korean (12 wks), and Mandarin Chinese (12 wks). See SEATIC, POINTIE TALKIE, VISUAL LANGUAGE TRANSLATOR. [nb: Vietnamese term: Truong Sinh Ngu Qhan Doi (Armed Forces Language School)] DMS : abbreviation for Direct Molded Sole, being the unitary construction used to manufacture JUNGLE BOOTS, wherein a sole of lug cleats was bonded to a leather vamp with drain vents, leather heel counter, anti-penetration insole, and reinforced green fabric legging with grommeted eyelets for lacing; also called "compression molding". [v: injection molding; cf: slip lasting, board lasting] DMZ : DeMilitarized Zone, being a border, boundary, or ambit that shall be free of all military forces and equipment, such as the band established by the Geneva Accords dividing North and South Korea at the 38th Parallel, or North and South Vietnam at the 17th Parallel; a de facto barrier to further hostilities that becomes codified by international agreement, being a separation that's also known as NO MAN'S LAND or BUFFER ZONE; see McNAMARA'S WALL, OVER THE FENCE, DEMILITARIZE, compare HOT PURSUIT, JUDY, TALLY-HO. Also, a DeMarcation Zone or line, that's also spelled "demarkation"; see CHOP LINE; compare CORDON SANITAIRE. DNI : Director [of] Naval Intelligence; see CNO, NIS. Also, Director [of] National Intelligence; see NIC, CIA, DIA, NSA, DIME. D-NOTICE : an official request by British Commonwealth governments that's sent to publishers and publications inviting them to withhold sensitive information for reasons of state security; also represented as "D notice" as a truncation of D(efense) notice. See BLACKOUT, GAG ORDER, NEED TO KNOW, OPSEC. DO : abbreviation for the Director of Operations of the Central Intelligence Agency; see DDO, CIA. Also, abbreviation for the Directorate of Operations for the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), later redesignated the National Clandestine Service. DOB : Date of Birth; see POB. DOB KIT / DOBS KIT / DAUB KIT : see DOPP KIT. DOC : affectionate title for enlisted medical aidman and CORPSMEN; also called MEDIC. See BAND-AID, BABY DOC, BAC SI, Y SI, SAWBONES, BONE CUTTER, CANOEMAKER, ANGEL, FUZZY-WUZZY ANGEL, RAMP TRAMP, SSTP, ORDERLY, HOSPITAL, LUGGAGE TAG, STRETCHER, COMPRESS, DOG BITE, MED BAG, AGONY WAGON, ASA, APC, SYRETTE, ABO, BLOOD EXPANDER, TRIAGE. [nb: a separate medical department was established in the U.S. Army in 1818, and in the U.S. Navy (BuMed) in 1842; the Army established a corps for nurses (ANC) in 1901, and the Navy accepted nurses in 1908; the medical branch also includes dentists, veterinarians, pharmacists, and other specialists] [nb: the field occupations most often targeted in combat, because their loss so immediately influences unit effectiveness and morale, are the leader, pointman, signalman, machinegunner, and medic] DOC EX : DOCument EXploitation, being the collection and examination of enemy papers, files, books, manuals, and other recorded material. DOCH-AN-DORIS : a Scottish term for a final drink at the door before departing; being Gaelic for a 'drink at the door' ("deoch-an-dorius"). Popularized in an English song by Sir Harry Lauder, and Bride of Lammermoor [ch xviii (1819)] by Sir Walter Scott: "After the lord keeper, the Master, and the domestics, had drunk doch-an-dorroch, or the stirrup cup ... the cavalcade resumed its progress." See STIRRUP CUP, TOAST, VALEDICTION. [nb: it is considered bad luck or evil omen to TOAST with non-alcoholic (ie: catlap) beverages; military toasts are most often tributes to fortitude and loyalty, while civilian toasts (grace cup) are tributes to benefaction or longevity, such as: l'chaim, prosit / prost, skoal, slàin te mhath, wassail, cheers] [v: gemütlichkeit/gemuetlichkeit] [cf: apéritif] DOC LAP VA TU DO : Vietnamese slogan attributed to HO CHI MINH, expressing the wartime goals of both sides in Vietnam, meaning "independence and freedom". DOCTOR NO : the title of a 1958 James Bond novel by Ian Fleming, featuring the Doctor Julius No character as the antagonist; see COINCIDENCE, FICTIONAL CHARACTER. DOD : DoD (dee-oh-dee) Department of Defense, subsuming all branches of the military, and commonly called the PENTAGON; it was renamed from the "War Department" (WD) after the unconditional victories of WWII, and America hasn't won a real war since! ... this mind-set is probably symptomatic of later limited wars. [nb: there is a persistent but unrealized (to date) advocacy for creating a Cabinet-level "Department of Peace" by some effete poltroons; see DOS] [nb: purportedly, the military uses the term "joint" (to join) to indicate two or more elements from the same service or nation, and the term "combined" (by twos) to indicate two or more interservice or international elements, hence a "joint action" might involve the Army and Navy, while a "combined action" might involve the US and UK; additionally, the term "composite" (put together) indicates a compound of disparate elements forming a whole, while the term "component" (put together) indicates constituent elements of a greater whole] DODGE CITY : any secure military installation or Americanized urban area, offering modern blandishments and convenient amenities; see BASE CAMP, FOB, FSB, CP, JUMP CP, BIVOUAC, CRUSADER FORT, LITTLE AMERICA. [nb: following the Wild West motif prevalent in LBJ's "little pissant war", numerous allusions to a mythic frontier adventurism were utilized; including COWBOY, INDIAN COUNTRY, and GUNSLINGER.] Also, a metaphor representing any potentially dangerous place (especially a built-up urban area), where violence may erupt at any time; a rough plexus that's being developed or expanded, and is barely under control, as expressed in "Get outta Dodge!" when referring to the collection points (eg: Abilene, Omaha, Ogallala, Schuyler, etc) of westward expansion. [v: Tombstone] Also, slang designation for the USN base on Diego Garcia Island, a British possession in the Indian Ocean, used for Allied military resupply, staging, and surveillance. DODGE THE BULLET : to miss contact or avoid notice, as escaped by luck rather than skill. Partly shirking and malingering, as working hard at not working, and never being tested. Includes "hedging your bets" and "cutting your losses" as self-protection. Ultimately unable to evade or elude ("in the hot seat") is worse than win or lose. See HOT, GHOST, SHOOT YOURSELF IN THE FOOT, CYA, PING-PONG, SMOKE 'n' MIRRORS, FAIRY DUST, LOOSE CANNON, FIELD REJECT, BOLT HOLE, KICKSTANDED, STACK ARMS, SHOOTING WAR. DODO : acronym for Dead Object Drifting Obstacle (or "Dead Or Drifting Object") indicating inert debris or incidental hazards to navigation; since such FLOTSAM is not underway, the craft or vessel must maneuver to avoid damage from such DEADHEADs. This acronym is a play on words referring to the extinct flightless bird, and the class includes unidentified aerial objects that may collide with aloft aircraft. See WAVESON, PAN, SECURITE, INTERCO. DOE : Date Of Enlistment; compare DRAFTEE, ETS. DOESN'T KNOW SHIT FROM SHINOLA : Shinola a colloquialism that was popularized during the military expansion for WWII as a barracks vulgarity that illustrated the ignorance of so many civilians in uniform; this was the era of the BROWN SHOE / BOOT Army, so the OLD BREED reckoned that brown polishing wax was a good comparison for fecal matter. SHINOLA was an inexpensive shoe polish that was introduced in 1929, however this expression has outlasted the product itself. Although this phrase means that the subject person is possessed of poor judgment or limited knowledge, the word "Shinola" alone implies nonsense or foolishness, flummery or humbuggery, not 'shit' or waste. This sentiment has also been expressed as "doesn't know his ass from his elbow", "doesn't know his ass from a hole in the ground", "doesn't know his ass from a hot rock", "doesn't know whether to scratch his watch or wind his ass", and "can't even get out of his own way". See PYHOOYA, HIC, BURY ONE'S HEAD IN THE SAND, SAD SACK, SOS, CREEP, POGUE, YARDBIRD, FIELD REJECT, DRONE, PIG LOOKING AT A WRISTWATCH. DOG : slang for a foot soldier or infantryman (INF); also called GROUND POUNDER, GRUNT, DOGFACE, DOGGIE, BOONIE RAT, CRUNCHY, BUSHMASTER, LEG, BLUELEG, DOUGHBOY, MECH, DRAGOON, PONY SOLDIER, DOZER INFANTRY, JARHEAD, HORSE MARINE, 03, SNUFFY, GI. [cf: lupine, vulpine, canid, dog-like, mongrel, feral dog, wild dog, dhole, dingo, jackal, warrigal, maned wolf, raccoon dog (tanuki); v: ravenous, Anubis (Great Collector of Souls)] Also, Navy slang for the soft serve ice cream that's dispensed from a refrigerated container in a CANTEEN or GALLEY, being a shortened form of "auto-dog" or "dog shit", due to its similarity of resemblance to excretion, regardless of the color or flavor of the ice cream; the idea of eating feces for dessert is very amusing to some SHELLBACKs and OLD SALTs! See FISH-EYES, GEDUNK, SUGAR PILL, POGY BAIT, BEANS, CHOW, RATIONS. DOG / DOG IT / DOGGING / DOGGING IT / DOGGED / DOGGED DOWN : a contranym [v: soldier] meaning both to shirk one's responsibility, as to loaf on the job, and to be persistent in effort, as being stubbornly tenacious; both from having the nature or character of a dog (canid) ... being either a despicable man or a fine fellow, being either something worthless or a useful device. [cf: "lead a dog's life" (easy vs harassed)] DOG BISCUIT : see BISCUIT; compare COOKIE. DOG BITE : slang for the characteristic appearance of wire stitches or metal clamps used to suture a large or severe wound for better edge apposition; see MEDIC, DOC, BONE CUTTER, ANGEL, HOSPITAL, LUGGAGE TAG, STRETCHER, COMPRESS, MED BAG, NEEDLE, SYRETTE, ABO, BLOOD EXPANDER, SPILL THE GROCERIES, TRIAGE. DOG-EAT-DOG : a catch-phrase for the situation or circumstance marked by ruthless competition or unrestrained destructiveness; action based on utter cynicism and complete egocentrism. See TOOTH 'n' NAIL, HARDBALL, CUTTHROAT, ALL'S FAIR IN LOVE AND WAR, UPHILL BATTLE, ROMAN HOLIDAY, WHEN IN ROME, WE DON'T NEED NO STINKIN' BADGES, COUP DE PIED DE L'ANE, OFF THE RESERVATION. [v: omo lupus homini (Latin: man is a wolf to man)] DOGFACE : derogatory reference to any soldier; see LEG, CRUNCHY, GI, JARHEAD, HORSE MARINE, SQUID, SWABBY, ZOOMIE; compare DOG'S FACE. DOGFIGHT : any rough-and-tumble fight or battle of great turmoil, especially close-turning aerial combat; also called a "knife fight in a phone booth" or FUR BALL; see KNOCK IT OFF, TALLY-HO, BOGIE, BANDIT, GOMER, JINK, ATTITUDE ADJUSTMENT, YANK 'n' BANK, ACM, SMACK DOWN, CQB, BATTLE ROYAL, RAMPAGE, CUTTHROAT, EVERY MAN FOR HIMSELF. DOGGIE : an infantryman; also spelled "doggy", and also called "line-doggie". See GRUNT, CRUNCHY, BOONIE RAT, BUSHMASTER, LEG, BLUELEG, INF, DOZER INFANTRY; compare TOP DOG, 03, SNUFFY. [cf: lupine, vulpine, canid, dog-like, mongrel, feral dog, wild dog, dhole, dingo, jackal, warrigal, maned wolf, raccoon dog (tanuki); v: ravenous, Anubis (Great Collector of Souls)] Also, slang for feet, being the infantryman's primary mode of transportation; also called DOGS. [nb: "dismounted reconnaissance" is MIL-SPEAK for patrolling on foot] DOGGIE DICKS : see LIE DOGGO. DOGHOUSE : rocketry slang for a bulge on the surface of a rocket or missile used for housing scientific instruments; see BLISTER, BUBBLE, SPONSON, PAYLOAD. IN THE DOGHOUSE : being in disfavor or disgrace, trouble or discredit, odium or disregard, reproach or embarrassment; a place of sequestration or punishment, as derived from the small rude structure erected apart from the home for the housing of a domesticated canid, especially an animal unworthy to share the comforts and privileges of the master's dwelling. [v: predicament, crisis, obloquy, ignominy, mess, snagged / by a snag, in a fix, in a pinch, in deep water, in hot water, in dire straits, in durance vile] A DOG IN A DOUBLET : a colloquialism for a bold or resolute person, by comparison with the fierce hunting dogs used to assail wild boar in Germany and Flanders during the Renaissance, which wore protective vests of tanned leather; see K-9, SCOUT DOG, LEND-LEASH. [nb: the military working dogs employed in GWOT operations wear Kevlar protective vests] A DOG IN ONE'S DOUBLET : a colloquial allusion to a false friend; like the imagery of A DOG IN THE MANGER, this expression refers to something out of place or in the wrong place ... to wit, a cur passing as respectable by donning your own attire ("I'm just like you!"). [v: "a nigger in the woodpile", in the sense of 'someone in the wrong place' or 'not where he should be'] [nb: "Character, not circumstances, makes the man." by Booker T. Washington (31 Jan 1896)] A DOG IN THE MANGER : a colloquialism for a mean-spirited person who either cannot or will not use what is wanted by someone else, but will not let the other make use of it; a person who prevents another enjoying something without enjoying it himself ... as derived from the old fable where the dog makes a bed in the hay, preventing the ox from eating, while incapable of eating the hay himself. See AS PLEASED AS PUNCH, GALLOW'S HUMOR, SENSE OF HUMOR, BLACK, ROMAN HOLIDAY, PAIN. [v: "a nigger in the woodpile", in the sense of 'something out of place' or 'not where it should be'] DOG LATIN : spurious or 'mongrel' Latin, in which English words are treated like Latin, and Latin words like English, with sometimes humorous or embarrassing results [eg: 'Nescio quid est materia cum me' = "I don't know what is the matter with me" by Laurence Sterne]. See PIG LATIN, PIDGIN, BAMBOO ENGLISH, DOUBLE DUTCH, CREOLE, VERNACULAR. DOGPATCH : nickname for Bo Giuong and Dong Khe (geo: 22 28 27N 106 24 40E; UTM: 48QXK45168581), site of major NVN prison camp reserved for technical experts culled from captive allied populations; also known as Luong Lang, That Khe. Dates US POWs present: 14 May 72 to 31 Jan 73. More than 200 American POWs were moved to this site in Cao Bang Province, about 190 kilometers north of Hanoi, after Group 875 assumed responsibility for the increased numbers of American and Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces (RVNAF) POWs in North Vietnam, around April 1972. Office 22, Group 875 was responsible for American POWs, and Office 23, Group 875 was responsible for RVNAF POWs. American POWs were relocated to this remote buffer zone near the China (PRC) border, because foreign policy prohibited US operations in that sensitive area. see POW. DOG 'n' PONY SHOW : any elaborate or grandiose presentation that's intended to impress its audience, such as the precisely stage-managed FIVE O'CLOCK FOLLIES; also known as "canine 'n' equine extravaganza", "canine 'n' equine theater", or "canine 'n' equestrian theater". This catch-phrase ostensibly originated with the mediocre or tawdry acts of a middling or substandard circus, but is actually derived from some sexually-explicit burlesque performances that featured women copulating with animals on stage, then later in pornographic films. See UP-CLOSE 'n' PERSONAL, SMOKE 'n' MIRRORS, WASHINGTON WALTZ, TAP-DANCER, BLIVET. DOG ROBBER : any AIDE or other HEADSHED REMF, so-called for their practice of taking from the field soldier to provide for the COMMANDER and STAFF, also called "braider" as a result of the distinctive aiguillette or shoulder CORD worn by such AIDEs [cf: British "bulldog" assistant to proctor]; see HEADQUARTERISM. Also, a Naval officer in CIVVIES while ashore on leave; compare MUFTI. DOGS : (dawgs) slang for feet, which are the infantryman's Cadillac; also called "doggies". See BOOT, FOOTWEAR, LINE-DOGGIE. [nb: "dismounted reconnaissance" is MIL-SPEAK for patrolling on foot] DOGSBODY : any menial worker, derived from sailor's term for soaked sea biscuits or pease pudding; as a functionary, ORDERLY, factotum, AIDE, assistant, comprador, MAN FRIDAY, horse-holder, shield-bearer, spear-carrier, water-hauler, stamp-licker, DUMMY, jack-of-all-trades, drudge, foil, pawn, surrogate, substitute, second, dupe/doupe; see GOFER, FACE TIME. [cf: origin of SLUSH FUND] Also, originally a junior Naval officer, but later became a disparaging term for an officer trainee; see CADET, SNOTTY, CRAB, SQUID, MIDDIE, COASTIES. DOG'S CHANCE : little likelihood or small chance, as a predictor of negative results; also known as "Chinaman's chance" or "a cat in hell's chance". See SNOWBALL, PRAYER. [v: enfants perdus, forlorn hope; cf: "when hell freezes over", "when pigs fly", "when frogs grow hair", "when pigs whistle", "when fish climb trees", "when chickens have teeth", "when the sun rises in the west", "in a month of Sundays", "in a blue moon", "when there're three Saturdays in every week", "not in this lifetime", "not a chance"] DOG'S FACE : distinctive Cambodia/SVN border feature near Prek Klok; see PARROT'S BEAK, FISHHOOK, ELEPHANT'S FOOT, ANGEL'S WING, BLACK LADY MOUNTAIN; compare DOGFACE. [cf: dog-ear / dog's-ear (crossette / croisette)] DOGSLED : see IRON DOG. DOG SOLDIER : a 19th century colloquialism for a cavalryman, either a mounted American soldier or a mounted AmerIndian warrior, who rode to battle and fought from horseback; this reference seems to derive from the original introduction of Spanish horses into North America where the denizens believed them to be very large dogs. Among AmerIndian tribes, such armed "dog men" (ie: horsemen) constituted either a separate militaristic band of guardians (as among Cheyenne, Arapaho, and other tribes) or a renegade band of raiders (as among Sioux, Kiowa, and other tribes), with the former defenders dispatched by the chief and the latter outlaws unresponsive to authority. See YELLOWLEG, PONY SOLDIER, CAV; compare DRAGOON, LONG KNIFE, MECH. THE DOGS OF WAR : this expression originally referred to the horrors of warfare (to wit, famine and atrocities, or fire and the sword, pestilence and famine), but has become a term of opprobrium for WARMONGERs and WAR PROFITEERs; it's commonly associated with the passage: "Cry 'Havoc!' and let slip the dogs of war." by William Shakespeare [III i Julius Caesar (1599)]. Compare FOUR HORSEMEN, HOUNDS OF HELL; see APOCALYPSE. DOG'S YEAR : a reference that gained currency during the GULF WAR-era wherein a tour of duty spent in a COMBAT ZONE is perceived as lasting at least seven times as long as the normal passage of calendar time, thus aging and exhausting the combatant much more than his peers serving in safer stateside BILLETs; based upon the proposition that dogs age at a seven to one (7::1) ratio of human years, with this analogy compounded by the comparison of a combatant to a DOGGIE or DOGFACE. See TIME, COMBAT TOUR, MAGICAL MYSTERY TOUR, HARDSHIP TOUR, TOUR BABY, COMBAT BUM, GRUNT, BOONIE RAT, SNUFFY; compare DONKEY'S YEARS. DOG TAGS : notched dog tags on beaded chain slang for the 'identity disk' worn by MIL-PERS; an armed and uniformed individual captured on the battlefield without such may be summarily executed as a spy. Available as a private purchase identification plate engraved with personal particulars since the American CIVIL WAR, they originated as a mandatory item of issue after the SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR as an identity disc for both proof of status and recognition of casualties [GO#24 dtd 20 Dec 1906, being "an aluminum Identification Tag, the size of a silver Half Dollar, stamped with the name, rank, company, regiment, or corps of the wearer; it will be worn by each officer and enlisted man of the Army whenever the field kit is worn; it will be suspended from the neck, underneath the clothing by means of a cord or thong passed through a small hole in the tag ... this tag will be issued by the Quartermaster Corps gratuitously to enlisted men and at cost price to the officers"]. The soldier's individual identification tag, changed from single to duplicate pair on 6 July 1916, was embossed with his personal specifics, which initially included immunization and Next of Kin but was later altered to religion and blood type. The SERVICE NUMBER was added on 12 Feb 1918. The necklace was initially cotton or synthetic (nylon, rayon, or plastic), was replaced by "hook-and-catch" type metal in 1943, and the "bead" type in 1944, with sterling silver available for private purchase. During WWII, the M-1940 oblong tag, made of brass or stainless steel, was augmented by photo / finger-print identification cards [v: AGO] after the attack on Pearl Harbor due to the counterfeiting of DOG TAGS. Several specialized groups had specific prefixes on their identification tags, such as 1 or RA for Regular Army, 20 or NG for National Guard, and 3 or US for draftees. The so-called "tooth notch" that was set in the edge of the oblong identification tag, opposite the thong hole, existed solely for embossing stability. During Vietnam, clear plastic covers and rubber-bumper "silencers" were added to the tags, and many troops separated the pair (lacing one onto a boot) for positive identification of body parts [cf: MEAT MARKER]. The protocol for authenticating a reported KIA, whose body could not be immediately recovered during an operation, was to remove one DOG TAG and leave the other with the corpse. Although license tags for domestic animals had existed since 1824, the term DOG TAG derives from the same source as "dog-soldier" and "dogface". See STERILE, ID CARD. [v: Index of Social Security Numbers (eg: AFSN, ASSN, SSAN)] DOGTROT : a slow regular pace, like that of a dog, as used by long-distance runners; also known as "jog" or "jog trot"; see TRUSCOTT TROT, AIRBORNE SHUFFLE, MARATHON, GO-FASTERS. Also, a slow-paced, humdrum way of proceeding with uneventful activities. Also, slang for a 'breezeway' (being a covered walkway between buildings), as derived from Southern usage. DOGWATCH : the evening or night shift, usually extending until midnight; also known as "dog shift", "lobster shift", or "lobster trick". In the Navy, the DOGWATCH is a shortened shift that enables rotating crewmembers to avoid standing the same watch schedule, and allows all crewmembers to eat the evening meal. Compare MIDWATCH, see WATCH, TIME, O-DARK-THIRTY, WHITE NIGHT. DOI MOI : renovation; Vietnamese "New Life Hamlet" as Ap Doi Moi. DOLLAR : the basic monetary unit of the United States of America, and various other countries (eg: Australia, New Zealand, Canada, etc); as derived from 'daler' [thaler], the short form of Joachimsthaler, a large coin minted in Joachimsthal, Bohemia. See STANDARD MONEY, HARD TIMES TOKEN, MPC, BAD PAPER, LEGAL TENDER. [cf: peso; v: hard currency, cash, fiat money] DOLLAR DIPLOMACY : so called during the William Howard Taft administration to characterize the policies of Secretary of State Philander C. Knox; see FOREIGN AID. DOLPHIN : qualification BADGE for submariners, showing a WWII "diesel boat" flanked by a pair of DOLPHINS (marine mammals, related to porpoise, whale, and other cetaceans; compare "dolphin fish"); issued in silver for enlisted and gold for officers, this qualification badge is also known as "twin tunas", "tin fish", "puking fish", and "Flipper's friend"; see DOLPHIN DIVE, Q-COURSE, TRASH, BOLO BADGE, WINGS. Also, a submariner, especially one qualified on a PIGBOAT, as opposed to a BOOMER; see BUBBLEHEAD, DIPPER, compare SKIMMER, AIRDALE, SHELLBACK. Also, Coast Guard (USCG) heavy helicopter (HH-65) used for cargo, rescue, and transport operations. Also, a buoy, pile, or cluster of piles used as a fender or mooring; see BOLLARD. Also, a rope or strap round a mast to support the puddening, where the lower yards rest in the slings. DOLPHIN DIVE : the induction ceremony for newly qualified submariners on their first assignment; "diving for the DOLPHIN" derives from the obligation to dive to the bottom of an alcoholic beverage to retrieve the DOLPHIN badge lying there (frequently stuck fast to ensure that the whole drink is consumed!). See GUPPY, BOOMER, SUBMARINE; compare INITIATION. DOMINO / DOMINOES : a small rectilinear tile bearing a bisected face, each half of which is either blank or displays PIPs, as used in various games, including substitutes for PLAYING CARDS; the standard set contains 28 tiles bearing many combinations of 0 to 6 PIPs. See PLAY THE GAME, war games. [v: muggins] DOMINO EFFECT : the theory that a particular TRIGGER event will precipitate similar ones elsewhere, as when one falling domino causes other nearby dominos to fall; also called "domino reaction"; see RIPPLE EFFECT, LAW OF UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES. DOMINO THEORY : the idea that if one country fell to Communist hegemony then the other countries in Southeast Asia would follow in turn, which originated in Truman's State Department, was promulgated by the Eisenhower Administration, disregarded by the WISE MEN and brain-trust advisers, ridiculed by anti-war PROTESTORs and counterculture activists, and was finally proven to be correct after the Second and Third Indochina Wars ended. See WHIZ KID, BEST AND BRIGHTEST, PING-PONG DIPLOMACY, SIDESHOW, DECENT INTERVAL. DONG : (d-aw-ng) basic monetary unit of currency in Vietnam, subdivided into tenth and hundredth parts, and introduced after the French INDOCHINA piastre, with North Vietnam and South Vietnam each producing a distinct form; derived from the term for copper or bronze. On 2 September 1975, after the fall of Saigon, a "Liberation DONG" was circulated in the South until conversions could be completed [cf: North and South Korea "won"]. The North Vietnamese currency was a common SOUVENIR from enemy corpses. See XU, HAO, BENSON SILK, PIASTER, MPC, LEGAL TENDER. DONKEY DICK : slang for a large thick bristle brush that's used to scour a MORTAR tube; any large aperture BORE brush. Also, slang for a radio antenna; see WHIP, ANTENNA FARM. Also, slang for the flexible hose nozzle (with or without fill funnel) that's attached to fuel storage containers for use in refueling vehicles; see BLADDER, BLIVET, JERRY CAN, TOP-OFF. Also, slang for the decorative plume on the dress hat worn by CADETs during parades at West Point (HUDSON HIGH). DONKEYPOWER : a non-SI unit of energy equivalent to 183 foot-pounds per second, or 248.6 watts; see HORSEPOWER. DONKEY'S YEARS : an indefinitely long time, or any (unspecified) distant period; derived as rhyming slang from the extraordinary length of a donkey's ears. Compare DOG'S YEAR; see TIME. [nb: "Now for my first bath for what the men call Donkey's ears, meaning years and years." by E.V. Lucas in Vermilion Box (1916)] [nb: an alternate etymology contends that this phrase refers to the unusually protracted lifespan of the donkey, being approximately sixty years ... so why not "elephant's years" or "parrot's years"?!] DO NOT GO GENTLE INTO THAT GOOD NIGHT : a poetic phrase that urges people to resist the inevitable, most poignantly to cling to life, but allegorically advocates an heroic defense against the encroachments of evil. [nb: "Do not go gentle into that good night, / Old age should burn and rage at close of day; / Rage, rage, against the dying of the light." by Dylan Thomas] [v: "I will be conquered; I will not capitulate." by Samuel Johnson; "I would not that death should take me asleep. I would not have him meerly seise me, and onely declare me to be dead, but win me, and overcome me. When I must shipwrack, I would do it in a sea, where mine impotencie might have some excuse; not in a sullen weedy lake, where I could not have so much as exercise for my swimming." by John Donne; "Men are never really willing to die except for the sake of freedom: therefore they do not believe in dying completely." by Albert Camus; "When it comes to my own turn to lay my weapons down, I shall do so with thankfulness and fatigue, and whatever be my destiny afterward, I shall be glad to lie down with my fathers in honour. It is human at least, if not divine." by Robert Louis Stevenson; "Death is a Dialogue between, / The Spirit and the Dust." by Emily Dickinson; "Death is an endless night so awful to contemplate that it can make us love life and value it with such passion that it may be the ultimate cause of all joy and all art." by Paul Theroux; "We are all of us resigned to death: it's life we aren't resigned to." by Graham Greene; "In the twentieth century, death terrifies men less than the absence of real life. All these dead, mechanized, specialized actions, stealing a little bit of life a thousand times a day until the mind and body are exhausted, until that death which is not the end of life but the final saturation with absence." by Raoul Vaneigem; "In any man's death / His body is only the most obvious void / His first love, his cherished dream, his worst fight / The known world passes away / Forever lost to all comers" paraphrase of Yevgeny Yevtushenko] DON'T ASK - DON'T TELL : see DADT. DON'T DO NOTHING : an ungrammatical and ambiguous dictum of the U.S. Army's Infantry School, which means "do something" ... "don't just sit there" ... when in the field, either act or react, even if its wrong! Because every leader fears making mistakes, not just because he'll look stupid but because he'll get good men killed, it is essential that he be forced out of the contemplative mode and into the active mobility that will enable training to overcome fear of failure. Furthermore, every leader must learn that "right action" depends on "right timing" and "right opportunity", which are not intellectual, but instinctual acquisitions, and are extremely difficult to learn. Finally, every leader must understand that failure is a better teacher than success, so it's always better to get bruised in training than killed in combat. See TRAIN HARD - FIGHT EASY, DON'T SWEAT THE SMALL STUFF, CLUTCH-UP, HAPPY FEET, PIG LOOKING AT A WRISTWATCH, PUSH COMES TO SHOVE, CUT THE GORDIAN KNOT, MOVE OUT 'n' DRAW FIRE, RISKY-SHIFT EFFECT, PING-PONG, BEAT AROUND THE BUSH, OODALOOP, BOYDLOOP, WAR GAMES, OPTEMPO, OP 'TIL YOU DROP, COMBAT EFFECTIVE. [nb: the dilemma of the centipede is that it walks perfectly until it's required to explain how it walks; v: Zen mind] DON'T LET THE BASTARDS GRIND YOU DOWN : see ILLEGITIMIS NIL CARBORUNDUM. DON'T SHOOT UNTIL YOU SEE THE WHITES OF THEIR EYES : a misquotation of "Don't fire till you see the whites of their eyes; then, fire low." by Israel Putnam at the 17 June 1775 Battle of Bunker Hill that was fought on Breed's Hill, being the first major battle of the AMERICAN REVOLUTION; this delay in firing, especially against an opponent that's been exhausted by climbing uphill before engaging, makes every shot more effective, with a greater psychological impact upon morale. [nb: this expression has often been erroneously attributed to Andrew Jackson at the 8 January 1815 Battle of New Orleans] DON'T SWEAT THE SMALL STUFF : a proverbial military catch-phrase, more fully expressed as a Murphy Law of Combat: "If you don't sweat the small stuff, then the big stuff will take care of itself ... but it's all small stuff!", which is related to another Murphy Law of Combat: "The important things are always simple; and the simple things are always hard!". These dicta admonish troops to be nitpickingly "detail oriented" because inattention in the combat zone will get people killed. See COMBAT EFFECTIVE, LDR, TRAIN HARD - FIGHT EASY, CLUTCH-UP, WAR GAMES, DON'T DO NOTHING, MOVE OUT 'n' DRAW FIRE, OPTEMPO, OP 'TIL YOU DROP. [nb: "Life by the yard is hard, but by the inch is a cinch." folk adage; "The events of life are mainly small events – they only seem large when we are close to them." by Mark Twain/Samuel Langhorne Clemens, Autobiography (1924)] DOODLEBUG : nickname for the V-1 pilotless aircraft (DRONE) bomb or rocket bomb; also called "buzz bomb", "bumble bomb", and "robot bomb" being an "aerial torpedo" used during WWII; derived from 'foolish' + 'small'; see MISSILE, ROCKET. Also, any of various small squat vehicles; so-called by a fancied resemblance to the ant lion / antlion (myrmeleontidae), resembling the damselfly. Also, slang for the larva of an ant lion / antlion, which dig a pit in sand where they lay in wait to prey upon ants (or any other insects) that lose their footing on the slope of the trap; compare ASSASSIN BUG. [cf: mantis (praying mantis)] DOODLY-SQUAT : see DIDDLY. DOOHICKEY : an informal placeholder term used to identify an article, object, tool, part, gadget, device, contrivance, mechanism, technique, or process whose proper name is unknown or forgotten; including dingus, gismo / gizmo, thingy / thingee, thingamabob / thingumabob, thingamajig / thingumajig, whatsis / whatsit, whachamacallit / whatchamacallit, whuddayacallit / whudyacallit, what-do-you-call-it, what-you-may-call-it, jigger, doojigger / do-jigger, doojiggy, doodad / do-dad, widget. [v: doover in Australia and New Zealand] DOOLIE : a first-year CADET in the U.S. Air Force Academy (USAFA, ZOO or ALUMINUM U); as derived from residence in Doolittle Hall, named after LTG James Harold Doolittle (v: DOOLITTLE RAID), and by association with the slang term (doodly-squat, a euphemistic variant of diddleshit or diddlyshit) for something of little value or of the least amount; see DIDDLY, ZOOMIE, JUNIOR BIRDMAN, TRADE SCHOOL. [ety: an alternative origin attributes "doolie" to a corruption of the Greek word 'doulos' meaning slave or servant] [nb: USAFA designations: freshmen = fourth degree / doolie; sophomore = third degree; junior = second degree; senior = first degree / firstie] Also, a simple litter, typically used to transport sick or wounded persons; also spelled "dooly" or "dhooly"; see LITTER, BASKET, STRETCHER, SKEDCO, DUMMY STICK, YO-HO POLE, LITTER-BEARER, STRETCHER-BEARER. [v: palanquin/palankeen, palki/palkee, jiao, gama, sedan chair, hand truck, pushcart, tug-truck, pull-truck] DOOLITTLE RAID : the first retaliatory incursion of Imperial Japan after their attack on Pearl Harbor; sixteen B-25 MITCHELL light bombers under the command of James Harold Doolittle launched on 18 April 1942 from the aircraft carrier (CV) USS Hornet against Tokyo and other sites on Honshu island, having little tactical effect but significant moral and strategic influence. Dr Doolittle, who'd been a WWI aviator and speed flier (1932 world record), commanded the North African Strategic Air Forces and then the 8th Air Force over Germany after returning from this raid; LTG Doolittle left active duty in 1945 and retired from the USAF in 1959. DOOMSDAY : a metaphor for the nuclear destruction of the world, based upon the day at the end of the world, foretold in the Bible, of the Last Judgment. See MAD, NEACP, WMD, BRINKMANSHIP, OVERKILL, KNOCK INTO A COCKED HAT, ROMAN HOLIDAY, BOUNCE THE RUBBLE, KILL 'EM ALL, GENOCIDE. DOOMSDAY PULSE : ElectroMagnetic Pulse (EMP); see HARDEN, GENIE, NUKE, E-WARHEAD. [v: Compton effect, Planck's constant, Faraday-Maxwell cage, quantum theory; cf: induction, sunspot] DO OR DIE : that which must be attained or accomplished at all costs, making the final supreme effort that will result in either victory or defeat; also expressed as "do and die", this phrase seemingly originated as a BATTLE CRY from Hannibal during the Second Punic War, and was later invoked by Robert Bruce in Scotland's war for independence. See A ROCK AND A HARD PLACE, HARD-AND-FAST, BAD DAY AT BLACK ROCK, AUTOTOMY, SUICIDE SQUAD, SNOWBALL, DOG'S CHANCE, CANNON FODDER, DIEHARD, LAST STAND, PYRRHIC VICTORY, BITTER END, BY THE BOOK, MILITARY MIND, ZERO TOLERANCE. [v: enfants perdus, forlorn hope; cf: picket, vedette] [nb: "Yours is not to reason why, yours is but to do and die." by J. Rudyard Kipling; "Theirs not to make reply, / Theirs not to reason why, / Theirs but to do and die." by Alfred Lord Tennyson] DOOR BASHING : (forthcoming); see MACHINEGUNNER, MG, CREW-SERVED WEAPONS, CHICKEN PLATE, MONKEY CORD. DOOR KICKER : see KICKER, DROPMASTER, LOADMASTER, CREW CHIEF, KICK-OUT, AIRDROP, LOW-LEVEL EVACUATION DROP, PAYLOAD, COMBAT LOADED. Also, someone who engages in DOOR KICKING. DOOR KICKING : slang for the aggressively active and overt role called Direct Action (DA), practiced by Special Forces (SF) and Special Operations Forces (SOF) in particular situations, also known as "door bashing", "ass-kicking", and SHOCK 'n' AWE. Direct Action engagements, such as intervention, hostage rescue, sabotage, prisoner snatch, and manhunting, constitute only a small proportion of the principal missions of SF/SOF, including Unconventional Warfare (UW), Foreign Internal Defense (FID), Psychological Operations (PSYOPS), and Civil Affairs (CA), and should therefore not be over-emphasized. DOPE : Marine term for the windage/elevation adjustments made to weapon sights. Also, information, facts, news, a true account; aka: POOP, scoop, skinny, GOUGE, THE WORD, GREEN GREASE, HOT-SHIT, WRITING ON THE WALL, BULLETIN. Also, any liquid coating or paste preparation, as for sealing or reinforcing. Also, a stupid person, as a dolt, dummkopf, or fool; see DUD, PUKE, POGUE, YARDBIRD, FIELD REJECT, SHIT MAGNET, TURD, FUCK-UP, HORSE MARINE. Also, any narcotic taken to induce euphoria or satisfy addiction, as a term for marijuana and other illicit drugs; see COLORS, LSD, ANGEL DUST, SPICE, BATH SALTS, JUNK, CAN SA, GRASS, HAY, SMACK, HOT SHOT, CHINA WHITE, STICK, STONED, WASTED, TAR, HUBBLE-BUBBLE. [v: gateway drug, hard drug, soft drug, designer drug, prodrug; cf: miracle drug, wonder drug] [nb: it has been widely alleged (without documentation to date) that test subjects, including servicemembers and other government employees, were involuntarily administered LSD and other experimental psychotropic drugs without their informed consent, resulting in many notorious incidents, including at least one (now infamous) suicide (Frank Olson in 1953)] [cf: "The Army admitted today that it conducted secret experiments of mind-altering drugs on many unsuspecting soldiers without their consent during the 1960s, but the spokesman reported that none of the test subjects was promoted above the rank of lieutenant colonel." by George Carlin] [nb: a widely circulated but spurious WAR STORY alleges that post-war criminal violence and other antisocial nonconformity by crazed veterans is the direct result of unauthorized drug experimentation that was secretly conducted by medical personnel, many of whom were ignorant of this classified test, which was designed to increase combat aggressivity in soldiers, hence the fictitious "Rambo" account that allegedly attempted to disclose the purported "truth" behind the CODENAME of the program; actually, LRRP teams were only issued amphetamines, and Special Forces teams were also issued kits containing: 12 Darvon, 24 codeine, 6 dextroamphetamines, and 4 SYRETTEs of morphine sulfate.] DOPE ON A ROPE : a play on words from the fashionable "soap on a rope" product that sarcastically refers to regular PARATROOPERs using a conventional STATIC LINE deployment (HOOKUP) for their PARACHUTE; see JUMPIN' JUNKIE, HIT THE SILK; compare D-RING, MFF, FREE-FALL. Also, Marine slang for the warm bodies dangling from SPY RIGGING that's suspended from helicopters; see SPIES. DOPP KIT : a small portable container of personal toiletries ("toilet set") and sundries, especially shaving articles and grooming supplies; also called "shaving kit" or "sponge bag", but not "dop", "dob", "dobs", or "daub" kit. See DITTY BAG, KIT, DUNNAGE, HOUSEWIFE. [nb: Dopp, a registered trademark of the Charles Doppelt Company, a Chicago leather goods manufacturer before WWI; with rights to the name and design procured by Samsonite at the end of the VIETNAM WAR, and later acquired by Buxton. This man's toiletry kit, designed by Jerome Harris, achieved renown as an issue item during WWII, and thereafter became a generic reference for all similar cases. (courtesy of American Dialect Society)] [cf: etui] DOR : Date Of Rank, which determines primacy and succession for command authority in any temporary (eg: training class) or unstructured (eg: POW) assemblage; see CHAIN-OF-COMMAND, COMMAND ELEMENT, TOP DOG, BLUE BOOK. [cf: first among equals ("primus/prima inter pares")] Also, Navy abbreviation for Dropped On Request", wherein a trainee refuses to participate, resigning from the training cycle or evolution, which makes the quitter subject to military discipline or dismissal from the service. DORA : designation given to Phitsanulik Control and Reporting Post (CRP). DOS : U.S. Department of State; see AID, USAID, CORDS, USIS, CT, DIP CO, FSO, COOKIE PUSHER, USDAO, FOREIGN SERVICE, DSS, SDI, PEACE CORPS, ADV, CSVN, L/FE, PRT, PNG, ICCS, RIG, DIME, FOREIGN POLICY, FOREIGN AID, FOREIGN RELATIONS, SECRETARY OF STATE, BIG STICK DIPLOMACY, PING-PONG DIPLOMACY, GUNBOAT DIPLOMACY, CONTAINMENT, HOT PURSUIT, RULES OF ENGAGEMENT (ROE), LAWS OF WAR, VIETNAM SYNDROME, SIGG, FOGGY BOTTOM. [nb: "On the whole our armed services have been doing pretty well in the way of keeping us defended, but I hope our State Department will remember that it is really the department of achieving peace." by Eleanor Roosevelt] [v: Diplomatic Terms ] DOUBLE-CHECK / DOUBLE CHECK : to check again, or recheck; to check twice, or CROSS-CHECK; a second examination or verification to assure accuracy, proper functioning, or the like; being an Americanism coined during the period of the KOREAN WAR. See CHECKING THE DICTIONARY, BY THE BOOK, CHAPTER AND VERSE, SCRIPTURES, READ-BACK, TOE THE LINE, PARTY LINE, BRASSBOUND, BOX HEAD, MILITARY MIND, DUE DILIGENCE, TRACK, DRAG, TRAIL. DOUBLE-DIP / DOUBLE DIP : the practice of "rolling-over" the skills and experience acquired on military service into civilian employment with the government, as the transference of Armed Forces expertise into Civil Service (eg: MP to FBI, INTEL to CIA, COMMO to NSA, MEDIC to PHS, ADVISOR to USDAO, etc); see LIFER, CAREER TRACK, MILICRAT, TICKET-PUNCHER, HOMESTEADER, TOUR BABY. [cf: apparatchik, nomenklatura, eunuch, nabob, nibs] Also, to earn a government salary while also receiving military retirement pay or veteran's disability compensation, being a usage coined during the Vietnam-era from WWII pension practices; see GI BILL, COLA, MISERY INDEX, SALARY, PENSION, BLOOD MONEY, COMPENSATION, THE EAGLE SHITS. Also, to receive a double measure; a complement equal to the original; fulfilled by twice as much. Also, anything that occurs twice in a series; something that cycles twice, as a recurrent happening. DOUBLE DRIFT : in aerial navigation, a method of calculating wind direction and velocity by observing the direction of drift of an aircraft on two or more HEADINGs; compare DEAD-RECKONING, see LEEWAY. DOUBLE DUTCH : slang for garbled speech or unintelligible language, incomprehensible gibberish or indecipherable gobbledygook; see GOOKANESE, BAMBOO ENGLISH, CREOLE, PIDGIN, PIG LATIN, DOG LATIN, MONKEY VOICES, VERNACULAR, HOBSON-JOBSON, POLYGLOT, LINGUA FRANCA. Also, any process or procedure that's been deliberately made more complicated than necessary (eg: security codes, encryption systems, contests, games, etc) in order to actually accomplish the desired result, or to achieve the intended goal; see EXERCISE, MOCK-COMBAT, WAR GAMES, PLAY THE GAME, GAME THEORY, GAMBIT, WILD CARD, CRAPSHOOT, DIRTY TRICKS, BRAGGING RIGHTS, PISSING CONTEST, TRADECRAFT. DOUBLE-DUTY : something that's designed to fill two functions; someone who's intended to fulfill two assignments. DOUBLE ENVELOPMENT : a simultaneous attack on both FLANKs of the enemy; also known as a "double FLANK engagement". See PINCER. DOUBLE FORCE : designation for combined American and Vietnamese (US/ARVN) operations; compare KATUSA, OMLT, BUDDY SYSTEM. DOUBLE-O : (double-oh) slang for closely examine, carefully scrutinize, intently inspect, look it over, CHECK IT OUT, as "give it the ol' double-o"; ostensibly from the leading letters in once-over, but more probably derived as a metonym for eyes or spectacles. See HAIRY EYEBALL, EYE-BALL, EYE-CHECK, STACKING SWIVEL, VR, BIRTH CONTROL DEVICE. [v: "custody of the eyes"] DOUBLE PUMP : see TOUR BABY, COMBAT BUM. DOUBLE STANDARD : any rule applied differently to individuals, or any set of principles interpreted differently among groups; inequitable discrimination or anti-social bias; prejudice or bigotry. Compare UNIFORM, EQUAL OPPORTUNITY, EQUAL PROTECTION. [nb: contrary to the allegations of special interest groups, from RUNTS 'n' CUNTS to RING-KNOCKERs and other KHAKI MAFIA, a 'double standard' is not twice as good as a single standard!] DOUBLE TAP : informal reference to the tactical firing technique wherein the shooter quickly discharges his weapon twice at the same AIMPOINT so as to strike the target more effectively; this method of controlled rapid-fire is used with SMALL ARMS in semi-automatic mode (instead of full-auto fire) principally by ANTI-TERRORISM and hostage rescue teams operating AT CLOSE QUARTERS. Originally taught by W.E. Fairbairn at Special Operations Executive (SOE) training from 1944, it was then incorporated into the Special Air Service (SAS) curriculum, and was later introduced to DELTA FORCE by its first commander, COL Charles Beckwith, who'd once toured with the British SAS. Extensive testing of auto-fire accuracy after the VIETNAM WAR has shown that the point of aim and target impact diverge sharply after the third round of sustained fire due to recoil effect; which research prompted a redesign in the primary assault rifle (m-16A2), and inspired wider adoption of the DOUBLE TAP firing method. By quickly triggering his weapon twice on the same target, the shooter maintains fire discipline while ensuring a terminal impact, through kinetic energy or hydrostatic shock; which method speeds the assault, advances the objective, and saves time on clearing or securing the area, including use against soft or hard body armor, where the follow-on shot will probably penetrate what the initial shot could not. This technique has been falsely attributed to SNIPERs ("one shot, one kill"), and also misapplied to a "through-and-through" shooting that has both an entry and exit wound. When this concept is used by regular combat elements, who lack such specialized training, the expression usually means "killing the corpse" with a "dead check" or "sure shot" (COUP DE GRACE) to the enemy's head; which was a practice employed during both WWII and GULF WAR II to prevent surprise attacks from the rear by the fanatical "dead" coming back to life [v: PLAY DEAD] or by suicide assassins faining death so as to murderously martyr themselves. Compare TRIPLE TAP, BURST, HAMMER, BEAUTY MARK, SNIPER'S TRIANGLE, ROCK 'n' ROLL, SPRAY, HOSE, FLOCK SHOOT, BLIND FIRE, WILD SHOT, BUSTING CAPS, KICK; see OVERKILL, BOUNCE THE RUBBLE, JAPE. [nb: "Anything worth shooting is worth shooting twice; ammo is cheap, life is valuable."] DOUBLE TIME : the command to increase the march tempo of a formation, set at the rate of 180 steps per minute; formerly "double quick". Compare QUICK TIME, FUNERAL PACE; see HUBBA-HUBBA, CADENCE, PARADE. DOUBLE VETERAN : alleged by anti-war historians, and other self-annointed experts with a countercultural sociopolitical agenda, to be an expression from the VIETNAM WAR representing a criminal who not only rapes a civilian but murders her afterwards; this apocryphal attribution is a perverse fantasy! ... at best, this phrase represents a VETERAN of two or more wars, and at worst, would represent a VETERAN with multiple tours in the same conflict. Compare COMBAT BUM, TOUR BABY, TWO-FISTED, PROFESSIONAL VETERAN, DOUBLE-DIP. DOUBTFULS : INDIGenous personnel whose allegiance cannot be ascertained or whose affiliation cannot be ensured even after civil offender and enemy screening, and who are therefore categorized as 'unknown' personnel. This attribution by field troops or aircrew surveillance also designates 'suspect' personnel, who are neither hostile nor friendly. See VCS, SQUIRTER. DOUCHE BAG : slang for an improvised outdoor shower using either a LISTER BAG or 55-gallon drum, as derived from an "hygienic jet of cleansing water"; see RAINROOM, PT SHOWER, GI SHOWER, WHORE'S BATH, COMFORT STATION, LATRINE, HEAD, MONKEY BUTT. Also, slang for a stupid or worthless person, a doofus or flubadub, dolt or nitwit, slug or eightball, harebrain or lamebrain, blockhead or bonehead, meathead or chowderhead, dunderhead or lunkhead, chucklehead or knucklehead, nincompoop or numskull, numb nuts or scrot (shortening of 'scrotum'); see DUD, DOPE, PUKE, POGUE, YARDBIRD, MAGGOT, SMACK, FIELD REJECT, DEADHEAD, SHIT MAGNET, TURD, FUCK-UP. DOUGHBOY : an American infantryman, used since the 1846-8 Mexican-American War; derived from "adobe boy" for both the type of soldier housing and the color of his uniform, and sometimes called "dough-foot" or "dough-belly". See GI JOE, GRUNT, YANKEE, RECONDO. [nb: an alternative origin alleges that it's a contraction of "doughnut-boy" from the similarity of uniform buttons to the shape of a doughnut] [cf: derivation of "gringo" as foreign-speaking vs song lyric; v: NINE-YARDS] [nb: a doughboy statue, depicting a WWI-era soldier advancing through a field of shattered tree stumps strung with barbed wire while carrying his rifle in one hand and a grenade poised for throwing in the other, has been emplaced in hundreds of municipal parks and veteran cemeteries since the 1920s; this design, entitled "Spirit of the American Doughboy" by E.M. Viquesney (1921), a pressed-copper sculpture symbolizing the service and sacrifice of WWI veterans, is sometimes coupled with the statue of a sailor ("Spirit of the American Navy"); although variations exist, it's said to be the most-viewed example of outdoor statuary in the United States (after the Statue of Liberty), the doughboy statue is sometimes nicknamed IRON MIKE] [nb: 'statue' derived from 'status', meaning 'standing', 'position'] DOUGH-FOOT : slang for infantryman; see GRUNT, SNUFFY, CRUNCHY, BOONIE RAT, DOUGHBOY, GI JOE. DOUGHNUT : slang for the ring-like (toroid) operational military formation formed when establishing either a defensive or offensive PERIMETER around a central objective, as a surround or encirclement; see CORDON, LAAGER, PERIMETER. [cf: annulus, halo] Also, a small circlet of (baked) cake or deep-fried dough that's usually sweetened and is typically served with coffee (GI JOE); this perishable comestible, generally ring-shaped but sometimes filled with custard or jelly, constitutes one of the essential food groups necessary for the sustenance of energetic MIL-PERS; also spelled "donut"; see SINKER, HARDTACK. [aka: beignet, bismarck, olykoek, fasnacht, cruller, brioche, bath bun, honey bun, soul cake, marlboro, friedcake, dunker, clogger, kolacky / kolache, jelly doughnut, bear sign, bear paw, etc)] DOUGHNUT DOLLY : female American Red Cross volunteer; also spelled "donut dollie", and sometimes called "doughnut hole". Namesake of World War I volunteer; who helped the morale of the troops by dispensing food, organizing games, and visiting clinics or wards. Headed by "Doughnut Six"! See SALLY, ROUND EYE; compare CAMP FOLLOWER, SKIRT. [cf: Candy Striper, Gray Lady] [nb: before the parameters of nursing were well defined, the civilian women who volunteered to serve as nurses on battlefields in various 19th century wars were expected to function as physician assistants and midwives, dieticians and pharmacists, handmaidens and charwomen; the Red Cross (and other organizations) was established to enable workers to provide food and supplies (especially medical) to people who were injured or displaced by wars and natural disasters ... only in the mid-20th century did professional altruism become banal and insipid] [nb: "There's a rose that grows on no man's land, / And it's wonderful to see. / Tho� it's spray�d with tears, it will live for years, / In my garden of memories. / It's the one red rose the soldier knows. / It's the work of the master hand. / 'Mid the war's great curse, stands the Red Cross nurse. / She's the rose of no man's land." by Jack Caddigan & James Brennan, The Rose of No Man�s Land] DOVER DOG : the Mk-19 40mm grenade-launching blowback-operated machinegun used by ground forces; compare MK19-3, see CREW-SERVED WEAPONS. DOVES : the people who collectively advocate peace and a conciliatory national attitude, in contradistinction to HAWKS; being a metonymic symbol of innocence, gentleness, and holiness ... such dovishness should not be confused with pigeon-livered! See CO, PACIFIST, BEST AND BRIGHTEST, SYMPATHIZER, PINKO, PROTESTOR, THEY'LL GIVE A WAR AN' NOBODY'LL COME, DECENT INTERVAL, APPEASE, PEACE. DOW : Died Of Wounds, being the administrative classification for a battle casualty who expires after medical evacuation; compare KIA, WIA, GSW-TTH, TBI, PH, DUSTOFF, MEDEVAC, MILLION DOLLAR WOUND, PROFILE, LINE OF DUTY, SIW, WALKING GHOST, TRIAGE, ZERO WARD, LAST BIVOUAC, ZERO-ZERO WARD, LAID BY THE WALL, BODY BAG, BODY COUNT, ZULU, NOK. Also, in NavSpeak, the Diving Officer (of the) Watch; sometimes represented as 'DOOW'. DOWN CHECK : the formal disapproval or disqualification by an Instructor Pilot (IP) or flight supervisor for a student or PETER PILOT to continue a course lesson or performance procedure, or to advance to the next stage or sequence of training difficulty or aircraft complexity, usually written as a RATING into a log or record book; a deficiency that must be corrected. See CHECK RIDE; compare UP CHECK. DOWNGRADE : DOWN IN THE GRASS / DOWN IN THE WEEDS : see GRASS. DOWN IN THE WEEDS / DOWN IN THE GRASS : see GRASS. DOWN RANGE : to be assigned or directed, to advance or deploy to a combat zone, especially to move from a secure base area to an insecure or hazardous field area, as derived by extension from the impact area on a firing range; also called "the bush", "the sticks", "the woods", "the barrens", "the brush", "the weeds", "the veg", "the rough", "the dirt", "the field", SANDBOX, BOONDOCKS / BOONIES, BACKWASH, BANJO COUNTRY, THULE, INDIAN COUNTRY, IN-COUNTRY, "the bad lands", "bandit country", "the front", FEBA, MLR, FLOT, FRONT LINE, and the like. DOWNSIZE : (aka: cutback, drawdown) see RIF, DEMOB, SERB, KICKSTANDED, DISCHARGE, DUMP, ETS. DOWN THE RABBIT HOLE : see RABBIT HOLE. DOWNTOWN : informal reference by aviators to an urban target that's scheduled to be attacked; made popular during the VIETNAM WAR by aircraft "going downtown" (as to Hanoi or Haiphong) instead of Close Air Support (CAS) on a rice paddy or hillside; see AIR STRIKE, TAC-AIR, STRAFE, GUN RUN, DANGER CLOSE, BOMB 'EM BACK TO THE STONE AGE, SORTIE. Also, the business district of a city, typically offering diverse amusements and varied entertainments; see SIN CITY, FOUR CORNERS, HELL'S HALF ACRE, HELL ON WHEELS. DOWNWIND LEG : the position of an airplane that is parallel to the RUNWAY but is against the direction of landing; compare BASE LEG, see TOUCHDOWN. DOZER INFANTRY : an operations team or task force (TF) of tank-dozers, ROME PLOWs, and infantry, which used jungle-busting techniques to advance into difficult terrain; see MECH, TRACK, INF, GRUNT, BOONIE RAT, BUSHMASTER, CRUNCHY, LEG, 03, SNUFFY. DP : Displaced Person; being a civilian involuntarily made homeless (or stateless) by the vicissitudes of war, or a refugee (now called "asylum seeker") dislocated by the violence of battle; also designated as "dislocated civilian". Responsibility for the shelter and humane treatment of these civilians, after passing one or more security checks, falls upon the Civil Affairs (CA / S-5) section of the allied military, with the assistance of NGO relief agencies and the host government, as long as martial law prevails. See SAFE, E&E, BLOOD CHIT, IRC, CARE, LODGE-PHILBIN ACT, REFUGEE, EXILE, BOAT PEOPLE, YELLOW BIRD, INTERNAL EXILE. DPB : Deployable Pursuit Boat; a high-speed 38ft patrol craft used by USN and USCG. See BOAT. DPICM : Dual-Purpose Improved Conventional Munition, an armor piercing artillery round for a HOWITZER; see DU, AP. D-PILL : see POISON PILL. DPM : Dispersion Pattern Material, being the British/UK phrase for a camouflage design on fabric or other materials; see CAMO, CAMMIES, DIGITALS, DAZZLE, COUNTERSHADING, WAR PAINT. [cf: parti-colored, mottle/motley, variegate, pied/piebald] DPRK : North Korea Democratic People's Republic of Korea, or "North Korea", being the enemy during the KOREAN WAR, along with the Chinese communists (CHICOM). DPSC : the Defense Personnel Support Center, a consolidation of Subsistence, Textile, and Medical supply procurements was centralized in 1965, and was renamed the Defense Supply Center Philadelphia in 1998; see LOGISTICS. DR : Delinquency Report, being an official notice of deficiency or dereliction, which may involve remedial action or summary punishment; whenever a servicemember's dependent is involved, the DR is sent to the servicemember's commander; see CALL ON THE CARPET, GIG. Also, abbreviation for DEAD-RECKONING (qv). DRACO : Direct Range Air Consuming Ordnance, a thermobaric 40mm round of grenade AMMO developed by Martin Electronics, and fired from an M-79, M-203, or M-32 grenade launcher. DRAEGER RE-BREATHER : an early (and simplified) version of the closed-circuit oxygen re-breather, which was invented (together with other rescue equipment) by Alexander B. Dräger, an early 20th century German scientist; see RE-BREATHER, DIVER, SCUBA. DRAEGER TUBES : an older method of sampling the atmosphere in which a handheld pump is used to draw samples into the test system; after Alexander B. Dräger, an early 20th century German scientist. DRAFT : a selection, as by lot, of persons for military service; see DRAFTEE, DRAFT LOTTERY, PRESS-GANG, SHANGHAI, DRAGOON, McNAMARA'S HUNDRED THOUSAND, DRAFT DODGER, AFEES, MUSTER, CALL TO THE COLORS, TOTAL FORCE. [nb: "The draft is just a white man telling a black man to kill a brown man to protect the riches they stole from the yellow man and the land they stole from the red man!" political maxim popularized by Black Panthers during the VIETNAM WAR] Also, the preliminary form of a writing or drawing. Also, the taking of supplies, money, or the like from a given source; REQUISITION, FORAGE, COMMANDEER, SPOILS OF WAR. Also, the depth to which a vessel is immersed when bearing a given load; see LOAD-LINE MARK, PLIMSOLL MARK, FREEBOARD. Also, beer or ale drawn from a cask or keg; see BREW, BA MUOI BA, THE DRINK, JUICE, GUSTO, LAAGER. DRAFTEE : conscript; a man drafted into the Armed Forces under the authority of the 1948 Selective Service Act (Congress rejected the Universal Military Training Bill in 1946, and again in 2004). The first national conscription act was passed 3 Mar 1863 providing only 6% of military manpower despite all the resistance and exemptions; and the first peacetime draft in American history was authorized by the 1940 Selective Service Act as preparation for U.S. involvement in WWII. Compare VOLUNTEER; see DRAFT, DRAFT LOTTERY, McNAMARA'S HUNDRED THOUSAND, MUSTER, COMMANDEER, SHANGHAI, PRESS-GANG, DRAGOON, VOLUNTOLD, DRAFT DODGER. [nb: Vietnamese term: Nguoi Di Quan Dich] [nb: One of the many myths about the VIETNAM WAR is the profile of the servicemen sent into combat: 66% serving in military during VIETNAM WAR were volunteers, and 73% of VIETNAM WAR KIA were volunteers (balance draftees); 12.6% of US military population during VIETNAM WAR was Afro-American from 13.1% of Afro-American age-eligible for draft in the total US population, and 12.2% of casualties were Afro-American. According to 1980 Harris survey of VIETNAM WAR combat vets: 91% were "glad they served their country", 74% "enjoyed their time in the military", 89% agreed that "our troops were asked to fight in a war which our political leaders in Washington would not let them win". Men who enlist before age 18 are still required to register for the draft after being discharged from military service; and combat disabled vets were insulted when Selective Service classified them as "unfit", instead of "prior service". See JODY, AFEES, HORS DE COMBAT] [v: Myths of the Vietnam War ] [nb: the military has an involuntary "stop-loss" authority, which allows each branch to compel soldiers who reach the end of their enlistment to remain in uniform for "the good of the service"] DRAFT DODGER : someone who evades or rejects the responsibility of compulsory military service, especially during wartime, usually by DEFERMENT but may involve reclusion, expatriation, self-mutilation, falsification, or alternative service; see DRAFT, DRAFT LOTTERY, McNAMARA'S HUNDRED THOUSAND, MUSTER, VOLUNTEER, MILITIA, WEEKEND WARRIOR, SHANGHAI, PRESS-GANG, DRAGOON, LOYALTY OATH, THEY'LL GIVE A WAR AN' NOBODY'LL COME, SHOOT YOURSELF IN THE FOOT, WHITE FEATHER, PROTESTOR, PACIFIST, BEST AND BRIGHTEST, JODY; compare DESERTER, TRAITOR, TURNCOAT. [cf: the rabbit-like character called "Cuthbert" was invented by Poy, the cartoonist for the "Evening News", to represent all the eligible DRAFT DODGERs avoiding combat during WWI with sinecures and deferments; not to be confused with Saint Cuthbert] [nb: during the World Wars, earnest and ardent patriots, as an expression of contempt, presented a WHITE FEATHER to seemingly fit men who were suspected of avoiding military service; the police also checked the draft status of such men as a further inducement to social conformity] [nb: "I ain't got no quarrel with them Viet Cong. No Viet Cong never called me nigger!" 1967 restatement of a Stokely Carmichael pronouncement by Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr (Muhammad Ali)] [nb: on 16 September 1974, President Gerald R. Ford offered amnesty to Vietnam draft evaders and military deserters in exchange for an oath of allegiance and a period of alternate service; then on 21 January 1977, President James Earl Carter pardoned certain civilians convicted of Selective Service Act omissions and crimes committed during the period of the VIETNAM WAR (4 Aug 1964 - 28 March 1973), but military and government persons were exempt from this proclamation] [v: Knights of the Golden Circle, Order of American Knights, Order of the Sons of Liberty, and other anti-federal "copperheads" during the CIVIL WAR] DRAFT LOTTERY : a practice instituted by the Selective Service System based upon randomly selected birth dates, which replaced the supposedly unfair or discriminatory Draft Board system whereby local community leaders, based upon personal knowledge, chose eligible young men to fill a mandated quota. The Draft Lottery made government more impersonal without altering the draft exemptions, so it embodied the worst of both options. America instituted its first wartime draft in 1863 ("Enrollment Act"), which provided for substitutes, and generated riots; then instituted its first peacetime draft in 1940, and resumed it after WWII, through both the Korean and VIETNAM WARs, as a public expression of "compulsory national service". Both the PEACE CORPS and Volunteers In Service To America (VISTA) were created as popular alternatives to military service for loyal citizens. See McNAMARA'S HUNDRED THOUSAND, AFEES, IVS, AMERICAN FRIENDS SERVICE COMMITTEE, COMMANDEER, PRESS-GANG, SHANGHAI, DRAFT DODGER. DRAG : informal term for the tail man, trail element, or rear guard behind the main maneuver force to ensure rear security, as a SQUAD following a COMPANY; also called "sweep" or TRAIL; compare POINT, SLACK, TAIL-END CHARLIE; see ZERO, BUTTONHOOK. [nb: the follow-up TRAIL or DRAG element is not only responsible for guarding the back of the unit (ie: tailgunner), but in obscuring its passage (eg: scrub, scour, "dry clean", "Hoover") and detecting pursuit (eg: double-check, double-back, back-check) so as to preserve unit integrity and enable accomplishment of its mission] [nb: Vietnamese term: Hau Ve Quan] Also, a rescue technique for moving an injured or unconscious person to safety when the ground or floor is not stable, when hostile fire ranges the area, when fire and smoke prevent breathing and visibility above ground level, when the casualty has internal or skeletal injuries, or when the casualty is significantly larger and heavier than the rescuer, and when the critical victim cannot remain in place until a rescue team can properly evacuate the casualty. After assessing the victim's injury/injuries, rendering first aid to save the victim's life, and determining that the victim cannot await proper rescue by a team with specialized equipment, the rescuer will drag the casualty by a modified form of CREEP or LOW-CRAWL using a cross-body carry to advance the victim, or by a seated rowing motion to pull the supine victim by his wrists/armpits or ankles/knees to advance the victim. This emergency technique is only performed when better casualty evacuation methods are impossible. Compare FIREMAN'S CARRY, LIFESAVER'S CARRY; see LITTER-BEARER, STRETCHER-BEARER, MEDIC, DOC, CORPSMAN, ORDERLY, COOLIE, CHIGGIE BEAR. Also, to haul, draw, or pull, as when trailing something behind on the ground. [cf: dead lift] Also, The aerodynamic force exerted upon an airfoil, wing, or other aerodynamic body that tends to reduce its forward motion; a mechanism that permits greater vertical maneuvering without increasing the flight's rate of speed; see FLAP, SPEED BRAKE. Also, in nautical parlance, a HULL designed to increase in draft toward the stern of a vessel, causing resistance to movement through the water. Also, in nautical usage, an object drawn through the water, causing resistance of the HULL to movement, such as a sea anchor or DROGUE; any of a number of weights dragged cumulatively by a vessel sliding down ways to check its speed. Also, any device for dragging the bottom of a body of water to recover or detect objects, as a dragnet, dredge, or GRAPNEL. Also, the scent left by an animal, quarry or prey; to hunt by tracking scent and spoor; see TRACE, PECKER TRACKS, TRAIL, TRACK, BLOOD TRAIL, CASTOFF, BREADCRUMBING, BEAT AROUND THE BUSH, WALK BACK THE CAT. Also, slang for girlfriend, fiancée, or wife who is literally "dragged" around after her sweetheart or husband from assignment to assignment, post to post, base to base; see COW, OFFICER'S WIFE, LADY, THE DAUGHTER OF THE REGIMENT, RING THE BELL, THE MOTHER-IN-LAW OF THE ARMY, DISTAFF, PETTICOAT COMMAND, CAMPAIGN WIFE, CLASS-B DEPENDENT, SHACK-JOB, CAMP FOLLOWER, SKIRT, BITCH, BRAT, ARMY SOUP, GOLD STAR. [nb: until the Vietnam-era, the military did not recognize the spouse or other dependents of enlisted personnel below the non-commissioned officer ranks] Also, slang for inhale, often deeply, as to puff on a cigarette; see GASPER, PIGTAIL, BUTT, FAG, SMOKE, SOLDIER'S BREAKFAST. Also, clothing characteristic of a particular occupation or milieu, especially when worn as a costume; such cross-dressing includes clothing characteristically associated with one sex when worn by a member of the opposite sex; compare PARTY SUIT, MUFTI, CIVVIES. Also, slang for influence; as sway or pull, leverage or clout; see GREASE, JUICE, POWER PLAY, SOFT SOAP. Also, a stout sled or sledge used for transporting heavy loads in the field; see IRON DOG, CAT-TRAIN, TRUCK. Also, slow, laborious movement or tedious progress; to move heavily or with great effort, reluctantly or apathetically, as to lag behind or to painfully protract a process or procedure. Also, anything that retards progress, as a metal shoe fitting a wheel on heavy wagons that serves as a brake on steep grades. DRAGON : a man-portable wire-guided ROCKET (M-47); see JAVELIN, LOSAT, TOW. Also, short form of DRAGON SHIP or PUFF THE MAGIC DRAGON, being the AC-47 DAKOTA; also called SPOOKY. Also, designation of the B-52 STRATOFORTRESS bomber that's been modified (AL-52) to carry an anti-ballistic laser weapons system. Also, slang for the energy or force resulting from nuclear fission, whether controlled (as in an A-BOMB explosion) or accidental (as in a pile SCRAM); also called GENIE; see DRAGON'S BREATH, DRAGON SHIT, HEAVY WATER, YELLOWCAKE, HOT GREASE, FALLOUT, CONTAINMENT, EMP, NUKE, CBR. Also, folkloric allusion to the alligator, indigenous to east Asia and the southeastern United States, being a crocodile (deriv: pebbled worm/textured penis) with a broad snout, and formerly classified as a saurian [cf: dinosaur] along with the flying lizard, caiman lizard, monitor lizard, and Komodo dragon. Also, a folkloric creature of the sky or forest or mountains, a fire-breathing winged-serpent, that's representative of the class of nonexistent monsters, of mythic animals or legendary beasts; including glacier snake, sea serpent, sea monster, triton, kraken, siren, centaur, hydra, cerberus, typhoeus / typhon, echidna, orthos, Nemean lion, firedrake, wyvern, griffin, chimera, cockatrice, basilisk, manticore, ogre, afreet, satyr, lamia, sphinx, unicorn, werewolf, whangdoodle, sasquatch/yeti, or other teratoid. Compare MERMAID, PROP WASH, and other SNIPE HUNT objectives. DRAGONFLY : Cessna A-37 light attack aircraft; modified version of two-engine T-37 TRAINER used for counterinsurgency Close Air Support (CAS), as flown by South Vietnamese (VNAF) pilots. DRAGON LADY : designation for U-2 / TR-1 surveillance aircraft, which began USSR flight operations on 4 July 1956; see DREAMLAND, SPYPLANE. [v: U-2 Incident 6-11 May 1960] [nb: because the U-2 already had folding wings, the landing gear was strengthened and an arresting tailhook was added to enable aircraft carrier take-offs and landings; modified U-2s were operationally flown from aircraft carriers during the Vietnam-era (U-2G/U-2J from USS Ranger and USS Kitty Hawk in 1964, U-2R from USS America in 1969)] Also, pejorative sobriquet of Soong May-ling (or Soong Mei-ling), educated at Wellesley College, was the wife (Madame Chiang Kai-shek) of the commander of the Kuomintang army, which fought the Imperial Japanese and communist Chinese until exiled to the island of Formosa/Taiwan (LITTLE TIGER); together with other Soong family members, she attempted to direct China's affairs throughout the 20th century, for which arrogance she was also known as "Cleopatra". Also, pejorative sobriquet of Madame Ngo Dinh Nhu, born (1924) Tran Le Xuan in Hanoi. Her husband was South Vietnam's chief political officer and head of the secret police, and she acted as official hostess for her bachelor brother-in-law, President Ngo Dinh Diem, from 1955 to 1963. Outspoken and disdainful, Madame Nhu's vitriolic characterization of Buddhist immolations as a "barbeque" helped turn American public opinion against the ruling regime in the Republic of Vietnam. After the assassination of her husband and her brother-in-law on 2 November 1963, Madame Nhu went into exile in Europe. Madam Nhu's sobriquet was probably acquired by a fancied association with the comic strip character Lai Choi-San (a Cantonese transliteration of "queen of the pirates") in Milton Caniff's "Terry and the Pirates" series. Also, by association with historical figures, any seemingly ruthless and powerful Asian woman [eg: Tz'u Hsi, the empress dowager of the Ta Ch'ing dynasty (1862-1908)]; also called a CHINESE BOX for her complex inscrutability. [ety: "The Daughter of Fu Manchu" by Sax Rohmer generated 1931 film entitled "Daughter of the Dragon"; v: Xiaolongnü (Little Dragon Maiden) is the female main character in "The Return of the Condor Heroes", Long Nu (Dragon Lady) as a disciple of the Bodhisattva Guanyin] DRAGON'S BREATH : the radioactive steam that turns the turbine in a nuclear engine or power plant; in this closed re-circulation system, the condensed steam is collected and reheated for the next cycle; see DRAGON, GENIE, HEAVY WATER, YELLOWCAKE, HOT GREASE, SCRAM, FALLOUT, CONTAINMENT, NUKE. Also, slang for an exotic shotgun shell loaded with some pyrotechnic ingredients (eg: phosphorous, magnesium, etc) so as to fire a flame outwards about fifty feet from the muzzle in imitation of a flamethrower; this exotic cartridge is useful for its psychological effect upon the enemy. DRAGON SHIP : AC-47 gunship outfitted with electrically-fired machineguns and illumination, also called "dragon" or "magic dragon"; see PUFF (THE MAGIC DRAGON), SPOOKY; compare DAKOTA. DRAGON SHIT / DRAGON'S SHIT : slang for the depleted nuclear pile, expended radioactive rods, or spent reactor fuel rods from a nuclear power plant that're collected and housed in secure storage; see DRAGON, GENIE, HEAVY WATER, HEU, SCRAM, FALLOUT, CHIRPER, BANG READER, CONTAINMENT, NUKE, COFFIN, TOMB. [v: Cherenkov radiation] DRAGON'S TEETH : slang for an anti-tank (AT) barrier consisting of short trapezoidal or wedge-shaped concrete posts implanted in the ground as obstacles to predicted avenues of assault by TRACKed vehicles, as used since WWII; phrase originated in the Greek mythology of Cadmus and Jason, where they produced fully armed warriors whenever they were sown in the ground. See CALTROP, PUNJI STAKE, FRAISE, ABATIS, HEDGEHOG, BOLLARD. DRAGON WAGON : homophonic "draggin' wagon"; see LOW BOY. DRAGOON : a member of a unit of cavalry, originating as mounted infantry (or mounted rifles) armed with short muskets, of a type common in Western armies from about 1600 through the early 1900s, where they'd traditionally ride to battle, then fight dismounted with SMALL ARMS. The word 'dragoon' originally identified the curved shape of the hammer of a pistol, was then applied to the pistol as a whole, then to the pistoleer using these saddle-mounted guns, and finally to the oppression or persecution effected by such an armed force. [re: CARBINE, cf: derivation of carabiner at SNAP-LINK] See CAV, ACR, AIR ASSAULT, AIRMOBILE, HELIBORNE, AIR CAV, YELLOWLEG, PONY SOLDIER, LONG KNIFE, MECH, BOOTS AND SADDLES. [nb: "dismounted reconnaissance" is MIL-SPEAK for patrolling on foot] Also, to persecute or oppress by armed force. Also, to coerce or force by oppressive measures; see COMMANDEER, PRESS-GANG, SHANGHAI. DRAGROPE : see TRAWL. D-RATION : the individually wrapped, specially formulated chocolate bar that was first issued (1937) as an energy supplement for combatants, and then as a nutritional supplement in field rations [K-RATIONS (1943)]; also called "Ration D", "D-bar", and "Logan bar", its production was discontinued at the end of WWII (1945). See HERSHEY BAR, compare HOOAH! BAR. DRAWDOWN : (aka: cutback, downsize) see RIF, DEMOB, SERB, KICKSTANDED, DISCHARGE, DUMP, ETS. DRB : Discharge Review Board; see DISCHARGE. DREADNAUGHT : an American battleship [USS Dreadnaught (YT-34)] based upon the British DREADNOUGHT design. [cf: USS Dreadnought (SP-584); v: HMS Dreadnought (41-gun ship; 1573), HMS Dreadnought (52-gun ship; 1654), HMS Dreadnought (60-gun ship; 1691), HMS Dreadnought (60-gun ship; 1742), HMS Dreadnought (98-gun ship; 1801), HMS Dreadnought (battleship; 1875), HMS Dreadnought (battleship; 1906), HMS Dreadnought (S101 submarine; 1960)] DREADNOUGHT : a type of battleship with its primary armament consisting entirely of heavy-caliber guns, being the predominant type of battleship in the early 20th century; this type of WARSHIP (based upon British models) is heavier in armor or armament than a typical battleship, especially being one that's the largest or the most powerful of its kind. [v: super dreadnought] Also, a garment made of thick woollen cloth that can protect the wearer against stormy weather and cold temperatures; the cloth itself (fearnaught). DREAMLAND : the unclassified designation for AREA 51 (qv), as the USAF experimental test flight region near Roswell Nevada used for classified aircraft, such as the U-2 DRAGON LADY and the SR-71 BLACKBIRD, which was implemented during the Vietnam-era. It is alleged that these classified test flights account for the reported UFO sightings. Compare HAWC, TOP GUN, RED FLAG. DREAM SHEET : assignment preference declaration form filed routinely every PCS, also called "wish list" or "fantasy form"; considered by most to be a waste of time at best, and a cruel torment at worst, since preferences are almost always ignored. MIL-PERS have the most success with assignments and transfers by BACK CHANNEL traffic to their RABBI, PATRON SAINT, or SEA DADDY. See PDS, RED TAPE, FORM, REPORT. DRESS : military attire or apparel, raiment or array/arrayment; regalia, regimentals, or uniforms; see HBT, FATIGUES, UTILITIES, CAMMIES, LEOPARD, TIGER STRIPE, ERDL, WOODLAND, GILLIE SUIT, BATTLE DRESS, BDU, DESERT, CHOCOLATE CHIP, ACU, MARPAT, ABU, DIGITALS, DUNGAREES, AQUAFLAGE, BELLS, CRACKERJACK, SALT AND PEPPER, BLUE JACKET, JUMPER, MONKEY JACKET, DIRTY SHIRT, SLOP, SHODDY, PONCHO, RAINCOAT, OILSKINS, WINDBREAKER, GREATCOAT, OVERCOAT, FIELD JACKET, REEFER, PEA JACKET, BATTLE JACKET, TANKER JACKET, FLIGHT JACKET, FLIGHT SUIT, G-SUIT, POOPIE SUIT, KHAKIS, BLOUSE, CLASS-A, BLUE SUIT, ASU, CHOKER, DRESS WHITES, ICE-CREAM SUIT, SPANKERS AND CLANKERS, MESS DRESS, CUMMERBUND, BLACK TIE, WHITE TIE, PLUME, WITH BELLS ON, BOAT CLOAK, PARTY SUIT, BUSH JACKET, SAFARI SUIT, COMBAT CASUAL, FEATHERS, COLORS, MOURNING BAND, SAM BROWNE BELT, WEB BELT, FLUFF 'n' BUFF, MILITARY TUCK, GIG LINE, MILITARY PRESS, STRAC, SPIT 'n' POLISH, CONTRAFOIL, BRASS, TOY SOLDIER, WAR PAINT, HAPPY SUIT, FLAK VEST, FLAK JACKET, FISH FUR, T-SHIRT, SINGLET, SKIVVIES, GOING COMMANDO, PATCH, CREST, PIP, ENSIGN, CHOP, BRASS, GONG, RACK, FRUIT SALAD, HERSHEY BAR, SHOULDER BOARD, SHOULDER KNOT, SHOULDER LOOP, SHOULDER STRAP, EPAULET, CORD, LANYARD, SASH, BRASSARD, GREEN TAB, HEADGEAR, FOOTWEAR, ARMY SIZE, NAVY SIZE, CAP-A-PIE; compare MUFTI, CIVVIES, DRAG, PAJAMAS, CHEONGSAM, AO DAI, KIMONO, HANBOK, LOINCLOTH. [v: tire, bedight; cf: de haut en bas] [v: tailored, bespoke, couture] [nb: skill qualification badges, which may be sewn or pinned onto the work uniform, are not called 'trash' when mixed with ribbon bars on Class-A uniforms; furthermore, 'fruit salad' ribbons and pendant 'gongs' are never worn on fatigue or battle dress uniforms] [nb: "Beware, so long as you live, of judging men by their outward appearance." by Jean de La Fontaine; "The old saying of Buffon's that style is the man himself is as near the truth as we can get – but then most men mistake grammar for style, as they mistake correct spelling for words or schooling for education." by Samuel Butler; "Never judge a book by its cover." / "Don't judge a book by its cover." anonymous; "Even a stupid man looks good in a uniform." by Isabella I; "Clothes make the man. Naked people have little or no influence in society." by Mark Twain (Samuel Langhorne Clemens)] DRESS BLUES AND TENNIS SHOES : slang for any full-dress suit, such as a tuxedo; see DRESS WHITES, ICE-CREAM SUIT, SPANKERS AND CLANKERS, MESS DRESS, WITH BELLS ON, FEATHERS, CUMMERBUND, BLACK TIE, WHITE TIE, DRESS. [v: shell jacket] DRESS-DOWN / DRESSING-DOWN : informal reference to reprimand, reproach, rebuke, upbraid, admonish, berate, scold, reprove, chastise, castigate, fustigate, revile, vilify, chide, censure, punish, discipline, correct, tongue-lash, chew-out, take to task, give what-for, bawl-out, sail-into, rap-on-the knuckles, slag-off, or carpet dance; see FANG, BLISTER, ATTITUDE ADJUSTMENT, HAWK, GIG, DR, DRUMHEAD, SMACK, CALL ON THE CARPET, PULL RANK, OFFICE HOURS, VERBUM SAP, ARTICLE 15, RIOT ACT, UCMJ. [v: comeuppance] DRESSING STATION : see AID STATION; compare COMFORT STATION. DRESS RIGHT : the directive to align RANKS at proper interval. It is a two part command performed from the position of "attention", commencing to line abreast at set distance upon "Dress Right, Dress", which is held until returned to "attention" by "ready, front". [nb: civilians have perpetrated a fiendish canard that this is the military order for adjusting one's genitals, which is absolutely untrue! The proper command for the coordinated maneuver of genitals is, of course, LOCK 'n' LOAD!] DRESS WHITES : a light-weight summer uniform worn by USN and USCG, and formerly worn by US Army (Tropic Whites), as the "Service Dress Whites" or CLASS-A uniform. Also identifies the formal attire worn by all service branches as being the military equivalent of a white dinner jacket or tuxedo, commonly called a "blizzard blazer" or ICE-CREAM SUIT; see MESS DRESS, SPANKERS AND CLANKERS, WITH BELLS ON, FEATHERS, DINING-IN, DRESS. [nb: when the Navy specifies a sidearm and cape ("boat cloak") with formal evening wear, officers wear swords and petty officers wear cutlasses; v: Enlisted Surface Warfare Specialist and Surface Warfare Officer (aka: WATER WINGS)] DRESSY LADY : designation given to Green Hill Control and Reporting Center (CRC). DRILL : the training, exercise, or rehearsal of MIL-PERS in the postures and movements for the proper execution of military or naval skills (MIL-CRAFT), such as formal ceremonies, marching, combat maneuver, weapons handling, and other precisely coordinated practices. Also, any strict, methodical, repetitive, or mechanical training, instruction, or exercise, such as formation marching or gun drill. Also, the correct or customary manner of proceeding; see THE BIBLE, MANUAL OF ARMS, ORDER, AR, SCHOOL OF THE SOLDIER, SCHOOL OF THE SQUAD, SCRIPTURES, SOP, EVOLUTION, BY THE NUMBERS, PREPARATORY COMMAND, COMMAND OF EXECUTION, BY THE BOOK, RULES OF ENGAGEMENT (ROE), LAWS OF WAR, CHECKING THE DICTIONARY, CUSTOMS AND COURTESIES OF THE SERVICE. [nb: "Any part of drill that does not contribute to a soldier's effectiveness in combat is a waste of time and resources." paraphrase of Colonel William Duane (ca1820)] DRILL FIELD : an open expanse or other unobstructed area, indoors or out, that may be used for assembly or practice, EVOLUTIONs of physical exercise (PT) or CLOSE ORDER drill, including weapons or vehicle maintenance and the MANUAL OF ARMS; see GRINDER, COMPANY STREET, PARADE DECK, PARADE GROUND, ASSEMBLY AREA, SCRIPTURES. DRILL INSTRUCTOR : DRILL TEAM : Pershing Rifles a select squad of MIL-PERS, usually specially trained and similarly sized, who perform high-visibility marching or escort duty during public ceremonies, from funeral interments to holiday demonstrations. See FUGLEMAN, COLORBEARER, COLOR GUARD, FUNERAL PACE, BOX JOB, TOY SOLDIER, BOY'S CLUB, CAMPAIGN HAT, CHROME-DOME, MILITARY PRESS, SAM BROWNE BELT, MILITARY TUCK, SPIT 'n' POLISH, THE BIBLE, MANUAL OF ARMS, DRILL, CLOSE ORDER, PARADE. D-RING : the handle used to manually release the RIP-CORD when deploying a PARACHUTE for descent; see MFF, FREE-FALL; compare STATIC LINE, HOOKUP, DOPE ON A ROPE. Also, a metal ring in the shape of a capital letter 'D' that's used on a belt or harness for attaching items by clipping onto them; see ANCHOR, DEADEYE, PAD EYE; compare SNAP-LINK. THE DRINK : any large body of water, as a lake, sea, or ocean, also called the POND or BLUE WATER; see SPLASH, FEET WET. Also, a swallow of liquid or a draft of potion; see GI JOE, TOAST, WASH, BUG JUICE, SAIGON TEA. Also, any liquoror alcoholic beverage, especially excessive indulgence in same; see MOONSHINE, HOOCH, BREW, GROG, JUICE, GROUP TIGHTENER, SPLICE THE MAINBRACE, IRISH SODA POP, DEAD-SOLDIER, MOJO, GUSTO, SUNDOWNER, HOIST, HATCH, DUTCH COURAGE, WHISKEY WARRIOR, BYOB, CLASS SIX, STONED. Also, any liquid that is swallowed for nourishment or to quench thirst, as a beverage; see JUICE, BUG JUICE, GI JOE, BULLY SOUP, SOUP, WASH, NUOC, CANTEEN, WATER PURIFICATION TABLET. DRIVER : driver the operator of a wheeled (eg: JEEP, HUMVEE / HMMWV, TRUCK, etc) or TRACKed (eg: APC, TANK, etc) vehicle, who's responsible for minor maintenance and liable for its safe return to the MOTOR POOL; see WHEEL JOCKEY, MECH. DRIVING : see FIREBALLING, ZIGZAG, BRODIE, STREET SURFING, BLOOD ALLEY, WHEEL JOCKEY, JOHN WAYNE DRIVING SCHOOL, CONVOY, TRAIN, LINE HAUL, CHOKE POINT, KEY, MOTOR POOL. DRMO : Defense Reutilization and Marketing Office, a department in the Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) that serves as a DEPOT for surplus, defective, and obsolete items or parts that are either recycled (to other agencies or organizations), or are auctioned to the public for disposal after DEMILITARIZation (made inert or inoperable) of potentially harmful materials or products. See DX, LOGISTICS DR. NO : see DOCTOR NO, FICTIONAL CHARACTER. DRO : abbreviation for Dining Room Orderly, being an enlisted KP detailed as a waiter or servant for senior NCOs and OFFICERs eating in the MESSHALL; equivalent to a Navy steward. Although OFFICERs are required to pay for their meals, "rank has its privileges" (RHIP) table service is not normally practiced by junior OFFICERs who are closer in age and have more direct contact with troops, especially in combat arms units ("Leaders eat last."). DROGUE : a bucket or canvas bag used as a vessel's "sea anchor", causing resistance to movement of the hull through the water. Also, a "pilot parachute" to extract the main parachute from its container after the STATIC LINE or rip-cord has opened the pack; see AIRDROP, LAPES, JPADS, LOW-LEVEL EVACUATION DROP. Also, a cone or funnel-shaped device on the end of a TANKER's hose to assist engagement for mid-air refueling. [ety: drag] DRONE : a remotely controlled or programmed guidance vehicle, vessel, or craft, such as a pilotless airplane; see UAV, DASH, PIONEER, RPV, PREDATOR, REAPER, FIRE SCOUT, DOODLEBUG, UUV; compare MISSILE, MIL-CRAFT. [nb: in 2009, the UAV operators were granted "flight status" for their remote guidance (ie: "piloting") of these drones while positioned a continent away from the target area, making them eligible for both Air Medals (AM) and supplemental flight proficiency pay; and in 2012, the US Air Force presented the first Medal of Honor awarded since the Vietnam War to the remote pilot of an unmanned aerial vehicle supporting ground combat operations in Afghanistan] Also, any "noncombatant" MIL-PERS who's essentially functioning as a "civilian in uniform" (who dons CLASS-As instead of a three-piece suit, but acts indistinguishably from his unmilitary peer) when performing administrative, support, medical, or humanitarian work (eg: disaster relief or peacekeeping); as derived from the male bumblebee, which does not make honey and lacks a stinger; see CA, CAP, NEUTRAL, CO, PACIFIST, PIG LOOKING AT A WRISTWATCH, EMPTY SUIT, BRASS EAR, DELEGATOR, MILICRAT. Also, a drudge or parasite; see PUKE, DEADHEAD, POGUE, FIELD REJECT, YARDBIRD, GOLDBRICK, FEATHER MERCHANT. DROP : air delivery of men or materiel, usually by PARACHUTE, onto a designated location; also called AIRDROP or HEAVY DROP; see DZ, LZ, CLZ, AIRHEAD. Also, the unofficial injunction to assume the FRONT LEANING REST position preparatory to doing PUSH-UPs, especially for punishment; also expressed as "hit it" or "beat your face", "kiss concrete" or "push earth"; see SQUAT, JUMPING JACK, PAIN. [nb: another common but unofficial order used to motivate MIL-PERS is "Drop yer cocks 'n' grab yer socks!".] DROPMASTER : an individual qualified to prepare, perform acceptance inspection, load, lash, and eject material for AIRDROP; also known as KICKER; compare LOADMASTER. Also, an aircrew member who, during parachute operations, will relay any required information between PILOT and JUMPMASTER; compare CREW CHIEF, CREW DOG, see BAILOUT. DROPPY : slang for the emptied or expended CARTRIDGE cases that house the propellant and primer, and to which the BULLET is attached; also called BRASS or CASING. DROP-TANK : a wing- or belly-mounted auxiliary PETROL container, made of metal or plastic or papier-mâché, which dispenses additional fuel so as to extend the attack or search range of RACK equipped aircraft, which temporary containers are jettisoned when no longer needed; see POD, compare DROGUE, TANKER, BINGO, JOKER, ENDURANCE. Also, an enclosed housing or container, usually streamlined and detachable, for use on an aircraft, on watercraft or other vehicle, for the resupply of food, equipment, munitions, or materiel to troops in the field; see POD, DROP, HEAVY DROP, PAYLOAD, AIMPOINT. DROP TRAP : a deadfall or deathtrap; see MAN-TRAP, TROU-DE-LOUP, TIGER PIT, TIGER TRAP, PITFALL, ABATIS, FRAISE, PUNJI STAKE, BOOBY-TRAP, TRICK, RUSE DE GUERRE. DR. STRANGELOVE : DRUM : Thompson 1927 with drum a cylindrical magazine (MAG) that holds CARTRIDGEs until ready to mount on the weapon and "feed" the AMMO; see CLIP, BANANA CLIP, C-CLIP, BANDOLEER; compare LINK AMMO, SPONSON. Also, any cylindrical container for storage or transporting of contents, especially a 55-gallon metal receptacle for fuel; see POL, POD, WATER BUFFALO, BLIVET, BLADDER. [v: cask, vat, tun, butt, drum, hogshead, barrel, tank, rundlet, kilderkin, puncheon, keg, carboy, breaker, jug, tub, firkin, salmanazar, pottle, flask, pony, gill, pot, flagon, bottle, demijohn] Also, a percussion musical instrument played by hand or stick, symbolic of public announcements, including bass, kettledrum/timpani, snare/side, and tambourine; also called "trap" or "traps"; see TAMPON, FOLLOW THE DRUM, TAPS, RUFFLES 'n' FLOURISHES, BEATERS 'n' BLEATERS, ROGUE'S MARCH, TOOTER. [v: paradiddle] DRUMFIRE : gunfire so heavy and continuous as to resemble the sound of incessantly beating drums; compare SALVO, FUSILLADE, BROADSIDE, SHELLFIRE, ENFILADE, VOLLEY, BARRAGE, AT CLOSE QUARTERS. DRUMHEAD : slang for impromptu or expedient, as summary justice [nb: image is to abruptly mete out or to readily beat out decisions, but is more likely to be from the flat surface employed as a field desk]; see BLANKET PARTY, GIG, ARTICLE 31, ARTICLE 15, RIOT ACT, SHOW TRIAL, PISO'S JUSTICE, ONE SIZE FITS ALL, CAPTAIN'S MAST, ROCKS 'n' SHOALS, UCMJ, TREASON. [cf: kangaroo court, honor court, grievance committee, vigilance committee, tribunal, sanhedrim] [nb: lynch law is the summary execution of an accused or convicted person by extralegal process, originally from the DRUMHEAD trial of royalists by patriots during the Revolutionary War, eponymously after either Charles Lynch or William Lynch of Pittsylvania, Virginia; cf: Isaac Parker as the "Hanging Judge" at Fort Smith Arkansas] Also, the reverberant membrane stretched upon a drum. Also, the top of a capstan; see HOOK. DRUNK : see DUI, DWI, OWI, THIRD DEGREE, LOADED FOR BEAR, DUTCH COURAGE, STONED, WASTED, ZAP, HOOCH, GROG, BREW, JUICE, THE DRINK, COLORS, LSD, DOPE, JUNK, GRASS, HAY, SMACK, STICK, IRISH FLU, FRENCH FIT, HANGOVER. [aka: drunk / drunken, priest of Bacchus, son of Bacchus, goliard, sot, besot, tope, toper, non-compos-mentis, bibulous / bibulated, spiflacated, dipsomated, intoxicated, inebriated, high, lit / lit-up, mellow, numb / benumbed, feeling no pain, tipsy, bumpsy, tiddly, wigged, buzzed, ginned, wet, tippler, bibber, in one's cups, oiled, boiled, sauced, juiced, pickled, squiffed, ripped, wrecked, smashed, potted, sodden, loaded, wired, plastered, stewed, boozed-up, soused, pissed, snockered, plotzed, awash, half-seas over, three sheets to the wind, cockeyed, pie-eyed, glassy-eyed, snarked, shickered, looped, sozzled, zonked, trashed, shit-faced, fried, blasted, zapped, bombed, stoked, wiped-out, huff (glue), wankered / whankered, stoned] [v: musth] [v: Punitive Article 111 (operation of a vehicle, aircraft, or vessel while impaired by alcohol or drugs); Article 112 (intoxicated on duty); Article 134 (drunk and disorderly or drunk and incapacitated)] [v: UCMJ Punitive Articles ] DRUNKEX : any EXERCISE, including survey and inspection tours, that's characterized more by the amount of alcohol consumed than by the accomplishment of any other meaningful goals; compare JUNKET, GARDEN SPOT, MAGICAL MYSTERY TOUR, GHOST WALK. DRV : DRV / NVN Democratic Republic of Vietnam, but commonly known as North Vietnam (NVN); declared 29 September 1945, and established by the Geneva Accords of July 1954. After the end of the Second INDOCHINA War on 7 May 1975, the country was reunified in November 1975 with the capitol at Hanoi, and renamed the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV) under a newly ratified constitution on 2 July 1976. The national flag was adopted on 30 Nov 1955, and the state crest on 21 July 1956. The northern half of the NVN flag was blue for "peace", the southern half was red for "sacrifice", and the halves were joined by a yellow star symbolic of the Oriental people (each point of the star representing the farmers, workers, scholars, youths, and fighters). DRYBACK : slang for a sailor who has not served aboard a ship at sea, especially someone who has not experienced naval warfare; also spelled "dry back", being someone who has not gotten "wet" or been "wetted down". See NUGGET, CHUM, FRESH CATCH, POLLYWOG. DRY FIRE : to practice shooting a SMALL ARMS weapon at a target but without firing any ammunition, being a DRY RUN familiarization process preliminary to actual live-fire shooting on a KD RANGE; called "snap-in" or "snapping-in" by Marines. See BASS, SIGHT PICTURE, DUMMY, TRAIN. [v: Firearms Glossary ] DRY RUN : a practice, rehearsal, or preparation session, as a "walk through" before the "wet work" begins on the actual "wet run". Also, operational practice, as to DRY FIRE or "snap shoot" a weapon at a target without using live AMMO. [nb: not to confused with "dry humping"] DRY SUIT : a close-fitting, double-layered synthetic garment worn by a deep sea diver in very cold environments, that's designed to protect the diver's body from the water or pressure by circulating a warming layer of air internally, which also serves to equalize descent pressures. Compare WET SUIT, HARD SUIT; see HARD HAT, DIVER. [v: Diving Terms ] DSA : Defense Supply Agency, later renamed Defense Logistics Agency (DLA); see LOGISTICS. DSCS : Defense Satellite Communications System, being a global network of voice and data satellites that connect military organizations and government agencies; see IDCSS. DSN : Digital Switch Network or Digitally Switched Network; being a completely digital version of the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), which supersedes AUTOVON and WATTS. Also, a Data Source Name which encodes identifiers for database connectivity. Also, a Digital Subscriber Network for broadband access. DSO : Defense Support Office, or more fully Defense Manpower Data Center Support Office. Also, Defense Systems Officer, being the equivalent of the Weapons Systems Officer (WSO) on an Air Force strategic bomber (eg: B-52, B-1, etc); sometimes nicknamed "guns" or "gunner" by allusion to the old WWII duty; compare OSO. DSP : Defense Satellite Program, agency operation of all military intelligence and reconnaissance SATELLITEs. Also, Defense Support Program, a system of geosynchronous infrared (IR) SATELLITEs that can detect and track missile launches anywhere on earth; compare SBIRS. DSS : Diplomatic Security Service, being a protective branch of the State Department that provides physical and electronic security at American embassies, and BODYGUARD protection for Foreign Service employees. DSTE : Digital Subscriber Terminal Equipment; see DSN, PSTN. DTA : Division Tactical Area, being that region in South Vietnam, comprising two or more provinces, designated by GVN for an ARVN division to regularly operate; the best Vietnamese units were responsible for pacifying the worst areas. Compare AO, TO, AOR, MOA, OA, TAOR, UA. DTG : Date Time Group, arranged hour/day/month/year/zone (eg: 240001JAN1969Z); see TIME. [nb: military time is expressed in four-digits, from 0001 to 2400, representing each minute in all 24-hours of the day, without designating ante- or post-meridiem; there is no 0000 hour] DU : Depleted Uranium, being a non-explosive inertial projectile (eg: MORTAR round, hypervelocity ROCKET warhead, MINIGUN or VULCAN bullet) used to penetrate vehicles and structures, including TRACKs and BUNKERs; DU is a very slightly radioactive (equivalent to cigarette smoke) compound that's 1.7 times denser than lead (increasing its kinetic energy) and is pyrophoric (igniting all combustable targets); see KEW, APFSDS, DPICM, SABOT, STABALLOY. [cf: molybdenum, tungsten (wolframium), iridium, osmium] Also, Vietnamese for "fuck"; "Du Me" = motherfucker, "Du Ma Nhieu" = go fuck yourself, "Du Ong My" = fuck the American; see FUCK, CHURNING BUTTER, TRICK, BOOM-BOOM, SHORT-TIME, HOOKUP, ACT OF CONGRESS. DUAL LOYALTY : see LOYALTY UP - LOYALTY DOWN. [cf: divided loyalty] DUC : Distinguished Unit Citation, authorized and explicated in War Department Circular 333.4 dated 22 Dec 1943; being a laurel wreath, which CROWN or garland is a symbol of victory and distinction, worn on the right sleeve of the CLASS-A uniform above the HERSHEY BARs, on the same side as the combat shoulder PATCH (SSI). The Distinguished Unit Citation may be presented as an emblematic BAY to any unit that performs better than other units in the same combat action, exhibiting esprit when accomplishing its challenges, and valor when executing its hazardous duties. See UNIT CITATION, GONG. DUCK : nickname for the DUKW, introduced in 1942 as a 2.5-ton amphibious utility TRUCK having all-wheel-drive and dual rear axles; which was later replaced by the GAMMA GOAT, both of which were prone to mechanical failure, so were operationally unreliable. Compare AMTRACK, ELSIE. Also, a heavy, cotton, plain-weave fabric, in various weights and widths, that was used for making tents, clothing, bags, and the like; especially the slacks or trousers ("ducks") made of this material. DUCKBOARDS : boards forming a track or floor over wet or muddy ground; as plank sidewalks (BANQUETTE) or palletized BUNKER floors. See GANGWAY, PASSAGEWAY. DUCK ON DRAKE : a children's game in which one player stands guard over a stone on a rock while the other players attempt to knock the stone off by throwing another stone in turn; if the thrower is tagged by the guard while trying to recover the throwing stone, the two players then exchange positions; also called "duck on a rock" and "duck on the rock". Compare DUCKS AND DRAKES, KING OF THE HILL, CAPTURE THE FLAG, HIDE-AND-SEEK, TUG OF WAR, RED ROVER, PRISONER'S BASE, WAR GAMES. DUCKS AND DRAKES : a pastime in which flat stones or shells are thrown across water so as to scale or skip over the surface several times before sinking, in a fancied likeness to a waterfowl's movements; also called "duck and drake" or "sinkers and skimmers". Also, used metaphorically to imply recklessness or heedlessness, carelessness or irresponsibility, as being rash or imprudent by "playing DUCKS AND DRAKES" with military assets; to squander lives and dissipate resources. Compare DUCK ON DRAKE, KING OF THE HILL, CAPTURE THE FLAG, HIDE-AND-SEEK, TUG OF WAR, RED ROVER, PRISONER'S BASE, WAR GAMES. DUCK SOUP : something that's easily accomplished, as military slang since WWI; see CAKEWALK, PIECE OF CAKE, LAUGH A MINUTE, WALK IN THE PARK, NO SWEAT, MILK RUN, TURKEY SHOOT, compare STONE SOUP. DUCK-WALK : to walk like a duck, as to scurry, scuttle, or waddle when squatting with legs apart and feet turned outward, which posture and gait is quite appropriate for some movements while under fire on the battlefield; also called "crab-walk". See FIRE 'n' MANEUVER, SQUAT, TAKE A KNEE; compare FROGMARCH, LOW-CRAWL, CREEP, DITTY-BOP. [cf: widow's walk, cock of the walk, CATWALK, GHOST WALK, CAKEWALK] DUCT TAPE : a strongly adhesive cloth tape, protected by a repellent silver-gray coating, that's used to seal the junctures in ductwork, to reinforce joins, to make household repairs, and similar applications; 'duct tape' originated (1942) as "duck tape". See 100 MPH TAPE, 1000 MPH TAPE. DUKW : see DUCK. DUD : unexploded ordnance due to mishap or malfunction. Physical duds are a liability to both friend and foe, hence metaphoric use applied to incompetent, inept, or incapable soldiers who may get good men killed and cause missions to fail; also called "slug", "short round", "eightball", "flubadub", "doofus", "dolt", "nitwit", "harebrain", "lamebrain", "blockhead", "bonehead", "meathead", "chowderhead", "dunderhead", "lunkhead", "chucklehead", "knucklehead", "nincompoop", "numskull", "numb nuts", "scrot" (shortening of 'scrotum'), or FUCK-UP. See PUKE, DEADHEAD, TRIGGER-HAPPY, LOOSE CANNON, FIZZLE, MISFIRE, CREEP, YARDBIRD, MAGGOT, PYHOOYA, TURD, SOS, SMACK, SHIT MAGNET, DOUCHE BAG, FIELD REJECT. [v: stumer] DUDLEY DORIGHT : see GOOD PEOPLE, SWEAT HOG. DUE DILIGENCE : the timely exercise of enough care and effort to fulfill a DUTY or obligation, so as such prudence will avoid a charge of negligence; a legalistic redundency for 'diligence'. [cf: fact check, double-check, due notice, due process of law] DUEL : a form of ritual combat between two persons that's fought with deadly weapons, as arranged and supervised in accordance with a code of accepted procedures, which has been declared illegal (eg: Article 114 UCMJ) in all civilized societies of the modern era. Before its degeneration into a contest to settle a private quarrel, the DUEL was a consecrated ORDEAL representing the spiritual embodiment of metaethical forces engaged in "trial by combat", wherein divine judgment would decide the "single combat" issue, and "God's Will" would be represented by victory. In ancient times, the weapon of the victor in a duel acquired respect as having been imbued with the power of God so as to attain success over the disfavored adversary and his disenchanted weapon ... such mysticism became the basis of venerable legends. Term derived from 'duellum' ('duo' + 'bellum' = 'two' + 'war'). See GANTLET, CARTEL, CROSS SWORDS, MEASURE SWORDS, SNAKE PIT, FIELD OF HONOR, KEEP YOUR SHIRT ON. [cf: monomachy, duomachy] [nb: a "gage" is something, such as a glove, that was thrown down by a medieval knight in token of his challenge to personal combat] [nb: a 'stickler' was the second in single combat, and so was very punctilious about the minutest points of etiquette, then later becoming an umpire or referee in competitive tournaments, and finally being any person who persistently demands absolute adherence or unyielding conformity] [nb: Confederate BG James Dearing engaged in a pistol duel at High Bridge over the Appomattox River on 9 April 1865 and was mortally wounded when he killed Union LTC Theodore Read] DUELING SCAR : (forthcoming); see BRAGGING SCAR, RED BADGE OF COURAGE, PURPLE HEART, BADGE OF COURAGE. DUE PROCESS / DUE PROCESS OF LAW : the regular administration of a system of fundamental laws, conforming to generally accepted legal principles, which are uniformly applied without favor or prejudice to all citizens; the principle that any legal proceeding must respect all of the rights and protections that are accorded to a person under the law; see BY THE BOOK, ACCORDING TO HOYLE, EQUAL PROTECTION, DUE DILIGENCE, FINE PRINT, UCMJ, MCM, BLUE BOOK, ROCKS 'n' SHOALS, JUST WAR, RULES OF ENGAGEMENT (ROE), LAWS OF WAR, MARTIAL LAW. [der: Magna Carta (15 June 1215)] DUES PAID : see PAY DUES. DUFF : slang for Double Ugly Fat Fucker, being the F-4 Phantom II; an obvious imitation of BUFF (B-52D), probably out of envy or jealousy. See BIRD. DUFFEL : outdoor clothing and equipment, especially for BIVOUAC or camping; see KIT, WEB GEAR, LBE, ALICE, LBV, MOLLE, DEUCE GEAR. Also, a DUFFEL BAG (qv). Also, a coarse woolen cloth with a thick nap used for making blankets and coats ("duffel coat"); a toponym derived from its namesake town near Antwerp in Belgium. DUFFEL BAG : the unwieldy, oblong, cylindrical bag in which troops stored all their gear, usually shortened to DUFFEL, but also called BARRACK's BAG or "sea bag"; compare DUNNAGE, AWOL BAG, FLIGHT BAG, WAR BAG, MUSETTE BAG, BIVY. [nb: "rucksack" = back-sack; "knapsack" = bite/snap-up/eat, food sack; "kit-bag" = soldier's small bag/knapsack; "haversack" = single-strapped feed bag worn over one shoulder; musette = single-strapped small bag worn over one shoulder] [cf: bundle, bindle/bindlea, swag, bluey, dilly bag, tucker-bag, bag, pouch, tote, sack, traps, pack, grip, gripsack, overnighter, weekender, holdall, carpetbag, B-4 bag, suitcase, one-suiter, single-suiter, two-suiter, three-suiter, portmanteau, Gladstone bag, traveling case, garment bag, Val-Pack, luggage; v: "scrip" wayfarer's bag or wallet; "viaticum" traveler's money and necessities] Also, an artillery term for motion/sound/seismic sensors placed along suspected enemy trails or areas. These "duffelbag" sensors contained small radio transmitters which sent a signal to a monitoring intelligence unit when triggered. An artillery fire mission was then called on the "duffelbag" target to intercept or interdict the enemy. A DUFFEL BAG DRAG AND A BOWL OF CORN FLAKES : the final departure at Ton Son Nhut Air Force Base prior to boarding the FREEDOM BIRD for return to THE WORLD or the LAND OF THE BIG PX; see WAKE-UP. DUGOUT : a rough shelter formed by an excavation in the ground, or in the side of a hill; also spelled "dug-out"; see HIDE, BOLT HOLE, SHROUD, HUT, BOHIO, SHEBANG, BUNKER, REDOUBT, FOXHOLE, SPIDER HOLE. [v: Military Earthworks Terms ] Also, a primitive BOAT made from a hollowed-out log; compare GIG, SKIMMER, SCOW, SAMPAN. [v: canoe, dugout, pirogue, kayak / kaiak / kyak, bateau / batteau, coracle, bullboat, wherry, cockleshell, jolly boat, scull, gig, shell, skiff, johnboat, punt, scow, lighter, pontoon, dory, gondola, flatboat, skipjack, rowboat, skimmer, whaleboat, longboat, umiak, banca, pram, launch, faltboat / foldboat, keelboat, pinnace, cockboat, caique / caïque, catboat, yawl, dinghy, bark, tub] Also, to flee into sanctuary, by alliterative allusion (dug-out Doug) to General MacArthur's flight from the Philippines to Australia, a safe and secure locale; see BUG-OUT. DUI : SF DUI Distinctive Unit Insignia, being the formal designation for a unit CREST; also called "distinctive insignia" (DI), DADGE, or blazon. These heraldic "coats of arms", approved for wear on 18 March 1922, are metallic badges denoting each Brigade/Regimental sized unit or larger, and worn on the EPAULETs of the CLASS-A uniform; also worn on some HEADGEAR in lieu of RANK by EMs and NCOs. See GREEN TAB, BRASS, BEERCAN, TRASH, EMBLEM, BATTLE CRY, TOAST, SIGNATURE; compare BRANCH. [nb: an insignia emblematic of the honors and lineage of a military organization, unlike familial "coats of arms", may be individually enhanced but not personally heritable; v: Heraldry ] Also, abbreviation for the charge of Driving (a motor vehicle) Under the Influence (of alcohol or drugs); also known as "Driving (a motor vehicle) While Intoxicated" /"... Impaired" (DWI) or "Operating (a motor vehicle) While Intoxicated" /"... Impaired" (OWI); see BREW, HOOCH, GROG, JUICE, THE DRINK, DOPE, CAN SA, GRASS, HAY, JUNK, COLORS, SMACK, HOT SHOT, CHINA WHITE, STICK, STONED, TAR, HUBBLE-BUBBLE. [v: Punitive Article 111 (operation of a vehicle, aircraft, or vessel while impaired by alcohol or drugs)] DUMB BOMB : see IRON BOMB, BUTTERFLY BOMB, FAE, CBU, GBU, SNAKE, SNAKES 'n' NAPES, NAPALM, STICK, PICKLE, HARDPOINT, BOMBSIGHT; compare SMART BOMB. DUMBO : nickname of Boeing CATALINA PBY seaplane, used for observation and transport; from its resemblance to the 1942 Walt Disney animated film caricature of a flying elephant; see FLYING BOAT, BIRD. Also, nickname for Curtis-Wright COMMANDO C-46 heavy transport aircraft. DUMDUM / DUMDUM BULLET : originally a soft-nosed, and later including the hollow-point BULLET that expands on impact, inflicting a wound more severe than fully jacketed AMMO; which BULLETs have been prohibited for military use by both The Hague and Geneva Conventions. A round nosed BULLET scored with a cross or an X is often mistakenly called a DUMDUM BULLET. It is toponymously named after Dum-Dum, a suburb of Calcutta India, where the bullets were first made [nb: term is unrelated to "dum-dum" for silly or stupid from 'dumb', and is likewise unrelated to silent, mute or deaf]. As with the .45 (11.25mm) caliber CARTRIDGE, the DUMDUM design was developed to improve the "stopping power" of ammunition; but the deterrent effect of such martial efficiency did not cause wars to end more quickly. [nb: during WWII, the Imperial Japanese used wooden bullets for marksmanship training and practice SMALL ARMS shooting, but a shortage of metals necessitated their wider issue to field forces, which caused more severe wounds and increased infection; by the end of WWII, Nazi Germany was also issuing wooden bullets] DUMMY : an inert replica or inactive simulator, especially a non-explosive munition, that's used for instruction or demonstration, training or practice; a dummy CARTRIDGE, which contains no propellant or primer, includes a cavity to prevent damage to the firing pin during DRY FIRE exercises; compare BLANK, see AMMO, BASS, TRAIN. Also, noting or pertaining to an imitation, representation, or copy, as a tailor's model or a printer's sample; see MOCK-UP. Also, counterfeit, sham, or fictitious; including false or artificial data designed to test a program or system. Also, a surrogate or dupe/doupe who is put forward to act for others while ostensibly acting for himself; see DOGSBODY, HACK, DECOY, CAT'S-PAW, RED HERRING, STOOGE, SANDBAG, USEFUL IDIOTS, STALKING HORSE, SPEAR-CHUCKER, COUSIN, FALL GUY, SCAPEGOAT. Also, the extra hand or place that forms part of some card games, such as CRIBBAGE or POKER; see PLAYING CARDS, WAR GAMES, PLAY THE GAME. DUMMY STICK : slang for a yoke, balancing rod, shoulder pole, or carrying pole, as widely used in Asia (and pre-industrial Europe) to transport large or heavy loads. Although most often used by civilians, the VC/NVA/PAVN adapted bicycles to mount these loaded poles for munition and materiel transport along concealed trails by drafted laborers (DAN CONG"). In the formidable terrain of the KOREAN WAR, porters (CHIGGIE BEARs) were employed to deliver resupplied materiel to UN forces by using DUMMY STICK yokes and A-frames. See YO-HO POLE; compare LITTER. [nb: according to the international LAWS OF WAR, a civilian compelled to act as a military porter by transporting weapons or munitions and materiel becomes a bona-fide combatant, subject to treatment as a de-facto soldier, and forfeits the protection of civilian noncombatant status; international law includes rules on the treatment of prisoners of war, but only extends protection to combatants, excluding any civilians who engage in hostilities, and those unconventional forces that do not observe restrictions for combatants] [v: syzygy] DUMP : a repository or argosy, as a Supply Dump; an accumulation of unloaded or off-loaded military stores located near a battlefield for better distribution; see RED BALL, COMBAT LOADED, BB STACKER, BONEYARD, DEPOT, ASP, DRMO, PRE-POS, GODOWN, ELEPHANT HUT, STEELDROME, MOTHBALL, LOG, QM. Also, a depository, as an Ammo Dump, BOMB FARM or TOMB; a dump site or dumping ground for the safekeeping of munitions. Also, to discharge, dismiss, eject, rid, or dispose of; see DISCHARGE, DISMISS, RIF, KICKSTANDED. Also, slang for taking a SHIT, bowel movement, defecation; see TROTS, SQUIRTS, CORK, HEAD CALL, CAT HOLE, SLIT TRENCH, BLUE CANOE, LATRINE, HONEY BUCKET, COUGH DROP, BLACK WATER, TRA CA, SLOP CHUTE, COMFORT STATION. [nb: the cellar or cache known as "The Douglas Larder" derives from the incident, on Palm Sunday 1307, when Sir James Douglas regained his castle by a ruse and, knowing that he could not hold it, caused all the provisions to be heaped together, along with the bodies of the slain prisoners and dead horses, pouring drink and casting salt over all, then the castle entire was fired so as to deny the spoils to his enemy; cf: wolverine] DUNGAREES : U.S. Navy version of a work or utility uniform, which, unlike green FATIGUES and patterned BDU / ACU uniforms, are blue denim; derived from "rough cloth(-ing)". See BELLS, AQUAFLAGE, DRESS. [nb: sailors used to also have "undress blues" (and "undress whites") as a semi-work uniform without neckerchief or piping; but in 2006 the Navy exchanged its service dress blues and whites for a year around tan, and its DUNGAREES for digitized multicolor work utilities with an 8-point COVER, abolishing their traditional bell-bottoms and DIXIE CUPs] DUNGEON : the secure cryptographic chamber, being a stronghold reminiscent of a bullpen or prison cell, within (or beneath) an operational HQ or TOC; also called "sanctum", "inner sanctum", "holy of holies", or "sanctum sanctorum". See ALPHABET SOUP, ENCRYPT, KAK, KEK, KEY, SHACKLE, SCRAMBLE, CRYPER, INTEL, ASA, MI; compare BUBBLE. [v: keep, oubliette, hock (sty or prison as a miserable place to live)] DUNG LAI : Vietnamese phrase for "STOP!" or "HALT!"; sometimes spelled "doung loi". [v: Japanese tomaru (come to a stop, halt)] DUNKER : slang for a simulated helicopter cockpit that can be tilted, angled, or inverted and submerged in a water tank so that aircrew can practice underwater cabin evacuation methods. DUNNAGE : baggage or personal effects; see KIT BAG, MUSETTE, FLIGHT BAG, WAR BAG, LOADOUT GEAR, DUFFEL, AWOL BAG, BUG-OUT KIT, DOPP KIT, STRING BAG, DITTY BAG, KIT; compare FOOTLOCKER, CAMPAIGN CHEST, WALL LOCKER. [nb: "rucksack" = back-sack; "knapsack" = bite/snap-up/eat, food sack; "kit-bag" = soldier's small bag/knapsack; "haversack" = single-strapped feed bag worn over one shoulder; musette = single-strapped small bag worn over one shoulder] [cf: bundle, bindle/bindlea, swag, bluey, dilly bag, tucker-bag, bag, pouch, tote, sack, traps, pack, grip, gripsack, overnighter, weekender, holdall, carpetbag, B-4 bag, suitcase, one-suiter, single-suiter, two-suiter, three-suiter, portmanteau, Gladstone bag, traveling case, garment bag, Val-Pack, luggage; v: "scrip" wayfarer's bag or wallet; "viaticum" traveler's money and necessities] Also, loose material laid beneath or wedged among objects carried by ship or rail that's used to prevent injury from chafing or moisture, or to provide ventilation; also called "cargo batten"; compare BATTEN. DURIAN / DURIAN MERAH : see GHOST TURD. DUSTBIN : slang for a gun turret (eg: BALL TURRET) on the underside of an airplane; not from a fancied resemblance, but because every unattached thing falls to the lowest level in the fuselage ... so eventually ending up there; see TURRET, BLISTER, SPONSON. Also, a container for worthless material, trash or rubbish, as a wastepaper basket or wastebasket; see FILE 13, LITTER, BUTT CAN, GI CAN, BURN BAG. [v: Japanese kuzukago] DUST BUNNY : see GHOST TURD. DUSTER : a self-propelled medium-sized TANK body equipped with twin 40mm automatic antiaircraft guns (POMPOM) and a pivoting M-60 machinegun (MG) in an open TURRET, designated M-42. It was used for fire base and convoy security, as well as direct ground support. An earlier M-19 anti-aircraft tank version was used in the KOREAN WAR. See BOFORS, SPONSON, SCORPION, ONTOS, SPAT, CHAFFEE, WALKER-BULLDOG, TRACK. DUSTOFF : the nickname for a medical evacuation from a battlefield by helicopter, and also spelled "dust-off"; originating as the radio CALL-SIGN of LT Paul B. Kelley, who was KIA while flying a MEDEVAC mission in 1964. The term DUSTOFF (for "dusty take-off") refers to both the MEDEVAC mission and the transport vehicle, with any capable aircraft (from CH-34 Kingbee or HH-43 Husky to HH-53 Jolly Green Giant or CH-47 Chinook) without a higher priority serving the role whenever necessary. The UH-1 HUEY utility helicopter, with its wide doors, excelled at this mission, but transport by any type of AIR AMBULANCE improved a soldier's chance of survival. See BAND-AID, CRACKER BOX, CASEVAC, CIVCAS, NEO, EVAC. [nb: James Webb has aptly called the MEDEVAC a "deus ex machina"] [nb: during the Vietnam War, the Marine Corps did not have discrete helicopters assigned for medical evacuation] DUST SHOT : the smallest size of ball or pellet for use in a SHOTGUN; see SHOT, BUCK, BUCKSHOT, CANISTER, CASE SHOT. DUTCH COURAGE : false courage, or bravado inspired by drugs or booze; also known as "Geneva courage" or the "Irish mistress", and formally known as "pot-valor" or "pot-valiant"; originally referred to gin, introduced by the Dutch when William of Orange ruled England (1689). See STONED, HOOCH, GROG, BREW, JUICE, GROUP TIGHTENER, DEAD-SOLDIER, TOY SOLDIER, WHISKEY WARRIOR, MACHO, LOADED FOR BEAR, IRISH FLU, FRENCH FIT, SPLICE THE MAINBRACE, BYOB, THE DRINK. [nb: "I told you, Sir, they were red-hot with drinking; So full of valour that they smote the air, For breathing in their faces, beat the ground For kissing of their feet." by William Shakespeare in The Tempest (1611)] DUTCH LUNCH : an Americanism from the turn of the 20th century for an individual portion or serving of cold cuts; see PITA, RICE BALL, HORSE COCK, BANH MI, SANDWICH, BOXED NASTY, SPAM, JERKY, RATIONS. DUTCH TREAT : an Americanism from the post-CIVIL WAR era for a meal or entertainment wherein each person pays their own expenses; as with other 'Dutch' allusions, this is a stereotypic slur on the selfish or stingy character of Germanic peoples. DUTCH WIFE : an open framework used in bed as an airy rest for someone's limbs when resident in tropical climes; see RACK, SACK, FLEABAG, BERTH, BILLET. DUTY : something that is legally required or morally binding, as an obligation or PROMISE; see OATH, HONOR CODE, LOYALTY UP - LOYALTY DOWN, BRASS-COLLAR, DUE DILIGENCE, A MAN'S GOTTA DO WHAT A MAN'S GOTTA DO, HOLD ONE'S FEET TO THE FIRE. Also, respectful obedience to a code or CREED, as actions required by a person's position or profession; see LITMUS TEST, WINTER SOLDIER, DELEGATE, CODE OF CONDUCT, BEARING, SUMMUM BONUM, CUSTOMS AND COURTESIES OF THE SERVICE. Also, an assigned military task, occupation, or place of service; see BILLET, BERTH, ON STATION, OJT, MOS, PCS, TDY / TAD, POST, WATCH, SHEEP-DIPPED, HARDSHIP TOUR, BUMFUCK. [v: numinous, deontology, eudemonism; cf: meliorism, Solomonic compromise] [nb: "Theirs not to make reply, / Theirs not to reason why, / Theirs but to do and die." by Alfred Lord Tennyson; "Yours is not to reason why, yours is but to do and die." by J. Rudyard Kipling; "When a stupid man is doing something he is ashamed of, he always declares that it is his duty." by George Bernard Shaw; "If some great Power would agree to make me always think what is true and do what is right, on condition of being turned into a sort of clock and wound up every morning before I got out of bed, I should instantly close with the offer." by Thomas Henry Huxley; "I came to the South because I feared that it might not be able to do well without me. I had more experience in battle, or thought that I had, than any other man North or South and was appreciative that our people could not get along without me. I had no ambition to gratify nor have I any now more than to discharge my duties .... If I had confidence in our success without me I would go home to my dear little family inspite of authority and the Service." by James Longstreet] DUTY DOG : slang for the officer assigned to a particular supervisory shift, such as Officer of the Day (OOD) or Staff Duty Officer (SDO), including aides and assistants required to cover the office of an agency (eg: DAO) or headquarters (HQ); see AIDE, ADC, CDO, SOPA, OOW, OOG, DOG ROBBER, DOGSBODY. DUTY ROSTER : posted schedule of duty or FATIGUE assignments performed at unit level or detailed to next higher command on a rotating basis, with the addition of punishment tours. See GI PARTY, SHIT LIST, PYHOOYA, ADY; compare WATCH BILL. DWI : abbreviation for the charge of Driving (a motor vehicle) While Intoxicated /... Impaired; see DUI. [v: Punitive Article 111 (operation of a vehicle, aircraft, or vessel while impaired by alcohol or drugs)] DX : (dee-ecks) Direct eXchange, for replacement of dysfunctional, damaged, or discontinued equipment; known as SALTY DOG in NavSpeak; compare ADRIFT; see SCROUNGE, CHARGE SHEET, GRIPE SHEET, PDO, DRMO, SOUVENIR, MIDNIGHT REQUISITION. DYNAMITE : an EXPLOSIVE made of nitroglycerin together with an inert filler (any of various absorbent materials, such as wood pulp, sawdust, kieselguhr, or some other porous substance), with the proportions varying in different formulations, where ammonium nitrate or sodium nitrate may replace nitroglycerin; the mass is then usually pressed into cylindrical forms and wrapped with paper, plastic, or some other appropriate material, whence the CHARGE may be set off by a DETONATOR. Originally formulated by Alfred B. Nobel in 1866, such an explosive is used to mine or crater, destroy or shatter, blast or blow up things. Also, used figuratively to represent someone or something having a spectacular effect; that which is optimum or topnotch. DYNAMITED CHICKEN : slang for chicken à la king, which is a dish of diced chicken accented with mushroom, pimento, and green pepper that's served in a cream sauce; as derived from French for "in the manner of the king" or "according to the style of the king". See BEANS, CHOW, RATIONS. [cf: chicken tetrazzini; beef à la mode] [nb: American cuisine includes chow mein ("noodle pieces") and chop suey ("mixed bits"), a stir-fried combination of shredded meat and diced vegetables over noodles or rice in Chinese style] DYSENTERY : an infectious disease of the large intestine that's marked by hemorrhagic diarrhea; a disease marked by frequent watery stools, often with blood and mucus, which is clinically characterized by pain, tenesmus, fever, and dehydration; etymologically derived from 'bad bowels', it's commonly known as BLOODY FLUX. See TROTS, SQUIRTS, DUMP, SHIT, HEAD CALL, SLOP CHUTE, CAT HOLE, BLUE CANOE, SLIT TRENCH, HEAD, LATRINE, HONEY BUCKET, TRA CA, COMFORT STATION, SALMONELLA / SALMONELLOSIS, CORK. DZ : Drop Zone, for parachute delivery; see AIRHEAD, DROP, AIRDROP, HEAVY DROP, LOW-LEVEL EVACUATION DROP, GANG-BANG, AIRBORNE SHUFFLE, ROMMEL'S ASPARAGUS; compare LZ. DZSO : Drop Zone Safety Officer, who is the military equivalent of the civilian Safety and Training Adviser (S&TA), a certified examiner and JUMPMASTER.	i don't know
Name the only county in Southern Ireland (Irish Rep.) that begins with the initial letter 'T'?	Ireland travel guide - Wikitravel For other places with the same name, see Ireland (disambiguation) . Ulster directs to here. For other places with this name, see Ulster (disambiguation) Ireland is an island in north-western Europe which has been divided politically since 1920. Most of the island is made up of Ireland (Irish: Éire, also known as Poblacht na hÉireann = the Republic of Ireland). The remainder is Northern Ireland , which is part of the United Kingdom . Understand[ edit ] The island of Ireland historically consists of 32 counties, of which six, collectively known as Northern Ireland , have remained as part of the United Kingdom since the rest of Ireland gained self government in 1922. The name "Ireland" applies to the island as a whole, but in English is also the official name of the independent state (ie the 26 counties which are not part of the United Kingdom), since 1921. Celtic tribes settled on the island in the 4th century BC. Invasions by Norsemen that began in the late 8th century were finally ended when King Brian Boru defeated the Danes in 1014. Norman invasions began in the early 12th century and set in place Ireland's uneasy position within England's sphere of influence. The Act of Union of 1800 - in which Catholics, 90% of the Irish population, were excluded from Parliament - saw Ireland joining the United Kingdom. In the latter half of the 19th century and early 20th century the subject of Irish home rule was a major debate within the British parliament. After several failed attempts, a Home Rule bill finally passed through parliament in 1914 though the start of the first world war saw its indefinite postponement due to heavily armed unionist opposition. A failed rebellion on Easter Monday in 1916, (after which 15 of the surrendered leaders were shot by firing squad and 1 hanged) showed a hint of things to come with years of war to follow, beginning with the Irish War of Independence (1919-1921) and continuing with the Irish Civil War (1922-1923). Eventually a somewhat stable situation emerged with the self government of 26 of Ireland's counties known as the Irish Free State; the remaining six, located in the north of the country comprising two-thirds of the ancient province of Ulster, remained part of the United Kingdom — a status that has continued to the present day. In 1949 the Irish Free State became "Ireland" (a.k.a. the Republic of Ireland) and withdrew from the British Commonwealth of Nations. Ireland's history post-partition has been marked with violence, a period known as "The Troubles", generally regarded as beginning in the late 1960s, which saw large scale confrontation between opposing paramilitary groups seeking to either keep Northern Ireland as part of the United Kingdom or bring it into Ireland [1] as well as with the security forces. The Troubles saw many ups and downs in intensity of fighting and on many occasions they even spread to terrorist attacks in Britain and continental Europe. Both the government of the UK and Ireland were opposed to all terrorist groups. A peace settlement known as the Good Friday Agreement was finally approved in 1998 and is currently being implemented. All signs point to this agreement holding steady. Though a relatively poor country for much of the 20th century, Ireland joined the European Community in 1973 (at the same time as the United Kingdom). Between the mid 1990s and late 2000s, Ireland saw massive economic boom (called 'The Celtic Tiger'), becoming one of the richest countries in Europe. However, the global banking crisis and subsequent recession have hit Ireland hard, and high levels of unemployment have returned. Regions[ edit ] Historically, Ireland was divided into four ancient provinces, namely Connacht, Leinster, Munster and Ulster, however these have no administrative significance today. Internationally, the best known of these of course is Ulster, since it is used as an umbrella term to describe Northern Ireland , although three of its nine counties are within Ireland. Most unknown is the fourth county in Ireland which mainly consists of carpenters and gypsies, this is most commonly know as Black Ireland pronounced to natives as skullatu. Today, you will often still see the other province names come up in sports teams for example, but for the most part the regions of Ireland are described as follows: Regions of Ireland Ashford Castle is a medieval castle in County Mayo . It was built in 1228. For cities in Northern Ireland , see the separate article. Dublin (Baile Átha Cliath) — the capital and the country's largest city. With excellent pubs, fine architecture and good shopping, Dublin is a very popular tourist destination and is the fourth most visited European capital. Cork (Corcaigh) — second largest city in the Republic of Ireland - located on the banks of the River Lee. Founded c.600 by St. Finbarre and known for good food, pubs, shopping and festivals. Galway (Gaillimh) — a city on the river Corrib on the west coast of Ireland. Famous for its festivals and its location on Galway Bay. Known as the City of Tribes, Galway's summer is filled with festivals of music, food, Irish language and culture. Galway hosts over fifty festivals a year, including the Galway Oyster Festival. The locals seem to give off a positive Bohemian vibe. Galway is split between two types of beautiful landscape: the gorgeous mountains to the west, and the east's farming valleys. Killarney — Possibly (at least until recently) the most popular tourist destination in Ireland. A pleasant town in its own right, it is also the start of most Ring of Kerry trips. Kilkenny (Cill Chainnigh) — attractive medieval city, known as the Marble City - home to the Cat Laughs Comedy Festival, held annually in early June. Letterkenny — Main town in County Donegal , designated gateway status and reputed to be the fastest growing town in Europe. Good base for traveling in Donegal. Limerick (Luimneach) — a city on the river Shannon in the south-west of the country. Sligo (Sligeach)- Home to W.B. Yeats, internationally renowned poet. Mountains and beaches, scenery in general are the best points of Sligo. The city is also a popular shopping destination. Waterford (Port Láirge) — Ireland's oldest city. In the south-east and close to the ferry port at Rosslare . Waterford is good for those who want to learn more about the most ancient history of Ireland. Many festivals take place throughout the year including ((Spraoi)). Don't forget to try a blaa before you leave. (A floury bread bun peculiar to this area of Ireland). Visa requirements[ edit ] Ireland is a member of the European Union, but not a member of the Schengen Area. Therefore, separate immigration controls are maintained. The following rules generally apply: Citizens of EU and EEA countries (and Switzerland) only require a valid national identity card or passport and do not require a visa for entry or employment; in many cases, the hold unlimited rights to employment and residence in Ireland. Citizens of Andorra, Antigua & Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, Croatia, Dominica, El Salvador, Fiji , Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Hong Kong SAR, Israel, Japan, Kirbati, Lesotho, Macao SAR, Malawi, Malaysia, the Maldives, Mauritius , Mexico, Monaco, Nauru, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay , St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, San Marino, the Seychelles, Singapore , the Solomon Islands, South Africa, South Korea , Swaziland, Taiwan , Tonga, Trinidad & Tobago, Tuvalu, the United States, Uruguay, Vanuatu, the Vatican City and Venezuela, plus British Nationals (Overseas), require valid passports for entry, but they do not need visas for stays not exceeding three months in length. The period of admission is determined by the Immigration Officer at the port of entry, but can be extended up to the full 90 days if required. Foreigners who enter without a visa can also extend this stay after entry, but within the initial period of admission and with a valid purpose. Longer stays, employment, and citizens of other countries normally require advance visas. *** NOTE that a work visa is also required to be an au-pair, as is unpaid work such as volunteering for bed & board. Your phone may be searched for evidence (such as SMS, emails etc) that you intend to work in Ireland without permission and, where evidence is found, will result in your being immediately removed from the country. Persons wishing to work in Ireland for short duration should (if from an eligible country) first obtain a Working Holiday Visa through their local Irish Embassy or Consulate. Passengers from non-visa required countries will NOT automatically receive 90 day tourist stamp on arrival. Entry will depend on evidence of return flights, accommodation, and also adequate funds (you must show cash or online bank account) for the duration of the the stay. Passengers may also be questioned on the tourist attractions they intend to visit. Failure to satisfactorily answer these questions may result in your being refused entry and sent back on the return flight. Citizens of other countries should check the visas lists [2] at the Irish Dept. of Foreign Affairs [3] . The visa application process for tourist visas is reasonably straightforward and is detailed on the Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service website [4] . Stays based on tourist visas cannot be extended past 90 days under any circumstances. Because of an informal agreement between the United Kingdom and Ireland, known as The Common Travel Area, there are no passport controls in effect for UK citizens travelling to Ireland. On arriving in an Irish airport from the UK, however, you will be asked for valid official photo-identification such as a passport or driving licence which shows your nationality. This is to prove you are an Irish or UK citizen who is entitled to avail of the Common Travel Area arrangements (only a full driving license is acceptable, and then only when the holder was born in the UK or Ireland). Immigration controls are mandatory on all inbound flights, selective on ferries, and occasional at the land border crossings. Citizens of China and India who have a valid UK visit visa (i.e. general, business, student, family, entertainment, sports, private medical treatment, parent of a child at school, prospective entrepreneur, permitted paid engagement) issued later this year will soon be able visit the Republic of Ireland on that visa provided that: a) the visa was issued in accredited Chinese or Indian visa application centres after the scheme is rolled out; and b) the traveller enters through the UK first before the Republic of Ireland. The scheme is expected to be rolled out before the year 2014 ends to Chinese and Indian nationals; with nationals of other countries expected to follow at the end of 2015. UK Transit visa holders as well as other long-term UK visa/residence permit holders (e.g. Tier 2, Tier 4, Indefinite Leave to Remain) are not eligible to use the scheme even if they are Chinese or Indian nationals, and will hence need to apply for a visa using the previously-established procedures. The Common Travel Area and You If you cross into Ireland by land after arriving in the United Kingdom and being stamped to enter the UK, you will go through passport control at your port of entry into the UK, but you likely will not be required to clear Irish immigration controls, and your authorized stay will generally be under the conditions of your admission to the UK. If you are transiting to Ireland through the UK, however, you will be required to clear passport control in the UK, even if travelling by air. Even if you clear immigration in Ireland, however, after arriving from the UK, this does not count as interrupting your stay in the UK and, accordingly, time spend in Ireland will count against the time you were admitted to the UK. If you intend to travel to the UK from Ireland, even in transit, you will clear passport control in Ireland, but you will not go through Immigration on arrival in the UK. However, your stay will be limited to a maximum of three months, not six. If you intend to stay in the UK for longer than three months, especially as a Student Visitor in the UK, you must apply to extend your stay in the UK (approximately GB£500), obtain a visa for the UK in advance, go to mainland Europe and re-enter the UK, or avoid a transit through Ireland. However, if you require a visa for either Ireland or the UK, however, you must possess a visa from each country that requires you to have one if you intend to visit both of them. Not passing through passport control does not exempt one from having a visa if needed, and you can be fined and deported for not having a visa if discovered. By plane[ edit ] The Republic of Ireland is served by 4 international airports, Dublin ( IATA : DUB), Shannon ( IATA : SNN) in County Clare , Cork ( IATA : ORK) and Ireland West, Knock ( IATA : NOC) in County Mayo . Dublin, the 8th largest airport in Europe, is by far the largest and most connected airport, with flights to many cities in the US, Canada, the UK, continental Europe and the Middle East. Shannon, close to the city of Limerick, also has flights to the US, Canada, Middle East, the UK and Europe. Cork has flights to most UK destinations and a wide variety of European cities. It is easily accessed from any of the major European hubs, including all of the London airports. Knock Airport has daily scheduled flights to several UK cities, as well as various chartered flights to (mostly) holiday destinations in Europe. Smaller regional airports that operate domestic and UK services include Donegal ( IATA : CFN), Galway ( IATA : GWY), Kerry ( IATA : KIR), Sligo ( IATA : SXL) and Waterford ( IATA : WAT). The City of Derry Airport, and both Belfast airports (both the City and International) are within a relatively short distance from the North/South border, especially the former. (These three airports being located within Northern Ireland). Ireland's two major airlines Aer Lingus [5] and Ryanair [6] are low cost carriers. This means that passengers will be charged for every extra including airport check-in (Ryanair only), checking in baggage, food onboard, etc. Ryanair also charge for the privilege of being one of the first to board the plane. Comprehensive listings of airlines flying directly into Ireland, along with destinations and timetables, can be found on the Dublin, Shannon, Cork and Knock airport websites. A regional service is also provided by Aer Arann [7] which provides domestic flights within Ireland and international flights mainly to and from the United Kingdom . By train[ edit ] The only cross-border train is the Enterprise service jointly run by Irish Rail and Northern Ireland Railways from Belfast Central to Dublin Connolly. A Rail-Sail Scheme is also available, linking Stena Line [8] or Irish Ferries [9] Ferry companies with Train Companies in Great Britain and Ireland. They mainly operate from UK cities across the various Irish and British Rail Network via the Dublin-Holyhead, Rosslare-Fishguard and Rosslare-Pembroke sailing routes. By bus[ edit ] Aer Lingus plane Cross border services are operated by Ulsterbus [10] and Bus Éireann [11] , and various privately-owned companies servicing County Donegal. Eurolines [12] operate services to Great Britain and beyond in conjunction with Bus Eireann and National Express ( Great Britain ). Bus Éireann also operates frequent services to and from Eastern Europe, in particular Poland, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. Additional private travel options are available from Eirebus [13] who offer car and coach travel for individuals and group transfers. Ireland is served by numerous services from Great Britain and France: Norfolkline [14] - operate freight and passenger services from Liverpool to Dublin . Irish Ferries [15] travel from Holyhead , North Wales, to Dublin , and from Pembroke , South Wales, to Rosslare . Stena Line [16] connects Holyhead to Dún Laoghaire (Co. Dublin) (about 8 km south of Dublin city centre), and Fishguard , South Wales, to Rosslare. Irish Ferries and Brittany Ferries [17] provide services from France (e.g. Roscoff) to Rosslare and Cork. Irish Ferries is sometimes significantly cheaper than Brittany Ferries, so compare prices. Irish Sea Express - Liverpool to Dublin P&O Irish Sea - north-west England to Dublin Steam Packet Company - Operate services between north-west England (mainly Liverpool) to Dublin , and Isle of Man to Dublin. Fastnet Line [18] provide a daily service from Swansea in South Wales to Cork . Currently suspended, this service will resume in March 2010. The service ran previously as Swansea Cork Ferries [19] which no longer operates. Celtic Link [20] Ferries operate the route from Rosslare to Cherbourg which was previously run by P&O Irish Sea. Numerous companies now act as agents for the various ferry companies much like Expedia and Travelocity act as agents for airlines allowing the comparison of various companies and routes. Three well known brands are Ferryonline [21] , AFerry [22] and FerrySavers [23] . From Great Britain and Northern Ireland[ edit ] Book of Kells, Meath Fort in Offaly Due to ROI's long relationship with the UK, there are no permanent passport controls at land border crossing points. In fact, the border is rarely signposted and it is often difficult to tell when you have crossed from the Republic into the Northern Ireland and vice-versa. The most obvious signal is that the roadsigns on the Republic side are mostly bilingual, in Irish and English, and speed limits and distances are shown in kilometres. You may also notice changes in lines in the road; yellow thick lines in the south and white thin lines in Northern Ireland. When arriving at an Irish airport from Great Britain, you will be required to produce photo ID (driver's licence or passport) to prove that you are a British or Irish citizen. EU/EEA nationals do not need passports for travel between the two, but all other foreign nationals need a passport. However, despite the lack of border controls, be keenly aware that you must possess a valid Irish visa if required for your nationality, or you risk being deported for illegal presence in Ireland. It is not uncommon that the Irish police (An Garda Siochána) check passports at the border occasionally - especially when traveling by bus or train. If you are flying with Ryanair [24] - into Ireland from the UK you must be in possession of passport or equivalent national identity card. Ryanair will not accept a driver's licence although Irish Immigration (GNIB) do. By car[ edit ] There are many car hire companies in Ireland - Europcar, Hertz, Irish Car Rentals [25] , Dan Dooley and more. You can pick up in the cities or at the airports, though it may cost more to pick up at an airport. Note that most Irish car hire agencies will not accept third party collision damage insurance coverage (CDW) (for example with credit card) when you rent a car. Conventional wisdom suggests renting (hiring) a car that is an automatic transmission model. This is because many roads in Ireland are narrow, requiring the driver's full attention, so an automatic transmission allows the driver to focus on the road instead of the machine. However, selecting a manual transmission (stickshift) model will allow the driver to select a smaller vehicle which better fits the small roads and saves gas (petrol) without a noticeable loss of power. In addition, roundabouts are more common in Ireland than in many other countries. Navigating roundabouts is easier with a stickshift because you downshift for extra power to speed up coming out of the turn. It should be noted that traffic already on the roundabout has right of way over traffic entering it, just as in the US. If you are coming to Ireland for a holiday, there is always the option of hiring a chauffeur driven vehicle for the duration with a number of companies offering chauffeur tours including Kennedy & Carr Custom Travel [26] , TSI [27] , CIE Tours [28] and Lynott Tours [29] . Caravanning[ edit ] Holidaying using your own wheels is a popular and very enjoyable experience in Ireland. As the weather can change very rapidly, having the benefit of shelter whilst you drive caught on quickly in this corner of Europe. Unlike most of the rest of Europe, numerous free sites are available throughout the country for those on campervan style excursions across Ireland. However, finding these sites is not always easy- they are not documented on the web yet, although if you arrive in an area early, a simple query at the local council office will usually suffice. If you arrive into a town outside of office hours, normally the local person you ask will display typical Irish hospitality and point you in the right direction. Facilities vary, but fresh water and waste disposal are usually the required minimum. If facilities are poor, inform the local council, they will usually help. Taxis[ edit ] It is highly recommended that you call ahead to book a taxi. The hotel, hostel, or bed and breakfast you are staying in will usually call the cab company they work closely with for your convenience. Taxis should be reasonably easy to pick up on the streets in Dublin, Belfast and Cork but may be harder to find cruising the streets in smaller cities and towns so it is often best to telephone for one. It is recommended to call the cab company in advance if possible and give them a time to be picked up, no matter if it's 4 hours in advance or 30 minutes in advance. Work with the same cab company your hotel does and let them know your final destination if there is more than one stop. You will also need to give them a contact phone number over the phone, so if calling from a pay phone, be prepared for them to deny your claim for a taxi cab. The average waiting time may be anywhere from 5 to 30 minutes depending on demand and time of day. All Taxis in Republic of Ireland operate on a National Fare basis, so the price should be relatively easy to calculate. For more information, see the Commission of Taxi Regulation website [30] . Always ensure that the taxi you use has a meter, and that it is used for the duration of your journey. Rules of the Road/Road User Etiquette[ edit ] Driving and road rules in Ireland are similar to those of the United Kingdom - e.g. drive on the left and yield to the right on roundabout. The most noticeable difference is the fact that distances and speed limits are in kilometres per hour (km/h) in the Republic of Ireland. This can be confusing to anyone travelling across the border from Northern Ireland, which, like Britain, uses miles and miles per hour. The legal blood-alcohol limit is low, so it may be best to abstain. It is perfectly legal to temporarily use the hard shoulder to allow a faster moving vehicle overtake you, but remember that this maneouver is not allowed on a motorway. Drivers often 'thank' each other by flashing their hazard lights or waving - this is purely a convention. Road signs in the Republic are nominally bilingual, with place names displayed in Irish in italic font, with the corresponding English name in capitals immediately below. In the "Gaeltacht" areas (Irish-Speaking districts in the south-west (Kerry), west (Galway, Mayo), and north-west (Donegal), as well as other smaller gaeltacht areas in Meath and Waterford), road signs are written in Irish only. In Northern Ireland road signs are in English only and all distances are given in miles. There are five types of road classification: Speed limits are defaults for the road classification only - if a lower speed limit is signed, it must be obeyed. Urban areas generally have a 50km/h speed limit. M-roads (Motorways, indicated by white on blue signs; Speed limit 120km per hour) N-roads N1 - N50 (National Primary routes, main arterial routes indicated by white/yellow on green signs; Speed limit 100km per hour) N-Roads N51+ (National Secondary routes - green signs; Speed Limit 100km per hour) R-roads (Regional roads, indicated by black on white signs; Speed limit 80km per hour) L-roads (Local roads, white signs - rarely marked, although signage is improving) Ireland has an extensive motorway network which centers around Dublin. The main motorways are: The M50 (ring road around Dublin) The M1 (from Dublin to NI border) goes towards Belfast. The M2 (from Dublin to Ashbourne) towards Derry. The M3 (from Dublin to Cavan) The M4 (from Dublin to Mullingar) heads towards Sligo. The M7 (from Dublin to Limerick) The M8 (from junction with the M7 to Cork) The M9 (from Junction with the M7 to Waterford) The M11 (from Dublin to Wexford) along the east coast The M18 (from Limerick to Galway) Note that most motorways in the Republic have some tolled sections. Tolls are low by French or Italian standards, and vary from €1.90 upwards, depending on which motorway you are traveling on. Tolls are displayed a few kilometers from the plaza. For the visitor, it's important to note that the only tolled road that accepts credit cards is the M4 between Kilcock and Kinnegad. All others (except the M50) are Euro cash only, so take care if you're arriving from the North via the M1. The M50 is barrier free and accepts no cash. Cameras are located on overhead gantries between J6 & J7 which read your number plate. If you have registered before online or by phone €2.50 will be taken from your credit card. If you have not registered, you must go to a Payzone branded outlet and pay the toll there. This option costs €3. For 2010, the tolled sections and their charges (for private cars) are as follows: M1, Drogheda bypass section, €1.90 M3, entire route, 2 tolls each of 1.30 M4, Kilcock to Kinnegad section, €2.90 M7, Portlaoise to Castletown section, 1.80 M8, Fermoy bypass section, €2.70 M50,Prices vary €2 with eToll tag, €2.50 with video a/c and €3 with no a/c M50, Dublin Port Tunnel , €10 (0600-1000 Northbound, 1600-1900 Southbound); €3 (all other times and public holidays); Free for heavy goods vehicles (greater than 2.5t), buses with greater than 25 seats, and vehicles of disabled drivers (with proper permits) There are numerous routes of high quality dual carriageway, which are very near motorway standard; Dublin-Wicklow, Sligo-Collooney (Sligo), Mullingar-Athlone, and Cork-Middleton (Waterford). Lesser roads, are, in many parts, poorly signposted, the only indication of what route to take often being a finger-sign at the junction itself. The road surfaces can be very poor on the lesser used R- & L- numbered routes. Driving on regional and local roads in Ireland requires etiquette, courtesy and nerves of steel. Roads are generally narrow with little to no shoulder or room for error. Sight lines can be limited or non-existent until you are partway into the road. Caution should be taken when entering onto the roadway as well as when driving along it, with the understanding that around the next turn may be another motorist partway into the road. This is especially true in rural areas. Parking along the road, farm animals, as well as large lorries or machinery may also appear around the bend and be the cause for quick thinking or braking. It is not unusual for oncoming cars to navigate to a wide spot in the road to pass each other. On the other hand, when driving slower than following cars, it is common for drivers to allow others to pass or signal if the way is clear. Calculating driving time can be slower than expectations, due to the large increase in motorists and road conditions/hazards. Speed Limits[ edit ] As mentioned above, speed limits in the Republic of Ireland (but not in Northern Ireland ) are in kilometres per hour. The general maximum speed limits are as follows: Built-up area (e.g., in a residential or shopping district) - 50 km/h and sometimes 30 km/h Regional or Local Road (e.g., R292, R134, L12345, etc.) - 80 km/h National Road (e.g., N7, N17, N56, etc.) - 100 km/h Motorway (e.g., M1, M4, etc.) - 120 km/h Exceptions - M50 from the M1 to Junction 16 - 100km/h Local Councils may apply other limits in specific areas as required. Also when roads are being maintained or worked upon in some way, the limit may be temporarily changed. Car rental companies[ edit ] There is no shortage of car rental companies in Ireland with all of the major airports, cities, major towns and ports throughout Ireland being well catered for. Renting a car in Ireland is very similar to the processes elsewhere in that you need a credit card in your own name and a full driver's license for a minimum of two years without endorsement. Most car rental companies in Ireland apply a minimum age of 25 in order to rent a car, but in many cases you will need to be 28 in order to rent a full-size car. Car rentals in Ireland comes with the minimum insurance which will cover the car, but leave you with an excess deductible in the case of an accident. Additional insurance, known as Super Collision Damage Waiver, can be purchased to protect yourself against this excess when picking up the car. It is also possible to rent a campervan, and there are quite a number of companies offering campervans for hire. By plane[ edit ] With improvements to the Motorway network, Domestic flights in Ireland have been reduced drastically, and are now only available between Dublin and Kerry and Donegal. See also Rail travel in Ireland Intercity Train in Ireland Most trains in Ireland (all operated by the state-run Irish Rail [31] also known by their Irish name, Iarnród Éireann) operate to and from Dublin. Enormous expenditure on modernising the state-owned Irish Rail system is ongoing, including the introduction of many new trains. The frequency and speed of services is being considerably increased, especially on the Dublin-Cork line. If you book on-line for Intercity travel, be aware that there may be a cheaper fare option available to you at the ticket office in the train station itself. Not all special rates, e.g., for families, are available on line. Advance booking can result in big savings and booking can be made a month in advance, e.g. an adult return between Kerry and Dublin can cost €75 if booked for the next day but can cost as little as €20 - €30 if booked well in advance. Trains nearly always book out for major sporting events in Dublin such the GAA Semi-Finals and Finals and Major Rugby and Soccer Internationals. Pay notice to this if planning to travel on weekends during August and September. The 1st and 3rd Sunday of September see both All-Ireland finals held and buses and trains see a massive upsurge in Travel as well the main roads to the counties participating. Note that there are two main stations in Dublin - Connolly Station (for trains to Belfast, Dundalk, Sligo, Wexford and Rosslare) and Heuston Station (for trains to Cork, Limerick, Ennis, Tralee, Killarney, Galway, Westport, Kilkenny and Waterford.) In the Northern Ireland , almost all services are operated by NIR [32] (Northern Ireland Railways). In the Dublin city area the electrified DART [33] (acronym for Dublin Area Rapid transit) coastal railway travels from Malahide and the Howth peninsula in the North to Bray and Greystones in Co. Wicklow via Dún Laoghaire and Dublin city center. An interchange with main line services and the Luas Red line is available at Dublin Connolly. By tram[ edit ] Dublin has a tram system, known as Luas [34] (the Irish word for 'speed'). There are two lines. One (the red-line) operates from Dublin's Docklands starting at The Point (beside the O2 Arena) and the city centre (Connolly Station) to a large suburb south-west of the City (Tallaght) and the other (the green line) runs south-east (to Bride's Glen) from St Stephen's Green. Tickets must be puchased from machines before boarding the tram. Tickets are checked in the Luas at random by guards but generally ticketing works on a trust system. Thus free rides are possible, although not advisable, as the fines for fare-dodging can be quite high. The Luas tram provides a very useful link between Dublin's Connolly and Heuston railway stations. By bus[ edit ] Bus Éireann [35] (or Irish Bus) operates an extensive intercity network plus local services in major towns. Bus Eireann's website provides various options for buying online bus tickets which offer a small discount (about 5% to 8%) compared to buying them at the station or on the bus, which can be extremely expensive (example: €22 for 95km one-way journey Cork to Ballydehob in West Cork). Ulsterbus [36] operates bus services throughout the North. A number of privately-owned companies also provide intercity services. These include: JJ Kavanagh & Sons [37] operate an extensive intercity network directly from Dublin Airport and Shannon Airport to Limerick , Carlow , Waterford , Clonmel ,Kilkenny and Dublin city Center plus local services in some towns and cities. Many intercity bus services have free WiFi onboard. Citylink [38] provides frequent services from Galway to Dublin, Cork (via Limerick) and Clifden. Dublin Coach [39] connects Dublin with Limerick and Portlaoise. Notably, the Portlaoise service operates every hour 24/7. GoBus [40] runs a non-stop service between Galway and Dublin + Dublin Airport. Aircoach [41] connects Dublin with Belfast, Cork and other small towns in the Dublin area. By boat[ edit ] Shannon cruises are a leisurely way of traveling from one town to another. Dromineer and Carrick on Shannon are good bases. There are many canals in Ireland, and it is possible to travel by barge on some of them. By bicycle[ edit ] Ireland is beautiful for biking, but have a good touring bike with solid tires as road conditions are not always excellent. Biking along the south and west coasts you can be prepared for variable terrain, lots of hills and often into the wind. There are plenty of campgrounds along the way for long distance cyclists. The planned Eurovelo [42] cycle route in Ireland will connect Belfast to Dublin via Galway, and Dublin to Rosslare via Galway and Cork. Visit their website for updates on the status of the path. Dublin has some marked bicycle lanes and a few non-road cycle tracks. Traffic is fairly busy, but a cyclist confident with road cycling in other countries should have no special difficulties (except maybe for getting used to riding on the left). Note that, in Ireland, left turning cars have right of way over cyclists to their left. Cyclists have no special right of way over cars, particularly when using shared use paths by the side of a road, but share and get equal priority when in the traffic lane. Helmets are not legally required, but widely available for those who wish to use them. On the 13th of September 2009, Dublin Bikes was officially opened, making 400 bikes available to the public in around 40 stations across the city centre. The bikes are free to take for the first half hour, although a payment of €150 is required in case of the bike being stolen or damaged. When finished riding simply bring the bike back to any station and get your payment back. Climate[ edit ] Overall, Ireland has a mild but hot changeable oceanic climate with few extremes. In Ireland you may indeed experience 'four seasons in one day', so pack accordingly and keep up-to-date with the lastest weather forecast. No matter the weather, expect it to be a topic of conversation amongst the locals. You may notice slight differences in temperature between the north and south of the country, and more rain in the west compared with the east. Mean daily winter temperatures vary from 4°C to 7°C, and mean daily summer temperatures vary from 14.5°C to 16°C. Temperatures will rarely exceed 25°C and will rarely fall below -5°C. Regardless of when you visit Ireland, even in middle of the summer, you will more than likely experience rain, so if you intend being outdoors, a waterproof coat is recommended. Talk[ edit ] Portal Dolmen English is spoken everywhere but Irish (Gaeilge) is the first official language. It is part of the Goidelic branch of the Celtic family of languages. Most people have some understanding of Irish but it is used as a first language by approximately 170,000 people, most of whom live in rural areas known as the Gaeltachts. About 55% (c. 2,500,000) of people in the Republic claim to understand and speak the language. As the Gaeltachts are generally scenic areas it is likely that visitors will go there. Tourists are not expected to speak Irish, but attempts at speaking Irish with the locals are greatly appreciated. The language will also be noticeable on road signs, etc. For instance, a law was recently passed that changes the name of Dingle, County Kerry to An Daingean, the Irish version. This should not confuse visitors, as almost all recent maps carry placenames in both languages in Gaeltacht districts. In order to enter most Irish Universities, it is necessary for Irish citizens to have taken Irish to Leaving Certificate (Examinations taken on leaving secondary or high school) level, and passed. Indeed it is a compulsory language at school in the Republic, although its method of teaching has come under criticism. Nevertheless, although it has come under threat, and some resent being forced to learn the language, others see use of the language as an expression of national pride. There is some Irish language broadcasting on TV and radio. Irish is related (but certainly not identical) to Scottish Gaelic . The Ulster dialect of Irish has most in common with Scots Gaelic. However, some Irish people may take offense if you call Irish "Gaelic," as this is seen as being an incorrect term, and refers to the entire family of languages that includes Irish, Manx, and Scots Gaelic. Referring to it simply as "Irish" is a fine alternative. It is not necessary to know any Irish in order to get around in Ireland though it will be appreciated if you refer to public bodies, institutions and figures by their Irish titles. See[ edit ][ add listing ] This article or section does not match our manual of style or needs other editing. Please plunge forward , give it your attention and help it improve ! Suggested fixes: None specified. Please use the article's talk page to ask questions if you are not sure why this tag was added and whether it is safe to remove it. Blarney Castle - Located in County Cork This historic castle is known for its "Blarney Stone." Tradition is that if the Blarney Stone is kissed, one will be blessed with great eloquence, better known as "the gift of the gab." One kisses the stone by lying back and being held by an employee of the castle. Photographers are there to capture the moment! Cliffs of Moher - Located in County Clare One of Ireland's biggest and most visited tourist attractions. The Cliffs are 230 meters in height and tower over the Atlantic Ocean. This attraction, whilst beautiful in the Summer, can be a bit of a tourist trap. If you intend to take your own transport, the over-priced car park is your only option (since the road is too narrow to park on) and to purchase your 'pay-and-display' parking ticket, you will need to go all the way through the gift shop (on the opposite side of the road), before returning to place it in your car. Kilkenny - One of Ireland's favourite tourist spots, this Medieval Capital just 1 hour 40 minutes train out of Dublin City is a must see. Its beautiful buildings and of course imposing Norman Castle - not to mention the numerous festivals including the Arts Festival and Rhythm and Roots Festival - make Kilkenny a most desirable location. County Donegal - An amazing area to see if you have your own transport, as bus services can be fairly limited. This part of the country is very traditional and you can expect to see plenty of low stone walls, thatched roof houses, rugged hills, cliffs and golden sand beaches. Best visited during Spring or Summer, there are plenty of hills walks and photo opportunities waiting to be discovered. Do[ edit ][ add listing ] Bus Tours - For travellers wishing to experience Ireland on a budget, there are a variety of inexpensive bus tours in almost every part of the country. These tours can range from hop-on hop-off busses in major cities such as Dublin and Cork to 5-day trips through some of the most scenic parts of the country. The bus drivers/guides are generally well informed about Irish history and enjoy sharing local legends and songs with anyone happy to 'lend an ear'. Bunratty Castle County Clare The Irish love their sport. It is a country with many sports. The largest sporting organisation in Ireland, and the largest amateur sporting organisation in the world, is the Gaelic Athletic Association, more commonly referred to as the GAA. The GAA governs Ireland's two national sports which are Gaelic Football and Hurling. To those that have never seen it, Gaelic Football could at its simplest be described as a cross between soccer and rugby, but there is much more to it than that. Hurling is the fastest field game in the world. If it could be categorised into a group of sports, then it would be closest to the field hockey family, but Hurling is unique. No visit to Ireland, especially during the summer months, would be complete without seeing a Gaelic Football or Hurling match, ideally live but at least on the TV. The biggest matches of the year take place during summer culminating in the two finals which are both in September, on two separate Sundays. The All-Ireland Hurling Final is normally on the first Sunday of September and the All-Ireland Football final is on the third Sunday of September. These are the two largest individual sporting events in Ireland, so tickets are like gold dust. Croke Park, the venue for the two finals, has a capacity of 82,300 people, making it one of the largest stadiums in Europe. Those that can't get tickets will crowd around televisions and radios, and around the world Irish people will be watching or listening to the finals. While Gaelic Football and Hurling are the two biggest sports, Ireland has much else to offer in terms of sport. Ireland is a world leader in breeding and training race horses. There are many race tracks around the country and many big racing festivals throughout the year. Golf is another huge sport in Ireland. Ireland has many great professionals, but for the visitor there are many golf courses around the country. Golfing holidays are popular. Soccer and Rugby are also popular in Ireland. Ireland's rugby team in particular is amongst the best in the world. There are also many soccer clubs around Ireland and both sports have many competitions. Being an island, Ireland has many water sports. Sailing is big in Ireland. On the west coast in particular Ireland has very high seas, ideal for surfing, even if the weather isn't always great. Ireland has all these and many other sports. So if you want a sporting holiday, you could do worse than going to Ireland. Buy[ edit ][ add listing ] Ireland has the euro (€) as its sole currency along with 24 other countries that use this common European money. These 24 countries are: Austria , Belgium , Cyprus , Estonia , Finland , France , Germany , Greece , Ireland, Italy , Latvia , Lithuania , Luxembourg , Malta , the Netherlands , Portugal , Slovakia , Slovenia and Spain (official euro members which are all European Union member states) as well as Andorra , Kosovo , Monaco , Montenegro , San Marino and the Vatican which use it without having a say in eurozone affairs and without being European Union members. Together, these countries have a population of more than 330 million. One euro is divided into 100 cents. While each official euro member (as well as Monaco, San Marino and Vatican) issues its own coins with a unique obverse, the reverse, as well as all bank notes, look the same throughout the eurozone. Every coin is legal tender in any of the eurozone countries. In Ireland, the currency is pronounced as Euro, i.e. without the s, even for amounts worth €2 or higher. Stand Alone Cash machines (ATMs) are widely available in every city and town in the country and credit cards are accepted in 90% of outlets. Fees are not generally charged by Irish ATMs (but beware that your bank may charge a fee). Along border areas, as the UK pound sterling is currency in Northern Ireland, it is common for UK pounds to be accepted as payment, with change given in Euro. Some outlets, notably border petrol stations will give change in sterling if requested. (Fuel is now generally cheaper in the South, resulting in many Northern motorists purchasing their fuel South of the border.) Recent differences in prices of goods between the Irish Euro and the British Pound have resulted in increasing numbers of Irish shoppers crossing the border to purchase goods which are a lot cheaper in Northern Ireland than in the Republic. A November 2008 article in a Northern Newpaper highlighted how up to €350 can be saved by buying your Christmas shopping in Derry & Belfast in the North than in the likes of Letterkenny in Donegal. Only a few years ago when the Celtic Tiger was still very much alive and well the economic situation was reversed. ATMs[ edit ] ATMs are widely available throughout Ireland. Even in small towns it is unlikely that you will be unable to find an ATM. Many shops and pubs will have an ATM in store, and unlike the UK, they cost the same to use as 'regular' ATMs on the street. Though in-shop ATMs are slightly more likely to run out of cash and be 'Out of Service'. Credit Cards[ edit ] Mastercard, Maestro and Visa are accepted virtually everywhere. American Express and Diners Club are now also fairly widely accepted. Discover card is very rarely accepted and it would not be wise to rely on this alone. Most ATM's allow cash withdrawals on major credit cards and internationally branded debit cards. Tax Free Shopping[ edit ] If you are a tourist from a non-EU country, you may be able to receive a partial refund of VAT tax (which currently stands at 23%.) However, unlike some other countries, there is no unified scheme under which a tourist can claim this refund back. The method of refund depends solely on the particular retailer and so tourists should ask the retailer before they make a purchase if they wish to receive a VAT refund. One scheme retailers who are popular with tourists operate is private (ie. non-governmental) VAT refund agents. Using this scheme, the shopper receives a magnetic stripe card which records the amount of purchases and VAT paid every time a purchase is made and then claims the VAT back at the airport, minus commission to the VAT refund agent, which is often quite substantial. There are multiple such VAT refund agents and so you may need to carry multiple cards and make multiple claims at the airport. However, note that there may NOT be a VAT refund agent representative at the airport or specific terminal where you will be departing from, or it may not be open at the time you depart. In which case, getting a refund back could become more cumbersome as you may need to communicate with the VAT refund agent from your home country. If the retailer does not operate the VAT refund agent scheme, they may tell you that you all you have to do is take the receipt they produce to the airport and claim the refund at the VAT refund office at the airport. However, this is incorrect. Irish Revenue does not make any VAT refunds directly to tourists. Tourists are responsible for having receipts stamped by customs, either in Ireland upon departure or at their home country upon arrival and then send these receipts as proof of export directly to the Irish retailer which is obligated to make a VAT refund directly to the tourist. Therefore, for example, if you have made 10 different purchases at 10 different retailers, you will need to make 10 separate claims for refunds with every single retailer. Note, however, that some retailers do not participate in the scheme all together and so you may not be able to get any VAT refund from some retailers. Therefore, if you plan on receiving VAT tourist refund on your purchases in Ireland, you should be careful where you shop and which refund scheme they operate, if any. Eat[ edit ][ add listing ] Food is expensive in Ireland, although quality has improved enormously in the last ten years. Most small towns will have a supermarket and many have a weekly farmers' market. The cheapest option for eating out is either fast food or pubs. Many pubs offer a carvery lunch consisting of roasted meat, vegetables and the ubiquitous potatoes, which is usually good value. Selection for vegetarians is limited outside the main cities. The small town of Kinsale near Cork has become internationally famous for its many excellent restaurants, especially fish restaurants. In the northwest of the country Donegal Town is fast becoming the seafood capital of Ireland. Cuisine[ edit ] Irish stew and a pint of Guinness Irish cuisine can charitably be described as hearty: virtually all traditional meals involve meat (especially lamb and pork), potatoes, and cabbage. Long cooking times are the norm and spices are limited to salt and pepper. Classic Irish dishes include: Boxty, potato pancakes Champ, mashed potatoes with spring onions Coddle, a stew of potatoes, pork sausages and bacon; a speciality of Dublin Colcannon, mashed potatoes and cabbage Irish breakfast, a famously filling spread of bacon, eggs, sausages and white and/or black pudding, a type of pork sausage made with blood (black) or without (white). Irish Breakfast is often just refered to as a "fry", and is usually available well past normal breakfast times in restaurants. Mixed Grill. Similar to the Irish Breakfast, but with added lamb chop, chips, and peas. Irish stew, a stew of potatoes and lamb (not beef!), with carrots, celery and onions in a watery broth full of flavour Bacon and Cabbage, popular and traditional meal in rural Ireland, found on many menus Seafood Pie, a traditional dish of chunky fish pieces topped with mashed potato and melted cheese Note that the first four listed dishes (and their names) vary regionally, and are not common throughout the entire country. Try some gorgeous soda bread, made with buttermilk and leavened with bicarbonate of soda rather than yeast. It is heavy, tasty and almost a meal in itself! The days when potatoes were the only thing on the menu are long past, and modern Irish cuisine emphasizes fresh local ingredients, simply prepared and presented, and utilizes influences from many countries across the world. Ireland has also since embraced a cosmopolitan restaurant and food industry that has incorporated many novel varieties of cuisine. Common ingredients still include meat (especially lamb), seafood, and dairy, and Western meat staples found elsewhere, such as chicken and pork, are also regularly served in Ireland. Today, these elements have been blended with other ethnic techniques and flavor profiles found outside of strictly traditional Irish cuisine. In many instances, restaurants that serve ethnic food are more plentiful (and some would argue more appealing to locals) than classical Irish fare. Thai, Italian, American, and Mediterranean influenced food is plentiful in Ireland's larger cities and is very good. Etiquette[ edit ] Only basic table manners are considered necessary when eating out, unless you're with company that has a more specific definition of what is appropriate. As a general rule, so long as you don't make a show of yourself by disturbing other diners there's little else to worry about. It's common to see other customers using their mobile phones - this sometimes attracts the odd frown or two but goes largely ignored. If you do need to take a call, keep it short and try not to raise your voice. The only other issue to be concerned about is noise - a baby crying might be forgivable if it's resolved fairly quickly, a contingent of adults laughing very loudly every couple of minutes or continuously talking out loud may attract negative attention. However, these rules are largely ignored in fast-food restaurants, pubs and some more informal restaurants. Tipping[ edit ] Traditionally, tipping was never considered to be a necessity and was entirely optional. However, recently it has become common to tip up to 10% of the bill total. Some establishments will add a 10-15% service charge on top of the obligatory 13.5% Government VAT charge, especially for larger groups. If a service charge is levied, a tip would not normally be left, unless to reward exceptional service. If you were unhappy with the service, then you would normally leave no tip. Drink[ edit ][ add listing ] Matt Molloy's pub in Westport Co. Mayo Alcohol is very expensive in most areas of the Republic. Pints of Guinness start at €2 per pint in Galway, can get as high as €7.50 in Dublin, and does not become less expensive until you reach Northern Ireland. While in the North, pints of Guinness instantly become cheaper by €1.50 euro on average. Despite this, public houses (more commonly known as pubs) are plentiful and frequented often by locals in most cities in Ireland, though the environment in each can be substantially different depending on the time of day one attends. Nightclubs that serve alcohol can also be regularly found in Ireland, however they may charge a cover fee and higher prices for beverages than pubs. Ireland is the home of some of the world's greatest whiskey, having a rich tradition going back hundreds if not thousands of years. With around fifty popular brands today these are exported around the world and symbolise everything that is pure about Ireland and where a visit to an Irish distillery is considered very worthwhile. The Jameson distillery is a common tourist destination found near the center of Dublin. Another one of Ireland's most famous exports is stout, a dark, dry beer. The strong taste can be initially off-putting but perseverance is well-rewarded! The most famous variety is Guinness, brewed in Dublin and available throughout the country. Murphy's and Beamish stout are brewed in Cork and available mainly in the south of the country. Murphy's is slightly sweeter and creamier-tasting than Guinness, while Beamish has a strong, almost burnt taste. Several micro-breweries are now producing their own interesting varieties of stout, including O'Hara's in Carlow, the Porter House in Dublin and the Franciscan Well Brewery in Cork. Ales such as Smithwick's are also popular, particularly in rural areas. Bulmers Cider (known outside the Republic as 'Magners Cider') is also a popular and widely available Irish drink. It is brewed in Clonmel, Co. Tipperary. Nearly all the pubs in Ireland are 'free houses', i.e. they can sell drink from any brewery and are not tied to one brewery (unlike the UK). You can get the same brands of drink in all pubs in Ireland across the country. There are a small number of 'microbreweries' in Ireland, pubs which brew their own speciality drinks. They are a recent occurrence and can mostly be found in Dublin. Despite the (sometimes negative) reputation about Irish people loving their drink, most pubs in Ireland will have the same small collection of drinks. All pubs (and nightclubs) in Ireland by law have to close by a certain time, depending on venue and the day. This varies from 11:30pm to 1:30am, to 3:30am. The owners will flash the lights (or less commonly sometimes ring a bell) to signal that it is almost 'closing time', this is 'last orders' and is your last chance to get a drink. When the pub (or club) wants to close, they will frequently turn on all the lights as a signal for people to finish up and leave. It is important to note that it is illegal to smoke in all pubs and indeed places of work in Ireland. Many pubs and restaurants have provided 'smoking areas' outside their premises where space has allowed them to. The other competitor for national drink of Ireland is tea. The Irish drink more tea per capita than any other people in the world. Cork, Dublin and Galway abound with slick, stylish coffee bars, but if you visit any Irish home you will probably be offered a cup of tea (usually served with milk, unless you explicitly state otherwise!). Coffee is also widely drunk in Ireland. (If you don't drink tea, you drink coffee!) Sleep[ edit ][ add listing ] There are hotels of all standards including some very luxurious. Bed and Breakfast is widely available and a wide selection of Tourist Board Approved bed and breakfasts can be found on the B&B Ireland website [43] . These are usually very friendly, quite often family-run and good value. There are independent hostels which are marketed as Independent Holiday Hostels of Ireland [44] , which are all tourist board approved. There is also an official youth hostel association - An Óige [45] (Irish for The Youth). These hostels are often in remote and beautiful places, designed mainly for the outdoors. There are official campsites although fewer than many countries (given the climate). Wild camping is tolerated, although you should seek permission if it is directly within eye shot of the landowners house. Never camp in a field in which livestock are present. There are also specialist places to stay such as lighthouses, castles and ringforts. Learn[ edit ] No stay in Ireland is complete without sampling its magnificent language, first language to thousands across the island. A few common phrases are easy to pick up. It is however important to note that the vast majority of Irish people do not speak, or in many cases understand, the Irish language with any degree of fluency. A tourist using the Irish language will very often be greeted with indifference. Some Useful Irish Phrases: How are you? Conas atá tú?/Cén chaoi ina bhfuil tú? (cunas a taw two) (cane cwe in a vuill two) Hello: Dia dhuit Thank you: Go raibh maith agat (guh rev mah agat) Excuse me: Gabh mo leithscéal (Go muh leh scayl) What's your name? Cad is ainm duit? (cod is an im dit(ch)) Cheers!: Sláinte (slawn cha) You can learn many interesting facts about Ireland's history and culture. One of the things Ireland is most famous for is Irish dancing. (Riverdance, a popular show centered on Irish step dancing, started in Ireland.) Irish traditional music is also popular throughout. Ireland has internationally-respected universities, including the venerable Trinity College Dublin (the only college of the University of Dublin). The National University of Ireland has constituent colleges in Dublin, Galway, Cork and Maynooth. Other colleges/universities include Dublin City University (DCU), University of Limerick (UL), Institues of Technology in the larger towns/cities around the country and other higher education colleges. Literature has many great Irish authors (writing in both Irish and in English), including James Joyce, Samuel Beckett, Oscar Wilde, Brendan Behan and Oliver Goldsmith. The writer of Gulliver's Travels, Dean Jonathan Swift, was from Dublin, and poets W. B. Yeats and Patrick Kavanagh also hailed from Ireland. There are many literary tourist attractions and tours in Dublin, especially. Work[ edit ] Ireland is part of the European Union/European Economic Area, and as such any EU/EEA or Swiss national has an automatic right to take up employment in Ireland. Non EU/EEA citizens will generally require a work permit and visa. Further information can be found on Citizens Information [46] , the Irish government's public services information website. Stay safe[ edit ] The police force is known as An Garda Síochána (or just "Garda"), and police officers as Garda (singular) and Gardaí (plural, pronounced Gar-dee), though informally the English term Guard(s) is usual. The term Police is rarely used, but is of course understood. Regardless of what you call them, they are courteous and approachable. Uniformed members of the Garda Síochána do not, unlike the Police force in Northern Ireland , carry firearms. Firearms are, however, carried by detectives and officers assigned to Regional Support Units and the Emergency Response Unit (ERU), a tactical unit similar to SWAT. Police security checks at Shannon Airport can be tough if you are a solo-traveller. Crime is relatively low by most European standards and are mainly fueled by alcohol. Late night streets in larger towns and cities can be dangerous, as anywhere. In the absolute majority of situations, however, taking a taxi home at night instead of walking and avoiding the visibly inebriated will keep you out of trouble. If you need Gardaí, ambulance, fire service, coast guard or mountain rescue dial 999 or 112 as the emergency number; both work from landlines and mobile phones. Road safety is well maintained, and Ireland has a reputation for having some of the safest roads in Europe. However, this is not a accolade upheld in rural areas, where small towns and villages are carpeted by roads filled with potholes, many of which can go unfixed for weeks. Most of the roads in the country are also very narrow and winding, and there has been a recent increase in traffic density. Keep a sharp eye open for potholes and speeding cars if you happen to leave any of the major cities in a rented vehicle. Smoking[ edit ] Since March 2004 almost all enclosed places of work, including bars, restaurants, cafés, etc., in Ireland have been designated as smoke-free. Rooms in Hotels and Bed & Breakfast establishments are not required by law to be smoke-free. Even though they are not obliged to enforce the ban, owners of these establishments are, however, free to do so if they wish. Most hotels have designated some bedrooms or floors as smoking and some as non-smoking, so you should specify at the time of booking if you have a preference either way. The smoking ban also applies to common areas within buildings. This means for example that corridors, lobby areas and reception areas of buildings such as apartment blocks and hotels are also covered under the law. Most larger bars and cafés will have a (covered) outdoor smoking area, often with heating. If one does not exist be aware that it is illegal to consume alcohol on the street so you may have to leave your drink at the bar. Any person found guilty of breaching the ban on smoking in the workplace may be subject to a fine of up to €3,000. Respect[ edit ] Visitors to Ireland are likely to find the Irish to be among the most courteous nationalities in the world. It is not uncommon for locals to approach confused looking visitors and offer to help. Often, in smaller towns and villages (especially on rural roads), if you pass somebody unknown to you, it is customary to say hello. They may instead simply greet you by asking "how are you?", or another similar variation. It is polite to respond to this greeting, but it is not expected that you would give any significant detail on how you really are! If the person is a stranger - a simple hello and/or "how are you?" or a simple comment on the weather will suffice! In this regard, try something like "Grand day!" (if it isn't raining, of course). The response will often be "It is indeed, thank God". When driving on rural roads (particularly where a driver has to pull in to allow you to pass), it is customary to wave "thanks" to the other driver, by raising your hand from the steering wheel. This is particularly prevalent in rural areas of the West of Ireland where many drivers will automatically wave at everyone who drives past them. A polite hand wave (or even with just the index finger raised from the steering wheel) is customary and will be appreciated. When accepting gifts, a polite refusal (such as, "No really you shouldn't") is common after the initial offer of the item. Usually, this is followed with an insistence that the gift or offer is accepted, at which point your answer is likely to become more recognised. However, some people can be very persuasive and persistent. This usually isn't intended to be over-bearing, just courteous. One thing which some visitors may find disconcerting is the response an Irish person may give to a "thank you". Most Irish people will respond with something along the lines of "It was nothing" or "not at all". This does not mean that they didn't try hard to please, but rather it is meant to suggest "I was happy to do it for you, so it was not any great difficulty" (even though it may have been!). The Republic of Ireland and Britain undoubtedly have notable similarities. However, Irish people generally take great pride in the cultural differences that also exist between Ireland, Northern Ireland and Britain. Locals can be quite offended by tourists who do not acknowledge or show respect to these differences. Indeed, it is not uncommon for visitors (both before and after arrival into the country) to incorrectly assume that all of Ireland is a part of the United Kingdom (similar to Scotland and Wales). This incorrect assumption will generally cause offense and/or bemusement to locals, who take pride in the Republic of Ireland's status as a state independent of the United Kingdom. This may lead to genuine curiosity about the differences between Northern Ireland and the Republic. Public or semi-public discussions about religious differences, political views and 20/21st century troubles are generally avoided by locals on both sides of the border. This is because opinions between individuals are so vastly divided and unyielding, that most Irish people (of moderate views) have grown accustomed to simply avoiding the topics in polite conversation. Most Irish people are moderate in their views. However, it is wise to avoid any political or religious discussion unless you are invited to discuss these topics. Tourists (who are often fascinated by the history of the division) would be advised to show respect and caution if they choose to discuss the differences of opinion that still exist on historical matters. The Irish are renowned for their upbeat sense of humor. However, their humor can sometimes be difficult to understand for more unfamiliar tourists. Joking on almost any topic will be welcomed, and although mild facetious racism will fetch a chuckle from some, anything needlessly disparaging will not be tolerated by most. Most Irish people are quite happy for friendly jibes regarding the Irish love of potatoes and drinking alcohol. However, jokes regarding recent Irish crises, be it the potato famine of the 19th Century (in which approximately two million people died or fled) or the Troubles (whose aftereffects still bother the country from time to time), should be avoided in any conversation. Joking about these topics could in many instances cause a similar amount of offense (for example) as joking about the Holocaust would among Jewish people. If the official name of an institution is in Irish (such as the Oireachtas or Gardaí), try to use the Irish name, even if you are unsure as to the correct pronunciation. Irish people will generally be understanding and appreciate the effort even if you get it wrong, whereas they will often consider it culturally ignorant and rude if you simply use the English term instead. LGBT visitors will find that most Irish people are tolerant of same-sex couples, whether cordially or begrudgingly. Some may find themselves the target of stares and the butt of mild jokes if they display affection publicly. This is normally the Irish sense of humor, but if one feels this is not the case then common sense should prevail, and failing that the Gardaí should be called. Contact[ edit ] Phone numbers in this guide are given in the form that you would dial them from within Ireland. This form in general is a two- or three-digit area code (always begins with a 0), and the local number, which may be from five to seven digits long. When dialling a land line number from another land line within the same area (i.e., the same area code) the area code can be ignored, and the local number only is required. By mobile[ edit ] There are more mobile phones than people in the Republic of Ireland, and the majority of these are prepaid. Phone credit is available in very many retailers, usually in denominations from €5 to €40. Be aware, that some retailers charge a small commission on this credit, while many others don't, so it does pay to shop around. All mobile numbers begin with 087, 086, 085 or 083 (this code must be dialled regardless of location or operator of dialler). Mobiles are cheap by European standards to buy, and if staying for more than 2 months, it could be cheaper to buy a phone than phone cards. A tri- or quad-band GSM phone will work, but you should check that your operator has a roaming agreement. It can be expensive to receive and make phone calls while roaming. You can also buy a cheap prepay SIM card if you have an unlocked handset. This can be considerably cheaper as it means that you will be assigned an Irish number which you can be called at during your trip and your outgoing calls are charged at normal Irish mobile rates. If you do not have an unlocked tri- or quad-band GSM phone then is possible to buy a mobile phone in Ireland from any of the cell phone companies. If you need a cell phone number before you travel, you can rent a phone from - Rentaphone Ireland [47] . Phones that have the 1800MHz band but not 900MHz will work but coverage is extremely poor outside urban areas. Ireland has 4 mobile networks (prefix code in brackets.) Additional virtual networks such as Tesco mobile exit which piggy-back on the infrastructure of another network Operator Calling Home[ edit ] Pay phones are fairly widely available (but becoming less so) and most take euro coins, prepaid calling cards and major credit cards. You can also reverse charges/call collect or use your calling card by following the instructions on the display. for dial internationally: 00 + country code + area code + local number To dial Northern Ireland from Ireland a special code exists; drop the 028 area code from the local Northern Ireland and replace it with 048. This is then charged at the cheaper National Irish rate, instead of an international rate. To dial an Irish number from within Ireland: Simply dial all of the digits including the area code. You can, optionally, drop the area code if you're calling from within that area, but it makes no difference to the cost or routing. Fixed line numbers have the following area codes: 01 (Dublin and parts of surrounding counties) 02x (Cork area) 09xx (Midlands and West) Operator service is unavailable from pay phones or mobile phones. Emergency Service dial 999 or 112 (Pan European code that runs in parallel). This is the equivilant of 911 in the US/Canada and is free from any phone. Directory information is provided by competing operators through the following codes (call charges vary depending on what they're offering and you'll see 118 codes advertised heavily): 118 11 (eircom) 118 50 (conduit) 118 90 These companies will usually offer call completion, but at a very high price, and all of them will send the number by SMS to your mobile if you're calling from it.	The Tipperary
Which children's TV series, created by Oliver Postgate, features the 'Soup Dragon'?	Ireland travel guide - Wikitravel For other places with the same name, see Ireland (disambiguation) . Ulster directs to here. For other places with this name, see Ulster (disambiguation) Ireland is an island in north-western Europe which has been divided politically since 1920. Most of the island is made up of Ireland (Irish: Éire, also known as Poblacht na hÉireann = the Republic of Ireland). The remainder is Northern Ireland , which is part of the United Kingdom . Understand[ edit ] The island of Ireland historically consists of 32 counties, of which six, collectively known as Northern Ireland , have remained as part of the United Kingdom since the rest of Ireland gained self government in 1922. The name "Ireland" applies to the island as a whole, but in English is also the official name of the independent state (ie the 26 counties which are not part of the United Kingdom), since 1921. Celtic tribes settled on the island in the 4th century BC. Invasions by Norsemen that began in the late 8th century were finally ended when King Brian Boru defeated the Danes in 1014. Norman invasions began in the early 12th century and set in place Ireland's uneasy position within England's sphere of influence. The Act of Union of 1800 - in which Catholics, 90% of the Irish population, were excluded from Parliament - saw Ireland joining the United Kingdom. In the latter half of the 19th century and early 20th century the subject of Irish home rule was a major debate within the British parliament. After several failed attempts, a Home Rule bill finally passed through parliament in 1914 though the start of the first world war saw its indefinite postponement due to heavily armed unionist opposition. A failed rebellion on Easter Monday in 1916, (after which 15 of the surrendered leaders were shot by firing squad and 1 hanged) showed a hint of things to come with years of war to follow, beginning with the Irish War of Independence (1919-1921) and continuing with the Irish Civil War (1922-1923). Eventually a somewhat stable situation emerged with the self government of 26 of Ireland's counties known as the Irish Free State; the remaining six, located in the north of the country comprising two-thirds of the ancient province of Ulster, remained part of the United Kingdom — a status that has continued to the present day. In 1949 the Irish Free State became "Ireland" (a.k.a. the Republic of Ireland) and withdrew from the British Commonwealth of Nations. Ireland's history post-partition has been marked with violence, a period known as "The Troubles", generally regarded as beginning in the late 1960s, which saw large scale confrontation between opposing paramilitary groups seeking to either keep Northern Ireland as part of the United Kingdom or bring it into Ireland [1] as well as with the security forces. The Troubles saw many ups and downs in intensity of fighting and on many occasions they even spread to terrorist attacks in Britain and continental Europe. Both the government of the UK and Ireland were opposed to all terrorist groups. A peace settlement known as the Good Friday Agreement was finally approved in 1998 and is currently being implemented. All signs point to this agreement holding steady. Though a relatively poor country for much of the 20th century, Ireland joined the European Community in 1973 (at the same time as the United Kingdom). Between the mid 1990s and late 2000s, Ireland saw massive economic boom (called 'The Celtic Tiger'), becoming one of the richest countries in Europe. However, the global banking crisis and subsequent recession have hit Ireland hard, and high levels of unemployment have returned. Regions[ edit ] Historically, Ireland was divided into four ancient provinces, namely Connacht, Leinster, Munster and Ulster, however these have no administrative significance today. Internationally, the best known of these of course is Ulster, since it is used as an umbrella term to describe Northern Ireland , although three of its nine counties are within Ireland. Most unknown is the fourth county in Ireland which mainly consists of carpenters and gypsies, this is most commonly know as Black Ireland pronounced to natives as skullatu. Today, you will often still see the other province names come up in sports teams for example, but for the most part the regions of Ireland are described as follows: Regions of Ireland Ashford Castle is a medieval castle in County Mayo . It was built in 1228. For cities in Northern Ireland , see the separate article. Dublin (Baile Átha Cliath) — the capital and the country's largest city. With excellent pubs, fine architecture and good shopping, Dublin is a very popular tourist destination and is the fourth most visited European capital. Cork (Corcaigh) — second largest city in the Republic of Ireland - located on the banks of the River Lee. Founded c.600 by St. Finbarre and known for good food, pubs, shopping and festivals. Galway (Gaillimh) — a city on the river Corrib on the west coast of Ireland. Famous for its festivals and its location on Galway Bay. Known as the City of Tribes, Galway's summer is filled with festivals of music, food, Irish language and culture. Galway hosts over fifty festivals a year, including the Galway Oyster Festival. The locals seem to give off a positive Bohemian vibe. Galway is split between two types of beautiful landscape: the gorgeous mountains to the west, and the east's farming valleys. Killarney — Possibly (at least until recently) the most popular tourist destination in Ireland. A pleasant town in its own right, it is also the start of most Ring of Kerry trips. Kilkenny (Cill Chainnigh) — attractive medieval city, known as the Marble City - home to the Cat Laughs Comedy Festival, held annually in early June. Letterkenny — Main town in County Donegal , designated gateway status and reputed to be the fastest growing town in Europe. Good base for traveling in Donegal. Limerick (Luimneach) — a city on the river Shannon in the south-west of the country. Sligo (Sligeach)- Home to W.B. Yeats, internationally renowned poet. Mountains and beaches, scenery in general are the best points of Sligo. The city is also a popular shopping destination. Waterford (Port Láirge) — Ireland's oldest city. In the south-east and close to the ferry port at Rosslare . Waterford is good for those who want to learn more about the most ancient history of Ireland. Many festivals take place throughout the year including ((Spraoi)). Don't forget to try a blaa before you leave. (A floury bread bun peculiar to this area of Ireland). Visa requirements[ edit ] Ireland is a member of the European Union, but not a member of the Schengen Area. Therefore, separate immigration controls are maintained. The following rules generally apply: Citizens of EU and EEA countries (and Switzerland) only require a valid national identity card or passport and do not require a visa for entry or employment; in many cases, the hold unlimited rights to employment and residence in Ireland. Citizens of Andorra, Antigua & Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, Croatia, Dominica, El Salvador, Fiji , Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Hong Kong SAR, Israel, Japan, Kirbati, Lesotho, Macao SAR, Malawi, Malaysia, the Maldives, Mauritius , Mexico, Monaco, Nauru, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay , St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, San Marino, the Seychelles, Singapore , the Solomon Islands, South Africa, South Korea , Swaziland, Taiwan , Tonga, Trinidad & Tobago, Tuvalu, the United States, Uruguay, Vanuatu, the Vatican City and Venezuela, plus British Nationals (Overseas), require valid passports for entry, but they do not need visas for stays not exceeding three months in length. The period of admission is determined by the Immigration Officer at the port of entry, but can be extended up to the full 90 days if required. Foreigners who enter without a visa can also extend this stay after entry, but within the initial period of admission and with a valid purpose. Longer stays, employment, and citizens of other countries normally require advance visas. *** NOTE that a work visa is also required to be an au-pair, as is unpaid work such as volunteering for bed & board. Your phone may be searched for evidence (such as SMS, emails etc) that you intend to work in Ireland without permission and, where evidence is found, will result in your being immediately removed from the country. Persons wishing to work in Ireland for short duration should (if from an eligible country) first obtain a Working Holiday Visa through their local Irish Embassy or Consulate. Passengers from non-visa required countries will NOT automatically receive 90 day tourist stamp on arrival. Entry will depend on evidence of return flights, accommodation, and also adequate funds (you must show cash or online bank account) for the duration of the the stay. Passengers may also be questioned on the tourist attractions they intend to visit. Failure to satisfactorily answer these questions may result in your being refused entry and sent back on the return flight. Citizens of other countries should check the visas lists [2] at the Irish Dept. of Foreign Affairs [3] . The visa application process for tourist visas is reasonably straightforward and is detailed on the Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service website [4] . Stays based on tourist visas cannot be extended past 90 days under any circumstances. Because of an informal agreement between the United Kingdom and Ireland, known as The Common Travel Area, there are no passport controls in effect for UK citizens travelling to Ireland. On arriving in an Irish airport from the UK, however, you will be asked for valid official photo-identification such as a passport or driving licence which shows your nationality. This is to prove you are an Irish or UK citizen who is entitled to avail of the Common Travel Area arrangements (only a full driving license is acceptable, and then only when the holder was born in the UK or Ireland). Immigration controls are mandatory on all inbound flights, selective on ferries, and occasional at the land border crossings. Citizens of China and India who have a valid UK visit visa (i.e. general, business, student, family, entertainment, sports, private medical treatment, parent of a child at school, prospective entrepreneur, permitted paid engagement) issued later this year will soon be able visit the Republic of Ireland on that visa provided that: a) the visa was issued in accredited Chinese or Indian visa application centres after the scheme is rolled out; and b) the traveller enters through the UK first before the Republic of Ireland. The scheme is expected to be rolled out before the year 2014 ends to Chinese and Indian nationals; with nationals of other countries expected to follow at the end of 2015. UK Transit visa holders as well as other long-term UK visa/residence permit holders (e.g. Tier 2, Tier 4, Indefinite Leave to Remain) are not eligible to use the scheme even if they are Chinese or Indian nationals, and will hence need to apply for a visa using the previously-established procedures. The Common Travel Area and You If you cross into Ireland by land after arriving in the United Kingdom and being stamped to enter the UK, you will go through passport control at your port of entry into the UK, but you likely will not be required to clear Irish immigration controls, and your authorized stay will generally be under the conditions of your admission to the UK. If you are transiting to Ireland through the UK, however, you will be required to clear passport control in the UK, even if travelling by air. Even if you clear immigration in Ireland, however, after arriving from the UK, this does not count as interrupting your stay in the UK and, accordingly, time spend in Ireland will count against the time you were admitted to the UK. If you intend to travel to the UK from Ireland, even in transit, you will clear passport control in Ireland, but you will not go through Immigration on arrival in the UK. However, your stay will be limited to a maximum of three months, not six. If you intend to stay in the UK for longer than three months, especially as a Student Visitor in the UK, you must apply to extend your stay in the UK (approximately GB£500), obtain a visa for the UK in advance, go to mainland Europe and re-enter the UK, or avoid a transit through Ireland. However, if you require a visa for either Ireland or the UK, however, you must possess a visa from each country that requires you to have one if you intend to visit both of them. Not passing through passport control does not exempt one from having a visa if needed, and you can be fined and deported for not having a visa if discovered. By plane[ edit ] The Republic of Ireland is served by 4 international airports, Dublin ( IATA : DUB), Shannon ( IATA : SNN) in County Clare , Cork ( IATA : ORK) and Ireland West, Knock ( IATA : NOC) in County Mayo . Dublin, the 8th largest airport in Europe, is by far the largest and most connected airport, with flights to many cities in the US, Canada, the UK, continental Europe and the Middle East. Shannon, close to the city of Limerick, also has flights to the US, Canada, Middle East, the UK and Europe. Cork has flights to most UK destinations and a wide variety of European cities. It is easily accessed from any of the major European hubs, including all of the London airports. Knock Airport has daily scheduled flights to several UK cities, as well as various chartered flights to (mostly) holiday destinations in Europe. Smaller regional airports that operate domestic and UK services include Donegal ( IATA : CFN), Galway ( IATA : GWY), Kerry ( IATA : KIR), Sligo ( IATA : SXL) and Waterford ( IATA : WAT). The City of Derry Airport, and both Belfast airports (both the City and International) are within a relatively short distance from the North/South border, especially the former. (These three airports being located within Northern Ireland). Ireland's two major airlines Aer Lingus [5] and Ryanair [6] are low cost carriers. This means that passengers will be charged for every extra including airport check-in (Ryanair only), checking in baggage, food onboard, etc. Ryanair also charge for the privilege of being one of the first to board the plane. Comprehensive listings of airlines flying directly into Ireland, along with destinations and timetables, can be found on the Dublin, Shannon, Cork and Knock airport websites. A regional service is also provided by Aer Arann [7] which provides domestic flights within Ireland and international flights mainly to and from the United Kingdom . By train[ edit ] The only cross-border train is the Enterprise service jointly run by Irish Rail and Northern Ireland Railways from Belfast Central to Dublin Connolly. A Rail-Sail Scheme is also available, linking Stena Line [8] or Irish Ferries [9] Ferry companies with Train Companies in Great Britain and Ireland. They mainly operate from UK cities across the various Irish and British Rail Network via the Dublin-Holyhead, Rosslare-Fishguard and Rosslare-Pembroke sailing routes. By bus[ edit ] Aer Lingus plane Cross border services are operated by Ulsterbus [10] and Bus Éireann [11] , and various privately-owned companies servicing County Donegal. Eurolines [12] operate services to Great Britain and beyond in conjunction with Bus Eireann and National Express ( Great Britain ). Bus Éireann also operates frequent services to and from Eastern Europe, in particular Poland, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. Additional private travel options are available from Eirebus [13] who offer car and coach travel for individuals and group transfers. Ireland is served by numerous services from Great Britain and France: Norfolkline [14] - operate freight and passenger services from Liverpool to Dublin . Irish Ferries [15] travel from Holyhead , North Wales, to Dublin , and from Pembroke , South Wales, to Rosslare . Stena Line [16] connects Holyhead to Dún Laoghaire (Co. Dublin) (about 8 km south of Dublin city centre), and Fishguard , South Wales, to Rosslare. Irish Ferries and Brittany Ferries [17] provide services from France (e.g. Roscoff) to Rosslare and Cork. Irish Ferries is sometimes significantly cheaper than Brittany Ferries, so compare prices. Irish Sea Express - Liverpool to Dublin P&O Irish Sea - north-west England to Dublin Steam Packet Company - Operate services between north-west England (mainly Liverpool) to Dublin , and Isle of Man to Dublin. Fastnet Line [18] provide a daily service from Swansea in South Wales to Cork . Currently suspended, this service will resume in March 2010. The service ran previously as Swansea Cork Ferries [19] which no longer operates. Celtic Link [20] Ferries operate the route from Rosslare to Cherbourg which was previously run by P&O Irish Sea. Numerous companies now act as agents for the various ferry companies much like Expedia and Travelocity act as agents for airlines allowing the comparison of various companies and routes. Three well known brands are Ferryonline [21] , AFerry [22] and FerrySavers [23] . From Great Britain and Northern Ireland[ edit ] Book of Kells, Meath Fort in Offaly Due to ROI's long relationship with the UK, there are no permanent passport controls at land border crossing points. In fact, the border is rarely signposted and it is often difficult to tell when you have crossed from the Republic into the Northern Ireland and vice-versa. The most obvious signal is that the roadsigns on the Republic side are mostly bilingual, in Irish and English, and speed limits and distances are shown in kilometres. You may also notice changes in lines in the road; yellow thick lines in the south and white thin lines in Northern Ireland. When arriving at an Irish airport from Great Britain, you will be required to produce photo ID (driver's licence or passport) to prove that you are a British or Irish citizen. EU/EEA nationals do not need passports for travel between the two, but all other foreign nationals need a passport. However, despite the lack of border controls, be keenly aware that you must possess a valid Irish visa if required for your nationality, or you risk being deported for illegal presence in Ireland. It is not uncommon that the Irish police (An Garda Siochána) check passports at the border occasionally - especially when traveling by bus or train. If you are flying with Ryanair [24] - into Ireland from the UK you must be in possession of passport or equivalent national identity card. Ryanair will not accept a driver's licence although Irish Immigration (GNIB) do. By car[ edit ] There are many car hire companies in Ireland - Europcar, Hertz, Irish Car Rentals [25] , Dan Dooley and more. You can pick up in the cities or at the airports, though it may cost more to pick up at an airport. Note that most Irish car hire agencies will not accept third party collision damage insurance coverage (CDW) (for example with credit card) when you rent a car. Conventional wisdom suggests renting (hiring) a car that is an automatic transmission model. This is because many roads in Ireland are narrow, requiring the driver's full attention, so an automatic transmission allows the driver to focus on the road instead of the machine. However, selecting a manual transmission (stickshift) model will allow the driver to select a smaller vehicle which better fits the small roads and saves gas (petrol) without a noticeable loss of power. In addition, roundabouts are more common in Ireland than in many other countries. Navigating roundabouts is easier with a stickshift because you downshift for extra power to speed up coming out of the turn. It should be noted that traffic already on the roundabout has right of way over traffic entering it, just as in the US. If you are coming to Ireland for a holiday, there is always the option of hiring a chauffeur driven vehicle for the duration with a number of companies offering chauffeur tours including Kennedy & Carr Custom Travel [26] , TSI [27] , CIE Tours [28] and Lynott Tours [29] . Caravanning[ edit ] Holidaying using your own wheels is a popular and very enjoyable experience in Ireland. As the weather can change very rapidly, having the benefit of shelter whilst you drive caught on quickly in this corner of Europe. Unlike most of the rest of Europe, numerous free sites are available throughout the country for those on campervan style excursions across Ireland. However, finding these sites is not always easy- they are not documented on the web yet, although if you arrive in an area early, a simple query at the local council office will usually suffice. If you arrive into a town outside of office hours, normally the local person you ask will display typical Irish hospitality and point you in the right direction. Facilities vary, but fresh water and waste disposal are usually the required minimum. If facilities are poor, inform the local council, they will usually help. Taxis[ edit ] It is highly recommended that you call ahead to book a taxi. The hotel, hostel, or bed and breakfast you are staying in will usually call the cab company they work closely with for your convenience. Taxis should be reasonably easy to pick up on the streets in Dublin, Belfast and Cork but may be harder to find cruising the streets in smaller cities and towns so it is often best to telephone for one. It is recommended to call the cab company in advance if possible and give them a time to be picked up, no matter if it's 4 hours in advance or 30 minutes in advance. Work with the same cab company your hotel does and let them know your final destination if there is more than one stop. You will also need to give them a contact phone number over the phone, so if calling from a pay phone, be prepared for them to deny your claim for a taxi cab. The average waiting time may be anywhere from 5 to 30 minutes depending on demand and time of day. All Taxis in Republic of Ireland operate on a National Fare basis, so the price should be relatively easy to calculate. For more information, see the Commission of Taxi Regulation website [30] . Always ensure that the taxi you use has a meter, and that it is used for the duration of your journey. Rules of the Road/Road User Etiquette[ edit ] Driving and road rules in Ireland are similar to those of the United Kingdom - e.g. drive on the left and yield to the right on roundabout. The most noticeable difference is the fact that distances and speed limits are in kilometres per hour (km/h) in the Republic of Ireland. This can be confusing to anyone travelling across the border from Northern Ireland, which, like Britain, uses miles and miles per hour. The legal blood-alcohol limit is low, so it may be best to abstain. It is perfectly legal to temporarily use the hard shoulder to allow a faster moving vehicle overtake you, but remember that this maneouver is not allowed on a motorway. Drivers often 'thank' each other by flashing their hazard lights or waving - this is purely a convention. Road signs in the Republic are nominally bilingual, with place names displayed in Irish in italic font, with the corresponding English name in capitals immediately below. In the "Gaeltacht" areas (Irish-Speaking districts in the south-west (Kerry), west (Galway, Mayo), and north-west (Donegal), as well as other smaller gaeltacht areas in Meath and Waterford), road signs are written in Irish only. In Northern Ireland road signs are in English only and all distances are given in miles. There are five types of road classification: Speed limits are defaults for the road classification only - if a lower speed limit is signed, it must be obeyed. Urban areas generally have a 50km/h speed limit. M-roads (Motorways, indicated by white on blue signs; Speed limit 120km per hour) N-roads N1 - N50 (National Primary routes, main arterial routes indicated by white/yellow on green signs; Speed limit 100km per hour) N-Roads N51+ (National Secondary routes - green signs; Speed Limit 100km per hour) R-roads (Regional roads, indicated by black on white signs; Speed limit 80km per hour) L-roads (Local roads, white signs - rarely marked, although signage is improving) Ireland has an extensive motorway network which centers around Dublin. The main motorways are: The M50 (ring road around Dublin) The M1 (from Dublin to NI border) goes towards Belfast. The M2 (from Dublin to Ashbourne) towards Derry. The M3 (from Dublin to Cavan) The M4 (from Dublin to Mullingar) heads towards Sligo. The M7 (from Dublin to Limerick) The M8 (from junction with the M7 to Cork) The M9 (from Junction with the M7 to Waterford) The M11 (from Dublin to Wexford) along the east coast The M18 (from Limerick to Galway) Note that most motorways in the Republic have some tolled sections. Tolls are low by French or Italian standards, and vary from €1.90 upwards, depending on which motorway you are traveling on. Tolls are displayed a few kilometers from the plaza. For the visitor, it's important to note that the only tolled road that accepts credit cards is the M4 between Kilcock and Kinnegad. All others (except the M50) are Euro cash only, so take care if you're arriving from the North via the M1. The M50 is barrier free and accepts no cash. Cameras are located on overhead gantries between J6 & J7 which read your number plate. If you have registered before online or by phone €2.50 will be taken from your credit card. If you have not registered, you must go to a Payzone branded outlet and pay the toll there. This option costs €3. For 2010, the tolled sections and their charges (for private cars) are as follows: M1, Drogheda bypass section, €1.90 M3, entire route, 2 tolls each of 1.30 M4, Kilcock to Kinnegad section, €2.90 M7, Portlaoise to Castletown section, 1.80 M8, Fermoy bypass section, €2.70 M50,Prices vary €2 with eToll tag, €2.50 with video a/c and €3 with no a/c M50, Dublin Port Tunnel , €10 (0600-1000 Northbound, 1600-1900 Southbound); €3 (all other times and public holidays); Free for heavy goods vehicles (greater than 2.5t), buses with greater than 25 seats, and vehicles of disabled drivers (with proper permits) There are numerous routes of high quality dual carriageway, which are very near motorway standard; Dublin-Wicklow, Sligo-Collooney (Sligo), Mullingar-Athlone, and Cork-Middleton (Waterford). Lesser roads, are, in many parts, poorly signposted, the only indication of what route to take often being a finger-sign at the junction itself. The road surfaces can be very poor on the lesser used R- & L- numbered routes. Driving on regional and local roads in Ireland requires etiquette, courtesy and nerves of steel. Roads are generally narrow with little to no shoulder or room for error. Sight lines can be limited or non-existent until you are partway into the road. Caution should be taken when entering onto the roadway as well as when driving along it, with the understanding that around the next turn may be another motorist partway into the road. This is especially true in rural areas. Parking along the road, farm animals, as well as large lorries or machinery may also appear around the bend and be the cause for quick thinking or braking. It is not unusual for oncoming cars to navigate to a wide spot in the road to pass each other. On the other hand, when driving slower than following cars, it is common for drivers to allow others to pass or signal if the way is clear. Calculating driving time can be slower than expectations, due to the large increase in motorists and road conditions/hazards. Speed Limits[ edit ] As mentioned above, speed limits in the Republic of Ireland (but not in Northern Ireland ) are in kilometres per hour. The general maximum speed limits are as follows: Built-up area (e.g., in a residential or shopping district) - 50 km/h and sometimes 30 km/h Regional or Local Road (e.g., R292, R134, L12345, etc.) - 80 km/h National Road (e.g., N7, N17, N56, etc.) - 100 km/h Motorway (e.g., M1, M4, etc.) - 120 km/h Exceptions - M50 from the M1 to Junction 16 - 100km/h Local Councils may apply other limits in specific areas as required. Also when roads are being maintained or worked upon in some way, the limit may be temporarily changed. Car rental companies[ edit ] There is no shortage of car rental companies in Ireland with all of the major airports, cities, major towns and ports throughout Ireland being well catered for. Renting a car in Ireland is very similar to the processes elsewhere in that you need a credit card in your own name and a full driver's license for a minimum of two years without endorsement. Most car rental companies in Ireland apply a minimum age of 25 in order to rent a car, but in many cases you will need to be 28 in order to rent a full-size car. Car rentals in Ireland comes with the minimum insurance which will cover the car, but leave you with an excess deductible in the case of an accident. Additional insurance, known as Super Collision Damage Waiver, can be purchased to protect yourself against this excess when picking up the car. It is also possible to rent a campervan, and there are quite a number of companies offering campervans for hire. By plane[ edit ] With improvements to the Motorway network, Domestic flights in Ireland have been reduced drastically, and are now only available between Dublin and Kerry and Donegal. See also Rail travel in Ireland Intercity Train in Ireland Most trains in Ireland (all operated by the state-run Irish Rail [31] also known by their Irish name, Iarnród Éireann) operate to and from Dublin. Enormous expenditure on modernising the state-owned Irish Rail system is ongoing, including the introduction of many new trains. The frequency and speed of services is being considerably increased, especially on the Dublin-Cork line. If you book on-line for Intercity travel, be aware that there may be a cheaper fare option available to you at the ticket office in the train station itself. Not all special rates, e.g., for families, are available on line. Advance booking can result in big savings and booking can be made a month in advance, e.g. an adult return between Kerry and Dublin can cost €75 if booked for the next day but can cost as little as €20 - €30 if booked well in advance. Trains nearly always book out for major sporting events in Dublin such the GAA Semi-Finals and Finals and Major Rugby and Soccer Internationals. Pay notice to this if planning to travel on weekends during August and September. The 1st and 3rd Sunday of September see both All-Ireland finals held and buses and trains see a massive upsurge in Travel as well the main roads to the counties participating. Note that there are two main stations in Dublin - Connolly Station (for trains to Belfast, Dundalk, Sligo, Wexford and Rosslare) and Heuston Station (for trains to Cork, Limerick, Ennis, Tralee, Killarney, Galway, Westport, Kilkenny and Waterford.) In the Northern Ireland , almost all services are operated by NIR [32] (Northern Ireland Railways). In the Dublin city area the electrified DART [33] (acronym for Dublin Area Rapid transit) coastal railway travels from Malahide and the Howth peninsula in the North to Bray and Greystones in Co. Wicklow via Dún Laoghaire and Dublin city center. An interchange with main line services and the Luas Red line is available at Dublin Connolly. By tram[ edit ] Dublin has a tram system, known as Luas [34] (the Irish word for 'speed'). There are two lines. One (the red-line) operates from Dublin's Docklands starting at The Point (beside the O2 Arena) and the city centre (Connolly Station) to a large suburb south-west of the City (Tallaght) and the other (the green line) runs south-east (to Bride's Glen) from St Stephen's Green. Tickets must be puchased from machines before boarding the tram. Tickets are checked in the Luas at random by guards but generally ticketing works on a trust system. Thus free rides are possible, although not advisable, as the fines for fare-dodging can be quite high. The Luas tram provides a very useful link between Dublin's Connolly and Heuston railway stations. By bus[ edit ] Bus Éireann [35] (or Irish Bus) operates an extensive intercity network plus local services in major towns. Bus Eireann's website provides various options for buying online bus tickets which offer a small discount (about 5% to 8%) compared to buying them at the station or on the bus, which can be extremely expensive (example: €22 for 95km one-way journey Cork to Ballydehob in West Cork). Ulsterbus [36] operates bus services throughout the North. A number of privately-owned companies also provide intercity services. These include: JJ Kavanagh & Sons [37] operate an extensive intercity network directly from Dublin Airport and Shannon Airport to Limerick , Carlow , Waterford , Clonmel ,Kilkenny and Dublin city Center plus local services in some towns and cities. Many intercity bus services have free WiFi onboard. Citylink [38] provides frequent services from Galway to Dublin, Cork (via Limerick) and Clifden. Dublin Coach [39] connects Dublin with Limerick and Portlaoise. Notably, the Portlaoise service operates every hour 24/7. GoBus [40] runs a non-stop service between Galway and Dublin + Dublin Airport. Aircoach [41] connects Dublin with Belfast, Cork and other small towns in the Dublin area. By boat[ edit ] Shannon cruises are a leisurely way of traveling from one town to another. Dromineer and Carrick on Shannon are good bases. There are many canals in Ireland, and it is possible to travel by barge on some of them. By bicycle[ edit ] Ireland is beautiful for biking, but have a good touring bike with solid tires as road conditions are not always excellent. Biking along the south and west coasts you can be prepared for variable terrain, lots of hills and often into the wind. There are plenty of campgrounds along the way for long distance cyclists. The planned Eurovelo [42] cycle route in Ireland will connect Belfast to Dublin via Galway, and Dublin to Rosslare via Galway and Cork. Visit their website for updates on the status of the path. Dublin has some marked bicycle lanes and a few non-road cycle tracks. Traffic is fairly busy, but a cyclist confident with road cycling in other countries should have no special difficulties (except maybe for getting used to riding on the left). Note that, in Ireland, left turning cars have right of way over cyclists to their left. Cyclists have no special right of way over cars, particularly when using shared use paths by the side of a road, but share and get equal priority when in the traffic lane. Helmets are not legally required, but widely available for those who wish to use them. On the 13th of September 2009, Dublin Bikes was officially opened, making 400 bikes available to the public in around 40 stations across the city centre. The bikes are free to take for the first half hour, although a payment of €150 is required in case of the bike being stolen or damaged. When finished riding simply bring the bike back to any station and get your payment back. Climate[ edit ] Overall, Ireland has a mild but hot changeable oceanic climate with few extremes. In Ireland you may indeed experience 'four seasons in one day', so pack accordingly and keep up-to-date with the lastest weather forecast. No matter the weather, expect it to be a topic of conversation amongst the locals. You may notice slight differences in temperature between the north and south of the country, and more rain in the west compared with the east. Mean daily winter temperatures vary from 4°C to 7°C, and mean daily summer temperatures vary from 14.5°C to 16°C. Temperatures will rarely exceed 25°C and will rarely fall below -5°C. Regardless of when you visit Ireland, even in middle of the summer, you will more than likely experience rain, so if you intend being outdoors, a waterproof coat is recommended. Talk[ edit ] Portal Dolmen English is spoken everywhere but Irish (Gaeilge) is the first official language. It is part of the Goidelic branch of the Celtic family of languages. Most people have some understanding of Irish but it is used as a first language by approximately 170,000 people, most of whom live in rural areas known as the Gaeltachts. About 55% (c. 2,500,000) of people in the Republic claim to understand and speak the language. As the Gaeltachts are generally scenic areas it is likely that visitors will go there. Tourists are not expected to speak Irish, but attempts at speaking Irish with the locals are greatly appreciated. The language will also be noticeable on road signs, etc. For instance, a law was recently passed that changes the name of Dingle, County Kerry to An Daingean, the Irish version. This should not confuse visitors, as almost all recent maps carry placenames in both languages in Gaeltacht districts. In order to enter most Irish Universities, it is necessary for Irish citizens to have taken Irish to Leaving Certificate (Examinations taken on leaving secondary or high school) level, and passed. Indeed it is a compulsory language at school in the Republic, although its method of teaching has come under criticism. Nevertheless, although it has come under threat, and some resent being forced to learn the language, others see use of the language as an expression of national pride. There is some Irish language broadcasting on TV and radio. Irish is related (but certainly not identical) to Scottish Gaelic . The Ulster dialect of Irish has most in common with Scots Gaelic. However, some Irish people may take offense if you call Irish "Gaelic," as this is seen as being an incorrect term, and refers to the entire family of languages that includes Irish, Manx, and Scots Gaelic. Referring to it simply as "Irish" is a fine alternative. It is not necessary to know any Irish in order to get around in Ireland though it will be appreciated if you refer to public bodies, institutions and figures by their Irish titles. See[ edit ][ add listing ] This article or section does not match our manual of style or needs other editing. Please plunge forward , give it your attention and help it improve ! Suggested fixes: None specified. Please use the article's talk page to ask questions if you are not sure why this tag was added and whether it is safe to remove it. Blarney Castle - Located in County Cork This historic castle is known for its "Blarney Stone." Tradition is that if the Blarney Stone is kissed, one will be blessed with great eloquence, better known as "the gift of the gab." One kisses the stone by lying back and being held by an employee of the castle. Photographers are there to capture the moment! Cliffs of Moher - Located in County Clare One of Ireland's biggest and most visited tourist attractions. The Cliffs are 230 meters in height and tower over the Atlantic Ocean. This attraction, whilst beautiful in the Summer, can be a bit of a tourist trap. If you intend to take your own transport, the over-priced car park is your only option (since the road is too narrow to park on) and to purchase your 'pay-and-display' parking ticket, you will need to go all the way through the gift shop (on the opposite side of the road), before returning to place it in your car. Kilkenny - One of Ireland's favourite tourist spots, this Medieval Capital just 1 hour 40 minutes train out of Dublin City is a must see. Its beautiful buildings and of course imposing Norman Castle - not to mention the numerous festivals including the Arts Festival and Rhythm and Roots Festival - make Kilkenny a most desirable location. County Donegal - An amazing area to see if you have your own transport, as bus services can be fairly limited. This part of the country is very traditional and you can expect to see plenty of low stone walls, thatched roof houses, rugged hills, cliffs and golden sand beaches. Best visited during Spring or Summer, there are plenty of hills walks and photo opportunities waiting to be discovered. Do[ edit ][ add listing ] Bus Tours - For travellers wishing to experience Ireland on a budget, there are a variety of inexpensive bus tours in almost every part of the country. These tours can range from hop-on hop-off busses in major cities such as Dublin and Cork to 5-day trips through some of the most scenic parts of the country. The bus drivers/guides are generally well informed about Irish history and enjoy sharing local legends and songs with anyone happy to 'lend an ear'. Bunratty Castle County Clare The Irish love their sport. It is a country with many sports. The largest sporting organisation in Ireland, and the largest amateur sporting organisation in the world, is the Gaelic Athletic Association, more commonly referred to as the GAA. The GAA governs Ireland's two national sports which are Gaelic Football and Hurling. To those that have never seen it, Gaelic Football could at its simplest be described as a cross between soccer and rugby, but there is much more to it than that. Hurling is the fastest field game in the world. If it could be categorised into a group of sports, then it would be closest to the field hockey family, but Hurling is unique. No visit to Ireland, especially during the summer months, would be complete without seeing a Gaelic Football or Hurling match, ideally live but at least on the TV. The biggest matches of the year take place during summer culminating in the two finals which are both in September, on two separate Sundays. The All-Ireland Hurling Final is normally on the first Sunday of September and the All-Ireland Football final is on the third Sunday of September. These are the two largest individual sporting events in Ireland, so tickets are like gold dust. Croke Park, the venue for the two finals, has a capacity of 82,300 people, making it one of the largest stadiums in Europe. Those that can't get tickets will crowd around televisions and radios, and around the world Irish people will be watching or listening to the finals. While Gaelic Football and Hurling are the two biggest sports, Ireland has much else to offer in terms of sport. Ireland is a world leader in breeding and training race horses. There are many race tracks around the country and many big racing festivals throughout the year. Golf is another huge sport in Ireland. Ireland has many great professionals, but for the visitor there are many golf courses around the country. Golfing holidays are popular. Soccer and Rugby are also popular in Ireland. Ireland's rugby team in particular is amongst the best in the world. There are also many soccer clubs around Ireland and both sports have many competitions. Being an island, Ireland has many water sports. Sailing is big in Ireland. On the west coast in particular Ireland has very high seas, ideal for surfing, even if the weather isn't always great. Ireland has all these and many other sports. So if you want a sporting holiday, you could do worse than going to Ireland. Buy[ edit ][ add listing ] Ireland has the euro (€) as its sole currency along with 24 other countries that use this common European money. These 24 countries are: Austria , Belgium , Cyprus , Estonia , Finland , France , Germany , Greece , Ireland, Italy , Latvia , Lithuania , Luxembourg , Malta , the Netherlands , Portugal , Slovakia , Slovenia and Spain (official euro members which are all European Union member states) as well as Andorra , Kosovo , Monaco , Montenegro , San Marino and the Vatican which use it without having a say in eurozone affairs and without being European Union members. Together, these countries have a population of more than 330 million. One euro is divided into 100 cents. While each official euro member (as well as Monaco, San Marino and Vatican) issues its own coins with a unique obverse, the reverse, as well as all bank notes, look the same throughout the eurozone. Every coin is legal tender in any of the eurozone countries. In Ireland, the currency is pronounced as Euro, i.e. without the s, even for amounts worth €2 or higher. Stand Alone Cash machines (ATMs) are widely available in every city and town in the country and credit cards are accepted in 90% of outlets. Fees are not generally charged by Irish ATMs (but beware that your bank may charge a fee). Along border areas, as the UK pound sterling is currency in Northern Ireland, it is common for UK pounds to be accepted as payment, with change given in Euro. Some outlets, notably border petrol stations will give change in sterling if requested. (Fuel is now generally cheaper in the South, resulting in many Northern motorists purchasing their fuel South of the border.) Recent differences in prices of goods between the Irish Euro and the British Pound have resulted in increasing numbers of Irish shoppers crossing the border to purchase goods which are a lot cheaper in Northern Ireland than in the Republic. A November 2008 article in a Northern Newpaper highlighted how up to €350 can be saved by buying your Christmas shopping in Derry & Belfast in the North than in the likes of Letterkenny in Donegal. Only a few years ago when the Celtic Tiger was still very much alive and well the economic situation was reversed. ATMs[ edit ] ATMs are widely available throughout Ireland. Even in small towns it is unlikely that you will be unable to find an ATM. Many shops and pubs will have an ATM in store, and unlike the UK, they cost the same to use as 'regular' ATMs on the street. Though in-shop ATMs are slightly more likely to run out of cash and be 'Out of Service'. Credit Cards[ edit ] Mastercard, Maestro and Visa are accepted virtually everywhere. American Express and Diners Club are now also fairly widely accepted. Discover card is very rarely accepted and it would not be wise to rely on this alone. Most ATM's allow cash withdrawals on major credit cards and internationally branded debit cards. Tax Free Shopping[ edit ] If you are a tourist from a non-EU country, you may be able to receive a partial refund of VAT tax (which currently stands at 23%.) However, unlike some other countries, there is no unified scheme under which a tourist can claim this refund back. The method of refund depends solely on the particular retailer and so tourists should ask the retailer before they make a purchase if they wish to receive a VAT refund. One scheme retailers who are popular with tourists operate is private (ie. non-governmental) VAT refund agents. Using this scheme, the shopper receives a magnetic stripe card which records the amount of purchases and VAT paid every time a purchase is made and then claims the VAT back at the airport, minus commission to the VAT refund agent, which is often quite substantial. There are multiple such VAT refund agents and so you may need to carry multiple cards and make multiple claims at the airport. However, note that there may NOT be a VAT refund agent representative at the airport or specific terminal where you will be departing from, or it may not be open at the time you depart. In which case, getting a refund back could become more cumbersome as you may need to communicate with the VAT refund agent from your home country. If the retailer does not operate the VAT refund agent scheme, they may tell you that you all you have to do is take the receipt they produce to the airport and claim the refund at the VAT refund office at the airport. However, this is incorrect. Irish Revenue does not make any VAT refunds directly to tourists. Tourists are responsible for having receipts stamped by customs, either in Ireland upon departure or at their home country upon arrival and then send these receipts as proof of export directly to the Irish retailer which is obligated to make a VAT refund directly to the tourist. Therefore, for example, if you have made 10 different purchases at 10 different retailers, you will need to make 10 separate claims for refunds with every single retailer. Note, however, that some retailers do not participate in the scheme all together and so you may not be able to get any VAT refund from some retailers. Therefore, if you plan on receiving VAT tourist refund on your purchases in Ireland, you should be careful where you shop and which refund scheme they operate, if any. Eat[ edit ][ add listing ] Food is expensive in Ireland, although quality has improved enormously in the last ten years. Most small towns will have a supermarket and many have a weekly farmers' market. The cheapest option for eating out is either fast food or pubs. Many pubs offer a carvery lunch consisting of roasted meat, vegetables and the ubiquitous potatoes, which is usually good value. Selection for vegetarians is limited outside the main cities. The small town of Kinsale near Cork has become internationally famous for its many excellent restaurants, especially fish restaurants. In the northwest of the country Donegal Town is fast becoming the seafood capital of Ireland. Cuisine[ edit ] Irish stew and a pint of Guinness Irish cuisine can charitably be described as hearty: virtually all traditional meals involve meat (especially lamb and pork), potatoes, and cabbage. Long cooking times are the norm and spices are limited to salt and pepper. Classic Irish dishes include: Boxty, potato pancakes Champ, mashed potatoes with spring onions Coddle, a stew of potatoes, pork sausages and bacon; a speciality of Dublin Colcannon, mashed potatoes and cabbage Irish breakfast, a famously filling spread of bacon, eggs, sausages and white and/or black pudding, a type of pork sausage made with blood (black) or without (white). Irish Breakfast is often just refered to as a "fry", and is usually available well past normal breakfast times in restaurants. Mixed Grill. Similar to the Irish Breakfast, but with added lamb chop, chips, and peas. Irish stew, a stew of potatoes and lamb (not beef!), with carrots, celery and onions in a watery broth full of flavour Bacon and Cabbage, popular and traditional meal in rural Ireland, found on many menus Seafood Pie, a traditional dish of chunky fish pieces topped with mashed potato and melted cheese Note that the first four listed dishes (and their names) vary regionally, and are not common throughout the entire country. Try some gorgeous soda bread, made with buttermilk and leavened with bicarbonate of soda rather than yeast. It is heavy, tasty and almost a meal in itself! The days when potatoes were the only thing on the menu are long past, and modern Irish cuisine emphasizes fresh local ingredients, simply prepared and presented, and utilizes influences from many countries across the world. Ireland has also since embraced a cosmopolitan restaurant and food industry that has incorporated many novel varieties of cuisine. Common ingredients still include meat (especially lamb), seafood, and dairy, and Western meat staples found elsewhere, such as chicken and pork, are also regularly served in Ireland. Today, these elements have been blended with other ethnic techniques and flavor profiles found outside of strictly traditional Irish cuisine. In many instances, restaurants that serve ethnic food are more plentiful (and some would argue more appealing to locals) than classical Irish fare. Thai, Italian, American, and Mediterranean influenced food is plentiful in Ireland's larger cities and is very good. Etiquette[ edit ] Only basic table manners are considered necessary when eating out, unless you're with company that has a more specific definition of what is appropriate. As a general rule, so long as you don't make a show of yourself by disturbing other diners there's little else to worry about. It's common to see other customers using their mobile phones - this sometimes attracts the odd frown or two but goes largely ignored. If you do need to take a call, keep it short and try not to raise your voice. The only other issue to be concerned about is noise - a baby crying might be forgivable if it's resolved fairly quickly, a contingent of adults laughing very loudly every couple of minutes or continuously talking out loud may attract negative attention. However, these rules are largely ignored in fast-food restaurants, pubs and some more informal restaurants. Tipping[ edit ] Traditionally, tipping was never considered to be a necessity and was entirely optional. However, recently it has become common to tip up to 10% of the bill total. Some establishments will add a 10-15% service charge on top of the obligatory 13.5% Government VAT charge, especially for larger groups. If a service charge is levied, a tip would not normally be left, unless to reward exceptional service. If you were unhappy with the service, then you would normally leave no tip. Drink[ edit ][ add listing ] Matt Molloy's pub in Westport Co. Mayo Alcohol is very expensive in most areas of the Republic. Pints of Guinness start at €2 per pint in Galway, can get as high as €7.50 in Dublin, and does not become less expensive until you reach Northern Ireland. While in the North, pints of Guinness instantly become cheaper by €1.50 euro on average. Despite this, public houses (more commonly known as pubs) are plentiful and frequented often by locals in most cities in Ireland, though the environment in each can be substantially different depending on the time of day one attends. Nightclubs that serve alcohol can also be regularly found in Ireland, however they may charge a cover fee and higher prices for beverages than pubs. Ireland is the home of some of the world's greatest whiskey, having a rich tradition going back hundreds if not thousands of years. With around fifty popular brands today these are exported around the world and symbolise everything that is pure about Ireland and where a visit to an Irish distillery is considered very worthwhile. The Jameson distillery is a common tourist destination found near the center of Dublin. Another one of Ireland's most famous exports is stout, a dark, dry beer. The strong taste can be initially off-putting but perseverance is well-rewarded! The most famous variety is Guinness, brewed in Dublin and available throughout the country. Murphy's and Beamish stout are brewed in Cork and available mainly in the south of the country. Murphy's is slightly sweeter and creamier-tasting than Guinness, while Beamish has a strong, almost burnt taste. Several micro-breweries are now producing their own interesting varieties of stout, including O'Hara's in Carlow, the Porter House in Dublin and the Franciscan Well Brewery in Cork. Ales such as Smithwick's are also popular, particularly in rural areas. Bulmers Cider (known outside the Republic as 'Magners Cider') is also a popular and widely available Irish drink. It is brewed in Clonmel, Co. Tipperary. Nearly all the pubs in Ireland are 'free houses', i.e. they can sell drink from any brewery and are not tied to one brewery (unlike the UK). You can get the same brands of drink in all pubs in Ireland across the country. There are a small number of 'microbreweries' in Ireland, pubs which brew their own speciality drinks. They are a recent occurrence and can mostly be found in Dublin. Despite the (sometimes negative) reputation about Irish people loving their drink, most pubs in Ireland will have the same small collection of drinks. All pubs (and nightclubs) in Ireland by law have to close by a certain time, depending on venue and the day. This varies from 11:30pm to 1:30am, to 3:30am. The owners will flash the lights (or less commonly sometimes ring a bell) to signal that it is almost 'closing time', this is 'last orders' and is your last chance to get a drink. When the pub (or club) wants to close, they will frequently turn on all the lights as a signal for people to finish up and leave. It is important to note that it is illegal to smoke in all pubs and indeed places of work in Ireland. Many pubs and restaurants have provided 'smoking areas' outside their premises where space has allowed them to. The other competitor for national drink of Ireland is tea. The Irish drink more tea per capita than any other people in the world. Cork, Dublin and Galway abound with slick, stylish coffee bars, but if you visit any Irish home you will probably be offered a cup of tea (usually served with milk, unless you explicitly state otherwise!). Coffee is also widely drunk in Ireland. (If you don't drink tea, you drink coffee!) Sleep[ edit ][ add listing ] There are hotels of all standards including some very luxurious. Bed and Breakfast is widely available and a wide selection of Tourist Board Approved bed and breakfasts can be found on the B&B Ireland website [43] . These are usually very friendly, quite often family-run and good value. There are independent hostels which are marketed as Independent Holiday Hostels of Ireland [44] , which are all tourist board approved. There is also an official youth hostel association - An Óige [45] (Irish for The Youth). These hostels are often in remote and beautiful places, designed mainly for the outdoors. There are official campsites although fewer than many countries (given the climate). Wild camping is tolerated, although you should seek permission if it is directly within eye shot of the landowners house. Never camp in a field in which livestock are present. There are also specialist places to stay such as lighthouses, castles and ringforts. Learn[ edit ] No stay in Ireland is complete without sampling its magnificent language, first language to thousands across the island. A few common phrases are easy to pick up. It is however important to note that the vast majority of Irish people do not speak, or in many cases understand, the Irish language with any degree of fluency. A tourist using the Irish language will very often be greeted with indifference. Some Useful Irish Phrases: How are you? Conas atá tú?/Cén chaoi ina bhfuil tú? (cunas a taw two) (cane cwe in a vuill two) Hello: Dia dhuit Thank you: Go raibh maith agat (guh rev mah agat) Excuse me: Gabh mo leithscéal (Go muh leh scayl) What's your name? Cad is ainm duit? (cod is an im dit(ch)) Cheers!: Sláinte (slawn cha) You can learn many interesting facts about Ireland's history and culture. One of the things Ireland is most famous for is Irish dancing. (Riverdance, a popular show centered on Irish step dancing, started in Ireland.) Irish traditional music is also popular throughout. Ireland has internationally-respected universities, including the venerable Trinity College Dublin (the only college of the University of Dublin). The National University of Ireland has constituent colleges in Dublin, Galway, Cork and Maynooth. Other colleges/universities include Dublin City University (DCU), University of Limerick (UL), Institues of Technology in the larger towns/cities around the country and other higher education colleges. Literature has many great Irish authors (writing in both Irish and in English), including James Joyce, Samuel Beckett, Oscar Wilde, Brendan Behan and Oliver Goldsmith. The writer of Gulliver's Travels, Dean Jonathan Swift, was from Dublin, and poets W. B. Yeats and Patrick Kavanagh also hailed from Ireland. There are many literary tourist attractions and tours in Dublin, especially. Work[ edit ] Ireland is part of the European Union/European Economic Area, and as such any EU/EEA or Swiss national has an automatic right to take up employment in Ireland. Non EU/EEA citizens will generally require a work permit and visa. Further information can be found on Citizens Information [46] , the Irish government's public services information website. Stay safe[ edit ] The police force is known as An Garda Síochána (or just "Garda"), and police officers as Garda (singular) and Gardaí (plural, pronounced Gar-dee), though informally the English term Guard(s) is usual. The term Police is rarely used, but is of course understood. Regardless of what you call them, they are courteous and approachable. Uniformed members of the Garda Síochána do not, unlike the Police force in Northern Ireland , carry firearms. Firearms are, however, carried by detectives and officers assigned to Regional Support Units and the Emergency Response Unit (ERU), a tactical unit similar to SWAT. Police security checks at Shannon Airport can be tough if you are a solo-traveller. Crime is relatively low by most European standards and are mainly fueled by alcohol. Late night streets in larger towns and cities can be dangerous, as anywhere. In the absolute majority of situations, however, taking a taxi home at night instead of walking and avoiding the visibly inebriated will keep you out of trouble. If you need Gardaí, ambulance, fire service, coast guard or mountain rescue dial 999 or 112 as the emergency number; both work from landlines and mobile phones. Road safety is well maintained, and Ireland has a reputation for having some of the safest roads in Europe. However, this is not a accolade upheld in rural areas, where small towns and villages are carpeted by roads filled with potholes, many of which can go unfixed for weeks. Most of the roads in the country are also very narrow and winding, and there has been a recent increase in traffic density. Keep a sharp eye open for potholes and speeding cars if you happen to leave any of the major cities in a rented vehicle. Smoking[ edit ] Since March 2004 almost all enclosed places of work, including bars, restaurants, cafés, etc., in Ireland have been designated as smoke-free. Rooms in Hotels and Bed & Breakfast establishments are not required by law to be smoke-free. Even though they are not obliged to enforce the ban, owners of these establishments are, however, free to do so if they wish. Most hotels have designated some bedrooms or floors as smoking and some as non-smoking, so you should specify at the time of booking if you have a preference either way. The smoking ban also applies to common areas within buildings. This means for example that corridors, lobby areas and reception areas of buildings such as apartment blocks and hotels are also covered under the law. Most larger bars and cafés will have a (covered) outdoor smoking area, often with heating. If one does not exist be aware that it is illegal to consume alcohol on the street so you may have to leave your drink at the bar. Any person found guilty of breaching the ban on smoking in the workplace may be subject to a fine of up to €3,000. Respect[ edit ] Visitors to Ireland are likely to find the Irish to be among the most courteous nationalities in the world. It is not uncommon for locals to approach confused looking visitors and offer to help. Often, in smaller towns and villages (especially on rural roads), if you pass somebody unknown to you, it is customary to say hello. They may instead simply greet you by asking "how are you?", or another similar variation. It is polite to respond to this greeting, but it is not expected that you would give any significant detail on how you really are! If the person is a stranger - a simple hello and/or "how are you?" or a simple comment on the weather will suffice! In this regard, try something like "Grand day!" (if it isn't raining, of course). The response will often be "It is indeed, thank God". When driving on rural roads (particularly where a driver has to pull in to allow you to pass), it is customary to wave "thanks" to the other driver, by raising your hand from the steering wheel. This is particularly prevalent in rural areas of the West of Ireland where many drivers will automatically wave at everyone who drives past them. A polite hand wave (or even with just the index finger raised from the steering wheel) is customary and will be appreciated. When accepting gifts, a polite refusal (such as, "No really you shouldn't") is common after the initial offer of the item. Usually, this is followed with an insistence that the gift or offer is accepted, at which point your answer is likely to become more recognised. However, some people can be very persuasive and persistent. This usually isn't intended to be over-bearing, just courteous. One thing which some visitors may find disconcerting is the response an Irish person may give to a "thank you". Most Irish people will respond with something along the lines of "It was nothing" or "not at all". This does not mean that they didn't try hard to please, but rather it is meant to suggest "I was happy to do it for you, so it was not any great difficulty" (even though it may have been!). The Republic of Ireland and Britain undoubtedly have notable similarities. However, Irish people generally take great pride in the cultural differences that also exist between Ireland, Northern Ireland and Britain. Locals can be quite offended by tourists who do not acknowledge or show respect to these differences. Indeed, it is not uncommon for visitors (both before and after arrival into the country) to incorrectly assume that all of Ireland is a part of the United Kingdom (similar to Scotland and Wales). This incorrect assumption will generally cause offense and/or bemusement to locals, who take pride in the Republic of Ireland's status as a state independent of the United Kingdom. This may lead to genuine curiosity about the differences between Northern Ireland and the Republic. Public or semi-public discussions about religious differences, political views and 20/21st century troubles are generally avoided by locals on both sides of the border. This is because opinions between individuals are so vastly divided and unyielding, that most Irish people (of moderate views) have grown accustomed to simply avoiding the topics in polite conversation. Most Irish people are moderate in their views. However, it is wise to avoid any political or religious discussion unless you are invited to discuss these topics. Tourists (who are often fascinated by the history of the division) would be advised to show respect and caution if they choose to discuss the differences of opinion that still exist on historical matters. The Irish are renowned for their upbeat sense of humor. However, their humor can sometimes be difficult to understand for more unfamiliar tourists. Joking on almost any topic will be welcomed, and although mild facetious racism will fetch a chuckle from some, anything needlessly disparaging will not be tolerated by most. Most Irish people are quite happy for friendly jibes regarding the Irish love of potatoes and drinking alcohol. However, jokes regarding recent Irish crises, be it the potato famine of the 19th Century (in which approximately two million people died or fled) or the Troubles (whose aftereffects still bother the country from time to time), should be avoided in any conversation. Joking about these topics could in many instances cause a similar amount of offense (for example) as joking about the Holocaust would among Jewish people. If the official name of an institution is in Irish (such as the Oireachtas or Gardaí), try to use the Irish name, even if you are unsure as to the correct pronunciation. Irish people will generally be understanding and appreciate the effort even if you get it wrong, whereas they will often consider it culturally ignorant and rude if you simply use the English term instead. LGBT visitors will find that most Irish people are tolerant of same-sex couples, whether cordially or begrudgingly. Some may find themselves the target of stares and the butt of mild jokes if they display affection publicly. This is normally the Irish sense of humor, but if one feels this is not the case then common sense should prevail, and failing that the Gardaí should be called. Contact[ edit ] Phone numbers in this guide are given in the form that you would dial them from within Ireland. This form in general is a two- or three-digit area code (always begins with a 0), and the local number, which may be from five to seven digits long. When dialling a land line number from another land line within the same area (i.e., the same area code) the area code can be ignored, and the local number only is required. By mobile[ edit ] There are more mobile phones than people in the Republic of Ireland, and the majority of these are prepaid. Phone credit is available in very many retailers, usually in denominations from €5 to €40. Be aware, that some retailers charge a small commission on this credit, while many others don't, so it does pay to shop around. All mobile numbers begin with 087, 086, 085 or 083 (this code must be dialled regardless of location or operator of dialler). Mobiles are cheap by European standards to buy, and if staying for more than 2 months, it could be cheaper to buy a phone than phone cards. A tri- or quad-band GSM phone will work, but you should check that your operator has a roaming agreement. It can be expensive to receive and make phone calls while roaming. You can also buy a cheap prepay SIM card if you have an unlocked handset. This can be considerably cheaper as it means that you will be assigned an Irish number which you can be called at during your trip and your outgoing calls are charged at normal Irish mobile rates. If you do not have an unlocked tri- or quad-band GSM phone then is possible to buy a mobile phone in Ireland from any of the cell phone companies. If you need a cell phone number before you travel, you can rent a phone from - Rentaphone Ireland [47] . Phones that have the 1800MHz band but not 900MHz will work but coverage is extremely poor outside urban areas. Ireland has 4 mobile networks (prefix code in brackets.) Additional virtual networks such as Tesco mobile exit which piggy-back on the infrastructure of another network Operator Calling Home[ edit ] Pay phones are fairly widely available (but becoming less so) and most take euro coins, prepaid calling cards and major credit cards. You can also reverse charges/call collect or use your calling card by following the instructions on the display. for dial internationally: 00 + country code + area code + local number To dial Northern Ireland from Ireland a special code exists; drop the 028 area code from the local Northern Ireland and replace it with 048. This is then charged at the cheaper National Irish rate, instead of an international rate. To dial an Irish number from within Ireland: Simply dial all of the digits including the area code. You can, optionally, drop the area code if you're calling from within that area, but it makes no difference to the cost or routing. Fixed line numbers have the following area codes: 01 (Dublin and parts of surrounding counties) 02x (Cork area) 09xx (Midlands and West) Operator service is unavailable from pay phones or mobile phones. Emergency Service dial 999 or 112 (Pan European code that runs in parallel). This is the equivilant of 911 in the US/Canada and is free from any phone. Directory information is provided by competing operators through the following codes (call charges vary depending on what they're offering and you'll see 118 codes advertised heavily): 118 11 (eircom) 118 50 (conduit) 118 90 These companies will usually offer call completion, but at a very high price, and all of them will send the number by SMS to your mobile if you're calling from it.	i don't know
Name the witch who is the best friend of 'Buffy The Vampire Slayer'?	Witch (episode) \| Buffyverse Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia This was the first use of witchcraft, pyrokinesis , telekinesis , and body switching . Xander's attraction to Buffy was made clear when he gave her a bracelet. However, it was also implied that Buffy did not share the same feelings for him as she claimed that Xander was not like other boys, but rather like one of the girls which is how much she was comfortable with him. Giles is briefly knocked out, for the first of many times to come. Xander makes a brief reference to being so embarrassed that he wishes someone would drive a railroad spike through his head, an unintentional reference to the favored murder method of future enemy - and even later ally - Spike . Willow casts her first spell to identify the witch. This is the first instance of the "black eyes" when strong magic was being used. Despite failing and quitting with cheerleading, Buffy is sometimes still mentioned as so. Darla references her as "that cheerleader" in " Dear Boy ", and Twilight calls her "that goofy little cheerleader" in " Last Gleaming ." Buffy asks her mother if she would like to be sixteen again, and her mother is horrified at the thought; Joyce would, in fact, regress to her teenage years again in the episode Band Candy . Trying to prevent Amy to enter into the Science lab room, Willow use stereotype terms against the witch. Ironically, Willow later becomes also a witch and often criticizes the same stereotypes. Appearances Willow: So in der Art. which translated back to English would roughly be: Willow: Her mom is a real ... Buffy: Superwoman? Willow: Something like that. References to Hitler , Nazis , and the Holocaust in U.S. films and TV series are routinely cut out by German translators. Another example of this is " Phases ". Deleted Scenes Xander: "Hey, we've fought vampires. Anything else'll be a walk in the park." Insight from Giles [2] Giles: "If I had the power of the black mass, I'd set my sights a little higher than making the pep squad." An exchange between Xander and Willow [2] Xander: "Wow, you've got a killer streak I've never seen before. Hope I never cross you." Willow: "I do, too. Then I'd have to carve you up into little pieces." An oldie but a goodie from Giles [2] Giles: "Yes, the ducking stool! We throw her in the pond. If she floats, she's a witch; if she drowns, she's innocent...[then off their looks]...some of my texts are a bit outdated." Pop Culture References When Buffy discovers that Amy (actually Catherine) is a witch she says "she's our Sabrina", referring to Sabrina, the Teenage Witch . Coincidentally, the actress who plays Catherine Madison played another witch in the first season of Sabrina, the Teenage Witch. Additionally, Sarah Michelle Gellar was friends with Melissa Joan Hart, who portrayed Sabrina in the series. Ironically, Gellar was an early choice to play Sabrina for the pilot movie; there were also rumors of her playing the part in a possible reboot after the original series ended. Xander references the Human Torch when speculating on Amber's combustion. When Buffy wakes up in bed, she is wearing a t-shirt with a black cat on the front, an animal frequently associated with witchcraft. Buffy and Joyce reference the actress Farrah Fawcett and Sally Field's " Gidget " character, who were known in the 60's and 70's when discussing hairstyles. While talking about Amy's mother, Buffy says "so Mommie Dearest is really Mommie Dearest", a reference to the book and later movie Mommie Dearest by Joan Crawford's daughter Christina, which claimed Crawford was an abusive mother. Goofs, Bloopers & Continuity Errors Giles says that the reversal spell was his "first casting"; this is revealed to be false in " The Dark Age " (Although, given how Giles's past experience with magic turned out, he may have simply been lying to try and distance himself from that past, never believing that anything from that time of his life would return to haunt him). The sign for the cheerleading tryouts says 1996, but the episode was supposed to take place in 1997. The pen Willow is holding and talking to Xander about changes position between shots. When Cordelia is blinded you can see the white contact lenses which Charisma Carpenter is wearing. The levels of liquid in the test tube changes. Music This is the first episode in which no vampires appear. This is the first episode without an appearance by Angel. This is the first episode with no deaths, as Catherine technically did not die. Quotes Giles - (upset) "This is madness! What can you have been thinking? You are the Slayer! Lives depend upon you!" (begins pacing) "I make allowances for your youth, but I expect a certain amount of responsibility, and instead of which you enslave yourself to this, this... (stops pacing) Cult?" Buffy - (wearing a cheerleader outfit) "You don't like the color?" Catherine - (as Amy, stirs the green brew in the cauldron a little) "Give me the power. Give me the dark. (She goes to get another doll from her rack) I call on you, the laughing gods. (She yanks one of the dolls off of the rack) Let your blackness crawl beneath my skin. (She wraps Cordelia's scrunchie around the doll's head) Accept this sacrifice... of Cordelia. Feed on her." (She drops the doll into the brew) Giles - "You have a sacred birthright, Buffy. You were chosen to destroy vampires, not to... wave pompoms at people. And as the Watcher, I forbid it." Buffy - "And you'll be stopping me how?" Giles - "Well, I..." (sits on the edge of the table and crosses his arms) "By appealing to your common sense, if such a creature exists." Buffy - "I will still have time to fight the forces of evil, okay? I just wanna have a life, I wanna do something normal. Something safe." Willow - "I told Buffy about Amber." Xander - "Cool! Was she wearin' it? The bracelet, she was wearin' it, right? Pretty much like we're goin' out." Willow - "Except without the hugging or kissing or her knowing about it." Xander - "So I'm just a figure of fun." (exhales) "I should ask her out, right?" Willow - "You won't know till you ask." Xander - "That's why you're so cool! You're like a guy! You're my guy friend that knows about girl stuff!" Willow - "Oh, great. I'm a guy." Xander - "One of those girls hit me really hard! You should test for steroids. Okay, not only did you make the team, but you, Miss Summers, are the first alternate, and Amy's number three." (Amy looks at Buffy, badly disappointed, and leaves) Xander - "And what a better way to celebrate than with a romantic drive through..." Willow - "Xander, alternates are the ones who didn't make the team. They only fill in if something happens to the ones who did." Buffy - "Excuse me." (heads off to console Amy) Xander - (sounding disappointed) "For I am Xander, King of Cretins. May all lesser cretins bow down before me." Joyce - "Well, I was thinking. I know the cheerleading thing didn't work out... Maybe you should think about joining the yearbook staff. I did, it was a lot of fun." Buffy - "Not really my tip, mom." (opens the refrigerator) Joyce - "I was, uh, photo editor. I got to be on every page, made me look much more popular than I was." Buffy - "And have you seen the kids that do yearbook? Nerds pick on them." (walks to her bag) Joyce - (insulted) "Some of the best times I had in school were working on the yearbook!" Buffy - (faces her mom) "Oh, this just in: I'm not you! I'm into my own thing." Joyce - "Your own thing, whatever it is, got you kicked out of school, and we had to move here to find a decent school that would take you!" (Buffy is hurt. She takes her bag and starts to go) Joyce - "Honey, uhhh..." (after Buffy leaves) "Uhhh! Great parenting form! Little shaky on the dismount." Mr. Pole - "Nice of you to join us, Cordelia. We didn't keep you waiting or anything, did we? It's your turn to drive." (to the others) "Okay, people, let's buckle up." Cordelia - (goes around the front of the car) "I don't wanna drive today, Mr. Pole." Mr. Pole - "You've flunked Driver's Ed. twice already. Show me some moves, or you'll be taking the bus to college." Giles - "Witchcraft. Blinding your enemy to disorient and disable them is, it's classic!" Xander - "First vampires, now witches. No wonder you can still afford a house in Sunnydale." Xander - "I laugh in the face of danger. Then I hide until it goes away." Buffy - "You guys don't have to get involved." Xander - "What do you mean? We're a team. Aren't we a team?" Willow - "Yeah, you're the Slayer , and we're, like, the Slayerettes ." Giles - "But that's the thrill of living on the Hellmouth! There's a veritable cornucopia of, of fiends and devils and, and ghouls to engage." (sees their puzzled looks) "Pardon me for finding the glass half full." Buffy - "Mom, I've accepted that you've had sex. I am not ready to know that you had Farrah hair." Joyce - "This is Gidget hair. Don't they teach you anything in history?" Amy - "Her nickname was 'Catherine the Great'. She took that team and made them tri-county champions. Y'know, no one's ever done that before, or since. She and my dad were Homecoming King and Queen. They got married right after graduation." Buffy - "That's kinda romantic." Amy - "Well, he was a big loser. Never made any money. Ran off with Miss Trailer Trash when I was twelve." Buffy - "Okay, that part's less romantic. My folks split up, too." Amy - "Drag, huh? Uh, he left my mom with nothing." Xander - "Nah, I gotta be a man and ask her out. Y'know, I gotta stop giving her ID bracelets, uh, subtle innuendoes, taking Polaroids outside of her bedroom window late at night, that last part is a joke to relieve the tension because here she comes." (Buffy comes out of a classroom and walks toward them) "Okay, into battle I go." (quickly turns to Willow) "Would you ask her out for me?" Giles - "Why would anyone want to harm Cordelia?" Willow - "Maybe because they met her? (off their looks) Did I say that?" Catherine - (interrupts, incredulous) "I don't care about cheerleading! It's not my fault she's doing stuff." (Buffy sees the brownies and begins to realize who Catherine really is) Giles - "As her mother you should assume some responsibility for her actions." Catherine - (laughs) "Well, you know, these kids today! I..." (calms down a bit) "She's out of her mind. Ever since dad, her dad... left I can't control her." (Buffy slowly gets up) Giles - "You're afraid of her?" Buffy - "Amy?" (Catherine looks at Buffy and realizes she's been found out; Giles looks at Buffy, still puzzled) "Are you Amy?" Giles - (looks back at Catherine) "I don't understand." Buffy - "She switched! She switched your bodies, didn't she?" (Catherine looks down, defeated) Giles - (the meaning of Buffy's words dawns on him) "Good Lord!" Buffy - "She wanted to relive her glory days." Catherine - (looks back up) "She said I was wasting my youth. So she took it." Amy - (as Catherine, to Buffy, sounding distraught) "I didn't know anything about her powers. I mean, when dad was here they would fight and yell and he would... call her a witch and... I mean, I would, just thought he meant... Oh, God, when he left I wanted to go with him. But she wouldn't even let me call. She went crazy. I mean, she'd lock herself upstairs for days, and she was always coming down on me, telling me I didn't deserve to have it so easy, and that I didn't know… how hard it was to be her, and... I guess she showed me, huh?" Buffy - (takes Catherine's hand in a comforting gesture) "Amy, it's gonna be okay." Cheerleaders - "Go, Sunnydale go! Go, Sunnydale go! Go! Six, seven, eight! Go Sunnydale go! Go, Sunnydale go! Go, Sunnydale go! Go! Six, seven, eight! Go Sunnydale go! Go, Sunnydale go! Go, Sunnydale go! Go! Six, seven, eight! Go Sunnydale go! Go, Sunnydale go! Go, Sunnydale go! Go!" (yells from the cheerleaders) Catherine - (confronts Amy, who is now back in her own body and holding the fire axe in both hands) "You! You little brat!" Amy - (holds up the axe threateningly) "Mom! Please!" (Catherine holds out her hand, and the axe flies from Amy's hands to hers.) Catherine - "How dare you raise your hand to your mother! I gave you birth. I gave up my life so you could drag that worthless carcass around and call it living?" (She slams the axe onto a lab table, making Amy jump a little) "You've never been anything but trouble. I'm going to put you where you can't make trouble again!" Amy - "My dad is so impossible. He doesn't ever want me going anywhere! He wants to spend total quantity time together. And I'm like, 'Dad, I can go out, it's perfectly safe!' But he's got all this guilt about leaving me with my mom. And he's being a total pain." Buffy - (smiles at Amy) "You're loving it." Amy - (grinning as though in agreement with Buffy) "Every single minute. This Saturday night he wants to stay in and make brownies. Well, the brownies were my idea." (Cordelia comes in) Cordelia - "Hey, I'm really sorry you guys got bumped back to alternate. Hold it, wait. No, I'm not." Amy - "Well, I know that I'll miss the intellectual thrill of spelling out words with my arms." Cordelia - "Ooo, these grapes are sour." Amy - "Catherine the Great." Buffy - "And there's been no sign of her?" Amy - "That last spell... she said I'd never make trouble again. Wherever she is, I don't think we'll have to worry." (They both look at Catherine's cheerleading trophy.) Buffy - "Twisted." (They turn and go.) References ↑ "Nielsen Ratings for Buffy's First Season." http://home.insightbb.com/~wahoskem/buffy1.html ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Golden, Christopher, and Nancy Holder. The Watcher's Guide, Vol. 1. New York: Pocket Books, 1998.	Willow
Which American singer-songwriter's only British hit was in 1965 with 'Eve Of Destruction'?	Buffy the Vampire Slayer's Influence on Baby Names \| Parents Buffy the Vampire Slayer's Influence on Baby Names Buffy the Vampire Slayer's Influence on Baby Names By Lisa Milbrand Comments It's been exactly a decade since Buffy staked her last vampire on network TV. But you can see the influence of Joss Whedon's most popular creation, Buffy the Vampire Slayer , in more than just TV shows like Vampire Diaries and True Blood—you can see it in the rise in popularity of a few key characters' names. Nameberry's had a whole series of articles about Joss's naming prowess —and a lot of debate about whether people would pick some of the more controversial names (i.e. Spike). I admit that Xander was tops on my list, if we'd had a boy instead of two lovely ladies. Check out what became of these names after the show ended. Buffy If a kick-ass vamp slayer like Ms. Summers can't resurrect Buffy from the dead, nothing will. And though she saved the world (a lot), she wasn't able to save her name from remaining at the bottom of the heap. Buffy is among the goofiest nicknames for Elizabeth . Angel Buffy's true love—a vampire with a soul—gets the deep name of Angel. The name was on an upswing before the show even aired, but it's been a consistent top 100 choice ever since. Willow The nature name Joss chose for Buffy's geek-chic best friend (and future most-powerful-witch-in-the-universe) was barely in the top 1000 when the show started, and now is continuing its rise, currently ranking as the 171st most popular name for girls in the U.S. (You can also thank Will and Jada Smith, who picked it for their daughter during this same timeframe.) Xander This short form of Alexander clearly got a boost from its pop culture association—it didn't even register on the charts when the show first aired, and it's now nearing the top 200 names. You can bet, too, that more than a few of the babies named Alexander (it's currently #9 on the charts) actually go by Xander instead. Cordelia Buffy's high-school mean-girl frenemy scored a name that wasn't exactly apropos (it's Latin for "heart"). Despite its sweet meaning, its illustrious past (it's one of King Lear's daughters in Shakespeare's masterpiece), and this pop-culture reference, it still hasn't cracked the top 1000 names in decades. Anya This Russian variant on Ann was picked for a former vengeance demon and reluctant member of Buffy's "Scooby Gang," and perhaps one of my favorite characters on the show. The name zoomed up the charts after the character was introduced in the show, and it's currently in the top 400 names. Rupert Sadly, neither Buffy's guiding force, Watcher Rupert Giles, nor Rupert Grint, the actor who played Ron Weasley in the Harry Potter series, was able to bring this name into prominence in the U.S. (It is still pretty popular in the UK, though.) I kind of like the funky "Ripper" nickname the bookish Mr. Giles had from his bad-boy rebellious stage. Spike If you're really daring, you might want to name your child after Buffy's other great love—one of the most vicious vamps around, who Buffy helped tame. But you might be better off giving your child this character's given name, top-10 classic William , and then just calling him Spike around the house. Faith There's a whole convoluted story about how Buffy went from being the only slayer in the world to having a second one to join her fight. And Faith represented the wild side of Slayerdom—and later became a good girl gone bad. Faith was already on the rise into the top 100 when the character appeared—and it's had continued popularity ever since. Wesley If your only experience with Wesley Wyndham-Pryce was Buffy, you probably wouldn't be too keen on the name—Faith's Watcher Guide was a major-league prig and a bit of a wuss. But his character was developed more extensively on the spinoff series Angel, where he became quite a hero. Unfortunately, he seemed to have little positive effect on the course of the name—it made a small dip during the series run, but is now back up near the top 150 names for boys in the U.S. There were some other great choices, too—I loved the names Warren and Glory , even if they were major league baddies. Were you a big-league Buffy fan—or a fan of any of these names? What was your favorite episode? Want to vote on a few fab baby names? Check out our Name Game for more. (Oh, and don't forget to like In Name Only on Facebook to keep up with the latest in baby names!) Image: Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Courtesy of 20th Century Fox	i don't know
"According to Tobias Smollet, who was ""the great cham(ruler) of literature""?"	What are James Boswell's styles and techniques in his The Life of Samuel Johnson ? \| eNotes What are James Boswell's styles and techniques in his The Life of Samuel Johnson ? Stephen Holliday \| College Teacher \| (Level 1) Distinguished Educator Posted on July 12, 2012 at 8:34 PM Boswell's The Life of Samuel Johnson, published in 1791, is still considered to be the finest biography in the English language and is the single best source for our knowledge of Samuel Johnson in his interactions with his friends and acquaintances. In an entry in his journal in 1780, Boswell noted: "I told Erskine I was to write Dr. Johnson's life in scenes. He approved." Boswell's early intention to capture Johnson's life "in scenes" is particularly important because, much later, Boswell also observed that the best biography of Johnson would reflect not only what he wrote but what he "said, and thought: by which mankind are enabled as it were to see him live. . . ." Boswell's narrative technique, for the most part, centers on the alternation of quoting lengthy passages from Johnson's voluminous writings and the inclusion of Boswell's own authorial interpretations of Johnson's life. For example, rather than relying on Johnson's own recollections of his life, Boswell adds his own observations of Johnson's behavior: He had no settled plan of life, nor looked forward at all, but merely lived from day to day. Yet he read a great deal in a desultory manner, without any scheme of study, as chance threw books in his way. . . . If we are looking for merely objective observations of Johnson, we must be disappointed, but if we seek an interpretation of Johnson, then Boswell has met that goal admirably. Consistent with Boswell's style, he does not evaluate Johnson's behavior in this observation; he merely adds an observation that could only be made by someone with an intimate understanding of Johnson's private history. The observation that Johnson lived from "day to day" and that he read in a "desultory manner" is characteristic of an omniscient or limited omniscient narrator. Boswell's style throughout the biography is to establish a setting in which he can show Johnson in the best light and then to depict the scene in such detail, using dialogue to add verisimilitude, that the reader feels like an ease dropper at a private conversation. One of the results of this technique is that Boswell becomes the authoritative keeper of Johnson's actions and words across a wide range of Johnson's later life when he had become, according to the novelist Tobias Smollett, the "Great Cham of Literature." Our understanding of Johnson, therefore, is a carefully crafted memory recorded and created by Boswell himself. In a sense, Boswell's style in the biography mirrors Johnson's own--when he is interpreting or commenting on Johnson's behavior, Boswell's prose can be relatively ponderous, solemn--slow--but when he recounts scenes in which Johnson acts or speaks, the style is lively, replicating the cadence of conversation and creating a picture of Johnson's interaction with friends and acquantainces. More important, however, Boswell's technique of recording Johnson's words creates a new kind of biography in which a man's actual words become his legacy, perhaps the greatest service Boswell could have performed as Johnson's biographer.	Samuel Johnson
Which US boxing champion had the nickname 'Hit Man'?	Literature \| Louis Stott's Blog Louis Stott's Blog Cauld winter was howlin’ o’er muir and oe’r mountains And wild was the surge on the dark rolling sea When I met about daybreak a bonnie young lassie Who asked me the road and the miles to Dundee Traditional 1\|11\|1778 \| Mary Brunton (Balfour), novelist, born, Orkney. Her novels will include Self Control (1810) and Discipline (1814). \|2.1101.01<b> 1\|11\|1897 Naomi Mitchison, author, born, Edinburgh. \|\|2.1101.02<b> 1\|11\|1922 \| The Porpoise Press established. It will play an important part in the modern Scottish Lierary Renaissance \|2.1101.03<b> 1\|11\|1950 \| Raymond Vetesse, poet, born, Arbroath. \|2.1101.04<b> 2\|11\|1706 \| Daniel Defoe, Government spy and author of Robinson Crusoe, wrote to Robert Harley informing him that he had commenced his panegyric Caledonia, in order to convince the Scots that he was one of them \|2.1102.01<b> 2\|11\|1773 \|James Boswell and Samuel Johnson arrived at Auchinleck, Boswell’s father’s house.\|2.1102.02<b> 3\|11\|1850 \| John Watson [Ian Maclaren], author of very popular sentimental novels of the ‘Kailyard’ school., born \|2.1103.01<b> 3\|11\|1895 \|A.G.MacDonell, author of the memorably funny England, their England, born, Aberdeen \|2.1103.02<b> 3\|11\|1919 \| Ludovic Kennedy, broadcaster and author, born, Edinburgh \|2.1103.03<b> 4\|11\|1771 \|Scottish poet and newspaper owner/editor James Montgomery is born Irvine, Ayrshire.\|2.1104.01<b> 4\|11\|1866 \| Helen Jane Findlater, novelist, born, Lochearnhead. She will collaborate with her sister, Mary, in well-regarded novels of manners of which Crossriggs is still in print.\|2.1104.02<b> 5\|11\|1811 \| (Hon. Mrs) Sarah Murray [Aust], (1744-1811), travel writer, dies.\|2.1105.01<b> 5\|11\|1819 \| James Nicol (1769-1819), Innerleithen-born poet, dies \|2.1105.01<b> 5\|11\|1854 \| Susan Ferrier, novelist, dies, aged 72, in Edinburgh.\|2.1105.01<b> 5\|11\|1936 \| Stewart Conn, broadcaster and poet, born.\|2.1105.01<b> 6\|11\|1764 \| Robert Heron (1764-1807), the first, if a somewhat inaccurate, biographer of Burns, born New Galloway \|2.1106.01<b> 6\|11\|1894 \| Philip Gilbert Hamerton, poet, painter and critic, at one time a denizen at Loch Awe, dies at Boulogne-sur-Seine in France. \|2.1106.02<b> 7\|11\|1838 \| Ann(e) Grant (MacVicar), of Laggan, diarist, dies aged 82. \|2.1107.01<b> 7\|11\|1974 \| Eric Linklater, novelist (Poet’s Pub and Juan in America), dies at Aberdeen. He is buried in Orkney with which he felt the strongest affinities.\|2.1107.02<b> 8\|11\|1849 \| William Robertson Smith born Aberdeenshire. He was prosecuted for heresy for his article about the Bible in the Encylopaedia Britannica, but acquitted. He later became its editor.\|2.1108.01<b> 8\|11\|1891 \| Neil Miller Gunn, novelist of the modern Scottish literary renaissance, born at Dunbeath, Caithness. Highland River (1937) will brilliantly evoke his boyhood.\|2.1108.01<b> 8\|11\|1941 \| David Black, poet, born South Africa.\|2.1108.01<b> 9\|11\|1941 \| William Black, lurid novelist of the ‘Celtic Twilight’, born Glasgow \|2.1109.01<b> 9\|11\|1858 \| George Borrow (1803-81), traveller and novelist, at Inverness visiting the Highlands and Northern Isles in search of the Picts \|2.1109.02<b> 10\|11\|1711 \| Robert Hay Drummond, the benefactor who helped to establish the Innerpefferay Library, born \|2.1110.01<b> 10\|11\|1728 \| Oliver Goldsmith, playwright (She Stoops to Conquer) and poet, born in Ireland. He will study medicine in Edinburgh, take a short Highland Tour, and attend formal dances at the Old Town Halls off the High Street. In London he will make the acquaintance of Tobias Smollett.\|2.1110.02<b> 11\|11\|1703 \|Martinmas. A paper proposing the erection of Lending Libraries throughout the Highlands by Rev. James Kirkwood (1650-1708) was read at the SPCK.\|2.1111.01<b> 11\|11\|1919 \|Hamish Henderson, war poet and distinguished twentieth century folklorist, born \|2.1111.01<b> 11\|11\|1935 \| Annie S. Swan writes to Dot Allan to congratulate her on her book about William Wallace \|2.1111.01<b> 12\|11\|1772 \|Robert Fergusson‘s ‘Hallow Fair’ published in Ruddimans Weekly Magazine .\|2.1112.01<b> *13\|11\|1850 \| Robert Louis Stevenson born, Edinburgh \|2.1113.01<b> 14\|11\|1789 \| William Glen, poet, born, Paisley \|2.1114.01<b> 14\|11\|1910 \|Norman MacCaig, poet, born, Edinburgh. His accomplished poetry will be strongly associated with Assynt in Sutherland.\|2.1114.02<b> 14\|11\|1933 \| T.S.Eliot, poet, visits Neil Gunn in Inverness \|2.1114.03<b> 14\|11\|1933 \| John Joy Bell, journalist, dies.\|2.1114.04<b> 15\|11\|1922 \| The Turn of the Day by Marion Angus first published \|2.1115.01<b> 16\|11\|1774 \|Robert Fergusson, poet, dies aged 24. \|2.1116.01<b> 16\|11\|1775 \|Nichol Graham of Gartmore, miscellaneous writer, dies \|2.1116.01<b> 16\|11\|1797 \| Elizabeth Grant of Rothiemurchus born, Edinburgh. Her Memoirs of A Highland Lady will be published posthumously and become a classic.\|2.1116.01<b> 17\|11\|1764 \| The Speculative Society, whose members have included Francis Jeffrey, Henry Cockburn, Walter Scott, Robert Louis Stevenson, and Hugh MacDiarmid, is founded \|2.1117.01<b> 17\|11\|1949 \|Ron Butlin, poet, born Edinburgh \|2.1117.01<b> 18\|11\|1794 \| Charles Cordiner, author of Remarkable Ruins and Romantic Prospects of North Britain dies \|2.1118.01<b> 18\|11\|1826 \| Sir Walter Scott meets novelist Fanny Burney, whom he describes in his Journal as “an elderly lady with… a gentle manner and a pleasing expression of countenance”.\|2.1118.02<b> 18\|11\|1922 \| Allan Campbell Maclean, author of Hill of the Red Fox born.\|2.1118.03<b> 19\|11\|1780 \| William Laidlaw, poet and friend of Scott, born \|2.1119.01<b> 19\|11\|1838 \|Elgin-born Robert Watson (1746-1838), adventurer and editor of Chevalier de Johnstone’s Memoirs of the Rebellion, 1746, strangled himself in a public house.\|2.1119.02<b> 20\|11\|1776 \| William Blackwood, publisher, born Peebles \|2.1120.01<b> 21\|11\|1747 \| Joseph Farington, diarist, born. In 1792 he will visit Scotland to make illustrations for John Knox’s Scenery of Scotland, but the project will be abandoned on Knox’s death.\|2.1121.01<b> 21\|11\|1835 \| James Hogg, poet and novelist, dies\| 2.1121.02<b> 21\|11\|1855 \| Jane Welsh Carlyle goes to the Income Tax Commissioners in order to seek a reduction in the tax on her husband’s earnings, fearing that Carlyle will do his own cause little good. She is partially successful, and relieved that Carlyle did not go himself.\|2.1121.03<b> 21\|11\|1880 \| Thomas Tod Stoddart, the angler-poet, dies \|2.1121.04<b> 21\|11\|1936 \| James A. Mackay, biographer, born, Inverness. He will edit Robert Burns’ works, and write a biography of him.\|2.1121.05<b> 22\|11\|1794 \|Alison Cockburn, poet, dies.\| 2.1122.01<b> 22\|11\|1890 \| William Bell Scott, painter and poet, dies \|2.1122.02<b> 22\|11\|1926 \| MacDiarmid’s masterpiece, A Drunk Man Looks At The Thistle, published \|2.1122.03<b> 22\|11\|1935 \| Hugh Crauford Rae, Glasgow novelist, born \|2.1122.04<b> 22\|11\|1963 \|Mary Findlater dies, Comrie.\|2.1122.05<b> 23\|11\|1824 \| James Thomson, poet, author of City of Dreadful Night born, Port Glasgow \|2.1123.01<b> 23\|11\|1909 \| Nigel Tranter, novelist and historian, born, Edinburgh \|2.1123.02<b> 23\|11\|1924 \|Stewart Sanderson, folklorist, born\|2.1123.01<b> 23\|11\|1944 \| Christopher Rush author of Venus Peter born, St. Monans, Fife.\|2.1123.02<b> 24\|11\|1759 \| Tobias Smollett is tried and convicted for libelling Admiral Knowles in the Critical Review. He is imprisoned in the King’s Bench Prison which he describes in his novel Sir Lancelot Greaves.\|2.1124.01<b> 24\|11\|1790 \| Robert Henry, the Stirling-born historian, dies, Edinburgh.\|2.1124.02<b> 24\|11\|1996 \| Sorley Maclean [MacGill-Eain, Somhairle], Gaelic poet, dies.\|2.1124.03<b> 25\|11\|1854 \| John Gibson Lockhart, biographer of Scott, dies. He will be buried at Scott’s feet. \|2.1125.01<b> 25\|11\|1862 \| Norman Macleod ‘Caraid nan Gaidheal’ dies. \|2.1125.02<b> 25\|11\|1936 \| William McIlvanney, novelist, born, Kilmarnock \|2.1125.02<b> 26\|11\|1747 \| The ‘Black Dinner’, subject of an old ballad, took place\|2.1126.01<b> 26\|11\|1775 \| Mrs Anne Grant, author of Letters From The Highlands, describes her daily life in Fort Augustus where her father is quartermaster in a letter to a friend in Glasgow.\|2.1126.02<b> 27\|11\|1778 \| John Murray, the Scottish publisher who treated his authors, including Byron and Campbell, with great generosity, born \|2.1127.01<b> 28\|11\|1855 \| James Thomson (1768-1855), Crieff-born editor of the third edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, dies \|2.1128.01<b> 28\|11\|1858 \| Robert Pearce Gillies from Arbroath, the self-styled Edinburgh ‘literary veteran’ and subject of a Wordsworth sonnet, dies.\|2.1128.01<b> 28\|11\|1920 \| Alexander Scott, poet, born \|2.1128.01<b> 28\|11\|1980 \| Brig. Bernard Fergusson (1911-80), soldier, poet and diarist, dies.\|2.1128.01<b> 29\|11\|1818 \| George Brown, journalist and distinguished Canadian politician born, Edinburgh \|2.1129.01<b> 29\|11\|1931 \| William Reid (1764-1831), Glasgow bookseller, dies.\|2.1129.02<b> 29\|11\|1872 \| Mary Somerville (1780-1872), Jedburgh-born mathematician and writer on scientific subjects, dies \|2.1129.03<b> 30\|11\|1862 \| St. Andrew’s Day. Sheridan Knowles, dramatist, and Glasgow theatre impresario, dies \|2.1130.01<b> 30\|11\|1934 \| Aileen Paterson, author of the Maisie books for children, born \|2.1130.02<b> 30\|11\|1972 \| Compton MacKenzie, novelist, dies, aged 89, in Edinburgh. His monumental autobiography My Life and Times (1963-1971) will record his prolific achievements.\|2.1130.03<b> Louis Stott Database: 80 entries Updated: 120898 Smollett and Some of his Opinions I was born in the northern part of this United Kingdom, in the house of my grandfather; a gentleman of considerable fortune and influence, who had, on many occasions, signalised himself in behalf of his country; and was remarkable for his abilities in the law, which he exercised with great success, in the station of a judge, particularly against beggars, for whom he had a singular aversion. Roderick Random [first lines] He comforted me with observing that life was a voyage in which we must expect to meet with all weathers; sometimes was calm, sometimes rough; that a fair gale often succeeded a storm; that the wind did not always sit one way, and that despair signified nothing; that resolution and skill were better than a stout vessel: for why? because they require no carpenter, and grow stronger the more labour they undergo. Roderick Random 41 If there be such a thing as true happiness on earth, I enjoy it. Roderick Random 69 This became the famous malapropism ‘a progeny of learning’ in The Rivals by Sheridan. I’ll warrant him dead as a herring. Roderick Random 4 Death’s like the best bower anchor, as the saying is, it will bring us all up. Roderick Random 24 Some folks are wise and some are otherwise. Roderick Random 6 London is the devil’s drawing room Roderick Random 18 He was formed for the ruin of our sex. Roderick Random 22 We have been jeered, reproached, buffeted, pissed-upon and at last stript of our money; and I suppose by and by we shall be stript of our skins Roderick Random 15 I consider the world is made for me, not me for the world. My maxim is, therefore, to enjoy it while I can, and let futurity shift for itself. Roderick Random 14 The demon of discord, with her sooty wings, had breathed her influence upon our counsels. Roderick Random 33 An ounce of prudence is worth a pound of gold Roderick Random 15 In a certain county of England, bounded on one side by the sea, and at the distance of one hundred miles from the metropolis, lived Gamaliel Pickle Esq; the father of that hero whose adventures we propose to record. Perigrine Pickle [First Lines] The painful ceremony of receiving and returning visits. Perigrine Pickle v I make good the old saying we sailors get money like horses, and spend it like asses. Perigrine Pickle ii Number three is always fortunate. Perigrine Pickle x A mere index hunter, who held the eel of science by the tail. Perigrine Pickle xliii There’s a dragon among the chambermaids. Perigrine Pickle lxxxii Every man of importance ought to write his own memoirs, provided that he has honesty enough to tell the truth. Ferdinand Count Fathom i The genteel comedy of the polite world. Ferdinand Count Fathom i I ain’t dead, but I’m speechless Ferdinand Count Fathom xli Nothing is more liable to misconstruction than an act of uncommon generosity; one half the world mistake the motive from want of ideas to conceive an instance of beneficence that soars so high above the level of their own sentiments; and the rest suspect it of something sinister or selfish, from the suggestions of their own sordid and vicious inclinations. Ferdinand Count Fathom v To a man of honour the unfortunate need no introduction. Ferdinand Count Fathom lxii He made an apology for receiving the Count in his birthday suit, to which he said he was reduced by the heat of his constitution, though he might have assigned a more adequate cause, by owning that his shirt was in the hands of his washerwoman; then shrouding himself in a blanket, desired to know what had procured him the honour of such an extraordinary visit. Ferdinand Count Fathom xli This is believed to be the first use of the phrase ‘birthday suit’ in this sense. Win Jenkins uses it again on a more famous occasion after emerging naked from Loch Lomond. Bare I was born, and bare I remain. Smollett’s Translation of Don Quixote [1755] “Cervantes’s masterpiece is lucky to have found so perfect a translator as the flamboyant Smollett . The rambunctious personalities of author and translator are ideally matched.” Quoted on Amazon I think for my part one half of the nation is mad – and the other not very sound. Sir Launcelot Greaves vi Discord seemed to clap her sooty wings in expectation of a battle. Sir Launcelot Greaves iii True patriotism is of no party. Sir Launcelot Greaves ix After clouds comes clear weather. Sir Launcelot Greaves x A seafaring man may have a sweetheart in every port, but he should steer clear of a wife, as he would avoid quicksand. Sir Launcelot Greaves xxi “That great Cham of Literature, Samuel Johnson.” Smollett in a Letter to John Wilkes Boswell interpreted the word ‘Cham’ as ‘Chum’ at first, and he animadverted on Smollett’s ignorance. In fact, the word is an archaic form of ‘Khan’, an entirely appropriate epithet for Johnson because it conveyed, at one and the same time, the despotic nature of his ‘rule’ and the barbarous hordes of writers over whom he ruled. James Burnett, Lord Monboddo (1714-99), was known as ‘the lesser Cham’. Depend on it, my friend, all men love two hands in their neighbour’s purse, though only one in their own. Men’s principles are all alike; the only difference lies in the mode of carrying them into effect. Smollett’s Translation of Gil Blas Book X Ch i Facts are stubborn things. Smollett’s Translation of Gil Blas Book X Ch 1 Opinions cannot survive if one has no chance to fight for them Smollett’s Translation of Gil Blas Book X Ch 1 Naked glory is the true and honourable recompense of gallant actions Smollett’s Translation of Gil Blas Book VIII Ch 12 Glory is the fair child of Peril Regicide viii Hark ye, Clinker, you are a notorious offender. You stand convicted of sickness, hunger, wretchedness and want. Humphry Clinker (24 May) There is an idea of truth in an agreeable landscape taken from nature, which pleases me more than the gayest fiction, which the most luxuriant fancy can display. Humphry Clinker (28 August) One wit, like a knuckle of ham in soup, gives zest and flavour to the dish, but more than one serves only to spoil the pottage. Humphry Clinker (5 June) Save a thief from the gallows, and he will cut your throat. Humphry Clinker (23 June) Writing is all a lottery — I have been a loser by the works of the greatest men of the age. Humphry Clinker, (10 August) I believe I should send for the head of your cook in a charger — She has committed felony, on the person of that John Dory, which is mangled in a cruel manner, and even presented without sauce. Humphrey Clinker (30 April) She starched up her behaviour with a double portion of reserve. Humphry Clinker (12 Sept) The oppressive imposition of ridiculous modes, invented by ignorance, and adopted by folly. Humphry Clinker (Oct 8) Every shot has its commission, d’ye see? We must all die at one time as the saying is. The Reprisal II viii It is commonly remarked, that beer strengthens as well as refreshes. Travels xix If the spirit of a British admiral been properly exerted the French fleet would have been defeated and Minorca relieved. A man’s opinion of danger varies at different times, in consequence of an irregular tide of animal spirits; and he is actuated by considerations, which he dares not avow. On Admiral Byng in The History of England 1757 The highways were infested with rapine and assassination, the cities teemed with the brutal votaries of lewdness, intemperance and profligacy The whole land was overcome with a succession of tumult, riot and insurrection excited in different parts of kingdom by the erection of new turnpikes. History of England 1757 Quotations from Smollett’s Poetry It can be argued that Smollett’s first published work was The Tears of Scotland, later set to music by Haydn. It brought him immediate success. Mourn, hapless Caledonia, mourn Thy banished peace, thy laurels torn. The Tears of Scotland [1746]. While the warm blood bedews my veins, And unimpaired remembrance reigns, Remembrance of my country’s fate Within my filial breast shall beat. The Tears of Scotland [1746]. The glory of the victory was sullied by the barbarity of the soldiers. They had been provoked by their former disgraces to the most savage thirst of revenge. Not contented with the blood which was so profusely shed in the heat of action, they traversed the field after the battle, and massacred those miserable wretches who lay maimed and expiring: nay some officers acted a part in this cruel scene of assassination, the triumph of low illiberal minds, uninspired by sentiment, untinctured by humanity. On Culloden in Smollett’s Continuation of the History of England Thy fatal shafts unerring prove I bow before thine altar, Love Roderick Random xi THE REGICIDE The Regicide was Smollett’s first play, written when he was eighteen years of age. It adapts Buchanan’s account of the assassination of James I, King of Scots. Smollett took it with him when he first went to London, but was unable to get it produced. True courage scorns	i don't know
What was the name of the first ship to circumnavigate the world?	First to sail around the world Home » vehicles » First to sail around the world First to sail around the world The Age of Discovery was led by the the great sea adventurers in their search for a route to spice markets of the Far East when the eastern Mediterranean were blocked by powerful rivals. When Vasco da Gama sailed around the Cape of Good Hope to reach India in 1498, the Portuguese concentrated their efforts to the south and east. The Spanish, who agreed to divide the world in two with the Portuguese in the Treaty of Tordesillas on 7 June 1494, sailed west. They were not aware of the American continents and no one knew there was a Pacific Ocean. The New World Christopher Columbus (1451-1506), an Italian who had moved to Spain, theorized that since the earth was a sphere, a ship could reach the Far East from the opposite direction. He convinced the monarchs to sponsor his search, setting sail in August 1492 with a fleet of three ships, the Niña, the Pinta, and the flagship Santa Maria. After 10 weeks, he sighted an island in the Bahamas, which he named San Salvador. Thinking he had found islands near Japan, he sailed on until he reached Cuba (which he thought was China) and Haiti. He encountered dark-skinned peoples whom he called “Indians” because he assumed he had been sailing in the Indian Ocean. Columbus made 3 more voyages to the New World which he thought was the East, in 1493, 1497 and 1502, exploring Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Jamaica, and Trinidad. He never reached North America, and until he died, thought he had reached Asia. Replica of the Santa Maria. Photo via Library of Congress North America already discovered Columbus did not know but Viking ships reached North America almost 500 year before he had set sail. Sailing from Iceland in mid-990, Biarni Heriolfsson was blown off course and located an unknown land. He did not explore or name it. In 1002 Leifr Eiriksson backtracked Biarni’s course and reached the coast of present-day Canada. Eiriksson then sailed south and discovered an island he called Vinland (present-day Newfoundland) where he established a colony and traded for 3 years with the native population known as Skraelings. The Skraelings eventually forced them to leave, but the Vikings continued to sail to Canada for timber. “New Found Land” In 1497, King Henry VII granted John Cabot (1450-1498) a charter to explore. On 2 May Cabot and a crew of 18 left Bristol, England in a small ship called The Matthew. Cabot sailed farther north than Columbus did, out of the way of the Spanish territories. On 24 June the crew sighted land. Cabot was convinced he had found an island off the coast of Asia and named it “new found land.” It was the first documented landing in Newfoundland since the Viking voyages. Cabot returned to England on 6 August 1497, and although he brought no spices or treasure back with him, he was the first to map out the North American coast. Replica of Cabot’s The Matthew. Naming “America” Amerigo Vespucci The Portuguese-Spanish dividing line ran through the Atlantic with Spain gaining lands to the west, including the Americas. Brazil was granted to Portugal, who gained eastern Africa and India. But without accurate measurements, the question on the exact line persisted. In 1501, King Manuel I of Portugal dispatched fleets to Brazil, one of the officers being the Italian Amerigo Vespucci. He was among the first explorers to report that South America was a continent, not an island, calling it the “New World”. An excellent mapmaker, Vespucci sold copies of his maps to German cartographer Martin Waldseemuller, who, when reproducing it in 1507, gave Vespucci credit by writing his first name on the South American continent. Thus the southern continent became known as “America”. The first circumnavigation The first circumnavigation of the globe was led by Ferdinand Magellan, who was born in Oporto, Portugal in 1480. In 1505, Magellan enlisted in the navy where he learned seamanship and naval warfare under Portuguese viceroys in India. In 1509, he took part in the Battle of Die, which gave Portugal supremacy over the Indian Ocean. For 7 years he traded from Cochin, China and Malacca. Like Columbus before him, Magellan believed he would reach the Far East by sailing west. Snubbed by the Portuguese king, Magellan convinced the Spanish king, Charles I that at least some of the Spice Islands lay in the Spanish half of the undiscovered world. In September 1519 Magellan set sail with 280 men on 5 ships (San Antonio, Santiago, Trinidad, Victoria, and Concepcion) on a voyage fraught with hardship and mutiny. An Italian nobleman on the ship, Antonio Pigafetta, kept a diary of the voyage. They crossed the equator on 20 November 1519 and sighted Brazil on 6 December. Magellan thought it unwise to go near the Portuguese territory since he was sailing under the Spanish flag and anchored near present-day Rio de Janiero on 13th December. They were greeted by Guarani Indians who believed the white men to be gods and showered them with goods. After stocking up, they sailed south, reaching Patagonia (Argentina) in March 1520. The Santiago was sent to explore further south and was lost in a gale. In August, Magellan decided it was time to move further south to look for a passage through to the east. By October they sighted a strait. During the passage, the captain of San Antonia turned his ship back toward Spain, taking most of the fleet’s provisions. Into the vast Pacific The remaining 3 ships emerged from the strait to the Pacific by end-November. Magellan thought the Spice Islands were a short voyage away but they sailed for 96 days without sighting land. Conditions aboard the ships were abominable. The crew survived on sawdust, leather strips, and rats. Finally, in January 1521, they stopped off at an island to feast. In March, they reached Guam. The Armada de Maluco reached the Philippines (which Magellan named San Lazaro) on 15 March 1521. He anchored at Suluan on 16 March and went to Homonhon on 17 March. On 28 March 1521 Magellan and his fleet made landfall at Mazaua. After befriending an island king, Magellan foolishly got involved in a tribal war and was killed in battle on 27 April 1521. Sebastian del Cano took command of the ships and 115 survivors. Because there were not enough men to crew 3 ships, he burned the Concepcion. They sailed to the Moluccas (Spice Islands) in November, loading valuable spices. To guarantee that at least one ship would make it back to Spain, the Trinidad went east across the Pacific, while the Victoria continued west. The Trinidad was seized by the Portuguese and most of her crew were killed. The Victoria managed to elude the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean and rounded the Cape of Good Hope. On 6 September 1522, almost three years from the day it began its historic journey, the Victoria and 18 crew members (Pigafetta among them) arrived in Spain. They were the first to circumnavigate the globe. When the Victoria’s spices were auctioned, the income was high enough to cover all the expenses of the voyage and even produce profit. Nao Victoria replica, built 1992. Img Wikipedia Victoria Vicente de Jesus contributed to this article as follows: “On March 28, 1521 Magellan and his fleet made landfall at Mazaua, a mystery island that is the object of a controversy parallel to the Columbus first landfall question. My studies show Mazaua is in 9 degrees N. A team of geologists, geomorphologist and archaeologist was hired in year 2000 to search for the isle and have discovered a most improbable thing: an isle that has been fused with mainland Mindanao at Butuan City. We hope to excavate and find authentic remnants of Magellan’s visit. If indeed this was Mazaua, there’s no question there will be material proof of Magellan’s having been to this isle.” Image shows the replica of the flagship Trinidad, the ship in which Ferdinand Magellan led the first circumnavigation of the world. The correct Portuguese name of Ferdinand Magellan is Fernao do Magalhaes. The family coat of arms of Magalhaes are Argent, three fesses chequy Gules and Or. Fernao wasn’t the head of the main branch but the family line continues to this day. The second circumnavigation The second circumnavigation of the globe was accomplished by the pirate-turned-explorer Englishman Francis Drake (1540-1596). Seeing Spain amassing a new vast empire, Queen Elizabeth I secretly sent Drake to the west, with the added intent to harass the Spanish. On 13 December 1577 Drake sailed from Plymouth, England with 6 ships under his command. In September 1578 five of the ships turned back at the Strait of Magellan while Drake sailed on in the Golden Hind. By June 1579 he had reached the coast of present-day California and sailed as far north as the present-day United States-Canadian border. He then turned southwest and crossed the Pacific Ocean in 2 months. He voyaged through the Indies, across the Indian Ocean, and around the Cape of Good Hope. With the Golden Hind laden with gold and spices, he sailed into Plymouth on 26 September 1580, the first captain to circumnavigate the globe. Captain Cook Another famous circumnavigation was that of James Cook. He sailed from England on 25 August 1768 aboard the Endeavour with 94 crewmen and scientists. On 11 April 1769, they reached Tahiti. On government orders, they sailed south, reaching New Zealand on 6 October. By April 1770, Cook explored and documented Australia. The Endeavour then made its way to Java, sailing on past the Cape of Good Hope. On 13 July 1771 Cook sailed into Dover. Following the historic 3-year journey, he was appointed Naval Commander by King George III. First solo circumnavigation Joshua Slocum, who was born in Nova Scotia in 1844, became an American citizen and Captain Slocum at age 25. On 24 April 1895, at 51-year old, Slocum sailed out of Boston in his 11m (37ft) sloop Spray, a decrepit oyster dredger that he had rebuilt himself. Slocum crossed the Atlantic toward the Suez Canal. In Gibraltar, he was warned of pirates in the Mediterranean. So, he started back across the Atlantic, and headed down the Brazilian coast, through the hellish Strait of Magellan. He faced deadly currents, rocky coasts and heavy seas as he sailed around Australia, the Cape of Good Hope, and across the Atlantic. On 27 June 1898, more than 3 years and 74000km (46,000 miles) later, Joshua Slocum entered Newport, Rhode Island, as the first man to sail around the world solo. Joshua Slocum’s Spray. Img Wikipedia Spray Later, planning a voyage up the Amazon, Slocum set sail from Vineyard Haven on November 14, 1909, but he was lost with his ship. First around with only one stop The honor of being the first to sail around the world alone with only one stop went to Francis Chichester (1902-1972). In 1966, the 64-year old Chichester sailed his 16m (53ft) ketch Gypsy Moth IV from England. The steering mechanism broke 3 700km (2,300 miles ) from Australia. Soon after leaving Sydney, the Gipsy capsized but righted itself. Around the Cape Horn, Chichester faced 15m (50ft) high waves. But he was not a man to step back from a challenge. In 1960, he was the winner of the first single-hand transatlantic race. Chichester also made the world’s first solo long distance flight in a seaplane (England to Australia). On 28 May 1967, after 226 days at sea, he was welcomed back by a half-million people at Plymouth, England. First solo non-stop circumnavigation From Wikipedia : “On 14 June 1968 Robin Knox-Johnston left Falmouth, UK in his 32-foot (9.8-meter) boat Suhaili, one of the smallest boats to enter the Sunday Times Golden Globe Race. Despite losing his self-steering gear off Australia, he rounded Cape Horn on 17 January 1969, 20 days before his closest competitor Bernard Moitessier, who subsequently abandoned the race and sailed on to Tahiti. The other seven competitors dropped out at various stages, leaving Knox-Johnston to win the race and become officially the first man to circumnavigate the globe non-stop and single-handed on 22 April 1969, the day he returned to Falmouth.” Robin Knox-Johnston, Suhaili, first solo circumnavigation. Around alone Today, sailing single-handedly non-stop around the world grabs the imagination more than ever. Chay Blyth, nicknamed “the man of steel” became one of few when he sailed against the winds around the world from east to west aboard the ketch British Steel in 1971, completing the voyage in 302 days. Two years later Frenchman Alain Colas aboard his trimaran Manureva circumnavigated around the 3 great capes, taking only 129 days to complete the voyage. The first woman to sail solo around the world was Krystyna Chojnowska- Liskiewicz, starting the journey in the Canary Islands on February 28, 1976 and completing it there 401 days later, on April 2, 1978. In 1979, 29-year-old Naomi James braved the seas for 272 days to become the first woman to circumnavigate the globe via Cape Horn, the classic “Clipper Route.” The first woman to circumnavigate the world single-handed non-stop was Kay Cottee , completing the 189-day feat on June, 5 1998. On 21 May 2008, Adrian Flanagan became the first person to complete a single-handed, vertical circumnavigation, covering the 31 000 miles in 405 days 18 hours 50 minutes. Australian Jon Sanders circumnavigated the globe 9 times single-handedly, the ninth time in 2015 at age 75. He also achieved a remarkable non-stop triple circumnavigation between May 1986 and March 1988, covering 131,535km (71,023 nautical miles) – the longest distance ever sailed continuously by any vessel. His other records, according to his Wikipedia page, includes: First solo circumnavigation trip east to west mostly sailing through tropics (1970). The first single-handed sailor to remain continuously at sea twice around the world (1981 – 1982). First circumnavigation of Antarctica, circling the continent twice in 1981 – 1982. First single-handed sailor to round the five southern most Capes twice on one voyage. First single-handed sailor to round the five southern most Capes twice. Longest distance continuously sailed by any yacht: 48,510 miles (78,070 km). Longest period alone at sea during a continuous voyage: 419 days: 22 hours: 10 minutes. The circumnavigation contests Circumnavigation had become the rage, as with the Whitbread race, now known as the Volvo Ocean Race . In 1982, British company BOC Gasses launched the BOC Challenge single-handed race around the world, with stops: “One person, One boat, Around the world.” It was renamed AroundAlone in 1998 but continued as the Velux 5 Oceans in 2006. The race is managed by Clipper Events, who also handle the Clipper Race . In 1989, two times winner of the BOC Challenge, Frenchman Philippe Jeantot, launched the idea of a single-handed non-stop race around the world. The Vendee Globe is extreme, the “official supplier of legends.” The finish line literally is a world away. The Barcelona World Race , since 2007, is a non-stop around the world yacht race along the Clipper route for a crew of two. Factoids In 120AD, Egyptian mathematician and astronomer Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaeus) invents a number of projections whereby an area on the curved surface of the Earth can be represented on a flat surface. His geography is introduced in Europe in 1406 and with the invention of the printing press in 1450 his plans are published and widely accepted. Shipping company Cunard Laconia introduced the first around-the-world cruise on the Laconia in 1922. More about cruise liners . The quest to become the first to circumnavigate the earth in a hot air balloon	CIVI-DT
In 2007, who was considered to have been racially abused by Jane Goody and others in the TV show 'Big Brother'?	10 Surprising Facts About Magellan’s Circumnavigation of the Globe - History Lists History Lists December 4, 2012 By Evan Andrews Share this: 10 Surprising Facts About Magellan’s Circumnavigation of the Globe Author 10 Surprising Facts About Magellan’s Circumnavigation of the Globe URL Google We all know Ferdinand Magellan as the leader of the first voyage to circumnavigate the globe, but that’s not the only fascinating aspect of the famed Portuguese explorer’s journey. Launched in 1519, Magellan’s odyssey lasted three long years, claimed the lives of hundreds of people and forever changed Europe’s understanding of world geography. Nearly five centuries after Magellan’s fleet first left Europe, explore 10 little-known facts about one of naval history’s most legendary—and deadly—voyages. Magellan’s expedition had a multinational crew. Although it was a Spanish expedition, Magellan’s fleet featured a culturally diverse crew. Spaniards and Portuguese made up the vast majority of the sailors, but the voyage also included mariners from Greece, Sicily, England, France, Germany and even North Africa. Magellan’s voyage was sparked by a treaty between Spain and Portugal. Magellan originally launched his expedition as a means of finding a western route to the Moluccas, a small archipelago in Indonesia known for its stores of precious spices like cloves, cinnamon and nutmeg. The Spanish were desperate to discover this alternate path because of 1494’s Treaty of Tordesillas, a decree from Pope Alexander VI that had essentially divided the world in half between the Spanish and the Portuguese. This agreement placed the more practical eastern route to the Spice Islands under Portuguese control, forcing the Spanish to find a new passage by sailing west around South America. Magellan was considered a traitor to his home country of Portugal. While Ferdinand Magellan was originally from Portugal, King Charles I of Spain ultimately sponsored his voyage. This outraged the King Manuel I of Portugal, who sent operatives to disrupt Magellan’s preparations, ordered that his family properties be vandalized and may have made an attempt to assassinate him. Once the expedition sailed, Manuel I even ordered two groups of Portuguese caravels to pursue Magellan’s fleet in the hopes of capturing the navigator and returning him to his homeland in chains. Many of Magellan’s crew mutinied or deserted the expedition. Magellan’s mostly Spanish crew resented the idea of being led by a Portuguese captain, and the expedition was forced to weather two mutinies before it had even reached the Pacific. The first of these failed revolts was easily unraveled, but the second proved more elaborate. Worried that Magellan’s obsession with finding passage to the Pacific was going to doom the expedition, in April 1520 three of his five ships turned against him. Magellan and his supporters ultimately thwarted the revolt, and he even marooned two men on an island when he found they were planning a third mutiny. The rebellions continued later that year when the vessel San Antonio deserted the fleet and prematurely returned to Spain. Magellan’s expedition claimed to have encountered giants in South America. While anchored near modern-day Argentina, Magellan’s men reported encountering 8-foot-tall men on the beaches of Patagonia. After befriending these “giants,” Magellan supposedly tricked them into boarding his ship and took one of the men captive. The giant was later baptized and named Paul, but died during the fleet’s long crossing of the Pacific Ocean. Historians have surmised that Magellan’s giants were in actuality members of the Tehuelche, a naturally tall tribe of Indians native to southern Chile and Argentina. While Magellan’s men almost certainly exaggerated the height of the Tehuelche, the myth of Patagonian giants would persist for many years. Magellan gave the Pacific Ocean its name. After weathering horrific storms near southern South America and losing one of his ships to rough seas, Magellan finally entered what is now known as the Strait of Magellan in November 1520. Crossing into a calm and gentle ocean, he named it “Mar Pacifico,” which means “peaceful sea” in Portuguese. Magellan believed that he would quickly reach the Spice Islands, but his beleaguered fleet would sail the Pacific Ocean for 98 days before reaching any habitable land. Magellan was a staunch Christian evangelist—and this may have cost him his life. Although it was never an official part of his mission, Magellan took great pains to convert all the indigenous peoples he encountered to Christianity. The most notable example came in April 1521 in the Philippines, where he baptized King Humabon of Cebu along with thousands of his subjects. Magellan’s religious fervor was so strong that he threatened to kill those chieftains that resisted converting to Christianity, and this harsh decree ultimately proved to be his downfall. When a king named Lapu-Lapu refused to convert, Magellan’s men burned his village on the island of Mactan. Magellan later returned to Mactan with 49 men and demanded that Lapu-Lapu yield to his authority. The king refused, and in the ensuing battle Magellan was killed after he was struck by a spear and then repeatedly stabbed by the islanders’ cutlasses and scimitars. In the Philippines, where Magellan is remembered as a tyrant rather than a hero, the Battle of Mactan is reenacted every April 27, with a well-known Filipino actor playing the role of Lapu-Lapu. Magellan’s slave may have been the first person to truly circumnavigate the globe. One of the most important members of Magellan’s voyage was his personal slave Enrique, who had been with the captain since an earlier voyage to Malacca in 1511. A native of the East Indies, Enrique reportedly spoke a Malay dialect and acted as the expedition’s interpreter during their time in the Philippines. As many historians have noted, if Enrique was originally from that part of the world, then by the time the expedition reached the Philippines he would have already circled the earth and returned to his homeland. If true, this would mean the slave Enrique—rather than any of the European mariners—was the first person to circumnavigate the globe. Magellan only deserves partial credit for the circumnavigation. Magellan is often cited as the first explorer to have circumnavigated the globe, but this is not technically true. While he organized the voyage and negotiated the treacherous South American strait and the crossing of the Pacific, Magellan was killed before the mission ever reached the Spice Islands. Credit for the successful circumnavigation of the globe should also go to the Basque mariner Juan Sebastian Elcano, who commanded the return voyage of Victoria—the only surviving vessel—from late 1521 until its arrival in Spain in September 1522. The next circumnavigation of the globe took place nearly 60 years after the return of Magellan’s expedition. When the lone vessel Victoria returned to Spain in September 1522, only 18 men remained out of the expedition’s original crew of about 260. Circumnavigating the globe ultimately proved to be such a herculean feat—and the Magellan expedition’s success so improbable—that it was 58 years before it was repeated. Led by the English navigator Sir Francis Drake, this second circumnavigation of the globe first sailed in 1577 and largely followed the same route as Magellan. Like Magellan’s armada, Drake’s fleet was also ravaged by the long journey, and only his flagship Golden Hind remained when he returned to England in 1580. Tags	i don't know
"""There was no possibility of taking a walk that day"" is the first line of which classic novel?"	Rochester vs. St. John Rivers: or Why Jane Eyre Preferred a Cynical Sinner to a Religious Zealot Rochester vs. St. John Rivers: or Why Jane Eyre Preferred a Cynical Sinner to a Religious Zealot Peter Bolt , English Department, North East Worchester College [All page and chapter references are to the Penguin Classic edition of the novel which contains an introduction and notes by Michael Mason.] I: The Bible, the Prayer Book and Jane Eyre hen the novel "Jane Eyre" opens it is with the line "there was no possibility of taking a walk that day...the cold winter had brought with it clouds so sombre..." (13) We know it is winter. Why did Charlotte Brontë chose to tell the reader the actual month, and why did she choose November? That the day chosen was in November is the starting point of this article. The intention is to show that every date mentioned in Jane Eyre has a significance far beyond the mere chronological charting of time lapses. It allows Brontë to hide within the narrative both a deep religious knowledge and strong Christian principles. In turn, this enables the weaving of an intricate web of ethics and morals passed onto countless generations of English children by such as her father, the Reverend Patrick Brontë. The effect is achieved in this novel, by constant, but unstated referral to the Anglican Book of Common Prayer. It is the book that governed England from 1662 until at least the middle of the nineteenth century. The "drear November day" does not have a specific date attached in Jane Eyre. If we look in the Anglican Book of Common Prayer we shall see that November 1st is set aside as All Saints Day. The Prayer Book has "Lessons" taken from the Holy Bible to be read on that particular day. They are taken from the Apocrypha (itself a Greek word meaning "hidden") Wisdom chapter III to v10 and Wisdom chapter V to v17. The first Lesson commences, "But the souls of the first are in God"s hand, and torment shall not touch them...". The second Lesson begins, "Then the just man shall make his stand full of assurance, to confront those who oppressed him...". Readers of Jane Eyre will realise that these two passages, when read in full, contain the total sum of Jane Eyre"s experiences in the Brontë novel. The dates do not have a significance outside the novel and at first glance seem to be of little importance within the novel. Indeed, so off-hand are the mention of the dates, a reader would easily be excused for missing the emphasis and therefore the reason for naming the actual day of the event reported. However, these dates, as communicated by Brontë, are linked to an integral part of her daily life at Haworth Vicarage. The dates in the form presented to the reader in Jane Eyre are so vital to the novel that, when interpreted, a whole new perspective is opened up to the audience. The novel moves on from a Gothic melodrama, to a work of deep religious conviction. The author metamorphoses from an isolated, naive clerics daughter with a penchant for fantasy worlds, to a passionate campaigner determined to break free from the restrictions imposed upon an intelligent, articulate mid-Victorian female without wealth or influence. It is a record of the authors existence. In this article, the motives are exposed by examining the significance of these dates alongside other devices used within the novel. Through this, the novel will be seen as nothing less than the story of a pilgrimage, a journey through life by a young Christian woman. During the course of her pilgrimage, she will be exposed to hypocrisy, deceit and spiteful condescension. Jane will be offered both an unchristian marriage, and than a loveless marriage. Only her belief in God"s teachings will save her from both. Other Portions of This Essay	Jane Eyre
Only one standard gauge branch line survived in the Lake District. It runs from Oxenholme to which terminus?	SparkNotes: Jane Eyre: Study Questions & Essay Topics Study Questions & Essay Topics Study Questions 1. In what ways is Jane Eyre influenced by the tradition of the Gothic novel? What do the Gothic elements contribute to the novel? The Gothic tradition utilizes elements such as supernatural encounters, remote locations, complicated family histories, ancient manor houses, dark secrets, and mysteries to create an atmosphere of suspense and terror, and the plot of Jane Eyre includes most of these elements. Lowood, Moor House, and Thornfield are all remote locations, and Thornfield, like Gateshead, is also an ancient manor house. Both Rochester and Jane possess complicated family histories—Rochester’s hidden wife, Bertha, is the dark secret at the novel’s core. The exposure of Bertha is one of the most important moments in the novel, and the mystery surrounding her is the main source of the novel’s suspense. Other Gothic occurrences include: Jane’s encounter with the ghost of her late Uncle Reed in the red-room; the moment of supernatural communication between Jane and Rochester when she hears his voice calling her across the misty heath from miles and miles away; and Jane’s mistaking Rochester’s dog, Pilot, for a “Gytrash,” a spirit of North England that manifests itself as a horse or dog. Although Brontë’s use of Gothic elements heightens her reader’s interest and adds to the emotional and philosophical tensions of the book, most of the seemingly supernatural occurrences are actually explained as the story progresses. It seems that many of the Gothic elements serve to anticipate and elevate the importance of the plot’s turning points. 2. What do the names mean in Jane Eyre? Some names to consider include: Jane Eyre, Gateshead, Lowood, Thornfield, Reed, Rivers, Miss Temple, and Ferndean. Of course, there are many possible ways to address this question. The following answer includes only a few of the ways the names in Jane Eyre can be interpreted. The name “Jane Eyre” elicits many associations. The contrast between Jane’s first name—with its traditional association with “plainness”—and the names of the novel’s well-born women (Blanche, Eliza, Georgiana, Diana, Rosamond) highlights Jane’s lack of status, but it also emphasizes her lack of pretense. Jane’s last name has many possible interpretations, none of which mutually excludes the other. “Eyre” is an archaic spelling for “air,” and throughout the book, Jane is linked to the spiritual or ethereal as she drifts, windlike, from one location to the next. In French, “aire” refers to a bird’s nesting place, among other things. Jane is compared to a bird repeatedly throughout the novel, and she often uses her imagination as a “nesting-place” of sorts, a private realm where she can feel secure. In medieval times, “eyre” also signified circuit-traveling judges. Perhaps Jane’s name is meant to bring attention to her role as a careful evaluator of all that she sees, and to the importance that she attaches to justice. “Eyre” also sounds like “heir,” and its other homophone—“err”—could certainly be interpreted to be meaningful, especially to feminist and religious critics who take issue with Jane’s actions! Place names also seem to be symbolic. Jane’s story begins at “Gateshead.” From there, she moves to the bosky darkness and spiritual abyss of “Lowood.” At Thornfield, she must fight her way through the stings of many emotional and psychological thorns (or, as many critics argue, wear “a crown of thorns” like Jesus Christ). Jane first tastes true freedom of movement in the open spaces surrounding Moor House, while Ferndean is the home where her love can grow fertile. Thus in Chapter 37 Rochester says to Jane, “I am no better than the old lightning-struck chestnut-tree in Thornfield orchard. . . . And what right would that ruin have to bid a budding woodbine cover its decay with freshness?” Jane replies, “You are no ruin, sir—no lightning-struck tree: you are green and vigorous. Plants will grow about your roots, whether you ask them or not, because they take delight in your bountiful shadow; and as they grow they will lean towards you, and wind round you, because your strength offers them so safe a prop.” Suggested Essay Topics 1. Discuss Jane as a narrator and as a character. What sort of voice does she have? How does she represent her own actions? Does she seem to be a trustworthy storyteller, or does Brontë require us to read between the lines of her narrative? In light of the fact that people who treat Jane cruelly (John Reed, Mrs. Reed, Mr. Brocklehurst) all seem to come to unhappy endings, what role does Jane play as the novel’s moral center? 2. In what ways might Jane Eyre be considered a feminist novel? What points does the novel make about the treatment and position of women in Victorian society? With particular attention to the book’s treatment of marriage, is there any way in which it might be considered anti-feminist? 3. What role does Jane’s ambiguous social position play in determining the conflict of her story? What larger points, if any, does the novel make about social class? Does the book criticize or reinforce existing Victorian social prejudices? Consider the treatment of Jane as a governess, but also of the other servants in the book, along with Jane’s attitude toward her impoverished students at Morton. 4. Compare and contrast some of the characters who serve as foils throughout Jane Eyre: Blanche to Jane, St. John to Rochester, and, perhaps, Bertha to Jane. Also think about the points of comparison between the Reed and Rivers families. How do these contrasts aid the development of the book’s themes? More Help	i don't know
In which town do the Celtic Crusaders Rugby League team play their home matches?	Celtic Crusaders - - Your Site Celtic Crusaders Celtic Crusaders The Celtic Crusaders are based at Bridgend in Wales in the UK. The Celtic Crusaders were a part of the National League Two until the 2007 season when they were promoted to National League One. The Celtic Crusaders play their matches at the Brewery Field in Bridgend, although occasionally they have been known to play at other locations in South Wales. The vast majority of the Celtic Crusaders are Welsh-qualified having been recruited from the Welsh Conference sides, mainly Bridgend Blue Bills and Aberavon Fighting Irish. The Celtic Crusaders also run an academy side drawn from every club in the Welsh Conference. A large amount of the fans of the Celtic Crusaders used to support the now defunct rugby union team Celtic Warriors who took part in the League during the 2003-2004 season before they were disbanded by the WRU. The Crusaders attracted the highest ever attendance at Brewery Field in 2007 when 3,441 people watched them do battle with Oldham Roughyeds National League Two match. Thanks to a huge marketing effort by the club the majority of people witnessing this event were fans of the Celtic Crusaders, although there were a few fans who had travelled to Wales to watch the Millennium Magic weekend in Cardiff. Whilst in their second season the Celtic Crusaders won the 2007 National League Two and earned automatic promotion to National League One in 2008. Initially the team had planned to re-use the Celtric Warriors title but it was abandoned in favour of the Crusaders after consideration by the rugby union franchise. The aim of the club and their primary focus was to eventually reach the Super league and to represent South Wales. Previous attempts to create rugby league franchises in areas not traditionally associated with rugby have met with mediocre success. The concept behind the creation of the club was that everything should be focused on a bottom up approach to ensure that the club grows on its own and learns to walk before attempting to run. This also allows Celtic Crusaders to grow into a brand rather than being thrust into the limelight immediately. The team played their first match against the Harlequins at Brewery Field and the match ended up in a 22-22 draw. Their first real competitive matches took place as members of the National League Cup, the Celtic Crusaders were placed in a group with the London Skolars , The Hemel Stags and St Albans Centurions. The Celtic Crusaders won every match that they played in a crushing series of victories, and the team went on to finish third losing out 26-27 in the Final Eliminator to Swinton Lions . Subscribe to our newsletter and you'll receive regular emails keeping you up to date on our latest news, special offers and exclusive member only deals!	Bridgend
Which television presenter was sacked by the BBC in February for comparing someone to a 'Golliwog'?	Rugby League World Cup 2013: Wales coach Iestyn Harris hopeful of causing an upset against England or Australia - Telegraph Rugby League Rugby League World Cup 2013: Wales coach Iestyn Harris hopeful of causing an upset against England or Australia Wales coach Iestyn Harris wants to put right the mistakes of 1995 and cause an upset in a quarter-final against England or Australia Big ambition: Iestyn Harris hopes his Wales side can cause an upset against Australia or England Photo: ACTION IMAGES By Tanya Aldred 6:25PM BST 24 Oct 2013 It is a bright autumn morning in Knutsford, a small town of decorative chimney pots and damson trees in the Cheshire countryside. Iestyn Harris waves from the car-park of the train station, his pink shirt ironed, his trainers clean and white. This is his first call of the day, the next is root canal treatment. Harris was one of the finest British rugby league players of his generation. Swifter than he looked with a natty sidestep, he was also a great ball-kicker in the mould of his hero, Barry John. He switched from league to union and back again, playing in both codes’ World Cups, retiring in 2009 to pursue a coaching career with Celtic Crusaders, and now Wigan and Wales. And it is Wales that is uppermost in his mind. On Saturday they take on Italy in the second game of the Rugby League World Cup opening day double-header at the Millennium Stadium. This is the same Italy, laden with NRL players, who beat England 15-14 in the warm-up game last week. Related Articles Tomkins learning to embrace superstar status 22 Oct 2013 It will not be easy, and Harris is determined his team perform to their potential; he is still living with the consequences of being part of a Wales team who did not. It was 1995. He was only 19, a promising youngster in a team of brilliance. Wales had reached the semi-finals of the Centenary World Cup, and were to play England at Old Trafford. “It was a glorious period for Wales rugby league,” he says. “We had Jonathan Davies, Scott Quinnell, Allan Bateman, Rowland Phillips, lots of ex-rugby union players who had come to league to earn a living. It was very, very special. But we should have gone on to win. Yes, it was a great experience and I got to play with all these greats, but you probably only get one time in your career that you are in a team that can win, and we let it slip through our fingers because of a lack of professionalism, and that is one of my biggest regrets.” He sips at his americano. “The game was in a transitional period, it had started to come through from winter to summer, there was more money coming in, the drinking culture was starting to disappear. “In ’95 we had a group of players who were phenomenally talented but our nutrition wasn’t right, our drinking wasn’t right, myself included. If we’d been a little bit more professional ... but,” he shrugs ruefully “you can’t change the past.” He smiles and the creases round his eyes wrinkle. Harris always felt Welsh, supported Wales in the Five Nations, despite growing up in Oldham. His grandmother was Welsh, as was his grandfather, a miner who played union for Newbridge, moved up from South Wales in 1946 when he accompanied a friend to a trial at Oldham and got selected himself – part of the long history of Welsh rugby union players moving north to play league and earn a wage. That link between Wales and rugby league largely disappeared when rugby union went professional in 1995. But Harris wanted it back – he did not want to coach a team stuffed full of NRL or Super League players with vague Welsh ancestry. And, despite the failure of the Celtic Crusaders rugby league club, based in Bridgend, things are changing. “Wales is a little bit different to everywhere else, everyone grows up with a rugby ball,” Harris says. “They’re sublimely skilful but don’t know the rules of rugby league and we’ve got to try and entice them over. “The talent is there, we’ve probably got more people who play rugby union in Wales than rugby league in the north of England. In our [under-]16s group we’ve got four or five who chose league over union because they could see the progression plan through to Super League, which is a big improvement from us as a governing body.” That path to Super League improved further with the opening of the Maesteg academy last month, which helps talented teenagers with both rugby and qualifications. It was set up in conjunction with Wigan, where Harris has been assistant coach for two years. Harris says: “I spoke to Ian Lenagan [Wigan’s chairman] about the depth of talent in South Wales, about how when the Crusaders disappeared, the players’ future platform was taken away from them. It was important that players coming through had somewhere to progress to.” There is now a sprinkling of Welsh players in Super League. Two forwards, Gil Dudson and Ben Flower, played in the Wigan team who won the Challenge Cup and Grand Final double this season, and Harris mentions Warrington centre Rhys Evans as “an exceptional talent”. Even this week two more signed part-time contracts to play for Barrow in the Championship. There has been talk that Harris will switch codes again – he has been linked with the job of backs coach at the Cardiff Blues. But for now he is focused only on one thing. He unfolds his huge arms for the first time in an hour. “If we can get out of our group, then that takes us to a quarter-final against potentially England or Australia and then it becomes a 50/50 game. “That’ll be a special moment for everyone to do with Welsh rugby league, then you get a chance to do something exceptional. But there is a lot of hard work to do before then.” A lot of hard work, and the dentist. Iframe not supported	i don't know
'The Curse Of The Black Pearl' was the first of which series of films?	Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) PG-13 \| Blacksmith Will Turner teams up with eccentric pirate "Captain" Jack Sparrow to save his love, the governor's daughter, from Jack's former pirate allies, who are now undead. Director: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC a list of 41 titles created 24 Oct 2011 a list of 27 titles created 06 Jan 2013 a list of 40 titles created 08 Dec 2014 a list of 36 titles created 16 Sep 2015 a list of 25 titles created 22 Oct 2015 Title: Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003) 8/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Nominated for 5 Oscars. Another 31 wins & 88 nominations. See more awards » Videos Jack Sparrow races to recover the heart of Davy Jones to avoid enslaving his soul to Jones' service, as other friends and foes seek the heart for their own agenda as well. Director: Gore Verbinski Captain Barbossa, Will Turner and Elizabeth Swann must sail off the edge of the map, navigate treachery and betrayal, find Jack Sparrow, and make their final alliances for one last decisive battle. Director: Gore Verbinski Jack Sparrow and Barbossa embark on a quest to find the elusive fountain of youth, only to discover that Blackbeard and his daughter are after it too. Director: Rob Marshall While Frodo and Sam edge closer to Mordor with the help of the shifty Gollum, the divided fellowship makes a stand against Sauron's new ally, Saruman, and his hordes of Isengard. Director: Peter Jackson During a preview tour, a theme park suffers a major power breakdown that allows its cloned dinosaur exhibits to run amok. Director: Steven Spielberg A meek Hobbit from the Shire and eight companions set out on a journey to destroy the powerful One Ring and save Middle Earth from the Dark Lord Sauron. Director: Peter Jackson Gandalf and Aragorn lead the World of Men against Sauron's army to draw his gaze from Frodo and Sam as they approach Mount Doom with the One Ring. Director: Peter Jackson Harry, Ron and Hermione search for Voldemort's remaining Horcruxes in their effort to destroy the Dark Lord as the final battle rages on at Hogwarts. Director: David Yates After training with his mentor, Batman begins his fight to free crime-ridden Gotham City from the corruption that Scarecrow and the League of Shadows have cast upon it. Director: Christopher Nolan A reluctant hobbit, Bilbo Baggins, sets out to the Lonely Mountain with a spirited group of dwarves to reclaim their mountain home - and the gold within it - from the dragon Smaug. Director: Peter Jackson 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 8.5/10 X Eight years after the Joker's reign of anarchy, the Dark Knight, with the help of the enigmatic Selina, is forced from his imposed exile to save Gotham City, now on the edge of total annihilation, from the brutal guerrilla terrorist Bane. Director: Christopher Nolan When Dr. Henry Jones Sr. suddenly goes missing while pursuing the Holy Grail, eminent archaeologist Indiana Jones must follow in his father's footsteps and stop the Nazis. Director: Steven Spielberg Edit Storyline This swash-buckling tale follows the quest of Captain Jack Sparrow, a savvy pirate, and Will Turner, a resourceful blacksmith, as they search for Elizabeth Swann. Elizabeth, the daughter of the governor and the love of Will's life, has been kidnapped by the feared Captain Barbossa. Little do they know, but the fierce and clever Barbossa has been cursed. He, along with his large crew, are under an ancient curse, doomed for eternity to neither live, nor die. That is, unless a blood sacrifice is made. Written by the lexster Taglines: Over 3000 Islands of Paradise -- For Some it's A Blessing -- For Others... It's A Curse. See more » Genres: Rated PG-13 for action/adventure violence \| See all certifications » Parents Guide: 9 July 2003 (USA) See more » Also Known As: $46,630,690 (USA) (11 July 2003) Gross: Did You Know? Trivia The monkey "Jack" is played by two capuchin monkeys. One is a 10-year old female named Tara, the other an 8-year old male named Levi. See more » Goofs After Jack escapes from the Black Pearl's dungeon and grabs the rope (after the line "Thanks very much") his pony tail is above his bandana on the left side, not the right. See more » Quotes [first lines] Young Elizabeth : [singing] Yo, ho, yo, ho/ a pirate's life for me/ Yo, ho, yo, ho/ it's a pirate's life for me/drink up me hearties, yo, ho... Mr. Gibbs : [surprises her by coming up from behind her] Quiet, missy! Cursed pirates sail these waters. You want to call them down on us? Norrington : [sharply] Mr. Gibbs, that will do! Mr. Gibbs : She was singing about pirates. Bad luck to sing about pirates, with us mired in this unnatural fog... mark my words! Norrington : Consider them marked. See more » Crazy Credits There is a short scene with the monkey at the end of the credits where he steals a piece of Cortes' gold and becomes a skeleton. He then bites the screen. See more » Connections – See all my reviews Although I had expectations ( from watching the trailers ) that this might be a good movie, I was still surprised that it's as good as it is. The story is actually more complex than I had expected, involving cursed pirates and their quest to rid themselves of the curse. I won't say more than that so as not to spoil it if you haven't seen it. There aren't as many action scenes as I had thought there would be in a pirate movie, but the ones that are in the movie were very fun and enjoyable. After seeing it, I think it had the right balance of action and drama. There are also, of course, a lot of funny bits interspersed between the action and drama. Some really good special effects also add to the enjoyment of this movie. I wasn't much of a fan of Johnny Depp until I saw this movie. I think he deserved to win the Academy Award for best actor. It's largely because of his performance, IMO, that the movie was so good. Most of the supporting cast did well, mind you, just that Johnny Depp stood high above the rest. I did find Orlando Bloom's performance a bit wooden, but other than that the acting was good. Basically, it's a really fun movie and I'd give it about 8 out of 10 192 of 239 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	Pirates of the Caribbean
Who stabbed 'Carmen' in the opera of the same name?	Metaphilm ::: Pirates of the Caribbean: Curse of the Black Pearl Pirates of the Caribbean: Curse of the Black Pearl Pearls Before Swine An action-adventure movie based on a kids ride at a theme park is hiding a real national treasure. Only puny secrets need protection. Big discoveries are protected by public incredulity. —Marshall McLuhan By the end of the twentieth century, the Walt Disney Company seemed all out of story. They had exhausted every option available to them: 1.) remaking old favorites (Herbie the Love Bug, Cheaper by the Dozen) 2.) buying new properties for cheap (such as the Winnie the Pooh franchise from Sears) 3.) hit-and-missing with new material (Pocohontas. Mulan. Hercules?) 4.) recycling their animated properties into live action films (101 Dalmatians, The Jungle Book) 5.) making sequels, prequels, and midquels enough to kill the most avid fan (Long John Silver, 102 Dalmatians, Hercules: From Zero to Hero) 6.) recycling a live action film into an animated film. Nobody believed this last one could be done, but by 2002, when Treasure Planet came out, the wailing and gnashing of teeth for the glory that was Disney became audible. As if it couldn’t get any worse, the company then turned pathetically to a technique no one had considered before in the quest for novel storylines: 7.) their own theme parks. First came The Country Bears in 2002, based on the Country Bears Jamboree show, with one bear channeling Jerry Garcia and the rest of them channeling The Eagles. Then, in what looked like a final act of desperation, 2003 saw the release of Pirates of the Caribbean, a ride most people remembered as being not terribly fun even when they were eleven years old. Wait a minute. Just a sec. Did you just say, “Pirates of the Caribbean?” I love that movie! Hang on . . . Oh now I remember: Everyone loved that movie: Gross Receipts for Treasure Planet: $109 million Gross Receipts for Pirates of the Caribbean: $654 million Gross Receipts for the entire Pirates franchise: $2.7 billion Why the sudden turnaround and change of fortune? It’s because these movies aren’t based on a ride at the theme park. Just as the 2001 Planet of the Apes was not a remake of the 1968 Charlton Heston original but rather a remake of the 1956 Charlton Heston film The Ten Commandments, so too is Pirates of the Caribbean doing something exceedingly clever, original, and startling. It’s not a narrative makeover of a Disney ride; it’s a remake of the ride of your life. Pirates of the Caribbean is an allegory of the current politico-economic system—executed so beautifully, so stylishly, and so accurately that no one has recognized it for what it is. Until now. If you bought the line (from the DVD’s extras) that the writers of Shrek just made up Pirates of the Caribbean as they went along, then it’s time to watch it again. Because when you look closer, what you discover is a plot so complex, dialogue so precise, characters so cleverly named, and a narrative so perfectly structured that you can no longer view it as just a random series of swashbuckling action-adventure moments strung together by tight bodice close-ups and powderkeg explosions. So where does the plot come from, who are these characters, and why the need for “undead” pirates? How can this story be so intricate, detailed, and complex if it is little more than a desperate bid to spice up a tired and worn-out genre? The reason is simple. Pirates is a story about water, and we are the fish. As someone famous once said, we don’t know who discovered water, but we know it wasn’t a fish. When something is everywhere, you don’t see it. Ubiquity is invisibility. And it is this very fact that it is a story about something so familiar that makes it such a compelling and enjoyable film. So we let down our guard in the false belief we are partaking in an ancient tale about fictional characters in exotic locales, only to find that we resonate with these very characters and the strangely familiar reality they inhabit. Best pirates ever Our guide on this journey is Captain Jack Sparrow, a minister of the New Covenant who is as adept with the word as he is with the sword. Actual acts of piracy we witness him commit in a movie all about pirates: One. Near the beginning we do see him run off with someone else’s ship. At that point we can at least agree that he’s “got to be the best pirate I’ve ever seen.” But he is still just a pirate, so can he truly be our hero? One of the amazing achievements of the film is that it keeps us questioning right up to the bitter end who the real hero is, or indeed, if there is any hero or actual “good guy” at all. Initially, we want Will to be our hero, especially when we see how courageously he fights to rid the world of the scourge of piracy. And as the boy of low estate who secretly loves the woman of high breeding, he seems the natural choice. But before long we find that Will is Jack’s understudy, and not only must he come to terms with his piratical parentage, but he is soon all too eager to betray the very teacher who has done him no wrong. Once Will whacks Jack over the head with an oar in the pirate cave, we find ourselves lost in the middle of an adventure without any hero to guide us at all. This sense of unease is intentional. It is designed to help us come to terms with the fact that we are all pirates, and thus we must all learn from Jack how to be the best possible pirates we can be. The fun part about telling a story to fish about water is that it is unnecessary to hide the “hidden” meaning. Quite the opposite, in fact. So if the real-life meaning you wish to communicate is that the walking dead are under a curse because they took some gold coins and spent them, then here’s how to hide the meaning from them: make a movie that shows the walking dead under a curse because they took some gold coins and spent them. The audience can’t see it because the audience can’t see it. The movie goes on and nobody in the audience has any idea . . . Drink up, because now I’ll have to repeat what I was just about to say: You are a pirate. You are among the walking dead. You entered this condition because some gold coins were spent. Water, water everywhere You did take a drink back there, didn’t you? It’s important to dull the pain by making the unbelievable tolerable through laughter. Jack prepares us for this right at the start of the story: Mullroy: What’s your purpose in Port Royal, Mr. Smith? Murtogg: Yeah. And no lies. Jack: Well, then, I confess, it is my intention to commandeer one of these ships, pick up a crew in Tortuga, raid, pillage, plunder and otherwise pilfer my weasely black guts out! Murtogg: I said no lies! Mullroy: I think he’s telling the truth. Murtogg: If he were telling the truth, he wouldn’t have told us. Jack: Unless, of course, he knew you wouldn’t believe the truth even if he told it to you. Since Scripture of old, the key to interpreting any text is always found within the text itself. Pirates can disclose the absolute truth to us, without alteration, because that truth is too fantastic for us to believe. After all, who among us actually believes we are under a curse? Nobody. Of course not. It was a silly suggestion. So let’s just read on now about the curse the crew of the Black Pearl is under, secure in the knowledge that any fanciful “interpretation” of that curse could not possibly be applied to us. You’re here for entertainment, not enlightenment, which is what pulled you into the cinema of Plato’s cave in the first place, right? Why spend five hours a day in the cave if not to avoid the light and stay in the dark? Our guide through the dark is Captain Barbossa, as despicable and loathsome a bad guy as ever graced the silver screen. We initially take comfort in having a real bad guy we can hate, and whose penchant for evil is predictable . . . until, that is, we figure out that he never tells a lie. This makes him a bad guy whose word we trust even more than some of the good guys. So consistent is he that even when accused of lying, he immediately proves himself blameless: Pintel: [to Elizabeth] Go on, Poppet, go! Walk the plank! Will: Barbossa, you lying bastard! You swore she’d go free! Barbossa: Don’t dare impugn me honor, boy. I agreed she’d go free, but it was you who failed to specify when or where. As you will recall, the curse was placed upon coins made of real gold, and it was through spending and trading away these gold coins that the pirates lost their ability to enjoy living. Yet they did not and could not die either. Captain Barbossa takes up the longest monologue in the film explaining this to Elizabeth: Elizabeth: I hardly believe in ghost stories any more, Captain Barbossa. Barbossa: Aye. That’s exactly what I thought when we were first told the tale. Buried on an Island of Dead what cannot be found except for those who know where it is. Find it, we did. There be the chest. Inside be the gold. And we took ’em all. We spent ’em and traded ’em and frittered ’em away on drink and food and pleasurable company. The more we gave ’em away, the more we came to realize—the drink would not satisfy, food turned to ash in our mouths, and all the pleasurable company in the world could not slake our lust. We are cursed men, Miss Turner. Compelled by greed, we were, but now we are consumed by it. [Elizabeth takes a butter knife and hides it] There is one way we can end our curse. All the scattered pieces of the Aztec gold must be restored and the blood repaid. Thanks to ye, we have the final piece. Elizabeth: And the blood to be repaid? Barbossa: That’s why there’s no sense to be killin’ ye—yet. [offers her an apple] Apple? Arr. [she stabs him with the knife; he takes it out] I’m curious—after killin’ me what was it you were plannin’ on doing next? [she runs out and sees the pirates, all skeletons under the full moon] Look! The moonlight shows us for what we really are. We are not among the living, and so we cannot die, but neither are we dead. For too long I’ve been parched with thirst and unable to quench it. Too long I’ve been starving to death and haven’t died. I feel nothing—not the wind on my face, nor the spray of the sea, nor the warmth of a woman’s flesh. [walks out into the moonlight and reveals himself as a skeleton] You best start believing in ghost stories Miss Turner. You’re in one! So those who don’t believe in ghost stories soon fall victim to them. First the pirates, and now Elizabeth. Reality eventually makes a believer out of the most hardened skeptics. Even in the dark, the glow of the moon is enough to enlighten us. Will you? But what in this far-fetched tale, you ask, has the slightest basis in reality? Yes, it explains the curse to us, but surely such a fantastic story is just the work of an over-active imagination. It resembles nothing from our everyday lives, does it? Sorry you asked. For the answer, we must visit our friendly local lawyer and ask how much he charges to draft a Will. Then we can get our money’s worth by asking him more questions than he’s ever had from a client. Check his answers against those below: Q: What does a Will create? A: An Estate. Q: What is an Estate? A: It is a legal construct to hold your property (everything you own) after you die. Q: Why do I need a Will or an Estate? A: Because your Will appoints an Executor to manage your Estate (holding your property) according to your instructions, usually by distributing the property to your heirs in the manner directed in your Will. Otherwise the government appoints an Administrator who follows standard rules that won’t necessarily be what you wanted. Without a Will, some of your heirs could end up with nothing. Q: What is an Executor? A: An Executor is a person appointed by you who gets to deal with your property as if he were you. His only limitation is that he must follow the instructions in your Will. An Administrator has exactly the same power to act as if he were you, but is appointed by the government and must follow instructions found in statutes (written laws), in absence of a Will. Q: So an Estate creates a situation where all my worldly goods (and land) are controlled by someone else after I die, because I am no longer able to control them? A: You’ve got it! Q: Should I leave my metallic mint green 1964 Buick Skylark to my cousin Vinny? A: Ah, finally, a normal question. Leaving aside the rest of the normal questions for now, we only have one third of the picture painted so far. The normal part. People die, and those people are . . . dead. So Estate law is the law that deals with dead people and their property. Hardly worthy of a ghost story. Estate law for the . . . living Now that we’ve met dashing, young Will, we need to meet his pirate father, Bootstrap Bill. A Will creates an Estate, whereas a Bill creates a debt. And you thought they were both short for William! Debt is fine if you are able to pay it, but when you cannot pay, the law comes along once again and starts meddling in your private affairs. In the olden, golden days, money was gold and an unpaid debt was tantamount to theft. So off you went to debtor’s prison. The harshness of the common law is the stuff that Charles Dickens built his writing career on. So what happened? Where are Dickens’s debtor’s prisons today? It appears that too many people read his stories, and agreed that there had to be a better way. We call that better way . . . Bankruptcy. And bankruptcy law is where things start to get interesting. Next we must visit another lawyer for advice on declaring bankruptcy. Let’s bring in all our credit card statements and tell him we can’t pay them. Q: What happens once I am declared bankrupt? A: The government appoints an administrator who takes all your property and divides it up among your creditors. Q: Can I keep my holiday home in Hawaii? A: No, all of your worldly goods (and land) must be given to the Administrator so he can pay off as much of your debt as possible. Q: This doesn’t sound like such a good deal after all. A: Do you agree it is a better deal than going to prison until every last penny is repaid? Q: Agree. So how does the Administrator decide who to pay and how much? A: You give him all of your Bills, and those show him who your creditors are. He uses what assets you have available to pay each creditor in proportion to the amount owed on his Bill. Q: What if I want one creditor paid completely before anyone else gets paid? A: Sorry, you have no control whatsoever over this process. Your property has been taken out of your control and given to the Administrator who holds it in a Bankruptcy Estate and deals with it in your place. Q: Loss of control? Administrator? Estate? Hey, what are you smoking? This sounds just like Estate law. I’m not dead! A: Correct. Bankruptcy law is Estate law. Bankruptcy kills you on paper so that your property can be dealt with as if you were dead, even though you are not. Your creditors simply take the place of your heirs. Q: So you mean if I spent some gold coins and didn’t pay them back, I could be bankrupted, and I would be treated as if I were dead even though I was not, and the only way to end this curse is to pay back every last gold coin? A: You’ve been watching too many movies. So a Will creates an Estate, and an unpaid Bill creates a Bankruptcy Estate, and they are in fact related, just like father and son . . . . . . and anyone under bankruptcy protection is the walking dead. Non-negotiables Interesting, you think. A bit spooky even. But then you smugly retort, “I’ve never been declared bankrupt!” Watch out for the water, my fishies. You might be all wet without knowing it. Reality will sneak up on you when you least expect it. Remember, we have only seen two-thirds of this picture so far. The third lawyer we must visit in order to complete the picture is one familiar with the nuances of contract law. Q: Is it true that a contract between two parties is not enforceable unless each party has given the other something of value, also called “valuable consideration”? A: Yes, of course. Q: So if buy something of value, and pay for it with a piece of paper with numbers on it, how have I provided valuable consideration? Does the paper have value? A: Well no, not exactly. Q: So how come we can still enforce contracts where the monetary payment does not consist of gold or silver coins that have intrinsic value? A: Can I see the contract you want me to review for you? Alas, there is little chance of finding a lawyer who can explain this last bit for us. But with a bit of research into the history of money, we can confirm the following: When people had gold and silver coins, they liked to store them in banks for safe keeping. The banker gave them a receipt that could be exchanged for the coin, called a promissory note. He also accepted their written instructions to pay the coin to a third party, called a check. People started accepting promissory notes and checks in place of the coins themselves, because of the convenience and because they could always get the coin out of the bank if they really wanted it. These banking papers became known collectively as “negotiable instruments,” and law developed to govern their use. Soon the average man thought of those bits of paper the same way he thought about the gold and silver coins that actually made his contracts enforceable. But there was a price to be paid. A court of common law could only enforce contracts with valuable consideration on both sides. If a dispute involving negotiable instruments came to a court of common law, the one who paid with paper would lose every time. Thus these disputes could only be heard in a different jurisdiction, one that recognized negotiable instruments: a court of maritime law. Consequently, when one accepted the convenience of negotiable instruments, he also accepted maritime law as the law governing his contracts. So you’re out to sea, and it’s the pirate’s life for thee. Back on land, the common law protects a man’s right to “life, liberty and property,” but when the U.S. Declaration of Independence was written, it made a curious substitution. It merely affirmed a man’s right to “life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.” Apparently the right to property was already under heavy fire in 1776. If you don’t believe that your right to property has been compromised, just try building a house on “your” land without getting permission from the relevant authorities. Or try not handing over a portion of your hard-earned pay with each pay check. Today we cannot exchange our negotiable instruments for gold or silver coins at all. Gold coins were removed from circulation in 1933. This happened in every single country across the globe in the same year. Could it be that the entire planet was bankrupted that year? Well, Yes. Either that, or it was the greatest theft in the history of mankind, and the perpetrators have yet to be caught. Uncharted waters We now all trade under bankruptcy protection using negotiable instruments, which makes us the walking dead. Argh! We no longer get to enjoy the benefits of living, which are our property rights formerly protected by the common law. But if we want to trade commercially and have our contracts enforced, we have no other option in a bankrupted nation. Don’t like the water? Have some more rum. Now for maritime law to apply, there has to be a ship, because the law of the sea applies to ships, not to men and women on the land. So somewhere along the line you were given a ship and taught how to navigate it. Your ship is quite easy to find, as it is the foundational document for every last contract you have signed. Especially with the government. If you want anything from the government, what do you have to present? A driver’s license? Passport? Close, but what did you have to have in order to get those? That’s right: A Berth Certificate! Your ship was berthed the day you were born. What’s that? Yours says “Birth” and you think that the “i” makes it a different word? Well, Mr. Webster, who wrote the original dictionary of American English in 1828, says otherwise. And you will find on most documents, especially those issued by the government or involving the courts, that your name is written in ALL CAPITAL LETTERS, just like the name of a ship. The contract is with your ship, not with you. You are merely the Captain, . . . provided you remind people of this fact often and consistently, just like Jack does. You have traded the benefits of living, the protections of the common law, for the benefits of a ship that can operate commercially under bankruptcy protection, using maritime law. [in the cabin of the Interceptor] Elizabeth: [trying to bandage her palm] What sort of a man trades a man’s life for a ship? Will: A pirate. But enough darkness. Step into the light of day, with our unlikely hero Jack Sparrow. He has somehow managed to escape this curse. Was it merely a twist of fate, or is it something more fundamental, like his very approach to life? Fast forward to the final battle scene in the pirate cave. There we see Jack gladly accept the benefit of “limited liability protection” offered by the curse. Clearly he sees it differently to Barbossa, who just wants it lifted. To Jack, even when under a curse, one must wait “for the opportune moment.” So he levels the playing field by operating in bankruptcy while fighting Barbossa, and then chooses the exact moment for lifting the curse, by repaying his debt to the heathen gods at the same time he repays Barbossa with a single shot through the heart. Here is a man who does not think like us, and so we cannot figure him out right up to the bitter end. But lest there still be doubt in our minds, he sorts through the treasure and comes forward to Will and Elizabeth with a golden chalice and crown, looking every bit the misunderstood Messiah figure he actually is. Jack has happily traded his life for a ship, as he told Elizabeth while they were marooned: Jack: Not just the Spanish Main, love. The entire ocean. The entire world. Wherever we want to go, we’ll go. That’s what a ship is, you know. It’s not just a keel and a hull and a deck and sails. That’s what a ship needs. But what a ship is, what the Black Pearl really is, is freedom. Negotiable instruments Jack not only guides Will into the knowledge that he is a pirate. He teaches him how to be a “good” pirate—and in the process he teaches us as well. We too, learn that we are pirates, no matter how strongly we deny it. If we stop denying that reality we can learn from Jack how to be the best pirates we can be. A good pirate knows that everything is negotiable. We watch as again and again Jack successfully negotiates his way out of seemingly impossible predicaments. To do this, one must have courage, confidence, and knowledge of the cards one holds that the other side desperately needs. A sword is useful, but knowledge is power, and so it is always his words that cause Jack to prevail in the end. A good pirate lives by The Code. But he also knows there is a higher moral code that cannot be breached in the name of “keeping to The Code”. So written rules are good, as far as they go. But in the end, they are just guidelines. A good pirate must be a man of his word. This is a point Jack makes leading into his final battle with Barbossa, and one that we finally believe, having seen that he never did give Will, or any of us, a reason not to trust him. Barbossa: I must admit, Jack , I thought I had ye figured. But it turns out that you’re a hard man to predict. Jack: Me? I’m dishonest. And a dishonest man you can always trust to be dishonest. Honestly. It’s the honest ones you want to watch out for, because you can never predict when they’re going to do something incredibly . . . stupid. [unsheathes a pirate’s sword and throws it to Will; Jack starts fighting with Barbossa] Barbossa: You’re off the edge of the map, mate. Here there be monsters. And finally, a good pirate must never steal. Getting stuff for free is not a problem, but stealing is out. Remember Jack’s one act of piracy? According to him, it was not stealing at all: Will: [Looking at the Interceptor] We’re going to steal the ship? [Looks over to the Dauntless, where Jack is looking] That ship? Jack: Commandeer. We’re going to commandeer that ship [pointing towards the Interceptor]. Nautical term. What looks like piracy to us is not piracy to Jack. And yes, the word used does change everything. But let’s pick up this lesson at Tortuga, whilst meeting Jack’s new crew. Anna Maria: You stole my boat! Jack: Actually, . . . [Receives a second slap to the face]. Borrowed. Borrowed without permission. But with every intention of bringing it back. Let’s end for now with the first time we met Jack Sparrow, and what he did that gave us the mistaken first impression that he was nothing more than a common, petty scallywag. Upon entering Port Royale, he is immediately accosted by a bureaucrat who demands contract terms from him. It is a dubious contract at best, as Jack’s boat is now at the bottom of the harbor. But Jack does not argue. Instead, he negotiates the terms, and is even willing to pay more. Harbormaster: [to Jack] What? Hey. Hold up, there, you! It’s a shilling to tie up your boat at the dock. [they both look at the sunken boat] And I shall need to know your name. Jack: [hands him three shillings] What d’ye say to three shillings, and we forget the name? Harbormaster: Welcome to Port Royal, Mr. Smith. [Jack walks past the Harbormaster’s podium, sees the Harbormaster’s money pouch and takes it] If we listen carefully while Jack shakes it, we will hear [clink, clink] that there are almost certainly three shillings in that purse he lifted off the Harbormaster’s podium. So Jack has not stolen at all. He has merely balanced the books. The transaction cost him nothing. Is this the reason he did not argue? Did he know all along that it would work out this way? Is it the theme and purpose of the Pirates movies to show us a world where everything is free? And if this is a movie about water, are we fishies already swimming in it, having never realized that all we need is right here, all around us, in limitless supply? Drink up, me hearties, Yo Ho! ::: Snodgrass made a decision ten years ago to live as if everything was free, even if it wasn’t. As a consequence of the problem of too-much-time-on-his-hands that this created, he frittered his days away reading legal tomes and watching children’s movies. His first epiphany came when he thought, “Hey, this is just like The Matrix”, while reading a legal treatise on jurisdiction.” Initially scared to watch Pirates because of the skeletons, he relented after he found that he had learned less about money from all his law books than a close friend knew after a few viewings of Curse of the Black Pearl. posted by editor ::: May 01, 2011 ::: philms :::	i don't know
Who wrote the children's novel 'What Katy Did' and the 'Katy' series of books?	What Katy Did (Children's Classics): Amazon.co.uk: Susan Coolidge: 9781853261312: Books What Katy Did (Children's Classics) Add all three to Basket Buy the selected items together This item:What Katy Did (Children's Classics) by Susan Coolidge Paperback Â£1.99 In stock. Sent from and sold by Amazon. FREE Delivery on orders over Â£10. Details Sent from and sold by Amazon. FREE Delivery on orders over Â£10. Details Heidi (Children's Classics) by Johanna Spyri Paperback Â£1.99 In stock. Sent from and sold by Amazon. FREE Delivery on orders over Â£10. Details Customers Who Bought This Item Also Bought Page 1 of 1 Start over Page 1 of 1 This shopping feature will continue to load items. In order to navigate out of this carousel please use your heading shortcut key to navigate to the next or previous heading. Enter your mobile number or email address below and we'll send you a link to download the free Kindle App. Then you can start reading Kindle books on your smartphone, tablet, or computer - no Kindle device required. Apple To get the free app, enter your mobile phone number. or Don't have a Kindle? Get your Kindle here , or download a FREE Kindle Reading App . Product details Publisher: Wordsworth Editions; New edition edition (5 Mar. 1994) Language: English Product Dimensions: 12.8 x 1.1 x 19.8 cm Average Customer Review: Product Description Review Those who enjoy Jodie will turn with interest to Laurel Lefkow's spirited reading of Susan Coolidge's What Katy Did, not only because of the heroines' similarities, but because it opens such a vivid window into a domestic world that we have lost: full of aunts and cousins, innumerable siblings and clearly drawn moralities. Abridgement has meant a loss of detail, but has made the book work better for a modern audience. --Christina Hardyment, The Times Book Description The boisterous, tall, unstoppable Katy Carr will win your heart in her struggle to become good --This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title. By Tori on 14 Nov. 2004 Format: Hardcover Katy's tale could so easily have been preachy. Set in 1860s USA it's about a thoughtless, careless, happy girl who has a terrible accident. As she learns to live with pain and with not being able to walk, she also learns how to be patient and loving. However, the lessons are interspersed with annecdotes about Katy and her family. These are so alive and colourful that I am sure they must be partly true! There's the time Katy befriends a counterfeiter's wife; an important visitor finds and reads aloud Katy's story about Bop the blue poodle and Lady Edwitha of the Hebrides; and her sister Johnny's 'baby', a chair named Pikery falls ill and must be dosed with stolen medicine. I love the underlying message, which is that good deeds begin at home - think globally, act locally. After Katy falls ill, she lies in bed fretting that she will never be able to perform all the great deeds she hoped to do. However she learns that she can make a difference to her family and friends. I love the honesty of it - although at the end Katy is adored by her family, she is still sometimes headstrong and impatient, and there are times when she must work at being good. I loved the fact that her change has not consumed the joyous, impetuous part of her and there are still merry times after the accident. I would love to know what a person who has suffered a similar disablement thinks of this story. Similar reads are L M Mongomery's Anne and Emily books, Laura Ingalls Wilder's pioneering stories and Louisa M Alcott's Little Women. By JRW on 19 Dec. 2010 Format: Paperback Katy Carr is a twelve year-old girl, a tomboy who lives in a small house with her father, aunt and five younger brothers and sisters. At first, the book appears to be about growing up; with the plays, antics and misadventures of Katy, her siblings and friend Cecy Hall. The cheerful tone present early in the story is swiftly replaced about halfway through after a tragic incident which makes the book take a darker outlook and it becomes a nail-biting page turner. Well-written with great supporting characters including severe yet kindly Aunt Izzie, the siblings: Clover, Elsie, Dorry, John and Phil, each with a unique personality and my favourite character, the Carr children's sickly yet wise and patient Cousin Helen. If you have read and enjoyed similar books such as Little Women or Anne of Green Gables, you should give this a try. A light read of about 200 pages with a good message to it - but parents buying this book for a child should read it first and then decide for themselves whether their child will be able to cope with the slightly dark, melancholy and sad second half. Comment 13 people found this helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Sending feedback... Thank you for your feedback. Sorry, we failed to record your vote. Please try again By Laura Crook on 14 Oct. 2011 Format: Kindle Edition I remember loving this book when I was little and my copy was so worn out, yet all I could remember of it as an adult was Katy falling off a swing at some point. It is a kids book but not so much that you can't enjoy reading it. Definitely a good quick read that doesn't take much effort. If you read this years ago, get it for your Kindle and enjoy your childhood memories coming back to you. Comment 5 people found this helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Sending feedback... Thank you for your feedback. Sorry, we failed to record your vote. Please try again By Mrs O on 7 May 2011 Format: Kindle Edition Verified Purchase When I saw that the series of five 'Katy' books was available for the Kindle, I downloaded them at once; as an added bonus, some of them were free. My old books were much-loved and read and reread and, many years after they went to a charity shop or a jumble sale, to read them once again was a lovely reminder of childhood. They are well-written, and not so aimed at children that a forty-something-year-old got bored. Comment 7 people found this helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Sending feedback... Thank you for your feedback. Sorry, we failed to record your vote. Please try again By PGM on 29 Jun. 2014 Format: Kindle Edition Verified Purchase I remember reading this novel as a child and loved it just as much the second time around! Katy is a tomboy of a girl who finds herself in trouble very often, though not through trying. She is the eldest of the Carr children and the reader will soon fall in love with this realistic character, foibles and all. After an accident she has to learn some major life lessons, mainly patience and how to live with pain. Her family are very dear to her, despite her being difficult to live with for some time after her accident but she learns her lessons well and is able to be an important member of her family, despite being bedridden. A lovely story, still appealing although written in 1872. Comment 2 people found this helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Sending feedback... Thank you for your feedback. Sorry, we failed to record your vote. Please try again	Sarah Chauncey Woolsey
King Hussein of Jordan dies, Chinese embassy in Belgrade bombed by NATO planes, and Prince Edward marries. Which year?	Clothes In Books: Katy by Jacqueline Wilson & What Katy Did by Susan Coolidge Katy by Jacqueline Wilson & What Katy Did by Susan Coolidge published 2015, 1872 [Katy is planning her outfit for a disco at school, and goes to her stepmother for help] I asked Izzie’s advice. ‘How about a nice corduroy pinafore dress with a white frilly blouse?’ she said. I stared at her, appalled – and she fell about laughing. ‘I’m teasing you, Katy… I think you’ll be fine in your black jeans and that weird skull t-shirt. But maybe we’ll get you new shoes. Those black plimsolls with the sequins are too small for you now.’ ‘I hate shoes. I just want trainers’ I said. ‘I’ve got an idea,’ said Izzie. ‘What about Doc Martens?’ ‘Oh yes!’ ‘they’ll be expensive, but they can be an early Christmas present from me,’ she said. ‘Oh Izzie, you’re so great! Can they be really bright ones? Red?’ ‘I don’t see why not,’ said Izzie. She knew my size so she went to the shops and bought them for me. ‘They say I can return them if they don’t fit,’ she said, showing me the wonderful scarlet shiny Docs. They fitted perfectly and they meant the world to me. commentary: The corduroy pinafore certainly had me going, I believed it for a moment – though the heroine in this blogpost actually would be wearing that. There are many books I loved as a child – Little Women, A Little Princess, Wind in the Willows, the works of E Nesbit. But my absolute favourite was What Katy Did by Susan Coolidge, first published in 1872. I got it for Christmas when I was maybe 6 or 7 – a brand-new beautiful hardback. I read it a lot. This is what it looks like now: Although there are other copies in the house (of course – I had to buy my daughter her own copy) this is still my favourite, and when I pick it up I can remember starting to read it on a dark Christmas morning. Four years ago, when this blog started up, What Katy Did at School was one of the first books featured, with a picture that became my avatar for a long time: and What Katy Did followed on soon after. [Different editions group these two stories differently – for me they were both in my once-beautiful hardback and so they were all one story to me, called What Katy Did.] So when I heard that there was an updated, modern version of the book I had to buy and read it immediately. Jacqueline Wilson is a modern-day author whom I like very much – there’s a blogpost here on another updated classic she wrote, though this gives the impression that that’s all she does. In fact she is a very prolific and very good writer of contemporary and entertaining books. This is an article I wrote about her a while back, in the US online magazine Slate, to introduce her to American readers. One of the points I made is: Her books' tone is not that of so many young adult books—"I understand you, and this book will help you cope." Wilson's tone is, "This is the way life is, now let's see what happens." -- and this is true of the new book Katy. Anyone who has read the original will greatly enjoy spotting the parallels and slight twists on the ur-story in this one. Izzy has become a stepmother (rather than an aunt), and Elsie is a stepsister. The first half of both books contains scenes from family life – rambunctious and very funny. Katy is a lovely heroine because she is full of ideas and a natural, imaginative leader, but can also be clumsy and awkward, and so she keeps getting into scrapes. Then something terrible happens to her – both books. In the old version, there is a chapter called Dismal Days, and it is the only chapter I used to sometimes miss out in my re-reading. The new book is equally bleak and harrowing and actually made me cry. (The scene with the old lady next door – not paralleled in the 1872 book – was the killer.) The plots start diverging here, and for a reason that I cannot divulge. I was hoping modern-Katy would go off to a boarding-school like old-Katy, and I feel I can say that that does not happen. But the new book is absolutely tremendous: most unusual and beautifully-done, and I loved it and stayed up late (for the second time in a couple of weeks ) to finish it – I couldn’t bear to go to sleep till I found out how it ended for Katy. I read the 460 pages in no time at all. Highly recommended. I’d be interested to hear from my American friends – is the original What Katy Did still popular there? When I lived in the US my local friends – great book readers all – didn’t remember her from their youth. Was it more of a UK thing, even though the original Katy is of course American? Please let me know your thoughts. Posted by	i don't know
The 'Battle of Stamford Bridge' was fought in 1066 – which is the nearest city to the battlefield?	Battle of Stamford Bridge (1066) \| Medieval Battles \| Battlefields of Britain Medieval Battles BATTLE OF STAMFORD BRIDGE (1066) The first of two invasions of 1066 had started badly for the Saxons with a bloody defeat at Fulford but just days later, at Stamford Bridge, King Harold of England surprised the Vikings with a large army. Unprepared for battle and with a significant contingent displaced guarding their ships, the Vikings were routed and the Norwegian King killed. Skip to > Historical Background On the 5 January 1066, the English King Edward the Confessor died childless. During his reign he had carefully managed a number of competing claimants to his throne but, on his deathbed, he nominated the most powerful English landowner Harold Godwineson, Earl of Wessex as his heir and successor. This famously enraged William, Duke of Normandy - who had possibly been promised the English throne by King Edward in the 1040s - and who subsequently started invasion preparations that would culminate in the Battle of Hastings in October. However there was another claimant seeking to exploit the situation; Harald Hardrada, King of Norway. Although he had a very weak claim to the English throne – allegedly an agreement had been made between King Magnus of Norway and King Harthacnut of England circa-1040 where each agreed to succeed the other if they died without natural heirs - it is equally possible that this great Viking warrior wasn’t too concerned about legal niceties and simply saw an opportunity for conquest. Allied to Hardrada was Tostig Godwineson, Harold’s own brother, who up to Autumn 1065 had been Earl of Northumbria. He had been ousted by a local rebellion and another northern magnate, Morcar, had been invited to take his place. Despite King Edward supporting Tostig, he was ultimately forced to accept Morcar. The situation didn’t change when Harold became King and Tostig sought to make his claim by force. In May 1066 he sailed from Flanders with 60 ships attacking the Isle of Wight and Sandwich before moving north to Lincolnshire where his small force was defeated by Edwin, Earl of Mercia. With only 12 ships remaining he retreated to Scotland where he was placed under the protection of King Malcolm. Tostig now allied himself of Hardrada and the two made plans to combine forces for an invasion in the north. Throughout the Summer of 1066 King Harold waited in the south of England for the expected invasion of William from Normandy. Summer came and went with no invasion prompting Harold to disband his army; but no sooner than he had he done so news arrived of Harald Hardrada’s invasion in the north. The Norwegian King had rendezvoused in the Tyne with the forces of Tostig and collectively they had a force of at least 300 ships. Sailing down the Yorkshire coast, raiding coastal sites as they went, they proceeded into the Humber and up the River Ouse to attack York . They landed at Ricall, about 10 miles short of the city, but found their approach blocked the northern Earls Edwin and Morcar. A bloody fight ensued, the Battle of Fulford fought on 20 September 1066, where the Earls attempted to stop the Norwegian King. The English lost the battle and York capitulated to the invaders offering hostages and supplies to be delivered to Stamford Bridge; a major junction approximately 8 miles from the city where four Roman roads converged. Prelude Harold was still in the south when he heard of the Viking invasion in the north. Re-mobilising his army he force marched his force 185 miles in just six days arriving in Tadcaster, 8 miles from York, on the night of the 24 September. The next day he proceeded to York where he received intelligence that the Norwegians were at Stamford Bridge. He immediately marched out the city along the line of Ermine Street intending to bring them to battle. The Norwegians had no information that King Harold was in the north. Hardrada clearly assumed that the Saxon King would not abandon the south coast when William of Normandy still posed a significant threat. Accordingly, since the Battle of Fulford five days earlier, a significant portion of Hardrada’s forces had seemingly returned to their beachhead at Ricall. Hardrada and Tostig had remained at Stamford Bridge to await the supplies promised by York. Numbers On the morning of 25 September 1066, Harold advanced from York along the line of the Roman Road. The size of his force is unknown although is suspected to have numbered around 10,000 men strong. Some historians argue the force was much larger. The size of Hadrada’s force is also unknown although the contingent present at Stamford Bridge when King Harold arrived was probably around half the size of the English forces. They were camped on the ‘battle flat’, an area to the south east of the bridge and village. The balance of Hadrada’s force, possibly numbering up to 3,000 men, was 12 miles away at Ricall with their Fleet on the banks of the River Ouse. The Battle Although the battle takes its name from the bridge, it was really an irrelevance to the substantive battle which took place after the English forces had crossed the River Derwent. - Stage 1: English Secure Bridge The time Harold came to Stamford Bridge is unknown but he and his forces crossed the River Derwent some, as the name of the battle strongly implies, via the presence of a bridge. Upon arriving at the scene allegedly one Norwegian stood firm on the bridge against the English forces and single-handedly held off English forces despite being shot by an arrow. It is suggested he remained victorious on a bridge until an English warrior managed to position himself under the bridge and thrust a spear into the Norwegian above. With the warrior dead Harold then crossed with his army. Such a heroic story may be true - either in whole or part - but it had no real effect on the battle. Almost certainly Harold's forces crossed the River Derwent via adjacent fording points as well as by the bridge so the likelihood of delay was minimal. Furthermore one version of the Anglo-Saxon chronicle is quite specific that "Harold, king of the English, came upon them [the Norwegian force] unawares beyond the bridge" meaning at the point of the crossing the forces of Hardrada weren't even yet aware of the English presence. - Stage 2: English Surprise Norwegians After having crossed the Derwent, the English forces fell upon the Norwegian camp taking them by surprise. - Stage 3: Norwegians Rally Although taken by surprise, Hardrada rallied his men forming them into battle order. However, the English had overwhelming numbers and the Norwegian King was killed early in the fighting. - Stage 4: Truce Offered Harold offered an amnesty for Tostig and the remaining survivors but this was rejected and the battle resumed. A fierce fight followed with the Norwegian army now led by Tostig. - Stage 5: Norwegian Rout The Norwegians were hopelessly outnumbered and stood no chance. Tostig was killed with the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle noting "he fell there with glory and a good reputation". The remainder of his force was surrounded and destroyed. - Stage 6: Norwegian Reinforcements The final phase of the battle commenced as Norwegian reinforcements, possibly numbering several thousand, arrived. Led by Eystein Moorcock, who had been left in charge of the ships, they fought fiercely and the English suffered heavy casualties. - Stage 7: Norwegian Defeat The Norwegian reinforcements arrived too late to tip the balance; the English numerical superiority prevailed, Moorcock was killed and the final Norwegian force was also routed. Aftermath Harold allowed Harald Hadrada's son, called Mundus, to return to Norway with his ships and the surviving soldiers on the promise that his forces would never invade England again - a promise that was kept. But undoubtedly the greatest impact of the Battle of Stamford Bridge was the opportunity it afforded Duke William of Normandy in the south of England. Just three days after the battle William made an unopposed landing at Pevensey and had over a fortnight before Harold, whose military force must have been heavily degraded by losses to his elite Housecarls, was in a position to counter him. By then William had established castles at Pevensey and Hastings and was ready to move inshore to challenge Harold. The subsequent Battle of Hastings , fought on 14 October 1066, brought the age of Saxon England to an abrupt end. Bibliography Beresford, M.W and St Joseph, J.K.S (1979). Medieval England - An Aerial Study. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Burne, A.H (2005). Battlefields of England. Pen and Sword Books Ltd, Barnsely. Carruthers, B and Ingram, J. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: Illustrated and Annotated. Pen and Sword, Barnsley. Carpenter, D (2004). The Struggle for Mastery. Penguin Books Ltd, London. Cyprien, M and Fairbairn, N (1983). A Traveller's Guide to the Battlefields of Britain. Evans Brothers Ltd, London. Dodds, G.L (1996). Battles in Britain 1066-1746. Arms & Armour, London. Douglas, D.C and Greeaway, G.W (ed) (1981). English Historical Documents Vol 2 (1042-1189). Routledge, London. English Heritage (1995). Battlefield Report: Stamford Bridge (1066). Swindon. Gibbs-Smith, C.H (1973). The Bayeux Tapestry. Cavendish, Leicester. Green, H (1973). Guide to the Battlefields of Britain and Ireland. Constable, London. Huscroft, R (2009). The Norman Conquest: A New Introduction. Pearson Education Limited, Harlow. Kinross, J (1979). The Battlefields of Britain. London. Lancaster, J.H.D (2014). Stamford Bridge: Battlefield visit notes and observations. CastlesFortsBattles.co.uk. McLynn, F (1999). 1066: The Year of the Three Battles. Pimlico, London. Ordnance Survey (2015). Stamford Bridge. 1:1250. Southampton. Reynolds, A.J (1999). Later Anglo-Saxon England: Life and Landscape. Stroud. Schofield, G (1966). The Third Battle of 1066. History Today, London. Smurthwaite, D (1993). The Complete Guide to the Battlefields of Britain. Michael Joseph, London. Wright, G.N (1985). Roads and Trackways of the Yorkshire Dales. Moorland. What's There? The river side element of the battlefield is now extensively developed and part of Stamford Bridge village. Unsurprisingly the medieval bridge has long since been replaced. The substantive battlefield, situated beyond the village, is now farmland allowing the terrain to be appreciated but in 1066 would not have been cultivated. River Derwent. The forces of the Saxon king advanced over the River Derwent by the bridge and at least one ford. Allegedly one brave Viking single-handedly held back the Saxons until a spear was thrust into him from underneath. Monument. A small monument was erected to mark the battle although this is positioned in the village rather than at the scene of the fighting further uphill. The crest of the hill beyond the bridge where the substantive battle was fought. The Vikings were engulfed by the English. Another view of the battlefield. Getting There The memorial is found in Fulford Parish Council Playing Field directly adjacent to the A19. The Germany Beck runs to the north of this field. There is a small car park on a turn-off from A19 directly opposite the park (sign-posted parking). Monument	York
Canaletto famously painted views of Venice and which other city?	THE BATTLE OF STAMFORD BRIDGE Few people in England have heard of the Battle of Stamford Bridge, even though it was the last Viking battle on English soil and ended the Viking era of English history. The reason is that the Battle of Stamford Bridge is overshadowed in English history by the Battle of Hastings which occurred just three weeks later. The Battle of Hastings in 1066 is the one historical event that everyone in England knows. Characters The main people involved in the Battle of Stamford Bridge are: King Harold Godwinsson - Previously an Earl, he seized the crown and became the English King. Died at the Battle of Hastings in 1066. King Harald Sigurdsson - The Viking King. His nickname was ï¿½Hardradiï¿½, meaning ï¿½the Ruthlessï¿½. Died at the Battle of Stamford Bridge, 1066. Earl Tostig - Brother of Harold Godwinsson, the English King. Fought with the Viking King Harald, against his own brother Eystein Orri - The leader in charge of the Viking re-inforcements at Riccall. Duke William the Conqueror - the Duke of Normandy who attacked England. Was the leader of the Norman army at Hastings and became King of England. The Norman Invasion After the death of the English king, Edward the Confessor, a dispute began about who was the rightful heir. Both Earl Harold Godwinsson and Duke William of Normandy wanted to be king, but Harold Godwinsson seized the English crown and proclaimed himself king. Duke William decided to fight for the crown and built an invasion fleet to cross the English Channel. Throughout the summer the English army waited on the south coast for the fleet to cross the English Channel. But as the summer drew on, and no invasion had occurred, the English King Harold, called off the alert, the militia was disbanded, and the English fleet was moved to London from the Isle of Wight, only to be hit by a severe storm on the way. The Vikings Invasion To Haroldï¿½s surprise, it was in the north that the first invasion took place - by the Vikings and their English allies. The Norwegian king, Harald Hardradi, had the support of Earl Tostig, (the English King Haroldï¿½s brother), and Scottish re-inforcements. The fleet reputedly consisted of 300 ships and 9000 men. The fleet sailed up the River Humber to a small village just south of York at Riccall. The army was landed there. York York was the capital city of the North and a prize jewel for the Vikings to capture. Haraldï¿½s march into the city was blocked by a smaller English army, and a battle took place just outside the city at a small village called Gate Fulford. The battle was unexpectedly hard, but the Viking invaders eventually won and marched into the city. Harald now controlled York, the main city of the north. He was so confident that he left York almost immediately, without even a garrison of soldiers to defend it. It is possible that he left York because some of the most important citizens agreed to be hostages to save a massacre. Harald marched his army to Stamford Bridge - a point 12 miles east from York and 19 miles from his fleet in Riccall. Stamford Bridge, Yorkshire Quite why King Harald marched his army to Stamford Bridge is a mystery. It was on a good communication route with a bridge over the River Derwent, but was completely undefended. It maybe that he had arranged to meet hostages there. Positioning his army at Stamford Bridge proved to be a dreadful tactical mistake. King Harold of England was caught by surprise at the invasion in the north. He marched from the south of England at amazing speed and reached Stamford Bridge in only 5 days. The Viking army was caught completely off-guard. It was a warm, sunny autumnal day, and the Viking troops where relaxing by the banks of the River Derwent. The bridge was unguarded. Suddenly on the horizon a dust-cloud could be seen: ï¿½And the closer the army came, the greater it grew, and their glittering weapons sparkled like a field of broken iceï¿½ The English army marched towards the bridge. The Viking army needed time to arm themselves and prepare for battle. For a time a single Viking held the bridge, killing all who approached. The English army could not get past, until one of the English soldiers got under the bridge and thrust upwards with a spear, killing the Viking. The English army was now free to cross. The Battle of Stamford Bridge The Saga account gives a description of the battle in some detail. The English attacked the Vikings by a ï¿½hot assaultï¿½. The Northmen resisted it bravely. The Vikings kept their own battle order and the English forces could make little headway. Suddenly the Vikings attacked by breaking out of their battle order, seeking to drive the English from the battlefield. The English attacked the Vikings from all sides, and threw arrows and spears at the Vikings The Viking King, King Harald Sigurdsson, was enraged and went into the battle and ran out infront of his men ï¿½hewing with both hands. Neither helmet or armour could withstand him, and everyone in his path gave way before himï¿½. It looked then as if the English were on the point of being routed. ï¿½But now King Harald Sigurdsson was struck in the throat by an arrow, and that was his death woundï¿½. The Vikings retreated with their battle banner. Tostig, Haroldï¿½s brother, then took up the banner. Both armies then re-organised themselves and there was a long pause in the battle. Harold Godwinsson offered his brother Tostig and the Vikings peace, but they refused and said they would ï¿½rather fall, one across the other, than accept quarter from the Englishmenï¿½. The Vikings set up a war shout and the battle began again Reinforcements all clad in armour then arrived from the ships at Riccall, led by Eystein Orri. Eystein then took charge of the banner, Land-Ravager. The battle was again fierce, and was known as Orriï¿½s storm The men were so exhausted by their journey from their ships, that many fell from weariness. The English forces easily defeated them. When the slaughter was over, Harold gave quarter to the defeated, and the Viking survivors went home in 24 ships. They had arrived in 300 ships. The Battle Banner Banners were an important part of a battle. The most important people were grouped round it and the banner was a rallying point for the troops. The Vikings had names for their banners. The Viking banner at Stamford Bridge was called ï¿½Land-Ravagerï¿½. After Stamford Bridge The Battle of Stamford Bridge was very important in English history for two main reasons: It was the last Viking invasion and battle on English soil. After the Norman Conquest there were many invasion threats by the Vikings, but no invasion happened. Stamford Bridge was the last. The Viking invasion and the Battle of Stamford Bridge forced the English army to march north, leaving Duke William of Normandy to land his army without opposition. When King Harold arrived, after a forced march from Yorkshire, the Normans had marched inland to good defensive positions. At the Battle of Hastings the course of English history changed. Without the Battle of Stamford Bridge the course of English history may have been very different	i don't know
Which singer had number one hits with 'Dreams' in 1993 and 'Rise' in 2000?	Gabrielle - New Songs, Playlists & Latest News - BBC Music Read more about sharing. Gabrielle Biography (Wikipedia) Louise Gabrielle Bobb (born 16 April 1970), known simply as Gabrielle, is a multi-platinum selling, BRIT Award winning English singer and songwriter. Gabrielle was born in Hackney, London. Her unconventional image includes short tight curls and an eye patch or sunglasses—she has ptosis, the drooping of one eyelid. Her debut single "Dreams" topped the UK Singles Chart in June 1993. Other singles include "Going Nowhere", "Give Me a Little More Time", "Walk On By" and "If You Ever" – a duet with East 17. After a few quiescent years Gabrielle made a comeback with "Rise", which became Gabrielle's second UK number one in 2000. The album of the same name also reached the top spot in the UK Albums Chart, where it stayed for three weeks. "Out of Reach" from the soundtrack to the film Bridget Jones's Diary reached number four in the UK Singles Chart. Gabrielle's greatest hits collection, Dreams Can Come True, Greatest Hits Vol. 1 was released in 2001. Gabrielle has won two BRIT Awards, the first in 1994 for British Breakthrough Act, and the second in 1997 for Best British Female. This entry is from Wikipedia , the user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors and is licensed under an Attribution-ShareAlike Creative Commons License . If you find the biography content factually incorrect or highly offensive you can edit this article at Wikipedia . Find out more about our use of this data. Show more	Gabrielle
"Lorraine Chase used to say ""Nice ere innit"" when advertising which product?"	No.1 facts and feats from ukcharts.20m.com Fastest #1s \| Slowest #1 (artists) \| Slowest #1 (records) \| Biggest leaps to #1 \| Straight in at #1 before 1995 \| Climbs to #1 since 1995 \| Longest span of #1 hits \| Longest gap between #1 hits \| Most successful act not to have reached #1 \| Shortest career of a #1 act \| Ultimate One Hit Wonders \| Most #1 hits \| Most weeks at #1 by an artist \| Most weeks at #1 by a record \| Most consecutive number one hits \| Records that returned to #1 \| First three or more hits at #1 \| Drops from the top \| #1 in two or more versions \| Longest #1 hits \| Family connections \| Other number one facts and feats FASTEST NUMBER ONE HIT In 1969, The Beatles with Billy Preston debuted at #1 with Get Back. It was their only single to debut at #1 in the official BBC/Record Retailer singles chart and was the debut chart appearence for Preston, who went on to moderate success as a solo artist. Apart from Preston, and Al Martino, who debuted at number one by default in the very first chart, no act aside from charity collectives scored an instant number one hit until Whigfield nearly 42 years later. Here is the list of acts who have started at the very top since then: 17.09.94 Whigfield Saturday Night 20.05.95 Robson Green and Jerome Flynn Unchained Melody / The White Cliffs Of Dover 27.01.96 Babylon Zoo Spaceman 01.06.96 Baddiel and Skinner and The Lightning Seeds Three Lions 21.12.95 Dunblane Knockin' On Heaven's Door / Throw These Guns Away 25.01.97 White Town Abort, Retry, Fail? EP (Your Woman) 07.06.97 Hanson Mmmbop 13.12.97 Teletubbies Teletubbies Say Eh-Oh! 06.06.98 BWitched C'est la Vie 11.07.98 Billie Because We Want To 24.10.98 Spacedust Gym And Tonic 27.02.99 Britney Spears Baby One More Time 03.04.99 Mr Oizo Flat Beat 01.05.99 Westlife Swear It Again 12.06.99 Baz Luhrmann Presents Everybody's Free (To Wear Sunscreen) - The Sunscreen Song 19.06.99 S Club 7 Bring It All Back 06.05.00 Oxide and Neutrino Bound 4 Da Reload (Casualty) 26.08.00 Spiller Groovejet (If This Ain't Love) 16.09.00 Modjo Lady (Hear Me Tonight) 13.01.01 Rui Da Silva ft Cassandra Touch Me 24.03.01 Hear'Say Pure And Simple 02.06.01 DJ Pied Piper and the Masters Of Ceremonies Do You Really Like It? 18.08.01 So Solid Crew present 21 Seconds 21 Seconds 08.12.01 Daniel Bedingfield Gotta Get Thru This 09.03.02 Will Young Anything Is Possible / Evergreen 30.03.02 Gareth Gates Unchained Melody 11.05.02 Holly Valance Kiss Kiss 10.08.02 Darius Colourblind 09.11.02 DJ Sammy & Yanou ft Do Heaven 28.12.02 Girls Aloud Sound Of The Underground 25.01.03 David Sneddon Stop Living the Lie The Lightning Seeds had, of course, hit in their own right before. Dunblane were a charity ensemble, but unlike previous charity ensembles they were not made up of previously-charting acts. Babylon Zoo and White Town both debuted at #1 with major-label reissues of previously unsuccessful independent singles. Dunblane, Teletubbies and Baz Luhrmann all debuted at number one with their only single releases. So Solid Crew's previous single "Oh No (Sentimental Things)" would have charted at #13 the previous year, but was disqualified for having too many tracks. So Solid Crew members Megaman, Lisa Maffia and Romeo had previously appeared on Oxide & Neutrino's hit "No Good 4 Me". All formats of 21 Seconds consistently give the artist credit as So Solid Crew Present 21 Seconds rather than simply So Solid Crew. The Baz Luhrmann Presents... record has the additional credit "performed by Quindon Tarver" hidden away in the detailed credits. The single is a remix of Tarver's cover of Rozalla's hit Everybody's Free (To Feel Good). Tarver can therefore also legitimately claim to have gone straight in at number one with his first hit. "Featured" artists who have made their chart debuts at number one are: 28.10.95 Coolio featuring LV Gangsta's Paradise 28.06.97 Puff Daddy featuring Faith Evans and 112 I'll Be Missing You 06.02.99 Armand Van Helden featuring Duane Harden You Don't Know Me 10.03.01 Shaggy featuring Rikrok It Wasn't Me 22.03.03 Gareth Gates and The Kumars Spirit In The Sky BeBe Winans' first individual chart credit was as featured vocalist on I Wanna Be The Only One by Eternal, but he had enjoyed (admittedly minor and fleeting) chart action as a member of The Winans. Sophie Ellis-Bextor's first individual chart credit was as the featured vocalist on Spiller's Groovejet (If This Ain't Love), but she had enjoyed previous chart action as a member of theaudience. Kelly Rowland's first individual chart credit was in collaboration with Nelly, but she had previously charted as a member of Destiny's Child. The following artists "debuted" at number one with domestic releases, having previously charted on import: 21.05.98 Run DMC Vs Jason Nevins It's Like That (re-mix) 04.09.99 Lou Bega Mambo No.5 (A Little Bit Of...) 25.09.99 Eiffel 65 Blue (Da Ba Dee) 16.10.99 Christina Aguilera Genie In A Bottle 27.10.99 Wamdue Project King Of My Castle 24.06.00 Black Legend You See The Trouble With Me 22.09.01 DJ Otzi Hey Baby 27.10.01 Afroman Because I Got High 19.10.02 Las Ketchup The Ketchup Song (Asereje) 08.02.03 T.a.t.u. All The Things She Said And these acts entered at number one having previously appeared on the chart in other guises: 16.08.97 Will Smith Men In Black (previously hit number one in DJ Jazzy Jeff and the Fresh Prince) 26.09.98 Mel B ft Missy Elliot I Want You Back (Melanie Brown is a Spice Girl; Elliot has had solo hits) 17.04.99 Martine McCutcheon Perfect Moment (previously hit with Uno Clio) 28.05.99 Shanks and Bigfoot Sweet Like Chocolate (previously hit as Doolally) 07.08.99 Ronan Keating When You Say Nothing At All (had #1s with Boyzone) 15.04.00 Craig David Fill Me In (previously hit with Artful Dodger) SLOWEST NUMBER ONE HIT Four solo artists - all American - have taken more than twenty years to achieve their first number one hit: Jackie Wilson (29 years 42 days) Isaac Hayes / Chef (27 years 29 days) Ben E. King (26 years 19 days) Cher (25 years 259 days) Cher, of course, had hit number one as half of Sonny and Cher prior to her solo career. Several other acts who have never had a #1 hit in their own right have waited a very long time to snatch a moment of chart-top glory in collaboration with others. The most patient of these was Eric Clapton, who first hit as a member of The Yardbirds in 1964 but had to wait 30 years 134 days before he was involved with a #1 hit in collaboration with Cher, Chrissie Hynde and Neneh Cherry. To be fair, The Yardbirds' second hit For Your Love, on which he appeared, was a number one in the NME chart but this was never recognised by Record Retailer. His first official number one was his 30th hit in a variety of guises, not counting three reissues. The only artist to score more hits prior to their first appearance at number one was The Artist Formerly Known As Prince, whose #1 The Most Beautiful Girl In The World was his 39th new hit. Other people who've waited over 20 years are: Lulu (29 years 148 days) - first hit solo in 1964, reached #1 with Take That in 1993. Chubby Checker (29 years 85 days) - first hit solo in 1960, contributed original vocals to Jive Bunny and The Mastermixers' Let's Party in 1989 (having been sampled on the group's two previous #1s). Gene Pitney (27 years 311 days) - first hit solo in 1961, reched #1 in collaboration with Marc Almond in 1989. Lou Reed (24 years 201 days) - first hit solo in 1973, hit #1 with Various Artists in 1997. Emmylou Harris (21 years 268 days) - first hit solo in 1976, hit #1 with Various Artists in 1997. Joan Armatrading (21 years 44 days) - first hit solo in 1976, hit #1 with Various Artists in 1997. Bob Dylan (20 years 26 days) - first hit solo in 1965, reached #1 with USA For Africa in 1985. SLOWEST NUMBER ONE HIT (RECORD) The recordings that took the longest to reach #1 after their first appearance on the chart are: 29 years 42 days Reet Petite (The Sweetest Girl In Town) Jackie Wilson (1957-86) 25 years 244 days Stand By Me Ben E King (1961-87) 25 years 83 days Unchained Melody Righteous Brothers (1965-90) 18 years 356 days He Ain't Heavy He's My Brother The Hollies (1969-88) 8 years 284 days Young At Heart The Bluebells (1984-93) 8 years 166 days Should I Stay Or Should I Go? The Clash (1982-91) 7 years 327 days Living On My Own Freddie Mercury (1985-93) 6 years 63 days Space Oddity David Bowie (1969-75) 5 years 70 days Imagine John Lennon (1975-81) Between 1986 and 1993, no fewer than nine "golden oldies" topped the chart. They were the seven listed above plus Steve Miller Band's The Joker, which had failed to chart when originally released in 1973, and Bohemian Rhapsody by Queen, which became the first recording to top the chart on two entirely separate chart runs. The only other recording to match this feat is My Sweet Lord by George Harrison, which took the top slot for a second time in January 2002. The slowest climb to number one on a single chart run is 14 weeks by Celine Dion with Think Twice. BIGGEST LEAPS TO NUMBER ONE Besides those which entered at number one, these are the singles which have made the biggest leaps to number one in a single week: 45-1: Hey Baby DJ Otzi (29.09.01) 33-1: Happy Talk Captain Sensible (03.07.82) 27-1: Surrender Elvis Presley (01.06.61) 26-1: Pass The Dutchie Musical Youth (02.10.82) 22-1: Green Door Shakin' Stevens (01.08.81) 21-1: Hey Jude The Beatles (11.09.68) 21-1: (Just Like) Starting Over John Lennon (20.12.80) 19-1: Are You Lonesome Tonight? Elvis Presley (26.01.61) 19-1: (If Paradise Is) Half As Nice Amen Corner (12.02.69) 19-1: Love Me For A Reason The Osmonds (31.08.74) 19-1: Stand By Me Ben E. King (21.02.87) 17-1: Get Off Of My Cloud Rolling Stones (04.11.65) 16-1: I Hear You Knockin' Dave Edmunds' Rockpile (28.11.70) 16-1: Chirpy Chirpy Cheep Cheep Middle Of The Road (19.06.71) 16-1: Young Love Donny Osmond (25.08.73) 16-1: Dancing Queen Abba (04.11.76) It should be noted that for most of the 1960s, the Record Retailer chart was out-of-sync with the sales week, meaning that debut positions for records such as Surrender were based on only one or two days' sales. Had the chart reflected a full week's sales, such records would undoubtedly have debuted inside the top ten and maybe even at number one, rather than making such spectacular but misleading leaps in their second week. Hey Baby tops the list on a technicality. The single had already charted on import, and it went to number one when given a full UK release. Under the chart rules in force at the time, import and domestic releases were (and still are) to be regarded as separate, but because the UK release had the same catalogue number (and presumably barcode) as the import, the computerised chart system was unable to distinguish between them, and credited DJ Otzi with a 44-place climb. Since it would have been nigh impossible to disentangle the two releases, and since it would have been unfair to punish the record company for what was effectively a bug in the chart compilers' computer program, the outcome was allowed to stand. The 18-place leap by Amen Corner is in part due to the changeover from the old Record Retailer chart to the new official BMRB compilation that week. Incidentally, if we take the Top 200 into account, then there are several singles which have made even more spectacular climbs, mainly as a result of a small number of copies slipping out before their official release date. As far as this site is concerned, the Top 75 remains the "real" chart, but it may interest visitors to know that the biggest leap to the top within the Top 200 was from #196 by Westlife with Unbreakable in the 50th anniversary chart on 16.11.02. It beat the previous record set just one week earlier by DJ Sammy and Yanou with Heaven which leapt from #191. It still doesn't count though! The biggest genuine jumps within the top 75 have been: (70 places) 72-02 It's The Way You Make Me Feel Steps (13.01.01) (66 places) 68-02 Addicted To Bass Puretone (12.01.02) (63 places) 74-11 Macarena Los Del Rio (20.07.96) (62 places) 66-04 Every Loser Wins Nick Berry (11.10.86) (61 places) 74-13 Star Trekkin' The Firm (13.06.87) (55 places) 62-07 Coming Up Paul McCartney (26.04.80) (51 places) 60-09 Only You Flying Pickets (03.12.83) Of these, Every Loser Wins, Star Trekkin' and Only You reached #1. All the rest peaked at #2. STRAIGHT IN AT NUMBER ONE Once upon a time, it was quite a spectacular occurrence for a single to go straight in at number one. It was confirmation of a group or artist's superstar status to sell enough in a single week to secure the top spot - rather than having to start small and build up like all the other acts in the charts. Nowadays, if a single doesn't enter at the top then it has virtually no chance of getting there at all. These are the records which entered at number one back when it really meant something: 01 14.11.52 Here In My Heart Al Martino (#1 in the first chart, so debuted there by default) 02 24.01.58 Jailhouse Rock Elvis Presley 03 03.11.60 It's Now Or Never Elvis Presley 04 11.01.62 The Young Ones Cliff Richard and the Shadows 05 23.04.69 Get Back The Beatles with Billy Preston 06 03.03.73 Cum On Feel The Noize Slade 07 30.06.73 Skweeze Me Pleeze Me Slade 08 17.11.73 I Love You Love Me Love Gary Glitter 09 15.12.73 Merry Xmas Everybody Slade 10 22.03.80 Going Underground / Dreams Of Children The Jam 11 27.09.80 Don't Stand So Close To Me The Police 12 09.05.81 Stand And Deliver Adam And The Ants 13 13.02.82 A Town Called Malice / Precious The Jam 14 04.12.82 Beat Surrender The Jam 15 26.03.83 Is There Something I Should Know? Duran Duran 16 16.06.84 Two Tribes Frankie Goes To Hollywood 17 15.12.84 Do They Know It's Christmas? Band Aid 18 07.09.85 Dancing In The Street David Bowie and Mick Jagger 19 04.04.87 Let It Be Ferry Aid 20 20.05.89 Ferry 'Cross The Mersey Christians, Holly Johnson, Paul McCartney, Gerry Marsden and Stock Aitken Waterman 21 10.06.89 Sealed With A Kiss Jason Donovan 22 16.12.89 Let's Party Jive Bunny And The Mastermixers 23 23.12.89 Do They Know It's Christmas? Band Aid II 24 05.01.91 Bring Your Daughter... To The Slaughter Iron Maiden 25 26.01.91 Innuendo Queen 26 02.11.91 The Fly U2 27 23.11.91 Black Or White Michael Jackson 28 07.12.91 Don't Let The Sun Go Down On Me George Michael and Elton John 29 21.12.91 Bohemian Rhapsody / These Are The Days Of Our Lives Queen 30 13.06.92 Abba-Esque EP Erasure 31 01.05.93 Five Live EP Queen and Geoge Michael with Lisa Stansfield 32 17.06.93 Pray Take That 33 09.10.93 Relight My Fire Take That with Lulu 34 18.12.93 Babe Take That 35 19.02.94 Without You Mariah Carey 36 09.04.94 Everything Changes Take That 37 17.09.94 Saturday Night Whigfield 38 15.10.94 Sure Take That 06 and 07 represent the first instance of an act going straight in at #1 with consecutive single releases. 17-20 are all charity fundraising singles. 20 and 21 were the first instance of consecutive chart-toppers entering at the top; 22 and 23 were first such to enter in consecutive weeks. 24 was the first single already available on an album to debut at #1. 25 was the first single to enter at the top and fall every successive week until it dropped out. 26 was the first single to be promoted as being available for a limited time only in order to secure early sales and thus a high entry position. 27-29 were the first instance of three consecutive chart-toppers debuting at #1. As can be seen from the list above, only two singles entered at number one in the Record Reatiler chart during its first nine years (March 1960-February 1969). By contrast, during the same period all of the following managed the feat in the NME chart: 26.03.60 My Old Man's A Dustman Lonnie Donegan 27.05.61 Surrender Elvis Presley 07.12.63 I Want To Hold Your Hand The Beatles 28.03.64 Can't Buy Me Love The Beatles 18.07.64 A Hard Day's Night The Beatles 21.11.64 Little Red Rooster Rolling Stones 05.12.64 I Feel Fine The Beatles 17.04.65 Ticket To Ride The Beatles 31.07.65 Help! The Beatles 11.12.65 We Can Work It Out / Day Tripper The Beatles 15.07.67 All You Need Is Love The Beatles Number One singles debuting at the top became the norm from April 1995 onwards. Since then, the only records to climb within the Top 75 to reach number one are: 08.07.95 Boom Boom Boom Outhere Brothers (debut #15, reached #1 in its 4th chart week) 09.09.95 You Are Not Alone Michael Jackson (#3, 2nd week) 20.04.96 Return of The Mack Mark Morrison (#6, 6th week) 25.05.96 Ooh Aah... Just A Little Bit Gina G (#6, 8th week) 27.07.96 Wannabe Spice Girls (#3, 2nd week) 21.09.96 Ready Or Not Fugees (#2, 2nd week) 05.10.96 Breakfast At Tiffany's Deep Blue Something (#3, 3rd week) 18.01.97 Professional Widow (It's Got To Be Big) Tori Amos (#2, 2nd week) 12.04.97 I Believe I Can Fly R.Kelly (#2, dropped to 5 then climbed to #1, 3rd week) 01.11.97 Barbie Girl Aqua (#2, 2nd week) 17.01.98 Never Ever All Saints (#3, dropped as low as #6 during its meanderings, 9th week) 30.05.98 Feel It The Tamperer ft Maya (#3, 6th week) 02.01.99 Chocolate Salty Balls Chef (#2, 2nd week) 09.01.99 Heartbeat / Tragedy Steps (#2, dropped as far as #8 before climbing back up, 8th week) 04.12.99 The Millennium Prayer Cliff Richard (#2, 2nd week) 23.12.00 Can We Fix It? Bob The Builder (#2, 2nd week) 22.09.01 Hey Baby DJ Otzi (debuted outside the Top 40 on import sales only, jumped to #1 in its 6th week when released domestically). LONGEST SPAN OF NUMBER ONE HITS Elvis Presley (44 years 277 days) 1957-2002 Cliff Richard (40 years 145 days) 1959-99 George Harrison (31 years 2 days) 1971-2002 Righteous Brothers (25 years 286 days) 1965-90 Queen (24 years 250 days) 1975-2000 The Hollies (23 years 105 days) 1965-88 Bee Gees (20 years 34 days) 1967-87 Blondie (20 years 16 days) 1979-99 Michael Jackson (15 years 317 days) 1981-97 Madonna (15 years 36 days) 1985-2000 Kylie Minogue (14 years 248 days) 1988-2001 U2 (12 years 19 days) 1988-2000 If George Harrison's hits with the Beatles are taken into account, then he has a span of 38 years 274 days (1963-2002). These individuals also have a span of more than 20 years in various guises: Cher (33 years 112 days) Sonny and Cher 1965 - solo 1998 Tom Jones (32 years 309 days) solo 1965 - Various Artists 1997 Gerry Marsden (26 years 57 days) Gerry and The Pacemakers 1963 - Gerry Marsden and friends 1989 Paul McCartney (26 years 26 days) The Beatles 1963 - Gerry Marsden and friends 1989 Elton John (25 years 147 days) Elton John & Kiki Dee 1976 - Blue & Elton John 2002 Tammy Wynette (22 years 244 days) solo 1975 - Various Artists 1997 David Bowie (22 years 69 days) solo 1975 - Various Artists 1997 Diana Ross (21 years 128 days) The Supremes 1964 - solo 1986 Elton John's recent chart-topping stint with Blue has moved him up from seventh to fifth in this table. LONGEST GAP BETWEEN NUMBER ONE HITS Nine regular acts have endured a gap of more than a decade between appearances at the top: George Harrison (30 years 325 days) 1971-2002 Righteous Brothers (25 years 259 days) 1965-90 Elvis Presley (24 years 258 days) 1977-2002 The Hollies (23 years 65 days) 1965-88 Blondie (18 years 77 days) 1980-99 Diana Ross (14 years 172 days) 1971-86 Frank Sinatra (11 years 238 days) 1954-66 Cliff Richard (11 years 124 days) 1968-79 Kylie Minogue (10 years 148 days) 1990-2000 Diana Ross appeared on the USA For Africa disc toward the end of her exile in 1985; this does not affect her place in the above table. The Righteous Brothers and The Hollies both returned with reissues of previous hits. Queen waited 14 years 361 days between their own chart-toppers but appeared at #1 in collaboration with David Bowie in the meantime. 25 years 239 days passed between Sonny & Cher's only number one hit and Cher's first solo chart-topper. Tammy Wynette had to wait 22 years 175 days after her only solo #1 to reappear with Various Artists. Gerry Marsden was away from the summit for 21 years 200 days between chart-toppers with Gerry And The Pacemakers and The Crowd. Mick Jagger waited 16 years 9 days from his last #1 with The Rolling Stones to his reappearance in collaboration with David Bowie, who in turn waited 12 years and 55 days before featuring on Various Artists' #1. Eddy Grant hit #1 as a soloist 14 years 13 days after leaving the top spot with The Equals. Elton John waited 13 years 293 days between his #1 with Kiki Dee and his first solo table-topper. Suzi Quatro reappeared as part of Ferry Aid 13 years and 26 days after her last solo #1. There were 10 years 268 days between Smokey Robinson's group (The Miracles) and solo appearances at the top. MOST SUCCESSFUL ARTISTS NOT TO HAVE REACHED NUMBER ONE Billy Fury has spent more time on the singles chart than anyone else without a number one hit to their credit, with 281 weeks. However, Depeche Mode have had more hits and are still racking them up. The front-runners as of 1 October 2001 were: Billy Fury (29 hits, 281 weeks) Depeche Mode (37 hits, 234 weeks) Nat King Cole (31 hits + 1 reissue + 1 b-side + 1 uncredited duet with Natalie Cole, 248 weeks) The Who (28 hits + 3 reissues, 247 weeks) Other notable non-chart-toppers include Gloria Estefan who has notched up 32 hits in all, including two uncredited as lead singer of Miami Sound Machine, but has never climbed higher than number 6. Siouxsie Sioux and Peter "Budgie" Clark have so far enjoyed 29 hits as part of Siouxsie And The Banshees and a further five as The Creatures. Siouxsie also had a hit in collaboration with Morrissey, bringing her personal total to 35. Morrissey himself has an even more impressive 41 hits without a #1, comprising 17 with the Smiths, 23 solo and the Siouxsie duet. SHORTEST CAREER OF A CHART-TOPPING ACT Weeks 10 Joe Dolce Music Theatre 10 Nicole 10 White Town Band Aid II and Ferry Aid were, of course, charity ensembles including many acts who had hits in their own right. Hale & Pace & The Stonkers and Victoria Wood's only hits were the two halves of a double-A-side. Away from the charts, both are successful comedy acts. Bad II's nine weeks of chart action were on the AA side of The Clash's only number one hit, though their presence on the single went completely ignored at the time, and indeed since. Steve "Silk" Hurley also charted for 6 weeks as half of JM Silk and the Timelords went on to further chart success under a variety of other guises, including another #1 hit as The KLF. White Town and Nicole are the only acts on this list to have had more than one hit - each had 9 weeks on chart with their #1s and one week with a follow-up. THE ULTIMATE ONE-HIT WONDERS Back in the days when the Guinness books were still being edited by the GRR(R) team, they used to define a one-hit wonder as an act that has had one number one hit and nothing else - ever. Which is a rather narrower definition of the term than most people would use, but it does throw up an interesting list of acts who've made only one, albeit quite spectacular, impression on the public consciousness. This list, in fact: 1954 Kitty Kallen Little Things Mean A Lot 1956 Dreamweavers It's Almost Tomorrow 1958 Kalin Twins When 1959 Jerry Keller Here Comes Summer 1960 Ricky Valance Tell Laura I Love Her 1962 B.Bumble And The Stingers Nut Rocker 1966 Overlanders Michelle 1968 The Crazy World Of Arthur Brown Fire 1969 Zager And Evans In The Year 2525 (Exordium And Terminus) 1969 Jane Birkin & Serge Gainsbourg Je T'aime... Moi Non Plus 1969 The Archies Sugar Sugar 1970 Matthews Southern Comfort Woodstock 1970 Lee Marvin Wand'rin' Star 1970 Norman Greenbaum Spirit In The Sky 1971 Clive Dunn Grandad 1973 Simon Park Orchestra Eye Level 1974 John Denver Annie's Song 1975 Typically Tropical Barbados 1976 JJ Barrie No Charge 1977 The Floaters Float On 1978 Althia And Donna Uptown Top Ranking 1978 Brian & Michael Matchstalk Men And Matchstalk Cats And Dogs 1979 Anita Ward Ring My Bell 1979 Lena Martell One Day At A Time 1980 Fern Kinney Together We Are Beautiful 1980 The Mash Theme From MASH (Suicide Is Painless) 1980 St Winifreds School Choir There's No One Quite Like Grandma 1981 Joe Dolce Music Theatre Shaddap You Face 1982 Charlene I've Never Been To Me 1985 Phyllis Nelson Move Closer 1987 Steve "Silk" Hurley Jack Your Body 1987 M\|A\|R\|R\|S Pump Up The Volume / Anitina (The First Time I See She Dance) 1989 Robin Beck The First Time 1990 Partners In Kryme Turtle Power 1991 Hale And Pace And The Stonkers The Stonk 1991 Victoria Wood The Smile Song 1994 Doop Doop 1996 Dunblane Knockin' On Heaven's Door / Throw These Guns Away 1997 Teletubbies Teletubbies Say Eh-Oh! 1999 Mr Oizo Flat Beat 1999 Baz Luhrmann Presents... Everybody's Free (To Wear Sunscreen) 2001 Rui Da Silva fetauring Cassandra Touch Me 2001 DJ Pied Piper and the Masters Of Ceremonies Do You Really Like It? Steve "Silk" Hurley also had minor success as half of JM Silk. John Denver had a minor hit in collaboration with Placido Domingo. Most of these acts released follow-ups which flopped; only The Mash, M\|A\|R\|R\|S, Dunblane, Baz Luhrmann and Teletubbies appear to have bowed out voluntarily. As noted previously, the Baz Luhrmann disc credits Quindon Tarver as performer, and he too is therefore a one-hit wonder. Although Rui Da Silva has gone two years without following up his only hit, he is reportedly planning a comeback and is likely to escape this list before very long. Watch this space! During the Top 50 era, both Scott MacKenzie and Hugo Montenegro narrowly avoided the one-hit wonders list by charting a follow-up for just one week at #50. The modern equivalent, a follow-up spending just one week at #75, was achieved by the 1982 Eurovision Song Contest winner Nicole. Other acts who failed to follow-up a number one hit are Charles Aznavour, Bob The Builder, The Firm, Benny Hill, The Jam, Tommy James And The Shondells, Queen, Robson & Jerome, Spice Girls, Steve Miller Band, Kay Starr, Starship, Take That and Wham!. Queen's last hit was a collaboration with Five. Simon And Garfunkel's last original hit went to #1, though they have since charted with other tracks which had not been hits during the duo's active career. Only Bob The Builder, The Jam, Queen, Robson & Jerome, Spice Girls, Take That and Wham! retired of their own volition. MOST NUMBER ONE HITS 18 Elvis Presley (includes 1 with JXL) 17 The Beatles 12 Shadows (includes 7 backing Cliff Richard) 11 Westlife (includes 1 with Mariah Carey) 10 Madonna 10 Ronan Keating (includes Various Artists) 10 Madonna Hank Marvin has one more #1 than Bruce Welch because he was credited on Cliff Richard And The Young Ones' remake of Livin' Doll. Beatles Ringo Starr and George Harrison did not appear on The Ballad Of John And Yoko. Most number one hits achieved on the RR/MW chart in a calendar year is four, by Elvis Presley in 1961 and 1962; The Beatles in 1964; Spice Girls in 1997 and Westlife in 1999 and 2000. Elvis Presley in 1961 & 1962 and Westlife in 1999 are the only acts to achieve four new chart-toppers in a year; the other instances included chart-topping runs carried on from the year before. Though The Beatles did achieve four number one hits on the NME chart in 1963. MOST WEEKS AT NUMBER ONE 77 Elvis Presley 69 The Beatles (Paul McCartney +17 solo; John Lennon + 7 solo; George Harrison + 6 solo) 46 Cliff Richard 44 The Shadows (28 backing Cliff Richard, 16 of their own) 32 Frankie Laine 31 Abba 23 Wet Wet Wet 22 Spice Girls (Melanie C + 2 solo; Melanie B + 1 solo; Emma Bunton + 2 solo; Geri Halliwell 20 with the group + 5 solo) 21 Take That (Robbie Williams 18 with the group + 8 solo; Gary Barlow + 2 solo) 21 Queen (includes 2 with David Bowie, 3 with George Michael and 1 with Five) 20 Slade Totals do not include appearances with charity ensembles. Freddie Mercury appeared with Queen for only 17 of the group's weeks at #1. He has two solo weeks to his credit for a total of 19. The Shadows' chart history is made somewhat more confusing by the various line-up changes that occurred during their run of #1 successes. The members' individual totals are as follows: 47 Hank B Marvin was on all of their #1s, plus 3 weeks with Cliff Richard & The Young Ones in 1986. 44 Bruce Welch also appeared on all twelve #1s. 39 Jet Harris (36 as a Shadow, 3 with Tony Meehan). 25 Tony Meehan (22 as a Shadow, 3 with Jet Harris). 22 Brian Bennett (22 as a Shadow). Brian Locking, who replaced Harris, has 8 weeks at #1. MOST WEEKS AT NUMBER ONE (RECORD) 18 I Believe Frankie Laine (in three runs at the top 9+6+3) 16 (Everything I Do) I Do It For You Bryan Adams 15 Love Is All Around Wet Wet Wet 14 Bohemian Rhapsody Queen (two runs at the top 9+5) 11 Rose Marie Slim Whitman 10 Cara Mia David Whitfield 10 I Will Always Love You Whitney Houston 9 Here In My Heart Al Martino 9 Oh Mein Papa Eddie Calvert 9 Secret Love Doris Day 9 Diana Paul Anka 9 Mull Of Kintyre / Girls School Wings 9 You're The One That I Want John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John 9 Two Tribes Frankie Goes To Hollywood MOST CONSECUTIVE NUMBER ONE HITS 11 The Beatles (From Me To You through to Yellow Submarine / Eleanor Rigby) 7 Westlife (Swear It Again through to My Love, includes one with Mariah Carey) 6 The Beatles (All You Need Is Love through to Ballad Of John And Yoko) 6 Spice Girls (Wannabe through to Too Much) 5 Elvis Presley (Little Sister / His Latest Flame through to Return To Sender) 5 Rolling Stones (It's All Over Now through to Get Off Of My Cloud) Gary Barlow appeared on the last four #1 hits for Take That and then had two solo, for a total of six. During the Beatles' run of 11, two cash-in singles on another label also charted. During their run of six, the double EP "Magical Mystery Tour" reached number two. An EP by Elvis Presley entered the lower reaches of the chart during his run of five #1s. RECORDS THAT REGAINED THE NUMBER ONE SPOT Normally, once a record is replaced at number one, there is no way back. But over the years a few records have managed to hang on with enough tenacity to return to the very top. Here's the list: 24.04.53 I Believe Frankie Laine (9 weeks) 24.04.53 I'm Walking Behind You Eddie Fisher and Sally Sweetland (1) 03.07.53 I Believe Frankie Laine (6) 14.08.53 The Song From The Moulin Rouge Mantovani & his Orchestra (1) 21.08.53 I Believe Frankie Laine (3) 06.11.53 Answer Me David Whitfield (1) 13.11.53 Answer Me Frankie Laine (8) 11.12.53 Answer Me David Whitfield / Answer Me Frankie Laine (top equal for 1 week) 12.03.54 I See The Moon Stargazers (5) 16.04.54 Secret Love Doris Day (1) 23.04.54 I See The Moon Stargazers (1) 30.04.54 Such A Night Johnnie Ray (1) 07.05.54 Secret Love Doris Day (8) 08.10.54 Hold My Hand Don Cornell (4) 05.11.54 My Son My Son Vera Lynn (2) 19.11.54 Hold My Hand Don Cornell (1) 07.01.55 Finger Of Suspicion Dickie Valentine (1) 14.01.55 Mambo Italiano Rosemary Clooney (1) 21.01.55 Finger Of Suspicion Dickie Valentine (2) 28.01.55 Mambo Italiano Rosemary Clooney (2) 25.11.55 Rock Around The Clock Bill Haley and his Comets (3) 16.12.55 Christmas Alphabet Dickie Valentine (3) 06.01.56 Rock Around The Clock Bill Haley and his Comets (2) 16.03.56 It's Almost Tomorrow Dreamweavers (2) 30.03.56 Rock And Roll Waltz Kay Starr (1) 06.04.56 It's Almost Tomorrow Dreamweavers (1) 04.01.57 Singing The Blues Guy Mitchell (1) 11.01.57 Singing The Blues Tommy Steele and the Steelmen (1) 18.01.57 Singing The Blues Guy Mitchell (1) 25.01.57 The Garden Of Eden Frankie Vaughn (4) 01.02.57 Singing The Blues Guy Mitchell / The Garden Of Eden Frankie Vaughn (1 week top equal) 28.07.60 Please Don't Tease Cliff Richard and the Shadows (1) 04.08.60 Shakin' All Over Johnny Kidd and the Pirates (1) 11.08.60 Please Don't Tease Cliff Richard and the Shadows (2) 12.09.63 She Loves You The Beatles (4) 10.10.63 Do You Love Me Brian Poole and the Tremoloes (3) 31.10.63 You'll Never Walk Alone Gerry And The Pacemakers (4) 28.11.63 She Loves You The Beatles (2) The longest gap between runs at the top. 17.06.65 Crying In The Chapel Elvis Presley (1) 24.06.65 I'm Alive The Hollies (1) 01.07.65 Crying In The Chapel Elvis Presley (1) 08.07.65 I'm Alive The Hollies (2) 31.07.68 Mony Mony Tommy James and the Shondells (2) 14.08.68 Fire Crazy World Of Arthur Brown (1) 21.08.68 Mony Mony Tommy James and the Shondells (1) 11.12.68 Lily The Pink The Scaffold (3) 01.01.69 Ob-La-Di Ob-La-Da The Marmalade (1) 08.01.69 Lily The Pink The Scaffold (1) 15.01.69 Ob-La-Di Ob-La-Da The Marmalade (2) 11.12.93 Mr Blobby Mr Blobby (1) 18.12.93 Babe Take That (1) 25.12.93 Mr Blobby Mr Blobby (2) 01.06.96 Three Lions (Official Song Of The England Football Team) Baddiel, Skinner and The Lightning Seeds (1) 08.06.96 Killing Me Softly Fugees (Refugee Camp) (4) 06.07.96 Three Lions (Official Song Of The England Football Team) Baddiel, Skinner and The Lightning Seeds (1) Three Lions returned to the top when England reached the semi-finals of the World Cup. 28.06.97 I'll Be Missing You Puff Daddy and Faith Evans (3) 19.07.97 D'you Know What I Mean? Oasis (1) 26.07.97 I'll Be Missing You Puff Daddy and Faith Evans (3) 29.11.97 Perfect Day Various Artists (2) 13.12.97 Teletubbies Say Eh-Oh! Teletubbies (2) 27.12.97 Too Much Spice Girls (2) 10.01.98 Perfect Day Various Artists (1) 09.05.98 Under The Bridge / Lady Marmalade All Saints (1) 16.05.98 Turn Back Time Aqua (1) 23.05.98 Under The Bridge / Lady Marmalade All Saints (1) 05.05.01 Don't Stop Movin' S Club 7 (1) 12.05.01 It's Raining Men Geri Halliwell (2) 26.05.01 Don't Stop Movin' S Club 7 (1) 08.12.01 Gotta Get Thru This Daniel Bedingfield (2) 22.12.01 Somethin' Stupid Robbie Williams and Nicole Kidman (3) 13.01.02 Gotta Get Thru This Daniel Bedingfield (1) FIRST THREE (OR MORE) HITS AT NUMBER ONE In 1963, Gerry And The Pacemakers were the frst act to take all of their first three hits to #1. For many years it was thought that this record might never be beaten, or even equalled, though some acts did come close - Adam Faith had already achieved an opening run of 1,1,2, and Engelbert Humperdinck later took his first three hits to 1,2,1. But the record was equalled in 1984, by Frankie Goes To Hollywood. By a strange co-incidence, FGTH had covered Gerry And The Pacemakers' Ferry Cross The Mersey (not one of their #1s) as a bonus track on the 12" of their first chart-topper! George Michael took his first two solo singles to number one in 1984 and 1986, followed by a duet with Aretha Franklin. In 1989, Jive Bunny And The Mastermixers took their first three hits to number one. The last of these, Let's Party, made its debut at the top. As the chart became more open to high new entries, it might have been expected that an act who had enjoyed a first number one would find it easier to follow it up with a second and third, but it wasn't until 1996 that a fifth act joined the club. In doing so, Robson & Jerome became the first act to go straight in at number one with their first three singles. As they retired immediately after the third, they also have a perfect 100% record of number one hits. Their final #1 - a triple-A-side - included a cover of Gerry's final #1, You'll Never Walk Alone. Spice Girls took their first three singles to #1 in 1996, though contrary to popular belief they didn't enter at #1 with the first (it debuted at #3). The group went on to set a new record with all of their first six singles going to the top. In May 1998, Aqua became the first overseas act to take their first three singles to number one. Their second and third had debuted at the top. They were followed by BWitched, who became the first group to enter in the top position with each of their first four singles. Westlife now hold the record, with their first six (seven including a collaboration with Mariah Carey) debuting at number one. Each of their first eleven singles entered in the top two, and each of their first thirteen entered inside the top five, both also new records. In 2002, the Will Young / Gareth Gates duet The Long And Winding Road completed hat-tricks for both singers. Solo tracks by each artist also appeared on the single, though only the Gates track Suspicious Minds recieved a chart credit. Gates has since gone on to a fourth straight chart-topper. DROPS FROM THE TOP Although chart turnover has been faster than ever in recent years, it is still comparatively rare for a single to drop out of the top five from number one. These are the records that have done so: To number 6: 16.01.53 Here In My Heart Al Martino 20.01.56 Rock Around The Clock Bill Haley & His Comets 23.06.60 Cathy's Clown Everly Brothers 11.04.63 Summer Holiday Cliff Richard and the Shadows 15.06.74 Sugar Baby Love The Rubettes 17.07.76 You To Me Are Everything Real Thing 26.06.79 Bright Eyes Art Garfunkel 10.01.81 There's No One Quite Like Grandma St Winifred's School Choir 14.11.81 It's My Party Dave Stewart with Barbara Gaskin 30.04.83 Let's Dance David Bowie 23.03.85 You Spin Me Round (Like A Record) Dead Or Alive 10.05.86 A Different Corner George Michael 11.03.89 Belfast Child Simple Minds 18.01.97 2 Become 1 Spice Girls 22.02.97 Discotheque U2 17.05.97 Love Won't Wait Gary Barlow 31.10.98 Gym And Tonic Spacedust 30.01.99 A Little Bit More 911 02.03.02 World Of Our Own Westlife 22.06.02 Light My Fire Will Young To number 7: 14.03.63 Wayward Wind Frank Ifield 22.09.73 Young Love Donny Osmond 07.05.77 Knowing Me Knowing You Abba 08.02.97 Beetlebum Blur 19.09.98 Bootie Call All Saints To number 8: 24.01.68 Hello Goodbye The Beatles 18.01.75 Lonely This Christmas Mud 12.04.97 Block Rockin' Beats Chemical Brothers 10.05.97 Blood On The Dance Floor Michael Jackson 15.04.00 Fool Again Westlife 25.11.00 Same Old Brand New You A1 28.04.01 What Took You So Long Emma Bunton To number 9: 06.01.56 Christmas Alphabet Dickie Valentine 01.06.61 You're Driving Me Crazy Temperance Seven 17.03.66 These Boots Are Made For Walking Nancy Sinatra 19.01.91 Bring Your Daughter... To The Slaughter Iron Maiden 03.04.99 Blame It On The Weatherman BWitched To number 10: 14.01.84 Only You Flying Pickets To number 12: 10.01.58 Mary's Boy Child Harry Belafonte Four singles have dropped one place at a time, 1-2-3-4-5: Finger Of Suspicion by Dickie Valentine, It's All In The Game by Tommy Edwards, You Are Not Alone by Michael Jackson and Eminem's The Real Slim Shady. In fact, Finger Of Suspicion followed its week at number 5 with a week jointly at number 5 with a climbing record. Had a modern tie-break been used, Finger would have gone 1-2-3-4-5-6! Speaking of ol' Dickie, from 1956, Dickie Valentine's Christmas Alphabet solely held the record for the shortest chart run of any number one hit - just seven weeks. This was equalled in 1987 by Ferry Aid's version of Let It Be, and again in 1989 by another charity disc Ferry Cross The Mersey by an all-star conglomeration led by Gerry Marsden. The record was finally beaten in January 1990 by two consecutive chart-toppers, Let's Party by Jive Bunny And The Mastermixers and Do They Know It's Christmas? by Band Aid II, each with just six weeks on chart. In 1991, Iron Maiden brought the record down to just five weeks with their classic Bring Your Daughter... To The Slaughter. U2 nearly matched this with The Fly later in the year, vacating the chart with a run of just five weeks but then spoiling its record by re-entering for a further week. In 1997, Blur's Beetlebum did likewise, but did set several new records on its way down: it was the first #1 to spend just 2 weeks in the top 20 and 3 in the top 40, and set the record for the biggest drop in the second week by a number one debutant, dropping 1-7 (this record broken only a few weeks later by Chemical Brothers with Block Rockin' Beats which fell to 8; the record is now 1-9 by Blame It On The Weatherman, the fourth and final number one by BWitched.) By way of contrast, the single which remained in the charts longest after dropping from #1 is also the single with the most consecutive weeks on chart: Englebert Humperdinck's extraordinary debut hit Release Me. Its last week at number one was its eleventh on chart; it went on to notch up a further 45 chart weeks taking it to an amazing total of 56 weeks on chart. NUMBER ONE IN TWO OR MORE VERSIONS One song has been #1 in four versions: Unchained Melody Jimmy Young; Righteous Brothers; Robson & Jerome; Gareth Gates Written by Alex North (music) and Hy Zaret (words). The song was originally recorded by the Alex North Orchestra with vocals by Todd Duncan for the 1955 film Unchained. The movie flopped; the song survived. American singer Al Hibbler was credited with a number one version (with Jimmy Young at 2) in the Record Mirror chart. Two songs have been number one in three versions: You'll Never Walk Alone Gerry & The Pacemakers; The Crowd; Robson & Jerome Written by Richard Rodgers (music) and Oscar Hammerstein II (words). This anthemic singalong first appeared in the musical Carousel in 1948. Popularised in the USA by Louis Armstrong, in the UK it has become strongly associated with football, and especially with Liverpool FC, who have recorded it in various line-ups. Spirit In The Sky Norman Greenbaum; Doctor And The Medics; Gareth Gates and the Kumars Words and music by Norman Greenbaum. Many people wrongly assume that Greenbaum was an evangelical Christian - in fact he was, and still is, Jewish, but thought it would be fun (and a little more profitable) to write a rock song about Jesus. Subsequent versions have kept the joke going by recording it in Pagan and Hindu contexts - but as yet, no Christian version. (Thanks to Jenny for pointing this out.) The following songs have been #1 in two versions: Answer Me David Whitfield; Frankie Laine Baby Come Back Equals; Pato Banton Can't Help Falling In Love Elvis Presley; UB40 Cherry Pink And Apple Blossom White Perez Prado & his Orchestra; Eddie Calvert Dizzy Tommy Roe; Vic Reeves and the Wonderstuff Do They Know It's Christmas? Band Aid; Band Aid II Everything I Own Ken Boothe; Boy George Eternal Flame Bangle; Atomic Kitten I Believe Frankie Laine; Robson & Jerome I Got You Babe Sonny & Cher; UB40 with Chrissie Hynde Killer Adamski; Queen & George Michael (EP track - medley with Papa Was A Rolling Stone) Lady Marmalade All Saints; Christina Aguilera, Lil' Kim, Mya & Pink Living Doll Cliff Richard & the Drifters; Cliff Richard & The Young Ones Mambo No.5 Lou Bega; Bob The Builder Mary's Boy Child Harry Belafonte; Boney M (medley with Oh My Lord) Seasons In The Sun Terry Jacks; Westlife Singing The Blues Guy Mitchell; Tommy Steele Somethin' Stupid Nancy Sinatra & Frank Sinatra; Robbie Williams and Nicole Kidman Take A Chance On Me Abba; Erasure (EP track) This Ole House Rosemary Clooney; Shakin' Stevens The Tide Is High Blondie; Atomic Kitten (medley with Get The Feeling) Three Lions Baddiel & Skinner & The Lightning Seeds (two different recordings) Tragedy Bee Gees; Steps Uptown Girl Billy Joel; Westlife When The Going Gets Tough Billy Ocean; Boyzone With A Little Help From My Friends Joe Cocker; Wet Wet Wet Without You Nilsson; Mariah Carey Young Love Tab Hunter; Donny Osmond Ice Ice Baby by Vanilla Ice was heavily based on Under Pressure by Queen and David Bowie (even though Ice denied it at the time). I'll Be Missing You by Puff Daddy and Faith Evans featuring 112 set new words to the backing of Every Breath You Take by The Police. We're Going To Ibiza! by Vengaboys set new words to the backing of Barbados by Typically Tropical. Both Fastlove by George Michael and Men In Black by Will Smith used samples from Patrice Rushen's #8 hit Forget Me Nots - the Smith track using Rushen's backing more heavily than Michael's. Rise by Gabrielle was based on Bob Dylan's song Knockin' On Heaven's Door, a cover of which had been a #1 hit for Dunblane. Angel by Shaggy was set to the bassline of The Joker by Steve Miller Band. Freak Like Me by Sugababes was partly based on Tubeway Army's Are Friends Electric?. The medley Swing The Mood by Jive Bunny And The Mastermixers incorporated bits of Bill Haley and his Comets' #1 Rock Around The Clock and remakes of Elvis Presley's #1s All Shook Up and Jailhouse Rock. The medley That's What I Like by Jive Bunny And The Mastermixers included a snippet of Jerry Lee Lewis' #1 Great Balls Of Fire. I actually had to listen to the Jive Bunny records to get those last two. Can I have my OBE now please? LONGEST NUMBER ONE RECORD The Animals caused quite a sensation when, in 1964, their House Of The Rising Sun became the first number one to top the four minute mark. But it wasn't until 1968 that The Beatles set the benchmark for really long number ones with the seven-and-a-quarter minute Hey Jude. Even today, such extent is considered uncommercial, and while long tracks may be released, most have shorter edits alongside to sweeten the pill. The following are therefore the only number one hits to run for more than seven minutes. It is probably fair to say that in all cases, the actual songs have been somewhat swamped by the artist's desire to create an "epic": 9.38 All Around The World Oasis 7.58 I'd Do Anything For Love (But I Won't Do That) Meat Loaf 7.32 D'You Know What I Mean? Oasis 7.15 Hey Jude The Beatles Don McLean's American Pie (8.27) and Laurie Anderson's O Superman (8.21) both peaked at number two; one place higher and either one would have comfortably made the list above. The longest chart single, and longest top ten hit, is Blue Room by The Orb with a running time of 39.58 on one of two CD formats, though it was also available in several shorter edits. The longest chart single with no shorter edit available is N-Joi's Live In Manchester, an improvised jam which reached #12 in 1992. The shorter of the two parts is part 1, with a running time of 13.41. The shortest number one hit is What Do You Want by Adam Faith, with a running time of 1.35. (Thanks to Theo for that one.) The shortest top ten hit is United States Of Whatever by Liam Lynch (1.26). It beat Elvis Presley's Party by one second. I have seen Hayley Mills' Let's Get Together listed as the shortest Top 40 hit but I do not have a precise timing for it. The US record-holder for shortest Top 40 hit is Some Kinda Earthquake by Duane Eddy, which would have topped (or bottomed?) the list in the UK too - had it not been re-edited from its original 1.17 to a less paltry 2.01 for its UK release. The shortest Top 75 hit is Millennium Chimes by Big Ben. Yes, that Big Ben. FAMILY CONNECTIONS The following combinations of relatives have topped the charts: Father & Son: Julio Iglesias (solo 1981) and Enrique Iglesias (solo 2002) Chip Hawkes (in The Tremeloes 1967) and Chesney Hawkes (solo 1990) Ringo Starr (in The Beatles 1963) and Zac Starkey (in The Crowd 1985) Father & Daughter: Frank Sinatra and Nancy Sinatra (both solo and together) Mother & Son: Hilda Woodward and Rob Woodward (both in Lieutenant Pigeon 1972) Brother & Sister: Shane Lynch (Boyzone) and Edele and Keavy Lynch (BWitched). Chart-topping groups which feature brothers in their line-ups include The Kinks, The Osmonds, The Real Thing, UB40, Oasis, Bee Gees, Spandau Ballet, The Jacksons (well, obviously) and no doubt plenty of others that I've forgotten. (And who'd bet against the The Pipes And Drums And Military Band Of The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards including at least one pair of brothers?). One impressive fraternal feat belongs to brothers Mike McGear and Paul McCartney, the only blood relations to write two consecutive chart-toppers (respectively, Lily The Pink by The Scaffold and Ob-La-Di Ob-La-Da as recorded by The Marmalade) and incidentally the only brothers to have both had christmas number ones. Chart-topping groups featuring sisters include Sister Sledge (uh-huh...), All Saints and B*Witched. Very few husband-and-wife combinations have topped the charts. Esther and Abi Ofarim, Sonny and Cher, and Enigma were husband-and-wife duos. Abba were uniquely made up of two married couples (at least to start with). The Goombay Dance Band also featured a married couple. Happy couple Gillian Gilbert and Steven Morris of New Order don't count as they didn't marry until several years after their number one hit. Siobhan Fahey of Shakespear's Sister and David A Stewart of Eurythmics were married (to each other, that is) at the time of her chart-topper but not at the time of his. OTHER NUMBER ONE FACTS AND FEATS The youngest solo chart-topper remains Little Jimmy Osmond who was just 9 when Long Haired Lover From Liverpool gave him the 1972 christmas number one. However, Dawn Ralph was just 8 when she sang lead on There's No One Quite Like Grandma by St Winifred's School Choir, and it is likely that some members of the choir were even younger. A children's chorus also featured on Clive Dunn's #1 Grandad but I suspect these were older children. The first act to write their own number one hit was Dreamweavers. Young songwriters Wade Buff and Eugene Adkinson formed the group in desperation after their song It's Almost Tomorrow was repeatedly turned down by music publishers. The first number one hit to be written, produced and entirely performed by a single person was A Different Corner by George Michael. The last single to reach number 1 without the benefit of a CD format being available was Bring Your Daughter... To The Slaughter by Iron Maiden. They did in fact release a CD format a couple of weeks later but it didn't count toward their chart position as the single was already available on the maximum five formats (four vinyl and one cassette). Only one Nobel Prize winner has ever written a UK number one hit single. US Vice-President Charles Gates Dawes, who won the Peace Prize in 1925, also wrote the melody of Tommy Edwards' 1958 chart-topper It's All In The Game. Carl Sigman wrote the words. Mr Vain by Culture Beat was the first single since the 1950s to reach number one without being available on vinyl. Only once since 1955 has there ever been an instance of three consecutive chart-toppers all being covers of previously-charted songs: In September 2001, Too Close by Blue (previously a hit for Next); Mambo No.5 by Bob The Builder (previously a hit for Lou Bega) and Hey Baby by DJ Otzi (formerly a hit for Bruce Channel) each had a week at the top. Speaking of covers, during 2000, five cover versions reached number one. In four cases, the original had peaked at number 2; the fifth (We Will Rock You) had been the b-side of a number 2 hit. UB40 enjoyed a string of hits with original material, yet all three of their number one hits were covers. During the 80s, Neil Diamond's song Red Red Wine and David Gates' song Everything I Own reached the top spot as reggae covers (for UB40 and Boy George respectively). In both cases, the artists who took the song to the top were unaware of the original folk-rock versions and had taken previous reggae-fied covers as their source - namely Ken Boothe's version of Everything I Own and Tony Tribe's remake of Red Red Wine. The fastest hat-trick of number one hits was by John Lennon - he notched up three number one hits in the space of just eight weeks following his death in December 1980.	i don't know
What food was named after a composer by the French chef Escoffier?	12 Delicious Food Recipes Named After Famous Musicians 12 Delicious Food Recipes Named After Famous Musicians 12 Delicious Food Recipes Named After Famous Musicians LISTS Sep 24, 2014 Many of the foods we enjoy today were named for their creator or for the inspiration of the recipe. So many foods and recipes we take for granted and don’t even realize have a namesake. Here are twelve delicious food recipes that owe their name and fame to some of the most renowned musicians , opera singers and composers from the past. 1. Caruso Sauce Caruso Sauce or Salsa Caruso is a warm sauce made of cream, sliced onions, ham, cheese, nuts and mushrooms. It is usually served with pasta. This delicious dish was named in honor of the famous Neapolitan tenor Enrico Caruso who was a popular figure in South America during his tours of the 1910s. At present, the sauce is considered as part of the Uruguayan cultural heritage and is urged by the Uruguayan Cuisine Association to be included in the menu of every restaurant or food outlet within the limits of the country. 2. Poires Mary Garden Mary Garden was a hugely popular opera singer in Europe and the U.S. at the start of the 20th century. Born in Scotland, she emigrated to the U.S. as a child, then came to Paris in 1897 to complete her training. After her 1900 debut at the Opéra-Comique, she was much sought-after by composers for starring roles in their operas. Escoffier , the great French chef made this dish in her honor, and is said to have told a friend once that all his best dishes had been created “for the ladies”. 3. Tournedos Rossini Tournedos Rossini is a French steak dish, purportedly created for the composer Gioachino Rossini by French master chef Marie-Antoine Carême. The dish comprises a beef tournedos, pan-fried in butter, served on a crouton, and topped with a hot slice of fresh whole foie gras briefly pan-fried at the last minute. The dish is garnished with slices of black truffle and finished with a Madeira demi-glace sauce. 4. Paganini’s Ravioli Paganini was a great epicurean and one of the first advocates for utilizing tomatoes in Italian cooking. His “ Genovese Ravioli with Beef Ragout ” recipe was so well respected that the original manuscript eventually made its way to the Library of Congress . 5. Eggs Berlioz Hector Berlioz , the notable French composer, has his name on a dish of soft-boiled eggs, elevated by the addition of croustades, duchesse potatoes, and truffles and mushrooms in a Madeira sauce. 6. Bizet Cake The French composer of Carmen and other renowned operas, has a consommé named for him as well as a marvellously light cake with delicately flavoured buttercream filling spread between the layers. 7. Jansson’s Temptation Jansson’s temptation or Janssons frestelse is a traditional Swedish casserole made of potatoes, onions, pickled sprats, bread crumbs and cream. It has often been claimed that the name originated with the opera singer Pelle Janzon, remembered as a gourmand. 8. Jenny Lind Melon The Jenny Lind Melon is an heirloom cantaloupe first introduced in the 1840s. Unlike most other types of cantaloupe, its flesh is light green, rather than orange. It is commonly believed to have been named for the singer Jenny Lind . 9. Mozartkugeln The Mozartkugeln or the Mozart ball, originally known as the “Mozartbonbon”, was first created by the Salzburg confectioner, Paul Fürst, in 1890 and named after Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart . The confectionery Fürst still produces the original Salzburg Mozartkugeln by hand according to the original recipe and only sells them in its shops or over its website. As the Fürst confectionery does not own a trademark for it, there are numerous imitation products, most of which are produced using industrial techniques. 10. Rigo Jancsi Rigó Jancsi is a traditional Hungarian and Viennese cube-shaped chocolate sponge cake and chocolate cream-pastry. It gained popularity in the former Austro-Hungarian Empire and is named after Rigó Jancsi, a famous Hungarian Gypsy violinist. 11. Tetrazzini Tetrazzini is an American dish often made with diced fowl or seafood, mushrooms, and almonds in a butter and parmesan sauce flavored with wineor sherry and stock vegetables such as onions, celery, and carrots. It is often served hot over spaghetti or some similarly thin pasta, garnished with lemonor parsley, and topped with additional almonds or Parmesan cheese. The dish is named after Italian opera star, Luisa Tetrazzini . 12. Peach Melba The Peach Melba is one of the most famous and beloved desserts in the world. It’s a dessert of peaches and raspberry sauce with vanilla ice cream named after Australian soprano Nellie Melba . In 1892, Nellie Melba was performing in Wagner’s opera Lohengrin at Covent Garden. The Duke of Orléans gave a dinner party to celebrate her triumph. For the occasion, Escoffier created a new dessert, and to display it, he used an ice sculpture of a swan, which is featured in the opera. Previous article	Tournedos Rossini
Which is the largest of Britain's National Parks?	List of foods named after people \| Recipes Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia List of foods named after people 42,425pages on Share This is a list of food items named after people. Edit Fillet of beef Prince Albert – Queen Victoria's Consort Prince Albert (1819–1861), also has an English white sauce, the Prince Albert Pea, and Prince Albert apple named for him, and probably Albert Pudding. Chicken à la d'Albufera – Louis Gabriel Suchet (1770–1826), one of Napoleon's generals and marshal of France for a time, was named duc d'Albufera after a lake near Valencia, Spain, to mark his victory there during the Peninsular War. Famed 19th-century French chef Marie-Antoine Carême (Antonin Carême) created several dishes in the duke's honor, including duck, beef, and the sauce that accompanies this chicken. Fettuccine Alfredo – Alfredo di Lelio, an early-20th century Italian chef who invented the dish for his wife in 1914–1920 at his Roman restaurant and popularized it among tourists. Alexandertorte – possibly Alexander I, the gourmet Russian tzar who employed Antonin Carême. Finland claims the creation, allegedly by Swiss pastry chefs in Helsinki in 1818, in anticipation of the tsar's visit there. Lobster Duke Alexis – the Russian Grand-Duke Alexis (future Alexander III) (1845–1894) made a highly-publicized visit to the U.S. in 1871. A dinner for him at Delmonico's featured this, and was kept on the menu by chef Charles Ranhofer. Gâteau Alexandra – like her husband Edward VII, Alexandra of Denmark (1844–1925) was honored by an assortment of foods named after her when she was Princess of Wales and Queen. Besides this chocolate cake, there is consommé Alexandra, soup, sole, chicken quail, and various meat dishes. Consommé Princess Alice – this consommé with artichoke hearts and lettuce is named for Princess Alice (1883–1981), one of Queen Victoria's granddaughters. Amundsen's dessert – Roald Amundsen (1872–1928), the great Norwegian polar explorer, was served this dish by Norwegian-American friends in Wisconsin not long before he died in an Arctic plane crash. Anna potatoes – the casserole of sliced potatoes cooked in butter was created and named by French chef Adolf Dugléré for the well-known 19th-century courtesan/actress Anna Deslions , who frequented Dugléré's Café Anglais . "Potatoes Annette" is a version of Potatoes Anna, with the potatoes julienned instead of in rounds. Oreiller de la Belle Aurore – Claudine-Aurore Récamier , the mother of Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin , has a lobster dish named after her, but it is this elaborate game pie which was one of her son's favorite dishes. The large square pie contains a variety of game birds and their livers, veal, pork, truffles, aspic, and much else, in puff pastry. Château Ausone red Bordeaux wine – Ausonius (310–395 A.D.), the poet employed by Valentinian I to tutor the Roman emperor's son, retired to the Bordeaux region and wrote about oyster farming. The wine named after him is said to be made of grapes grown on the site of his villa. B Bonaparte's Ribs – an early 19th-century English sweet named after Napoleon Bonaparte Boysenberry – Rudolf Boysen , botanist and Anaheim park superintendent, developed the loganberry/raspberry/blackberry cross around the 1920s. The berry was subsequently grown, named and made famous in the 1930s by Walter Knott of Knott's Berry Farm in California. Brillat Savarin cheese – Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin (1755–1826) has many dishes named for him besides this cheese, including partridge, eggs, garnishes, savory pastries, and the Savarin cake. Brillat-Savarin was the influential French author of The Physiology of Taste , in which he advocated viewing cuisine as a science. Hot Brown - J. Graham Brown, owner of the Brown Hotel , which first served the hot sandwich. Parson Brown orange - Rev. Nathan L. Brown, 19th-century Florida minister and orange grower, developed what was to become the leading commercial orange of the time in the U.S. Burbank plum – Luther Burbank (1849–1926), renowned American horticulturist, bred many new varieties of plants, including this and the Russet Burbank potato. Angelina Burdett plum – this plum, bred by a Mr. Dowling of Southampton, England around 1850, was named after Baroness Angelina Burdett-Coutts (1814–1906), a notable philanthropist. The Baroness inherited great wealth from her grandfather, banker Thomas Coutts , and devoted much of it to helping the needy at home and abroad. C Charlotte Corday – Charlotte Corday (1768–1793), the assassin of the radical Jean-Paul Marat was paid tribute with an ice cream dessert by Charles Ranhofer of Delmonico's . Cox's Orange Pippin – apple named after its developer Richard Cox (1777–1845), a retired brewer, in Buckinghamshire, England. Lady Curzon Soup – Lady Curzon , née Mary Victoria Leiter (1870–1906), the wife of the Viceroy of India , Lord George Nathaniel Curzon , has this turtle soup with sherry attributed to her. Allegedly, she directed the inclusion of sherry when a teetotalling guest prevented the usual serving of alcohol at a dinner, around 1905. Lady Curzon was the daughter of Chicago businessman Levi Z. Leiter , who co-founded the original department store now called Marshall Field . D Sole Dubois – named for the 19th-century French chef Urbain Dubois . (see Veal Prince Orloff ) Sole Dugléré – Adolf Dugléré (1805–1884), starting as a student of Antonin Câreme , became head chef at the famed Café Anglais in Paris in 1866, where he created and named many well-known dishes. Several dishes of fish bear his own name. Salad à la Dumas – Alexandre Dumas, père (1802–1870), noted French author. Apparently a favorite of Charles Ranhofer, there are also timbales, stewed woodcock, and mushrooms à la Dumas. Duxelles – a mushroom-based sauce or garnish attributed to the great 17th-century French chef François-Pierre de la Varenne (1615–1678) was probably named for his employer, the Marquis d'Uxelles . A variety of dishes use this name. E Earl Grey tea – Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey , Viscount Howick, and British Prime Minister 1830–1834. Graham crackers , Graham flour – Sylvester Graham , 19th-century American Presbyterian minister and proponent of a puritan lifestyle based on teetotalling, vegetarianism, and whole wheat. Granny Smith - Granny Smith is an apple originating in Australia from 1868 from a chance seedling propagated by Marie Ana (Granny) Smith, hence the apple is named after her. Bombe Grimaldi – kümmel-flavored frozen dessert probably named for a late-19th century member or relative of Monaco's royal Grimaldi family. There is also an apple flan Grimaldi. Docteur Jules Guyot pear – 19th-century French agronomist Dr. Jules Guyot , c. 1870. Guyot did work for Napoléon III in several agricultural fields. H Edit Homentash – a small pastry allegedly named for the cruel Persian official outwitted by Queen Esther and hanged, Haman , in the Book of Esther . Homentashn are traditionally eaten at Purim . Pâté de Filets d'Oie Adolphe Hardy – the young Belgian poet Adolphe-Marie Hardy (1868–1954), first published in 1888, and subsequently rising to be a major figure in French literature, was favored early on by Charles Ranhofer with this goose liver pâté . Hass avocado – in the 1920s, California postal worker Rudolph Hass set out to grow a number of Lyon avocado trees in his backyard. One of the seedlings he bought was a chance variant which produced fruit, his children apparently noticed as unique. Hass patented the variety in 1935, and it now makes up about 75% of U.S. avocado production. Heath bar – the American "English toffee" bar is named for brothers Bayard and Everett Heath , Illinois confectioners who developed it in the 1920s and eventually turned the local favorite into a nationally popular candy bar. Oh Henry! – the candy bar introduced by the Williamson Candy Company in Chicago, 1920, was named for a young man who frequented the company store and was often commandeered to do odd jobs with that call. Schnitzel à la Holstein – Baron Friedrich von Holstein (1837–1909), primary German diplomat after Otto von Bismarck , serving Kaiser Wilhelm II . The gourmet Holstein liked to have a variety of foods on one plate, and the original dish consisted of a veal cutlet topped by a fried egg , anchovies , capers , and parsley , and surrounded by small piles of caviar , crawfish tails, smoked salmon , mushrooms , and truffles . Contemporary versions tend to be pared down to the cutlet, egg, anchovies and capers. Gâteau Saint-Honoré – pastry named for the French patron saint of bakers, confectioners, and pastry chefs, Saint Honoré or Honorius (d. 653), Bishop of Amiens. The pastry chef Chiboust is thought to have invented it in his Paris shop in 1846. Hubbard squash – Elizabeth Hubbard, who talked up the qualities of the heretofore unnamed squash in Marblehead, Massachusetts, in 1842–1843. Omelette St. Hubert – the patron saint of hunters, St. Hubert of Liège (656–727), the son of Bertrand, Duke of Aquitane , has several dishes involving game named after him: this omelette with a game purée, tournedos of venison , a consommé , timbales of game meat and truffles , et al. The first bishop of Liège is said to have converted after seeing a stag with a cross in its antlers while he was hunting on a Good Friday. Lamb Chops Victor Hugo – the renowned French author, Victor Hugo (1802–1885), is commemorated with these, and with fillets of plover. Humboldt Pudding – Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859), the famous explorer and influential naturalist, has one of Ranhofer's elaborate molded puddings named after him. I Timbales à la Irving – Washington Irving (1789–1859), the American author, given Charles Ranhofer's penchant for honoring writers with his creations, is the likely source of the name. J Trout, Joan of Arc – the French martyr Joan of Arc (1412–1431) is remembered in this dish by Charles Ranhofer. John dory – the English name for a saltwater fish known elsewhere in Europe as Saint Peter's (San Pietro, Saint-Pierre, San Pedro) fish is said to be a reference to Saint Peter 's role as "janitor" or doorkeeper at the gates of heaven. Legends claim that spots on the fish are either the fisherman apostle's fingerprints, or a reminder of the coin he found in the fish's mouth—a story from the Gospel of Luke . St. Julian plum – the fact that National Plum Pudding Day falls on the same day as that of St. Julian the Hospitaler (d. 160), February 12, may indicate the source of the name. Or not. K Kaiserschmarren – the Austrian pancakes were created for Franz Josef I (1848–1916). Poached Eggs à la Kapisztrán – Italian lawyer/judge of German parentage, turned Franciscan monk and itinerant preacher, Janos Kapisztrán (né Capistrano, 1386–1456) became a Hungarian hero at the age of 70 when he helped defeat the Turkish invasion at Belgrade on the direction of Pope Calixtus III . Canonized in 1690, he is also known as St. John Capistran . Lady Kennys , also Ledikenis – this Bengali sweet of fried chhana balls (a milk-based dough) stuffed with raisins is named after Lady Charlotte Canning (1817–1861), Lady-in-Waiting to Queen Victoria , and the wife of the Governor-General of India (1856–1862), Lord Charles John Canning . The Cannings were in India during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , and Lady Canning's popularity there is remembered in this sweet which was one of her admitted favorites. Chicken à la King – William King of Philadelphia has been credited in 1915 (upon his death) as the inventor of this dish. [1] One theory (without historical evidence) claims that the dish may have been first named "Chicken à la Keene" after James R. Keene , a London-born American staying at London's Claridge Hotel in 1881 just after his horse had won a major race in Paris. Other stories make claims for an American origin: Delmonico's chef Charles Ranhofer creating the dish for Foxhall P. Keene , James R. 's son, in the early 1890s, or chef George Greenwald making it for Mr. and Mrs. E. Clark King (II or II) at the Brighton Beach Hotel in New York, about 1898. No royalty is involved in any of the stories. Kossuth cakes – pastry originating in late 19th-century Baltimore, Maryland, named for Hungarian patriot Lajos Kossuth (1802–1894), leader of the 1848 Hungarian Revolution , who visited the U.S. in 1851–1852. L Robert E. Lee Cake – southern U.S. lemon layer cake named for American Civil War General Robert E. Lee (1807–1870). Leibniz-Keks - German butter biscuit named for philosopher and mathematician Leibniz Sirloin of Beef à la de Lesseps – Ferdinand de Lesseps (1805–1894), French builder of the Suez Canal and first to try to build the Panama Canal , was honored with a dinner at Delmonico's in 1880. A banana dessert at the dinner was afterward termed "à la Panama." Ranhofer named this beef dish after de Lesseps, probably well before de Lesseps' 1889 bankruptcy scandal. Jenny Lind melon , Jenny Lind Soup , Oysters and Ham Jenny Lind – Jenny Lind (1820–1887), the "Swedish Nightingale", was already a singing star in Europe when P. T. Barnum convinced her to tour the U.S. Her 1850 visit caused a sensation, and a number of foods were named in her honor. Biff à la Lindström – this Swedish beef dish is thought to be named the man who brought it from Russia to Sweden. Henrik Lindström is said to have been born in St. Petersburg, Russia. Swedish food lore has it that the army officer brought the recipe to the Hotel Witt in Kalmar, Sweden, ca. 1862. The beets and capers included may indicate Russian origin or influence. Lindy candy bar – Charles Lindbergh (1902–1974), the pioneering aviator who was first to fly solo, non-stop, across the Atlantic, had at least two American candy bars named after him; another – the "Winning Lindy." Cream of Cardoon Soup à la Livingston – Dr. David Livingston (1813–1873), Scottish missionary and explorer, who spent 33 years working in Africa, and was famously "found" by Henry Morton Stanley on his wikipedia:New York Herald story quest, has this Delmonico's soup named after him, also available in celery. Crab Louis – (pronounced Loo-ey) while Louis XIV is often cited as the inspiration because of his notorious fondness for food, the The Davenport Hotel in Spokane, Washington claims Louis Davenport is the name source and inventor. Davenport was a Spokane restaurateur from 1889 on, and opened the hotel in 1914. There are several other alleged creators, including Victor Hirtzler (see Celery Victor ). Macaroni Lucullus – Lucullus (c. 106–56 BC), full name Lucius Licinius Lucullus Ponticus, was perhaps the earliest recorded gastronome in the Western world, and he may also be its most famous. After a long spell of wars, the Roman general retired to a life of indulgence and opulence, most evident in his gardens and his cuisine. His name has become associated with numerous dishes of the over-the-top sort, using haute cuisine 's favorite luxury staples—truffles, foie gras, asparagus tips, artichoke hearts, sweetbreads, cockscombs, wild game meats, Madeira, and so on. Macaroni Lucullus incorporates truffles and foie gras. Lussekatter , St. Lucia buns – Swedish saffron buns named for Saint Lucia of Syracuse (283–304), whose name day, December 13, was once considered the longest night of the year. As Lucia means light, the saint was incorporated into the celebration when these buns are traditionally eaten. The Swedish term, Lucia's cats, refers to the bun's curled shape. M Beef Tenderloin Minions à la Meyerbeer – Giacomo Meyerbeer (1791–1864), the influential 19th-century opera composer, is honored by this dish. Mirepoix – the carrot and onion mixture used for sauces and garnishes is thought to be named after the Duc de Lévis-Mirepoix , 18th-century marshal of France and one of Louis XV 's ambassadors. Poulet Sauté Montesquieu – culinary tribute to the philosopher and author, Baron de Montesquieu , Charles-Louis de Secondat (1689–1755), major intellect during the French Enlightenment . There is also a frozen dessert, "Plombière Montesquieu." Potage Anglais de Poisson à Lady Morgan – Lady Morgan , née Sydney Owenson (1776–1859), a popular Irish novelist, was visiting Baron James Mayer de Rothschild in 1829, when Câreme created this elaborate fish soup in her honor. If you have several days available, you can make it yourself. Go to soupsong . Mornay sauce – diplomat and writer Philippe de Mornay (1549–1623), a member of Henri IV 's court, is often cited as the name source for this popular cheese version of Béchamel sauce . The alternative story is that 19th-century French chef Joseph Voiron invented it and named it after one of his cooks, Mornay, his oldest son. Chaudfroid of Chicken Clara Morris – Clara Morris (1848–1925) was a popular 19th-century American actress, specializing in the period's emotional dramas. She became something of an overnight success when she debuted in New York in 1870, after growing up and working in Ohio ballet and theater. She had an active career until taste in drama changed in the 1890s and she turned to writing. Ranhofer named this dish for her. Mozartkugel – Salzburg, the birthplace of composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791), is also the place where this marzipan/nougat-filled chocolate was created c. 1890. Also in the composer's honor, Ranhofer created "Galantine of pullet à la Mozart" at Delmonico's. Lamb Cutlets Murillo – Bartolomé Esteban Murillo (1617–1682), the influential Spanish painter, was apparently a favorite artist of Charles Ranhofer. N Edit Napoleon, an alternate name for mille-feuille , was probably not named for the Emperor, but for the city of Naples. Bigarreau Napoleon cherry – unlike the pastry, the French cherry was most likely named after Napoleon Bonaparte , his son Napoleon II , or his nephew Napoleon III . The sweet, white-fleshed (bigarreau) cherry often used in maraschino cherry production fell into the hands of Oregon's Seth Luelling of Bing cherry fame (the Napoleon is a forebear of the Bing), and he renamed it the Royal Anne. Subsequently the cherry also became known as Queen Anne cherry in North America. Napoleon Brandy is a sort of brandy named for Napoleon Bonaparte . Lord Nelson apple – Admiral Horatio Nelson (1758–1805), British hero of the Battle of Trafalgar . Nelson also has a dish of mutton cutlets named after him, as well as an early-19th century boiled sweet (or hard candy) somewhat indelicately called "Nelson's balls." Nesselrode pudding – Russian diplomat Count Karl Robert von Nesselrode (1780–1862) had several dishes named for him, usually containing chestnuts, like this iced dessert. A contemporary product used for Nesselrode Pie, Nesselro , uses cauliflower to replace part of the chestnuts. Lobster Newberg – variously spelled Newburg and Newburgh, and now applied to other seafood besides lobster, this dish is usually attributed to a Captain Ben Wenberg , who brought the recipe he had supposedly found in his travels to Delmonico's in the late 19th century. The chef, Charles Ranhofer , reproduced the dish for him and put it on the restaurant menu as Lobster Wenberg. Allegedly, the two men had a falling-out, Ranhofer took the dish off the menu, and returned it, renamed, only at other customers' insistence. Marshal Ney – the elaborate Ranhofer dessert—molded tiers of meringue shells, vanilla custard, and marzipan—is named after Napoleon's marshal Michel Ney (1769–1815), who led the retreat from Moscow and was a commander at Waterloo . O Edit Potatoes O'Brien – possibly William Smith O'Brien (1803–1864), who led the Irish revolt subsequent to the 1844 Potato Famine is the source of the name. Bath Oliver biscuits – Dr. William Oliver (1695–1764) of Bath, England concocted these as a digestive aid for his patients. Oliver had opened a bath for the treatment of gout , and was largely responsible for 18th-century Bath becoming a popular health resort. Œufs sur le Plat Omer Pasha – the Hungarian-Croatian Mihailo Latas known as Omer Pasha Latas (1806–1871), commander-in-chief of Turkish forces allied with the French and English during the Crimean War had this sort of Hungarian/Turkish dish of eggs named for him. In the U.S., Ranhofer made a dish of hashed mutton Omer Pasha, as well as eggs on a dish. Veal Prince Orloff – Count Gregory Orloff , paramour of tzarina Catherine the Great is often cited. Much more likely, Urbain Dubois , noted 19th-century French chef, created the dish for his veal-hating employer Prince Nicolas Orloff , minister to tzar Nicolas I , hence the multiple sauces and seasonings. Stuffed pheasant à la Prince Orloff was created by Charles Ranhofer. Veal Oscar – Sweden's King Oscar II (1829–1907) was fond of this combination of veal, white asparagus, lobster and béarnaise sauce. Contemporary versions may substitute chicken and crab. P Pio Quinto - this Nicaraguan dessert was named after Pope Pius V . Veal Cutlets Pojarski – Pojarski is said to have been a cook/innkeeper favored by tzar Nicholas I because of his version of minced veal or beef cutlets. Sometimes called meat balls Pojarski, the originals were reformed on veal chop bones for presentation. Sole Marco Polo – the great explorer and traveler Marco Polo (1254–1324) has this dish of sole with lobster and, somewhat oddly, tomato, named after him. Rissoles Pompadour – the Marquise de Pompadour , Jeanne Poisson (1721–1764), official paramour of Louis XV from 1745 until her death, has had many dishes named after her besides these savory fried pastries. Mme. Pompadour's interest in cooking is remembered with lamb, sole, chicken, beef, pheasant, garnishes, croquettes, cakes and desserts, created by a number of chefs during and after her life. Praline – César de Choiseul, Count du Plessis-Praslin (1598–1675), by his officer of the table Lassagne , presented at the court of Louis XIII . The caramelized almond confection was transformed at some point in Louisiana to a pecan-based one. This praline has gone on to be known by another eponym in the U.S.: Aunt Bill's Brown Candy . Aunt Bill's identity is apparently unknown. Toronchino Procope – Charles Ranhofer named this ice cream dessert after the Sicilian Francesco Procopio dei Coltelli , whose Café Procope , opening in Paris in 1689, introduced flavored ices to the French. Q Queen of Sheba cake – the originally French gâteau de la reine Saba , a chocolate cake, is named for the 10th century BC African Queen of Sheba , famous guest of King Solomon of Israel. R Edit Lamprey à la Rabelais – François Rabelais (c. 1484–1553), French monk, turned physician, turned famed writer and satirist, was honored in this dish by Delmonico's chef Charles Ranhofer . Tournedos Rachel – from singing in the streets of Paris as a child, Swiss-born Elisa-Rachel Félix (1821–1858) went on to become known as the greatest French tragedienne of her day. Her stage name Rachel is used for a number of dishes—consommé, eggs, sweetbreads, et al.—many created by Escoffier . In New York City, Charles Ranhofer created "artichokes à la Rachel" in her honor. Ramos Gin Fizz – Henry C. Ramos , New Orleans bartender, created this famous cocktail c. 1888, at either Meyer's Restaurant or the Imperial Cabinet Saloon, and named it after himself. Ronald Reagan's Hamburger Soup – Ronald Reagan , while President, had this recipe issued publicly in 1986, after he had gotten flak for saying he liked French soups. Salad Réjane – Gabrielle Réjane was the stage name for Gabrielle-Charlotte Reju (1856–1920), a famous French actress at the turn of the century. Escoffier named several dishes for her, including consommé, sole, and œufs à la neige. Reuben sandwich – possibly Arnold Reuben , a New York restaurateur (1883–1970), created and named it c. 1914, or Reuben Kolakofsky (1874–1960) c. 1925 may have made it for a poker group gathered at his Omaha, Nebraska grocery. Rigó Jancsi – the Viennese chocolate and cream pastry is named after the famous Gypsy violinist, Rigó Jancsi (by Hungarian use, Rigó is his last name, Jancsi his first). He is perhaps best known for his part in one of the great late-19th century scandales. In 1896, Clara Ward , the Princesse de Chimay , saw Rigó playing in a Paris restaurant in 1896 while dining with her husband. She ran off with him, married him, dumped him, and married two other men after that. She was American. (see Chimay) Oysters Rockefeller – John D. Rockefeller or family, by son of Antoine Alciatore Jules, 1899, at New Orleans restaurant Antoine's . The original recipe remains a family secret, but the mixed greens are not the spinach that now characterizes most versions. Strawberries Romanoff – although there are a number of claimants for the creation of this dish, including the Hollywood restaurateur self-styled "Prince Michael Romanoff", credit is most often given to Antonin Câreme , when he was chef to tzar Alexander I around 1820. Romanoff was the house name of the Russian rulers. Tournedos Rossini – Gioacchino Rossini (1792–1868), famous Italian composer known almost as well as a gastronome. A friend of Câreme , Prince Metternich , et al., Rossini had many dishes named for him: eggs, chicken, soup, salad, cannelloni, sole, risotto, pheasant, and more. Escoffier was responsible for many of these. Charles Ranhofer created "Meringued pancakes à la Rossini." Soufflé Rothschild – a dessert soufflé created by Antonin Câreme for Baron James Mayer de Rothschild (1792–1868) and Baroness Betty de Rothschild (1805–1886) in the 1820s. The Baron was a notable French banker and diplomat. It was originally flavoured with Goldwasser but is now flavoured with a variety of other liqueurs and spirits including kirsch . Runeberg-pastry (Runebergintorttu / Runebergstårta) – named after the Finnish poet Johan Ludvig Runeberg (1804–1877). The 5th of February is in Finland Runeberg-day and it is celebrated with this almond-pastry that is said to have been invented by Johan Ludvig's wife Fredrika. There is also a variation of this called the Fredrika-pastry. Baby Ruth candy bar – most likely, Babe Ruth (1895–1948) was the inspiration for the name. Although the Curtiss Candy Co. has insisted from the beginning that the candy bar was named after a daughter of Grover Cleveland , Ruth Cleveland died in 1904 at the age of 12, while the Baby Ruth was introduced in 1921 right at a time when George Herman Ruth, Jr. had become a baseball superstar. It is interesting to note that very early versions of the wrapper offer a baseball glove for 79 cents. Babe Ruth's announced intent to sue the company is probably what drove and perpetuated the dubious cover story. S Wild Duckling à la Walter Scott – the dish named for the Scottish writer Walter Scott (1771–1832) includes Dundee marmalade and whisky. Seckel pear – although little is known about the origin of this American pear, it is generally believed that a Pennsylvania farmer named Seckel discovered the fruit in the Delaware River Valley near Philadelphia, in the 18th or early-19th century. Lobster Cutlets à la Shelley – Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792–1822), the great English poet, drowned off the coast of Italy. Charles Ranhofer remembered him with this. Woodcock Salmis Agnès Sorel – one of the dishes Agnès Sorel (1422–1450) is reputed to have created herself; she was the first mistress of a French king ( Charles VII ) to be recognized officially. A garnish, soup, timbales, and tartlets all bear her name, as later chefs remembered her for her interest in food. She died of acute mercury poisoning. Big Hearted Al candy bar – early-20th century presidential candidate Al Smith (1873–1944) had this candy bar named after him by a candy-company owning admirer. Sydney Smith's salad dressing – Salad dressing named after founder of the Edinburgh Review , Sydney Smith (1771–1845). He was a clergyman who wrote a poem which describes how to make this salad. Popular in the 19th century among American cooks. Soubise sauce – the onion purée or béchamel sauce with added onion purée is probably named after the 18th-century aristocrat Charles de Rohan , Prince de Soubise, and Marshall of France. Eggs Stanley – Sir Henry Morton Stanley (1841–1904), the famed British explorer, has several dishes named for him, usually with onions and a small amount of curry seasoning. A recipe for these poached eggs has a sauce with ½ teaspoon of curry powder. Stroganoff – named for a Count Stroganov (possibly Count Pavel Alexandrovich Stroganov or Count Grigory Stroganov) Consommé Marie Stuart – Mary Stuart (1542–1587), Queen of Scots ( Mary I of Scotland ), was appropriately Frenchified by Ranhofer in naming this dish. She, herself, had adopted Stuart vs. Stewart while living in France. Crêpes Suzette – said to have been created for then-Prince of Wales Edward VII on 31 January, 1896, at the Café de Paris in Monte Carlo . When the prince ordered a special dessert for himself and a young female companion, Henri Charpentier , then 16 (1880–1961), produced the flaming crepe dish. Edward reportedly asked that the dessert be named after his companion (Suzette) rather than himself. However, Larousse disputes Charpentier's claim. T Cases of Squabs Umberto – Umberto I (1844–1900), king of Italy and husband of pizza's Queen Margherita , has this Delmonico's dish by Ranhofer named after him. V Edit Purée of Wild Ducks van Buren – Martin van Buren (1782–1862), 8th president of the United States, developed a taste for French cuisine while a minister in London, where he became acquainted with Talleyrand 's dining philosophy. During his presidency, White House dinners were even more French than in Jefferson's day. Ranhofer may have been returning the compliment with this soup. Van Gogh potato – artist Vincent van Gogh (1853–1890) is commemorated by this potato developed in the Netherlands in 1976. Sole Jules Verne – Jules Verne (1828–1905), the famous French novelist, had several dishes named after him besides this, including a sauce, a garnish, grenades of turkey, breasts of partridge, and meat dishes. Fillets of Brill Véron – Dr. Louis Désiré Véron (1798–1867) gave up his Parisian medical practice for the more fashionable life as a writer, manager of the Opera, paramour of the actress Rachel , political influence, and pre-eminent host of lavish dinners for the elite. Véron sauce accompanies the brill. Victoria plum and Victoria sponge or Sandwich cake – Queen Victoria (1819–1901). Many dishes are named for the British Queen, including sole, eggs, salad, a garnish, several sauces, a cherry spice cake, a bombe, small tarts, et al. There is also a Victoria pea and a Victoria apple . Celery Victor – Victor Hirtzler , (c. 1875–1935) well-known American chef from Strasbourg, France considered this braised celery dish one of his two best recipes, the other being Sole Edward VII . Both dishes were created at San Francisco's St. Francis Hotel , where Hirtzler was head chef from 1904 to 1926. His 1919 cookbook can be seen in full at Hotel St. Francis Cookbook W Lobster Wenberg . Wibele - Jakob Christian Carl Wibel, he invented this sweet pastry in 1763 Prince William Cider Apple - Created to celebrate the 21st birthday of Prince William of Wales . It was named the "Prince William" after he said in an interview that he was a cider drinker. Large, robust yet mild in nature with a red flush and will make a cider of fair complexion, well balanced with lots of character. The "Prince William" will be the first of more than 360 varieties of traditional English cider apples grown over the centuries to be given a royal name. Woolton Pie – Frederick Marquis, Lord Woolton, was the British Minister of Food during World War II. This root vegetable pie created by the chef at London's Savoy Hotel marked Woolton's drive to get people to eat more vegetables instead of meat. X	i don't know
Which is the smallest of Britain's National Parks?	The Complete Guide To: Britain's national parks \| The Independent UK The Complete Guide To: Britain's national parks To mark the 60th anniversary of the legislation that provided protection to our most precious landscapes, Simon Calder celebrates the wealth of history and nature on our doorstep Friday 14 August 2009 23:00 BST Click to follow The Complete Guide To: Britain's national parks 1/11 Alamy Where should I start? On the hill where the campaign for free access to Britain's wilderness began. In 1932, much of the UK's outdoors were out-of-bounds. It took the courage of thousands of people, traipsing from the Midlands industrial belt and the Lancashire mill towns to the raw heart of England, to open up the countryside. They took part in a "mass trespass" of Kinder Scout in Derbyshire, the highest point in the middle of Britain – standing 2,088 feet above sea level. One of the organisers was sentenced to six months in prison for his part, but eventually the case for access to the countryside was recognised with the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act of 1949. Two years later, Britain's first National Park, the Peak District, was created. It started a trend: today about 10 per cent of Britain's land area is protected within the 14 National Parks (the 15th, the South Downs, is in the process of creation). Unlike in some countries, the land within the boundaries of each National Park is mostly in private hands. Restrictions on its use help preserve some of the remaining open space in this crowded country. They get more than 100 million visitors each year – and the Peak District is said to be the second-most visited National Park in the world after Mount Fuji in Japan. Today, the Park offers scenery ranging from bleak hilltops to deep gorges, and from awesome to ornate. You can ascend Kinder Scout by taking the A57 Manchester-Sheffield road to the point where it meets the Pennine Way, the 267-mile long-distance footpath along the spine of northern England. Head south on the path. Flagstones assist the climb, but in a landscape flattened by aeons of lively weather, identifying the summit is tricky: search for the small triangle that marks the highest point. Then look at the surroundings: on a clear day the barren peak of the Peak District bestows a magnificent 360-degree view. To the east, valleys snake towards South Yorkshire, to the west Victorian railway viaducts direct your eye towards the towers of Manchester. Descend from here via Jacob's Ladder to the softer, rounder landscapes of southern Derbyshire and the village of Edale – the end (or start) of the Pennine Way. At the Old Nag's Head Inn (01433 670291) and the Rambler Inn (01433 670268) you can find beer, bed and breakfast. Something less demanding? Southern softies can head for the low-rise National Parks nearest to London: the Broads in Norfolk and the New Forest. The fine city of Norwich is the gateway to the Broads, which comprise a series of shallow artificial lakes. The Romans first cut peat for fuel; in the Middle Ages, local monasteries began to excavate the stuff as a profitable side-industry. As sea levels rose, the pits they dug began to flood. Despite the construction of dykes and windmills, the flooding continued and resulted in the Broads landscapes of today, with reed beds, woodland and grazing marshes – home to rare wildlife, such as the swallowtail butterfly. It remains very popular as a place to hire a boat to get out and explore the waterways. The best place from which to survey the waterscape is St Helen's Church in Ranworth – known as "The Cathedral of the Broads". This 15th-century structure has the most perfectly preserved rood screen in the country, embellished with intricate pictures of the disciples, and a stone spiral staircase to the top of the tower from where you can see half of Norfolk. Close by, a boardwalk takes you through the reed beds to the edge of Ranworth Broad. The Broads has an increasing number of indulgent places to stay, such as the Broad House Hotel (01603 783 567; broadhousehotel.co.uk ), a luxury boutique hotel located in a beautiful 18th-century Queen Anne residence alongside Wroxham Broad. How new is the New Forest? As a National Park, one of the latest, created in 2005. But the name is misleading: it is neither new nor particularly forested, and "Old Heath" is a more accurate description. Wild woodland was reduced to bare heathland by mesolithic man, who used primitive tools to clear the trees, tore the goodness from the earth and moved on, leaving thin soil and poor prospects. In 1079, William the Conqueror named the "Nova Foresta" as the first royal reserve. A parcel of land between Winchester and the coast was given over to His Majesty's pleasure and to supply fresh meat for the royal table. Today the New Forest is an ecological curiosity combining heaths and mires, woodland and pasture – and criss-crossed by paths that allow easy exploration on foot, by bike or on horseback on native New Forest ponies. The hub of the National Park is Lyndhurst (023 8028 2269; thenewforest.co.uk for information). Don't miss Buckler's Hard, which once helped Britannia rule the waves. Two rows of cottages tumble down to the waterside, on either side of a broad green. The biggest dwelling, the Master Builder's House, belonged to Henry Adams – who was responsible for much of the fleet which won the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805. His home is now a hotel (01590 616253), with 23 rooms and good views across the Beaulieu estuary. Westward Ho? This North Devon resort is not actually part of a protected area, but – along with places like Barnstaple, Chumleigh and Exeter, it is well placed for exploring England's two south-western National Parks, Exmoor and Dartmoor. Exmoor is rare among English National Parks in that it has a long stretch of shoreline, part of the South West Coast Path. The ideal way to approach it is on the West Somerset Railway – which closed down in 1971, but was rescued by enthusiasts and now runs from Bishop's Lydeard, four miles west of Taunton, to the coast. The 15-mile hike from Minehead to Lynmouth and Lynton (the latter stands high above the former) is a demanding one-day hike that takes you through some of the finest coastal scenery in Britain. Horse-riding is a popular activity; beginners are expertly looked after at West Anstey Farm in Dulverton (01398 341354) and Doone Valley Stables outside V CLynton (01598 741278). From Lynmouth, the 102-mile Two Moors Way leads south to the higher and more desolate moorlands of Dartmoor. "It is a great place, very sad and wild, dotted with the dwellings of prehistoric man, strange monoliths and huts and graves," wrote Sir Arthur Conan Doyle to his mother in a letter penned at the Duchy Hotel in Princetown. The year was 1901, and Sherlock Holmes' creator was researching The Hound of the Baskervilles – his celebrated mystery about a phantom hound and foul deeds. Dartmoor's central settlement has not changed much since then. The moor, the mist, the walls of HM Prison and the huddled houses continue to make Princetown a study in grey. But the Duchy Hotel has become the High Moorlands Visitor Centre (01822 890414; dartmoor-npa.gov.uk ), which opens 10am-5pm daily (to 4pm from November to March). Here, you can separate the facts from the fiction and wander off safely to explore this slab of ancient rock rising from the county's soft fringes. Devon escaped the ice ages, and during the relatively warm millennium before the birth of Christ the uplands were densely forested. Plenty of evidence of early human habitation survives, chronicled by ancient stones slowly melting back into the dark Dartmoor granite (the stone used for Nelson's Column). Current risks to humanity here include live firing by the forces, and the fickle terrain and weather one-third of a mile above the English Riviera. England's greenest and most pleasant land? The North. Draw a line between York and Lancaster, and no fewer than four National Parks are located between here and the Scottish border. The two Yorkshire parks feel quite different, yet they share a common thread: both have railway lines that reach places off-limits to cars. The western parts of the Yorkshire Dales National Park are served by the Settle and Carlisle Railway (part of the national network; settlecarlisle.co.uk ), while the North York Moors Railway (a heritage line with steam-hauled trains; nymr.co.uk ) cuts between Pickering and Whitby. The Yorkshire Dales offers two challenging ways to explore the valleys that carve through the county. The first, for walkers, is our old friend the Pennine Way, which cuts south-north through the most spectacular landscapes, linking Malhamdale with the higher stretches of the River Greta on the County Durham border. It passes Hardraw Force – Britain's highest unbroken waterfall, which thunders over a lip of rock to plummet into a foaming pool. It's not Niagara, but don't miss it while you wander through the Dales. Access (£2) is via the ancient and jolly Green Dragon pub (01969 667392; greendragonhardraw.com ), which is also a good place to eat, drink and stay along the Pennine Way (try some Ribblehead Porter, the dark-brown beer from the Yorkshire Dales Brewing Company in Askrigg whose label depicts the arches of the magnificent railway span). The other great Dale trail is for cyclists: the Yorkshire Dales Cycle Way, a 130-mile circuit best accessed in Skipton, a pretty town on the Park's southern edge with good rail links. Moor of Yorkshire The western side of the North York Moors National Park is best explored by bicycle, on the stretch of the Sustrans National Cycle Network Route 1 linking York with Middlesbrough. Once into the Park, you climb quickly (or, in my case, slowly – I was on a three-speed Brompton folding bicycle) through picturesque villages filled with flowers to bleak moorland. The best places to stay are in the valleys that carve up this lunar landscape. One of the YHA's flagship hostels is the former village school in Lockton, a "Green Beacon" property which has everything from solar panels on the roof to composting toilets. The North York Moors has a stirring stretch of coastline, and 20 miles north of Lockton on the A169, you find another great youth hostel. It comprises the former monks' quarters in the grounds of ruins of Whitby Abbey, and boasts remarkable architectural features – including the original wattle and daub, on show for the enlightenment of guests and visitors. More information on both properties from 0870 870 8808 or yha.org.uk . Whitby is an excellent base for exploring the coast, including the fascinating smugglers' village of Robin Hood's Bay. In the other direction, the North York Moors juts into Cumbria – home of the National Park regarded by many as England's loveliest. A host of golden daffodils? Environmental protection for the Lake District was canvassed as long ago as 1810 by William Wordsworth, who urged that the patch of (then) Cumberland and Westmoreland which he loved should become "national property, in which every man has a right". He was born on the coast of (present-day) Cumbria at Cockermouth, but later settled at Dove Cottage in Grasmere. He was an enthusiastic walker, thinking nothing of a 20-mile trek over the fells to Keswick. He composed poetry in his head during such journeys, and dictated the results to the ladies of the house on his return. Dove Cottage (015394 35544; wordsworth.org.uk ) is open to the public 9.30am-5.30pm daily, admission £6.50. Visitors can tour the rooms in which he lived, and also visit the modern museum that houses a collection of the poet's manuscripts and memorabilia. Close by, Ambleside is a stop for Windermere Lake Cruises (01539 443360; windermere-lakecruises.co.uk ), which operates an excellent schedule of services every day except Christmas, linking Lakeside, Bowness and Waterhead near Ambleside. A ticket allowing unlimited travel for 24 hours costs £15. Britain's finest park-within-a-National Park is just above Ambleside; nip up the lane between Barclay's Bank and the Market Hall, and you will reach Stock Ghyll Park, where a dramatic half-hour hike reveals a first-rate waterfall on a hillside that, in spring, is bedecked with daffodils. The classic hike through the whole National Park is the Cumbria Way, a 68-mile walk across the heart of the Lake District, starting in Ulverston and ending in Carlisle. It grazes Coniston, scales Stake Pass and flanks Derwent Water. Accommodation in the Lake District ranges from campsites to luxurious country-house hotels – such as the place where Beatrix Potter spent her holidays as a child. Lindeth Howe at Longtail Hill on Windermere was later bought by the writer for her mother, and is now a hotel set in six acres of private gardens (01539 445759; lindeth-howe.co.uk ). At this time of year you won't be wandering as lonely as a cloud; to avoid adding to the chronic summer traffic congestion, use the 555 bus, which runs regularly between Keswick and Kendal, via Ambleside and Grasmere. It takes in much of the beauty of the area that so attracted Wordsworth and his pals. Some services are operated by open-top vehicles, giving a far better view than motorists enjoy (Cumbria Traveline: 0870 608 2 608; traveline.co.uk ). For those who like the idea of travelling by road, but don't want to negotiate the steep mountain passes and narrow lanes themselves, Mountain Goat (015394 45161; mountain-goat.com ) can offer guided sightseeing trips by car or minibus. England's final frontier? Northumberland National Park (01434 605555; nnpa.org.uk ), best visited next month when the heather is flowering on the hills where England collides with Scotland. It encompasses the Cheviot Hills that rise north-west of Newcastle, ruined castles and Kielder Reservoir. But the main feature of the 405-square mile National Park is Hadrian's Wall, the only stone-built frontier in the history of the Roman Empire. This a necklace of stone, which stretches from the Solway Firth west of Carlisle to the aptly named Wallsend on the River Tyne in the east, was created in the second century to keep out the Caledonian "barbarians". The most scenic surviving stretch is through Sycamore Gap and up on to Housesteads Crags. Housesteads is the best-known fort on Hadrian's Wall, and the most complete such Roman construction in Britain. You should also visit the Roman fort of Vindolanda, just south of Hadrian's Wall, which pre-dates the structure by 40 years and provides a fascinating glimpse of life for the men (and women) stationed at the bitter end of the Roman Empire. Wild Wales The Principality possesses the perfect pair of National Parks: in the north, lonely, stirring mountain landscapes; to the south, a corrugated coastline brimming with wildlife. Although the core of Snowdonia National Park is crammed into a corner of Wales, pinched between the North and Cambrian coasts, from up high the crags seem to spin away endlessly, successively fainter ridges fading into the haze. Yet, just a mile or two away (and hundreds of feet lower), you can find mysterious gorges where only a fast-flowing brook sizzles through the serenity. You can also learn a new skill: at Plas y Brenin, the National Mountain Centre (01690 720214; pyb.co.uk ) all are welcome to limber up indoors in preparation for the great outdoors; a two-hour "taster" session in climbing and abseiling allows you to go from 0 to 40ft in 120 minutes with the help of expert tuition. Mountain biking and mountain leadership courses are also available. Prettiest of all the villages in the Parc Cenedlaethol Eryri is Beddgelert, where the Colwyn and Glaswyn rivers merge, and which is newly connected to the West Highland Railway to Caernarfon. Here, the Sygun Fawr country-house hotel (01766 890258) is a classic of the genre: a handsome 17th-century manor house, offering 21st-century travellers comfort and excellent cuisine. Pembrokeshire Coast National Park celebrates some of Britain's finest shoreline, wrapping around the south-west tip of Wales from Carmarthen Bay to Cardigan Bay (with a few interruptions for less idyllic fixtures such as the oil refinery at Milford Haven. Activities are, naturally, water-based, with surfing, sea-kayaking and coasteering on offer. If you prefer to keep your feet dry, and have a fortnight to spare, the 186-mile Pembrokeshire Coast Path will reveal almost all the delights of the Park – but for the very best, you have to board a small ferry from the tiny cove of Martin's Haven (01646 603110; dale-sailing.co.uk ) to an intercontinental hub for avian life: Skomer, a ragged diamond-shaped island measuring barely two miles by one, is home to an astonishing half-million breeding seabirds. Manx Shearwaters, guillemots, kittiwakes, razorbills and, most notably, puffins. After a few days here, you can empathise with the great travel writer Jan Morris, when she wrote "From Reykjavik to Ljubljana / Cheerful Cork to weird Tirana / No exotic route avails / To clear my homesick mind of Wales." Scotland's national treasures Scotland, due to its different laws on land use, came late to the National Park party. With the most dramatic land– and seascapes in Britain, and a far more sparse population than England, many would argue that much of the country should qualify for National Park status. This century, though, two specific areas have been designated: the Cairngorms, and Loch Lomond and the Trossachs. The latter was the first National Park in Scotland, located within easy reach of the largest population centres. The gateway is a frankly tacky retail/tourism complex at Balloch, named Loch Lomond Shores (01389 721500; lochlomondshores.com ). But once you escape from here, and the busy A82 highway that runs along the west side of Loch Lomond, you can enjoy Britain's largest inland body of water in tranquillity. The most rewarding activities are walking (the West Highland Way leads through the National Park), and canoeing: on the eastern side of the loch, at Balmaha. Lomond Adventure (01360 870218) hires out kayaks. This is a good base for exploration, not least because of the Oak Tree Inn (01360 870357; oak-tree-inn.co.uk ), which is a haven for active travellers. You can also take a noisier option: Loch Lomond Seaplanes (0870 242 1457; lochlomondseaplanes.com ) offers scenic flights over the region. Callander is the best base for the forested hills and lochs of the Trossachs. In the months of September and October, the crowds evaporate but there is still the chance of good weather. Hardy (and optimistic) winter-sports enthusiasts maintain that January and February are the ideal months in which to visit the Cairngorms of north-east Scotland, to take advantage of the best skiing facilities in the UK. The unappealing town of Aviemore is the gateway to the park, which spreads south-east from the Spey valley. Nine miles south-east is Cairngorm Mountain (01479 861261; cairngormmountain.com ), the closest Britain gets to an Alp, with a funicular climbing to the ski area. During the summer, the Cairngorms National Park is good territory for "Munro-bagging", with a dozen 3,000ft-plus peaks within its borders. More about:	The Broads
In which opera does a hunchback jester help his master seduce the daughter of a courtier?	National Parks Brecon Beacons 519 square miles (1,351 sq. km). The impressive ridge of old red sandstone, running from the border to Llandovery, dramatically separates rural mid-Wales from the industrial valleys of the southern coalfield. The set of ridges and valleys which is the Black Mountains in the east contrasts with the tall Beacons at the centre, and the heather-covered Black Mountain at the western end. Limestone ramparts provide a southern edge. Farming has shaped the landscape over the centuries and, today, Welsh cultural traditions are still strong. People have been living in the Brecon Beacons for more that 5,000 years and there is a powerful sense of history evident in the ancient standing stones, cairns and buildings found across the park. The Offa's Dyke Path runs up the eastern boundary. The Flat-topped mountains rising to close on 3000ft (923m). Largely unthreatened by development, the valley of the Usk divides the Black Mountains area in the east from the main massif of the Beacons in the middle of the park and the Black Mountain in the west. All three outcrops share the same precipitous sandstone scarps, their severity modified by the sweeping curves of ice-hewn amphitheatres. To the north there are fine views over the Wye Valley and the soft knuckles of the hills that lead down to it. Dartmoor 368 square miles (954 sq. km). The last wilderness of southern England. Tors, clitters, cleaves and combes - Dartmoor names for the granite outcrops, rock litter, gorges and river valleys - add drama to the park and underline its wild aspect, as do the quaking mires and high tussock boggy plateaus ringed by rocky tors. Many remains of ancient man, notably Bronze Age Grimspound. Modern man threatens. Almost the whole of the northern moor is a military training area. Reservoirs and afforestation are changing both uplands and valleys, though a major reservoir scheme at Swincombe was defeated. Farmers increasingly seek to enclose the moor. Tourist traffic clogs the lanes in summer. Heather and grass moorland, with valley woods, support a rich variety of wildlife, as well as the ponies, cattle and sheep of the hill farmers. Dartmoor boasts the densest collection of Bronze Age remains in north west Europe, rich remains of a metal mining industry and the youngest castle in England. There are 33,000 people living in the park in small towns, villages and remote farmsteads. The moor was used as the backdrop for Conan Doyle's thriller - 'The Hound of the Baskervilles' in 1902 and is home to Britain's most remote & secure prison. Places to visit include Castle Drogo, Museum of Dartmoor Life, Okehampton Castle, Buckfast Abbey and Becky Falls. Exmoor 268 square miles (693 sq. km). The tallest sea cliffs in England form the northern boundary of this smallest moorland park. The grass moor of the erstwhile Royal Forest is surrounded by heather-covered hills and wooded combes. The Valley of the upper Exe separates Exmoor proper from the Brendon Hills at the eastern end of the park. Red deer and nightjar at the woodland edge, merlin and ring ousel out on the moor are representatives here of a rich diversity of wildlife. Bronze-Age burials, Roman fortlets, ironworks and medieval castles bear witness to the work of the predecessors of the present day hill farmers who care for this splendid landscape. The South West Coastal Path - a national trail - runs along the northern edge of the park. Bare moorland skylines, plunging combes, huge hogbacked hills tumbling into the Bristol Channel. A wild park of bog and bracken and brawling streams, but vulnerable to change. The superb heather moorland, for the sake of which the park was designated, has shrunk from 60,000 acres (24,240 hectares) just after the war to barely 40,000 acres (16,160 hectares) today, through conversion to more intensive agricultural use rather than traditional sheep grazing. Lake District 885 square miles (2,292 sq. km). The biggest park and one of the most famous landscapes in the British Isles, unique in its mingling of great fells and still waters. Here the Lake poets launched the Romantic Movement and the area has continued to attract writers ever since. Today the main threat to Lakeland's beauty is its own popularity resulting in damage through sheer numbers of visitors. The water authorities continue to cast covetous eyes at the natural lakes. The landscape at the edge of the Lake District National Park is softer and more rounded, in great contrast with the central areas, which are wild, rugged and dramatic. Sixteen lakes are arranged like spokes of a wheel in this heartland. This imposing landscape has rich literary and artistic associations. The area is visited by approximately 12 million people each year and is home to 42,000 people. The 2,896km of public rights of way comprise splendid walking and even climbing - gentle on the lakeside and challenging uphill gradients. Understanding through enjoyment courses are available at Brockhole, on Windermere, and at Blencathra, near Keswick. Northumberland 405 square miles (1,049 sq. km). This remote National Park is border country stretching Fifty miles (80km) of lonely, surging hill country. To the north, England meets Scotland on the long backbone of the Cheviot Hills; in the south, Hadrian's Wall strides along the undulating crests of the Whin Sill ridge. Between those two frontiers are wide expanses of wild, open moorland and dense forest. Contains the heathery Simonside hills and the round-topped Cheviots, bleakly beautiful, deceptively benign, where there are more sheep than people. In the north the Ministry of Defence Redesdale training area bisects the park. Elsewhere afforestation is burying whole hills in conifers. The park is an historic landscape of unrivalled quality. Hadrian's Wall and its associated features form a World Heritage Site. In the Cheviot foothills and the Breamish Valley in particular, settlements and field systems from prehistoric through to medieval to modern times are superimposed, one upon another. The ruins of castles and bastles (fortified farmsteads) also bear witness to the troubled past. The Pennine Way runs the length of the park. North York Moors 553 square miles (1,432 sq. km). The largest expanse of continuous heather moorland in England clothes the plateau top, turning it in late summer into a tablecloth of vivid purple. Dissected by farmed dales, the whole area supports a wealth of wildlife. The eastern boundary is formed by 42km of coastline, where spectacular cliffs separate bays and fishing villages. Red pantile roofs characterise the villages. Stone crosses punctuate the ridges. The cultural heritage is easily explored via the 1,609km of footpaths and bridleways. The main range, the Cleveland Hills, reaching 1490ft (458m) on wild Urra Moor, are flat-topped. The Cleveland Way path follows the northern scarp of these hills, leading eventually to a rugged coast of towering cliffs. For gentler views, the dales, notably Rosedale and Farndale are idyllic. Threats: potash mining near Whitby and loss of moorland to conifers and the plough. Peak District 555 square miles (1,438 sq. km). Britain's first national park, designated in 1951, which has its own financially independent planning board. One third of the population lives within an hour of the park. Each year, over 22 million day visits are made to this unique landscape, distinctive for two quite separate sets of special Geological qualities. In the centre is the beautiful 'White Peak', with its deep limestone dales and undulating fields. To the north, east and west is the dramatic 'Dark Peak' - peat moorlands cut across by edges of precipitous millstone grit, where heather and bracken predominate. Rich in natural and cultural treasures, the Peak District National Park is a place of national and international importance. Wedged between the conurbations of Manchester and West Yorkshire and stretching down into Staffordshire and Derbyshire, the park covers the southern section of the Pennine chain of mountains. The scenic Edale, just north of Mam Tor and Winnats Pass, is the starting point of the Penninne Way Long Distance Path . Pembrokeshire Coast 240 square miles (620 sq. km). Britain's only predominantly coastal national park, it is one of the smallest and most densely populated. It also contains one of the largest densities of specially protected sites in Europe. Rugged cliffs and islands, tree-lined estuaries and open moorland are all features of the area. Wild flowers flourish in the mild climate and there are famous seal and sea bird colonies. The park is also steeped in Welsh legends and a complex history. The stunning coastline can be seen at its best from the spectacular coast path, a designated national trail, stretching 299km (186 miles) from north to south. No mountains here. Instead, one incomparable asset - 170 miles (272km) of majestic cliffscape rated among the finest coastlines in Europe despite uncontrolled caravan sites and chalet developments. The cliffs are a paradise for birds - and bird-watchers. Skomer island (also in the park) is a national nature reserve open to the public, home of puffins, razorbills and Manx shearwaters. And like all coasts, it is occaisionally prone to oil pollution, largely due to the oil terminal at Milford Haven. Snowdonia 827 square miles (2,142 sq. km). The magnificent mountain fastness of North Wales, offering rock climbs whose challenge is out of all proportion to their height, lakes, woods, valleys, waterfalls and estuaries complete the picture. Quarries, power stations, afforestation and unsympathetic holiday developments mar parts of the park. The glaciers of the last Ice Age moulded the Snowdonia landscape of deep valleys and rugged mountains. Rivers, lakes and waterfalls, and remnants of ancient deciduous woodlands, are typical of the park, as is the coast, with its sandy bays, dunes and the three beautiful estuaries - Glaslyn/Dwyryd, Mawddach and Dyfi. A rich variety of plants and wildlife mirrors the diversity of the landscape and the whole of the park is a stronghold of the Welsh language and way of life. Archaeological remains from the Neolithic period, the Roman occupation and the Middle Ages survive through to those of the recent industrial past of gold, lead and copper mining, and slate quarrying on a grand scale. Yorkshire Dales 683 square miles (1,769 sq. km). The Yorkshire Dales, sitting astride the central Pennine watershed, has been describe variously as wild, expansive, tranquil and, at times, awesome and bleak. Whatever the mood, the Dales unquestionably occupies the finest area of upland limestone country in Britain and possesses a unique combination of both related and contrasting landscape features. Here is a sympathetic blend of pastoral valleys, delightful waterfalls, heather-covered grit-capped fells, flower-rich hay meadows, intricate patterns of dry-stone walls, field barns and stone villages. Exposed limestone cliffs, gorges, valley-side screes and a fretwork of limestone pavements, scraped clean by glacier ice, add a further dramatic dimension. Historic and Prehistoric remains abound, as do places to stay in each dale. The Pennine Way crosses the park from north to south, offering visitors a choice of two worlds the high and open striding fells, and the glorious dale bottoms with their sparkling becks and grey villages. The most spectacular countryside is the Three Peaks area (Whernside, lngleborough and Pen-y-Ghent). Here quarrying has dug deep for limestone, and afforestation threatens. Norfolk Broads 117 square miles (303 sq. km). The Broads is Britain's largest protected wetland. Its fens, winding waterways, wet woodlands, grazing marshes, 40 broads or shallow lakes, and five rivers provide unique habitat for a huge range of rare species. The best way to see this land is by water aboard a boat. Navigation has always been a crucial part of the Broads economy; formally for the many traders who plied the 200km of waterways and today for the visitors who enjoy the relaxation of a holiday afloat. The Broads Authority looks after the area and its navigation. Its work includes restoring the wetland and promoting sustainable tourism. New Forest 224 square miles (580 sq. km). The forest proper has been protected since 1079AD and is managed by the Forestry Commission for the Crown. Verderers and commoners play a significant role in the management of the ponies and cattle, which roam the forest by ancient right. Plantation and ancient woodlands, surrounded by open heath, given way to small-scale farmland vital to the life of the Forest. The heritage area extends to the Solent coast - an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Bustling villages provide bases for easy exploration of this historic landscape . Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) have been described as the jewels of the English landscape. There are 37 in all, covering about 15% of England. The smallest is the Isles of Scilly, a mere 16 sq km (designated in 1976). The largest is the rolling hills and valleys of the Cotswolds, totalling 2,038 sq km (first designated in 1966 and later extended). Northumberland Coast This bright, wild, lonely coast sweeps along some of Britain's finest beaches and is internationally noted for its wildlife. The AONB, a narrow coastal strip, stretches from Berwick-upon-Tweed to Amble. Soft sandstone and limestone rocks dipping gently as a plain to the sea make this essentially a low-lying coast with long views. Open miles of beach are backed in places by extensive sand dunes and the AONB takes in the island of Lindisfarne and its treacherous intertidal flats, as well as the numerous small islands and rocks of the Farne Islands further out from the coast. Where the coastline is broken by the Whin Sill, ancient black basalt meets the sea in low headlands and rocky coves, dramatic setting for Bamburgh and Dunstanburgh Castles and shelter for working harbours such as Craster. Much of the coast is owned or managed by conservation organisations and includes many Sites of Special Scientific Interest. The dunes, marshes and mud-flats of the Lindisfarne National Nature Reserve are one of the best sites in Europe for waders and waterfowl and offshore, the Farne Islands are a protected seabird sanctuary. The AONB's dune systems are a particularly fine example of this fragile habitat. The local rural economy is based on mixed arable farming, livestock fattening and dairying together with fishing. The AONB, with a population of 12,500, includes small ports such as Seahouses and Alnmouth and some of Britain's last inshore fleets sail from its harbours. Tourism is an important supplement to the local economy. Although the coast is less intensively used than most, it attracts many peak period visitors, both as a holiday destination and as a day trip from nearby towns and Tyneside. The coast remains relatively undeveloped for tourism which is largely based on caravan and camp sites. There is no continuous coastal road or footpath running the length of the coast which contributes to and protects its remoteness. Solway Coast Stretching along the Cumbrian shore of the Solway Firth, this is a low, open and windswept AONB with wide views across to the hills of Galloway. Physically part of the Solway Plain, the coast's characteristic feature is its continuous 7.6m raised beach. Silting along the estuary has left extensive marine deposits and the open foreshore strip now consists either of marine terrace with low, scrub-covered sandstone cliffs or undulating dunes. The falling tides expose wide sand stretches, intertidal mud-flats and, higher upstream, salt-marsh and peat moss, in a landscape with a sense of remoteness that is the essence of its value and character. With varied habitats and rich feeding grounds, the estuary is of outstanding wildlife importance. An overwintering ground for huge numbers of wildfowl, the Upper Solway's flats and marshes are a Ramsar site and seals, dolphins and porpoises have been sighted offshore. Glasson Moss National Nature Reserve is part of the largest undamaged area of lowland raised mire in Britain. Much of the foreshore has been bought, for its protection, by Cumbria County Council and conservation bodies. The area has a rich historical and cultural heritage associated with its position on the Scottish border. This is a traditional agricultural area remote from large towns. The AONB boundary skirts Silloth, the largest settlement and stops short of the fishing town of Maryport. Inshore fishing includes shrimping and cockles and the local village farming, by rotational cropping and grazing, has evolved from the traditional Cumbrian pattern with its 'statemen' communities of farmers. Small, hedged fields are still a dominant feature in the landscape. Tourism is an important, though relatively undeveloped, supplement to the local economy, concentrated in caravan sites at the small resorts of Silloth and Allonby. A number of archaeological sites include defences built by the Romans. The AONB is also a popular day trip destination for touring motorists from Carlisle, the West Cumbrian coast towns and Tyneside, and the shore road bears heavy peak season traffic. The Cumbria Cycle Way passes through the AONB and the proposed regional footpath, the Cumbria Coastal Way follows the foreshore and continues to Port Carlisle. A proposed National Trail will follow the line of Hadrian's Wall through the north of the AONB. North Pennines An AONB protecting the wide empty miles of one of the country's last expanses of wilderness, the upland plateau, northern limit of the Pennine chain, stretches away in a high wild landscape of undulating heather moorland and blanket peat. On its western edge, the plateau ends sharply in a steep escarpment looking down on the green and gold patchwork of the Eden Valley. The table-top summit of Cross Fell (890m) is the highest point. The Tyne, Tees, Wear, Derwent and Allen rivers drain from the plateau forming valleys that each have their own distinct character. Ecologically, the North Pennines are of outstanding value. The AONB is rich in wildlife and includes herb-rich hay meadows, juniper, alpine limestone flora and a diversity of moorland and wading birds. Parts are protected as National Nature Reserve and sites of special scientific interest. Britains first international biosphere reserve was designated in the North Pennines and it is expected that, under European legislation, the status of Special Protection Area (SPA) was to be confirmed later in 1998. The AONB also includes parts of the Pennine Dales Environmentally Sensitive Area. The Upper Teesdale and Moorhouse National Nature Reserves are of international significance. Hill farming (mainly sheep) is important to the rural economy and is complemented by moorland management for grouse shooting. Other economic activities include the quarrying of limestone and mineral working in the Durham sector. The North Pennines was once the lead mining centre of the world and the ruined traces of abandoned lead mines are now acknowledged as an intrinsic part of the landscape and its heritage. There are no major towns within the AONB and its largest settlements are Allendale Town and Alston. The scattered stone villages throughout the area have experienced a significant reduction in population following the decline in the traditional lead mining industry from the late 19th century. Typically, they are remote rural villages, where young people tend to leave for jobs elsewhere and the remaining population (fewer than one person per square kilometre) experience the knock on effect of losses of shops, post offices and other rural services. Recent years have seen a modest increase in inward migration and tourism which, to some extent, is helping to stem the decline. The AONB's countryside, historic villages and industrial heritage are the essential components in comprehensive new strategies to promote sensitive tourism. The National Trails of the Pennine Way and the developing Pennine Bridleway pass through the area, as does the Teesdale Way, a recreational route. Other initiatives to create recreational routes in the area are underway. Arnside & Silverdale The AONBs intimate, green and silver landscape rises from the shores of Morecambe Bay, with wide views over the Kent Estuary to the Lake District. Despite its small scale, the AONB shows a unique interweaving of contrasting countryside. The area is characterised by small scale limestone hills rising to less than 100m in height, fine deciduous woodlands and valleys which form sheltered agricultural land. The inter-relationship of salt-marsh, limestone cliffs and reclaimed mosses, at or about sea level, contrast markedly with limestone pasture, rock outcrops and limestone pavements at a higher level. The distribution of copses and hedgerows and the pattern of limestone walls create a strong feeling of enclosure, and are important elements in the landscape. Varied geology and vegetation added to a notably mild climate at this northerly latitude, makes this AONB extremely important as a diverse natural habitat. Unimproved pasture and the exposed limestone outcrops are rich in rare butterflies and flowers. Between the limestone hills there are drift deposits and estuarine silts and clays which, close to the estuaries, support nationally important lowland raised mires. Woodlands are a distinctive element in the landscape with significant areas of ancient semi-natural woodland. Large areas are owned by the National Trust, English Nature and the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds as well as local wildlife trusts and conservation organisations. The reed and willow swamps of RSPB Leighton Moss are a major breeding site for marshland birds which include bearded tits, marsh harrier and the rare bittern. The sands and salt-marshes of Morecambe Bay are internationally important for wading birds and wildfowl. Parts of the AONB are of recognised national and international importance for wildlife. Farming is, in the main, livestock, with sheep being grazed on the higher rough pastures and cattle and sheep farmed on the reclaimed valley soils. Some active quarrying remains and a small portion of the AONB is commercial conifer plantation. Private land ownership is concentrated on two large estates. Arnside, Silverdale and Warton are the main centres of population and are popular for commuter, retirement and second-home housing. The AONB is a popular destination for quiet outdoor recreation, caravaning and day visitors. Forest of Bowland The essential landscape character of the Forest of Bowland is one of grandeur and isolation. The AONB, geologically part of the main Pennine range, is dominated by a central upland core of deeply incised gritstone fells with summits above 450 m and vast tracts of heather-covered peat moorland. The fells' fringe of foothills is dissected by steep-sided valleys which open out into the rich green lowlands of the Ribble, Hodder, Wyre and Lune Valleys. Well-wooded and dotted with picturesque stone farms and villages, these lower slopes, criss-crossed by drystone walls, contrast with and complement the dramatic open sweep of the gritstone heights. On its southeastern edge, famous Pendle Hill forms an outlier to the AONB. Bowland's ecological features make it a nationally important area for nature conservation and 13 per cent is designated as Sites of Special Scientific Interest. The moors are a major breeding ground for upland birds and the major part of the Bowland Fells is designated as a Special Protection Area under the European Birds Directive. The lowlands contain important ancient woodland habitat. Building in Bowland, is in local gritstone and has a strong vernacular style which adds, rather than detracts, to the quality of the landscape. Population (15,000) is scattered, and traditional villages such as Slaidburn and Newton have seen very little modern development. Sheep and beef farming predominates in the uplands with dairying being the major land use in the valleys. There is some forestry, water catchment and mineral extraction. Increasingly, tourism is adding extra income to the local rural economy. The growing numbers of day visitors underline the fact that Preston, Lancaster and the towns of north east Lancashire lie close to the AONB and one million people live within a 30 minute journey. Nidderdale Nidderdale is located on the eastern flanks of the Yorkshire Pennines stretching from the high moorland of Great Whernside south and east towards the edge of the Vale of York. The area is crossed by deep pastoral, often wooded dales of the Washburn, Laver, Burn and the long majestic dale of the Nidd itself. Reservoirs add a further dimension to the beauty of the dale. Rich, rolling and wooded pastoral scenery, with stone settlements like Lofthouse and Kirkby Malzeard, contrast with bleak heather moorland which is broken by craggy gritstone outcrops, including the curious shapes of Brimham Rocks. To the east, in the wooded pasture lands of the Skell Valley, stands the internationally renowned and much visited Studley Royal, with the picturesque ruins of Fountains Abbey. The landscape is dominated by its millstone grit geology giving it a typically dark, sometimes sombre appearance which is reflected in the stone of buildings and walls, in the heather moorland and in the characteristic grasslands that occur on this type of formation. Glaciation and the differential resistance to weathering of the sand, shale and gritstones produces some of the most dramatic features such as cut off crags on valley sides and wide U-shaped valleys. This is in contrast with the pastoral landscapes of the dales and upland fringes running down to the dale. Hamlets and villages built in local stone contribute greatly to the character of the area. Howardian Hills The Howardian Hills form a distinctive, roughly rectangular area of well-wooded undulating countryside rising, sometimes sharply, between the flat agricultural plains of Pickering and York. Jurassic limestone gives the landscape its character and in effect, the irregular 180m ridges of the Howardian Hills are a southern extension of the rocks of the North York Moors. It contains a rich and intimate tapestry of wooded hills and valleys, pastures and rolling farmland, as well as dramatic views from the higher ground across the agricultural plains below. On the eastern edge, the river Derwent cuts through the Hills in the Kirkham Gorge, a deep winding valley which was formed as an overflow channel from glacial Lake Pickering. The AONB contains no towns, although the market towns of Helmsley and Malton lie just beyond the boundary, but the area has many attractive stone-built, red pantile-roofed villages. The area is probably most famous as the setting for a number of fine country houses, whose parklands are an intrinsic part of the landscape value. Most notable is Vanbrugh's famous masterpiece, Castle Howard. Combining high grade arable land, pasture and managed woodland, this is rich farming country whose very diversity creates its attractive rural character. Lincolnshire Wolds The chalk hills of the Lincolnshire Wolds roll northwest- southeast between the Humber and the Wash. A peaceful and expansive landscape with fine views, the Wolds have been sheep country for centuries. Now much of the traditional open grassland and hedged fields have been ploughed up for arable farming but precious stretches survive in the valleys and on steep slopes. Topographically, the Wolds are a dissected chalk tableland, falling gently eastward from a western scarp face which crests in pleasing contrast above the midland plain. High plateaux and ridges in the north give way to rounded hills crossed by winding valleys and narrow ravines. The grasslands and abandoned chalk pits are an important habitat for rare flowers and insects and some areas of fine mixed woodland are managed to conserve their traditional oak, ash and hazel coppice. Always sparsely settled, this is nevertheless a historical landscape with prehistoric barrows, ancient tracks and the distant spires of fine medieval churches. The AONB's rural economy is based on arable farming with intensive, large cereal units together with some mineral extraction. There are no large towns but many unspoilt villages which are increasingly used by commuters working in nearby Louth, Grimsby and Market Rasen. This is not as yet a well-known tourist area, though literary pilgrims visit pretty, red-roofed Somersby, to see the home and the landscape which inspired the poet Tennyson. The 'Tennyson Country' connection is now being promoted, as is green tourism, based around the long-distance Viking Way footpath. Seaside Mablethorpe, Skegness and Cleethorpes, all a short distance from the AONB, are obvious visitor centres. Local recreational demand is for traditional country pursuits such as walking or hunting and shooting, together with driving for pleasure on the open, lightly trafficked roads. Anglesey Coast Almost the entire 201 km coastline of Ynys Mon, the ancient Isle of Anglesey, is designated as an AONB. The island contains a great variety of fine coastal landscapes. The AONB coincides with stretches of Heritage Coast. Some of the oldest rocks in Britain, the pre-Cambrian Mona Complex, form the low ridges and shallow valleys of Anglesey's sea-planed plateau. Holyhead Mountain is its highest point (219m) with superb distant views to Snowdonia. Low cliffs, alternating with coves, pebble beaches and tucked-away villages, line the island's northern shores. The east coast's sheer limestone cliffs, interspersed with fine sandy beaches, contrast with the south's wilderness of sand dunes that roll away down to Aberffraw Bay. Varied habitats, from marine heaths to mud-flats, give the AONB a high level of marine, botanical and ornithological interest. The dunes of Newborough National Nature Reserve are a noted example of this complex habitat and the island's limestone cliffs are an important nesting site. Anglesey has an important historic landscape, with its protected sites ranging from Bronze Age burial chambers to medieval Beaumaris Castle. Two areas within the AONB are listed in the Register of Landscapes of Outstanding Historic Interest in Wales. The AONB's rural economy is traditionally based on small-mixed-agricultural holdings, although the number has fallen by 44 per cent since 1945. Significant local industry skirted by the AONB includes Wylfa nuclear power station, aluminium smelting and bromine extraction. The AONB contains no sizeable towns and residents of its coastal villages increasingly commute to work on the mainland. Tourism plays a significant part in the rural economy, largely centred on static caravan sites. The AONB is also an important recreation area both for local people, for day visitors from the Bangor mainland and also for urban north-west England. Sailing, riding, sea fishing, diving and cliff climbing are just some of the leisure demands on the AONB coastline. A circular island footpath is currently being developed. Lleyn Peninsula Nowhere is far from the sea on the long, low peninsula of Llyn, which is famous for the unspoilt beauty of its coastline. The AONB, covering a quarter of the peninsula, is largely coastal, but extends inland to take in the volcanic domes which punctuate the plateau. A marine-eroded platform, Llyn is in fact a natural extension of the Snowdonian Massif, with complex geology including ancient pre-Cambrian rocks. This varied geology is reflected in a succession of superb coastal landscapes, from the steep craggy cliffs around Aberdaron Bay to sandy bays and headlands and fine dune systems. Llyn's highest points are the north's abrupt volcanic peaks dominated by the granite crags of Yr Eifl (564m). At its foot, a landscape of hedged fields and rough pastures rolls out towards the sea and finally to the sheer black cliffs of Mynydd Mawr, the tip of the peninsula. The countryside is characterised by its narrow lanes and white-washed farms and includes stretches of ancient open common. Ynys Enlli (Bardsey Island), sea bird sanctuary and home to grey seals, is just one of Llyn's many notable wildlife sites. Llyn's landscape has a rich historic legacy with field monuments dating from Mesolithic times and spectacularly sited Iron Age hill-forts such as Yr Eifl's Tre'r Ceiri. The majority of the AONB is listed in the Register of Landscapes of Outstanding Historic Interest in Wales. Llyn's farming pattern is of small-scale, traditional, family farms raising sheep and cattle with dairying on pockets of better pasture. The few sizeable settlements of the AONB are the former fishing villages such as Abersoch and Nefyn, now bustling tourist centres. A predominantly Welsh-speaking area, Llyn has experienced the problems of outmigration of its young and working population and a rise in non-Welsh-speaking residents. In the Abersoch hinterland, a high percentage of houses are second homes. Tourism, particularly water sports, is central to the local economy. The south coast, with its fine facilities many moorings, is one of Britain's leading sailing centres. Diving, waterskiing and windsurfing are also major visitor activities. The AONB is a very popular caravan and camping destination. Clwydian Range Nowhere is far from the sea on the long, low peninsula of Llyn, which is famous for the unspoilt beauty of its coastline. The AONB, covering a quarter of the peninsula, is largely coastal, but extends inland to take in the volcanic domes which punctuate the plateau. A marine-eroded platform, Llyn is in fact a natural extension of the Snowdonian Massif, with complex geology including ancient pre-Cambrian rocks. This varied geology is reflected in a succession of superb coastal landscapes, from the steep craggy cliffs around Aberdaron Bay to sandy bays and headlands and fine dune systems. Llyn's highest points are the north's abrupt volcanic peaks dominated by the granite crags of Yr Eifl (564m). At its foot, a landscape of hedged fields and rough pastures rolls out towards the sea and finally to the sheer black cliffs of Mynydd Mawr, the tip of the peninsula. The countryside is characterised by its narrow lanes and white-washed farms and includes stretches of ancient open common. Ynys Enlli (Bardsey Island), sea bird sanctuary and home to grey seals, is just one of Llyn's many notable wildlife sites. Llyn's landscape has a rich historic legacy with field monuments dating from Mesolithic times and spectacularly sited Iron Age hill-forts such as Yr Eifl's Tre'r Ceiri. The majority of the AONB is listed in the Register of Landscapes of Outstanding Historic Interest in Wales. Llyn's farming pattern is of small-scale, traditional, family farms raising sheep and cattle with dairying on pockets of better pasture. The few sizeable settlements of the AONB are the former fishing villages such as Abersoch and Nefyn, now bustling tourist centres. A predominantly Welsh-speaking area, Llyn has experienced the problems of outmigration of its young and working population and a rise in non-Welsh-speaking residents. In the Abersoch hinterland, a high percentage of houses are second homes. Tourism, particularly water sports, is central to the local economy. The south coast, with its fine facilities many moorings, is one of Britain's leading sailing centres. Diving, waterskiing and windsurfing are also major visitor activities. The AONB is a very popular caravan and camping destination. Shropshire Hills This is a distinctive area of the Anglo-Welsh borders where remote upland merges into pastoral lowland. The AONB's parallel hills and valleys run southwest, northeast with the strike of the rocks forming the Long Mynd and Stiperstones, Clun Forest, the Clee Hills, Stretton Hills and The Wrekin, five distinctive upland areas each with their own landscape character. The steep-sided rift valley of Church Stretton lies at the centre of the AONB and from its fertile farmed floor looms the great pre-Cambrian moorland ridge of the Long Mynd. The unmistakable peak of the Wrekin is a volcanic outlier and the lonely sandstone Clee Hills owe their rounded mass to a basalt cap. In contrast, the limestone outcrop of Wenlock Edge has an altogether softer, wooded character. Areas of the AONB's open common are important upland habitat, including the heather moorland of the Stiperstones Ridge, a National Nature Reserve. In the southwest of the AONB, the smooth, rounded hills and high plateau of the Clun Forest have been designated an Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA) to protect the small hedged fields, oak woods and pastures of the traditionally farmed landscape. The uplands of the Stiperstones, Long Mynd, Stretton Hills and Clee Hills have also been designated an ESA to protect the upland character of the area. Agriculture is a major employer and the hills and dales of south Shropshire are traditional sheep and beef farming country with cereals and dairying in favoured areas. The AONB, with a population of approximately 37,500, has no large towns but contains many rural villages and hamlets and the country market centres of Church Stretton, Craven Arms and Clun. On its northern borders, the economic growth of Shrewsbury and Telford has major development and leisure use implications for the AONB. The Shropshire Hills are an important recreational area for the towns of the Welsh border, and for visitors from the West Midlands, and the ridge footpaths are traditionally popular walking country. Although not a well-known tourist region, tourism is a planned growth area in the rural economy. Cannock Chase Although the second smallest of the AONBs, Cannock Chase, with its doorstep conurbations and coveted mineral deposits, is potentially one of the most threatened of the protected landscapes. As its name suggests, the Chase was once the expansive sweep of a great medieval royal hunting forest. Today it is a surprisingly remote area of high sandstone heather and bracken heathland with birch woodland and extensive pine plantations. Dissected by secluded valleys and framed by a gentler landscape of fine parklands and attractive villages, the AONB encloses the last oak remnant of the ancient Cannock Forest. Its unenclosed, semi-natural landscapes provide a valuable contrast to the ordered agricultural landscapes dominating the Midlands region. Wild deer still roam the Chase, which is an important oasis in the urban Midlands. Its heathland, woodland and valley wetland habitats are protected as Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) and large extents are local authority owned. The heaths are the largest surviving area of heathland in the Midlands and are transitional between the high altitude moorlands of the north and lowland heaths in the south of the country. They are valuable habitats for invertebrates along with the rare nightjar, lizards and adders. 1,214 hectares of the AONB are conserved as one of Britain's largest country parks. Its motorless zone, nature trails and reserves focus strongly on landscape and wildlife interest. Castle Ring, an Iron Age fort, has wide views over the Trent Valley. The AONB is ringed by towns such as Cannock and Rugeley and is within commuting distance of Wolverhampton. Land use includes mixed agriculture on the lower slopes plus significant sand and gravel extraction. The Forestry Commission has sizeable commercial plantations. Cannock Chase is an important recreation area, both as traditional Midlands daytrip country and for the growing population on its immediate fringe. 1.9 million people live within 30 kilometres of the AONB and although not a holiday area as such, peak season sees an ad hoc demand for camping and caravan pitches. The Chase is crossed by many footpaths and bridleways, including Forestry Commission trails and the Staffordshire Way. The variety of the landscape with enclosed woodlands and open views over the hills makes it feel larger than it actually is, which helps in its ability to accommodate the many thousands of visitors attracted by its scenery. Norfolk Coast The AONB, a long coastal strip, incorporates the finest, remotest and wildest of Norfolk's renowned marsh coastlands. It includes the silt expanses of the Wash, the north-facing coastal marsh and dunes of the Heritage Coast and the high boulder clay cliffs east of Weybourne which the sea is rapidly eroding away. The coast is backed by gently rolling chalkland and glacial moraine including the distinctive 90-m high Cromer Ridge. An undulating, intimate landscape under huge skies, the AONB is characterised by its imposing churches and quiet brick and flint villages and small towns such as Wells-next-the-Sea. This is a soft shifting coastline of unique scientific and ecological value and contains some of the most important salt-marsh, intertidal flats, dunes, shingle and grazing marsh in Europe. Together the coastal habitats form an ecosystem of outstanding importance and National Nature Reserves within the AONB include the world-famous bird reserves, Titchwell and Cley Marshes, and Winterton Dunes, one of the country's finest dune systems. The Heritage Coast stretch of the AONB is a Ramsar site, a Biosphere Reserve, a Site of Special Scientific Interest, a Special Protection Area and candidate Special Area for Conservation (SAC) and Marine SAC. The coast's rural economy increasingly relies on tourism and other service industries' although agriculture and fishing still have a role to play. The AONB skirts the larger Norfolk resorts such as Cromer but its north coast is a popular sailing area and includes small but busy sailing villages such as Brancaster and Blakeney. The AONB's coast attracts many day and weekend visitors, particularly from East Anglia, the East Midlands and London. Walking, touring, visiting beaches and exploring villages are the most popular activities. Informal outdoor recreation is focused on the Peddars Way and Norfolk Coast Path National Trail which pass through the AONB. Suffolk Coast & Heath Stretching south from Lowestoft to the river Stour, the AONB protects heathland, reed beds, salt-marsh and mud-flats, a rich mixture of unique and vulnerable lowland landscapes, all of which are under pressure of change. It is deeply indented by the estuaries of the Blyth, Alde, Deben, Orwell and Stour and bounded by the crumbling cliffs and tidal spits of the low and lonely North Sea coastline, the nearest unspoilt coast to Greater London. This is one of the most important wildlife areas in Britain including three National Nature Reserves, many Sites of Special Scientific Interest and the RSPBs Minsmere Reserve. The mud-flats and creeks of the AONB's salt-marsh-fringed estuaries contain wildlife wetland sites of national and international importance, many of which are Ramsar sites and proposed Special Areas of Conservation and Special Protection Areas. The low-lying coastal hinterland contains some of England's few remaining areas of ancient open heathland, including the Sandlings whose wild sandy stretches are a vanishing refuge of the nightjar, woodlark, and rare heath butterflies. Characterised by its flowering lanes and colour-washed Suffolk pink cottages, the AONB has retained much of its unchanged character. The AONB, with a population of 23,490, has no large towns but includes medieval market towns such as Aldeburgh. There is an increasing number of resident commuters working in Ipswich, Felixstowe and Lowestoft. The rural economy is based on agriculture and tourism. Visitor activity is centred around Aldeburgh with its major summer arts festival and in small towns and coastal hamlets such as Southwold and Walberswick. The booming popularity of watersports has brought considerable leisure usage to the Stour, Deben, Blyth, Ore and Alde estuaries. Dedham Vale On the Suffolk-Essex border, this AONB protects an exceptional example of a lowland river valley. Undulating slopes fall gently to the slow-flowing, meandering River Stour and in its hedged water meadows, copses and riverbank willows, the landscape is perhaps the epitome of the farmed English countryside. It has an extraordinary range of different scales and special features giving rise to distinctive landscape characters - rolling fields on the valley slopes, lush and sheltered valley-floor meadows and open marshes and intimate tributary valleys. Its pastoral scenes are world famous as the settings used by the artist Constable, and Flatford Mill and picturesque Dedham retain an unspoilt quality, despite their summer visitor onslaught. The designated area of the AONB stretches upstream from Manningtree to within one mile of Bures. However, the landscape quality of the remainder of the Stour Valley has resulted in its designation as a potential AONB or Special Landscape Area and countryside management takes place within this wider framework. Because much of East Anglia's traditional grasslands have already been drained and ploughed for arable farming, the hedgerows and wildflower meadows of Dedham Vale are among some of England's most precious and vulnerable pastoral landscapes and the countryside is enhanced by narrow lanes and characteristic timber-frame and thatch houses. With a population of under 10,000 this is still essentially a farming area, although the AONB now has a significant and growing proportion of residents commuting to Ipswich, Colchester and London. Tourism is localised, but forms an important part of the economy at Dedham and Flatford, while the River Stour is an important boating and angling water. Gower Peninsula Chosen for its classic coastline and outstanding natural environment, Gower was the first AONB to be designated. Except for the small, urbanised eastern corner, the entire Gower peninsula is an AONB. Complex geology gives a wide variety of scenery in a relatively small area. It ranges from the south coast's superb carboniferous limestone scenery at Worms Head and Oxwich Bay to the salt-marshes and dune systems in the north. Inland, the most prominent features are the large areas of common, dominated by sandstone heath ridges including the soaring sweep of Cefn Bryn. Secluded valleys have rich deciduous woodland and the traditional agricultural landscape is a patchwork of fields characterised by walls, stone-faced banks and hedgerows. Gower's richly varied natural environment of heath, grassland, fresh and saltwater marsh, dunes and oak woodland, is nationally noted. The AONB has three National Nature Reserves, two Local Nature Reserves and many Sites of Special Scientific Interest. Among the many fine natural habitats are the mud-flats and salt-marsh of the Burry Inlet (a candidate Special Area of Conservation, Special Protection Area and Ramsar site) and the flora-rich limestone grasslands. Gower has been settled since prehistoric times and has a high concentration of ancient sites. The western end of the Peninsula is listed in the Register of Landscapes of Outstanding Historic Interest in Wales for its Neolithic and Bronze Age features and its surviving medieval open field system. Almost all the coast is in the protective ownership of City and Council of Swansea, the National Trust, the Countryside Council for Wales or the Glamorgan Wildlife Trust. Gower is still traditionally farmed with small, mixed arable livestock and dairying enterprises, many exercising ancient commons grazing rights. The area is covered by Tir Cymen agri-environment scheme whereby farmers agree to manage their agriculture for the benefit of conservation, wildlife, access and to help maintain traditional landscapes. With an AONB population of approximately 10,000 the vast majority of the working population of Gower's villages commute to Swansea. The AONB lies entirely within Swansea's boundaries and added to retirement and holiday homes, this dormitory element has considerably altered the area's social balance. Tourism plays a major but highly seasonal part in the rural economy, largely through caravan sites and small-scale guesthouses and B&B. The AONB is both a major water sports and family holiday destination for urban South Wales and the AONB is within four hours travelling time of 18 million people. The public rights of way network is extensive covering 431 km (268 miles) and is heavily used by both visitors and local people as it offers a wide variety of experiences reflecting the diversity of the Peninsula. Wye Valley The Wye Valley, winding sinuously down from Hereford to Chepstow, is both one of the finest lowland landscapes in Britain and one of the few lowland AONBs. In the north, the river meanders through the broad meadows, dotted woods and hedgerows of the Hereford plain. Its most dramatic limestone scenery, including the famous Symonds Yat, lies downstream from Ross-on-Wye. Deeply incised meanders have cut into the plateau to form sheer wooded limestone cliffs with superb views down to the valley floor. Between the gorges are broader valley reaches, with rounded hills and bluffs and a gently rolling skyline. In recognition of its immense nature conservation importance, the Wye was the first major river to be designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest along its entire length. Within the AONB it is renowned both as a refuge of rare species, particularly those of limestone woodlands, and as one of the few remaining areas with comparatively large tracts of ancient broadleaved woodland. The pastures, hay meadows, hedges and copses within the farmed landscape of the AONB are also rich natural habitats. Farming in the AONB still follows a traditional pattern of mixed arable and dairying plus fruit orchards in the fertile north, and is an essential part of the landscape's value. Forestry has been an industry for centuries both here and in the nearby Forest of Dean and the Forestry Commission has substantial landholdings in the AONB. Limestone continues to be actively quarried. Tourism is a major contributor to the rural economy. The AONB includes a number of picturesque riverside settlements such as Ross-on-Wye and Tintern with its medieval abbey. Annually, an estimated two million visitors come to the Wye Valley, which is highly accessible from urban South Wales, Bristol and the Midlands. The Wye is a premier salmon fishing river and a major national focus for canoeing and other water sports. Offa's Dyke National Trail passes through the AONB and the Wye Valley Walk is one of the regions most heavily used recreational footpath routes. Malvern Hills The special quality of the Malverns lies in its contrasts. The distinctive, narrow, north-south ridge, a mountain range in miniature, thrusts unexpectedly from the pastoral farmland patchwork of the Severn Vale. The highest point is Worcestershire Beacon (425m) and walkers along the ridge crest enjoy views as far as Wales and the Cotswolds. Within a few square miles, notably varied geology gives the AONB a series of differing landscapes. The ridge, with its high open stretches of semi-natural grassland, owes its hogsback skyline to heavily folded and faulted pre-Cambrian rocks. Sandstones and marls underlie the fertile arable plain to the south-east. To the west, alternate limestone and sandstone beds undulate in pastoral scarps and vales with a pleasing rural pattern of meadows, fields and orchards and a maze of narrow lanes. The geological variety and centuries of traditional farming have given the AONB great ecological value. Herb-rich, unimproved pastures and native woodland support a wealth of habitats, species and wildlife. Also a historical landscape, the ridge is crowned by three ancient hill forts, the most famous being the ditches and ramparts of British Camp. This is an area of pastoral farming, with dairying and stock-rearing, plus fruit growing, mixed crops and forestry. Large areas are grazed as ancient commons. The AONB has a population of approximately 13,000 and villages such as Malvern Wells have experienced considerable growth in their retired population and in workers commuting to Birmingham and Worcester. The towns of Great Malvern and Ledbury fringe the AONB and the rural economy includes light manufacturing and prestige office development together with the important conference and holiday tourism sector. Tourists have flocked here to 'take the waters' since the early 1800s and Great Malvern's formal paths and rides give the nearby slopes the air of a Victorian pleasure garden. The ridge and hillside paths and the commons are traditional Midlands 'day trip' country. The Worcestershire Way footpath is an important new recreation resource in the AONB. Cotswolds The Cotswold Hills rise gently west from the broad, green meadows of the upper Thames to crest in a dramatic escarpment above the Severn valley and Evesham Vale. Rural England at its most mellow, the landscape draws a unique warmth and richness from the famous stone beauty of its buildings. Jurassic limestone gives the Cotswolds their distinctive character, and an underlying unity in its use as a building material throughout the area. The limestone lies in a sloping plateau with a steep scarp slope in the west drained by short streams in deep cut wooded valleys, and a gentle dip slope which forms the headwaters of the Thames. This gentle slope has a maze of lanes connecting picturesque streamside villages built predominantly from local stone. The Cotswolds are nationally important for their rare limestone grassland habitat and for ancient beechwoods with rich flora. Important grasslands such as Cleeve Hill have survived due to their status as ancient common and a National Nature Reserve protects the finest ancient beech complex. Some Cotswolds plants are so rare that they have specific legal protection under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. Traditionally a landscape formed by sheep grazing, this is now prosperous mixed and arable farming country. The AONB excludes urban areas but includes market towns such as Chipping Campden. Now only the third largest employer, agriculture is outranked by tourism and services. Of the working residents (population about 120,000), 73 per cent commute beyond the AONB to Cheltenham, Bath, Gloucester, Cirencester and elsewhere. There is still active mineral extraction in the AONB. Motorways together with a central location, make the Cotswolds accessible to a huge urban visitor area including Bristol, London and the West Midlands. The AONB, with 'honey pot' villages such as Bourton-on-the-Water, Bibury and Castle Combe, is a national and international tourist destination as well as an important local recreation area. The Cotswold Way National Trail, which runs between Bath and Chipping Campden, and a number of other walking routes extend across the AONB. Chilterns The familiar beech and bluebell woods of the Chilterns sits on London's doorstep, extending 70 km from the Thames at Goring Gap northeast to Hitchin. The Chilterns' rounded hills are part of the chalk ridge which crosses England from Dorset to Yorkshire. The characteristic scarp slope, indented by combes and cut by a number of gaps, looks out north over the panorama of the Vale of Aylesbury. The dip slope, dissected by steep dry valleys, curves gently down into the London Basin. The heavily wooded character of the Chilterns, based on clay-with-flint deposits, gives way in the north to the open downland of Ivinghoe Beacon and Dunstable Downs. The Chilterns contain an important diversity of habitats ranging from chalk grassland and to the country's most extensive areas of beech woodland, with the finest stretches protected as National Nature Reserves. The landscape contains many prehistoric traces including the great dyke of Grim's Ditch and the ancient Ridgeway and Icknield Way. The AONB boundary skirts urban areas such as Luton and High Wycombe and its many picturesque brick-and-flint villages are prized commuter country. However, commercial forestry and agriculture, ranging from small-scale dairying and horticulture to intensive mixed and cereal farming, remains an important part of the economy. Part-time 'hobby farming' is increasing. In addition to the 100,000 people living within the area, half a million people live within three km (8.5 million within 40 km) of the Chilterns, one of South-East England's major recreation resources. Leisure use is largely informal scenic drives, walking and riding and peak demand puts heavy pressure on viewpoints such as Ivinghoe Beacon. The Ridgeway, a National Trail, runs through the AONB from Ivinghoe Beacon to the River Thames and on into the North Wessex Downs AONB. The Thames Path also passes through the southern part of the AONB. Cornish Coast This is a heavily fragmented AONB containing some of Britain's finest coastal scenery, including Land's End and the Lizard peninsula. The north coast landscapes range from famous headlands, such as Tintagel and St Agnes Head, to extensive rolling dunes and the spectacularly folded, Atlantic-fretted cliffs north of Boscastle which are some of the highest in Britain. The south coast has an altogether softer landscape of multi-coloured cliffs, tiny coves and picturesque fishing villages. It is indented by the oak-fringed estuaries of the Fal, Fowey and Helford Rivers. To the west, the Lizard and Lands End areas have distinctive geological formations. The Lizards famous serpentine rock is found in the many reefs and spectacular stacks that emphasise the wild isolated character of the coastline. The granite intrusions around Lands End have created rocks rich in minerals that have been mined for centuries. The AONB also contains the broad expanse of the Camel Estuary (25 sq km) and inland, the high open sweep of Bodmin Moor (208 sq km), the heath plateau of the Lizard Peninsula and the historic moorland of the Penwith Peninsula. Bodmin is the only extensive upland area in Cornwall and is dominated by granite outcrops with characteristic granite tors and clitter slopes, a wealth of mineral deposits and unusual river profiles. The AONB protects many important natural and historic sites. The Lizard, with its complex geology, is a National Nature Reserve, and the Fal River is one of Europe's best unspoilt examples of a drowned estuary complex. The traditional farmed landscape of small hedged and banked fields is intrinsically part of the AONB's value as are its ancient standing stones and the distinctive ruins of Cornwall's tin mines. 86 per cent of the AONB is in agricultural use for meat and milk production and, in favoured pockets, horticulture. The AONB has few large settlements but includes villages such as St Keverne, Mevagissey and Polperro, now bustling holiday centres, and small towns like St Just. Tourism is a vital part of the rural economy and the AONB is intensively used by visitors to the Cornish resorts. The South West Coast Path , a National Trail, follows the coastline. North Devon Coast Stretching west and south from Combe Martin to the Cornish border, this is essentially a coastal AONB containing some of the finest cliff scenery in Britain. In the north, steeply dipping rocks form hogsback cliffs in a natural continuation of Exmoor's coastline. Turning south, Hartland Point's dark, sheer crags and razor-like reefs are the coast at its sternest. Facing the full force of the Atlantic, its fractured jagged drama is the stuff of wreckers' tales. The AONB also reaches inland to take in the cliff top plateau around Hartland. This is scored by deep valleys which reach the coast as steep hanging gaps in the cliffs, often foaming with spectacular coastal waterfalls. In contrast, the AONB includes the broad sweep of Barnstaple Bay, the surfing beaches of Westward Ho! and the huge dune systems of Braunton Burrows on the Taw and Torridge Estuary. Although skirting larger resorts such as Ilfracombe, the AONB boundary takes in picturesque fishing hamlets, including tiny 'honey pot' Clovelly. The remote cliffs and cliff-top grasslands are important ecological sites, with many Sites of Special Scientific Interest. The dunes of Braunton Burrows, with their rare flora such as marsh orchids, are a National Nature Reserve. The AONB has approximately 12,000 residents and most live in coastal villages such as Combe Martin and Woolacombe. The coastal hinterland provides rough pasture for sheep farming but tourism is the major local employer. The AONB is heavily used both for traditional family holidays, coach excursions and increasingly for water sports, particularly surfing and windsurfing. The South West Coast Path, a National Trail, has opened up the high cliff tops for walkers and naturalists. South Devon Coast Stretching from Torbay to the outskirts of Plymouth, the AONB coastline is one of many moods and also a Heritage Coast. It ranges from sheltered hidden coves to the jagged pre-Cambrian cliffs of Bolt Head and from the long golden expanses of Slapton Sands to the cool, tree-shaded serenity of the Dart and Kingsbridge estuaries, some of Britain's finest ria coastline. Inland, the AONB protects the fertile, sheltered South Hams peninsula. This is 'deepest Devon' country, a pastoral landscape of flowering hedgerows and ancient sunken lanes, carved into by the richly wooded valleys of the Avon and Dart. The AONB's built environment of thatched, white, pink and ochre cottages and picturesque fishing ports such as Dartmouth and Salcombe is intrinsic to its quality. The entire AONB coast is county-designated as a coastal preservation area and contains many Sites of Special Scientific Interest. The peninsula provides a haven for one of Britain's widest range of birds and the reed beds and freshwater lakes of Slapton Ley are a notable habitat. Much of the cliff top land has been acquired by the National Trust. At the western end lies the Plymouth Sound and Estuaries proposed Special Area of Conservation. The South Hams is traditional Devon mixed farming country and the rural economy depends on agriculture, tourism and fishing. The AONBs population of approximately 33,000 is mainly concentrated in larger settlements such as Dartmouth, Wembury and Salcombe. The AONB villages are increasingly popular with commuters working in Torbay and Plymouth. The AONB's coast is the prime day trip destination for nearby resorts such as Brixham, Paignton and Torquay as well as for city dwellers from Plymouth and Exeter, and each summer sees a huge casual visitor influx. Dartmouth and Salcombe are long-established local and holiday sailing centres and the South Devon Coast Path and local network of footpaths are increasingly well-used. Quantock Hills A narrow, gently curving 19-km ridge, the Quantock Hills run north west from the Vale of Taunton Deane to the Bristol Channel coast. Standing out above the agricultural plain, the ridge looks far more imposing than its actual height of 245 to 275m and is famous for its views that, by repute, stretch over nine counties. For so small an area, the landscape shows immense variety and on its heights, a surprising air of solitude and wildness. Underlying rocks range from the Hangman Grits of the hilltops to undulating shales and the distinctive new red sandstone of the West Country. The steep western scarp is deeply grooved by combes, rising to the hilltop heathland plateau. Eastward, long broad valleys, with an enclosed landscape of copses and hedgerows roll away towards the Somerset Levels. The heathland and sessile oak woodlands of the AONB are nationally important wildlife habitats, notably rich in species. Much of southern Britain's heathland has vanished or survives as fragments, making the AONB's extensive heaths particularly valuable. Native red deer still roam the Quantock Hills. The rural economy is based on mixed farming, dominated by dairying, sheep and beef rearing. A large part of the Quantocks plateau is open common with traditional grazing rights. Forestry and small-scale quarrying are secondary activities. There are no towns in the AONB but a number of attractive red sandstone villages. Tourism is a significant part of the economy, based on farm accommodation and guest houses. The AONB is also a highly popular local recreational area with heavy demand from the towns on its fringe. Mendip Hills Stretching eastward from the Bristol Channel, the imposing 300-m ridge of the Mendips rises, like a rampart above the Somerset Levels. The landscape's distinctive silver-grey crags, gorges, dry valleys and rock outcrops show unmistakably that this is carboniferous limestone country and in fact, Britain's most southerly example. Sink holes and depressions pockmark the surface and chemical action on the rock has produced spectacular underground caves. The Mendips' most dramatic landscape is in the centre of the AONB, site of the famous Cheddar Gorge and Wookey Hole Caves. The Mendips rise to a high, bare plateau around Priddy and Charterhouse, criss-crossed by drystone walls and rich in archaeological remains. Other areas of the AONB are well-wooded with a prosperous farmland fringe. Several important landscape features help to create the AONB's distinctive character, ranging from dew ponds and drystone walls to the 'gruffy ground' of old mine workings. The AONB, with two National Nature Reserves and many Sites of Special Scientific Interest, contains varied and important natural habitats including limestone pastures, ancient woodland and the gorge cliffs themselves with their rare flora. The Mendip plateau is particularly rich in ancient Bronze, Iron Age, Roman and medieval field monuments. Traditionally this is sheep farming country and the ancient Priddy Sheep Fair still takes place. Dairying is now the major farming activity plus high-investment, mixed farming units and horticulture on the fertile southern fringe. Forestry Commission plantations and limestone quarries are in operation in the AONB. Its main settlements are in the villages at the foot of the plateau, many of them now commuter territory for nearby Wells and Weston Super Mare. Tourism, in village and farmhouse B&B and caravan sites, makes a significant contribution to the area's economy. A national destination for coach excursions and day trips, the AONB is also a leading caving centre and a popular local riding area. Tamar Valley Rising on the borders of Cornwall and Devon, the rivers Tamar, Tavy and Lynher, form one of the last, unspoilt drowned valley river systems in England. On their passage to the broad estuary near Plymouth, the rivers flow through a series of deep meanders, steep gorges and wooded valleys. A ribbon of woodland extends along the Estuary margin although it is often no more than a mature hedgerow above a steep earth bank. In the middle valleys where the ridges are wide the high land has an almost plateau character and there is a feeling of remoteness and solitude. The landscape contains a wide variety of wildlife habitats, including many ancient woodlands and wetlands that provide important wintering grounds for wildfowl and wading birds. People have lived in the Tamar Valley for centuries, and the diverse scenery reflects the impact of their activities in an area rich in natural resources. Field patterns disclose ancient farming practices, disused mine workings reveal intensive mining activity during the 18th century, and old orchards scattered on the warm, south-facing valley slopes are the remnants of market gardens that were widespread in the area at the beginning of the 20th century. East Devon Coast This is an AONB protecting some of the most unspoilt holiday coast in Britain, yet it also encompasses a surprisingly untouched rural hinterland. The coastal landscapes, stretching from Lyme Regis to Exmouth, show the lush, highly coloured scenery of classic 'postcard Devon'. Devon red sandstone meets the sea in a coastline of sheer high cliffs, steep wooded combes and coves, its line startlingly broken by the white chalk of Beer Head. Inland, the landscape rises to high, flat and surprisingly remote plateaux, often topped by heathland commons, particularly in the west. In the north it breaks into the hilly country fringing Honiton. The plateau is incised by the north-south flowing rivers Axe, Sid and Otter which wind to the sea through quiet, hedge-bordered meadows. The AONB's estuaries, heaths and cliff top grasslands are important natural habitats and the 'Undercliffs', the spectacular 8 km landslip near Axmouth, are a National Nature Reserve of great geological and wildlife interest. The AONB's headlands and hilltops show many traces of prehistoric settlement. The area's population (approx. 15,000) is spread between small towns and villages, including Budleigh Salterton, once the home of Sir Walter Raleigh. The major occupations are farming and tourism, although fishing is still a way of life in villages such as Beer with its traditional lobster industry. Agriculture is predominantly dairying, but includes sheep, cereals, pigs and poultry. The AONB boundary stops short of, or skirts, the resorts of Lyme Regis, Exmouth, Sidmouth and Seaton but these are the main employment, visitor and residential centres. For generations this coast has been a traditional family holiday destination, and it continues to receive seasonal visitor pressure. The AONB is also increasingly important for informal outdoor recreation, particularly walking, and the South West Coast Path, a National Trail, follows the line of the cliff tops. Blackdown Hills The Blackdown Hills are a little-known group of hills lying on the border of Devon and Somerset. Broadly, the area extends from Wellington in the north to Honiton in the south and from Cullompton in the west to Chard in the east. The Blackdown Hills are best known for the dramatic, steep, wooded scarp face they present to the north. To the south the land dips away gently as a plateau, deeply dissected by valleys. On top of the plateau there are wide open windswept spaces; in the valleys nestle villages and hamlets surrounded by ancient and intricate patterns of small enclosed fields and a maze of winding high-hedged lanes. As part of the only extensive outcrop of Upper Greensand in the region, the geology of the Blackdown Hills is unique in Britain. Not only giving rise to the areas distinctive topography, the underlying non-calcareous rock has created a notably diverse pattern of plant communities. The isolated villages and springline farmsteads retain a quiet rustic charm and, using local building material - chertstone, cob and thatch - many of the buildings are of considerable architectural merit with great appeal in their mix of styles. A number of important archaeological sites add richness to the landscape, from high wooded promontories such as the great earthworks of Iron Age Hembury fort to the recently discovered evidence of Roman iron smelting. Above all, however, what makes the Blackdown Hills special is the unspoilt rural character of the ordinary landscape. Farming, largely dairying, has retained many traditional practices. The area remains sparsely populated and there are no towns within the AONB. Dorset Coast Covering some 44 per cent of Dorset, the AONB stretches along one of Britain's finest coastlines and reaching inland, takes in countryside which still evokes the settings of the Hardy novels. Curving through the county to the sea, the dominating chalk ridge of Dorset underpins the AONB's landscape. It stretches in a broad band of downland from the Upper Axe Valley eastwards to the Stour Valley near Blandford Forum. A southern arm circles Dorchester and extends to the Isle of Purbeck. The rural landscape varies from the ridges and valleys of central Dorset, through chalk ridges and limestone plateau to the sandy heaths and flats of Poole Harbour. The AONB's coast, including the famous Lulworth Cove and the great pebble barrier bank of Chesil Beach, is as notable for its complex chalk, limestone and sandstone geology and rich ecology as for its scenery. The rare remaining downland and heathland are also highly important conservation habitats supporting a wide range of flora and fauna with notable rarities. The AONB has many Sites of Special Scientific Interest and several National Nature Reserves. The particular quality of the Purbeck Heritage Coast has been recognised by the award of the Council of Europe's Diploma for the Conservation of Protected Landscapes. Rich in prehistoric sites and field patterns, the AONB contains one the finest Iron Age forts in Europe - Maiden Castle. Agriculture is the major land user, including mixed arable, dairying with beef and sheep grazing. Mineral-rich Purbeck is the site of extensive oil, gas, limestone and brick industries. Skirting major centres, the AONB includes picturesque market towns and ports such as Beaminster and Bridport. The AONB population of 90,000 continues to grow through in-migration of commuters and the retired. The coastal stretch of the AONB is a highly popular tourist area and major resorts such as Weymouth and Swanage attract two million visitors a year. The 956 km South West Coast Path starts at Poole Harbour and the coast's extensive footpath network is well-used by residents and visitors. Cranbourne Chase Cranborne Chase and West Wiltshire Downs AONB is part of the extensive belt of chalkland which stretches across southern England. It is divided into its two areas by the fertile wooded Vale of Wardour. To the south, Cranborne Chase with its smooth rounded downs, steeply cut combes and dry valleys shows a typical chalk landscape. To the north, the topography of the Wiltshire Downs is more varied and broken, with shapely knolls and whaleback ridges. Both areas are fringed on the west by an impressive scarp, cresting above the adjoining clay vales. Traditional downland pasture is now largely confined to steeper slopes but large rectangular fields emphasise the chalkland's open character. The chalkland valleys of the Wylye, Nadder and Stour are mainly in permanent pasture, with many copses and hedgerows. In the northwest, the AONB's sandstone fringe of wooded ridges and valleys includes rich parklands such as Longleat and Stourhead. The AONB is of great ecological importance. Its protected sites range from ancient downland, herb-rich fen and river meadow to scattered deciduous woodland which includes remnants of the ancient Cranborne Chase hunting forest and the former Royal Forests of Selwood and Gillingham. It is rich in prehistoric sites with many ancient monuments and field patterns on the downs, whilst the Vale of Wardour is dominated by large 18th and 19th century estates, parklands and associated villages. This is a deeply rural area with scattered villages and narrow roads. Agriculture, both pastoral and mixed, is the major employer together with commercial forestry and limited mineral extraction. There are no large settlements in the AONB but nearby country towns such as Salisbury, Shaftesbury and Warminster are growth areas. The AONB is not a developed tourist area as yet, although demand for caravan sites, holiday and second homes is increasing. North Wessex Downs The evocative, albeit made-up, name for the AONB was created to give a protective coherence to one of the largest tracts of chalk downland in southern England and perhaps one of the least affected by development. The name comes from the kingdom of the West Saxons in Britain, said to have been founded by Cerdic about AD 500, covering present-day Hampshire, Dorset, Wiltshire, Berkshire, Somerset, and Devon. In 829 Egbert established West Saxon supremacy over all England. The AONB includes the bright, bare uplands of the Marlborough, Berkshire and North Hampshire Downs and sweeps on its western edge to a crest above the White Horse Vale. In the east, the AONB's chalk ridge meets the Thames and the Chilterns AONB along the wooded reaches of Goring Gap. It loops south round the Kennet Valley, with superb views north from the steep scarp edge, to fall gently away to the Test Valley. The AONB's richly farmed valley landscapes are a pleasing foil to the chalk uplands. They include the Vale of Pewsey's meadows and the handsome beech avenues and oak-fringed glades of Savernake Forest. The importance of the surviving downland habitat and ancient woodland is matched in this AONB by its huge archaeological significance. Settled since 3000 BC, the downs are dotted with barrows and other prehistoric features. The Wansdyke earthwork, Roman roads and ancient tracks such as the Ridgeway add to a striking sense of antiquity. In places, distinctive white horses have been cut into the chalk, the most famous being the White Horse of Uffington. The neolithic stone circle at Avebury and surrounding monuments are included in a World Heritage Site. Agriculture is the major land use in the AONB. Most of the downland sheep runs have been ploughed up for cereals and the valleys are among some of Britain's most fertile farmland. Bordered by the growing towns of Swindon, Reading, Basingstoke and Andover, the AONB's scattering of small towns and villages is inevitably becoming expensive commuter country. Tourism in the AONB has to date been focused on localised sites such as Avebury. However, the AONB is of growing recreational importance both to visitors and to an expanding regional population. A number of initiatives, including the Ridgeway National Trail, and Kennet and Avon Canal Projects have developed to meet this need. South Hampshire Coast Lying between the New Forest and the West Solent shore, this is an area with a special sense of remoteness. Its wooded coastal lowlands include lonely and intricate expanses of salt-marsh, tidal mud-flats and shingle, and embankments hold back brackish freshwater lagoons and marshes. Extending inland, the AONB takes in the drowned estuaries of the Beaulieu and Lymington rivers with their fine, overhanging broadleaved woodlands and the grazed meadows, pines, sandy heaths and small farms of the quiet coastal hinterland, the natural fringe to the New Forest. In terms of natural landscape and ecology, the AONB's coast is of great significance, its entire length falling under Sites of Special Scientific Interest some of which are included in Local Nature Reserves or a National Nature Reserve designation. These are all within a proposed Special Protection Area and Ramsar site. Large parts are also within two candidate Special Areas of Conservation (as at January 1998). The soft mud-flats and salt-marsh at the mouths of the estuaries are particularly notable for wildlife. The AONB's many areas of ecological and archaeological importance are designated under the county council's own countryside heritage policy. This is a sparsely populated area of solitary farms and small villages. Much of the coastline is owned by large private estates. Beaulieu is the AONB's largest settlement, built round the abbey ruins at the head of the river. Tiny Bucklers Hard, with its Georgian cottages, was once a thriving shipbuilding centre for the New Forest. Farming is based on dairy and beef cattle and soft fruit growing, with many interspersed patches of woodland. Southampton is the nearest major centre of employment. The AONB boundary skirts the popular yachting centre of Lymington but includes the busy sailing waters of its river mouth. The area also receives touring traffic from visitors to the New Forest and Beaulieu's Motor Museum. The Solent Way recreational footpath crosses the AONB. Isle of Wight Half of this beautiful island is protected as an AONB in separate areas which include the principal landscape features of the interior's central and southern downlands and also much of its famous coastline. Visually, the AONB is dominated by chalk in the sharp upfold which forms both the island's eastwest backbone and southern expanse of wide green downs, and its most famous landmark, the bright white stacks of the Needles. On the north coast, the AONB protects the low clay cliffs, salt-marsh and mud-flats of the Hamstead Heritage Coast. In the south, the complex landscapes bounded by the Tennyson Heritage Coast range from sandy bays to high unstable sandstone and chalk cliffs, cut by wooded 'chines'. This complexity gives rise to chalk downland, arable farmland, wooded dairy pasture, small areas of heathland and hay meadows, sea cliffs and creeks. The AONB landscape is of considerable scientific and ecological importance and includes exceptional flora-rich chalk grasslands, the north coast's major estuarial habitats and the geologically notable southern cliffs and landslips. A rural island, 80 per cent of its land area is devoted to agriculture with sheep rearing on the downs and heath 'rangelands' and dairying on the lower-lying land, together with pockets of arable farming and forestry. Farming in the north retains its traditional pattern of woodlands, fields and hedgerows, a contrast with the open grazed uplands. The AONB, with a population of 10,000, has few large settlements. It includes small resorts such as Freshwater Bay but skirts major resorts such as Shanklin, Ventnor and Cowes which are major centres of employment, in tourism and services. The Isle of Wight is one of Britain's longest established visitor destinations and includes seaside family resorts, caravan and holiday parks and the seasonal day trip influx on the Solent ferries. The island is also a popular yachting centre, focused on Cowes and Yarmouth. To encourage countryside tourism, the council has created the Isle of Wight coastal footpath and seven long-distance trails. East Hampshire Two very different landscapes typify this richly farmed and deeply rural AONB. In the south and west, the rolling chalk downland characterised by dry valleys and dotted woodland is a natural extension of the Sussex Downs. In contrast, a series of steep, heavily wooded scarp slopes form the northern and eastern third of the AONB, meeting the Surrey and Sussex borders in heaths and woodland. The AONB also contains the rich green Meon and Rother Valleys, famous fishing country, with their deep flowering lanes and colour-washed half-timbered villages. Ecologically, the AONB is extremely important with three National Nature Reserves, many Sites of Special Scientific Interest and taking in part of the South Downs Environmentally Sensitive Area. The downs, with their flora-rich remnants of unimproved pasture, are also an important archaeological area. East Hampshire's superb broadleaved woodlands of hanger beech, ash, wych elm and lime form one of the most important of such areas in Britain. The AONB includes the country town of Petersfield and has a scattering of attractive villages such as West Meon and Warnford. Chawton, just outside of the AONB, was the home of novelist Jane Austen. A prosperous farming area, with large, mainly arable holdings on the chalk downs, the AONB is also increasingly sought-after commuter country for nearby Winchester, the Solent towns and London. This is not significantly a tourist area and recreation demand in the AONB is largely informal with an emphasis on traditional country activities such as walking, fishing, riding, hunting and shooting together with some motor sport. Three long distance routes pass through the AONB, the Hangers Way, Staunton Way and the Wayfarers Walk. Chichester Harbour Not only one of the few remaining undeveloped coastal areas in Southern England, but rarer still, Chichester Harbour remains relatively wild. Its bright wide expanses and intricate creeks are at the same time a major wildlife haven and among some of Britain's most popular boating waters. Backed by the South Downs, the harbour is a series of tidal inlets, with a narrow mouth to the sea, punctuating areas of fertile farmland. Fringed by a narrow margin of wind-sculptured oaks and hawthorn, the fields in turn give way to salt-marsh and intertidal mud-lands, broken by a maze of creeks and rithes. Not dramatic in the upland sense, the AONB's landscape nevertheless has a special sense of wilderness and isolation. Its rich diversity is enhanced by the patterns of sea and land changing with the tides and the seasons. In this flat landscape, the vertical elements of church spires and old mills are an important part of its character, as are the colour-washed, red-roofed villages. The AONB's massive stretch of tidal flats and saltings are of outstanding ecological significance. The rich, complex estuarine habitats of the harbour are a Ramsar designated wetland. Very large populations of wildfowl and waders use the mudflats feeding on the rich plant life and the huge populations of intertidal invertebrates. More than 9,000 Brent geese overwinter on the intertidal mud-land and adjacent farmland. There are no towns in the AONB, although it is easily accessible from Portsmouth and Southampton. Picturesque creekside villages such as Bosham and Itchenor are sought after for commuter, retirement and holiday homes. The harbour lowlands contain high quality arable farmland with some beef and dairy farming. Boatyards, marinas and commercial fishing are important elements of the local economy. This is one of the south coast's most popular sailing waters with as many as 10,000 craft regularly using the harbour, but with 14 yacht and sailing clubs and seven training centres the area is considered to have reached capacity. The villages, sea walls and footpaths of the AONB are a popular local leisure area and day visitor destination for London and the South East. Surrey Hills Spanning Surrey from east to west, the much-loved, much-used hills of this 'front line' AONB are a beleaguered green expanse which, together with the Green Belt, hold back London's advancing commuter sprawl. The AONB links together a chain of varied upland landscapes including the North Downs, traditionally the day trip destination for southeast London. Rising near Guildford as the narrow Hog's Back, the ridge of the downs stretches away to the Kent border, an unmistakable chalk landscape of swelling hills and beech-wooded combes with a steep scarp crest looking south to the Weald. The downs are paralleled to the south by an undulating wooded greensand ridge, rising at Leith Hill to southeast England's highest point (294m). In the west, sandy open heathland, typified by Frensham Common, stretches away to the Hampshire border. The AONB's fine deciduous woodlands have considerable ecological importance as do the AONB's surviving stretches of chalk grassland and unimproved heath. Including as it does, showpiece villages such as Shere and Abinger, the AONB's built environment is an intrinsic part of its quality. Unlike almost all other AONBs, farming, cereals, mixed and horticulture, is a minority occupier of the land. Increasingly, holdings are bought up by non-farmers and worked part-time or used for paddocks. Being within easy reach of London and skirting major centres such as Guildford, Epsom, Sutton and Reigate, the AONB's economy is inevitably commuter based, with the addition of small-scale craft industry. The AONB is hugely popular with visitors. It includes within its borders such famous beauty spots as Box Hill and the Devil's Punch Bowl. Much of the downland crest is owned by conservation bodies including the National Trust and there is a dense, heavily used network of public and recreational footpaths including the Greensand Way and the North Downs Way National Trail which runs from Farnham across the AONB and into Kent. Sussex Downs The AONB encompasses the full rolling sweep of chalk downland in East and West Sussex plus an extensive area of the Weald to the north-west. The landscape is dominated by the prominent north-facing downland scarp which runs almost continuously from Eastbourne to Hampshire. From the crest, more gentle slopes fall away south to the coastal plain and to the sea. The chalk is characteristically cut by dry valleys or combes and in the east the downs meet the sea as magnificent cliffs, including Beachy Head and the Seven Sisters, which are managed as Heritage Coast. The AONB also protects the pastoral, wooded and richly farmed landscapes at the foot of the downs and extends north-west onto the hilly, wooded sandstones and clays of the Weald. The AONB contains many important habitats including lowland heath and chalk grassland and four National Nature Reserves. The steep chalk scarps with their rare remnants of ancient downland turf are rich in flowers and butterflies and were designated as an Environmentally Sensitive Area in 1986. Much of the downland has been ploughed for arable farming and only five per cent of the chalk turf survives. Prehistoric field patterns and remains dating back to earliest civilisations are another integral and vulnerable part of the AONB landscape with ancient hill-forts, barrows, Roman roads and deserted medieval villages representing the long continuity of human influences. There are two modestly sized towns in the AONB, Petworth and Midhurst, plus other sizable settlements whose traditional buildings in brick, flint, chalk and timber contributes to the landscape character. This is a prosperous area, with a rural economy based on large arable holdings together with horticulture, commercial forestry and mineral working. The AONB is also an important commuter area for Eastbourne, Brighton, Portsmouth and London. The AONB attracts both local, day and holiday visitor use from the nearby South Coast resorts and from the London catchment area to the north. Heaviest demand focuses on nationally known sites such as Beachy Head and Devil's Dyke and on popular viewpoints such as Ditchling Beacon. The intensively used South Downs Way, currently the country's only long-distance bridleway, passes through the AONB. High Weald The term 'Weald' is given to the area between the North and South Downs which are the outer chalk rims of the ancient Wealden anticline. The sandstones and clays of the exposed centre of the dome, the 'High Weald' give rise to a hilly, broken and remote country of ridges and valleys. In contrast, open areas of the AONB include Ashdown Forest and, to the east, the river valleys of the Rother, Brede and Tillingham. The AONB meets the coast at Hastings. A close patchwork of small fields, hedges and woodland patterns the rolling landscape which is characterised by its distinctive brick, tile and white weatherboard houses, its oasthouses and also by the traces of the ancient Wealden iron industry including traditional hammer ponds. The dense forest which gave the Weald its name has largely vanished, but fine ancient broadleaved woodland is still abundant, particularly in the deep ghylls which incise the ridges. The Weald retains one of the highest levels of woodland cover in the country at over 23 per cent. Other important habitats include the rare lowland heath of Ashdown Forest and unimproved grassland. Agriculture is central to the rural economy and includes dairying, mixed farming and horticulture. Forestry remains a traditional Wealden industry. There are no major settlements but the major growth of urban areas such as Tunbridge Wells, Crawley, Horsham and London has resulted in a high proportion of commuter population in the AONB villages. The AONB is an important visitor destination for the South East and local authority policy encourages appropriate development of tourism and recreation. Kent Downs The AONB forms the eastern end of a great arc of designated landscape stretching from the East Hampshire and Surrey Hills AONBs. The Kent Downs AONB continues from the Surrey border in a widening ribbon of rolling countryside to meet the sea at the cliffs of Dover. Inland, the Downs rise to over 240m, cresting in a prominent escarpment above the Weald to the south. It is traversed by the three prominent river valleys of the Darent, Medway and Stour. The AONB roughly follows the southeast's outcrop of chalk and greensand, the two ridges running parallel with each other to the coast. The chalk ridge, with its characteristic dip slope and dry valleys, has great wildlife importance in its unimproved chalk grassland, scrub communities and broadleaved woodlands. The well-wooded greensand ridge is particularly prominent in the Sevenoaks and Tonbridge and Malling districts and supports heathlands and acidic woodlands. Other distinctive landscape elements include the fast disappearing traditional Kentish orchards and hop gardens and the rich wooded foreground of the upland ridges, together with many fine historic parklands including Knole and Winston Churchill's Chartwell. The AONB's ancient settlements include picturesque half-timbered Charing and Chilham on the old Pilgrims Way to Canterbury. Since prehistory, this has been the invasion gateway to England and the North Downs are noted for their archaeological remains and military legacy. A prosperous farming area, its highgrade land is in intense agricultural and horticultural use. The AONB, bordered by large and expanding urban areas including Ashford, Maidstone and the Medway towns, as well as the ports of Dover and Folkestone, has a large commuter population and the North Downs are a heavily used local recreational resource. The area also receives visitor traffic from London and the Kent resorts, and the AONB forms an integral part of tourist promotion of the 'Garden of England'. The North Downs Way National Trail runs along the length of the escarpment and loops up to Canterbury.	i don't know
There are two Household Cavalry regiments. Name either?	Girl, 7, challenges Queen on exclusion of women from the Household Cavalry - Telegraph How about that? Girl, 7, challenges Queen on exclusion of women from the Household Cavalry A seven-year-old girl who challenged the Queen on why there were so few women in the Household Cavalry was rewarded with an invitation to the Royal Barracks. The coaches and the Household Cavalry travel down The Mall towards Buckingham Palace Photo: Heathcliff O'Malley Follow Molly Walkling, who hopes to work at the barracks when she grows up, received a response on behalf of the Queen, who promised to pass her comments to Phillip Hammond, the Defence Secretary. The schoolgirl then received a letter from the Ministry of Defence inviting her to visit the Royal Barracks in Hyde Park in a "dream come true". The invitation was prompted by a letter from Molly, now 8, to Buckingham Palace. “I am writing to ask why women are not allowed to join the royal cavalry? Because when I am older I would like to train there,” she wrote. The letter, which was answered by a member of the Royal Household and then the MoD, asked whether she was able to visit and learn about the horses. Related Articles Army officer freed from POW camp kept promise to return 03 Sep 2013 Her mother, Jane, said: "We had an absolutely fantastic tour of the barracks and Molly was treated like a superstar. "She even met one of the horses that pulled the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge's carriage on their wedding day. "At the end of the tour she was taken into the yard and asked to help with dismissing the Queen's guards who had just come back from their duty." She added: "It was a dream come true for her and she got to see how to shoe a horse, how the saddles are made and learn about the barracks." Molly, who rides twice a month at Southborough Lane Stables, Bickley, was prompted to write to the Queen after visiting the Household Cavalry Museum in Whitehall. She said: "I felt excited when I got the letter from the Queen and shocked when I got the letter from the Ministry of Defence inviting me on a tour. "When I'm older I'd like to join the Royal Barracks as a horse guard but also run my own farm or stables." The Household Cavalry was formed in 1661 under the direct order of King Charles II and is made up from the oldest and most senior regiments in the British Army - The Life Guards and The Blues and Royals. There are two roles - the mounted regiment guards the Queen on ceremonial occasions while the operational regiment serves around the world in armoured fighting vehicles. Although women are not barred from entering, the MoD description of the unit reinforces the idea that they are excluded from the job. Their website states: “A unique job calls for special soldiers: young men who can adapt themselves to the added responsibility and variety that a career in the Household Cavalry offers. “Very often the men that form The Queen's Life Guard in Whitehall, in gleaming State ceremonial uniforms (known as Mounted Review Order), were only recently operating armoured vehicles or parachuting in their airborne role.”	life guards and blues and royals
Which 2004 film was about Che Guevara's early days traveling across South America?	Regiments - The Household Division - Official site The Household Division Seven British Army Regiments serving Her Majesty London for Ceremonial Regiments The Household Cavalry The Household Cavalry now consists of an operational armoured reconnaissance regiment, stationed in Windsor (the Household Cavalry Regiment or HCR) and a mounted ceremonial regiment, stationed in London (the Household Cavalry Mounted Regiment or HCMR). The Soldiers of The Life Guards and the Blues and Royals equally mann the HCR and HCMR. Life Guards Motto: Honi soit qui mal y pense “Shame upon he who thinks evil of it” Formed in 1660, The Life Guards finds origins in a group of loyal gentlemen who accompanied King Charles II to the continent during his exile (1652-59) and formed themselves into a military bodyguard to protect The Sovereign. They escorted His Majesty back to England at the Restoration in 1660. Since then the Regiment has undergone many changes in title and establishment but has always remained the senior regiment of the British Army. As gentlemen served in all ranks, they rejected the term Sergeant (associated with ‘servant’) in favour of Corporal of Horse, a tradition which persists. The troops were re-organised in 1788 into the 1st and 2nd Regiments of Life Guards, and remained as such until 1922, when they were amalgamated into one regiment known as The Life Guards. The uniform of The Life Guards is distinguishable by their red tunics with white plumes on their helmets. Motto: Honi soit qui mal y pense “Shame upon him who thinks evil of it” The Blues and Royals was created in 1969 by the amalgamation of two famous cavalry regiments, the Royal Horse Guards and The Royal Dragoons. The Royal Horse Guards (The Blues) were descended from a Parliamentary Regiment of Horse, which King Charles II re-raised when founding the Regular British Army in 1661. Always known as The Blues from the colour of their tunics, the Regiment became a favourite of King George III. They were promoted to Household Cavalry status in 1813, although since their formation they had carried out duties similar to those of The Life Guards. The 1st Dragoons (Royals) were originally raised in London in 1661 to form part of the Garrison of Tangiers and were formerly known as the Tangier Horse. On their return to England in 1683, they were re-designated by Charles II as “Our Own Regiment of Dragoons” and granted precedence over all other cavalry regiments of the Line. The Royals also played a distinguished part in the Battle of Waterloo when they captured the Colour of Napoleon’s 105th Infantry Regiment surmounted by an Eagle. This is commemorated today in the uniform of the amalgamated Regiment, by the wearing of an Eagle on the left sleeve of their tunics, and in the Regimental emblem. The uniform of The Blues and Royals is distinguishable by their blue tunics with red plumes on their helmets.	i don't know
The first letter of a modern car registration number indicates the area in which the car is registered. Most cars beginning with 'P' are registered in Preston. But if a car has 'R' as its first letter, where would it have been registered?	FORMAT NUMBER PLATES FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS-SWANSEA UK New Number Plate Regulations Number plate supply regulations Until now it's been too easy for thieves to give a stolen vehicle a new identity – simply buy a new set of number plates. From the beginning of January 2003 it's going to get more difficult for the thieves and possibly a bit less convenient for you. Number plate suppliers From 1 January 2003 all number plate suppliers in England and Wales will have to be registered with DVLA and will have to keep records of all number plate sales. If you want to buy a new plate for a trailer or caravan or to replace a broken one on your car you will have to show the registered supplier documents to prove both who you are and also that you have entitlement to the registration mark. Various documents will be accepted including For proof of entitlement to the vehicle registration mark: V5 registration document V11 licence renewal application form copy of hire/lease contract company letter on headed paper, including VAT number or VE103 (vehicle on hire certificate) proof of Cherished Transfer A current photocard driving licence Utility bill and current paper driving licence Utility bill and passport Utility bill and credit/debit card with photograph Utility bill and travel pass card with photograph Utility bill and foreign national identity card We are on the DVLA register of number plate suppliers New Style Number plates- Sept 2001 format and rules The latest number plate format has affected all new cars from 1 September 2001. The design improves on the durability of previous plates and has a new system for displaying the age and origin of a vehicle. There are three parts to the new format: Local Memory Tag - The first two letters, called the 'local memory tag' or area identifier, show where the vehicle was registered. The first represents the region and the second a DVLA local office. Random Letters - The last three letters are random and give a unique identity to the vehicle. Age Identifier - The two numbers indicate the age of the vehicle. The age identifier will continue to be changed in March and September as at present but will use numbers rather than letters. The first digit indicates March (0 rising to 4) or September (5 rising to 9) and the second digit indicates the year. For example a car with an age identifier of 58 will have been first registered between 01 September 2008 and 28 February 2009. Rules All new number plates must display the new mandatory font.Even the size and typeface of the numbers and letters has changed and the spacing and margins have been standardised.This is to ensure consistency, and to make them easier to read and remember, both for humans and traffic cameras! Existing number plates need not be changed provided the font used is substantially the same as the new mandatory font.Cars made before 1973 will be allowed to keep their original plates - i.e. white text on black backgrounds. Number plates must be replaced if they have been customised with stylised letters and figures such as italics or with number plate fixing bolts that alter the appearance of the letters or numbers. Failure to replace such number plates may result in keepers risking prosecution There will be an optional provision for the display of the Euro-plate within the UK. The Euro-plate incorporates the symbol of the European Union (circle of 12 stars on a blue background) with the national identification letters of the member state below. This symbol is located on the left-hand side of the number plate Vehicles with a Euro-plate will no longer have to use the traditional oval shaped national identifier (GB) sticker when travelling within the EU. What the law says about the display of registration marks The new British Standard and the Vehicle (Crime) Bill, is very specific about what is allowed and what is not. All new number plates must conform to the following specifications: Characters/ Size Other typefaces. Bold or italic script. Fixing bolts deliberately position to alter the appearance of numbers or letters - i.e. changing "11" to "H" etc. Positioning letters outside of the new margin and spacing rules. Compulsory: Only one standard typeface will be legal - the Charles Wright Font. Buyers of replacement plates will have to produce documentation proving they own the vehicle they are purchasing plates for. The number plate of the seller must be marked with the name and postcode of the seller. From 1 September any new number plates must carry the British Standard number: BS AU 145D. Number plates must carry the name and identification of the number plate manufacturer. Understanding the letters at the start of the new number plates The 'local memory tag' has two letters at the start of the plate. The first indicates the region in which the car was registered and the second refers to a local DVLA office: Letter /Region/ Local Office/ DVLA Local Office identifier A Anglia Peterborough A AA AB AC AD AE AF AG AH AJ AK AL AM AN Norwich AO AP AR AS AT AU Ipswich AV AW AX AY B Birmingham Birmingham BA - BY C Cymru Cardiff CA CB CC CD CE CF CG CH CJ CK CL CM CN CO Swansea CP CR CS CT CU CV Bangor CW CX CY D Deeside to Shrewsbury Chester DA DB DC DD DE DF DG DH DJ DK Shrewsbury DL DM DN DO DP DR DS DT DU DV DW DX DY E Essex Chelmsford EA - EY F Forest & Fens Nottingham FA FB FC FD FE FF FG FH FJ FK FL FM FN FP Lincoln FR FS FT FV FW FX FY G Garden of England Maidstone GA GB BC GD GE GF GG GH GJ GK GL GM GN GO Brighton GP GR GS GT GU GV GW GX GY H Hampshire & Dorset Bournemouth HA HB HC HD HE HF HG HH HJ Portsmouth HK HL HM HN HO HP HR HS HT HU HV HW HX HY (HW will be used exclusively for Isle of Wight residents) K Luton KA KB KC KD KE KF KG KH KJ KK KL Northampton KM KN KO KP KR KS KT KU KV KW KX KY L London Wimbledon LA LB LC LD LE LF LG LH LJ Stanmore LK LL LM LN LO LP LR LS LT Sidcup LU LV LW LX LY M Manchester MA -MY N North Newcastle NA NB NC ND NE NG NH NJ NK NL NM NN NO Stockton NP NR NS NT NU NV NW NX NY O Oxford Oxford OA - OY P Preston Preston PA PB PC PD PE PF PG PH PJ PK PL PM PN PO PP PR PS PT Carlisle PU PV PW PX PY R Reading Reading RA - RY S Scotland Glasgow SA SB SC SD SE SF SG SH SJ Edinburgh SK SL SM SN SO Dundee SP SR SS ST Aberdeen SU SV SW Severn Valley Worcester VA - VY W West of England Exeter WA WB WC WD WE WF WG WH WJ Truro WK WL Bristol WM WN WO WP WR WS WT WU WV WW WX WY Y Yorkshire Leeds YA YB YC YD YE YF YG YH YJ YK Sheffield YL YM YN YO YP YR YS YT YU Beverley YV YW YX YY Understanding the numbers in the middle of the new number plates The 'age identifier' changes to reflect whether the car was new in March or September and to show the year of registration. If the first number is a 0,1,2,3 or 4 the car was first registered between March and August. If it starts with a 5,6,7,8 or 9 then the car was first registered between September and February. September 2001 to February 2002 51 March 2002 to August 2002 02 September 2002 to February 2003 52 March 2003 to August 2003 03 September 2003 to February 2004 53 March 2004 to August 2004 04 September 2004 to February 2005 54 March 2005 to August 2005 05 September 2005 to February 2006 55 March 2006 to August 2006 06 September 2006 to February 2007 56 And so on until 2049 Number plate history The earliest registration marks were made up of one letter and one number. London County Council issued the first plate, A1, in 1903. Later formats consisted of two letters and four numbers, with the series being replaced as and when numbers were exhausted. The Liverpool 'KA' series lasted only two years between 1925 and 1927 whilst the SJ series was still being issued by Bute Council in 1963. A new three letter/three number series was introduced from the mid-1930s by which time the two letter/four number series were exhausted in some areas. AAA1 was issued in Hampshire in 1934 through to AAA 999. The BAA series began in 1936. By the mid-1950s all marks with numbers following letters had been allocated so marks were reversed with letters following numbers. In this way the maximum number of symbols in an individual registration mark never exceeded six. Issue of 'Suffix' marks with three letters, three numbers and a year suffix began between 1963 and 1965. The registration year ran from 1 January to 31 December until 1967 when the suffix change was moved to 1 August. Reflective number plates, black on white to the front and black on yellow to the rear, were introduced from January 1973. The registering and licensing of new cars was centralised in 1974 with the establishment of the DVLC, now DVLA in Swansea. 'Q plates' were introduced in 1983 and are issued to kit cars and some imports where the date of first registration can't be established. Issue of 'prefix' marks with a year prefix followed by three numbers and three letters began in 1983. The prefix continued to change on 1August until 1999 when two plate changes a year, on 1 March and 1 September were introduced. The prefix series ended with 'Y' which ran until 31 August 2001. How the Age of a Vehicle is shown by it's number plate Old Suffix letters-(where the letter comes at the end of the number plate) 1 January 1963 to 31 December 1963 A 1 January 1964 to 31 December 1964 B 1 January 1965 to 31 December 1965 C 1 January 1966 to 31 December 1966 D 1 January 1967 to 31 July 1967 E 1 August 1967 to 31 July 1968 F 1 August 1968 to 31 July 1969 G 1 August 1969 to 31 July 1970 H 1 August 1970 to 31 July 1971 J 1 August 1971 to 31 July 1972 K 1 August 1972 to 31 July 1973 L 1 August 1973 to 31 July 1974 M 1 August 1974 to 31 July 1975 N 1 August 1975 to 31 July 1976 P 1 August 1976 to 31 July 1977 R 1 August 1977 to 31 July 1978 S 1 August 1978 to 31 July 1979 T 1 August 1979 to 31 July 1980 V 1 August 1980 to 31 July 1981 W 1 August 1981 to 31 July 1982 X 1 August 1982 to 31 July 1983 Y Old prefix letters (-where the letter comes at the start of the number plate) A 1 August 1983 to 31 July 1984 B 1 August 1984 to 31 July 1985 C 1 August 1985 to 31 July 1986 D 1 August 1986 to 31 July 1987 E 1 August 1987 to 31 July 1988 F 1 August 1988 to 31 July 1989 G 1 August 1989 to 31 July 1990 H 1 August 1990 to 31 July 1991 J 1 August 1991 to 31 July 1992 K 1 August 1992 to 31 July 1993 L 1 August 1993 to 31 July 1994 M 1 August 1994 to 31 July 1995 N 1 August 1995 to 31 July 1996 P 1 August 1996 to 31 July 1997 R 1 August 1997 to 31 July 1998 S 1 August 1998 to 28 February 1999 T 1 March 1999 to 31 August 1999 V 1 September 1999 to 29 February 2000 W 1 March 2000 to 31 August 2000 X 1 September 2000 to 28 February 2001 Y 1 March 2001 to 31 August 2001 How a Personal Number Plate is valued There are a range of factors that make some cherished plates worth more than others. What are the most expensive plates? Popular names will be worth more, as there is more demand for them. D4 NNN (Dan) is worth around £3000. Complete words or names are more desirable. JOS 11A (Josh, Joshua) is worth around £11500. All number plates are unique, but the rarer in style, the higher the value. A memorable number plate is a valuable one. 2 P is worth around £44500 Plates with the number one as the second digit command high prices. C1 AAA is worth £2500 J and S are the most sought after prefixes and command higher values. How do dealers determine the exact price of a plate? They form some of their prices by watching the DVLA cherished plate auctions. This tells them how much the market is prepared to pay for a certain type of plate. They also compare plates for sale with similar plates that were recently sold and base their valuation on that. Uniqueness, desirability and popularity are all taken into account. VRM Swansea coordinates the entire transfer of your personalised registration with DVLA* Swansea and local DVLA* Local Offices in the United Kingdom & Northern Ireland when you opt for our Full Transfer or Sale Service. Our expert team will provide you with instruction and telephone support if you choose our less expensive DIY Transfer Service. An online 'Purchase Offer' supported by suitable payment card takes priority over any other enquiry. VRM Swansea sell number plates owned by clients, government stock and our own stock on a 'first come, first served basis'. All registrations offered for sale are subject to availability and payment is taken only once availability and price are confirmed. Our systems record telephone conversations and the date and time of all communication. We shall debit your payment card if your offer is accepted and provide confirmation either way. Under the distance selling regulations we must inform you that our service begins immediately upon payment being taken, that no cooling off period or refunds are given and you will not be able to change your mind. Your instructions will be acted upon immediately and the assignment /transfer process started to ensure your choice is not sold by us to anyone else. This is a Government process which the Government will not cancel or change once they receive our instructions. Please be absolutely sure about your selected number plate before placing your order. *In the case of pre-release new-issue offers we will take payment prior to the registration mark series release date in order to confirm your desire to proceed and ensure we do not offer the registration mark you have chosen to anyone else.If for any reason your offer is not accepted by the Secretary of State for Transport on the release date, then you will receive a full refund by the payment method you have used to make your offer. The Secretary of State's decision to accept or reject your offer is final and we cannot be held responsible for it, in any way. If your offer is rejected then you may choose another registration subject to sufficient funds being pre-lodged with us. Personal and personalised registrations shown within are subject to transfer fees,vat. & availability WHY WOULD YOU LIKE ME TO TELL MY FRIENDS? A. To keep prices sensible and affordable for all B. To help find valuable registration marks and unlock their values for their owners. C. Because its fun trying to spell words names and phrases from number plates. D. Because if the people you tell do business with us we will be sending you a cheque for ï¿½10 to say 'THANK YOU' A. TO KEEP PRICES SENSIBLE & AFFORDABLE FOR EVERYONE: You may have seen many registration marks advertised at SILLY PRICES. Advertising is our firm's biggest single expense. A full page advertisement in a daily paper showing hundreds of registration marks you CAN BARELY READ costs approximately ï¿½6000 plus VAT, a one-day advert for a single larger-print registration in a Sunday Paper costs ï¿½70 plus VAT. These costs INFLATE the price paid by our buyers and REDUCE the sale proceeds for our sellers. If you can tell your family and friends about us these advertising costs will come down and we can pass the savings on to YOU, our clients. We can then REDUCE the selling prices to the buyers and INCREASE the sale proceeds for the sellers. B. TO HELP FIND REGISTRATION MARKS AND UNLOCK THEIR VALUE FOR THEIR OWNERS Clients contact us every day with particular registration marks they are searching for. They are prepared to pay realistic prices and the only way we can find the mark is if the owner of the registration contacts us and offers it for sale. WE ARE CONSTANTLY ASTOUNDED by the search requests we receive. In many cases they are not obviously valuable registrations to anyone other than the potential buyer. They may be the registration mark on the client's first ever car or motorbike for example and so have purely sentimental value, or they might be a very unusual Asian name which could have a considerable value. Since we started trading over 10 years ago we have literally THOUSANDS of clients waiting for their dream registration to 'POP UP' ( Right now our WANTED PAGE only gives a few examples because our engineers are working to display these thousands of FREE requests in an automated database.) EVERY REGISTRATION MARK ON EVERY VEHICLE, BE IT A CAR, LORRY, MOTORBIKE OR VAN IS POTENTIALLY VALUABLE TO SOMEONE ELSE! We see many vehicles displaying desirable registration marks but THEIR OWNER'S DON'T KNOW IT because they came with the car FOR FREE! You could do your FRIENDS, NEIGHBOURS, MUMS, DADS, AUNTIES AND UNCLES a great favour by just asking them to contact us with their registration marks. We will do the rest and its a COMPLETELY FREE SERVICE. C. BECAUSE ITS FUN TRYING TO SPELL WORDS, NAMES AND PHRASES OUT OF REGISTRATION MARKS 'AUTONUMEROLOGY' as its called in the trade is a fascinating subject. It can help people stand out in the crowd and promote their hobbies, businesses, affection for one another and success. Kids on long road journeys love to play games with number plates and are often the first to spot the meanings behind registration marks as they spell out words phonetically. This website is designed to teach you all how to do this and we hope it may brighten up a dull journey. D. BECAUSE IF THE PERSON YOU TELL BUYS OR SELLS A REGISTRATION MARK WE WILL BE SENDING YOU A CHEQUE FOR ï¿½10 TO SAY THANK YOU (We couldn't afford to send everyone in your referring group ï¿½10 so only the person who is directly linked to the buyer or seller will receive the Thank You cheque. Just click on the blue links around our site and enter your details, IT'S THAT SIMPLE!) INTERNET TECHNOLOGY HAS THE POTENTIAL, TO LOWER COSTS TO EVERYONE'S BENEFIT BUT.... WE NEED YOUR HELP TO MAKE IT HAPPEN! WHY DISPLAY A PERSONAL REGISTRATION MARK? Please read the feedback from some of our clients:- PERSONAL IDENTITY 'I work in a high profile business where success matters. My new registration gets me noticed and shows I'm serious about my business' 'Golf is my favourite pastime so I purchased a mark with the suffix TEE' 'My dogs are my life so the registration mark 'K9' with my initials after it was a MUST HAVE!' AS A GIFT FOR A LOVED ONE 'My husband has always wanted his initials or name on the car so just before he retired I was able to purchase a registration mark for him and keep it secretly on a certificate. On his retirement day I gave him the new numbers plates you had sent to my neighbours' address and sent you the appropriate documents. The transfer was completed in days and that is one gift he is never likely to forget, he was absolutely delighted !' BUSINESS IDENTITY 'As a haulage contractor we run a fleet of company-branded vehicles, it just made sense that our number plates should match our business initials. Our accountant is confident that the costs are tax deductible as a business expense, as it is part of the vehicle livery.' 'Although our fleet of buses is ageing they are all well maintained. Our new registrations make it difficult for our clients to put an age on our vehicles and their confidence is retained' 'I'm proud of my new taxi and my new registration definitely makes my black cab stand out from the crowd. It shows I'm not short of a sense of humour too !' INVESTMENT 'I always thought that a number plate with my name (JOY) would cost me thousands, so even though I don't have a T- registered car I still bought one with a T prefix for just under £500. I'm keeping it on a certificate until I get a car of the right age. It won't be too long before this happens because car prices seem to be coming down at last! Anyway I realize that registration numbers that spell names will always be in demand so I'm confident I could always sell it at a later date.' 'Our son Daniel is only twelve years old but mad about cars already! We've bought him a DAN personal number plate and will keep it secretly on a holding certificate until his 18th Birthday. We know these number plates have increased in value over the past 10 years so thought it best to buy one now whilst they are still affordable'. HOW DO I SEARCH FOR MY DREAM REGISTRATION? CALL US ON 01792 477 316 OR COMPLETE THE ON-LINE SEARCH FORM We can supply almost any 3 letter combination registration at affordable prices. Two and one letter registrations are considerably more expensive as they are rarer and even more distinctive. The marks offered for sale change by the minute with new marks coming onto the market and being sold almost continuously. There are approximately 24 MILLION choices available at any one time which we can supply. We can act for you if you see your dream registration for sale advertised anywhere else and regularly save our clients time, money and unnecessary distress in negotiations and transfers. NOTES FOR COMPLETING THE ON-LINE FORM This is a completely FREE and confidential service except for your Internet connection call to us. We will not disclose your details to any third parties without your express permission. Unfortunately although your enquiry may be serious we will only treat it as such if we receive these minimum details:- Your name, your telephone number and your budget fields are obligatory and must be completed in order to continue. Your budget limit Prices of registrations vary considerably from a couple of hundred pounds to tens of thousands. Added to this price the buyer is expected to pay the fees of the transfer and VAT (if applicable). Currently the cost of a transfer is £80 or £105 depending on individual circumstances, which represent government administration fees. Please insert your maximum limit excluding such fees. Increasing your limit increases your number of choices and vice-versa. It is unlikely that there will be ANY registrations offered for sale at under £100. For this reason our computer will not accept a figure below this amount. This means that the minimum price you might pay including transfer fees is £180 plus VAT (if applicable). Registration mark(s) on existing vehicles: We need to know these so that we can determine whether or not a transfer is allowable to a vehicle that you are the keeper of. Transfers are not always allowed especially if your vehicle carries a 'Q' registration prefix or is older than the year of issue of the mark in question. Date of First Registration(s) We need to know these as you are not allowed by law to make a vehicle appear younger than it actually is (UK or Northern Ireland). The details can be found on your V55 Registration Document (UK) or Vehicle Registration Book V5 (NI). No existing vehicle Please note that anybody, even a non-UK resident may own the rights to use or transfer a registration mark whether or not they own a vehicle. Your searches There are 6 boxes which you can complete with the registrations you are searching for. You may make as many searches as you wish by using the form again. Clues & Notes for us This information is vital in our search and reply process. Here you may tell us of your reasons for picking the registrations you have. For example you may be trying to: 1. Spell a word e.g. a name 2. Associate the registration with a hobby or interest e.g. Golf, Football, Dogs, Cars, your job etc. 3. Find a gift for a surprise so you may ask us only to contact you at work and never at home. 4. Use a language other than English that we may be unfamiliar with e.g. Asian names 5. Get your initials or a combination of family initials that may be searched for in different orders e.g. Pat & Robert (Bob) Smith could be PBS or BPS, PRS or RPS. 6. Promote your business - give us an idea of your business name and what your business does with key words and phrases if possible e.g. ABC STOCKBROKERS, buying and selling of shares unit trusts etc. keywords: BULL BEAR STOCK GILT BUY SELL etc. 7. Hide the age of your vehicle. There are many registrations that can do this for you. The least expensive originate in Northern Ireland (NI) and can be transferred to UK mainland vehicles. NI marks contain the letters I and Z whereas UK mainland marks do not (the letter Q is not available on any transferable registration mark) The letter Z is now available in the latest UK Mainland series issues from September 2001(see our Homepage). The Limitations Each registration mark issued is absolutely UNIQUE. That means only one may (or may not) have ever been issued of each possible combination. In addition, many older marks may have not survived the test of time, ending up on a scrapped vehicle to be lost forever. A number or mark can only be transferred if it exists on a testable vehicle, or is held (retained) on an official government certificate; and its transfer is allowed under Ministry of Transport regulations. You can have a maximum combination of up to 7 digits. The majority of MAINLAND UK registration marks contain 4 letters and 3 numbers e.g. A123 ABC, ABC 123A, or the new issue format of 5 letters and 2 numbers AA51 AAA. NORTHERN IRELAND (NI) registration marks normally follow the format e.g. ANZ 1234. Registrations with fewer letters and numbers exist. Due to the facts that they are rarer and more distinctive they command higher values in the marketplace. IN EVERY CASE a registration can only be purchased if the owner has offered it for sale. The DVLA has a legal responsibility not to disclose the personal details of any keepers of motor vehicles to any non-government or commercial organisation including individuals. Therefore there is no simple method available to discover the location and owner of the rights to ANY registration mark that is not on the open market for sale. Basically we need you to educate us as to your wants so that we can match this with our knowledge of registration marks that have been issued. Registration marks always consist of a combination of letters and numbers. They can have from 2 to 7 digits. The layouts and arrangements of letters and numbers follow specific government series issuing rules. Therefore many combinations have not, nor ever will be issued. We will advise you of the options available to you. WHAT HAPPENS NEXT ? We will study your search request and advise you if you need to amend your choices due to the fact that they would never be issued (invalid entries) or not presently for sale. Please remember that we can only contact the owner of any registration mark if we already hold their details on file or if they make contact with us in the future, we have no way of 'tracking them down'. We will inform you of any registration which we hold as 'for sale' on our database which matches your search criteria. We may do this by e-mail and telephone. You will then have the opportunity to secure your purchase by way of payment of a deposit or full payment. NB:The transfer process into your ownership will be begun immediately and you will unfortunately be unable to change your mind. Therefore it is vital that you think very carefully before committing yourself to the transaction. Back to top HOW MUCH DO THEY COST AND HOW ARE THEY VALUED? As with most things in life, price or value is determined by rarity and desirability. As far as rarity is concerned, every registration mark is rare as there is only ONE example of it. Thus desirability to the buyer is the main factor determining value. One needs to ask oneself what does the number plate do for the person concerned, how well does it do it, and how many other number plates (although different) can do a similar job. Personal number plates vary in value from a couple of hundred pounds to tens of thousands of pounds based on these facts. It is therefore easier to understand that registration marks which accurately spell a word, name or phrase are highly desirable. How accurately they do this determines their value to the buyer as does the level of availability of similar examples for sale at the time the buyer is buying. Less is nearly always worth more. The fewer letters and numbers a person needs to display on their number plate to do the job in question then the more they will be prepared to pay for it. This is because succinct number plates are extremely distinctive and noticeable. They are also much rarer than more modern examples due to the simple fact that they were issued many years ago and few examples of such registration marks were transferred to newer cars. Thus when the vehicle came to the end of its life so did its registration number, if it was still on it at the time. Therefore there are relatively few short number plates in circulation AND EVEN FEWER ON THE OPEN MARKET AT ANY GIVEN TIME. In order to be as accurate as possible with our valuations we not only take the above factors into consideration but also keep extensive records of sale prices achieved and the circumstances they were achieved under. A registration sold privately will seldom achieve the same price it would in an exciting auction situation whereby 2 or more buyers are bidding for it in turn to drive the price up. An inaccurate valuation is usually demonstrated quite quickly by the lack of interest shown in it by potential buyers and vice-versa. Back to top CAN I BUY A REGISTRATION MARK FOR SOMEONE ELSE AND KEEP IT UNTIL I'M READY TO GIVE IT AS A GIFT? Yes, you don't even need a vehicle of your own to purchase a registration mark. A mark can be assigned to the name of the person the gift is for and kept on a certificate indefinitely. The government makes an annual charge to renew certificates which are initially valid for 12 months ( presently ï¿½25 per year). Thus you can buy a registration for your son's 21st, husband's 50th, or as wedding anniversary gift for your wife. Registration marks are truly personal and unforgettable gifts to be kept for a lifetime. We offer a holding and renewal service so that you don't need to remember when its time to renew your certificates. Ideal for those people with already busy lives. Failure to renew your certificate in time can lead to you losing the rights to your private registration number, so you must be careful and remember to renew it. Back to top I'M BUYING A NEW VEHICLE, CAN THE TRANSFER BE DONE BEFORE I COLLECT IT FROM THE DEALERS? Yes, in most cases we can work with your dealer to get the transfer completed and your new number plates on your vehicle, provided we have enough time. In every case it is vitally important that as soon as we have found your dream registration mark you secure your purchase as quickly as possible. We have had disappointed clients who didn't act swiftly enough only to find their choice was sold. Conversely we have many clients who are sensibly searching and buying their registrations in advance of finding their new vehicle. Our payment systems allow you to lodge a minimum deposit immediately and unfortunately we cannot remove a registration from the open market until this is received. Back to top I'M CHANGING MY VEHICLE PRIVATELY, WHAT SHOULD I DO? We can arrange for your new registration and personal details to be added to your new vehicles' documents at the same time. Contact us now for further advice. [email protected] Back to top HOW LONG DOES THE TRANSFER TO MY VEHICLE TAKE? Transfers can be completed from within 5 working days to in most cases 3-6 weeks (depending on the type of transfer). Car to car transfers nearly always take longer than certificate to car transfers. However transfers to Northern Irish vehicles from Great Britain can take up to 3 months as the procedure is quite complex. In every case transfer times depend on how quickly people act. We are totally dependant upon:- BUYERS for sending documents and funds promptly SELLERS for sending documents & sale authorities promptly THE AUTHORITIES for processing the applications promptly and accurately THE POST OFFICE for delivering promptly and accurately Our office deals with each transfer immediately. We automatically update you with progress reports as and when there is news. To concentrate our efforts on the work in hand we greatly appreciate that rather than calling us you: FAX US ON (01792) 474010 OR E-MAIL US [email protected] remembering to quote your registration number in all correspondence. We greatly appreciate your patience whilst you await completion of your transfer, THANK YOU Back to top CAN I STILL USE MY VEHICLE WHILE THE TRANSFER IS IN PROGRESS? Yes, provided the vehicle is taxed, insured and has a current MOT certificate(if required), you may continue to use it on the public highways. Back to top WHEN CAN I FIX MY NEW NUMBER PLATES TO MY VEHICLE? When you receive your replacement tax (license) disc from us, showing your new registration mark and display this on your vehicle. DO I NEED TO INFORM MY INSURERS THAT I HAVE A new registration MARK? Yes, remember to tell them in writing that 'in the event of a total loss claim...' whereby they effectively buy your vehicle (or what's left of it) off you due to theft, or as a 'right off', '...the registration mark will remain your property'. Get them to acknowledge this request in writing. They do not normally make a charge for issuing a new cover note in these circumstances or for complying with this request. WHAT IF I WANT TO ALTER THE SPACING OR LETTER STYLE ON MY NUMBER PLATES? Please remember that :- 'it is illegal to mis-space or mis-represent your registration mark whilst it is being displayed on a vehicle used on the public highway'. Since September 2001 any firm that makes number plates is required by law to include their postcode on the plates so that they may be traced back to the maker. It is not illegal to make the number plates in any style or fashion the customer wishes (including fancy typefaces). The law is broken when such plates are displayed on a vehicle on the public roads. This explains how vehicles in dealer's showrooms or at motor shows are legally allowed to display any message or style on their number plates. You will notice that there is a distinct space between the number 11 and the word YOU in the example to comply with the law on display of registrations. Also you are only allowed to use a standard typeface (lettering) so that your vehicle may be easily identified. If you break this law you may lose your right to use the registration as the Department of Transport has the legal right to confiscation. You will not receive any financial compensation. Your vehicle will also fail its MOT if the registration is miss-spaced and you may be fined up to £1000. In practise, the authorities have very little time and resources available to pursue offenders of this part of the law. However, you will bring unwanted attention to yourself and give the authorities a genuine reason to stop you on the highway if they so wish. Back to top IS IT LEGAL TO HAVE A NATIONAL EMBLEM ON THE LEFT HAND SIDE OF MY NEW NUMBER PLATES? The government now allows you to have the following emblems and wording positioned to the left hand side of your number plates:- WELSH FLAG with 'CYM' SCOTTISH FLAG with 'SCO' UNION JACK with 'GB' ST GEORGE CROSS with 'ENG' EUROSTARS SYMBOL with 'GB'- with this symbol no other GB sticker is needed on your vehicle when you travel to continental Europe Back to top I HAVE HEARD THAT IRISH NUMBER PLATES ARE CHEAP AND 'DATELESS'. IS THIS TRUE AND WHAT SELECTION IS AVAILABLE TO ME? Number plates from Northern Ireland can be transferred to cars registered Great Britain as both are part of the United Kingdom and have similar licensing procedures. Because Northern Irish number plates have nothing to indicate their age (ie.'dateless') they are often used to hide the age of a vehicle and can be transferred to any age of Great British vehicle. They can be quite inexpensive with prices including transfer fees and VAT starting at around ï¿½175, although it is not likely that such plates are desirable for any reason other than to hide the vehicle's age (ie. the letters are not attractive to most buyers). Indeed, some Irish number plates can be as desirable as any others and command high prices! To find out the typical letter combinations available and more information click here . Northern Irish registrations nearly always contain I or Z (see Q3 part 7 above) HOW CAN I PAY FOR MY REGISTRATION MARK? We accept most major credit and debit cards, cheques, postal orders and bankers drafts. Please remember that once you have found your dream registration mark we cannot hold it especially for you. Until you have agreed to purchase it and have made a payment it must remain on the open market and can be sold to anyone who enquires.	The Reading (Manet painting)
"""She is a woman, therefore may be wooed, she is woman, therefore may be won, she is Lavinia therefore must be loved"" is a quotation from which of Shakespeare's plays?"	FORMAT NUMBER PLATES FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS-SWANSEA UK New Number Plate Regulations Number plate supply regulations Until now it's been too easy for thieves to give a stolen vehicle a new identity – simply buy a new set of number plates. From the beginning of January 2003 it's going to get more difficult for the thieves and possibly a bit less convenient for you. Number plate suppliers From 1 January 2003 all number plate suppliers in England and Wales will have to be registered with DVLA and will have to keep records of all number plate sales. If you want to buy a new plate for a trailer or caravan or to replace a broken one on your car you will have to show the registered supplier documents to prove both who you are and also that you have entitlement to the registration mark. Various documents will be accepted including For proof of entitlement to the vehicle registration mark: V5 registration document V11 licence renewal application form copy of hire/lease contract company letter on headed paper, including VAT number or VE103 (vehicle on hire certificate) proof of Cherished Transfer A current photocard driving licence Utility bill and current paper driving licence Utility bill and passport Utility bill and credit/debit card with photograph Utility bill and travel pass card with photograph Utility bill and foreign national identity card We are on the DVLA register of number plate suppliers New Style Number plates- Sept 2001 format and rules The latest number plate format has affected all new cars from 1 September 2001. The design improves on the durability of previous plates and has a new system for displaying the age and origin of a vehicle. There are three parts to the new format: Local Memory Tag - The first two letters, called the 'local memory tag' or area identifier, show where the vehicle was registered. The first represents the region and the second a DVLA local office. Random Letters - The last three letters are random and give a unique identity to the vehicle. Age Identifier - The two numbers indicate the age of the vehicle. The age identifier will continue to be changed in March and September as at present but will use numbers rather than letters. The first digit indicates March (0 rising to 4) or September (5 rising to 9) and the second digit indicates the year. For example a car with an age identifier of 58 will have been first registered between 01 September 2008 and 28 February 2009. Rules All new number plates must display the new mandatory font.Even the size and typeface of the numbers and letters has changed and the spacing and margins have been standardised.This is to ensure consistency, and to make them easier to read and remember, both for humans and traffic cameras! Existing number plates need not be changed provided the font used is substantially the same as the new mandatory font.Cars made before 1973 will be allowed to keep their original plates - i.e. white text on black backgrounds. Number plates must be replaced if they have been customised with stylised letters and figures such as italics or with number plate fixing bolts that alter the appearance of the letters or numbers. Failure to replace such number plates may result in keepers risking prosecution There will be an optional provision for the display of the Euro-plate within the UK. The Euro-plate incorporates the symbol of the European Union (circle of 12 stars on a blue background) with the national identification letters of the member state below. This symbol is located on the left-hand side of the number plate Vehicles with a Euro-plate will no longer have to use the traditional oval shaped national identifier (GB) sticker when travelling within the EU. What the law says about the display of registration marks The new British Standard and the Vehicle (Crime) Bill, is very specific about what is allowed and what is not. All new number plates must conform to the following specifications: Characters/ Size Other typefaces. Bold or italic script. Fixing bolts deliberately position to alter the appearance of numbers or letters - i.e. changing "11" to "H" etc. Positioning letters outside of the new margin and spacing rules. Compulsory: Only one standard typeface will be legal - the Charles Wright Font. Buyers of replacement plates will have to produce documentation proving they own the vehicle they are purchasing plates for. The number plate of the seller must be marked with the name and postcode of the seller. From 1 September any new number plates must carry the British Standard number: BS AU 145D. Number plates must carry the name and identification of the number plate manufacturer. Understanding the letters at the start of the new number plates The 'local memory tag' has two letters at the start of the plate. The first indicates the region in which the car was registered and the second refers to a local DVLA office: Letter /Region/ Local Office/ DVLA Local Office identifier A Anglia Peterborough A AA AB AC AD AE AF AG AH AJ AK AL AM AN Norwich AO AP AR AS AT AU Ipswich AV AW AX AY B Birmingham Birmingham BA - BY C Cymru Cardiff CA CB CC CD CE CF CG CH CJ CK CL CM CN CO Swansea CP CR CS CT CU CV Bangor CW CX CY D Deeside to Shrewsbury Chester DA DB DC DD DE DF DG DH DJ DK Shrewsbury DL DM DN DO DP DR DS DT DU DV DW DX DY E Essex Chelmsford EA - EY F Forest & Fens Nottingham FA FB FC FD FE FF FG FH FJ FK FL FM FN FP Lincoln FR FS FT FV FW FX FY G Garden of England Maidstone GA GB BC GD GE GF GG GH GJ GK GL GM GN GO Brighton GP GR GS GT GU GV GW GX GY H Hampshire & Dorset Bournemouth HA HB HC HD HE HF HG HH HJ Portsmouth HK HL HM HN HO HP HR HS HT HU HV HW HX HY (HW will be used exclusively for Isle of Wight residents) K Luton KA KB KC KD KE KF KG KH KJ KK KL Northampton KM KN KO KP KR KS KT KU KV KW KX KY L London Wimbledon LA LB LC LD LE LF LG LH LJ Stanmore LK LL LM LN LO LP LR LS LT Sidcup LU LV LW LX LY M Manchester MA -MY N North Newcastle NA NB NC ND NE NG NH NJ NK NL NM NN NO Stockton NP NR NS NT NU NV NW NX NY O Oxford Oxford OA - OY P Preston Preston PA PB PC PD PE PF PG PH PJ PK PL PM PN PO PP PR PS PT Carlisle PU PV PW PX PY R Reading Reading RA - RY S Scotland Glasgow SA SB SC SD SE SF SG SH SJ Edinburgh SK SL SM SN SO Dundee SP SR SS ST Aberdeen SU SV SW Severn Valley Worcester VA - VY W West of England Exeter WA WB WC WD WE WF WG WH WJ Truro WK WL Bristol WM WN WO WP WR WS WT WU WV WW WX WY Y Yorkshire Leeds YA YB YC YD YE YF YG YH YJ YK Sheffield YL YM YN YO YP YR YS YT YU Beverley YV YW YX YY Understanding the numbers in the middle of the new number plates The 'age identifier' changes to reflect whether the car was new in March or September and to show the year of registration. If the first number is a 0,1,2,3 or 4 the car was first registered between March and August. If it starts with a 5,6,7,8 or 9 then the car was first registered between September and February. September 2001 to February 2002 51 March 2002 to August 2002 02 September 2002 to February 2003 52 March 2003 to August 2003 03 September 2003 to February 2004 53 March 2004 to August 2004 04 September 2004 to February 2005 54 March 2005 to August 2005 05 September 2005 to February 2006 55 March 2006 to August 2006 06 September 2006 to February 2007 56 And so on until 2049 Number plate history The earliest registration marks were made up of one letter and one number. London County Council issued the first plate, A1, in 1903. Later formats consisted of two letters and four numbers, with the series being replaced as and when numbers were exhausted. The Liverpool 'KA' series lasted only two years between 1925 and 1927 whilst the SJ series was still being issued by Bute Council in 1963. A new three letter/three number series was introduced from the mid-1930s by which time the two letter/four number series were exhausted in some areas. AAA1 was issued in Hampshire in 1934 through to AAA 999. The BAA series began in 1936. By the mid-1950s all marks with numbers following letters had been allocated so marks were reversed with letters following numbers. In this way the maximum number of symbols in an individual registration mark never exceeded six. Issue of 'Suffix' marks with three letters, three numbers and a year suffix began between 1963 and 1965. The registration year ran from 1 January to 31 December until 1967 when the suffix change was moved to 1 August. Reflective number plates, black on white to the front and black on yellow to the rear, were introduced from January 1973. The registering and licensing of new cars was centralised in 1974 with the establishment of the DVLC, now DVLA in Swansea. 'Q plates' were introduced in 1983 and are issued to kit cars and some imports where the date of first registration can't be established. Issue of 'prefix' marks with a year prefix followed by three numbers and three letters began in 1983. The prefix continued to change on 1August until 1999 when two plate changes a year, on 1 March and 1 September were introduced. The prefix series ended with 'Y' which ran until 31 August 2001. How the Age of a Vehicle is shown by it's number plate Old Suffix letters-(where the letter comes at the end of the number plate) 1 January 1963 to 31 December 1963 A 1 January 1964 to 31 December 1964 B 1 January 1965 to 31 December 1965 C 1 January 1966 to 31 December 1966 D 1 January 1967 to 31 July 1967 E 1 August 1967 to 31 July 1968 F 1 August 1968 to 31 July 1969 G 1 August 1969 to 31 July 1970 H 1 August 1970 to 31 July 1971 J 1 August 1971 to 31 July 1972 K 1 August 1972 to 31 July 1973 L 1 August 1973 to 31 July 1974 M 1 August 1974 to 31 July 1975 N 1 August 1975 to 31 July 1976 P 1 August 1976 to 31 July 1977 R 1 August 1977 to 31 July 1978 S 1 August 1978 to 31 July 1979 T 1 August 1979 to 31 July 1980 V 1 August 1980 to 31 July 1981 W 1 August 1981 to 31 July 1982 X 1 August 1982 to 31 July 1983 Y Old prefix letters (-where the letter comes at the start of the number plate) A 1 August 1983 to 31 July 1984 B 1 August 1984 to 31 July 1985 C 1 August 1985 to 31 July 1986 D 1 August 1986 to 31 July 1987 E 1 August 1987 to 31 July 1988 F 1 August 1988 to 31 July 1989 G 1 August 1989 to 31 July 1990 H 1 August 1990 to 31 July 1991 J 1 August 1991 to 31 July 1992 K 1 August 1992 to 31 July 1993 L 1 August 1993 to 31 July 1994 M 1 August 1994 to 31 July 1995 N 1 August 1995 to 31 July 1996 P 1 August 1996 to 31 July 1997 R 1 August 1997 to 31 July 1998 S 1 August 1998 to 28 February 1999 T 1 March 1999 to 31 August 1999 V 1 September 1999 to 29 February 2000 W 1 March 2000 to 31 August 2000 X 1 September 2000 to 28 February 2001 Y 1 March 2001 to 31 August 2001 How a Personal Number Plate is valued There are a range of factors that make some cherished plates worth more than others. What are the most expensive plates? Popular names will be worth more, as there is more demand for them. D4 NNN (Dan) is worth around £3000. Complete words or names are more desirable. JOS 11A (Josh, Joshua) is worth around £11500. All number plates are unique, but the rarer in style, the higher the value. A memorable number plate is a valuable one. 2 P is worth around £44500 Plates with the number one as the second digit command high prices. C1 AAA is worth £2500 J and S are the most sought after prefixes and command higher values. How do dealers determine the exact price of a plate? They form some of their prices by watching the DVLA cherished plate auctions. This tells them how much the market is prepared to pay for a certain type of plate. They also compare plates for sale with similar plates that were recently sold and base their valuation on that. Uniqueness, desirability and popularity are all taken into account. VRM Swansea coordinates the entire transfer of your personalised registration with DVLA* Swansea and local DVLA* Local Offices in the United Kingdom & Northern Ireland when you opt for our Full Transfer or Sale Service. Our expert team will provide you with instruction and telephone support if you choose our less expensive DIY Transfer Service. An online 'Purchase Offer' supported by suitable payment card takes priority over any other enquiry. VRM Swansea sell number plates owned by clients, government stock and our own stock on a 'first come, first served basis'. All registrations offered for sale are subject to availability and payment is taken only once availability and price are confirmed. Our systems record telephone conversations and the date and time of all communication. We shall debit your payment card if your offer is accepted and provide confirmation either way. Under the distance selling regulations we must inform you that our service begins immediately upon payment being taken, that no cooling off period or refunds are given and you will not be able to change your mind. Your instructions will be acted upon immediately and the assignment /transfer process started to ensure your choice is not sold by us to anyone else. This is a Government process which the Government will not cancel or change once they receive our instructions. Please be absolutely sure about your selected number plate before placing your order. *In the case of pre-release new-issue offers we will take payment prior to the registration mark series release date in order to confirm your desire to proceed and ensure we do not offer the registration mark you have chosen to anyone else.If for any reason your offer is not accepted by the Secretary of State for Transport on the release date, then you will receive a full refund by the payment method you have used to make your offer. The Secretary of State's decision to accept or reject your offer is final and we cannot be held responsible for it, in any way. If your offer is rejected then you may choose another registration subject to sufficient funds being pre-lodged with us. Personal and personalised registrations shown within are subject to transfer fees,vat. & availability WHY WOULD YOU LIKE ME TO TELL MY FRIENDS? A. To keep prices sensible and affordable for all B. To help find valuable registration marks and unlock their values for their owners. C. Because its fun trying to spell words names and phrases from number plates. D. Because if the people you tell do business with us we will be sending you a cheque for ï¿½10 to say 'THANK YOU' A. TO KEEP PRICES SENSIBLE & AFFORDABLE FOR EVERYONE: You may have seen many registration marks advertised at SILLY PRICES. Advertising is our firm's biggest single expense. A full page advertisement in a daily paper showing hundreds of registration marks you CAN BARELY READ costs approximately ï¿½6000 plus VAT, a one-day advert for a single larger-print registration in a Sunday Paper costs ï¿½70 plus VAT. These costs INFLATE the price paid by our buyers and REDUCE the sale proceeds for our sellers. If you can tell your family and friends about us these advertising costs will come down and we can pass the savings on to YOU, our clients. We can then REDUCE the selling prices to the buyers and INCREASE the sale proceeds for the sellers. B. TO HELP FIND REGISTRATION MARKS AND UNLOCK THEIR VALUE FOR THEIR OWNERS Clients contact us every day with particular registration marks they are searching for. They are prepared to pay realistic prices and the only way we can find the mark is if the owner of the registration contacts us and offers it for sale. WE ARE CONSTANTLY ASTOUNDED by the search requests we receive. In many cases they are not obviously valuable registrations to anyone other than the potential buyer. They may be the registration mark on the client's first ever car or motorbike for example and so have purely sentimental value, or they might be a very unusual Asian name which could have a considerable value. Since we started trading over 10 years ago we have literally THOUSANDS of clients waiting for their dream registration to 'POP UP' ( Right now our WANTED PAGE only gives a few examples because our engineers are working to display these thousands of FREE requests in an automated database.) EVERY REGISTRATION MARK ON EVERY VEHICLE, BE IT A CAR, LORRY, MOTORBIKE OR VAN IS POTENTIALLY VALUABLE TO SOMEONE ELSE! We see many vehicles displaying desirable registration marks but THEIR OWNER'S DON'T KNOW IT because they came with the car FOR FREE! You could do your FRIENDS, NEIGHBOURS, MUMS, DADS, AUNTIES AND UNCLES a great favour by just asking them to contact us with their registration marks. We will do the rest and its a COMPLETELY FREE SERVICE. C. BECAUSE ITS FUN TRYING TO SPELL WORDS, NAMES AND PHRASES OUT OF REGISTRATION MARKS 'AUTONUMEROLOGY' as its called in the trade is a fascinating subject. It can help people stand out in the crowd and promote their hobbies, businesses, affection for one another and success. Kids on long road journeys love to play games with number plates and are often the first to spot the meanings behind registration marks as they spell out words phonetically. This website is designed to teach you all how to do this and we hope it may brighten up a dull journey. D. BECAUSE IF THE PERSON YOU TELL BUYS OR SELLS A REGISTRATION MARK WE WILL BE SENDING YOU A CHEQUE FOR ï¿½10 TO SAY THANK YOU (We couldn't afford to send everyone in your referring group ï¿½10 so only the person who is directly linked to the buyer or seller will receive the Thank You cheque. Just click on the blue links around our site and enter your details, IT'S THAT SIMPLE!) INTERNET TECHNOLOGY HAS THE POTENTIAL, TO LOWER COSTS TO EVERYONE'S BENEFIT BUT.... WE NEED YOUR HELP TO MAKE IT HAPPEN! WHY DISPLAY A PERSONAL REGISTRATION MARK? Please read the feedback from some of our clients:- PERSONAL IDENTITY 'I work in a high profile business where success matters. My new registration gets me noticed and shows I'm serious about my business' 'Golf is my favourite pastime so I purchased a mark with the suffix TEE' 'My dogs are my life so the registration mark 'K9' with my initials after it was a MUST HAVE!' AS A GIFT FOR A LOVED ONE 'My husband has always wanted his initials or name on the car so just before he retired I was able to purchase a registration mark for him and keep it secretly on a certificate. On his retirement day I gave him the new numbers plates you had sent to my neighbours' address and sent you the appropriate documents. The transfer was completed in days and that is one gift he is never likely to forget, he was absolutely delighted !' BUSINESS IDENTITY 'As a haulage contractor we run a fleet of company-branded vehicles, it just made sense that our number plates should match our business initials. Our accountant is confident that the costs are tax deductible as a business expense, as it is part of the vehicle livery.' 'Although our fleet of buses is ageing they are all well maintained. Our new registrations make it difficult for our clients to put an age on our vehicles and their confidence is retained' 'I'm proud of my new taxi and my new registration definitely makes my black cab stand out from the crowd. It shows I'm not short of a sense of humour too !' INVESTMENT 'I always thought that a number plate with my name (JOY) would cost me thousands, so even though I don't have a T- registered car I still bought one with a T prefix for just under £500. I'm keeping it on a certificate until I get a car of the right age. It won't be too long before this happens because car prices seem to be coming down at last! Anyway I realize that registration numbers that spell names will always be in demand so I'm confident I could always sell it at a later date.' 'Our son Daniel is only twelve years old but mad about cars already! We've bought him a DAN personal number plate and will keep it secretly on a holding certificate until his 18th Birthday. We know these number plates have increased in value over the past 10 years so thought it best to buy one now whilst they are still affordable'. HOW DO I SEARCH FOR MY DREAM REGISTRATION? CALL US ON 01792 477 316 OR COMPLETE THE ON-LINE SEARCH FORM We can supply almost any 3 letter combination registration at affordable prices. Two and one letter registrations are considerably more expensive as they are rarer and even more distinctive. The marks offered for sale change by the minute with new marks coming onto the market and being sold almost continuously. There are approximately 24 MILLION choices available at any one time which we can supply. We can act for you if you see your dream registration for sale advertised anywhere else and regularly save our clients time, money and unnecessary distress in negotiations and transfers. NOTES FOR COMPLETING THE ON-LINE FORM This is a completely FREE and confidential service except for your Internet connection call to us. We will not disclose your details to any third parties without your express permission. Unfortunately although your enquiry may be serious we will only treat it as such if we receive these minimum details:- Your name, your telephone number and your budget fields are obligatory and must be completed in order to continue. Your budget limit Prices of registrations vary considerably from a couple of hundred pounds to tens of thousands. Added to this price the buyer is expected to pay the fees of the transfer and VAT (if applicable). Currently the cost of a transfer is £80 or £105 depending on individual circumstances, which represent government administration fees. Please insert your maximum limit excluding such fees. Increasing your limit increases your number of choices and vice-versa. It is unlikely that there will be ANY registrations offered for sale at under £100. For this reason our computer will not accept a figure below this amount. This means that the minimum price you might pay including transfer fees is £180 plus VAT (if applicable). Registration mark(s) on existing vehicles: We need to know these so that we can determine whether or not a transfer is allowable to a vehicle that you are the keeper of. Transfers are not always allowed especially if your vehicle carries a 'Q' registration prefix or is older than the year of issue of the mark in question. Date of First Registration(s) We need to know these as you are not allowed by law to make a vehicle appear younger than it actually is (UK or Northern Ireland). The details can be found on your V55 Registration Document (UK) or Vehicle Registration Book V5 (NI). No existing vehicle Please note that anybody, even a non-UK resident may own the rights to use or transfer a registration mark whether or not they own a vehicle. Your searches There are 6 boxes which you can complete with the registrations you are searching for. You may make as many searches as you wish by using the form again. Clues & Notes for us This information is vital in our search and reply process. Here you may tell us of your reasons for picking the registrations you have. For example you may be trying to: 1. Spell a word e.g. a name 2. Associate the registration with a hobby or interest e.g. Golf, Football, Dogs, Cars, your job etc. 3. Find a gift for a surprise so you may ask us only to contact you at work and never at home. 4. Use a language other than English that we may be unfamiliar with e.g. Asian names 5. Get your initials or a combination of family initials that may be searched for in different orders e.g. Pat & Robert (Bob) Smith could be PBS or BPS, PRS or RPS. 6. Promote your business - give us an idea of your business name and what your business does with key words and phrases if possible e.g. ABC STOCKBROKERS, buying and selling of shares unit trusts etc. keywords: BULL BEAR STOCK GILT BUY SELL etc. 7. Hide the age of your vehicle. There are many registrations that can do this for you. The least expensive originate in Northern Ireland (NI) and can be transferred to UK mainland vehicles. NI marks contain the letters I and Z whereas UK mainland marks do not (the letter Q is not available on any transferable registration mark) The letter Z is now available in the latest UK Mainland series issues from September 2001(see our Homepage). The Limitations Each registration mark issued is absolutely UNIQUE. That means only one may (or may not) have ever been issued of each possible combination. In addition, many older marks may have not survived the test of time, ending up on a scrapped vehicle to be lost forever. A number or mark can only be transferred if it exists on a testable vehicle, or is held (retained) on an official government certificate; and its transfer is allowed under Ministry of Transport regulations. You can have a maximum combination of up to 7 digits. The majority of MAINLAND UK registration marks contain 4 letters and 3 numbers e.g. A123 ABC, ABC 123A, or the new issue format of 5 letters and 2 numbers AA51 AAA. NORTHERN IRELAND (NI) registration marks normally follow the format e.g. ANZ 1234. Registrations with fewer letters and numbers exist. Due to the facts that they are rarer and more distinctive they command higher values in the marketplace. IN EVERY CASE a registration can only be purchased if the owner has offered it for sale. The DVLA has a legal responsibility not to disclose the personal details of any keepers of motor vehicles to any non-government or commercial organisation including individuals. Therefore there is no simple method available to discover the location and owner of the rights to ANY registration mark that is not on the open market for sale. Basically we need you to educate us as to your wants so that we can match this with our knowledge of registration marks that have been issued. Registration marks always consist of a combination of letters and numbers. They can have from 2 to 7 digits. The layouts and arrangements of letters and numbers follow specific government series issuing rules. Therefore many combinations have not, nor ever will be issued. We will advise you of the options available to you. WHAT HAPPENS NEXT ? We will study your search request and advise you if you need to amend your choices due to the fact that they would never be issued (invalid entries) or not presently for sale. Please remember that we can only contact the owner of any registration mark if we already hold their details on file or if they make contact with us in the future, we have no way of 'tracking them down'. We will inform you of any registration which we hold as 'for sale' on our database which matches your search criteria. We may do this by e-mail and telephone. You will then have the opportunity to secure your purchase by way of payment of a deposit or full payment. NB:The transfer process into your ownership will be begun immediately and you will unfortunately be unable to change your mind. Therefore it is vital that you think very carefully before committing yourself to the transaction. Back to top HOW MUCH DO THEY COST AND HOW ARE THEY VALUED? As with most things in life, price or value is determined by rarity and desirability. As far as rarity is concerned, every registration mark is rare as there is only ONE example of it. Thus desirability to the buyer is the main factor determining value. One needs to ask oneself what does the number plate do for the person concerned, how well does it do it, and how many other number plates (although different) can do a similar job. Personal number plates vary in value from a couple of hundred pounds to tens of thousands of pounds based on these facts. It is therefore easier to understand that registration marks which accurately spell a word, name or phrase are highly desirable. How accurately they do this determines their value to the buyer as does the level of availability of similar examples for sale at the time the buyer is buying. Less is nearly always worth more. The fewer letters and numbers a person needs to display on their number plate to do the job in question then the more they will be prepared to pay for it. This is because succinct number plates are extremely distinctive and noticeable. They are also much rarer than more modern examples due to the simple fact that they were issued many years ago and few examples of such registration marks were transferred to newer cars. Thus when the vehicle came to the end of its life so did its registration number, if it was still on it at the time. Therefore there are relatively few short number plates in circulation AND EVEN FEWER ON THE OPEN MARKET AT ANY GIVEN TIME. In order to be as accurate as possible with our valuations we not only take the above factors into consideration but also keep extensive records of sale prices achieved and the circumstances they were achieved under. A registration sold privately will seldom achieve the same price it would in an exciting auction situation whereby 2 or more buyers are bidding for it in turn to drive the price up. An inaccurate valuation is usually demonstrated quite quickly by the lack of interest shown in it by potential buyers and vice-versa. Back to top CAN I BUY A REGISTRATION MARK FOR SOMEONE ELSE AND KEEP IT UNTIL I'M READY TO GIVE IT AS A GIFT? Yes, you don't even need a vehicle of your own to purchase a registration mark. A mark can be assigned to the name of the person the gift is for and kept on a certificate indefinitely. The government makes an annual charge to renew certificates which are initially valid for 12 months ( presently ï¿½25 per year). Thus you can buy a registration for your son's 21st, husband's 50th, or as wedding anniversary gift for your wife. Registration marks are truly personal and unforgettable gifts to be kept for a lifetime. We offer a holding and renewal service so that you don't need to remember when its time to renew your certificates. Ideal for those people with already busy lives. Failure to renew your certificate in time can lead to you losing the rights to your private registration number, so you must be careful and remember to renew it. Back to top I'M BUYING A NEW VEHICLE, CAN THE TRANSFER BE DONE BEFORE I COLLECT IT FROM THE DEALERS? Yes, in most cases we can work with your dealer to get the transfer completed and your new number plates on your vehicle, provided we have enough time. In every case it is vitally important that as soon as we have found your dream registration mark you secure your purchase as quickly as possible. We have had disappointed clients who didn't act swiftly enough only to find their choice was sold. Conversely we have many clients who are sensibly searching and buying their registrations in advance of finding their new vehicle. Our payment systems allow you to lodge a minimum deposit immediately and unfortunately we cannot remove a registration from the open market until this is received. Back to top I'M CHANGING MY VEHICLE PRIVATELY, WHAT SHOULD I DO? We can arrange for your new registration and personal details to be added to your new vehicles' documents at the same time. Contact us now for further advice. [email protected] Back to top HOW LONG DOES THE TRANSFER TO MY VEHICLE TAKE? Transfers can be completed from within 5 working days to in most cases 3-6 weeks (depending on the type of transfer). Car to car transfers nearly always take longer than certificate to car transfers. However transfers to Northern Irish vehicles from Great Britain can take up to 3 months as the procedure is quite complex. In every case transfer times depend on how quickly people act. We are totally dependant upon:- BUYERS for sending documents and funds promptly SELLERS for sending documents & sale authorities promptly THE AUTHORITIES for processing the applications promptly and accurately THE POST OFFICE for delivering promptly and accurately Our office deals with each transfer immediately. We automatically update you with progress reports as and when there is news. To concentrate our efforts on the work in hand we greatly appreciate that rather than calling us you: FAX US ON (01792) 474010 OR E-MAIL US [email protected] remembering to quote your registration number in all correspondence. We greatly appreciate your patience whilst you await completion of your transfer, THANK YOU Back to top CAN I STILL USE MY VEHICLE WHILE THE TRANSFER IS IN PROGRESS? Yes, provided the vehicle is taxed, insured and has a current MOT certificate(if required), you may continue to use it on the public highways. Back to top WHEN CAN I FIX MY NEW NUMBER PLATES TO MY VEHICLE? When you receive your replacement tax (license) disc from us, showing your new registration mark and display this on your vehicle. DO I NEED TO INFORM MY INSURERS THAT I HAVE A new registration MARK? Yes, remember to tell them in writing that 'in the event of a total loss claim...' whereby they effectively buy your vehicle (or what's left of it) off you due to theft, or as a 'right off', '...the registration mark will remain your property'. Get them to acknowledge this request in writing. They do not normally make a charge for issuing a new cover note in these circumstances or for complying with this request. WHAT IF I WANT TO ALTER THE SPACING OR LETTER STYLE ON MY NUMBER PLATES? Please remember that :- 'it is illegal to mis-space or mis-represent your registration mark whilst it is being displayed on a vehicle used on the public highway'. Since September 2001 any firm that makes number plates is required by law to include their postcode on the plates so that they may be traced back to the maker. It is not illegal to make the number plates in any style or fashion the customer wishes (including fancy typefaces). The law is broken when such plates are displayed on a vehicle on the public roads. This explains how vehicles in dealer's showrooms or at motor shows are legally allowed to display any message or style on their number plates. You will notice that there is a distinct space between the number 11 and the word YOU in the example to comply with the law on display of registrations. Also you are only allowed to use a standard typeface (lettering) so that your vehicle may be easily identified. If you break this law you may lose your right to use the registration as the Department of Transport has the legal right to confiscation. You will not receive any financial compensation. Your vehicle will also fail its MOT if the registration is miss-spaced and you may be fined up to £1000. In practise, the authorities have very little time and resources available to pursue offenders of this part of the law. However, you will bring unwanted attention to yourself and give the authorities a genuine reason to stop you on the highway if they so wish. Back to top IS IT LEGAL TO HAVE A NATIONAL EMBLEM ON THE LEFT HAND SIDE OF MY NEW NUMBER PLATES? The government now allows you to have the following emblems and wording positioned to the left hand side of your number plates:- WELSH FLAG with 'CYM' SCOTTISH FLAG with 'SCO' UNION JACK with 'GB' ST GEORGE CROSS with 'ENG' EUROSTARS SYMBOL with 'GB'- with this symbol no other GB sticker is needed on your vehicle when you travel to continental Europe Back to top I HAVE HEARD THAT IRISH NUMBER PLATES ARE CHEAP AND 'DATELESS'. IS THIS TRUE AND WHAT SELECTION IS AVAILABLE TO ME? Number plates from Northern Ireland can be transferred to cars registered Great Britain as both are part of the United Kingdom and have similar licensing procedures. Because Northern Irish number plates have nothing to indicate their age (ie.'dateless') they are often used to hide the age of a vehicle and can be transferred to any age of Great British vehicle. They can be quite inexpensive with prices including transfer fees and VAT starting at around ï¿½175, although it is not likely that such plates are desirable for any reason other than to hide the vehicle's age (ie. the letters are not attractive to most buyers). Indeed, some Irish number plates can be as desirable as any others and command high prices! To find out the typical letter combinations available and more information click here . Northern Irish registrations nearly always contain I or Z (see Q3 part 7 above) HOW CAN I PAY FOR MY REGISTRATION MARK? We accept most major credit and debit cards, cheques, postal orders and bankers drafts. Please remember that once you have found your dream registration mark we cannot hold it especially for you. Until you have agreed to purchase it and have made a payment it must remain on the open market and can be sold to anyone who enquires.	i don't know
What is the name of the process in which ore is heated to obtain a mineral?	How copper is made - material, used, processing, steps, product, Raw Materials Copper Background Copper is one of the basic chemical elements. In its nearly pure state, copper is a reddish-orange metal known for its high thermal and electrical conductivity. It is commonly used to produce a wide variety of products, including electrical wire, cooking pots and pans, pipes and tubes, automobile radiators, and many others. Copper is also used as a pigment and preservative for paper, paint, textiles, and wood. It is combined with zinc to produce brass and with tin to produce bronze. Copper was first used as early as 10,000 years ago. A copper pendant from about 8700 B.C. was found in what is now northern Iraq. There is evidence that by about 6400 B.C. copper was being melted and cast into objects in the area now known as Turkey. By 4500 B.C. , this technology was being practiced in Egypt as well. Most of the copper used before 4000 B.C. came from the random discovery of isolated outcroppings of native copper or from meteorites that had impacted Earth. The first mention of the systematic extraction of copper ore comes from about 3800 B.C. when an Egyptian reference describes mining operations on the Sinai Peninsula. In about 3000 B.C. , large deposits of copper ore were found on the island of Cyprus in the Mediterranean Sea. When the Romans conquered Cyprus, they gave the metal the Latin name aes cyprium, which was often shortened to cyprium. Later this was corrupted to cuprum, from which the English word copper and the chemical symbol Cu are derived. In South America, copper objects were being produced along the northern coast of Peru as early as 500 B.C. , and the development of copper metallurgy was well advanced by the time the Inca empire fell to the conquering Spanish soldiers in the 1500s. In the United States, the first copper mine was opened in Branby, Connecticut, in 1705, followed by one in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, in 1732. Despite this early production, most copper used in the United States was imported from Chile until 1844, when mining of large deposits of high-grade copper ore around Lake Superior began. The development of more efficient processing techniques in the late-1800s allowed the mining of lower-grade copper ores from huge open-pit mines in the western United States. Today, the United States and Chile are the world's top two copper producing countries, followed by Russia, Canada, and China. Raw Materials Pure copper is rarely found in nature, but is usually combined with other chemicals in the form of copper ores. There are about 15 copper ores mined commercially in 40 countries around the world. The most common are known as sulfide ores in which the copper is chemically bonded with sulfur. Others are known as oxide ores, carbonate ores, or mixed ores depending on the chemicals present. Many copper ores also contain significant quantities of gold, silver, nickel, and other valuable metals, as well as large quantities of commercially useless material. Most of the copper ores mined in the United States contain only about 1.2-1.6% copper by weight. The most common sulfide ore is chalcopyrite, CuFeS 2 , also known as copper pyrite or yellow copper ore. Chalcocite, Cu 2 S, is another sulfide ore. Cuprite, or red copper ore, Cu 2 O, is an oxide ore. Malachite, or green copper ore, Cu(OH) 2 •CuCO 3 , is an important carbonate ore, as is azurite, or blue copper carbonate, Cu(OH) 2 •2CuCO 3 . Other ores include tennantite, boronite, chrysocolla, and atacamite. In addition to the ores themselves, several other chemicals are often used to process and refine copper. These include sulfuric acid, oxygen, iron, silica, and various organic compounds, depending on the process used. The Manufacturing Process The process of extracting copper from copper ore varies according to the type of ore and the desired purity of the final product. Each process consists of several steps in which unwanted materials are physically or chemically removed, and the concentration of copper is progressively increased. Some of these steps are conducted at the mine site itself, while others may be conducted at separate facilities. Here are the steps used to process the sulfide ores commonly found in the western United States. Mining 1 Most sulfide ores are taken from huge open-pit mines by drilling and blasting with explosives. In this type of mining, the material located above the ore, called the overburden, is first removed to expose the buried ore deposit. This produces an open pit that may grow to be a mile or more across. A road to allow access for equipment spirals down the interior slopes of the pit. 2 The exposed ore is scooped up by large power shovels capable of loading 500-900 cubic feet (15-25 cubic meters) in a single bite. The ore is loaded into giant dump trucks, called haul trucks, and is transported up and out of the pit. Concentrating The copper ore usually contains a large amount of dirt, clay, and a variety of non-copper bearing minerals. The first step is to remove some of this waste material. This process is called concentrating and is usually done by the flotation method. 3 The ore is crushed in a series of cone crushers. A cone crusher consists of an interior grinding cone that rotates on an eccentric vertical axis inside a fixed outer cone. As the ore is fed into the top of the crusher, it is squeezed between the two cones and broken into smaller pieces. 4 The crushed ore is then ground even smaller by a series of mills. First, it is mixed with water and placed in a rod mill, which consists of a large cylindrical container filled with numerous short lengths of steel rod. As the cylinder rotates on its horizontal axis, the steel rods tumble and break up the ore into pieces about 0.13 in (3 mm) in diameter. The mixture of ore and water is further broken up in two ball mills, which are like a rod mill except steel balls are used instead of rods. The slurry of finely ground ore that emerges from the final ball mill contains particles about 0.01 in (0.25 mm) in diameter. 5 The slurry is mixed with various chemical reagents, which coat the copper particles. A liquid, called a frother, is also added. Pine oil or long-chain alcohol are often used as frothers. This mixture is pumped into rectangular tanks, called flotation cells, where air is injected into the slurry through the bottom of the tanks. The chemical reagents make the copper particles cling to the bubbles as they rise to the surface. The frother forms a thick layer of bubbles, which overflows the tanks and is collected in troughs. The bubbles are allowed to condense and the water is drained off. The resulting mixture, called a copper concentrate, contains about 25-35% copper along with various sulfides of copper and iron, plus smaller concentrations of gold, silver, and other materials. The remaining materials in the tank are called the gangue or tailings. They are pumped into settling ponds and allowed to dry. The process of extracting copper from copper ore varies according to the type of ore and the desired purity of the final product. Each process consists of several steps in which unwanted materials are physically or chemically removed, and the concentration of copper is progressively increased. Smelting Once the waste materials have been physically removed from the ore, the remaining copper concentrate must undergo several chemical reactions to remove the iron and sulfur. This process is called smelting and traditionally involves two furnaces as described below. Some modern plants utilize a single furnace, which combines both operations. 6 The copper concentrate is fed into a furnace along with a silica material, called a flux. Most copper smelters utilize oxygen-enriched flash furnaces in which preheated, oxygen-enriched air is forced into the furnace to combust with fuel oil. The copper concentrate and flux melt, and collect in the bottom of the furnace. Much of the iron in the concentrate chemically combines with the flux to form a slag, which is skimmed off the surface of the molten material. Much of the sulfur in the concentrate combines with the oxygen to form sulfur dioxide, which is exhausted from the furnace as a gas and is further treated in an acid plant to produce sulfuric acid. The remaining molten material in the bottom of the furnace is called the matte. It is a mixture of copper sulfides and iron sulfides and contains about 60% copper by weight. 7 The molten matte is drawn from the furnace and poured into a second furnace called a converter. Additional silica flux is added and oxygen is blown through the molten material. The chemical reactions in the converter are similar to those in the flash furnace. The silica flux reacts with the remaining iron to form a slag, and the oxygen reacts with the remaining sulfur to form sulfur dioxide. The slag may be fed back into the flash furnace to act as a flux, and the sulfur dioxide is processed through the acid plant. After the slag is removed, a final injection of oxygen removes all but a trace of sulfur. The resulting molten material is called the blister and contains about 99% copper by weight. Refining Even though copper blister is 99% pure copper, it still contains high enough levels of sulfur, oxygen, and other impurities to hamper further refining. To remove or adjust the levels of these materials, the blister copper is first fire refined before it is sent to the final electrorefining process. 8 The blister copper is heated in a refining furnace, which is similar to a converter described above. Air is blown into the molten blister to oxidize some impurities. A sodium carbonate flux may be added to remove traces of arsenic and antimony. A sample of the molten material is drawn and an experienced operator determines when the impurities have reached an acceptable level. The molten copper, which is about 99.5% pure, is then poured into molds to form large electrical anodes, which act as the positive terminals for the electrorefining process. 9 Each copper anode is placed in an individual tank, or cell, made of polymer-concrete. There may be as many as 1,250 tanks in operation at one time. A sheet of copper is placed on the opposite end of the tank to act as the cathode, or negative terminal. The tanks are filled with an acidic copper sulfate solution, which acts as an electrical conductor between the anode and cathode. When an electrical current is passed through each tank, the copper is stripped off the anode and is deposited on the cathode. Most of the remaining impurities fall out of the copper sulfate solution and form a slime at the bottom of the tank. After about 9-15 days, the current is turned off and the cathodes are removed. The cathodes now weigh about 300 lb (136 kg) and are 99.95-99.99% pure copper. 10 The slime that collects at the bottom of the tank contains gold, silver, selenium, and tellurium. It is collected and processed to recover these precious metals. Casting 11 After refining, the copper cathodes are melted and cast into ingots, cakes, billets, or rods depending on the final application. Ingots are rectangular or trapezoidal bricks, which are remelted along with other metals to make brass and bronze products. Cakes are rectangular slabs about 8 in (20 cm) thick and up to 28 ft (8.5 m) long. They are rolled to make copper plate, strip, sheet, and foil products. Billets are cylindrical logs about 8 in (20 cm) in diameter and several feet (meters) long. They are extruded or drawn to make copper tubing and pipe. Rods have a round cross-section about 0.5 in (1.3 cm) in diameter. They are usually cast into very long lengths, which are coiled. This coiled material is then drawn down further to make copper wire. Quality Control Because electrical applications require a very low level of impurities, copper is one of the few common metals that are refined to almost 100% purity. The process described above has been proven to produce copper of very high purity. To ensure this purity, samples are analyzed at various steps to determine whether any adjustment to the process is required. Byproducts/Waste The recovery of sulfuric acid from the copper smelting process not only provides a profitable byproduct, but also significantly reduces the air pollution caused by the furnace exhaust. Gold, silver, and other precious metals are also important byproducts. Waste products include the overburden from the mining operation, the tailings from the concentrating operation, and the slag from the smelting operation. This waste may contain significant concentrations of arsenic, lead, and other chemicals, which pose a potential health hazard to the surrounding area. In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulates the storage of such wastes and the remediation of the area once mining and processing operations have ceased. The sheer volume of the material involved—in some cases, billions of tons of waste—makes this a formidable task, but it also presents some potentially profitable opportunities to recover the useable materials contained in this waste. The Future Demand for copper is expected to remain high, especially in the electrical and electronics industries. The current trends in copper processing are towards methods and equipment that use less energy and produce less air pollution and solid waste. In the United States, this is a difficult assignment because of the stringent environmental controls and the very low-concentration copper ores that are available. In some cases, the production costs may increase significantly. One encouraging trend is the increased use of recycled copper. Currently over half the copper being produced in the United States comes from recycled copper. Fifty-five percent of the recycled copper comes from copper machining operations, such as screw forming, and 45% comes from the recovery of used copper products, such as electrical wire and automobile radiators. The percentage of recycled copper is expected to grow as the costs of new copper processing increase. Where to Learn More	Smelting
In 'Eastenders', what part is played by Patsy Palmer - full name required?	gold processing \| Britannica.com Gold processing Gold processing, preparation of the ore for use in various products. Molten gold. Bob Thomason—Stone/Getty Images For thousands of years the word gold has connoted something of beauty or value. These images are derived from two properties of gold, its colour and its chemical stability. The colour of gold is due to the electronic structure of the gold atom, which absorbs electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths less than 5600 angstroms but reflects wavelengths greater than 5600 angstroms—the wavelength of yellow light. Gold’s chemical stability is based on the relative instability of the compounds that it forms with oxygen and water—a characteristic that allows gold to be refined from less noble metals by oxidizing the other metals and then separating them from the molten gold as a dross. However, gold is readily dissolved in a number of solvents, including oxidizing solutions of hydrochloric acid and dilute solutions of sodium cyanide. Gold readily dissolves in these solvents because of the formation of complex ions that are very stable. Gold (Au) melts at a temperature of 1,064° C (1,947° F). Its relatively high density (19.3 grams per cubic centimetre) has made it amenable to recovery by placer mining and gravity concentration techniques. With a face-centred cubic crystal structure, it is characterized by a softness or malleability that lends itself to being shaped into intricate structures without sophisticated metalworking equipment. This in turn has led to its application, from earliest times, to the fabrication of jewelry and decorative items. History The history of gold extends back at least 6,000 years, the earliest identifiable, realistically dated finds having been made in Egypt and Mesopotamia c. 4000 bc. The earliest major find was located on the Bulgarian shores of the Black Sea near the present city of Varna. By 3000 bc gold rings were used as a method of payment. Until the time of Christ, Egypt remained the centre of gold production. Gold was, however, also found in India, Ireland, Gaul, and the Iberian Peninsula . With the exception of coinage, virtually all uses of the metal were decorative—e.g., for weapons, goblets, jewelry, and statuary. Similar Topics refrigeration Egyptian wall reliefs from 2300 bc show gold in various stages of refining and mechanical working. During these ancient times, gold was mined from alluvial placers—that is, particles of elemental gold found in river sands. The gold was concentrated by washing away the lighter river sands with water, leaving behind the dense gold particles, which could then be further concentrated by melting. By 2000 bc the process of purifying gold-silver alloys with salt to remove the silver was developed. The mining of alluvial deposits and, later, lode or vein deposits required crushing prior to gold extraction, and this consumed immense amounts of manpower. By ad 100, up to 40,000 slaves were employed in gold mining in Spain. The advent of Christianity somewhat tempered the demand for gold until about the 10th century. The technique of amalgamation , alloying with mercury to improve the recovery of gold, was discovered at about this time. The colonization of South and Central America that began during the 16th century resulted in the mining and refining of gold in the New World before its transferal to Europe; however, the American mines were a greater source of silver than gold. During the early to mid-18th century, large gold deposits were discovered in Brazil and on the eastern slopes of the Ural Mountains in Russia. Major alluvial deposits were found in Siberia in 1840, and gold was discovered in California in 1848. The largest gold find in history is in the Witwatersrand of South Africa . Discovered in 1886, it produced 25 percent of the world’s gold by 1899 and 40 percent by 1985. The discovery of the Witwatersrand deposit coincided with the discovery of the cyanidation process, which made it possible to recover gold values that had escaped both gravity concentration and amalgamation. With E.B. Miller’s process of refining impure gold with chlorine gas (patented in Britain in 1867) and Emil Wohlwill’s electrorefining process (introduced in Hamburg, Ger., in 1878), it became possible routinely to achieve higher purities than had been allowed by fire refining. Ores Ringling Bros. Folds Its Tent The major ores of gold contain gold in its native form and are both exogenetic (formed at the Earth’s surface) and endogenetic (formed within the Earth). The best-known of the exogenetic ores is alluvial gold. Alluvial gold refers to gold found in riverbeds, streambeds , and floodplains. It is invariably elemental gold and usually made up of very fine particles. Alluvial gold deposits are formed through the weathering actions of wind, rain, and temperature change on rocks containing gold. They were the type most commonly mined in antiquity. Exogenetic gold can also exist as oxidized ore bodies that have formed under a process called secondary enrichment, in which other metallic elements and sulfides are gradually leached away, leaving behind gold and insoluble oxide minerals as surface deposits. Building Blocks of Everyday Objects Endogenetic gold ores include vein and lode deposits of elemental gold in quartzite or mixtures of quartzite and various iron sulfide minerals, particularly pyrite (FeS2) and pyrrhotite (Fe1-xS). When present in sulfide ore bodies, the gold, although still elemental in form, is so finely disseminated that concentration by methods such as those applied to alluvial gold is impossible. Native gold is the most common mineral of gold, accounting for about 80 percent of the metal in the Earth’s crust. It occasionally is found as nuggets as large as 12 millimetres (0.5 inch) in diameter, and on rare occasions nuggets of native gold weighing up to 50 kilograms are found—the largest having weighed 92 kilograms. Native gold invariably contains about 0.1 to 4 percent silver. Electrum is a gold-silver alloy containing 20 to 45 percent silver. It varies from pale yellow to silver white in colour and is usually associated with silver sulfide mineral deposits. Gold also forms minerals with the element tellurium; the most common of these are calaverite (AuTe2) and sylvanite (AuAgTe4). Other minerals of gold are sufficiently rare as to have little economic significance. Of the world’s known mineral reserves of gold ore, 50 percent is found in South Africa, and most of the rest is divided among Russia, Canada, Australia, Brazil, and the United States . The largest single gold ore body in the world is in the Witwatersrand of South Africa. Mining and concentrating Facebook Twitter YouTube Instagram Pinterest The nature of the ore deposit determines the mining and mineral processing techniques applied. Oxide ore deposits are frequently of such low grade (e.g., 3 to 10 parts per million) that extensive mineral processing cannot economically be justified. In this case they are merely shattered by explosives and then piled into heaps for extraction by cyanidation (see below). These heaps can be hundreds of metres long and 15 to 30 metres in height. Aerial view of the Nobles Nob gold mine, Northern Territory, Australia. age fotostock/SuperStock Alluvial deposits are either dredged from pond and river bottoms or sluiced from banks and floodplains with high-pressure hydraulic hoses. Alluvial deposits require little or no comminution; they are usually concentrated by gravity techniques such as jigging or tabling, in which a slurry is passed through jigs or over grooved or ridged tables that retain the denser gold particles while allowing the much less dense sand and gravel to pass over. Endogenetic deposits frequently contain elemental gold that is highly disseminated within a base metal sulfide mineral. These deposits are mined, crushed and ground, and then concentrated first by gravity separation to recover coarse particles of native gold before being subjected to froth flotation to concentrate the sulfide mineral fraction that contains the gold. Extraction and refining Amalgamation Elemental gold (and silver as well) is soluble in mercury , so that, when particles of the metal are brought into contact with a fresh mercury surface, they are wetted and dissolved, forming an alloy called amalgam . This phenomenon is exploited for the recovery and concentration of fine particulate gold or silver. Amalgamation is accomplished by passing a slurry of ore over copper plates coated with mercury, by mixing a slurry of ore and mercury in a cylindrical or conical vessel called an amalgam barrel, or by grinding the ore in a ball, rod, or pebble mill to free the gold from the mineral matrix and then adding mercury to the mill and continuing grinding until the gold has dissolved in the mercury. The denser amalgam is then separated from the now barren ore in the mill discharge. After filtration and washing to remove impurities, the amalgam is heated in a sealed retort to distill off the mercury, which is recovered for reuse. Britannica Lists & Quizzes Opium Wars Many gold-bearing ores and concentrates are not readily amenable to cyanidation, owing to the presence of substances that consume the cyanide reagent before it can dissolve the gold, preferentially adsorb the gold as it dissolves (a phenomenon called preg-robbing), or completely surround the gold particles in such a way as to prevent access by the cyanide leach solution. Such ores are referred to as refractory, and they frequently contain the sulfide minerals pyrite, pyrrhotite, or arsenopyrite. Gold can be freed from these ores or concentrates by treating them with various oxidizing processes. The most common method is to roast gold-bearing minerals at temperatures of 450° to 750° C (840° to 1,380° F) to destroy the interfering sulfides. Oxidation can also be accomplished by the use of high-pressure reactors called autoclaves , in which the minerals in an aqueous slurry are treated at high temperature and pressure with oxygen-bearing gases. After oxidation is complete, cyanidation, as described above, is employed to solubilize and extract the gold. A large proportion of gold is recovered from refractory ores, and considerable skill is required in the design and operation of such facilities. Refining Gold extracted by amalgamation or cyanidation contains a variety of impurities, including zinc, copper, silver, and iron. Two methods are commonly employed for purification: the Miller process and the Wohlwill process. The Miller process is based on the fact that virtually all the impurities present in gold combine with gaseous chlorine more readily than gold does at temperatures equal to or greater than the melting point of gold. The impure gold is therefore melted and gaseous chlorine is blown into the resulting liquid. The impurities form chloride compounds that separate into a layer on the surface of the molten gold. The Miller process is rapid and simple, but it produces gold of only about 99.5 percent purity. The Wohlwill process increases purity to about 99.99 percent by electrolysis . In this process, a casting of impure gold is lowered into an electrolyte solution of hydrochloric acid and gold chloride. Under the influence of an electric current, the casting functions as a positively charged electrode, or anode. The anode dissolves, and the impurities either pass into solution or report to the bottom of the electrorefining tank as an insoluble slime. The gold migrates under the influence of the electric field to a negatively charged electrode called the cathode, where it is restored to a highly pure metallic state. Although the Wohlwill process produces gold of high purity, it requires the producer to keep on hand a substantial inventory of gold (mainly for the electrolyte), and this is very costly. Processes based on direct chemical purification and recovery from solution as elemental gold can greatly speed gold processing and virtually eliminate expensive in-process inventories. Refining from scrap The processing of gold scrap varies not only with the gold content but also with the amenability of the gold in the scrap to extraction. Thus, the bulk of the gold may be recovered by leaching techniques using cyanidation or aqueous chlorination, and the residue may then be treated by smelting to recover the balance. Generally, scrap with a gold content of less than 0.1 percent, unless readily recoverable by leaching, is recycled back to a pyrometallurgical process. Metallic scrap gold from jewelry production is frequently melted on-site and reused. Assaying Fire assay is considered the most reliable method for accurately determining the content of gold, silver, and platinum-group metals (except osmium and ruthenium) in ores or concentrates. This process involves melting a gold-bearing sample in a clay crucible with a mixture of fluxes (such as silica and borax), lead oxide (called litharge), and a reducing agent (frequently flour). The fluxes lower the melting point of the oxidic materials, allowing them to fuse, and the molten litharge is reduced by the flour to extremely fine drops of lead dispersed throughout the charge. The drops of lead dissolve the gold, silver, and platinum-group metals, then coalesce and gradually descend through the sample to form a metallic layer at the bottom of the crucible. After cooling, the lead “button” is separated from the slag layer and heated under oxidizing conditions to oxidize and eliminate the lead. The shiny metallic bead that is left contains the precious metals. The bead is boiled in nitric acid to dissolve the silver (a process called parting), and the gold residue is weighed. If platinum metals are present, they will alter the appearance of the bead, and their concentration can sometimes be determined by use of an arc spectrograph. In the jewelry industry, gold content is specified by karat . Pure gold is designated 24 karats; therefore, each karat is equal to 4.167 percent gold content, so that, for example, 18 karats equals 18 × 4.167, or 75 percent gold. “ Fineness ” refers to parts per thousand of gold in an alloy ; e.g., three-nines fine would correspond to gold of 99.9 percent purity. The metal and its alloys Pure gold has virtually no industrial uses other than as a backing for currency. In reality, no country backs its currency with an equivalent amount of gold, but to some extent the solvency of a country is equated with its gold reserves. Jewelry represents the single largest use of gold. Because of the metal’s softness, it is alloyed with other metals to provide the requisite hardness and strength. Typical jewelry alloys include gold-silver, gold-copper, and gold-silver-copper. Most gold jewelry varies between 14 and 18 karats. Gold also finds extensive use in the casting of dental bridges and crowns. Here it is usually alloyed with silver and copper, although platinum or palladium are sometimes added to increase strength. Because of its combination of high electrical conductivity and high corrosion resistance, gold is used in the plating of electronic contacts and transistor bases and in gold-based solders of extremely high reliability for semiconductor silicon chips. Owing to its chemical stability, gold has virtually no applications as a catalyst . However, it is sometimes used as a substrate for platinum catalysts employed in the production of nitric acid. Chemical compounds Chemical compounds of gold include potassium dicyanoaurate, K[Au(CN)2], used in gold electroplating baths, and chloroauric acid, HAuCl4, used as an intermediate in the production of other gold compounds and occasionally for colouring ceramics. Gold salts are also used as anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.	i don't know
Which Prime Minister had the middle names Charles Lynton?	Tony Blair as 'Miranda ' Tony Blair as 'Miranda ' HE WHO PAYS THE PIPER T Stokes London People ask, 'why do politicians get into power and then ignore the wishes of the electorate' ? its quite simple the financial backers choose carefully people with character flaws that can be bribed or blackmailed. Look at Winston Churchill in the thirties, both the Times mag and Homes and Gardens magazine voted Hitler man of the year, Manpower mag said if Hitler can achieve such prosperity and with full employment surely we can do it in Britain? Many in government admired him and Oswald Mosely was such a talented negotiator and politician that he was asked to lead both major political parties but knew they were too infiltrated and corrupted so started his own National Socialists party as an alternative. Neville Chamberlain had a team which secretly spent 4 years studying the German model and planned to implement part of it in Britain, suddenly Churchill decided the Russians are not the threat but Germany, and agitates for war; Hitler was shocked at this because under the Chamberlain agreements the Anglo Saxon family were to join against Russia. Churchill had huge gambling, drinking and whoring bills, and Jock Colville claimed he usually insisted on ginger haired prostitutes, so they bought him a ginger tomcat as a private joke. Churchillï¿½s sandhurst file, the original and proper one lists him as, 'a confirmed sodomite and a menace to the younger boys' ( Courtesy of guy burgess diaries ) this waywardness allowed Churchill to be used by the bankers, under the carrot and the stick, you do as we say and you get paid x amount, you donï¿½t do as we say and we ruin you. In W W 1 Churchill took bankers cash in the name of Colonel Arden, and W W II his secretary said several names were used, Mr. A Connerï¿½s was alleged to be just one. How Britain came to be in the EU under such disastrous terms was because Edward Heath was allegedly a cuprophiliac, he would regularly take boys from certain care homes away on his boat for weekends. His sheets had to be perfectly white, clean ironed and perfumed, Heaths obsession with this made the boats name 'morning cloud' the subject of many in house jokes, nevertheless he was seriously warned 4 times by the police for hanging around public toilets, special branch had to appoint a man especially to protect him, it was Liberal party Leader Jeremy Thorpes threat to bring down Edward Heath and a big bunch of other politicians, which got him off the Norman Scott attempted murder court case. The name 'Mr. Eddy' was well known on Hampstead Heath and the boys home nearby in the seventies. Labour politician Tom Driberg was said to spend as much time in public lavatories as the houses of parliament and he gave in 1972 a long list of top people involved in 'blackmail-able' sexual pursuits to M I 5. This same list in the same order would later turn up in the KGB London office, top of this list was Sir Anthony Blunt, who was believed to be a procurer of men and young lads, when a person dies their bowels tighten then release, and Blunt was said to have strangled young boys while being sodomized in 'snuff' killings, this is supposed to heighten the sexual climax. He would obtain boys from care homes for David Temple, who was also known as 'Soxon Rothschild, because he always kept his socks on while naked. Blunt knew actor Peter Arne who allegedly would take food to tramps sleeping in the local park in exchange for sex and Arne had contacts at the top of the political tree, and was picked out by several boys in mug shot pics as hanging about outside boys schools. In 1983 at Bow St Magistrates Court a certain Charles Lynton was fined ï¿½50 for attempted soliciting in city toilets, the police notes were to disappear later along with several prior verbal warnings, Charles Lynton was at university well known as 'Miranda' a promiscuous cross dresser who played a guitar badly. Charles Lynton is Tony Blairï¿½s middle names, and it was lord levy who funded and greased Tony Blair through the hoop into the prime ministerï¿½s office for one reason, the Iraq war. Peter Mandelson and Cherie Blair hated each other, Mandelson as top Rothschild apparatchik for Britian was rumoured to boss and bully Blair, but after a row with the French the newspapers were tipped off anonymously that Frederic Mitterrand was paying young boys for sex, but a small security firm phone tapping for a newspaper, claimed the tip came from Mandelsons people. The NSA whistleblower David Murphy-Fawkes has said they listened in to all Tony Blairs calls, as the US senate saw him as a lightweight 'Pinocchio' figure. In march 2003 Peter Mandelson officially endorsed Leo Gillan as his political candidate, who then lost out to a man in a monkey suit, 'hangus' the monkey was offering a free banana to schoolchildren, 'hangus' was an in joke on the campaign to hang war criminals such as Saddam Hussein and Tony Blair. Mandelson while business minister showed his true metal while holidaying on Deripaskas yacht, now Deripaska is banned under organized crime regs in the USA, but according to the Daily Mail 23rd May 2010, Nat Rothschild, Deripaska and Mandelson shook hands on a ï¿½500 million aluminum deal that cost many Britons their jobs, much of this is said to be in chemtrail drops. These 3 were joked about in the MI5 canteen as 'the axis of evil' and 'the 3 jewboys' and when Mandelson was admitted into a French hospital recently with prostate problems, the French doctors report told of felching injuries, felching is the gay sport where a cardboard tube is pushed into the rectum and a small furry animal slid down inside, our Peter apparently was scratched internally rather badly. Peter Mandelson is controlling director of the NSPCC, and when Margaret Hodge ( Oppenheimer) was childrenï¿½s minister she lived next door to Tony Blair, they also knew childline funders Sarah Caplin and Esther Rantzen, who are connected to TV mogul Michael Grade. The Metropolitan police tell us that a score of scandals have hit childrenï¿½s homes across the country, and strangely all has gone very silent, except for the Holly Greg case, now this is the only one that involves a girl all the rest being boys, one reporter for a newspaper asked Westminster police why has all this not got out,? and pointed at chief childrenï¿½s minister Mrs. Hodge ? , and asked if this was a conspiracy of silence and if so why? Interestingly a score of names of frequent visitors to these care homes including pop musicians DJs and top politicians. Was a gag order imposed by Tony Blair,? including mention that Gordon Brown was close to several rent boys and Sarah Macauley was paid ï¿½50,000 to marry him and stay the course, this out of publisher Robert Maxwell's 'black widow fund' which went usually to Zionist activists. Maxwell's daughter Ghislaine is said to be fund administrator and close to Prince Andrew, and all this is why no politician does what it says on the tin, because they have to dance to the paymasters tune ï¿½He who pays the piper, calls the tune.' 'There are 1000 hacking at the branches of evil, but just 1 hacking at the root' - Henry Thoreau T Stokes London	Tony Blair
From what type of tree do we get Turpentine?	Cottaging - Anthony Charles Lynton Blair (Tony Blair, former PM of the UK) Cottaging - Anthony Charles Lynton Blair (Tony Blair, former PM of the UK) (too old to reply) 'He was charged and appeared in court at Bow Street Magistrates Court for importunity in a public toilet with another male. He tried to get sexual favour from the other man; little did he know that the toilet was being watched by police. Blair was fined £500, and walked away with nobody knowing who he really was as he used his middle names to cover who he was. Charles Lynton is the name used, and his friends in court got him off with a fine, because he is one of them.' http://tinyurl.com/c4z68ne :: 'He was charged and appeared in court at Bow Street Magistrates Court :: for importunity in a public toilet with another male. He tried to get :: sexual favour from the other man; little did he know that the toilet :: was being watched by police. Blair was fined £500, and walked away :: with nobody knowing who he really was as he used his middle names to :: cover who he was. Charles Lynton is the name used, and his friends :: in court got him off with a fine, because he is one of them.' :: but its not true, is it? True Blue 'He was charged and appeared in court at Bow Street Magistrates Court for importunity in a public toilet with another male. He tried to get sexual favour from the other man; little did he know that the toilet was being watched by police. Blair was fined 500, and walked away with nobody knowing who he really was as he used his middle names to cover who he was. Charles Lynton is the name used, and his friends in court got him off with a fine, because he is one of them.' http://tinyurl.com/c4z68ne Good to see the internet being used to its <cough> full potential !! Andy Wainwright 'He was charged and appeared in court at Bow Street Magistrates Court for importunity in a public toilet with another male. He tried to get sexual favour from the other man; little did he know that the toilet was being watched by police. Blair was fined £500, and walked away with nobody knowing who he really was as he used his middle names to cover who he was. Charles Lynton is the name used, and his friends in court got him off with a fine, because he is one of them.' http://tinyurl.com/c4z68ne I think they should have special bogs for this sort of thing, i.e. ladies, gents, pervs. I could certainly imagine Blair being bi though. Still, better that than a fake straight like most of the far right are... Mentalguy2k8 'He was charged and appeared in court at Bow Street Magistrates Court for importunity in a public toilet with another male. He tried to get sexual favour from the other man; little did he know that the toilet was being watched by police. Blair was fined £500, and walked away with nobody knowing who he really was as he used his middle names to cover who he was. Charles Lynton is the name used, and his friends in court got him off with a fine, because he is one of them.' http://tinyurl.com/c4z68ne Amazing that you can get prison time for calling a black man a monkey on the internet, yet someone can get away with this. Fredxx 'He was charged and appeared in court at Bow Street Magistrates Court for importunity in a public toilet with another male. He tried to get sexual favour from the other man; little did he know that the toilet was being watched by police. Blair was fined £500, and walked away with nobody knowing who he really was as he used his middle names to cover who he was. Charles Lynton is the name used, and his friends in court got him off with a fine, because he is one of them.' http://tinyurl.com/c4z68ne Amazing that you can get prison time for calling a black man a monkey on the internet, yet someone can get away with this. It's not called political correctness for nothing!! Janitor of Lunacy 'He was charged and appeared in court at Bow Street Magistrates Court for importunity in a public toilet with another male. He tried to get sexual favour from the other man; little did he know that the toilet was being watched by police. Blair was fined £500, and walked away with nobody knowing who he really was as he used his middle names to cover who he was. Charles Lynton is the name used, and his friends in court got him off with a fine, because he is one of them.' http://tinyurl.com/c4z68ne Amazing that you can get prison time for calling a black man a monkey on the internet, yet someone can get away with this. It's not called political correctness for nothing!! and we don't yet know whether they will "get away with this". My feeling is that they will not. 'He was charged and appeared in court at Bow Street Magistrates Court for importunity in a public toilet with another male. He tried to get sexual favour from the other man; little did he know that the toilet was being watched by police. Blair was fined £500, and walked away with nobody knowing who he really was as he used his middle names to cover who he was. Charles Lynton is the name used, and his friends in court got him off with a fine, because he is one of them.' http://tinyurl.com/c4z68ne Amazing that you can get prison time for calling a black man a monkey on the internet, yet someone can get away with this. It's not called political correctness for nothing!! and we don't yet know whether they will "get away with this". My feeling is that they will not.- Hide quoted text - - Show quoted text - Know nothing of the allegation, however, the former Prime Minister is confused about life - and confusion shows itself in different ways in younger people. Young men sometimes go through crisis before they find out who they are - and sometimes never get there! It's unlikely to be true due to his brilliance with Teflonics. Turk182 'He was charged and appeared in court at Bow Street Magistrates Court for importunity in a public toilet with another male. He tried to get sexual favour from the other man; little did he know that the toilet was being watched by police. Blair was fined £500, and walked away with nobody knowing who he really was as he used his middle names to cover who he was. Charles Lynton is the name used, and his friends in court got him off with a fine, because he is one of them.' http://tinyurl.com/c4z68ne Amazing that you can get prison time for calling a black man a monkey on the internet, yet someone can get away with this. It's not called political correctness for nothing!! and we don't yet know whether they will "get away with this". My feeling is that they will not.- Hide quoted text - - Show quoted text - Know nothing of the allegation, however, the former Prime Minister is confused about life - and confusion shows itself in different ways in younger people. Young men sometimes go through crisis before they find out who they are - and sometimes never get there! It's unlikely to be true due to his brilliance with Teflonics. Turk182- Hide quoted text - This is a rumour that has been going around for years but there is actually no evidence (that I can find) TC 'He was charged and appeared in court at Bow Street Magistrates Court for importunity in a public toilet with another male. He tried to get sexual favour from the other man; little did he know that the toilet was being watched by police. Blair was fined £500, and walked away with nobody knowing who he really was as he used his middle names to cover who he was. Charles Lynton is the name used, and his friends in court got him off with a fine, because he is one of them.' http://tinyurl.com/c4z68ne Amazing that you can get prison time for calling a black man a monkey on the internet, yet someone can get away with this. It's not called political correctness for nothing!! and we don't yet know whether they will "get away with this". My feeling is that they will not.- Hide quoted text - - Show quoted text - Know nothing of the allegation, however, the former Prime Minister is confused about life - and confusion shows itself in different ways in younger people. Young men sometimes go through crisis before they find out who they are - and sometimes never get there! It's unlikely to be true due to his brilliance with Teflonics. Turk182- Hide quoted text - This is a rumour that has been going around for years but there is actually no evidence (that I can find) "Young men sometimes go through crisis before they find out who they are" Pity the children had to be the means for them doing so ... -- 'He was charged and appeared in court at Bow Street Magistrates Court for importunity in a public toilet with another male. He tried to get sexual favour from the other man; little did he know that the toilet was being watched by police. Blair was fined £500, and walked away with nobody knowing who he really was as he used his middle names to cover who he was. Charles Lynton is the name used, and his friends in court got him off with a fine, because he is one of them.' http://tinyurl.com/c4z68ne Amazing that you can get prison time for calling a black man a monkey on the internet, yet someone can get away with this. It's not called political correctness for nothing!! and we don't yet know whether they will "get away with this". My feeling is that they will not. Hopefully! 'He was charged and appeared in court at Bow Street Magistrates Court for importunity in a public toilet with another male. He tried to get sexual favour from the other man; little did he know that the toilet was being watched by police. Blair was fined 500, and walked away with nobody knowing who he really was as he used his middle names to cover who he was. Charles Lynton is the name used, and his friends in court got him off with a fine, because he is one of them.' http://tinyurl.com/c4z68ne Ah yes, Charles Lynton...nudge...wink...wink...wink.... RH abelard 'He was charged and appeared in court at Bow Street Magistrates Court for importunity in a public toilet with another male. He tried to get sexual favour from the other man; little did he know that the toilet was being watched by police. Blair was fined £500, and walked away with nobody knowing who he really was as he used his middle names to cover who he was. Charles Lynton is the name used, and his friends in court got him off with a fine, because he is one of them.' http://tinyurl.com/c4z68ne don't be so rude..it's obvious he's a real manly sort of guy with a lovely wife...he'd have no motive and neither would those seeking alternative forms of entertainment http://www.democraticunderground.com/discuss/duboard.php?az=view_all&address=132x2778529 'He was charged and appeared in court at Bow Street Magistrates Court for importunity in a public toilet with another male. He tried to get sexual favour from the other man; little did he know that the toilet was being watched by police. Blair was fined £500, and walked away with nobody knowing who he really was as he used his middle names to cover who he was. Charles Lynton is the name used, and his friends in court got him off with a fine, because he is one of them.' http://tinyurl.com/c4z68ne don't be so rude..it's obvious he's a real manly sort of guy with a lovely wife...he'd have no motive and neither would those seeking alternative forms of entertainmenthttp://www.democraticunderground.com/discuss/duboard.php?az=view_all&... "Due to an unusually high level of traffic we are currently experiencing, the forums are temporarily closed to unregistered users. Click here to login to DU2. Or visit the new DU3, which is still open for everyone." DU3 appears to be all American. What is in this DU2 forum? R 'He was charged and appeared in court at Bow Street Magistrates Court for importunity in a public toilet with another male. He tried to get sexual favour from the other man; little did he know that the toilet was being watched by police. Blair was fined £500, and walked away with nobody knowing who he really was as he used his middle names to cover who he was. Charles Lynton is the name used, and his friends in court got him off with a fine, because he is one of them.' http://tinyurl.com/c4z68ne don't be so rude..it's obvious he's a real manly sort of guy with a lovely wife...he'd have no motive and neither would those seeking alternative forms of entertainmenthttp://www.democraticunderground.com/discuss/duboard.php?az=view_all&... "Due to an unusually high level of traffic we are currently experiencing, the forums are temporarily closed to unregistered users. Click here to login to DU2. Or visit the new DU3, which is still open for everyone." DU3 appears to be all American. What is in this DU2 forum? here is a smaller version that appears to be functional at this time 'He was charged and appeared in court at Bow Street Magistrates Court for importunity in a public toilet with another male. He tried to get sexual favour from the other man; little did he know that the toilet was being watched by police. Blair was fined £500, and walked away with nobody knowing who he really was as he used his middle names to cover who he was. Charles Lynton is the name used, and his friends in court got him off with a fine, because he is one of them.' http://tinyurl.com/c4z68ne don't be so rude..it's obvious he's a real manly sort of guy with a lovely wife...he'd have no motive and neither would those seeking alternative forms of entertainmenthttp://www.democraticunderground.com/discuss/duboard.php?az=view_all&... "Due to an unusually high level of traffic we are currently experiencing, the forums are temporarily closed to unregistered users. Click here to login to DU2. Or visit the new DU3, which is still open for everyone." DU3 appears to be all American. What is in this DU2 forum? this will possibly get you it in full size glorious technicolor http://tiny.cc/pmcdnw 'He was charged and appeared in court at Bow Street Magistrates Court for importunity in a public toilet with another male. He tried to get sexual favour from the other man; little did he know that the toilet was being watched by police. Blair was fined £500, and walked away with nobody knowing who he really was as he used his middle names to cover who he was. Charles Lynton is the name used, and his friends in court got him off with a fine, because he is one of them.' http://tinyurl.com/c4z68ne don't be so rude..it's obvious he's a real manly sort of guy with a lovely wife...he'd have no motive and neither would those seeking alternative forms of entertainmenthttp://www.democraticunderground.com/discuss/duboard.php?az=view_all&... "Due to an unusually high level of traffic we are currently experiencing, the forums are temporarily closed to unregistered users. Click here to login to DU2. Or visit the new DU3, which is still open for everyone." DU3 appears to be all American. What is in this DU2 forum? this will possibly get you it in full size glorious technicolorhttp://tiny.cc/pmcdnw What an utterly revolting sight. Roger Dewhurst 'He was charged and appeared in court at Bow Street Magistrates Court for importunity in a public toilet with another male. He tried to get sexual favour from the other man; little did he know that the toilet was being watched by police. Blair was fined 500, and walked away with nobody knowing who he really was as he used his middle names to cover who he was. Charles Lynton is the name used, and his friends in court got him off with a fine, because he is one of them.' http://tinyurl.com/c4z68ne When is this supposed to have happened? Surely it must have been before he was instantly recogniseable by everyone in the courtroom? R 'He was charged and appeared in court at Bow Street Magistrates Court for importunity in a public toilet with another male. He tried to get sexual favour from the other man; little did he know that the toilet was being watched by police. Blair was fined ï¿½500, and walked away with nobody knowing who he really was as he used his middle names to cover who he was. Charles Lynton is the name used, and his friends in court got him off with a fine, because he is one of them.' http://tinyurl.com/c4z68ne Hi, don't want to seem a pedant but the fine was £50 which was quite normal for the offence. The aim was NOT to destroy someone but to teach them propriety! The individual importuned was a close protection officer who had him under surveilance I am given to understand. He did not appear in Court and was allowed to use a KNOWN pseudonym, often a style in such cases, at the time. The record is no longer in the books as I have checked in some detail! He did NOT receive special treatment at the time as he was very junior. I gather his conviction was never reported to the bar which was in fact a mandatory point of honour - who would expect honour from Charles Lynton! Regards,	i don't know
Which English cathedral has three spires named 'The Ladies of the Vale'?	Lichfield Cathedral - Part 1 Lichfield Cathedral, Staffordshire - Part 1 Some history and the outside With its three spires, this is affectionately called the Ladies of the Vale. This has been a holy site since the martyrdom of Christians during Roman Times. St Chad moved his See from Repton to Lichfield in 669 and the first cathedral was built around 700AD to house the bones of St Chad. The original wooden Saxon church was replaced by a Norman building in the C11th and the present Gothic Cathedral was begun 1195 as the cathedral had become a major pilgrimage site. It took over a hundred years to build. The choir dates from 1220 and the transepts 1220-40. The octagonal chapter house was finished in 1249 and work on the nave began in 1260. The Lady Chapel was the last part to be built and was eventually finished in 1330. The Cathedral Close was surrounded by a ditch and defensive walls. The remains of these can be seen a the junction of Dam Street and the Close. The Close was fortified during the Civil War as the cathedral authorities supported the king while the townsfolk sided with parliament. It was the scene of fierce fighting and cathedral sustained considerable damage. The central spire was demolished, roofs ruined and medieval glass smashed. Restoration began in 1660 and it took until the C19th before the building was completely restored. The C15th library was pulled down as it was deemed to be unsafe. The books were moved to the chapter house. In the C19th, the Minton tiles were replaced in the choir. The west front was completely renovated by Sir George Gilbert Scott as a lot of the carvings were either damaged or badly eroded. The central spire was rebuilt in the 1950s and the Close paved. St Michaelï¿½s Chapel was redesigned as a military chapel of the Staffordshire Regiment. Restoration work still continues. In September 2013, the Flemish stained glass windows in the Lady Chapel had been removed for storage as the sandstone window surrounds were suffering erosion and water was getting in. The Cathedral is the most amazing building from the outside with its three spires rising to the sky from square towers. Every available space is carved. The chancel and Lady Chapel are as long, if not longer than the nave and have flying buttresses from the side aisle to the clerestory roof. On the outside of the south wall are remains of wall tombs, set under carved ogee arches with a triangular top. There is a highly carved south doorway with steps leading up to two blind arches on either side and carved figures of saints in the arches above. To the left of the doorway is a large and now quite eroded statue of Charles II which originally stood on top of an ornamental gable between the two spires. The side aisles are buttressed with carved statues and there is a low open carved battlement round the top of the chancel with crocketed pinnacles. The nave has massive buttresses with more flying buttresses to the clerestory with pinnacles along the top. The west tower is a mass of carved detail with blind arches, crocketed pinnacles and tall towers. The front is covered with carvings of bishops, kings and saints. There is a central doorway with smaller doorways on either side, all highly carved. The tympanum above the main door has a carved image of Christ in Majesty. Above the central window is a statue of Christ giving the blessing with a small cross above. The north door has a double doorway with carved arches and statues of the Virgin and Child and also of St Chad. The cathedral is open daily. A photography permit is needed and can be bought at the cathedral shop for ï¿½3.	Lichfield
Prince William attended which University?	Lichfield Cathedral - Lichfield City Council Lichfield Cathedral Site Map Lichfield Cathedral Lichfield Cathedral has a splendid setting and a fascinating history. Its three spires are unique amongst medieval cathedrals and are often referred to as 'the Ladies of the Vale'. The church's history begins in the 7th century when Bishop Chad moved the seat of his diocese to Lichfield. Although only Bishop for three years, Chad converted many to Christianity and after his death he remained a popular figure inspiring many miracles. From 700 his body was interred in a Saxon cathedral which lies beneath the present building. In the latter years of the 11th century a Norman building began to replace the Saxon one and a few pieces of the Norman stonework are still visible in Consistory Court. At about the same time Bishop de Clinton fortified the Close and laid out the City to cater for the pilgrims visiting the shrine of St Chad. Within a century, however, work began on the Gothic cathedral, which we see today. The Choir dates from 1200, the Transepts from 1220 to 1240 and the Nave was started in 1260. Through the next hundred years, additions were made, including the Vestibule which leads from the north Choir Aisle to the Chapter House and contains a unique medieval pedilavium where, following the example of Jesus at the Last Supper, feet were washed on Maundy Thursday. The octagonal Chapter House, which was completed in 1249 and is one of the most beautiful parts of the Cathedral with some charming stone carvings, houses an exhibition of the Cathedral's greatest treasure, the Lichfield Gospels, an 8th century illuminated manuscript. In 1285 the nave was rebuilt and then the Lady Chapel, completed in 1330, was built to contain the shrine of St Chad. Today it contains the 16th century Herckenrode glass. During the English Civil War in the 1640's the destruction was intense as the Cathedral was at the centre of some of the fiercest fighting of the war. At the end of three bitter sieges the church had been devastated by war damage, troop garrisons, and vandalism. After the Restoration of Charles II, Bishop Hacket and his prebendaries began a long process of restoring the Cathedral to its former glory. Although the 18th century was a Golden Age for the city of Lichfield, it was a period of decay for the Cathedral. The 15th century library, on the north side of the nave, was pulled down and the books moved to their present location above the Chapter House. Most of the statues on the West Front were removed and the stonework covered with Roman cement. At the end of the century James Wyatt organised some major structural work, removing the High Alter to make one worship area of Choir and Lady Chapel and adding a massive stone screen at the entrance to the Choir. In the early years of the 19th century the Cathedral acquired two of its most famous treasures. In 1803 Sir Brooke Boothby bought the magnificent Flemish stained glass from Herckenrode Abbey which was placed in the windows of the Lady Chapel. Then in 1820 at the request of Ellen Jane Robinson, Francis Chantry sculpted his monument to her dead daughters known as 'The Sleeping Children'. It was only 60 years after Wyatt's work that Sir Gilbert Scott was commissioned to undertake his own programme of restoration. This was carried out with great sensitivity, working with original materials where possible and creating fine new imitations and additions when the originals were not available. Wyatt's choir-screen had utilised medieval stone-work which Scott in turn used to create the clergy's seats in the sanctuary. The new metal screen by Francis Skidmore and John Birnie Philip to designs by Scott himself is a triumph of High Victorian art, as are the fine Minton tiles in the choir, inspired by the medieval ones found in the Choir foundations and still seen in the Library. Fresh restoration work continued throughout the 20th century. In 1957 extensive work was carried out on the roofing and spires, a process which began again in 1987 with a ten year programme of repair and cleaning. Facilities for visitors in the Close have been improved by a Visitors' Study Centre, a tea room and a bookshop. Today concerts and major artistic events are often held in the Cathedral, especially in July when the annual International Lichfield Festival is held. Visitors for twelve hundred years have been coming to the Cathedral and visitors will continue to be attracted. You can visit the Lichfield Cathedral website by clicking here .	i don't know
Militarily, who or what is C.G.S.?	Brirish Army - Long Kesh Documents Long Kesh Documents Sitemap Brirish Army This page has been moved to google drive, click on link below, all the files here and more have been added to the new link. CHAPTER 1: BRITISH ARMY STRUCTURES 1-13 Chart 1(A) Summary of Chapter 13 CHAPTER 2: ARMY RANKS AND TRAINING 13-19 Chart 2(A) Army Ranks 3 Chart 2(B) Organisation in the Field Army 7 Chart 2© Summary of Chapter 19 CHAPTER 3: THE BRITISH ARMY AND THE MoD 20-28 Chart 3(A) The MoD 24 Chart 3(B) MoD Budget 25 Chart 3© Operational Chain of Command 27 CHAPTER 4: THE BRITISH ARMY IN IRELAND 29-35 CHAPTER 5: SPECIAL AGENCIES IN IRELAND 36-47 Chart 5(A) The Intelligence Network 43 Chart 5(B) The Intelligence Network in Ireland 42 Chart 5© Development of Covert Units 43 GLOSSARY: 48 BRITISH ARMY STRUCTURES: The British Army is currently divided into COMBAT ARMS and SERVICES. There are 8 combat arms; (a) Armour; (b) Artillery; © Engineers; (d) Signals; (e) Infantry; (f) Aviation; (g) Intelligence and (h) Special Forces. The services or corps consist of a wide variety of support and logistical groups such as maintenance engineers, medical corps, vetinary services, military police, nursing services plus specialised teams of legal advisers and physical trainers. The BA is currently going through a period of re-organisation and re-structuring which will last until the end of the decade. The basic units of combat arms and services remain unchanged but approximately 200 units of different sizes and roles are to be amalgamated, reduced or disbanded, many thousands of soldiers and MoD employees are to made redundant, so although the following chapter may, in the long run, contain some inaccuracies it is still a useful guide for illustrating the basic structures of the BA. It is no accident that the regimental system is the backbone of the BA’s structure, this system has a tribal aspect to it - group allegiances are forged through the regiment and this has been shown to have a powerful bonding effect in times of conflict. The link with the regimental history is reinforced by the use of distinctive uniforms and capbadges plus army bands and mascots. Each unit celebrates the anniversary of their own famous victories - it’s not surprising therefore thet in times of war soldiers show a greater willingness to fight for their regiment and comrades rather than romantic notions like `Queen and Country’. Rivalry is encouraged between different units, particularly between the infantry regiments, though the down side to this is the almost pathological hatred existing between certain `macho’ regiments like the Paras and Marines. The most influential officers within these structures are the Colonels Commandant of the regiments. These are honorary positions held by those ranked Major General and higher and are not to be confused with the Colonel who actually commands the regiment (see Chapter 2 for ranks). The Colonels Commandant lobby through their relevant Combat Arms Director eg the Director of Infantry or Director Royal Armoured Corps. It is a major weakness of the BA’s that army units performing different roles are in constant conflict with each other over resources and equipment, this is where the Colonels Commandant have a major influencing role acting as mediators between the regiment or corps and the MoD, it is recognised that infighting between the Arms or Services places the BA in a weaker position vis a vis the RAF and the Navy. COMBAT ARMS: (A) ARMOUR: This arm consists of the Royal Armoured Corps (RAC) and the Household Cavalry. It is currently made up of 19 regiments but this will be reduced to 11 by April 1st 1995. This arm was particularly vulnerable to cutbacks because of the changing situation in Europe. Most of the British units in Germany will have to leave by 1994; 12 out of the `heavy’ armoured regiments were stationed there and they rely extensively on the massive German training ranges, a facility they do not have in Britain. The RAC is divided into `heavy’ armoured and `light’ reconnaissance roles (heavy involves Chieftain tanks etc, light involves Warrior and Scimitar reconnaissance vehicles). (Pre cutbacks - 19) (after cutbacks - 11) LIFE GUARDS (LG) Amalgamated in Sept 92 but separate identies. BLUES & ROYALS (RHG/D) Now the HOUSEHOLD CAVALRY (HC). 1st THE QUEENS DRAGOON GUARDS (QDG) ROYAL SCOTS DRAGOON GUARDS (SCOTS DG) 9th/12th ROYAL LANCERS 9/12 L 4th/7th ROYAL DRAGOON GUARDS (4/7DG) Amalgamated to form the ROYAL 5th ROYAL INNISKILLING DRAGOON GUARDS (RDG) DRAGOON GUARDS (5 INNIS DG) QUEENS OWN HUSSARS (QOH) Amalgamated to form the QUEENS ROYAL IRISH HUSSARS (QRIH) QUEENS ROYAL HUSSARS (QRH) ROYAL HUSSARS (RH) Amalgamated to form the 14th/20th KINGS HUSSARS (14/20H) KINGS ROYAL HUSSARS (KRH) 13th/18th ROYAL HUSSARS (13/18H) Amalgamated to form15th/19th KINGS ROYAL HUSSARS the LIGHT DRAGOONS (15/19H) (LD) 16th/5th QUEENS ROYAL LANCERS(16/5L) Amalgamated to form the QUEENS 17th/21st LANCERS (17/21L) ROYAL LANCERS (QRL) 1st/2nd/3rd/4th ROYAL TANK REGIMENT (RTR) 1st & 2nd RTR to join to become 1st RTR, 2nd & 3rd to become 2nd RTR. (B) ARTILLERY: The Royal Regiment of Artillery (RA) is the largest single regiment in the BA. Two thirds of its personnel is based in Germany and it is suffering from a shortage of officers, so it too is vulnerable to cutbacks. The introduction of its most powerful weapon, the Multi Launch Rocket System (MLRS) during the Gulf war may ironically have strengthened the case for the reduction of normal artillery units due to its tremendous firepower. The RA has more `tied’ posts than any other cap badge (ie posts reserved for officers of a specific regiment eg a Major General RA at Corps HQ Germany and a Commander RA (Brig) at each Divisional HQ). Every armoured brigade has one field artillery regiment (consisting of two troops of four guns each - a total of 56 soldiers). The HQ RA is at Woolwich, the base for the 17th Training Regiment for RA adult recruits, the Director RA and his staff, the TAHQ (territorials) and the various regimental associations. The RA also have a base at Larkhill. The regimental senior officer is known as the Master Gunner.2 The Artillery Regiment will be reduced from 14 to 9 Field Regiments, there will be a total of 4 Air Defence Regiments and the total number of batteries will fall from 76 to 56 (a loss of c. 2000 soldiers and officers). There will still be 3 Heavy Regiments, 1 Commando and 1 Parachute RA Regiment. (C) ENGINEERS: The Corps of Royal Engineers (RE) have more degrees amongst its recruits than any other. It maintains about half of its strength in the Rhine Army and is responsible for traditional `sapper’ tasks like road building, surveys, maps, trench digging, demolition and airfield repair and construction. Their main operational commitment is in Ireland where there are plans underway to maintain a permanent engineering regiment in Antrim Town. Their two main tasks are defence construction and searching for bombs and booby traps (the RE search for them and the Royal Army Ordnance Corps (RAOC) dispose of them). The RE are also involved in providing boats and divers eg 33 Independent Field Squadron based on Lough Neagh. RE involvement in construction work has increased since IRA activity against contractors was stepped up, there are about 300 RE construction workers present at any one time and their need for protection ties down a lot of the local infantry. Search teams are attached to each of the three brigade areas and come from a reinforced squadron on a 6 month roulement tour. Each team of six is commanded by a Royal Engineer Search Adviser (RESA), usually a Sergeant. Their main task is to clear a path for an ATO from the RAOC, they also dispose of mines (in the normal military sense) and unexploded ariel ordnance as well as clearing army firing ranges. Their search technique for uncovering hidden bombs and dumps is called the Winthrop Method - it involves thinking like the person who hid the bomb or dump and trying to determine what would be an obvious hiding place or what would stand out as a good marker (eg a large tree). By 1997 the RE will lose 5 of its 15 regiments as well as 3 Independent Squadrons. The Regimental HQ is at Chatham in Kent. (D) SIGNALS: The Royal Corps of Signals (R Sigs) serve everywhere - there is a detachment where there is an army outpost. They have the highest proportion of Welbexians (recruits from the army 6th form Welbeck college), currently about 50% of serving officers though they are also the worst recruited arm for soldiers. Every armoured division has its own HQ and Signals Regiment which provides each Brigade with a HQ and Signals Squadron. Their main task is to operate PTARMIGAN - the army’s secure communications system. In Britain the Royal Sigs have an Apprentice’s College at Harrogate, a School of Signals at Blandford and the 8th and 11th Training Regiment at Catterick in Yorkshire. Blandford is also the base for the 30th Signals Regiment which operates a SATCOM system for overseas units, the other SATCOM specialist is the 264 Signals Regiment permanently attached to the SAS. The tri-service Defence Automatic Data Processing Training Centre is based at the School of Signals, the BA is having problems holding onto its skilled computer operators here and this is one reason why the proportion of women in the ranks is likely to rise. The senior signals officers are known as the Signals Officer in Chief and the Master of Signals. By April 1995 the Royal Corps of Signals will lose 10 of its 15 signals regiments and will organise its electronic warfare units into a single regiment. (E) INFANTRY: The infantry represents about 25% of the BA’s strength, it is organised into 8 administrative divisions. These divisions were created during the last major army re-organisation in 1968 under the then Defence Secretary Dennis Healey. In the future these divisions may be replaced with a series of three brigades similar to the three infantry brigades in Ireland, each having a defined territory and a locally based part-time element to cut costs. These brigades will most likely be made up of one home based battalion with both regular and part-time soldiers; one UK battalion co-located with the home battalion and an overseas battalion for service in Ireland or internationally. This is necessary to make the BA a more attractive career otherwise highly trained soldiers will continue to leave in droves, the constant re-roling (eg going from Germany to Ireland) places intolerable strain on married personnel, many of whom are looking for a more settled lifestyle. Traditionally the BA has always prepared infantry battalions for every role imaginable, this stemmed from from the many colonial wars the British were involved in but the signs are that in the near future infantry regiments will be required to specialise in a particular role (this happened the armoured regiments in the early 70’s - they had to choose between a `heavy’ or `light’ role where previously they had taken turns at both). Training and administration will continue to become more centralised. By March 1998 the infantry will be reduced from 55 to 40 battalions. Guards Division The Guards Division is made up of the two regiments of the Household Cavalry - The Life Guards and the Blues and Royals, as well as the five regiments of the Foot Guards. Changes Grenadier Guards (1st/2nd GREN GDS) The 2nd battalion of the Gren Coldstream Guards (1st/2nd COLDM GDS) Gds, Coldm Gds and SG go into Scots Guards (1st/2nd SG) suspended animation from Irish Guards (IG) 1993 onwards ie the name is Welsh Guards (WG) retained but the batt is in plus effect disbanded. Life Guards LG}Household LG and RHG/D Blues & Royals RHG/D} Cavalry amalgamated.4 The Household Cavalry has administrative independence from the RAC but its soldiers are trained at Catterick and its officers go to Bovington with other RAC trainees. It also differs from the line cavalry regiments in the RAC (Dragoon Guards, Lancers, Hussars etc) in that it does not undertake lengthy, boring tours of Germany like they do - some of which last 10-12 years - but instead they alternate their roles and locations every five years. The number of Foot Guard battalions has been cut from eight to five, their role is to act as the monarch’s personal body guard. The Guard’s HQ is at Wellington Barracks. The `public duty’ battalions (who perform the Changing of the Guard etc) have the highest turnover in the BA, up to thirty per cent leaving each year. There are usually five public duty battalions stationed in and around London at either Wellington Barracks, Chelsea Barracks, Hounslow, Pirbright or Caterham. Other commitments such as a tour in Ireland or Belize or training as a Spearhead Battalion (on standby for an out-of-area operation) may reduce this figure to two or three. Each public duty team of 120 Guards and 4 officers can perform either the Queen’s Guard (Buckingham and St Jame’s Palaces), Tower Guard (Tower of London) or the Windsor Guard (one officer and thirty guards only when the Queen is present). On very rare occasions a team will act as standby for Heathrow Airport if problems are expected. For the first time ever women were allowed to participate in a public duty parade in Sept ‘92 because of the problems with recruiting. In future, cutbacks in the Foot Guards will mean that public ceremonies will be carried out by six groups of seventy guards instead of the usual eight groups. An active social life is important for both Cavalry and Guards, they have two of the strongest Freemason lodges in the BA - the Household Division Lodge for officers and the Comrades Lodge for senior NCOs and warrant officers. The four month long ceremonial season begins in April with the Major General’s Parade, the Major General commanding the Household Division also doubles as the GOC London District. The division has its own club - The Cavalry and Guards Club - next door to the RAF club in Picadilly whose membership is limited to the military. There also exists a strong `old boy’ network, retiring Cavalry or Guards Officers are regularly recruited into a number of institutions, especially merchant bankers like Robert Fleming, Cazenove and Co and NM Rothschild. Scottish Division The Scottish Division is traditionally one of the best recruited. It currently consists of seven regiments, four of which are highland and three lowland but this will be cut to six regiments in total. Changes Kings Own Scottish Borderers (KOSB) Black Watch (BW) Queens Own Highlanders (QO HLDRS) QOH and Gordons to Gordon Highlanders (Gordons) amalgamate in 1994 (new name not decided) Argyll & Sutherland Highlanders (A&SH) The RS traditionally draw recruits from Edinburgh and Lothian, the RHF recruit from Glasgow and Ayrshire and the KOSB from the entire Borders area (these are the three lowland regiments). The BW is a Dundee and Tayside regiment, the other three, QO Hldrs, Gordons and A&SH recruit generally throughout the highlands. The Divisional HQ is at Craigiehall near Edinburgh. Queens Division This division is one of the biggest with three large regiments of three battalions each, though it also suffers a recruitment problem and is up to two whole battalions understrength. The Divisional Depot is at Bassingbourn in Hertfordshire and all three regiments recruit from a wide area. Changes Queens Regiment (1st/2nd/3rd QUEENS) Queens amalgamated with Royal Regiment of Fusiliers Royal Hampshire Reg (1st/2nd/3rd RRF) to form the Princess of Royal Anglian Regiment Wales Royal Reg. (1st/2nd/3rd R ANGLIAN) (PWRR) Both the RRF and the R Anglian have been reduced to two battalions. Kings Division This division covers the North East, especially Merseyside and the North. It has no problems with recruiting. The Kings own Border Reg has its HQ at Carlisle Castle but recruits from Northern Lancashire (Manchester and Liverpool), the Queens Lancashire Reg is based around Burnley and Blackpool and the Duke of Wellington Reg recruits around West Yorkshire. The Divisional Depot is at Chester Castle. Kings Own Border Regiment (KINGS OWN BORDER) Kings Regiment (KINGS) Prince of Wales Own Regiment (PWO) Green Howards (GREEN HOWARDS) Royal Irish Rangers merged with Royal Irish Rangers (R IRISH) UDR to form the Royal Irish Queens Lancashire Regiment (QLR) Regiment (RIR). It has 2 Duke of Wellington Regiment (DWR) General Service batts for worldwide use and 7 for use in Ireland. Prince of Wales Division This division is being reduced from nine to seven battalions. The Divisional HQ is at Lichfield, Staffordshire. Changes Devonshire & Dorset Regiment (D&D) Cheshire Regiment (CHESHIRE) Staffordshire Regiment (STAFFORDS) Glosters & Derr to join Royal Welsh Fusiliers (RWF) in ‘94 to form the Royal Royal Regiment of Wales (RRW) Gloucestershire, Gloucestershire Regiment (GLOSTERS) Berkshire & Wiltshire Reg Duke of Edinburghs Royal Regiment (DERR) Worcester & Sherwood Foresters (WFR) R Hamps amalgamated with Royal Hampshire Regiment (RHAMPS) Queens (Queens Division) to form the PWRR. Light Division This is the smallest of the divisions. The HQ is at Flowerdown in Wiltshire. Changes Light Infantry (1st/2nd/3rd LI) Both regiments have lost one Royal Green Jackets (1st/2nd/3rd RGJ) battalion each (now 4 in all). Airborne Division This consists soley of the Parachute regiment whose depot is based at Aldershot. They are one of the few regiments with no recruiting problems. Parachute Regiment (1st/2nd/3rd PARA) Brigade of Gurkhas This is probably the most threatened of the divisions. Before Options For Change there were five battalions as well as separate Engineer, Signals and Transport regiments. By 1997 the numbers in the division will fall from 7,000 to 2,500. Changes 2nd King Edward 7th Own Gurkha Rifles (1st/2nd 2GR) 6th Queen Elizabeth Own Gurkha Rifles (6GR) 2GR, 6GR, 7GR 7th Duke of Edinburgh Gurkha Rifles (7GR) & 10GR will 10th Princess Mary’s Own Gurkha Rifles (10GR) merge in 1995 Queens Gurkha Engineers (QGE) to form the Queens Gurkha Signals (QG SIGNALS) Royal Gurkha Rifles Queens Gurkha Transport Regiment (GTR)(1st/2nd/3rd) (F) AVIATION: The forerunner of todays Army Air Corps was formed in 1957 out of artillery observer and light liaison flights. In 1973 it became a combat arm in its own right. Recruits to the AAC are soldiers first and pilots second. They must serve a minimum of 3 years as ground crew by which time they should have reached the rank of corporal before taking an aptitude test and pilot training if accepted. Two officers staff each helicopter, the P1 pilot is the aircraft commander, the co-pilot (P2) can take over if complicated manoeuvres have to be carried out. To become P1 standard a senior NCO cadre course is taken. A good AAC recruit can achieve this within 13 years. AAC officers face a rigorous test procedure as well as, and separate from, the Regular Commissions Board (see Chapter 2). It includes a medical test and further aptitude tests. The natural rival to the AAC is the RAF who are still responsible for transport helicopters (Wessex, Chinook and Puma) whilst the AAC fly “attack” helicopters (Gazelles and Lynx) to give support to ground troops in Ireland. Recently the BA and Navy began to question the need for a separate air arm at all, they are pushing the idea that operational support to land and naval forces should come under army and naval control. A major boost for the AAC was the formation in 1988 of the 24th Air Mobile Brigade based in Catterick consisting of three infantry battalions, an engineer squadron and the newly formed 9th Regiment ACC. A major problem is the poaching of ACC pilots who are rated very highly in civilian life. (G) Intelligence: The Intelligence Corps (Int Corps) was first raised in World War 1, mainly to interrogate POWs. Its existence was in doubt until WW2 when the subsequent wars in the various colonies, in Borneo in particular, established the corps as permanent fixture. It became a combat arm in 1985 on the strength of its experiences in Ireland. Its recruits are usually of above average intelligence, they automatically pass out of the training depot as a Lance Corporal. Intelligence is seen as a growth industry and an increasing number of senior positions are “tied” to the intelligence corps (i.e. can only be filled by a member of that corps). It is one of the few corps to accept women for tactical reasons, not because of staffing problems, even so, only 5% of the corps’ officers are women. It is one of the least insular corps because of its practice of sending out small detachments to various regiments with a wide variety of roles. Despite its recent creation the Int Corps will exert a great deal of influence in the future. (H) Special Forces: Special Air Service (SAS) The BA deliberately maintains an air of mystery around the SAS, it is good for its image and it promotes curiousity and fascination, strong recruitment attractions. It was formed during WW2 by a foot guard, David Stering, which is why its sub-units are known as sabre squadrons (these are usually cavalry sub-units). There are four of these in the regular SAS regiment (22 SAS), A,B,D and G. Each squadron is further divided into four troops, each of which specialises in a particular role ( free falling, vehicles, mountain and artic warfare etc). Like the Int Corps, the SAS can do no wrong at the moment, many of its ex members and commanders are now occupying senior positions in the BA, the shift towards lighter, highly specialised, super-fit airborne troops continues to push them to the forefront. SERVICES Royal Army Ordnance Corps (RAOC) Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME) Royal Army Medical Corps (RAMC) Royal Army Pay Corps (RAPC) Royal Army Vetinary Corps (RAVC) Royal Army Educational Corps (RAEC) Royal Army Dental Corps (RADC) Royal Army Chaplin’s Department (RA Ch D) Royal Pioneer Corps (RPC) Small Arms School Corps (SASC) Army Physical Training Corps (APTC) Womens Royal Army Corps (WRAC) Military Provost Staff Corps (MPSC) Some of these services are entirely independent and only involve a small number of soldiers but they are all highly specialised and vital to the smooth running of the modern army. From 1993 these services will be organised into separate corps, the largest will be known as the Royal Logistic Corps and will be headed by the Quarter-Master General. This RLC will be divided into two pillars. The first pillar - Service Support will be made up of the RCT, RAOC, RPC, ACC and the Royal Engineers Postal and Courier Service. The second pillar - Equipment Support will consist of the REME (see summary page 12). The other new Corps will be known as the Adjutant General’s Corps. It will oversee the RAPC, WRAC, RMP, MPSC, RAEC, ALC as well as the administrative staff of the RAOC. The Royal Corps of Transport’s primary task is to deliver stores, munitions and fuel to fighting troops. It uses three major ordnance centres at Bicester, Donnington and Kineton. At the moment the main supply route is still through Germany, supplies are routed through Marchwood military port to Ostend and Antwerp. The organisation is headed by the Director General of Transport and Movements and is based at Buller Barracks in Aldershot. His movement controllers preside over road, rail and sea links, and deal with virtually every arm and unit from deployment forces like the 5th Airborne Brigade deployed from the air mounting centre in Cirencester to individual soldiers and their families who fly via RAF Transport Command, Brize Norton. The RCT’s seaborne operations are based at Marchwood near Southampton (controlled by the 17th Port and Maritime Regiment). The RCT also trains drivers in every type of wheeled vehicle (Bovington trains drivers of tracked vehicles) at the School of Mechanical Transport near Leaconfield, Yorkshire. HGV tests are carried out by civilians at Blackdown, altogether the RCT trains 20,000 drivers a year, in Ireland the 21 Transport and Movement Regiment is responsible for the upkeep of the army “Pigs”. The Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers are based at Arborfield near Reading which is the largest training centre in Britain. They have their own training college - Princess Marina College - a Training Battalion, a School of Electronic Engineering and a REME Officers’ School. There are three lines of repair for REME units in support: the first line is the light aid detachment for on-the-spot work; the second line, mainly for Germany, is the armoured workshop for more substantial repairs; and the third line is carried out in any one of four base workshops - one separate workshop and three vehicle depot workshops. The BA is having problems holding onto skilled mechanics and engineers. The Royal Army Ordnance Corps, headed by the Director General of Ordnance Services, is also primarily concerned with the supply and replenishment of ordnance from Kineton (ammunition), and Bicester and Donnington (central ordnance depots). Each armoured division has its own ordnance battalion which can be up to 400 strong. For years its primary task was to keep the Rhine Army supplied; the route went from the depots in England to the 3rd Base Ammunition Depot in Bracht or to the Forward Vehicle Depot in Recklinghausen. The main aircraft support unit is based at Middle Wallop. Since 1965 the RAOC has had responsibility for Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD), their main job in this area is to store, service and, when required, destroy explosives. An ATO (Ammunition Technical Officer) will spend six months at Shrivenham studying ballistics and chemistry and a further seven months at the School of Ammunition in Kineton. Their final assessment takes place in the Longmoor FIBUA (Fighting In a Built-Up Area) estate organised by 11th Ordnance Battalion which has companies in Yorkshire, Middlesex and Herefordshire. ATOs are re-tested every six months and kept updated on the latest developments in Ireland. The Royal Military Police is around 2,000 strong and has a range of duties. The unit is based at Roussillon Barracks outside Chicester. The senior officer is known as the Provost Marshal who also heads the Military Provost Staff Corps. The training of recruits is divided into three phases. Firstly, “military enhancement” concentrating on map reading, nuclear, biological and chemical warfare, first aid and signals. The second phase is “police duties” and covers military law, the taking of statements and the Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE). The final phase of the sixteen and a half week course includes driver training and environmental testing. Once qualified the “Red Caps” can be sent anywhere. They deal with internal crime: level 1 crime is petty criminal activity and it ranges in seriousness to level 3 which involves murder, security breaches and major fraud. These serious crimes are handled by the Special Investigations Branch (SIB). SIB members are picked out after at least three years service in the RMP - the minimum rank for membership is Sergeant. They closely follow normal police procedures and the best of them are sent to the Joint Services Interrogation Wing at Ashford. Serious offenders are dealt with through a General Courts Martial (around 70 held every year). These are presided over by a full Colonel or a Brigadier, assisted by four other officers. A Judge-Advocate must be present to advise on the law. The typical court martial is the District Court Martial presided over by a Major with two assisting officers which can hand out a maximum sentence of two years. Again, a Judge-Advocate must be present - they come under the Judge-Advocate General, usually a retired County Court judge whose budget comes from the Lord Chancellor not the MoD. The RMP also works as a Close Protection Team, it began in the late 60’s and is now an integral part of their training. Candidates require superior upper body strength, the ability to carry out furious bursts of energy and possess a high degree of accuracy with a variety of weapons. When in Ireland, for example escorting a General, they operate in uniform. The MPSC is made up of voluntary transferees, its task is to operate and run the Military Corrective Training Centre at Berechurch Hall Camp in Colchester. This camp holds up to 200 prisoners and handles around 800 every year. The Army Legal Corps is a body of some fifty qualified barristers and solicitors commissioned as officers who give the BA legal advice on all matters concerning them. Any soldier involved in a fatal shooting in Ireland will be given immediate access to an ALC member to prepare a statement. Internally, in the case of an appeal from a court martial, the first appeal can be made to the convening officer of the original court martial, then to the Theatre C/o at HQ, then the Director of Army Service Conditions at the MoD and then the Army Board. The final court of appeal is the Courts Martial Appeal Court which is actually the High Court sitting under another name. The Women’s Royal Army Corps (WRAC) was in effect disbanded in June 1992 when it was decided that women recruits should join their regiments directly instead of being seconded from the WRAC. The BA aims to double the number of female recruits in the next ten years. Recent court cases alleging sex discrimination have forced the MoD into operating a fairer recruitment policy, they recently ended the rule that any female soldier who became pregnant had to leave the BA irrespective of rank. The overall lack of quality recruits also made the MoD reconsider their policy on women soldiers; eg although the RAF train women pilots, the AAC do not - but this is likely to change. The Royal Pioneer Corps perform a variety of duties ranging from security procedures to basic infantry and engineering skills to burying dead bodies and identifying remains. They mainly deal with the unloading and loading of supplies and also with guard duties around military installations. Their HQ is at Wootton in Northamptonshire, there are only five companies altogether including one at COD Bicester and one at Kineton ammunition depot. Each depot has anything up to eight platoons which consist of one officer and 24 NCOs and soldiers. They are involved in the defence of military installations in Ireland. The remaining services, though relatively small, perform highly specialised functions. There is no need to deal with them here. CHAPTER1 - BRITISH ARMY STRUCTURES Chart 1(a) SUMMARY - COMBAT ARMS & SERVICES (A) ARMOUR: SERVICES HOUSEHOLD CAVALRY HC SCOTTISH DIVISION: 1st THE QUEENS DRAGOON GUARDS QDG KINGS OWN SCOTTISH BORDERERS KOSB ADJUTANT GENERAL’S CORPS: ROYAL SCOTS DRAGOON GUARDS DG BLACK WATCH BW ROYAL ARMY PAY CORPS RAPC ROYAL DRAGOON GUARDS RDG ARGYLL & SUTHERLAND HIGHLANDERS A & SH ROYAL ARMY EDUCATIONAL CORPS RAEC THE QUEENS ROYAL HUSSARS QRH ROYAL SCOTS RS ROYAL MILITARY POLICE RMP KINGS ROYAL HUASSARS KRH ROYAL HIGHLAND FUSILIERS RHFARMY LEGAL CORP ALC THE LIGHT DRAGOONS LD (Plus one other regiment WOMEN’S ROYAL ARMY CORPS WRAC 9TH/12 ROYAL LANCERS 9/12 L -name not decided yet -Jan ‘93 MILITARY PROVOST STAFF CORPS QUEENS ROYAL LANCERS QRL 1ST/2ND ROYAL TANK REGIMENT RTR QUEENS DIVISION: ROYAL LOGISTIC CORPS: PRINCESS OF WALES ROYAL REGIMENT PWRR ROYAL CORPS OF TRANSPORT RCT ROYAL REGIMENT OF FUSILIERS 1st/2nd RRF ROYAL ARMY ORDINANCE CORPS RAOC (B) ARTILLERY: ROYAL ANGLICAN REGIMENT 1st/2nd R ANGLICAN ROYAL ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERS REME 9 Field Regiments, 3 Heavy ROYAL PIONEER CORPS RPC Regiments, 4 Air Defence KINGS DIVISION: ARMY CATERING CORPS ACC Regiments, 1 Commando, KINGS OWN BORDER 1 Para Regiment REGIMENT KINGS OWN BORDER OTHER SERVICES: KINGS REGIMENT ROYAL ARMY MEDICAL CORPS RAMC © ENGINEERS: PRINCE OF WALES OWN REGIMENT PWO ROYAL ARMY VETINARY CORPS RAVC THE CORPS OF ROYAL ENGINEERS RE GREEN HOWARDS GREEN HOWARDS ROYAL ARMY DENTAL CORPS RADC 10 Engineer Regiments, 1 Armoured QUEENS LANCASHIRE REGIMENT QLR ROYAL ARMY CHAPLIN’S DEPARMENT RAChD Engineer Regiment, 1 Amphibious DUKE OF WELLINGTON REGIMENT DWR SMALL ARMS SCHOOL CORPS SASC Engineer Regiment ARMY PHYSICAL TRAINING CORPS APTC PRINCE OF WALES DIVISION: QUEEN ALEXANDER’S ROYAL ARMY NURSING CORPS QARA ARMY RANKS British Army ranks are loosely divided into 3 bands of seniority, the lowest band, that of soldiers and Non Commissioned Officers (NCOs) runs from a private to a Regimental Sergeant Major (RSM). The second band, that of Regimental Officers, ranges from a 2nd Lieutenant to a Lieutenant Colonel and finally, the highest band in terms of seniority - the Staff Officers - range from a Colonel to a Field Marshal. See chart 2(A) ______________________________________________________________________ \|BRIGADIER: (1 STAR) BRIGADE COMMANDER \| \|MAJOR GENERAL: (2 STARS) DIVISIONAL COMMANDER \| \|LIEUTENANT GENERAL: (3 STARS) CORPS COMMANDER \| \|GENERAL: (4 STARS) CHIEF OF THE GENERAL STAFF, ADJUTANT \| \| GENERAL OR A COMMANDER IN CHIEF (CinC)\| \|FIELD MARSHAL: (5 STARS) CHIEF OF THE DEFENCE STAFF \| \|_____________________________________________________________________\| New recruits to the army must take the Sum Selection Grading (SSG) Intelligence Test to assess their aptitude. Those who perform best are pointed towards the Military Police (RMP), the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME) and the Army Air Corps (AAC). Recruits are graded from SSG 1 (best) to SSG 5 (worst). Those considered to be borderline cases can attend a remedial centre at St George’s Barracks, Sutton Coldfield. This is a 10 week long preliminary education course for those who fail the SSG test and a 1 week physical development course for those who fail the fitness. Every recruit must pass the ten week Common Military Syllabus at their particular barracks, corps or regiment. They pass out as private soldiers after six months if an adult and fifteen months if a junior recruit. A new training system is to be introduced in April 1993, from that date all new recruits will be concentrated into five Army Training Regiments. Recruits will still maintain their `capbadge’ ie they will still be identified with a particular regiment or corps. Some regiments, particularly the Paras, are resisting the idea as it removes their previous right to train their own recruits, they see their training as `special’ and their regiment as `different’ from all others. From now on Para recruits will do their basic training at Lichfield and the more advanced infantry combat training in Catterick, West Yorkshire. The five training regiments will be based at: Winchester, Hampshire The life of a private soldier is monotonous, they relish service in the North and feel that they are worthless until they earn their Northern Ireland Service Medal, usually their first military honour. After four or five years a private who has performed well will be recommended for promotion by the Company (or Squadron/Battery) commander. Every year each regiment holds a promotions conference at the regimental HQ, once a person is accepted as suitable for promotion by the commanding officer of the regiment (the C/o) they have to attend a three week Junior NCOs Course. The diligent soldier can expect promotion to a Lance Corporal after this and after a further two years (six years in all) he or she will become a full Corporal. This is when they take their first real tactical command position, especially in a conflict situation like in Ireland, and they quickly learn to think and act responsibly. Any training for further promotion ie higher than the rank of Corporal, takes place, for the first time, away from the regiment. The Infantry run its Section Commanders Course in two parts; the first six week section is the Commander’s Course at Brecon in South Wales followed by the Weapons and Range Qualification Course at the Small Arms School Corps based at Warminster in Wiltshire. (Armoured regiments run the Tank Commanders Course at Bovington) Promotion from Corporal to Sergeant requires a written exam. Promotion decisions at this level involve the Manning and Record Office outside of the regimental structures, they oversee the confidential reports which determine all further promotions. An NCO should attain the rank of Sergeant after eight years service, this figure used to be higher but, as in all ranks, there is a shortage of quality recruits. Nearly 60% of Sergeants go on to become Staff Sgts and a further 70% of these attain the rank of Warrant Officer Class 2 (WO2), the official rank of a company or squadron Sgt Major. 60% of WO2s go on to become Warrant Officers Class 1 (WO1), the Regimental Sgt Major. They can at this stage, after 10-12 years service, apply for a Late Entry Commission to Sandhurst. This is an increasing practice as the supply of school-leaver and adult recruits declines.Officers enter Sandhurst in a variety of ways, as graduates from university, non-graduates through bursaries and cadetships or as `notice engagement soldiers’ recommended by their C/os. The Royal Army Educational Corps (RAEC) at Beaconsfield run a Potential Officer Development Course to help prepare soldiers for Sandhurst and their appearance before the Regular Commissions Board (RCB). Each year the BA needs to train 800 short service (three years) and regular officers, at least 200 of whom need engineering degrees. 70% of new officer recruits are on short service commissions. Some candidates don’t choose their regiment or corps until they arrive at Sandhurst, some will attend a potential officers course to have a closer look at what is on offer. The Royal Corps of Transport (RCT) run a course for infantry, engineer, signals and transport candidates called the Potential Officer Candidate Troop. The best known potential officer course is Brigade Squad run by the Household Cavalry (Guards) at Pirbright, Surrey which lasts for eight weeks. In most cases the candidates are put through a pre-RCB interview and test similar to the one they will eventually face with the actual RCB. This board sits at Leighton House in Westbury, Wiltshire and can handle 48 candidates at any one time. Each candidate is evaluated over a three day period and receives an Officer Intelligence Rating ranging from zero to ten, a score under five means a fail, the average is seven. The BA over the years realised that leadership qualities could be taught and weren’t something that naturally occured in everybody, they invested in a special training scheme based at Sandhurst called the Rowallan Company which dealt with borderline cases from the RCB. This scheme has rehabilitated over 1000 officers who would otherwise have been lost from the officer ranks. Those accepted by the RCB attend Sandhurst and spend 11 months training (or 6 months if a graduate). 50% of those on the 11 month course come straight from school and from the potential officers training course, 17% are late entry commissions and 11% come from Welbeck College, the BA’s own secondary school. Once this course is completed the successful officers attend a three month special-to-arm course (engineers at Chatham, signals at Blandford and transport at Aldershot) which equips the officer with specialist skills in their particular field. After spending six months with a regiment, commissioned officers with the infantry attend the Platoon Commanders Battle Course at Warminster. After two years as a platoon commander with the rank of Lieutenant, officers attend their first specialist training course in signals, reconnaissance, gunnery and first aid etc. Any further training comes in packages. All officers must pass the Junior Officers Training and Education Scheme. The BA maintains a `single-staff’ concept which means that officers are continually moved between regiments, field or staff posts in the MoD or a position in Army HQ. Officers attend Staff College around the time they are promoted from Captain to Major. The Staff Selection Board of the college only allocate 120 places each year and once accepted a candidate is bound, or tied to the BA for at least three years (at this stage most candidates are in their mid 30’s and have the incentive of holding out for a pension from the age of 37 onwards). The Army Command and Staff Course is split into two sections, the first part is mainly military and technology based and takes place at the Royal Military College of Science at Shrivenham (RMCS), the second part takes place at Staff College in Deepcut, Camberley in Surrey. All candidates are assigned to a `division’, either division 1, 2 or 3 depending on their technological capabilities. Those in division 1 are usually graduates. Each March the 3 divisions meet at Camberley (120 Army, 3 Navy, 3 RAF, 4 Royal Marines and 50 overseas officers), the aim of the course is to prepare Majors and Lt Colonels for command positions. The course itself (2nd section) is divided into four terms which last a total of nine and a half months, the first term deals with administration and organisation, the second with basic tactics in Europe, which includes a tour, the third with counter-revolutionary warfare, a joint enterprise with Bramshill Police College and the fourth with the general war setting in Europe. The initials psc for Passed Staff College are awarded after graduation. The BA is having problems recruiting and retaining good Lt Colonels, approximately one infantry Lt Col in six makes a Brigadier as opposed to one in twelve for the logistic corps. From the rank of Lt Col onwards officers have their career managed by the Military Secretary’s Branch. The key posts for psc graduates include the Chief of Staff of an armoured brigade in Germany, MoD posts like the Directorate of Military Operations or Plans, Assistant Chief of Staff in an armoured division or the military assistant to a 3 or 4 star general. Shrivenham (RMCS) takes about 30 division 1 and 2 graduates for the Weapons Staff each year. These specialise in (1) Fighting vehicles and engineer equipment (2) Weapons (3) Guided weapons and electronics and (4) Advanced data processing. All these posts are tied to psc candidates, once they attain the rank of Colonel these 30 officers can enter the Procurement Executive (under the control of the Joint Service Defence Staff). The earliest age for promotion from a Major to a Lt Col is 37, any soldier with ambitions to be a Brigadier or a Major General should be a Lt Col by the age of 40. Every January the Directorate of Manning calculates the projected number of vacancies in each arm or service. In February the records of every Major from the age of 37 - 48 is checked; a list of around 2500 officers is reduced to 1000 in this way. By March pre selection boards are in place and in June the board will confirm candidates for what is known as the `Pink List’ which is published twice yearly in late June and December. Once promoted an officer can attend the Joint Service Defence College at Greenwich to participate in a 7 month course which prepares officers for `purple’ appointments (joint service). The combat arms have just over 1000 Lt Cols. A Commanding Officer Designate Course runs three times a year at Larkhill with 80 Lt Cols attending each time. This is followed by a Commanding Officer’s Tactics Course at Warminster for those about to command major units in the field army. Once a Lt Col is promoted to a full Colonel he or she loses their former intimate relationship with their parent regiment and becomes a staff officer, signified by the red collar tabs and general BA cap badge they must now use. A full Colonel is on a salary of £45,000, this is a significant point in a soldier’s career, after commanding a regiment as a Lt Col the next appointment after promotion is usually to the staff of the MoD or a major HQ (eg HQ UKLF). A colonel destined for a field army promotion such as Chief of Staff of a Divisional HQ or Brigade C/o attends a two week Senior Officers Tactics Course run by the all rms tactics wing at Warminster. CHAPTER 2 (D) SIGNALS: DEVONSHIRE & DORSET REGIMENT D & D THE ROYAL CORP OF SIGNALS R SIGS CHESHIRE REGIMENT CHESHIRE 5 Signals Regiments STAFFORDSHIRE REGIMENT STAFFORDS ROYAL WELSH FUSILIERS RWF THE ARMY AIR CORPS AAC AND WILTSHIRE REGIMENT GBWR WORCESTER & SHERWOOD FORESTERS WFR (G) INTELLIGENCE: LIGHT DIVISION: THE INTELLIGENCE CORPS INT CORPS LIGHT INFANTRY 1ST/2ND LI ROYAL GREEN JACKETS 1ST/2ND RGJ (H) SPECIAL FORCES: THE SPECIAL AIR SERVICE REGIMENT SAS AIRBORNE DIVISION: PARACHUTE REGIMENT 1ST/2ND/3RD PARA (E) INFANTRY: BRIGADE OF GURKHAS: GUARDS DIVISION: ROYAL GURKHA RIFLES 1ST/2ND/3RD RGR QUEENS GURKHA ENGINEERS QGE GRENADIER GUARDS GREN GDS QUEENS GURKHA SIGNALS QG SIGNALS COLDSTREAM GUARDS COLDM GDS QUEENS GURKHA TRANSPORT REGIMENT GTR SCOTS GUARDS SG IRISH GUARDS IG WELSH GUARDS WG 2(B) ORGANISATION IN THE FIELD ARMY __________________________________________________________________ \|BRIGADE: APPROXIMATELY 3500 STRONG, USUALLY CONSISTS OF \| \| INFANTRY AND ARMOUR UNITS (Brigadier) \| \|DIVISION: AT LEAST TWO BRIGADES PLUS DIVISIONAL ARTILLERY \| \| OF 3 REGIMENTS (Major General) \| \|__________________________________________________________________\| High fliers who have been pin-pointed for a successful career are singled out for a 12 week Higher Command and Staff Course at Camberley (initiated in 1988). Only 15 Colonels from those aged between 41 and 44 attend, picked out by the Military Secretary. This course is very theoretical, having the initials hcsc after your name carries a lot of prestige and despite its recent beginning, most of the future top ranking officers will have attended this course. The Royal College of Defence Studies (RCDS) at Shrivenham is very different from the HCSC, it lasts a full year and is taken by those with two years of experience further on from the HCSC. It is a wide-ranging course covering economics, philosophy, politics etc. There are only ten BA candidates plus ten from the navy, royal marines and air force. There are also ten assistant chief constables, 5 - 6 senior MoD and Foreign Office officials and up to forty foreign army officers. Candidates are chosen by the Number 2 Selection Board and confirmed by the Number 1 Board (consisting of the four executive members of the Army Board and the two Commanders in Chief - CinC UK Field Army and CinC UK Land Forces). Virtually all of the 3 and 4 star infantry generals have the initials rcds after their name. Promotion to a Brigadier is divided between the Command Board, those who will command a brigade in the Field Army, and the Green Pool consisting of brigadiers of all arms and services up to the age of 52 who will not command a brigade. Those who are accepted for a brigade command must be between 43 and 47, the final appointment resting with the Army No 1 Selection Board. It decides the future BA leadership. The name of any officer they consider suitable for promotion to the rank of Major General and `for appointments and commands in that rank’ is forwarded to the Secretary of State for Defence, through the Minister of State for the Armed Forces. The president of the board is the Chief of the General Staff, its members are the Adjutant General, QuarterMaster General, Master General of the Ordnance and the 2 Commanders in Chief. The military secretary acts as secretary to the board. The next step up the ladder from a Brigadier is to a Major General or a 2 star appointment. In 1967 there were 97 Major Generals; in 1991 it was 55 and falling. Very few Major Generals have field army commands (those that do include the Commander Land Forces Northern Ireland (CLFNI); Commanders of Military Districts (eg London, Wales and West District, South East (of England) District); Directorate Generals in the MoD (eg Director General of Command, Control and Communications, DG Transport and Movements, DG Logistic Policy, DG of Resettlement, DG Land Warfare, DG Army Manning and Recruitment, DG of the Adjutant General, DG Logistic Support (Army); the Commandants of Sandhurst, Staff College (Camberley) and Shrivenham; the Chief of Staff at UKLF and most importantly the Assistant Chief of the Defence Staff - an officer bound for a 4 star (full) general. There are two Major Generals who automatically receive a knighthood, the GOC London District and the Defence Services Secretary. One Major General in five will make it to a Lt General. Seven out of nine Lt Generals were infantry men in 1991, ie one infantry Major General in two is promoted and hardly any others from other arms. There are many gripes against what are termed `paper generals’ who kowtow to politicians and refuse to speak out about cutbacks on the grounds that it would be harmful to their career. The current `efficiency drive’ pushed by the MoD has caused great resentment, forcing senior officers to take on management roles. In addition to the annual rows over the promotion or non-promotion of generals, there is a fierce competition between the various combat arms to get one of `their’ men into a senior and influential position, in these days of cutbacks and disbandments a friend in a high place can be very valuable. Outside of the infantry, and to a lesser extent, outside of the RE and RA, there is little chance of anyone else reaching a 3 star position. The MoD has tried to correct this parochialism by increasing the degree of cross-posting at an early stage in an officers career to broaden their horizons and skills. The Chief of the Defence Staff, which is a political appointment from either of the three services, is the only 5 star appointment and the only serving Field Marshal, a rank retained for life. 1 © SUMMARY \|FIELD MARSHAL \| \| Approved by the PM \| \|_____________________________________________________\|_____________\|____________________\|_ The BA and the MOD The MoD oversees a massive organisation in 29 countries and oceans, it is the largest single employer of civil servants (the current (July 92) figure stands at 171,000 civilians), it handles the 3rd largest budget of any government department and is the second largest landowner after the Forestry Commission. Since the Cold War ended the defence forces have been undergoing a period of rationalisation, up to 200 separate army units face amalgamation or disbandment. The number of regular forces will be reduced from 265,000 in April 92 to 119,000 in June 1999 (a loss of 18,000 officers and 128,000 soldiers). At present there are British Forces deployed in Ireland (19,400 troops); Turkey (30); Cyprus (3,900); Yugoslavia (2,300);Germany (46,000); Gibraltar (130); Canada (400); Cambodia (50); Hong Kong (4,600); Brunei (700); The Gulf (20); Sinai (10); Namibia (70); The Falklands (500) and Belize (1,200). There are training units deployed in Uganda, Mozambique, Angola, Zimbabwe and the Western Sahara and up to 400 other soldiers on loan to other countries. The Options For Change cutbacks were announced by the then Defence secretary Tom King in June 91. At the time he outlined the changes the army needed to face the changing requirements of the post cold war climate; Since 1975 the roles of the army were: (1) The maintenance of an independent nuclear deterrent (2) The defence of the UK (3) The provision of ground and air commitment to NATO’s Euro defence (4) The provision of Naval deployment on the Eastern Atlantic area for NATO The recent changes in Eastern Europe have had a resounding effect on the whole psyche of the British Army, their whole raison d’etre has had to be modified as a result. Three less sweeping roles are now envisaged: (1) The defence of the UK and its dependent territories, even when there is no major external threat to the UK (2) The promotion of the UK’s wider security interests through the maintenance of international peace and stability (3) The recruitment of women to increase in the Navy, Army and Air Force. The BA of the future will consist of: (a) A NATO contribution of two divisions - one an armoured division in Germany, the other a Strategic Reserve Division in South East Britain. This UK based division would consist of three brigades: The 5th Airborne Brigade and An Armoured Infantry brigade Each brigade will operate independently of the other and will only be linked administratively. (b) A sufficient infantry reserve to sustain the UK’s Irish contribution and enough forces for overseas responsibilities CHAPTER 3 - THE BRITISH ARMY AND THE MOD In effect, a radically different army from the one existing today. The Options For Change programme has already taken effect, by the summer of 1993 almost 7500 soldiers will have been made redundant, including 1400 officers of more than 9 years experience. This is on top of the 30,000 regular soldiers of all ranks who leave (and are replaced) voluntarily each year. It is perhaps because of the confusion caused by Options For Change that some of the BA’s brightest and best are leaving to take up more rewarding and secure jobs, though the recession has slowed this trend. The scale of redundancies has forced the BA to set up organisations dedicated to finding ex service personnel employment and to appeal to the business community to take on service personnel, a group called the National Employer’s Liaison Committee works with the MoD to achieve this end. Defence planning is largely a question of striking a balance between efficiency and quality. Cost effectiveness is a relatively new concept to the BA and MoD, they are being forced to come to terms with financial accountability and resent the fact that, as soldiers, they have to do the work of `pen pushers’. The MoD, like every other government department, is being encouraged to privatise as many of its tasks as possible. The `Next Step’ civil service reforms are creating privately-owned (and run) agencies who tender for contracts. Up to £1.2 billion of MoD work is to be contracted out to industry to achieve projected savings of £250 - 300 million. Tasks like computer operation and maintenance, vehicle maintenance and security work around army bases are considered suitable for civilian workers. The BA are opposed to the privatisation of MoD work unless this is seen to release soldiers for operational duties. Generally the problem has been that the round of cutbacks and job losses doesn’t reflect current BA commitments but was worked out from an imposed financial ceiling ie the greatest number of troops that a projected budget could support. Unforseen events like the Yugoslavian conflict and the need for two extra battalions in Ireland have stretched the BA to the limit and may yet force a change in tack at the MoD. Opponents of Options For Change (and there are many) use the term `overstretch’ to describe the situation and comment on the problem of morale in the ranks as soldiers are forced to jump from one assaignment to another with less time off to spend with their families. The Commons Defence Committee called a special meeting of parliament to criticise the cuts and the revelation that, because of the Bosnian situation, the average gap between emergency tours for infantry battalions had decreased from 19 to 15 months. Options For Change was supposed to increase the gap to 24 months. Senior army officers were claiming that they were 3000 troops short even before all of the redundancies were introduced, due to political pressure the MoD backed down on the scale of cuts and reprieved 3000 troops. Aside from the declining numbers in the BA, another cause for concern was the reduction in the MoD annual budget. It was hoped that the smaller army would be compensated with increased investment in new high tech equipment but the recession has ended this hope. `Spending to save’ measures such as buying top quality equipment which will last for years has been ruled out. The scale of the cuts has prompted some to say that the whole regimental system - the backbone and the stabilising influence of the BA - is under threat. The loss of battalions and of historical regiments has affected the group loyalty which underpins the BA. The arrival of a new breed of officer, one more concerned with career opportunities and work conditions than loyalty to Queen and Country is driving a wedge between the current BA leadership and the commanders of the future. The old guard are generally conservative, with an allegiance to abstract qualities like loyalty, honour and respect for the monarchy, ideals which are seen as increasingly out of touch with modern realities. The increasing number of female officers, the possibility of the lifting of the ban on homosexuality in the BA and the introduction of laws forbidding sexual and racial discrimination horrify many of the older soldiers who see their army changing beyond recognition. Whatever way it is viewed, the reorganisation, the redundancies and the emphasis on savings are all a serious blow to morale in the short term and civil servants are taking the blame for imposing impossible demands on military commanders and stopping them from performing their primary tasks as soldiers. The relationship between politicians and soldiers has always been one of mutual distrust and tension. It has been a primary concern of every Minister for Defence to increase political control over spending and decision making and a primary concern of the various heads of services to prevent just this. As we can see from the diagram of the MoD hierarchy (Chart 3(A)), the top of the pyramid of influence rests with the cabinet’s Defence and Overseas Policy Committee, whose members include the Prime Minister, who also chairs the meetings, the Foreign Secretary, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, the President of the Board of Trade, the Defence Secretary, the Attorney General and four military advisers - the Chief of the Defence Staff and the three Chiefs of Staff of the Army, Navy and Air Force. These four only attend when required. The terms of reference of this committee are “to keep under review the Government’s Defence and Overseas policy”. This committee advises and guides the Defence Secretary who has two Ministers of State below him, one for the Armed Forces and one for Defence Procurement. These two are assisted by one junior minister each, known as the Parliamentary Under Secretaries of State. These five politicians head the Defence Council which has a more symbolic than active role, any power it has is retained in its members individual roles eg the Chief of Defence Procurement who heads a massive organisation quite independent of all others. The Office of Management and Budget handles all financial matters concerning the three services. Its financial, planning and management group is the MoD’s highest decision making forum on non operational matters. This office is headed by a civil servant, the 2nd Permanent Under Secretary of State and is closely alligned to the Defence Scientific Staff under the Chief Scientific Adviser. Both of these offices are on the Financial and Technical side of the MoD (see chart) as is the Procurement Executive under the Chief of Defence Procurement, a civilian, who reports directly to the relevant Minister of State and has direct access to the Prime Minister and the Defence Secretary (his immediate subordinates include the Controller of the Navy, The Master General of the Ordnance and the Controller Aircraft). When a major project is initiated these three departments inter-relate (ie the Procurement; Management and Budget and the Defence Scientific Staff). When a piece of equipment is required the relevant directorate is contacted eg the Directorate of Operational Requirements (Land) who discusses the technical details with the scientific and financial departments. Once the project is accepted, it is handed over to the procurement executive and its land branch under the Master General of the Ordnance. They then instruct the relevant Director General eg the Director General of Fighting Vehicles, to buy the equipment. This can be a slow process and the materials can soon become obsolete because of the rate of technological development. In terms of procurement, the Navy faces the bigger cuts of the three services. It has already been decided that the entire forces will jointly accept cutbacks in overall budgets for the next four years. In 1993 it will fall from 24.09 bn to 23.52 bn, in 1994-5 to 23.75 bn and in 1995-6 to 23.22 bn. See chart 3(B) The so called Defence Staff Centre (see MoD chart) is under the control of the Chief of the Defence Staff and the Permanent Under Secretary of State. The centre has four main departments, of which two - Commitments (operations) and Systems (operational requirements) have about 20 directorates each. Also, reporting directly to the VCDS is the mainly civilian department under the Deputy Under Secretary (policy) and finally, the Deputy CDS (programmes and personnel) who deals with budget and staffing projections and has one directorate for each of the three services. The Army Department to the left of the diagram until recently enjoyed a degree of independence. The official title of the BA’s own `cabinet’ is the Army Board of the Defence Council. Its members include the five government ministers, the Chief of the General Staff, the 2nd Permanent Under Secretary of State, the Adjutant General (ADG), the Quarter Master General (QMG), the Master General of the Ordnance and the Controller of the Research and Development establishments. Below this, the Executive Committee of the Army Board (ECAB) is responsible for the detailed management of the BA. The ECAB members include the four military members of the Army Board (CGS, ADG, QMG, MG of the ORD) as well as the 2nd Permanent Under Secretary and the Assistant Chief of the General Staff. The Army Department consists of four main blocks: (a) The General Staff: this block reports to the Assistant Chief of the General Staff and is divided into several general categories. An Administrative and Academic side including the General Staff Secretariat, the Army Board Secretariat, an Historical branch and a Soviet Studies research centre. An Operational group, the most important of all, including the Director of Military operations and the Director of Special Forces/SAS. A Command, Control and Engineering Group in Support including Information Technology, the Signals Officer in Chief, the Engineer in Chief and the Military Survey Department. A Directorate General of Organisation and Reserves and A Directorate General for Training, Exams and Doctrine. (b) The Adjutant General Staff: which oversees recruitment, staffing levels, pay, conditions and discipline. The ADG block is divided into two parts - (1) the Director General of Army Manning and Recruiting (2) the Director General of Personnel Services. The immediate subordinate of the DG of Personnel Services is the Director of Army Service Conditions (a brigadier) responsible for the implementation of discipline and for the welfare of soldiers and their families. The Chaplain General and the Provost Marshal also come under this department. Army pay is established by the eight members of the Armed Forces Pay Review Body, a group of independent civilians set up in 1971 CHART 3(A) :MoD STRUCTURES PROCUREMENT EXECUTIVE: CHIEF OF DEFENCE PROCUREMENT 1054.456m (C) The Military Secretary: responsible for the promotion and patronage of all soldiers. Its main task is to organise the selection boards and oversee the promotion and appointment of officers. (D) The Quarter Master General: made up of three `bricks’. (1) The Director General of Logistic Policy (army) who has six logistic executive departments - Logistic Operations, Support Planning, Logistic Communications and Informations System, Engineer Services, Postal and Courier Services and Pioneers and Labour. (2) Three `Q’ Directorates General - the RCT (transport and movement); the RAOC (ordnance services) and the REME (electrical and mechanical engineers). This brick also includes the Directorate of Army Quartering (brigadier) and the Directorate of Army Catering. (3) Finance and Contracts - a civil service brick run by an Assistant Under Secretary. The staffs of the Military Secretary, ADG and Manning Record and Pay Offices are all based at Glasgow. Until the early 80’s each separate service was headed by an individual minister. The then Defence Secretary, John Nott was responsible for many political changes including the removal of the three Chiefs of Staff from the Cabinet Committee. The choice of the Chief of the Defence Staff was also granted to the Defence Secretary. When Heseltine was over the MoD he decided to place the whole area of procurement outside of the services and appointed a civilian recruited from industry to run this area. He also tried to strengthen the `Centre’ (see chart) by letting it become the main policy maker and decision taker and allowing the single services to implement these decisions. The line of operational command now runs from the Defence Secretary to the Chief of the Defence Staff in consultation with the Chiefs of Staff Committee, to the Defence Operations Executive which is chaired by the Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff (Commitments). This post rotates between the three services. The instructions of the DOE are implemented by the Joint Operations Centre which in turn instructs the various HQs (see chart 3©). The main operational HQ of the BA is the HQ UK Land Forces (HQ UKLF), situated on the edge of Wilton in Wiltshire. In war time it has three defined roles: The reinforcement of Nato’s central region; The dispatch of special reinforcements (UK Mobile Force and ACE (Allied Command Europe) Mobile Force); To provide military home defence. In peacetime its commitments change to responsibility for: All out of area operations; providing Military Aid to the Civil Authorities (MACA); Overseeing all forms of training from the Common Military Syllabus to the Higher Command and Staff Course; Administering the home base. \|-------- CBF HONG KONG (ARMY) (2) \| \|-------- CBF GIBRALTAR (NAVY) (2) The Commander in Chief UKLF is a four star general, almost always from the infantry. Below the CinC there are two Lt Generals - the Commander of the UK Field Army and the Commander Training and Arms Directors. The Cmdr UKFA is in charge of around 40,000 soldiers, 70,000 members of the TA and about 6000 civilians. With tours in Ireland or Belize, a battalion can come under several HQs each year, eg the 2nd Infantry Division based at York (which includes the 24th Air Mobile brigade) and the 19th Infantry Brigade at Colchester are both part of the UKLF for administrative and training purposes but are under the operational command of the 1st British Corps in Germany. The 7th Regiment Army Air Corps at Netheravon has one squadron tasked to the UK Mobile Force (under NATO command), one to the 9th Airborne Brigade and two in Ireland under the CLF NI. At the Wilton HQ there is a four star `joint’ HQ able to command a full tri-service unit overseas. It has its own Operations Branch (G3 Ops - NATO/Rest of World) which can maintain contact with the Directorate of Military Operations on the General Staff and with the Defence Staffs Joint Operations Centre. Detailed administrative instructions are formulated by the joint forces HQ in Aldershot under the GOC South East District. Until 1992 Britain was divided into nine military districts, this has since been reduced to four `super districts’ each commanded by a Lt Gen. HQ UKLF has 4 battalions on different forms of standby (7 days notice): An ADAMANT unit for MACA; A London District battalion for anti terrorist deployment at Heathrow; A SPEARHEAD battalion group for deployment anywhere in the world; The leading Para regiment battalion for airborne operations anywhere in the world. UKLF also controls the Aldershot based 5th Airborne Brigade composed of the Blues and Royals, 7th Royal Horse Artillery, 9th Para Squadron RE, two Para Battalions, 1 Gurkha Regiment, 1 other infantry battalion, 658 Squadron AAC, an Airborne Logistics Battalion, 23 Para Field Ambulance and 160 Provost Company. As an example of a war-time formation, the forces sent to the Gulf were arranged as follows: 1st Armoured Division - 16th/8th Queens Royal Lancers, 32 Armoured Engineer Regiment, 4th Regiment Army Air Corps.4th Armoured Brigade - 14th/20th Kings Hussars, 23rd Engineer Regiment, 1s Royal Scots, 3rd Royal Regiment of Fusiliers. 7th Armoured Brigade - Royal Scots Dragoon Guards, Queens Royal Irish Hussars, 21st Engineer Regiment, 1st Staffordshire Regiment. Finally, apart from MACA, the HQ at UKLF is also involved in Military Aid to the Civil Communities (MACC) including disaster relief and rescue; military Aid to the civil Ministries (MACM) - during strikes and Military Aid to the Civil Power (MACP) - the maintenance of public order and security. The British Army in Ireland: At 4.45pm on the 14th August 1969 Inspector General Anthony Peacocke of the RUC signed the document requesting the British Army to come to the aid of the civil power. “The GOC has been instructed to take all necessary steps acting impartially... to restore law and order. Troops will be withdrawn as soon as this has been accomplished”. If the Unionists were unhappy with the arrival of troops, the BA were in a state of total confusion, they lacked a coordinated political and military approach to the situation and ended up critised by both Republicans and Loyalists. Then, as now, the BA considered its first priority to be the defeat of the IRA, they felt that this had to be achieved before `normality’ could be reimposed. As attacks against the Crown Forces continued and a solution seemed no nearer, the North began to take on a more political veneer. A new post was created in 1970, that of Commander Land Forces (NI) whose responsibility it was to oversee all operational matters, allowing the General Officer Commanding (GOC) to concentrate on political and administrative matters. The CLF holds the rank of Major General whilst the GOC is one rank higher, a Lieutenant General. The first CLF, Farrar Hockley was one of the first to predict the `long war’ scenario, to respond to this the BA based its entire presence and its role in the North around a number of principles. Firstly, that sovereign authority had to be maintained at all costs (at that time this referred to Stormont) and secondly, that police primacy had to be re-established. Implicit in both of these was the eventual defeat of republican resistance but unfortunately for the British Army, attempting to militarily defeat the IRA further eroded any possibility of normality which made it more difficult for them to simply hand the situation over to the RUC. As radical thinkers like Tuzo (GOC) and Kitson (C/o 39 Brigade NI) arrived the British Army’s response to the IRA became more tactical, it was Kitson’s belief that IRA subversion could not be defeated within the legal and political constraints of a relatively democratic society. The excessive powers he had previously enjoyed in colonies like Malaya and Kenya were not available to him when the eyes of the world were on Ireland therefore he urged government planners to manufacture the conditions needed to introduce draconian measures whilst still maintaining the support of as much of the population as possible. Roger Faligot described his approach to resistance as “a systematic surveillance of men and ideas, the infiltration and manipulation of political groupings, the trades union movement, the media, the social services and ultimately the paralysis and neutralisation of potential dissidents and opponents”. As in every war, intelligence of good quality was seen as the key to eventual victory, the developments the Crown Forces have made in this area over the years illustrates the importance they attach to it. It is an area which is being constantly re-assessed and fine tuned for greater effectiveness. An important element in intelligence gathering is the support of a large body of people willing to act as eyes and ears, the British government made a tactical decision in the early 70’s to appease the Protestant community and convince them of their efforts to defeat the IRA, they reasoned correctly that they needed the active support of Protestants to avoid opening up a second front and give grounds for common cause between nationalists and unionists. This would account for the behaviour of the British Army during the 1974 loyalist strike. Although this view might be contradicted somewhat by the disbandment of Stormont, which infuriated Unionists, the BA had been looking for an excuse to avoid having to take orders on security from the Stormont cabinet. They wanted carte blanche, in the early 70’s in particular, and were outraged by the Gardiner report which banned the use of sensory deprivation techniques even though the Commission only passed this by a majority vote, Lords Parker and Boyd-Carpenter arguing for the use of legal torture. Torture techniques were widely used in the colonies and were highly successful, because of its banning the British Army were forced to invest heavily in its various intelligence networks to make up the shortfalls. A summary of how the British see the situation here can be obtained from the review of the 1974 document `The Way forward’ by its author John Bourn in 1984. His task was to head a committee formed to give a revised opinion of expectations up to 1990. This committee included the then GOC and Chief Constable, they predicted closer cooperation with the South but no United Ireland, a reduction in political violence but an increase in ordinary crime, an increase in paramilitary policing, a reduction in the BA to 4-5000 troops with an increase in RUC numbers to 12,000 full time officers and a slight reduction in UDR numbers. The lessons they had learned from the intervening ten years were that: The BA must work within the law and be responsible to the courts; Forces must be compatible with existing military and police organisation and be publicly acceptable; Forces must be effective, responsible, disciplined and skilled; Future policies would firstly depend on the threat at any one time, secondly on what measures had previously failed in the legal and administrative system, and thirdly, how the local population felt. They were reasonably accurate with some of their predictions up to 1990 but miles out in other aspects. They will analyse why their expectations didn’t materialize and ensure that, come the next major review, they will have advanced a further step along the road to normalizing society here. The North is where the infantry in particular feel that they’re finally doing the job they’re trained and paid to do. To quote a squaddie who had served here - “I’d prefer to be back in Northern Ireland. There you’re the business... dodging bullets, doing real soldiering, getting better paid” - a view shared by most of his colleagues here. The boredom of training and the routine of barracks life is replaced with an atmosphere of danger and excitement, it is perhaps the only place a private can be expected to be treated as an adult and be given heavy responsibilities. The NI service medal is one of the first awarded to an infantry soldier, it means that he or she has finally arrived and has some credibility within the battalion and among friends. Not surprisingly, this keeness is encouraged by the higher echelons of the Army Staff - for them service in Ireland is “good for the battalion and good for morale” - as long as casualties are avoided. The regular royal visits, the page three girls and the fawning press reports, the extra pay and the relatively relaxed discipline provides the dream environment for the squaddie. In no other war is there such an emphasis placed on the ability of junior officers to command on the ground, the conflict here is often described as the “corporal’s war” and as a result of over two decades of constant attrition the BA junior leadership is thoroughly battle hardened and highly skilled, this has obvious benefits for the entire army as infantry officers blooded in Ireland move through the ranks to assume commands of great importance and influence, the majority of the current 3 and 4 star generals are from infantry backgrounds, all of them have hands on experience of guerilla war in Ireland and therefore it is not surprising that the BA is recognised as a leading authority on insurgency tactics and revolutionary war, a perception they exploit to the full. When a battalion arrives for a tour in Ireland it is assigned to one of the three Brigade Tactical Areas of Responsibility (TAORs). The Third Infantry Brigade is based in Armagh City and extends from near Newry all the way round the border to Strabane, it is the biggest brigade of the three. The 8th Infantry Brigade is based in Ebrington in Derry and controls the North and Northwest of the country. The TAOR of the 39th Infantry Brigade includes all of Belfast and most of the eastern part of the North, excluding South Armagh. In the late 70’s the BA was able to reduce the number of the brigade commands to two in line with Ulsterisation and a decrease in IRA activity but due to a resurgence in IRA attacks the 3rd Brigade was re-introduced in 1988 to oversee intelligence and security in the Tyrone, Armagh and Down border regions. There are at present twelve army battalions serving in Ireland, two more than normal because of the current political situation. In “normal” circumstances, of the ten serving battalions, nine of them are usually infantry battalions and the tenth either an artillery or armoured regiment in a “dismounted role” ( ie without their usual equipment). The extra battalions were introduced at the end of 1991, in mid 1992 the then serving Defence Secretary Malcolm Rifkind wanted to revert to the ten battalion structure but his proposal was overruled by the seven strong Commons NI committee, and in particular by Patrick Mayhew, who argued that as the two extra battalions were a political move to reassure unionists they couldn’t withdraw them in the middle of the talks process which was ongoing at that time. The NI committee, whose terms of reference are “To oversee the government’s policy in Northern Ireland issues and relations with the Republic of Ireland on these matters” is composed of the Prime Minister (who chairs the committee); the Foreign Secretary; the Home Secretary; the Defence Secretary; the Northern Irish Secretary; the Chief Secretary of the Treasury and finally, the Attorney General. At the projected 1995 staffing levels currently 20% of all service personel are on duty in Ireland, this is placing pressure on the ability of the BA to fulfill its other commitments. Normally there are six resident battalions (two for each brigade area) which serve for a period of two and a half years, with their families, in garrision barracks. The other 4 battalions are on short term “roulement” tours of six months, they are flown in and out en bloc and are not entitled to bring their families. Within each brigade area the battalions themselves work within their own TAOR, they rarely act in concert as a brigade. The function of the Brigadier in charge of a particular area is to co-ordinate and lay down policy for the relatively independent commands on the ground. The RUC, not the brigade commander (brigadier), are responsible for any operational decisions although senior army and police officers sit together on various committees at local and regional level to develop and co-ordinate policy. Politically sensitive decisions are taken at a Brigade or HQ Lisburn level. The officer responsible for day to day affairs and for advising politicians and civil servants is the Commander Land Forces NI, a Major General. Since the end of June 1992 the CLF NI sits on the Provincial Executive Committee (PEC) which has authority over all security operations along with the Deputy Chief Constable RUC (Operations), the Director of Intelligence and the Head of the RUC Special Branch. BA Headquarters Northern Ireland is based at Thiepval Barracks in Lisburn, this complex plays host to a number of different agencies. Firstly, it is the HQ of the GOC NI and his staff, the HQ CLF is also based here as well as specialised troops such as the Royal Military Police, the Royal Engineers and the Royal Army Ordnance Corps. It is also the administrative HQ of the 39th Infantry Brigade. Technically speaking the 20,000 strong British Forces are under the command of the HQ UK Land Forces (HQ UKLF), Wilton but in practice the GOC reports to the Secretary of State for NI and the MoD in London. The GOC also commands and directs local Navy and RAF units. The total HQ Northern Ireland is as follows: 6 long tour infantry battalions 4 short tour infantry battalions 1 regiment of Army Air Corps 7 battalions of the RIR (plus the 2 emergency infantry battalions) The Territorials also come under the command of the GOC and form an integeral part of the entire BA and, although not operational in Ireland, they are nonetheless commanded by regular BA officers who remain operational. All TA regiments are linked to a regular parent regiment, the Irish TA regiments include: The North Irish Horse (RAC) 206 (Ulster) Battery Royal Artillery (V) (V meaning volunteers) 74 (Antrim) Artillery (RE) Independent Field Squadron (V) Royal Signals 40 (Ulster) Signals Regiment (V) 4th/5th Royal Irish Rangers (V) 152 (Ulster) Ambulance Regiment Royal Logistic Corps (V) 204 (North Irish) Hospital Royal Army Medical Corps (V) 253 (North Irish) Field Ambulance RAMC (V) Band (North Irish) Staff Band (TA) The BA quickly established a training scheme specifically geared towards the unique circumstances of Ireland. In 1972 a Northern Ireland Training Advisory Team (NITAT) was set up, it still exists today and every infantry battalion destined for Ireland undergoes a two month NITAT course before arrival. (Non infantry battalions take a three month course). NITAT run two training centres, one in south-east England, the other in Germany. Their task is to bring soldiers up to date on all aspects of the Irish war, they learn about the opponents they will face, their history and favourite tactics, names to watch out for, how to organise intelligence collation, behave on patrol and react to incidents. Every eventuality is covered; patrolling tactics; prison breakouts; riots; legal issues; forensic procedures; the yellow card (and many others). The latest weapons and IEDs (improvised explosive devices) are described and generally, the battalion is prepared physically and psychologically for its tour. As an example we will look at the 3rd Battalion of the Parachute Regiment and how it prepared for deployment in June 1976 in South Armagh. In early January, selected officers and soldiers attended a specialist course in intelligence processing, terrorist recognition and search techniques. When the main body of the battalion arrived at NITAT in Rype, South East England, in February, they were brought up to date on the current political situation, weapons and equipment and concentrated on legal procedures, arrests, VCPs and terrorist recognition skills. A senior RUC officer from their future brigade area briefed the battalion and met with the senior BA officers. The Lt Col in charge of the battalion asked his soldiers to concentrate on six specific areas: (1) map reading; (2) shooting skills; (3) patrolling skills; (4) covert observation posts; (5) ambush skills and (6) alertness. In ‘76 battalions only spent two weeks on specialist ranges in Kent followed by one week in Norfolk. The time in Norfolk was used to familiarise soldiers with other agencies like ATOs (bomb disposal officers), Royal Engineer search teams, dog handlers and WRAC personnel and with them practice various search procedures or bomb disposal operations. An advance party of I.Os was sent to Armagh, they spent several weeks with the battalion they were to replace and picked up relevant details on IRA personnel, informers and local people of influence. An advance party of 100 officers and soldiers left for South Armagh to prepare the ground for the main battalion’s arrival. The main body sailed from Liverpool to Belfast and was airlifted to Bessbrook Mill. The entire battalion then consisted of 40 officers and 610 soldiers, they were pre-arranged into separate companies before the tour began. At battalion HQ (Bessbrook) there were: 3 Rifle companies known as A, B and C; 1 Patrol company - the smallest company of selected men for covert surveillance; 1 Support company - consisting of the toughest and fittest soldiers and; 1 HQ company to run the administrative side of things. Each company was commanded by a Major. As well as these structures the battalion had one team of 20 officers and soldiers for intelligence work, a command and standby system for a 24 hour response to any incident and a group to run the Bessbrook heliport. In both battallion and company HQs the central dynamic was the Army and RUC operations room supported by radio operators, clerks and intelligence collators. Guarding each HQ was a ring of posts and sangars, everybody had to take a turn at guard duty which was 2 hours on, 4 hours off. Each sangar was linked by intercom to the Quick Reaction Force (QRF) through the operations room. Local patrols around each base were made up of the company platoon who were detailed guard duties, this platoon also provided the QRF and sentries and was responsible for keeping the place clean. Their main task on local patrols was to prevent mortar attacks and feed car numbers into the computer. Each company broke down into three platoons of 24-26 soldiers, each responsible for a TAOR of about 26 square miles in South Armagh. The normal situation was that one platoon would be out on distant patrol, one on guard duty and one resting or cleaning up. These routines tended to operate for three or four days before the platoon changed tasks. Each platoon kept a map of its patrol routes in its TAOR, to prevent repetition and routine they used different routes all the time. The HQ staff held a briefing every day at 5.30pm at Bessbrook, every Tuesday was designated conference day. Firstly, the District Action Committee (DAC) met, it was jointly chaired by the RUC Chief Supt of H Division and the C/o of the South Armagh Battalion, also present were the C/o 2 UDR, C/o 3 UDR and the Newry RUC Supt. Another weekly group was the Orders Group or the O Group where the battalion C/o, the Lt Colonel, met with his company commanders, the majors. The third weekly meeting on Tuesdays was the Local Security Committee (LSC) attended by the chair and vice chair and several councillors of Newry and Mourne Council. NIO officals and RUC officers also attended. This committee in particular was highly valued for its contact with the locals and its line of communication to influential people. There is a big difference between commanding a battalion as a Lt Colonel and a brigade as a Brigadier, most of a brigadier’s time is spent developing contacts with the RUC and local people as well as RUC commanders and the Special Branch; many officers more suited to a tactical role find it difficult to adjust to a desk job and are frustrated as a result. For the Lt Colonels whose battalions are divided into sub units, sections and platoons which are under the command of the RIR or RUC, it is difficult for them to balance the requirements of their five or six subordinate commanders (Lieutenants and Majors) and the requirements of the Brigadier’s aims and policies. At the brigade level requirements tend to be more political than the gut reactions of the soldiers on the ground. A more up to date example of the routine of a resident battalion would be that of the resident Belfast battalion in the 39th Brigade area based in Palace Barracks, Hollywood. Again before its actual arrival it sends an advance party to prepare the way for the main body of the battalion. The commanding officer (Lt Colonel), Company C/os (Majors) and platoon and section C/os (Lieutenants) normally precede the rest. The battalion I.O. organises an intelligence team and attends the debriefings of patrol C/os by the company C/o after each patrol. The incoming I.O. would also liaise with the continuity NCOs (CONCOS) of the Royal Military Police whose job it is to brief newly arrived battalions and their I.Os with all the relevant details. The battalion I.O. staff is always added to for an Irish tour, they usually get an extra warrant officer (Company Sergeant), a couple of senior NCOs (Sergeants) and a couple of junior NCOs (Corporals). Resident battalions pace themselves differently than the short term ones. Their companies change thier roles every 4-6 weeks during the two and a half year tour. The HQ company should be able to deploy 18 teams of 4 soldiers (72). 3 teams (12 soldiers) makes up a “multiple”, commanded by a platoon commander (Lieutenant). In addition to its normal patrolling duties the HQ company acts as a reserve for the entire 39th brigade area. The rest of the companies of the resident Belfast Battalion operate a rota consisting of 4 stages, each averaging 5 weeks in duration: (A) Quartered alongside the RUC station with responsibility for a particular part of Belfast under the operational command of the Belfast Roulement Battalion (OPCON BRB). This role will be followed by a return to barracks as a brigade reserve on less than two hours to move; (B) This company has 9 “pigs” - armoured vechicles - on standby for riots and prison breakouts; (C) This company is on 6 hours stand by, thus allowing it time for training duties and is used as a reinforcement for marches, funerals, etc ; (D) The final duty on the rota is one of training, leave or other courses. This battalion is only made operational in an emergency. CHAPTER 5 - SPECIAL AGENCIES IN IRELAND Special Forces: One of the most important post-war reforms in the MoD has been the creation of the Defence Intelligence Staff (DIS) headed by the Chief of Defence Intelligence (CDI), a 3 star appointment (Lt General or equivalent) rotating between the services. The holder of this post does not have to have a background in intelligence work. The DIS is made up of elements of each of the services and is one of the few areas where co-operation between them seems to work, it has about 1000 employees and its main task is to analyse the armed forces of other countries and contribute to the verification of arms control agreements. The job description of DIS employees states that they are “principally concerned with the collection, analysis, assessment and dissemination of information on the capabilities of the Armed Forces and Logistic Infrastructure of certain foreign countries together with associated politico and military studies”. There are two separate sections within the staff, NATO Relevant and Rest of World (ROW). The CDI, who reports directly to the Permanent Secretary at the MoD and to the Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff (Commitments), liaises with more groups than any other MoD post. The DCDS heads the Joint Operations Centre and is the commander of the Director in charge of Special Forces. As we can see from chart 5(b) the DIS of the MoD reports to the Joint Intelligence Committee. The JIC meets weekly for worldwide intelligence reports and includes the heads of each main spying organisation as well as senior representatives of the main customer departments (the people who are looking for information). The committee oversees standing groups who cover particular problems and are made up of intelligence officers, diplomats, soldiers and civil servants. Above the JIC sits the Permanent Secretarie’s Committee on the Intelligence Services consisting of the highest ranking civil servants in the Foreign Office, Home Office, MoD and Treasury. This group sets budgetary limits and tasks for the intelligence organisations. Finally, the Ministerial Committee on the Intelligence Services. It is nominally the highest office in these matters and is chaired by the Prime Minister, other members include the Foreign Minister, the Defence Minister, the Home Secretary and the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. The Intelligence Corps was officially established in 1958 and, in 1985, largely because of its work in Ireland, it became the 7th and smallest of the combat arms. It is a “closed” corps in that every member has to be positively vetted by the Army Directorate of Security. It has a strong joint services ethos which is reinforced during training - the Joint School of Photographic Interpretation is at RAF Wyton and both the Defence Intelligence and Security School and the Joint Services Interrogation Wing are co-located with the HQ of the Intelligence Corps at its depot at Ashford in Kent. The first part of training is the same as for any soldier, during the second part they learn the skills of an Operator in Intelligence and Security (Op Int + Sy) such as map marking, briefings and presentation. They learn German, photo interpretation, still photography and computer studies. Before graduating each recruit must pass a driving test and take a course in Land Rover training in Leaconfield in North Humberside. After a total of 8 months soldiers leave as an A3 Op Int + Sy with an automatic rank of Lance Corporal. About a third of these NCOs become operators in Special Intelligence or OPSI, they enjoy rapid promotion and, in the North, have a lot of responsibility, especially as a Field Intelligence Officer (FINCO). The majority of officer recruits come from university liasion officers, the corps will not accept short service commissions ( of three years) as the value of their training doesn’t show for 4-5 years. After attending Sandhurst in the normal manner an officer in the Int Corps spends a further month at Ashford and then goes directly to an infantry battalion, usually in Ireland where they wear the headgear of their host regiment. After 9 months in this position the officer returns to Ashford for three months special-to-arm training and, depending on their speciality, could return to the North to serve with an intelligence section based at a HQ. After a couple of years the officer can expect to command a security section where they advise the rest of the army on security. From there onwards they follow the same promotional route as everyone else though for security reasons the Intelligence Corps Directorate is involved in all future postings of Int Corps officers. Many senior positions are `tied’ to the Intelligence Corps - 40% of Int Corps Colonels are in tied posts and about three quarters of its Lt Colonels. Many senior officers serving in Ireland as GOC or CLF have served in the Int Corps at some stage, it is one of the least insular of the combat arms because of its practice of sending out detachments to other regiments or units for a period. A special report on performance during the Gulf war praised the intelligence agencies in particular for their accuracy although they tended to over-estimate the enemy strength. General comments on intelligence work were also included, mainly the lessons the DIS had learned. The report stressed that intelligence work should not be seen as a haphazard series of one offs but as a continual cycle of direction, collection, processing and dissemination. Direction, or the defining of the problem to be solved, was largely determined by previous experiences and information. It was crucial that commanders gave good direction as unless the motives for collecting information were absolutely clear there was a tendency to collect anything. Once the direction was clarified the various collection agencies were contacted and they in turn contacted their active sources eg SATINT (Satellite Intelligence), SIGINT (Signals Intelligence), radars on aircraft, RAF photos or Army Air Corps Hele Tele. This information was sent to front line troops, artillery batteries etc. Collation in the field ran from the unit IO to the intelligence staff at a brigade HQ right up to the theatre HQ. The processing of information consisted of 3 stages - collation, evaluation and interpretation. These days computers are widely used to interpret raw data but they are only as good as the information punched into them, and, as a safeguard, computer results are usually checked from a separate source. The report recommended a periodical review of all work so that the task in hand would not be forgotten. The greatest danger was losing objectivity, perhaps eliminating results which were unexpected or tailoring results to match a biased viewpoint eg dismissing an enemy’s capabilities or, the most common loss of objectivity, exaggerating information to make it more important than it really was. Despite technological advances HUMINT or Human Intelligence was still valuable for confirming other sources and for analysing concepts like morale, fear and various other emotions. Intelligence work was very centralised, a small knot of people controlled its collation and application, and the end product often involved specially trained forces to carry out actions based on detailed intelligence reports. The Special Air Service Regiment is one of the BAs more autonomous units, it attracts a great deal of speculation and media interest which is good for recruitment. Soldiers can either apply to join or can be recommended as “suitable for Special Forces” in the annual report compiled on every soldier by the unit C/O. In either case a recruit must have served a minimum of three years . Every accepted recruit becomes a trooper, whatever their previous rank or regiment though they retain their old rank when RTU’d or returned to unit. Four Potential Officer Briefing Courses are held each year in Hereford and another one in Germany. A 5 week course follows which includes hiking in the Breacon Beacons in Wales, resistance to interrogation and a general appitude test. Continuation training follows in parachuting (particularly HALO - high altitude, low opening) combat survival and jungle warfare. The regiment has an unusual structure, its regimental HQ is the centre block of the Duke of York Barracks, Kings Road, London which is the official regimental HQ of the Royal Signals Corps, 44 Parachute Brigade and the HQ of the London-Irish Royal Irish Rangers (TA). Also based there are the SAS regimental museum, the RAF special services air crew and the Special Forces parachute detachment. The main operational arm of the SAS, 22 SAS, is based at Bradbury Lines Barracks in Hereford (which is also the base for R squadron SAS, a part time emergency unit). 22 SAS is divided into 4 sabre squadrons A,B,D and G. Each squadron consists of 72 men and 6 officers which is subdivided into 5 troops; 1 amphibious troop, 1 airborne, 1 surveillance, 1 mountain/ artic warfare and finally 1 signals troop of 24 men (provided by 322 Royal Signals Squadron). In Ireland each sabre troop divides into four man teams, the basic operational infantry unit. Training and planning in Hereford are continually updated and reassessed by the permanent cadre of 5-6 officers and 150 NCOs who run the training wing and the operational research centre; this research centre is equipped with detailed plans of every known commercial aircraft and has plans of many key buildings close to hand. 21 SAS (v) has its A and B squadrons based in the Duke of York Barracks, C squadron is based at Bedford Road, Hitchin and the “S” squadron at Tudor Crescent, Cosham, Portsmouth. Its signals squadron, 63rd Signals SAS(v) is based at Peronne Road, Portsmouth. This regiment provides the guard of honour at the Royal Academy Summer Exhibition and at the Lord Mayor’s Banquet in London. 23 SAS (v) Artists have their HQ (and the operational base for A squadron) at Kingstanding Road, Birmingham. B squadron is based at Old Carlton Barracks Leeds, C squadron at Sandford Rd Barracks Doncaster. D squadron covers the whole of Scotland. There are also 2 SAS anti-terrorist teams of 12 men drawn from the whole regiment who operate from range rovers on a 24 hour, 3 minute alert at Hereford and London. They liaise with the 4 security agencies in Britain: (1) The SIS or M16, (2) The Home Office Intelligence Section or MI5, (3) The DIS Staff at the MoD and (4) the Special Branch. The Director of the SAS (also over the Special Forces such as the SBS) attends all Defence Intelligence Committee meetings. A covert activity of the SAS is that of SAS Group Intelligence operating in the Duke of York Barracks with a Special Branch phone tapping post, the Branch and the SAS enjoy a close working relationship in every major city. In Ireland, the SAS, contrary to some opinion, only act on “hard” intelligence in ambush situations, they have often been confused in the past with other agencies. This is not at all surprising as it is an area deliberately shrouded by the British, the myth they carefully cultivate with the media gives the SAS an automatic advantage over their opponents; the wide range of undercover agencies operating in Ireland and their constant changing of names and of roles has created a complicated line of command and made it difficult to spot a pattern. The final aspects of the security services to be considered are the technical branches which, though not as well known, are perhaps some of the most valuable sources of intelligence. They include the following: 125 section, the Intelligence Corps The Reconnaissance Interpretation Centre (RIC) Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) SIGINT, Royal Corps of Signals Weapons Intelligence Section (WIS) E4C, RUC Special Branch Technical Aids Section The Diplomatic Telecoms Service. The 125 section, the technical unit of the Int Corps is based at Lisburn and oversees the operation of `Crucible’, the computer used to track movements of people and vehicles. The system is linked to the three brigade HQs, the control section of each is known as Forward Operational Control (FOC). Data is stored in four sections: (1) P-section - all personal details, description, dob, routine etc (2) Residential section - every street and house with all the residents and details of their political leanings (3) Vehicle index (4) VCP index - a description of vehicles and their movements. The RIC is an all arms intelligence unit run mainly by the RAF at Aldergrove. It uses aircraft for reconnaissance photos using thermal images, radar and remote sensing to locate arms dumps, both North and South. GCHQ is perhaps the most important group of these bodies, it, and its military equivalent, Military Signals Intelligence intercept phone calls and transmissions and prevent other states from doing the same to Britain. It is the largest of the intelligence agencies with 7000 employees. WIS, sometimes also referred to as Weapons Intelligence Unit is a collection of intelligence specialists formed in 1974 to monitor arms movements, track dumps and trace weapon use. Each brigade HQ has a large map detailing which weapons were used in each incident, their task is to pinpoint the area using the weapon and if possible work out the supply route used. The SIGINT, E4C and DTS are relatively minor groups and won’t be dealt with here. Special Agencies in Ireland: All intelligence activities in Ireland were originally controlled by SIS or MI6 but in the aftermath of the Littlejohn fiasco in the early 70’s control was handed to MI5. MI6 still maintains a station at the Merrion Rd Embassy in Dublin where agents are encouraged to socialise with politicians, clergy, union leaders, Gardai and Army Officers and media personnel. They also have a presence at Stormont called the “political office” and a presence at HQ Lisburn. MI6 have about 2500 employees, they gather intelligence abroad through spies and officially sanctioned exchanges of information with other governments. In early 1992 a report by Ian Burns, an under-secretary at the Home Office, suggested that the role of counter terrorism be handed to MI5. From May ‘92 this came into effect, MI5 now co-ordinate all anti-IRA intelligence. As part of this process a National Criminal Intelligence Service was created early in ‘92, a senior MI5 officer from “T” branch (counter terrorism) now advises the various Chief Constables on security and intelligence operations, the NCIS has a staff of 440 police, civilians and customs personnel. The Director General of MI5 heads a staff of 2,300 people and controls a £300m budget, from Thames House in Millbank, London. MI5 is mainly deployed in the UK and has responsibility for protecting the state from espionage, terrorism, subversion and economic sabotage. Although it is only in ‘92 that MI5 have been handed overall responsibility for all anti-IRA operations in the UK and control of most intelligence operations in Ireland North and South, they do have a history of involvement here, eg in the early 70’s the then Director of Intelligence Dick White was sent to the North to organise proper interrogation procedures. MI5 also has a primary political role in the North, for example, the Bourn Committee which sat in Ireland in 1974 and published a report entitled “The Way Forward” drew up proposals for criminalising prisoners, introducing police primacy and promoting Ulsterisation of the security forces along with a major pacification process. The participants included the then MI5 Chief of Intelligence NI, Dennis H Payne along with John Bourn, a senior NIO offical, John Hermon, Lt Colonel Sidney Hawker (the IO of the GOC), James Allen (an SIS representative who had negotiated with the IRA in 1974) and finally Ian Cameron who was Payne’s senior officer. To this day the MI5 Director and Co-ordinator of Intelligence NI sits on the weekly security committee with the Secretary of State, the GOC and the Chief Constable. There are only about 100 MI5 officers in Ireland, they work from several centres, their main base being River House in Belfast which also houses the Police Authority; they have a base at Churchill House in Victoria Square which deals with technical intelligence gathering and there are also offices at RUC HQ Knock, Military HQ Lisburn and in Castlereagh. Despite their small numbers MI5 officers have enormous influence over the various agencies currently operating in Ireland, at present this involves four special groups: See chart 5(b). (a) Forward Reconnaissance Unit (FRU) (which replaced the Field Research Unit which ran Brian Nelson). It draws its members from all three services and is headed by a Colonel from Lisburn HQ who reports to the Director of Special Forces. FRU has about 50 officers, soldiers and locally recruited agents in total. (b) 14 Intelligence and Security Group (14 Int & Sy Gp) with 60 members between Belfast, Derry and Armagh. (c) The RUC Special Support Unit (SSU), a Special Branch group of about 20 RUC and ex army officers based at Lisnasharragh Barracks. (d) An SAS presence of about 20 troops at Aldergrove, a figure reinforced from Hereford when required. The factor which strenghtened the hand of MI5 in its dealings with these groups was the Security Service Act of 1989 designed to make MI5 more accountable to the Home Secretary. An unique situation arose that MI5 in the North was only made accountable to the NI Secretary of State thereby avoiding the system of checks and balances introduced in the wake of the Spycatcher affair. Although the MI5 Director at Stormont is made aware of all undercover activities, crucially the Secretary of State is not, unless the Director chooses to tell him. MI5 control the security operations which act on intelligence through the system of `tasking’ via the Tasking and Coordination Groups (TCGs) which control all covert activities by collating all the data gathered from RUC and military units thus ensuring a smooth transition from intelligence to action. These groups were created by Kenneth Newman in 1978 and were originally designed to break down the barriers which existed between the various intelligence agencies. Castlereagh is known as TCG Belfast, Gough Barracks as TCG South and Strand Road in Derry as TCG North. The work of the TCGs added to the work of the BA’s Special Military Intelligence Unit (of about 30 officers) who liaise with the Special Branch within the various police divisions. These TCGs are controlled by a security liaison officer from MI5 who sits over a group of officers from RUC C (Crime) Branch and E (Special) Branch along with a military officer responsible for covert operations to advise on army capabilities. Before the recent handing over to MI5 of control, the RUC Special Branch would have been the primary organisation, it still retains a strong power-base and has a great deal of influence in local affairs. The history of the use of special agencies reveals a trend towards centralisation. There have been many changes in terms of organisation, control, accountability and efficiency. At the lower end of the intelligence scale the regular battalion and company IOs in each brigade deal mainly with terrorist recognition, reconnaissance and surveillance using Close Observation Patrols (COPs) of about 30 selected NCOs for each resident battalion. These IOs would also deal with local matters such as low level touting and with watching people classed as republican sympathisers etc. That is of course not to belittle the work they do, they report to battalion IOs who have the option of passing information further up the ladder to the brigade C/o, the CLF or even the GOC. Other specialised groups emerged and developed over the years, for example, the Military Reconnaissance Force of the early 70’s, which consisted of about 40 personnel including some “turned” republicans, was allowed to fade out in 1973 after a number of embarrassing incidents, its direct replacement was the 14th Intelligence Company which had one detachment of one officer and 20 or 30 soldiers within each brigade area. Throughout the 70’s this group operated under a series of bogus names including NITAT and Int + Sy Group (Intelligence and Security Group), both of which were regular British units at that time though uninvolved in intelligence work. As the intelligence network developed the CLF in 1982-3, Charles Huxtable, created the Intelligence and Security Group (Int + Sy Group) which was genuine in that it was actually Irish based, it joined the SAS and the former 14th Intelligence Company administratively. See chart 5©. These two groups were therefore placed under the one commanding officer. The C/o of the Int + Sy Group can deploy up to 3 surveillance detachments and the SAS together in suitably sized groups which are fully integrated with RUC special units. Once information is received, a suggestion or plan will be made to the local brigade C/o, the CLF or the C/o Int + Sy group. This “group” will then formulate a detailed plan with the local TCG, a code name will be given to the plan which is then passed to the CLF for final approval and, depending on its political sensitivity, it may be taken to the GOC or Secretary of State. Once a plan has been approved in all aspects it is handed to the surveillance teams and SAS to carry it out. This is a frustrating situation for the ordinary infantry soldiers as they see themselves acting as sitting ducks for an unseen enemy whilst the `Sass’ get all the exciting jobs. Nowadays the British don’t even try to disguise the fact that shoot-to-kill operations do take place, a sign that as the number of such acts increase they seen as acceptable in some quarters. The history of the deployment of the SAS points to their use as political tools carrying out government tactics. Although not officially deployed until 1976, in the aftermath of the Kingsmills incident, they had operated as independents before and after that, this caused many problems, work was being duplicated, intelligence operators were suspicious of one another and refused to co-operate and the ensuring secrecy encouraged empire building among the various agencies. The fourth agency operating at that time were the Close Observation Patrols (COPs) of selected NCOs in each resident battalion, they were officially created in 1978. ______________________ __________________ _____________________ \|DIRECTOR GENERAL \| \|JOINT INTELLIGENCE\|________________________________________\|GCHQ CHELTENHAM \|_ \|SECURITY SERVICE MI5 \|---\|COMMITTEE JIC \| \|_____________________\| \| \|______________________\|_ \|__________________\|___________________ _____________________ \| \|DIRECTOR & COORDINATOR\| _____\|______ \| \|MOD \|____________\|MILITARY INTELLIGENCE\| \| \|INTELLIGENCE NI \| \|CHIEF OF SIS\| \| \|WHITEHALL DEPT4\| ___\|_____________________\| \| \|______________________\| ____\|MI6 LONDON \| \| \|_______________\| \| _____________________ \| \|FIREARM SAS 1 SAS TROOP INT & SY GROUP INCORPORATES \| \|SPECIALISTS > SAS TROOP & 14 INT COMPANY \| \| FROM 1982 \| \|_________________________________________________________________________________\| The Warrenpoint attack was the catalyst for change the security services needed. In the fallout after the explosion the newly elected Thatcher met all the senior civil servants, police and army officers in the North. On their advice she appointed Frank Cooper, a senior NIO offical, to examine the existing security apparatus and make recommendations for change where required. Cooper was assisted in his task by 2 army, 2 RUC and 2 NIO personnel including Brigadier Robert Pascoe (later GOC NI) and ACC John Whiteside (later head of RUC Special Branch and CID). Cooper advised the Prime Minister to appoint an overseer or co-ordinator of intelligence to encourage cooperation and harmony between the various agencies. Accordingly Maurice Oldfield was brought out of retirement and although he recognised the importance of police primacy and could not therefore be seen to have an operational role he nevertheless began the process of co-operation which is continuing to this day. He set up joint operations rooms in Castlereagh, Derry and Gough Barracks, as well as a Joint Operations Planning Committee made up of the Special Support Group (RUC) Bronze section, the HQ C/o of 14th Company, the Special Branch (RUC), MI5, MI6 and the SAS. There were over 600 intelligence operators active during Oldfield’s reign. Agents were trained over a 6 month period (codenamed Operation Banner) at Ashford and at Overhill near Shorncliffe. Phone tappers were trained at Royal Signals Corps at Harrogate and at an RAF station in Nottinghamshire. Oldfield retired in June 1980 and was replaced by Sir Francis Brook Richards. As an indication of how political activities go hand in hand with military actions legal procedures were streamlined to protect special forces (in particular), involved in fatal shootings, from being prosecuted. Halisham, the then Lord Chancellor, pushed through amendments to the yellow card in 1980 to the effect that any soldier who claimed that their life was in danger when they opened fire could not be found guilty of any offence. Coroner’s courts which investigated such incidents were debarred from reaching a verdict, they were simply to make findings and further, the RUC were to be given responsibility for assembling and choosing Coronor’s juries. Another favourable legal procedure granted at this time was that any member of the armed forces who was involved in a controversial incident was immediately given access to Army Legal Service members who gave assistance in interviews and helped to formulate statements. The official thinking behind such a carefully thought out post operation procedure was behind a statement made by Tom King in January 1990 when he stated that “where it is necessary to protect lives and for sound and absolutely honorable security reasons, disinformation would be used”. Over the years the deployment of special forces depended on several factors. The personality of the senior politicans or soldiers in the North at any one time seemed to have an effect on how much emphasis was placed on undercover operations, also closely linked was the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of the IRA at any given time. Special agencies tend to take on a more prominent role in the aftermath of IRA spectaculars or during a period of sustained successes. In the aftermath of the Ballygawley and Lisburn bombings in 1988 the then Chief of the Defence Staff Field Marshal Bramall said that “a majority of officers are now strongly backing a shoot to kill policy as the principal method of defeating the IRA”. Another prominent BA officer of the 70’s, Peter Morton, the former C/o of 3rd Para put forward seven proposals to defeat the IRA including the death penalty for murder, detention until the end of hostilities for those found guilty of terrorist offences - irrespective of the court sentence, the freedom to shoot armed terrorists without warning and most draconian of all, the ending of dole for those on the run! The history of special forces deployment in the North is therefore one of constant refinement, improvement and re-allignment towards more central control of operations. The army manual of counter revolutionary operations states that “intelligence and security must be centrally controlled to ensure the efficient and economic exploitation of resources. Thus there should be a single integrated intelligence organisation under either a Director of Operations or the senior Intelligence Officer in the area of operations”. Besides the aforementioned Provincial Executive Committee, Hugh Annesley recently spoke of the creation of a National Police Unit to combat terrorism; it would, in his opinion, have four roles: To cultivate informants (which he thought was the key weapon) To gather and assess intelligence. To have an operational capacity to respond to collated intelligence To have a training, legal and support service. Responsibility for this unit would lie with the Home Secretary guided by an advisory board, members of the security services (MI5, MI6, DIS), the Metropolitan Police Special Branch and anti terrorist unit, the provincial Special Branch and customs and excise would all play a role. There is no doubt that such a unit will become a reality in the future as another step along the road to a more effective response against the IRA. GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS HCSC - HIGHER COMMAND AND STAFF COLLEGE WO 1&2 - WARRANT OFFICER 1&2 HUMINT - HUMAN INTELLIGENCE IED - IMPROVISED DEVICE README Overview: parts of this alt go into a lot of detail and will be difficult to discuss in any depth. This chapter by chapter breakdown of the points to be drawn out of the alt is designed to assist those taking the ranganna - it would be a mistake to concentrate too much on fine detail, the information is there for those who want it. CHAPTER 1: This gives a breakdown of BA structures. The following points are considered important. · What are the advantages/disadvantages of the regimental system? Why is rivaly encouraged between units? · The units most vulnerable to cuts are the Royal Armoured Corps, the Royal Artillery and the Brigade of Gurkhas. Why these units in particular? How have world-wide events played a part in this? · Discuss the work of the Royal Engineers and the Royal Army Ordnance Corps in Ireland. · Why do you think the RAF and Army Air Corps compete for flying duties in Ireland? CHAPTER 2: Again this chapter deals with the subject in some detail, the points to bring out in discussion are the importance the BA attaches to training courses and education and how recruits are singled out as potential leaders from an early stage. · How could ONH benefit from education/courses? Would this be practical taobh amuigh/taobh istigh? · What is the significance of the Rowallan Company Scheme? CHAPTER 3: Deals with political control of the BA and the internal workings of the MoD. · Discuss the roles of the BA as defined by the British Government. · Will increased privatisation and cutbacks affect the BA and if so will this have an effect on their ability to operate in Ireland/Worldwide (Bosnia etc). · Can the military activities of the BA in Ireland be attributed to political direction from Westminster or Whitehall? CHAPTER 4: Deals with the ongoing effect of the BA’s military intervention in Ireland. · Discuss changes in BA tactics/attitudes since their arrival. Has Police Primacy been successfully introduced? Why was it seen as so important? · Discuss the revised predictions of the Bourn committee up to 1990 and the lessons they had learned. How far have the BA gone towards becoming an acceptable force? · Is it valid to say that `intelligence is the key to success’? Does this equally apply to ONH? Ignoring the differences in terms of resources between ONH and the BA, how do both organisations approach the area of intelligence? · Who runs the North? The BA, NIO, RUC, British Govt? CHAPTER 5: There is plenty of detail to take in so it might be a mistake to ignore the broader issues raised by the activities of special forces by concentrating on specific events. · The growing influence of special units is a reflection of what? Greater efficiency/secrecy/centralisation? · Why does the number of shoot-to-kill incidents rise and fall? Discuss the political implications of shoot-to-kill. · “Refinement, improvement and re-organisation” - is this a valid description of the development of covert units? GENERAL POINTS FOR DISCUSSION: · Is it valid to say that there are two separate armies operating in Ireland, and that the influence of covert units is being increased at the expense of the uniformed BA? · What are the benefits of service in Ireland for the BA? · Is it possible for ONH to combat the BA when you consider their superior resources and numbers? Are there areas where it is possible to say that ONH have made errors in the past and have learned from these or should learn from these? · What are the likely trends of the future BA? · Are the BA effective opponents? Are there areas where ONH can expect them to improve or develop further?	Chief of the General Staff
In fencing, what word of acknowledgement is used by competitors to indicate that a scoring hit has been made?	Brirish Army - Long Kesh Documents Long Kesh Documents Sitemap Brirish Army This page has been moved to google drive, click on link below, all the files here and more have been added to the new link. CHAPTER 1: BRITISH ARMY STRUCTURES 1-13 Chart 1(A) Summary of Chapter 13 CHAPTER 2: ARMY RANKS AND TRAINING 13-19 Chart 2(A) Army Ranks 3 Chart 2(B) Organisation in the Field Army 7 Chart 2© Summary of Chapter 19 CHAPTER 3: THE BRITISH ARMY AND THE MoD 20-28 Chart 3(A) The MoD 24 Chart 3(B) MoD Budget 25 Chart 3© Operational Chain of Command 27 CHAPTER 4: THE BRITISH ARMY IN IRELAND 29-35 CHAPTER 5: SPECIAL AGENCIES IN IRELAND 36-47 Chart 5(A) The Intelligence Network 43 Chart 5(B) The Intelligence Network in Ireland 42 Chart 5© Development of Covert Units 43 GLOSSARY: 48 BRITISH ARMY STRUCTURES: The British Army is currently divided into COMBAT ARMS and SERVICES. There are 8 combat arms; (a) Armour; (b) Artillery; © Engineers; (d) Signals; (e) Infantry; (f) Aviation; (g) Intelligence and (h) Special Forces. The services or corps consist of a wide variety of support and logistical groups such as maintenance engineers, medical corps, vetinary services, military police, nursing services plus specialised teams of legal advisers and physical trainers. The BA is currently going through a period of re-organisation and re-structuring which will last until the end of the decade. The basic units of combat arms and services remain unchanged but approximately 200 units of different sizes and roles are to be amalgamated, reduced or disbanded, many thousands of soldiers and MoD employees are to made redundant, so although the following chapter may, in the long run, contain some inaccuracies it is still a useful guide for illustrating the basic structures of the BA. It is no accident that the regimental system is the backbone of the BA’s structure, this system has a tribal aspect to it - group allegiances are forged through the regiment and this has been shown to have a powerful bonding effect in times of conflict. The link with the regimental history is reinforced by the use of distinctive uniforms and capbadges plus army bands and mascots. Each unit celebrates the anniversary of their own famous victories - it’s not surprising therefore thet in times of war soldiers show a greater willingness to fight for their regiment and comrades rather than romantic notions like `Queen and Country’. Rivalry is encouraged between different units, particularly between the infantry regiments, though the down side to this is the almost pathological hatred existing between certain `macho’ regiments like the Paras and Marines. The most influential officers within these structures are the Colonels Commandant of the regiments. These are honorary positions held by those ranked Major General and higher and are not to be confused with the Colonel who actually commands the regiment (see Chapter 2 for ranks). The Colonels Commandant lobby through their relevant Combat Arms Director eg the Director of Infantry or Director Royal Armoured Corps. It is a major weakness of the BA’s that army units performing different roles are in constant conflict with each other over resources and equipment, this is where the Colonels Commandant have a major influencing role acting as mediators between the regiment or corps and the MoD, it is recognised that infighting between the Arms or Services places the BA in a weaker position vis a vis the RAF and the Navy. COMBAT ARMS: (A) ARMOUR: This arm consists of the Royal Armoured Corps (RAC) and the Household Cavalry. It is currently made up of 19 regiments but this will be reduced to 11 by April 1st 1995. This arm was particularly vulnerable to cutbacks because of the changing situation in Europe. Most of the British units in Germany will have to leave by 1994; 12 out of the `heavy’ armoured regiments were stationed there and they rely extensively on the massive German training ranges, a facility they do not have in Britain. The RAC is divided into `heavy’ armoured and `light’ reconnaissance roles (heavy involves Chieftain tanks etc, light involves Warrior and Scimitar reconnaissance vehicles). (Pre cutbacks - 19) (after cutbacks - 11) LIFE GUARDS (LG) Amalgamated in Sept 92 but separate identies. BLUES & ROYALS (RHG/D) Now the HOUSEHOLD CAVALRY (HC). 1st THE QUEENS DRAGOON GUARDS (QDG) ROYAL SCOTS DRAGOON GUARDS (SCOTS DG) 9th/12th ROYAL LANCERS 9/12 L 4th/7th ROYAL DRAGOON GUARDS (4/7DG) Amalgamated to form the ROYAL 5th ROYAL INNISKILLING DRAGOON GUARDS (RDG) DRAGOON GUARDS (5 INNIS DG) QUEENS OWN HUSSARS (QOH) Amalgamated to form the QUEENS ROYAL IRISH HUSSARS (QRIH) QUEENS ROYAL HUSSARS (QRH) ROYAL HUSSARS (RH) Amalgamated to form the 14th/20th KINGS HUSSARS (14/20H) KINGS ROYAL HUSSARS (KRH) 13th/18th ROYAL HUSSARS (13/18H) Amalgamated to form15th/19th KINGS ROYAL HUSSARS the LIGHT DRAGOONS (15/19H) (LD) 16th/5th QUEENS ROYAL LANCERS(16/5L) Amalgamated to form the QUEENS 17th/21st LANCERS (17/21L) ROYAL LANCERS (QRL) 1st/2nd/3rd/4th ROYAL TANK REGIMENT (RTR) 1st & 2nd RTR to join to become 1st RTR, 2nd & 3rd to become 2nd RTR. (B) ARTILLERY: The Royal Regiment of Artillery (RA) is the largest single regiment in the BA. Two thirds of its personnel is based in Germany and it is suffering from a shortage of officers, so it too is vulnerable to cutbacks. The introduction of its most powerful weapon, the Multi Launch Rocket System (MLRS) during the Gulf war may ironically have strengthened the case for the reduction of normal artillery units due to its tremendous firepower. The RA has more `tied’ posts than any other cap badge (ie posts reserved for officers of a specific regiment eg a Major General RA at Corps HQ Germany and a Commander RA (Brig) at each Divisional HQ). Every armoured brigade has one field artillery regiment (consisting of two troops of four guns each - a total of 56 soldiers). The HQ RA is at Woolwich, the base for the 17th Training Regiment for RA adult recruits, the Director RA and his staff, the TAHQ (territorials) and the various regimental associations. The RA also have a base at Larkhill. The regimental senior officer is known as the Master Gunner.2 The Artillery Regiment will be reduced from 14 to 9 Field Regiments, there will be a total of 4 Air Defence Regiments and the total number of batteries will fall from 76 to 56 (a loss of c. 2000 soldiers and officers). There will still be 3 Heavy Regiments, 1 Commando and 1 Parachute RA Regiment. (C) ENGINEERS: The Corps of Royal Engineers (RE) have more degrees amongst its recruits than any other. It maintains about half of its strength in the Rhine Army and is responsible for traditional `sapper’ tasks like road building, surveys, maps, trench digging, demolition and airfield repair and construction. Their main operational commitment is in Ireland where there are plans underway to maintain a permanent engineering regiment in Antrim Town. Their two main tasks are defence construction and searching for bombs and booby traps (the RE search for them and the Royal Army Ordnance Corps (RAOC) dispose of them). The RE are also involved in providing boats and divers eg 33 Independent Field Squadron based on Lough Neagh. RE involvement in construction work has increased since IRA activity against contractors was stepped up, there are about 300 RE construction workers present at any one time and their need for protection ties down a lot of the local infantry. Search teams are attached to each of the three brigade areas and come from a reinforced squadron on a 6 month roulement tour. Each team of six is commanded by a Royal Engineer Search Adviser (RESA), usually a Sergeant. Their main task is to clear a path for an ATO from the RAOC, they also dispose of mines (in the normal military sense) and unexploded ariel ordnance as well as clearing army firing ranges. Their search technique for uncovering hidden bombs and dumps is called the Winthrop Method - it involves thinking like the person who hid the bomb or dump and trying to determine what would be an obvious hiding place or what would stand out as a good marker (eg a large tree). By 1997 the RE will lose 5 of its 15 regiments as well as 3 Independent Squadrons. The Regimental HQ is at Chatham in Kent. (D) SIGNALS: The Royal Corps of Signals (R Sigs) serve everywhere - there is a detachment where there is an army outpost. They have the highest proportion of Welbexians (recruits from the army 6th form Welbeck college), currently about 50% of serving officers though they are also the worst recruited arm for soldiers. Every armoured division has its own HQ and Signals Regiment which provides each Brigade with a HQ and Signals Squadron. Their main task is to operate PTARMIGAN - the army’s secure communications system. In Britain the Royal Sigs have an Apprentice’s College at Harrogate, a School of Signals at Blandford and the 8th and 11th Training Regiment at Catterick in Yorkshire. Blandford is also the base for the 30th Signals Regiment which operates a SATCOM system for overseas units, the other SATCOM specialist is the 264 Signals Regiment permanently attached to the SAS. The tri-service Defence Automatic Data Processing Training Centre is based at the School of Signals, the BA is having problems holding onto its skilled computer operators here and this is one reason why the proportion of women in the ranks is likely to rise. The senior signals officers are known as the Signals Officer in Chief and the Master of Signals. By April 1995 the Royal Corps of Signals will lose 10 of its 15 signals regiments and will organise its electronic warfare units into a single regiment. (E) INFANTRY: The infantry represents about 25% of the BA’s strength, it is organised into 8 administrative divisions. These divisions were created during the last major army re-organisation in 1968 under the then Defence Secretary Dennis Healey. In the future these divisions may be replaced with a series of three brigades similar to the three infantry brigades in Ireland, each having a defined territory and a locally based part-time element to cut costs. These brigades will most likely be made up of one home based battalion with both regular and part-time soldiers; one UK battalion co-located with the home battalion and an overseas battalion for service in Ireland or internationally. This is necessary to make the BA a more attractive career otherwise highly trained soldiers will continue to leave in droves, the constant re-roling (eg going from Germany to Ireland) places intolerable strain on married personnel, many of whom are looking for a more settled lifestyle. Traditionally the BA has always prepared infantry battalions for every role imaginable, this stemmed from from the many colonial wars the British were involved in but the signs are that in the near future infantry regiments will be required to specialise in a particular role (this happened the armoured regiments in the early 70’s - they had to choose between a `heavy’ or `light’ role where previously they had taken turns at both). Training and administration will continue to become more centralised. By March 1998 the infantry will be reduced from 55 to 40 battalions. Guards Division The Guards Division is made up of the two regiments of the Household Cavalry - The Life Guards and the Blues and Royals, as well as the five regiments of the Foot Guards. Changes Grenadier Guards (1st/2nd GREN GDS) The 2nd battalion of the Gren Coldstream Guards (1st/2nd COLDM GDS) Gds, Coldm Gds and SG go into Scots Guards (1st/2nd SG) suspended animation from Irish Guards (IG) 1993 onwards ie the name is Welsh Guards (WG) retained but the batt is in plus effect disbanded. Life Guards LG}Household LG and RHG/D Blues & Royals RHG/D} Cavalry amalgamated.4 The Household Cavalry has administrative independence from the RAC but its soldiers are trained at Catterick and its officers go to Bovington with other RAC trainees. It also differs from the line cavalry regiments in the RAC (Dragoon Guards, Lancers, Hussars etc) in that it does not undertake lengthy, boring tours of Germany like they do - some of which last 10-12 years - but instead they alternate their roles and locations every five years. The number of Foot Guard battalions has been cut from eight to five, their role is to act as the monarch’s personal body guard. The Guard’s HQ is at Wellington Barracks. The `public duty’ battalions (who perform the Changing of the Guard etc) have the highest turnover in the BA, up to thirty per cent leaving each year. There are usually five public duty battalions stationed in and around London at either Wellington Barracks, Chelsea Barracks, Hounslow, Pirbright or Caterham. Other commitments such as a tour in Ireland or Belize or training as a Spearhead Battalion (on standby for an out-of-area operation) may reduce this figure to two or three. Each public duty team of 120 Guards and 4 officers can perform either the Queen’s Guard (Buckingham and St Jame’s Palaces), Tower Guard (Tower of London) or the Windsor Guard (one officer and thirty guards only when the Queen is present). On very rare occasions a team will act as standby for Heathrow Airport if problems are expected. For the first time ever women were allowed to participate in a public duty parade in Sept ‘92 because of the problems with recruiting. In future, cutbacks in the Foot Guards will mean that public ceremonies will be carried out by six groups of seventy guards instead of the usual eight groups. An active social life is important for both Cavalry and Guards, they have two of the strongest Freemason lodges in the BA - the Household Division Lodge for officers and the Comrades Lodge for senior NCOs and warrant officers. The four month long ceremonial season begins in April with the Major General’s Parade, the Major General commanding the Household Division also doubles as the GOC London District. The division has its own club - The Cavalry and Guards Club - next door to the RAF club in Picadilly whose membership is limited to the military. There also exists a strong `old boy’ network, retiring Cavalry or Guards Officers are regularly recruited into a number of institutions, especially merchant bankers like Robert Fleming, Cazenove and Co and NM Rothschild. Scottish Division The Scottish Division is traditionally one of the best recruited. It currently consists of seven regiments, four of which are highland and three lowland but this will be cut to six regiments in total. Changes Kings Own Scottish Borderers (KOSB) Black Watch (BW) Queens Own Highlanders (QO HLDRS) QOH and Gordons to Gordon Highlanders (Gordons) amalgamate in 1994 (new name not decided) Argyll & Sutherland Highlanders (A&SH) The RS traditionally draw recruits from Edinburgh and Lothian, the RHF recruit from Glasgow and Ayrshire and the KOSB from the entire Borders area (these are the three lowland regiments). The BW is a Dundee and Tayside regiment, the other three, QO Hldrs, Gordons and A&SH recruit generally throughout the highlands. The Divisional HQ is at Craigiehall near Edinburgh. Queens Division This division is one of the biggest with three large regiments of three battalions each, though it also suffers a recruitment problem and is up to two whole battalions understrength. The Divisional Depot is at Bassingbourn in Hertfordshire and all three regiments recruit from a wide area. Changes Queens Regiment (1st/2nd/3rd QUEENS) Queens amalgamated with Royal Regiment of Fusiliers Royal Hampshire Reg (1st/2nd/3rd RRF) to form the Princess of Royal Anglian Regiment Wales Royal Reg. (1st/2nd/3rd R ANGLIAN) (PWRR) Both the RRF and the R Anglian have been reduced to two battalions. Kings Division This division covers the North East, especially Merseyside and the North. It has no problems with recruiting. The Kings own Border Reg has its HQ at Carlisle Castle but recruits from Northern Lancashire (Manchester and Liverpool), the Queens Lancashire Reg is based around Burnley and Blackpool and the Duke of Wellington Reg recruits around West Yorkshire. The Divisional Depot is at Chester Castle. Kings Own Border Regiment (KINGS OWN BORDER) Kings Regiment (KINGS) Prince of Wales Own Regiment (PWO) Green Howards (GREEN HOWARDS) Royal Irish Rangers merged with Royal Irish Rangers (R IRISH) UDR to form the Royal Irish Queens Lancashire Regiment (QLR) Regiment (RIR). It has 2 Duke of Wellington Regiment (DWR) General Service batts for worldwide use and 7 for use in Ireland. Prince of Wales Division This division is being reduced from nine to seven battalions. The Divisional HQ is at Lichfield, Staffordshire. Changes Devonshire & Dorset Regiment (D&D) Cheshire Regiment (CHESHIRE) Staffordshire Regiment (STAFFORDS) Glosters & Derr to join Royal Welsh Fusiliers (RWF) in ‘94 to form the Royal Royal Regiment of Wales (RRW) Gloucestershire, Gloucestershire Regiment (GLOSTERS) Berkshire & Wiltshire Reg Duke of Edinburghs Royal Regiment (DERR) Worcester & Sherwood Foresters (WFR) R Hamps amalgamated with Royal Hampshire Regiment (RHAMPS) Queens (Queens Division) to form the PWRR. Light Division This is the smallest of the divisions. The HQ is at Flowerdown in Wiltshire. Changes Light Infantry (1st/2nd/3rd LI) Both regiments have lost one Royal Green Jackets (1st/2nd/3rd RGJ) battalion each (now 4 in all). Airborne Division This consists soley of the Parachute regiment whose depot is based at Aldershot. They are one of the few regiments with no recruiting problems. Parachute Regiment (1st/2nd/3rd PARA) Brigade of Gurkhas This is probably the most threatened of the divisions. Before Options For Change there were five battalions as well as separate Engineer, Signals and Transport regiments. By 1997 the numbers in the division will fall from 7,000 to 2,500. Changes 2nd King Edward 7th Own Gurkha Rifles (1st/2nd 2GR) 6th Queen Elizabeth Own Gurkha Rifles (6GR) 2GR, 6GR, 7GR 7th Duke of Edinburgh Gurkha Rifles (7GR) & 10GR will 10th Princess Mary’s Own Gurkha Rifles (10GR) merge in 1995 Queens Gurkha Engineers (QGE) to form the Queens Gurkha Signals (QG SIGNALS) Royal Gurkha Rifles Queens Gurkha Transport Regiment (GTR)(1st/2nd/3rd) (F) AVIATION: The forerunner of todays Army Air Corps was formed in 1957 out of artillery observer and light liaison flights. In 1973 it became a combat arm in its own right. Recruits to the AAC are soldiers first and pilots second. They must serve a minimum of 3 years as ground crew by which time they should have reached the rank of corporal before taking an aptitude test and pilot training if accepted. Two officers staff each helicopter, the P1 pilot is the aircraft commander, the co-pilot (P2) can take over if complicated manoeuvres have to be carried out. To become P1 standard a senior NCO cadre course is taken. A good AAC recruit can achieve this within 13 years. AAC officers face a rigorous test procedure as well as, and separate from, the Regular Commissions Board (see Chapter 2). It includes a medical test and further aptitude tests. The natural rival to the AAC is the RAF who are still responsible for transport helicopters (Wessex, Chinook and Puma) whilst the AAC fly “attack” helicopters (Gazelles and Lynx) to give support to ground troops in Ireland. Recently the BA and Navy began to question the need for a separate air arm at all, they are pushing the idea that operational support to land and naval forces should come under army and naval control. A major boost for the AAC was the formation in 1988 of the 24th Air Mobile Brigade based in Catterick consisting of three infantry battalions, an engineer squadron and the newly formed 9th Regiment ACC. A major problem is the poaching of ACC pilots who are rated very highly in civilian life. (G) Intelligence: The Intelligence Corps (Int Corps) was first raised in World War 1, mainly to interrogate POWs. Its existence was in doubt until WW2 when the subsequent wars in the various colonies, in Borneo in particular, established the corps as permanent fixture. It became a combat arm in 1985 on the strength of its experiences in Ireland. Its recruits are usually of above average intelligence, they automatically pass out of the training depot as a Lance Corporal. Intelligence is seen as a growth industry and an increasing number of senior positions are “tied” to the intelligence corps (i.e. can only be filled by a member of that corps). It is one of the few corps to accept women for tactical reasons, not because of staffing problems, even so, only 5% of the corps’ officers are women. It is one of the least insular corps because of its practice of sending out small detachments to various regiments with a wide variety of roles. Despite its recent creation the Int Corps will exert a great deal of influence in the future. (H) Special Forces: Special Air Service (SAS) The BA deliberately maintains an air of mystery around the SAS, it is good for its image and it promotes curiousity and fascination, strong recruitment attractions. It was formed during WW2 by a foot guard, David Stering, which is why its sub-units are known as sabre squadrons (these are usually cavalry sub-units). There are four of these in the regular SAS regiment (22 SAS), A,B,D and G. Each squadron is further divided into four troops, each of which specialises in a particular role ( free falling, vehicles, mountain and artic warfare etc). Like the Int Corps, the SAS can do no wrong at the moment, many of its ex members and commanders are now occupying senior positions in the BA, the shift towards lighter, highly specialised, super-fit airborne troops continues to push them to the forefront. SERVICES Royal Army Ordnance Corps (RAOC) Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME) Royal Army Medical Corps (RAMC) Royal Army Pay Corps (RAPC) Royal Army Vetinary Corps (RAVC) Royal Army Educational Corps (RAEC) Royal Army Dental Corps (RADC) Royal Army Chaplin’s Department (RA Ch D) Royal Pioneer Corps (RPC) Small Arms School Corps (SASC) Army Physical Training Corps (APTC) Womens Royal Army Corps (WRAC) Military Provost Staff Corps (MPSC) Some of these services are entirely independent and only involve a small number of soldiers but they are all highly specialised and vital to the smooth running of the modern army. From 1993 these services will be organised into separate corps, the largest will be known as the Royal Logistic Corps and will be headed by the Quarter-Master General. This RLC will be divided into two pillars. The first pillar - Service Support will be made up of the RCT, RAOC, RPC, ACC and the Royal Engineers Postal and Courier Service. The second pillar - Equipment Support will consist of the REME (see summary page 12). The other new Corps will be known as the Adjutant General’s Corps. It will oversee the RAPC, WRAC, RMP, MPSC, RAEC, ALC as well as the administrative staff of the RAOC. The Royal Corps of Transport’s primary task is to deliver stores, munitions and fuel to fighting troops. It uses three major ordnance centres at Bicester, Donnington and Kineton. At the moment the main supply route is still through Germany, supplies are routed through Marchwood military port to Ostend and Antwerp. The organisation is headed by the Director General of Transport and Movements and is based at Buller Barracks in Aldershot. His movement controllers preside over road, rail and sea links, and deal with virtually every arm and unit from deployment forces like the 5th Airborne Brigade deployed from the air mounting centre in Cirencester to individual soldiers and their families who fly via RAF Transport Command, Brize Norton. The RCT’s seaborne operations are based at Marchwood near Southampton (controlled by the 17th Port and Maritime Regiment). The RCT also trains drivers in every type of wheeled vehicle (Bovington trains drivers of tracked vehicles) at the School of Mechanical Transport near Leaconfield, Yorkshire. HGV tests are carried out by civilians at Blackdown, altogether the RCT trains 20,000 drivers a year, in Ireland the 21 Transport and Movement Regiment is responsible for the upkeep of the army “Pigs”. The Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers are based at Arborfield near Reading which is the largest training centre in Britain. They have their own training college - Princess Marina College - a Training Battalion, a School of Electronic Engineering and a REME Officers’ School. There are three lines of repair for REME units in support: the first line is the light aid detachment for on-the-spot work; the second line, mainly for Germany, is the armoured workshop for more substantial repairs; and the third line is carried out in any one of four base workshops - one separate workshop and three vehicle depot workshops. The BA is having problems holding onto skilled mechanics and engineers. The Royal Army Ordnance Corps, headed by the Director General of Ordnance Services, is also primarily concerned with the supply and replenishment of ordnance from Kineton (ammunition), and Bicester and Donnington (central ordnance depots). Each armoured division has its own ordnance battalion which can be up to 400 strong. For years its primary task was to keep the Rhine Army supplied; the route went from the depots in England to the 3rd Base Ammunition Depot in Bracht or to the Forward Vehicle Depot in Recklinghausen. The main aircraft support unit is based at Middle Wallop. Since 1965 the RAOC has had responsibility for Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD), their main job in this area is to store, service and, when required, destroy explosives. An ATO (Ammunition Technical Officer) will spend six months at Shrivenham studying ballistics and chemistry and a further seven months at the School of Ammunition in Kineton. Their final assessment takes place in the Longmoor FIBUA (Fighting In a Built-Up Area) estate organised by 11th Ordnance Battalion which has companies in Yorkshire, Middlesex and Herefordshire. ATOs are re-tested every six months and kept updated on the latest developments in Ireland. The Royal Military Police is around 2,000 strong and has a range of duties. The unit is based at Roussillon Barracks outside Chicester. The senior officer is known as the Provost Marshal who also heads the Military Provost Staff Corps. The training of recruits is divided into three phases. Firstly, “military enhancement” concentrating on map reading, nuclear, biological and chemical warfare, first aid and signals. The second phase is “police duties” and covers military law, the taking of statements and the Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE). The final phase of the sixteen and a half week course includes driver training and environmental testing. Once qualified the “Red Caps” can be sent anywhere. They deal with internal crime: level 1 crime is petty criminal activity and it ranges in seriousness to level 3 which involves murder, security breaches and major fraud. These serious crimes are handled by the Special Investigations Branch (SIB). SIB members are picked out after at least three years service in the RMP - the minimum rank for membership is Sergeant. They closely follow normal police procedures and the best of them are sent to the Joint Services Interrogation Wing at Ashford. Serious offenders are dealt with through a General Courts Martial (around 70 held every year). These are presided over by a full Colonel or a Brigadier, assisted by four other officers. A Judge-Advocate must be present to advise on the law. The typical court martial is the District Court Martial presided over by a Major with two assisting officers which can hand out a maximum sentence of two years. Again, a Judge-Advocate must be present - they come under the Judge-Advocate General, usually a retired County Court judge whose budget comes from the Lord Chancellor not the MoD. The RMP also works as a Close Protection Team, it began in the late 60’s and is now an integral part of their training. Candidates require superior upper body strength, the ability to carry out furious bursts of energy and possess a high degree of accuracy with a variety of weapons. When in Ireland, for example escorting a General, they operate in uniform. The MPSC is made up of voluntary transferees, its task is to operate and run the Military Corrective Training Centre at Berechurch Hall Camp in Colchester. This camp holds up to 200 prisoners and handles around 800 every year. The Army Legal Corps is a body of some fifty qualified barristers and solicitors commissioned as officers who give the BA legal advice on all matters concerning them. Any soldier involved in a fatal shooting in Ireland will be given immediate access to an ALC member to prepare a statement. Internally, in the case of an appeal from a court martial, the first appeal can be made to the convening officer of the original court martial, then to the Theatre C/o at HQ, then the Director of Army Service Conditions at the MoD and then the Army Board. The final court of appeal is the Courts Martial Appeal Court which is actually the High Court sitting under another name. The Women’s Royal Army Corps (WRAC) was in effect disbanded in June 1992 when it was decided that women recruits should join their regiments directly instead of being seconded from the WRAC. The BA aims to double the number of female recruits in the next ten years. Recent court cases alleging sex discrimination have forced the MoD into operating a fairer recruitment policy, they recently ended the rule that any female soldier who became pregnant had to leave the BA irrespective of rank. The overall lack of quality recruits also made the MoD reconsider their policy on women soldiers; eg although the RAF train women pilots, the AAC do not - but this is likely to change. The Royal Pioneer Corps perform a variety of duties ranging from security procedures to basic infantry and engineering skills to burying dead bodies and identifying remains. They mainly deal with the unloading and loading of supplies and also with guard duties around military installations. Their HQ is at Wootton in Northamptonshire, there are only five companies altogether including one at COD Bicester and one at Kineton ammunition depot. Each depot has anything up to eight platoons which consist of one officer and 24 NCOs and soldiers. They are involved in the defence of military installations in Ireland. The remaining services, though relatively small, perform highly specialised functions. There is no need to deal with them here. CHAPTER1 - BRITISH ARMY STRUCTURES Chart 1(a) SUMMARY - COMBAT ARMS & SERVICES (A) ARMOUR: SERVICES HOUSEHOLD CAVALRY HC SCOTTISH DIVISION: 1st THE QUEENS DRAGOON GUARDS QDG KINGS OWN SCOTTISH BORDERERS KOSB ADJUTANT GENERAL’S CORPS: ROYAL SCOTS DRAGOON GUARDS DG BLACK WATCH BW ROYAL ARMY PAY CORPS RAPC ROYAL DRAGOON GUARDS RDG ARGYLL & SUTHERLAND HIGHLANDERS A & SH ROYAL ARMY EDUCATIONAL CORPS RAEC THE QUEENS ROYAL HUSSARS QRH ROYAL SCOTS RS ROYAL MILITARY POLICE RMP KINGS ROYAL HUASSARS KRH ROYAL HIGHLAND FUSILIERS RHFARMY LEGAL CORP ALC THE LIGHT DRAGOONS LD (Plus one other regiment WOMEN’S ROYAL ARMY CORPS WRAC 9TH/12 ROYAL LANCERS 9/12 L -name not decided yet -Jan ‘93 MILITARY PROVOST STAFF CORPS QUEENS ROYAL LANCERS QRL 1ST/2ND ROYAL TANK REGIMENT RTR QUEENS DIVISION: ROYAL LOGISTIC CORPS: PRINCESS OF WALES ROYAL REGIMENT PWRR ROYAL CORPS OF TRANSPORT RCT ROYAL REGIMENT OF FUSILIERS 1st/2nd RRF ROYAL ARMY ORDINANCE CORPS RAOC (B) ARTILLERY: ROYAL ANGLICAN REGIMENT 1st/2nd R ANGLICAN ROYAL ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERS REME 9 Field Regiments, 3 Heavy ROYAL PIONEER CORPS RPC Regiments, 4 Air Defence KINGS DIVISION: ARMY CATERING CORPS ACC Regiments, 1 Commando, KINGS OWN BORDER 1 Para Regiment REGIMENT KINGS OWN BORDER OTHER SERVICES: KINGS REGIMENT ROYAL ARMY MEDICAL CORPS RAMC © ENGINEERS: PRINCE OF WALES OWN REGIMENT PWO ROYAL ARMY VETINARY CORPS RAVC THE CORPS OF ROYAL ENGINEERS RE GREEN HOWARDS GREEN HOWARDS ROYAL ARMY DENTAL CORPS RADC 10 Engineer Regiments, 1 Armoured QUEENS LANCASHIRE REGIMENT QLR ROYAL ARMY CHAPLIN’S DEPARMENT RAChD Engineer Regiment, 1 Amphibious DUKE OF WELLINGTON REGIMENT DWR SMALL ARMS SCHOOL CORPS SASC Engineer Regiment ARMY PHYSICAL TRAINING CORPS APTC PRINCE OF WALES DIVISION: QUEEN ALEXANDER’S ROYAL ARMY NURSING CORPS QARA ARMY RANKS British Army ranks are loosely divided into 3 bands of seniority, the lowest band, that of soldiers and Non Commissioned Officers (NCOs) runs from a private to a Regimental Sergeant Major (RSM). The second band, that of Regimental Officers, ranges from a 2nd Lieutenant to a Lieutenant Colonel and finally, the highest band in terms of seniority - the Staff Officers - range from a Colonel to a Field Marshal. See chart 2(A) ______________________________________________________________________ \|BRIGADIER: (1 STAR) BRIGADE COMMANDER \| \|MAJOR GENERAL: (2 STARS) DIVISIONAL COMMANDER \| \|LIEUTENANT GENERAL: (3 STARS) CORPS COMMANDER \| \|GENERAL: (4 STARS) CHIEF OF THE GENERAL STAFF, ADJUTANT \| \| GENERAL OR A COMMANDER IN CHIEF (CinC)\| \|FIELD MARSHAL: (5 STARS) CHIEF OF THE DEFENCE STAFF \| \|_____________________________________________________________________\| New recruits to the army must take the Sum Selection Grading (SSG) Intelligence Test to assess their aptitude. Those who perform best are pointed towards the Military Police (RMP), the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME) and the Army Air Corps (AAC). Recruits are graded from SSG 1 (best) to SSG 5 (worst). Those considered to be borderline cases can attend a remedial centre at St George’s Barracks, Sutton Coldfield. This is a 10 week long preliminary education course for those who fail the SSG test and a 1 week physical development course for those who fail the fitness. Every recruit must pass the ten week Common Military Syllabus at their particular barracks, corps or regiment. They pass out as private soldiers after six months if an adult and fifteen months if a junior recruit. A new training system is to be introduced in April 1993, from that date all new recruits will be concentrated into five Army Training Regiments. Recruits will still maintain their `capbadge’ ie they will still be identified with a particular regiment or corps. Some regiments, particularly the Paras, are resisting the idea as it removes their previous right to train their own recruits, they see their training as `special’ and their regiment as `different’ from all others. From now on Para recruits will do their basic training at Lichfield and the more advanced infantry combat training in Catterick, West Yorkshire. The five training regiments will be based at: Winchester, Hampshire The life of a private soldier is monotonous, they relish service in the North and feel that they are worthless until they earn their Northern Ireland Service Medal, usually their first military honour. After four or five years a private who has performed well will be recommended for promotion by the Company (or Squadron/Battery) commander. Every year each regiment holds a promotions conference at the regimental HQ, once a person is accepted as suitable for promotion by the commanding officer of the regiment (the C/o) they have to attend a three week Junior NCOs Course. The diligent soldier can expect promotion to a Lance Corporal after this and after a further two years (six years in all) he or she will become a full Corporal. This is when they take their first real tactical command position, especially in a conflict situation like in Ireland, and they quickly learn to think and act responsibly. Any training for further promotion ie higher than the rank of Corporal, takes place, for the first time, away from the regiment. The Infantry run its Section Commanders Course in two parts; the first six week section is the Commander’s Course at Brecon in South Wales followed by the Weapons and Range Qualification Course at the Small Arms School Corps based at Warminster in Wiltshire. (Armoured regiments run the Tank Commanders Course at Bovington) Promotion from Corporal to Sergeant requires a written exam. Promotion decisions at this level involve the Manning and Record Office outside of the regimental structures, they oversee the confidential reports which determine all further promotions. An NCO should attain the rank of Sergeant after eight years service, this figure used to be higher but, as in all ranks, there is a shortage of quality recruits. Nearly 60% of Sergeants go on to become Staff Sgts and a further 70% of these attain the rank of Warrant Officer Class 2 (WO2), the official rank of a company or squadron Sgt Major. 60% of WO2s go on to become Warrant Officers Class 1 (WO1), the Regimental Sgt Major. They can at this stage, after 10-12 years service, apply for a Late Entry Commission to Sandhurst. This is an increasing practice as the supply of school-leaver and adult recruits declines.Officers enter Sandhurst in a variety of ways, as graduates from university, non-graduates through bursaries and cadetships or as `notice engagement soldiers’ recommended by their C/os. The Royal Army Educational Corps (RAEC) at Beaconsfield run a Potential Officer Development Course to help prepare soldiers for Sandhurst and their appearance before the Regular Commissions Board (RCB). Each year the BA needs to train 800 short service (three years) and regular officers, at least 200 of whom need engineering degrees. 70% of new officer recruits are on short service commissions. Some candidates don’t choose their regiment or corps until they arrive at Sandhurst, some will attend a potential officers course to have a closer look at what is on offer. The Royal Corps of Transport (RCT) run a course for infantry, engineer, signals and transport candidates called the Potential Officer Candidate Troop. The best known potential officer course is Brigade Squad run by the Household Cavalry (Guards) at Pirbright, Surrey which lasts for eight weeks. In most cases the candidates are put through a pre-RCB interview and test similar to the one they will eventually face with the actual RCB. This board sits at Leighton House in Westbury, Wiltshire and can handle 48 candidates at any one time. Each candidate is evaluated over a three day period and receives an Officer Intelligence Rating ranging from zero to ten, a score under five means a fail, the average is seven. The BA over the years realised that leadership qualities could be taught and weren’t something that naturally occured in everybody, they invested in a special training scheme based at Sandhurst called the Rowallan Company which dealt with borderline cases from the RCB. This scheme has rehabilitated over 1000 officers who would otherwise have been lost from the officer ranks. Those accepted by the RCB attend Sandhurst and spend 11 months training (or 6 months if a graduate). 50% of those on the 11 month course come straight from school and from the potential officers training course, 17% are late entry commissions and 11% come from Welbeck College, the BA’s own secondary school. Once this course is completed the successful officers attend a three month special-to-arm course (engineers at Chatham, signals at Blandford and transport at Aldershot) which equips the officer with specialist skills in their particular field. After spending six months with a regiment, commissioned officers with the infantry attend the Platoon Commanders Battle Course at Warminster. After two years as a platoon commander with the rank of Lieutenant, officers attend their first specialist training course in signals, reconnaissance, gunnery and first aid etc. Any further training comes in packages. All officers must pass the Junior Officers Training and Education Scheme. The BA maintains a `single-staff’ concept which means that officers are continually moved between regiments, field or staff posts in the MoD or a position in Army HQ. Officers attend Staff College around the time they are promoted from Captain to Major. The Staff Selection Board of the college only allocate 120 places each year and once accepted a candidate is bound, or tied to the BA for at least three years (at this stage most candidates are in their mid 30’s and have the incentive of holding out for a pension from the age of 37 onwards). The Army Command and Staff Course is split into two sections, the first part is mainly military and technology based and takes place at the Royal Military College of Science at Shrivenham (RMCS), the second part takes place at Staff College in Deepcut, Camberley in Surrey. All candidates are assigned to a `division’, either division 1, 2 or 3 depending on their technological capabilities. Those in division 1 are usually graduates. Each March the 3 divisions meet at Camberley (120 Army, 3 Navy, 3 RAF, 4 Royal Marines and 50 overseas officers), the aim of the course is to prepare Majors and Lt Colonels for command positions. The course itself (2nd section) is divided into four terms which last a total of nine and a half months, the first term deals with administration and organisation, the second with basic tactics in Europe, which includes a tour, the third with counter-revolutionary warfare, a joint enterprise with Bramshill Police College and the fourth with the general war setting in Europe. The initials psc for Passed Staff College are awarded after graduation. The BA is having problems recruiting and retaining good Lt Colonels, approximately one infantry Lt Col in six makes a Brigadier as opposed to one in twelve for the logistic corps. From the rank of Lt Col onwards officers have their career managed by the Military Secretary’s Branch. The key posts for psc graduates include the Chief of Staff of an armoured brigade in Germany, MoD posts like the Directorate of Military Operations or Plans, Assistant Chief of Staff in an armoured division or the military assistant to a 3 or 4 star general. Shrivenham (RMCS) takes about 30 division 1 and 2 graduates for the Weapons Staff each year. These specialise in (1) Fighting vehicles and engineer equipment (2) Weapons (3) Guided weapons and electronics and (4) Advanced data processing. All these posts are tied to psc candidates, once they attain the rank of Colonel these 30 officers can enter the Procurement Executive (under the control of the Joint Service Defence Staff). The earliest age for promotion from a Major to a Lt Col is 37, any soldier with ambitions to be a Brigadier or a Major General should be a Lt Col by the age of 40. Every January the Directorate of Manning calculates the projected number of vacancies in each arm or service. In February the records of every Major from the age of 37 - 48 is checked; a list of around 2500 officers is reduced to 1000 in this way. By March pre selection boards are in place and in June the board will confirm candidates for what is known as the `Pink List’ which is published twice yearly in late June and December. Once promoted an officer can attend the Joint Service Defence College at Greenwich to participate in a 7 month course which prepares officers for `purple’ appointments (joint service). The combat arms have just over 1000 Lt Cols. A Commanding Officer Designate Course runs three times a year at Larkhill with 80 Lt Cols attending each time. This is followed by a Commanding Officer’s Tactics Course at Warminster for those about to command major units in the field army. Once a Lt Col is promoted to a full Colonel he or she loses their former intimate relationship with their parent regiment and becomes a staff officer, signified by the red collar tabs and general BA cap badge they must now use. A full Colonel is on a salary of £45,000, this is a significant point in a soldier’s career, after commanding a regiment as a Lt Col the next appointment after promotion is usually to the staff of the MoD or a major HQ (eg HQ UKLF). A colonel destined for a field army promotion such as Chief of Staff of a Divisional HQ or Brigade C/o attends a two week Senior Officers Tactics Course run by the all rms tactics wing at Warminster. CHAPTER 2 (D) SIGNALS: DEVONSHIRE & DORSET REGIMENT D & D THE ROYAL CORP OF SIGNALS R SIGS CHESHIRE REGIMENT CHESHIRE 5 Signals Regiments STAFFORDSHIRE REGIMENT STAFFORDS ROYAL WELSH FUSILIERS RWF THE ARMY AIR CORPS AAC AND WILTSHIRE REGIMENT GBWR WORCESTER & SHERWOOD FORESTERS WFR (G) INTELLIGENCE: LIGHT DIVISION: THE INTELLIGENCE CORPS INT CORPS LIGHT INFANTRY 1ST/2ND LI ROYAL GREEN JACKETS 1ST/2ND RGJ (H) SPECIAL FORCES: THE SPECIAL AIR SERVICE REGIMENT SAS AIRBORNE DIVISION: PARACHUTE REGIMENT 1ST/2ND/3RD PARA (E) INFANTRY: BRIGADE OF GURKHAS: GUARDS DIVISION: ROYAL GURKHA RIFLES 1ST/2ND/3RD RGR QUEENS GURKHA ENGINEERS QGE GRENADIER GUARDS GREN GDS QUEENS GURKHA SIGNALS QG SIGNALS COLDSTREAM GUARDS COLDM GDS QUEENS GURKHA TRANSPORT REGIMENT GTR SCOTS GUARDS SG IRISH GUARDS IG WELSH GUARDS WG 2(B) ORGANISATION IN THE FIELD ARMY __________________________________________________________________ \|BRIGADE: APPROXIMATELY 3500 STRONG, USUALLY CONSISTS OF \| \| INFANTRY AND ARMOUR UNITS (Brigadier) \| \|DIVISION: AT LEAST TWO BRIGADES PLUS DIVISIONAL ARTILLERY \| \| OF 3 REGIMENTS (Major General) \| \|__________________________________________________________________\| High fliers who have been pin-pointed for a successful career are singled out for a 12 week Higher Command and Staff Course at Camberley (initiated in 1988). Only 15 Colonels from those aged between 41 and 44 attend, picked out by the Military Secretary. This course is very theoretical, having the initials hcsc after your name carries a lot of prestige and despite its recent beginning, most of the future top ranking officers will have attended this course. The Royal College of Defence Studies (RCDS) at Shrivenham is very different from the HCSC, it lasts a full year and is taken by those with two years of experience further on from the HCSC. It is a wide-ranging course covering economics, philosophy, politics etc. There are only ten BA candidates plus ten from the navy, royal marines and air force. There are also ten assistant chief constables, 5 - 6 senior MoD and Foreign Office officials and up to forty foreign army officers. Candidates are chosen by the Number 2 Selection Board and confirmed by the Number 1 Board (consisting of the four executive members of the Army Board and the two Commanders in Chief - CinC UK Field Army and CinC UK Land Forces). Virtually all of the 3 and 4 star infantry generals have the initials rcds after their name. Promotion to a Brigadier is divided between the Command Board, those who will command a brigade in the Field Army, and the Green Pool consisting of brigadiers of all arms and services up to the age of 52 who will not command a brigade. Those who are accepted for a brigade command must be between 43 and 47, the final appointment resting with the Army No 1 Selection Board. It decides the future BA leadership. The name of any officer they consider suitable for promotion to the rank of Major General and `for appointments and commands in that rank’ is forwarded to the Secretary of State for Defence, through the Minister of State for the Armed Forces. The president of the board is the Chief of the General Staff, its members are the Adjutant General, QuarterMaster General, Master General of the Ordnance and the 2 Commanders in Chief. The military secretary acts as secretary to the board. The next step up the ladder from a Brigadier is to a Major General or a 2 star appointment. In 1967 there were 97 Major Generals; in 1991 it was 55 and falling. Very few Major Generals have field army commands (those that do include the Commander Land Forces Northern Ireland (CLFNI); Commanders of Military Districts (eg London, Wales and West District, South East (of England) District); Directorate Generals in the MoD (eg Director General of Command, Control and Communications, DG Transport and Movements, DG Logistic Policy, DG of Resettlement, DG Land Warfare, DG Army Manning and Recruitment, DG of the Adjutant General, DG Logistic Support (Army); the Commandants of Sandhurst, Staff College (Camberley) and Shrivenham; the Chief of Staff at UKLF and most importantly the Assistant Chief of the Defence Staff - an officer bound for a 4 star (full) general. There are two Major Generals who automatically receive a knighthood, the GOC London District and the Defence Services Secretary. One Major General in five will make it to a Lt General. Seven out of nine Lt Generals were infantry men in 1991, ie one infantry Major General in two is promoted and hardly any others from other arms. There are many gripes against what are termed `paper generals’ who kowtow to politicians and refuse to speak out about cutbacks on the grounds that it would be harmful to their career. The current `efficiency drive’ pushed by the MoD has caused great resentment, forcing senior officers to take on management roles. In addition to the annual rows over the promotion or non-promotion of generals, there is a fierce competition between the various combat arms to get one of `their’ men into a senior and influential position, in these days of cutbacks and disbandments a friend in a high place can be very valuable. Outside of the infantry, and to a lesser extent, outside of the RE and RA, there is little chance of anyone else reaching a 3 star position. The MoD has tried to correct this parochialism by increasing the degree of cross-posting at an early stage in an officers career to broaden their horizons and skills. The Chief of the Defence Staff, which is a political appointment from either of the three services, is the only 5 star appointment and the only serving Field Marshal, a rank retained for life. 1 © SUMMARY \|FIELD MARSHAL \| \| Approved by the PM \| \|_____________________________________________________\|_____________\|____________________\|_ The BA and the MOD The MoD oversees a massive organisation in 29 countries and oceans, it is the largest single employer of civil servants (the current (July 92) figure stands at 171,000 civilians), it handles the 3rd largest budget of any government department and is the second largest landowner after the Forestry Commission. Since the Cold War ended the defence forces have been undergoing a period of rationalisation, up to 200 separate army units face amalgamation or disbandment. The number of regular forces will be reduced from 265,000 in April 92 to 119,000 in June 1999 (a loss of 18,000 officers and 128,000 soldiers). At present there are British Forces deployed in Ireland (19,400 troops); Turkey (30); Cyprus (3,900); Yugoslavia (2,300);Germany (46,000); Gibraltar (130); Canada (400); Cambodia (50); Hong Kong (4,600); Brunei (700); The Gulf (20); Sinai (10); Namibia (70); The Falklands (500) and Belize (1,200). There are training units deployed in Uganda, Mozambique, Angola, Zimbabwe and the Western Sahara and up to 400 other soldiers on loan to other countries. The Options For Change cutbacks were announced by the then Defence secretary Tom King in June 91. At the time he outlined the changes the army needed to face the changing requirements of the post cold war climate; Since 1975 the roles of the army were: (1) The maintenance of an independent nuclear deterrent (2) The defence of the UK (3) The provision of ground and air commitment to NATO’s Euro defence (4) The provision of Naval deployment on the Eastern Atlantic area for NATO The recent changes in Eastern Europe have had a resounding effect on the whole psyche of the British Army, their whole raison d’etre has had to be modified as a result. Three less sweeping roles are now envisaged: (1) The defence of the UK and its dependent territories, even when there is no major external threat to the UK (2) The promotion of the UK’s wider security interests through the maintenance of international peace and stability (3) The recruitment of women to increase in the Navy, Army and Air Force. The BA of the future will consist of: (a) A NATO contribution of two divisions - one an armoured division in Germany, the other a Strategic Reserve Division in South East Britain. This UK based division would consist of three brigades: The 5th Airborne Brigade and An Armoured Infantry brigade Each brigade will operate independently of the other and will only be linked administratively. (b) A sufficient infantry reserve to sustain the UK’s Irish contribution and enough forces for overseas responsibilities CHAPTER 3 - THE BRITISH ARMY AND THE MOD In effect, a radically different army from the one existing today. The Options For Change programme has already taken effect, by the summer of 1993 almost 7500 soldiers will have been made redundant, including 1400 officers of more than 9 years experience. This is on top of the 30,000 regular soldiers of all ranks who leave (and are replaced) voluntarily each year. It is perhaps because of the confusion caused by Options For Change that some of the BA’s brightest and best are leaving to take up more rewarding and secure jobs, though the recession has slowed this trend. The scale of redundancies has forced the BA to set up organisations dedicated to finding ex service personnel employment and to appeal to the business community to take on service personnel, a group called the National Employer’s Liaison Committee works with the MoD to achieve this end. Defence planning is largely a question of striking a balance between efficiency and quality. Cost effectiveness is a relatively new concept to the BA and MoD, they are being forced to come to terms with financial accountability and resent the fact that, as soldiers, they have to do the work of `pen pushers’. The MoD, like every other government department, is being encouraged to privatise as many of its tasks as possible. The `Next Step’ civil service reforms are creating privately-owned (and run) agencies who tender for contracts. Up to £1.2 billion of MoD work is to be contracted out to industry to achieve projected savings of £250 - 300 million. Tasks like computer operation and maintenance, vehicle maintenance and security work around army bases are considered suitable for civilian workers. The BA are opposed to the privatisation of MoD work unless this is seen to release soldiers for operational duties. Generally the problem has been that the round of cutbacks and job losses doesn’t reflect current BA commitments but was worked out from an imposed financial ceiling ie the greatest number of troops that a projected budget could support. Unforseen events like the Yugoslavian conflict and the need for two extra battalions in Ireland have stretched the BA to the limit and may yet force a change in tack at the MoD. Opponents of Options For Change (and there are many) use the term `overstretch’ to describe the situation and comment on the problem of morale in the ranks as soldiers are forced to jump from one assaignment to another with less time off to spend with their families. The Commons Defence Committee called a special meeting of parliament to criticise the cuts and the revelation that, because of the Bosnian situation, the average gap between emergency tours for infantry battalions had decreased from 19 to 15 months. Options For Change was supposed to increase the gap to 24 months. Senior army officers were claiming that they were 3000 troops short even before all of the redundancies were introduced, due to political pressure the MoD backed down on the scale of cuts and reprieved 3000 troops. Aside from the declining numbers in the BA, another cause for concern was the reduction in the MoD annual budget. It was hoped that the smaller army would be compensated with increased investment in new high tech equipment but the recession has ended this hope. `Spending to save’ measures such as buying top quality equipment which will last for years has been ruled out. The scale of the cuts has prompted some to say that the whole regimental system - the backbone and the stabilising influence of the BA - is under threat. The loss of battalions and of historical regiments has affected the group loyalty which underpins the BA. The arrival of a new breed of officer, one more concerned with career opportunities and work conditions than loyalty to Queen and Country is driving a wedge between the current BA leadership and the commanders of the future. The old guard are generally conservative, with an allegiance to abstract qualities like loyalty, honour and respect for the monarchy, ideals which are seen as increasingly out of touch with modern realities. The increasing number of female officers, the possibility of the lifting of the ban on homosexuality in the BA and the introduction of laws forbidding sexual and racial discrimination horrify many of the older soldiers who see their army changing beyond recognition. Whatever way it is viewed, the reorganisation, the redundancies and the emphasis on savings are all a serious blow to morale in the short term and civil servants are taking the blame for imposing impossible demands on military commanders and stopping them from performing their primary tasks as soldiers. The relationship between politicians and soldiers has always been one of mutual distrust and tension. It has been a primary concern of every Minister for Defence to increase political control over spending and decision making and a primary concern of the various heads of services to prevent just this. As we can see from the diagram of the MoD hierarchy (Chart 3(A)), the top of the pyramid of influence rests with the cabinet’s Defence and Overseas Policy Committee, whose members include the Prime Minister, who also chairs the meetings, the Foreign Secretary, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, the President of the Board of Trade, the Defence Secretary, the Attorney General and four military advisers - the Chief of the Defence Staff and the three Chiefs of Staff of the Army, Navy and Air Force. These four only attend when required. The terms of reference of this committee are “to keep under review the Government’s Defence and Overseas policy”. This committee advises and guides the Defence Secretary who has two Ministers of State below him, one for the Armed Forces and one for Defence Procurement. These two are assisted by one junior minister each, known as the Parliamentary Under Secretaries of State. These five politicians head the Defence Council which has a more symbolic than active role, any power it has is retained in its members individual roles eg the Chief of Defence Procurement who heads a massive organisation quite independent of all others. The Office of Management and Budget handles all financial matters concerning the three services. Its financial, planning and management group is the MoD’s highest decision making forum on non operational matters. This office is headed by a civil servant, the 2nd Permanent Under Secretary of State and is closely alligned to the Defence Scientific Staff under the Chief Scientific Adviser. Both of these offices are on the Financial and Technical side of the MoD (see chart) as is the Procurement Executive under the Chief of Defence Procurement, a civilian, who reports directly to the relevant Minister of State and has direct access to the Prime Minister and the Defence Secretary (his immediate subordinates include the Controller of the Navy, The Master General of the Ordnance and the Controller Aircraft). When a major project is initiated these three departments inter-relate (ie the Procurement; Management and Budget and the Defence Scientific Staff). When a piece of equipment is required the relevant directorate is contacted eg the Directorate of Operational Requirements (Land) who discusses the technical details with the scientific and financial departments. Once the project is accepted, it is handed over to the procurement executive and its land branch under the Master General of the Ordnance. They then instruct the relevant Director General eg the Director General of Fighting Vehicles, to buy the equipment. This can be a slow process and the materials can soon become obsolete because of the rate of technological development. In terms of procurement, the Navy faces the bigger cuts of the three services. It has already been decided that the entire forces will jointly accept cutbacks in overall budgets for the next four years. In 1993 it will fall from 24.09 bn to 23.52 bn, in 1994-5 to 23.75 bn and in 1995-6 to 23.22 bn. See chart 3(B) The so called Defence Staff Centre (see MoD chart) is under the control of the Chief of the Defence Staff and the Permanent Under Secretary of State. The centre has four main departments, of which two - Commitments (operations) and Systems (operational requirements) have about 20 directorates each. Also, reporting directly to the VCDS is the mainly civilian department under the Deputy Under Secretary (policy) and finally, the Deputy CDS (programmes and personnel) who deals with budget and staffing projections and has one directorate for each of the three services. The Army Department to the left of the diagram until recently enjoyed a degree of independence. The official title of the BA’s own `cabinet’ is the Army Board of the Defence Council. Its members include the five government ministers, the Chief of the General Staff, the 2nd Permanent Under Secretary of State, the Adjutant General (ADG), the Quarter Master General (QMG), the Master General of the Ordnance and the Controller of the Research and Development establishments. Below this, the Executive Committee of the Army Board (ECAB) is responsible for the detailed management of the BA. The ECAB members include the four military members of the Army Board (CGS, ADG, QMG, MG of the ORD) as well as the 2nd Permanent Under Secretary and the Assistant Chief of the General Staff. The Army Department consists of four main blocks: (a) The General Staff: this block reports to the Assistant Chief of the General Staff and is divided into several general categories. An Administrative and Academic side including the General Staff Secretariat, the Army Board Secretariat, an Historical branch and a Soviet Studies research centre. An Operational group, the most important of all, including the Director of Military operations and the Director of Special Forces/SAS. A Command, Control and Engineering Group in Support including Information Technology, the Signals Officer in Chief, the Engineer in Chief and the Military Survey Department. A Directorate General of Organisation and Reserves and A Directorate General for Training, Exams and Doctrine. (b) The Adjutant General Staff: which oversees recruitment, staffing levels, pay, conditions and discipline. The ADG block is divided into two parts - (1) the Director General of Army Manning and Recruiting (2) the Director General of Personnel Services. The immediate subordinate of the DG of Personnel Services is the Director of Army Service Conditions (a brigadier) responsible for the implementation of discipline and for the welfare of soldiers and their families. The Chaplain General and the Provost Marshal also come under this department. Army pay is established by the eight members of the Armed Forces Pay Review Body, a group of independent civilians set up in 1971 CHART 3(A) :MoD STRUCTURES PROCUREMENT EXECUTIVE: CHIEF OF DEFENCE PROCUREMENT 1054.456m (C) The Military Secretary: responsible for the promotion and patronage of all soldiers. Its main task is to organise the selection boards and oversee the promotion and appointment of officers. (D) The Quarter Master General: made up of three `bricks’. (1) The Director General of Logistic Policy (army) who has six logistic executive departments - Logistic Operations, Support Planning, Logistic Communications and Informations System, Engineer Services, Postal and Courier Services and Pioneers and Labour. (2) Three `Q’ Directorates General - the RCT (transport and movement); the RAOC (ordnance services) and the REME (electrical and mechanical engineers). This brick also includes the Directorate of Army Quartering (brigadier) and the Directorate of Army Catering. (3) Finance and Contracts - a civil service brick run by an Assistant Under Secretary. The staffs of the Military Secretary, ADG and Manning Record and Pay Offices are all based at Glasgow. Until the early 80’s each separate service was headed by an individual minister. The then Defence Secretary, John Nott was responsible for many political changes including the removal of the three Chiefs of Staff from the Cabinet Committee. The choice of the Chief of the Defence Staff was also granted to the Defence Secretary. When Heseltine was over the MoD he decided to place the whole area of procurement outside of the services and appointed a civilian recruited from industry to run this area. He also tried to strengthen the `Centre’ (see chart) by letting it become the main policy maker and decision taker and allowing the single services to implement these decisions. The line of operational command now runs from the Defence Secretary to the Chief of the Defence Staff in consultation with the Chiefs of Staff Committee, to the Defence Operations Executive which is chaired by the Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff (Commitments). This post rotates between the three services. The instructions of the DOE are implemented by the Joint Operations Centre which in turn instructs the various HQs (see chart 3©). The main operational HQ of the BA is the HQ UK Land Forces (HQ UKLF), situated on the edge of Wilton in Wiltshire. In war time it has three defined roles: The reinforcement of Nato’s central region; The dispatch of special reinforcements (UK Mobile Force and ACE (Allied Command Europe) Mobile Force); To provide military home defence. In peacetime its commitments change to responsibility for: All out of area operations; providing Military Aid to the Civil Authorities (MACA); Overseeing all forms of training from the Common Military Syllabus to the Higher Command and Staff Course; Administering the home base. \|-------- CBF HONG KONG (ARMY) (2) \| \|-------- CBF GIBRALTAR (NAVY) (2) The Commander in Chief UKLF is a four star general, almost always from the infantry. Below the CinC there are two Lt Generals - the Commander of the UK Field Army and the Commander Training and Arms Directors. The Cmdr UKFA is in charge of around 40,000 soldiers, 70,000 members of the TA and about 6000 civilians. With tours in Ireland or Belize, a battalion can come under several HQs each year, eg the 2nd Infantry Division based at York (which includes the 24th Air Mobile brigade) and the 19th Infantry Brigade at Colchester are both part of the UKLF for administrative and training purposes but are under the operational command of the 1st British Corps in Germany. The 7th Regiment Army Air Corps at Netheravon has one squadron tasked to the UK Mobile Force (under NATO command), one to the 9th Airborne Brigade and two in Ireland under the CLF NI. At the Wilton HQ there is a four star `joint’ HQ able to command a full tri-service unit overseas. It has its own Operations Branch (G3 Ops - NATO/Rest of World) which can maintain contact with the Directorate of Military Operations on the General Staff and with the Defence Staffs Joint Operations Centre. Detailed administrative instructions are formulated by the joint forces HQ in Aldershot under the GOC South East District. Until 1992 Britain was divided into nine military districts, this has since been reduced to four `super districts’ each commanded by a Lt Gen. HQ UKLF has 4 battalions on different forms of standby (7 days notice): An ADAMANT unit for MACA; A London District battalion for anti terrorist deployment at Heathrow; A SPEARHEAD battalion group for deployment anywhere in the world; The leading Para regiment battalion for airborne operations anywhere in the world. UKLF also controls the Aldershot based 5th Airborne Brigade composed of the Blues and Royals, 7th Royal Horse Artillery, 9th Para Squadron RE, two Para Battalions, 1 Gurkha Regiment, 1 other infantry battalion, 658 Squadron AAC, an Airborne Logistics Battalion, 23 Para Field Ambulance and 160 Provost Company. As an example of a war-time formation, the forces sent to the Gulf were arranged as follows: 1st Armoured Division - 16th/8th Queens Royal Lancers, 32 Armoured Engineer Regiment, 4th Regiment Army Air Corps.4th Armoured Brigade - 14th/20th Kings Hussars, 23rd Engineer Regiment, 1s Royal Scots, 3rd Royal Regiment of Fusiliers. 7th Armoured Brigade - Royal Scots Dragoon Guards, Queens Royal Irish Hussars, 21st Engineer Regiment, 1st Staffordshire Regiment. Finally, apart from MACA, the HQ at UKLF is also involved in Military Aid to the Civil Communities (MACC) including disaster relief and rescue; military Aid to the civil Ministries (MACM) - during strikes and Military Aid to the Civil Power (MACP) - the maintenance of public order and security. The British Army in Ireland: At 4.45pm on the 14th August 1969 Inspector General Anthony Peacocke of the RUC signed the document requesting the British Army to come to the aid of the civil power. “The GOC has been instructed to take all necessary steps acting impartially... to restore law and order. Troops will be withdrawn as soon as this has been accomplished”. If the Unionists were unhappy with the arrival of troops, the BA were in a state of total confusion, they lacked a coordinated political and military approach to the situation and ended up critised by both Republicans and Loyalists. Then, as now, the BA considered its first priority to be the defeat of the IRA, they felt that this had to be achieved before `normality’ could be reimposed. As attacks against the Crown Forces continued and a solution seemed no nearer, the North began to take on a more political veneer. A new post was created in 1970, that of Commander Land Forces (NI) whose responsibility it was to oversee all operational matters, allowing the General Officer Commanding (GOC) to concentrate on political and administrative matters. The CLF holds the rank of Major General whilst the GOC is one rank higher, a Lieutenant General. The first CLF, Farrar Hockley was one of the first to predict the `long war’ scenario, to respond to this the BA based its entire presence and its role in the North around a number of principles. Firstly, that sovereign authority had to be maintained at all costs (at that time this referred to Stormont) and secondly, that police primacy had to be re-established. Implicit in both of these was the eventual defeat of republican resistance but unfortunately for the British Army, attempting to militarily defeat the IRA further eroded any possibility of normality which made it more difficult for them to simply hand the situation over to the RUC. As radical thinkers like Tuzo (GOC) and Kitson (C/o 39 Brigade NI) arrived the British Army’s response to the IRA became more tactical, it was Kitson’s belief that IRA subversion could not be defeated within the legal and political constraints of a relatively democratic society. The excessive powers he had previously enjoyed in colonies like Malaya and Kenya were not available to him when the eyes of the world were on Ireland therefore he urged government planners to manufacture the conditions needed to introduce draconian measures whilst still maintaining the support of as much of the population as possible. Roger Faligot described his approach to resistance as “a systematic surveillance of men and ideas, the infiltration and manipulation of political groupings, the trades union movement, the media, the social services and ultimately the paralysis and neutralisation of potential dissidents and opponents”. As in every war, intelligence of good quality was seen as the key to eventual victory, the developments the Crown Forces have made in this area over the years illustrates the importance they attach to it. It is an area which is being constantly re-assessed and fine tuned for greater effectiveness. An important element in intelligence gathering is the support of a large body of people willing to act as eyes and ears, the British government made a tactical decision in the early 70’s to appease the Protestant community and convince them of their efforts to defeat the IRA, they reasoned correctly that they needed the active support of Protestants to avoid opening up a second front and give grounds for common cause between nationalists and unionists. This would account for the behaviour of the British Army during the 1974 loyalist strike. Although this view might be contradicted somewhat by the disbandment of Stormont, which infuriated Unionists, the BA had been looking for an excuse to avoid having to take orders on security from the Stormont cabinet. They wanted carte blanche, in the early 70’s in particular, and were outraged by the Gardiner report which banned the use of sensory deprivation techniques even though the Commission only passed this by a majority vote, Lords Parker and Boyd-Carpenter arguing for the use of legal torture. Torture techniques were widely used in the colonies and were highly successful, because of its banning the British Army were forced to invest heavily in its various intelligence networks to make up the shortfalls. A summary of how the British see the situation here can be obtained from the review of the 1974 document `The Way forward’ by its author John Bourn in 1984. His task was to head a committee formed to give a revised opinion of expectations up to 1990. This committee included the then GOC and Chief Constable, they predicted closer cooperation with the South but no United Ireland, a reduction in political violence but an increase in ordinary crime, an increase in paramilitary policing, a reduction in the BA to 4-5000 troops with an increase in RUC numbers to 12,000 full time officers and a slight reduction in UDR numbers. The lessons they had learned from the intervening ten years were that: The BA must work within the law and be responsible to the courts; Forces must be compatible with existing military and police organisation and be publicly acceptable; Forces must be effective, responsible, disciplined and skilled; Future policies would firstly depend on the threat at any one time, secondly on what measures had previously failed in the legal and administrative system, and thirdly, how the local population felt. They were reasonably accurate with some of their predictions up to 1990 but miles out in other aspects. They will analyse why their expectations didn’t materialize and ensure that, come the next major review, they will have advanced a further step along the road to normalizing society here. The North is where the infantry in particular feel that they’re finally doing the job they’re trained and paid to do. To quote a squaddie who had served here - “I’d prefer to be back in Northern Ireland. There you’re the business... dodging bullets, doing real soldiering, getting better paid” - a view shared by most of his colleagues here. The boredom of training and the routine of barracks life is replaced with an atmosphere of danger and excitement, it is perhaps the only place a private can be expected to be treated as an adult and be given heavy responsibilities. The NI service medal is one of the first awarded to an infantry soldier, it means that he or she has finally arrived and has some credibility within the battalion and among friends. Not surprisingly, this keeness is encouraged by the higher echelons of the Army Staff - for them service in Ireland is “good for the battalion and good for morale” - as long as casualties are avoided. The regular royal visits, the page three girls and the fawning press reports, the extra pay and the relatively relaxed discipline provides the dream environment for the squaddie. In no other war is there such an emphasis placed on the ability of junior officers to command on the ground, the conflict here is often described as the “corporal’s war” and as a result of over two decades of constant attrition the BA junior leadership is thoroughly battle hardened and highly skilled, this has obvious benefits for the entire army as infantry officers blooded in Ireland move through the ranks to assume commands of great importance and influence, the majority of the current 3 and 4 star generals are from infantry backgrounds, all of them have hands on experience of guerilla war in Ireland and therefore it is not surprising that the BA is recognised as a leading authority on insurgency tactics and revolutionary war, a perception they exploit to the full. When a battalion arrives for a tour in Ireland it is assigned to one of the three Brigade Tactical Areas of Responsibility (TAORs). The Third Infantry Brigade is based in Armagh City and extends from near Newry all the way round the border to Strabane, it is the biggest brigade of the three. The 8th Infantry Brigade is based in Ebrington in Derry and controls the North and Northwest of the country. The TAOR of the 39th Infantry Brigade includes all of Belfast and most of the eastern part of the North, excluding South Armagh. In the late 70’s the BA was able to reduce the number of the brigade commands to two in line with Ulsterisation and a decrease in IRA activity but due to a resurgence in IRA attacks the 3rd Brigade was re-introduced in 1988 to oversee intelligence and security in the Tyrone, Armagh and Down border regions. There are at present twelve army battalions serving in Ireland, two more than normal because of the current political situation. In “normal” circumstances, of the ten serving battalions, nine of them are usually infantry battalions and the tenth either an artillery or armoured regiment in a “dismounted role” ( ie without their usual equipment). The extra battalions were introduced at the end of 1991, in mid 1992 the then serving Defence Secretary Malcolm Rifkind wanted to revert to the ten battalion structure but his proposal was overruled by the seven strong Commons NI committee, and in particular by Patrick Mayhew, who argued that as the two extra battalions were a political move to reassure unionists they couldn’t withdraw them in the middle of the talks process which was ongoing at that time. The NI committee, whose terms of reference are “To oversee the government’s policy in Northern Ireland issues and relations with the Republic of Ireland on these matters” is composed of the Prime Minister (who chairs the committee); the Foreign Secretary; the Home Secretary; the Defence Secretary; the Northern Irish Secretary; the Chief Secretary of the Treasury and finally, the Attorney General. At the projected 1995 staffing levels currently 20% of all service personel are on duty in Ireland, this is placing pressure on the ability of the BA to fulfill its other commitments. Normally there are six resident battalions (two for each brigade area) which serve for a period of two and a half years, with their families, in garrision barracks. The other 4 battalions are on short term “roulement” tours of six months, they are flown in and out en bloc and are not entitled to bring their families. Within each brigade area the battalions themselves work within their own TAOR, they rarely act in concert as a brigade. The function of the Brigadier in charge of a particular area is to co-ordinate and lay down policy for the relatively independent commands on the ground. The RUC, not the brigade commander (brigadier), are responsible for any operational decisions although senior army and police officers sit together on various committees at local and regional level to develop and co-ordinate policy. Politically sensitive decisions are taken at a Brigade or HQ Lisburn level. The officer responsible for day to day affairs and for advising politicians and civil servants is the Commander Land Forces NI, a Major General. Since the end of June 1992 the CLF NI sits on the Provincial Executive Committee (PEC) which has authority over all security operations along with the Deputy Chief Constable RUC (Operations), the Director of Intelligence and the Head of the RUC Special Branch. BA Headquarters Northern Ireland is based at Thiepval Barracks in Lisburn, this complex plays host to a number of different agencies. Firstly, it is the HQ of the GOC NI and his staff, the HQ CLF is also based here as well as specialised troops such as the Royal Military Police, the Royal Engineers and the Royal Army Ordnance Corps. It is also the administrative HQ of the 39th Infantry Brigade. Technically speaking the 20,000 strong British Forces are under the command of the HQ UK Land Forces (HQ UKLF), Wilton but in practice the GOC reports to the Secretary of State for NI and the MoD in London. The GOC also commands and directs local Navy and RAF units. The total HQ Northern Ireland is as follows: 6 long tour infantry battalions 4 short tour infantry battalions 1 regiment of Army Air Corps 7 battalions of the RIR (plus the 2 emergency infantry battalions) The Territorials also come under the command of the GOC and form an integeral part of the entire BA and, although not operational in Ireland, they are nonetheless commanded by regular BA officers who remain operational. All TA regiments are linked to a regular parent regiment, the Irish TA regiments include: The North Irish Horse (RAC) 206 (Ulster) Battery Royal Artillery (V) (V meaning volunteers) 74 (Antrim) Artillery (RE) Independent Field Squadron (V) Royal Signals 40 (Ulster) Signals Regiment (V) 4th/5th Royal Irish Rangers (V) 152 (Ulster) Ambulance Regiment Royal Logistic Corps (V) 204 (North Irish) Hospital Royal Army Medical Corps (V) 253 (North Irish) Field Ambulance RAMC (V) Band (North Irish) Staff Band (TA) The BA quickly established a training scheme specifically geared towards the unique circumstances of Ireland. In 1972 a Northern Ireland Training Advisory Team (NITAT) was set up, it still exists today and every infantry battalion destined for Ireland undergoes a two month NITAT course before arrival. (Non infantry battalions take a three month course). NITAT run two training centres, one in south-east England, the other in Germany. Their task is to bring soldiers up to date on all aspects of the Irish war, they learn about the opponents they will face, their history and favourite tactics, names to watch out for, how to organise intelligence collation, behave on patrol and react to incidents. Every eventuality is covered; patrolling tactics; prison breakouts; riots; legal issues; forensic procedures; the yellow card (and many others). The latest weapons and IEDs (improvised explosive devices) are described and generally, the battalion is prepared physically and psychologically for its tour. As an example we will look at the 3rd Battalion of the Parachute Regiment and how it prepared for deployment in June 1976 in South Armagh. In early January, selected officers and soldiers attended a specialist course in intelligence processing, terrorist recognition and search techniques. When the main body of the battalion arrived at NITAT in Rype, South East England, in February, they were brought up to date on the current political situation, weapons and equipment and concentrated on legal procedures, arrests, VCPs and terrorist recognition skills. A senior RUC officer from their future brigade area briefed the battalion and met with the senior BA officers. The Lt Col in charge of the battalion asked his soldiers to concentrate on six specific areas: (1) map reading; (2) shooting skills; (3) patrolling skills; (4) covert observation posts; (5) ambush skills and (6) alertness. In ‘76 battalions only spent two weeks on specialist ranges in Kent followed by one week in Norfolk. The time in Norfolk was used to familiarise soldiers with other agencies like ATOs (bomb disposal officers), Royal Engineer search teams, dog handlers and WRAC personnel and with them practice various search procedures or bomb disposal operations. An advance party of I.Os was sent to Armagh, they spent several weeks with the battalion they were to replace and picked up relevant details on IRA personnel, informers and local people of influence. An advance party of 100 officers and soldiers left for South Armagh to prepare the ground for the main battalion’s arrival. The main body sailed from Liverpool to Belfast and was airlifted to Bessbrook Mill. The entire battalion then consisted of 40 officers and 610 soldiers, they were pre-arranged into separate companies before the tour began. At battalion HQ (Bessbrook) there were: 3 Rifle companies known as A, B and C; 1 Patrol company - the smallest company of selected men for covert surveillance; 1 Support company - consisting of the toughest and fittest soldiers and; 1 HQ company to run the administrative side of things. Each company was commanded by a Major. As well as these structures the battalion had one team of 20 officers and soldiers for intelligence work, a command and standby system for a 24 hour response to any incident and a group to run the Bessbrook heliport. In both battallion and company HQs the central dynamic was the Army and RUC operations room supported by radio operators, clerks and intelligence collators. Guarding each HQ was a ring of posts and sangars, everybody had to take a turn at guard duty which was 2 hours on, 4 hours off. Each sangar was linked by intercom to the Quick Reaction Force (QRF) through the operations room. Local patrols around each base were made up of the company platoon who were detailed guard duties, this platoon also provided the QRF and sentries and was responsible for keeping the place clean. Their main task on local patrols was to prevent mortar attacks and feed car numbers into the computer. Each company broke down into three platoons of 24-26 soldiers, each responsible for a TAOR of about 26 square miles in South Armagh. The normal situation was that one platoon would be out on distant patrol, one on guard duty and one resting or cleaning up. These routines tended to operate for three or four days before the platoon changed tasks. Each platoon kept a map of its patrol routes in its TAOR, to prevent repetition and routine they used different routes all the time. The HQ staff held a briefing every day at 5.30pm at Bessbrook, every Tuesday was designated conference day. Firstly, the District Action Committee (DAC) met, it was jointly chaired by the RUC Chief Supt of H Division and the C/o of the South Armagh Battalion, also present were the C/o 2 UDR, C/o 3 UDR and the Newry RUC Supt. Another weekly group was the Orders Group or the O Group where the battalion C/o, the Lt Colonel, met with his company commanders, the majors. The third weekly meeting on Tuesdays was the Local Security Committee (LSC) attended by the chair and vice chair and several councillors of Newry and Mourne Council. NIO officals and RUC officers also attended. This committee in particular was highly valued for its contact with the locals and its line of communication to influential people. There is a big difference between commanding a battalion as a Lt Colonel and a brigade as a Brigadier, most of a brigadier’s time is spent developing contacts with the RUC and local people as well as RUC commanders and the Special Branch; many officers more suited to a tactical role find it difficult to adjust to a desk job and are frustrated as a result. For the Lt Colonels whose battalions are divided into sub units, sections and platoons which are under the command of the RIR or RUC, it is difficult for them to balance the requirements of their five or six subordinate commanders (Lieutenants and Majors) and the requirements of the Brigadier’s aims and policies. At the brigade level requirements tend to be more political than the gut reactions of the soldiers on the ground. A more up to date example of the routine of a resident battalion would be that of the resident Belfast battalion in the 39th Brigade area based in Palace Barracks, Hollywood. Again before its actual arrival it sends an advance party to prepare the way for the main body of the battalion. The commanding officer (Lt Colonel), Company C/os (Majors) and platoon and section C/os (Lieutenants) normally precede the rest. The battalion I.O. organises an intelligence team and attends the debriefings of patrol C/os by the company C/o after each patrol. The incoming I.O. would also liaise with the continuity NCOs (CONCOS) of the Royal Military Police whose job it is to brief newly arrived battalions and their I.Os with all the relevant details. The battalion I.O. staff is always added to for an Irish tour, they usually get an extra warrant officer (Company Sergeant), a couple of senior NCOs (Sergeants) and a couple of junior NCOs (Corporals). Resident battalions pace themselves differently than the short term ones. Their companies change thier roles every 4-6 weeks during the two and a half year tour. The HQ company should be able to deploy 18 teams of 4 soldiers (72). 3 teams (12 soldiers) makes up a “multiple”, commanded by a platoon commander (Lieutenant). In addition to its normal patrolling duties the HQ company acts as a reserve for the entire 39th brigade area. The rest of the companies of the resident Belfast Battalion operate a rota consisting of 4 stages, each averaging 5 weeks in duration: (A) Quartered alongside the RUC station with responsibility for a particular part of Belfast under the operational command of the Belfast Roulement Battalion (OPCON BRB). This role will be followed by a return to barracks as a brigade reserve on less than two hours to move; (B) This company has 9 “pigs” - armoured vechicles - on standby for riots and prison breakouts; (C) This company is on 6 hours stand by, thus allowing it time for training duties and is used as a reinforcement for marches, funerals, etc ; (D) The final duty on the rota is one of training, leave or other courses. This battalion is only made operational in an emergency. CHAPTER 5 - SPECIAL AGENCIES IN IRELAND Special Forces: One of the most important post-war reforms in the MoD has been the creation of the Defence Intelligence Staff (DIS) headed by the Chief of Defence Intelligence (CDI), a 3 star appointment (Lt General or equivalent) rotating between the services. The holder of this post does not have to have a background in intelligence work. The DIS is made up of elements of each of the services and is one of the few areas where co-operation between them seems to work, it has about 1000 employees and its main task is to analyse the armed forces of other countries and contribute to the verification of arms control agreements. The job description of DIS employees states that they are “principally concerned with the collection, analysis, assessment and dissemination of information on the capabilities of the Armed Forces and Logistic Infrastructure of certain foreign countries together with associated politico and military studies”. There are two separate sections within the staff, NATO Relevant and Rest of World (ROW). The CDI, who reports directly to the Permanent Secretary at the MoD and to the Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff (Commitments), liaises with more groups than any other MoD post. The DCDS heads the Joint Operations Centre and is the commander of the Director in charge of Special Forces. As we can see from chart 5(b) the DIS of the MoD reports to the Joint Intelligence Committee. The JIC meets weekly for worldwide intelligence reports and includes the heads of each main spying organisation as well as senior representatives of the main customer departments (the people who are looking for information). The committee oversees standing groups who cover particular problems and are made up of intelligence officers, diplomats, soldiers and civil servants. Above the JIC sits the Permanent Secretarie’s Committee on the Intelligence Services consisting of the highest ranking civil servants in the Foreign Office, Home Office, MoD and Treasury. This group sets budgetary limits and tasks for the intelligence organisations. Finally, the Ministerial Committee on the Intelligence Services. It is nominally the highest office in these matters and is chaired by the Prime Minister, other members include the Foreign Minister, the Defence Minister, the Home Secretary and the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. The Intelligence Corps was officially established in 1958 and, in 1985, largely because of its work in Ireland, it became the 7th and smallest of the combat arms. It is a “closed” corps in that every member has to be positively vetted by the Army Directorate of Security. It has a strong joint services ethos which is reinforced during training - the Joint School of Photographic Interpretation is at RAF Wyton and both the Defence Intelligence and Security School and the Joint Services Interrogation Wing are co-located with the HQ of the Intelligence Corps at its depot at Ashford in Kent. The first part of training is the same as for any soldier, during the second part they learn the skills of an Operator in Intelligence and Security (Op Int + Sy) such as map marking, briefings and presentation. They learn German, photo interpretation, still photography and computer studies. Before graduating each recruit must pass a driving test and take a course in Land Rover training in Leaconfield in North Humberside. After a total of 8 months soldiers leave as an A3 Op Int + Sy with an automatic rank of Lance Corporal. About a third of these NCOs become operators in Special Intelligence or OPSI, they enjoy rapid promotion and, in the North, have a lot of responsibility, especially as a Field Intelligence Officer (FINCO). The majority of officer recruits come from university liasion officers, the corps will not accept short service commissions ( of three years) as the value of their training doesn’t show for 4-5 years. After attending Sandhurst in the normal manner an officer in the Int Corps spends a further month at Ashford and then goes directly to an infantry battalion, usually in Ireland where they wear the headgear of their host regiment. After 9 months in this position the officer returns to Ashford for three months special-to-arm training and, depending on their speciality, could return to the North to serve with an intelligence section based at a HQ. After a couple of years the officer can expect to command a security section where they advise the rest of the army on security. From there onwards they follow the same promotional route as everyone else though for security reasons the Intelligence Corps Directorate is involved in all future postings of Int Corps officers. Many senior positions are `tied’ to the Intelligence Corps - 40% of Int Corps Colonels are in tied posts and about three quarters of its Lt Colonels. Many senior officers serving in Ireland as GOC or CLF have served in the Int Corps at some stage, it is one of the least insular of the combat arms because of its practice of sending out detachments to other regiments or units for a period. A special report on performance during the Gulf war praised the intelligence agencies in particular for their accuracy although they tended to over-estimate the enemy strength. General comments on intelligence work were also included, mainly the lessons the DIS had learned. The report stressed that intelligence work should not be seen as a haphazard series of one offs but as a continual cycle of direction, collection, processing and dissemination. Direction, or the defining of the problem to be solved, was largely determined by previous experiences and information. It was crucial that commanders gave good direction as unless the motives for collecting information were absolutely clear there was a tendency to collect anything. Once the direction was clarified the various collection agencies were contacted and they in turn contacted their active sources eg SATINT (Satellite Intelligence), SIGINT (Signals Intelligence), radars on aircraft, RAF photos or Army Air Corps Hele Tele. This information was sent to front line troops, artillery batteries etc. Collation in the field ran from the unit IO to the intelligence staff at a brigade HQ right up to the theatre HQ. The processing of information consisted of 3 stages - collation, evaluation and interpretation. These days computers are widely used to interpret raw data but they are only as good as the information punched into them, and, as a safeguard, computer results are usually checked from a separate source. The report recommended a periodical review of all work so that the task in hand would not be forgotten. The greatest danger was losing objectivity, perhaps eliminating results which were unexpected or tailoring results to match a biased viewpoint eg dismissing an enemy’s capabilities or, the most common loss of objectivity, exaggerating information to make it more important than it really was. Despite technological advances HUMINT or Human Intelligence was still valuable for confirming other sources and for analysing concepts like morale, fear and various other emotions. Intelligence work was very centralised, a small knot of people controlled its collation and application, and the end product often involved specially trained forces to carry out actions based on detailed intelligence reports. The Special Air Service Regiment is one of the BAs more autonomous units, it attracts a great deal of speculation and media interest which is good for recruitment. Soldiers can either apply to join or can be recommended as “suitable for Special Forces” in the annual report compiled on every soldier by the unit C/O. In either case a recruit must have served a minimum of three years . Every accepted recruit becomes a trooper, whatever their previous rank or regiment though they retain their old rank when RTU’d or returned to unit. Four Potential Officer Briefing Courses are held each year in Hereford and another one in Germany. A 5 week course follows which includes hiking in the Breacon Beacons in Wales, resistance to interrogation and a general appitude test. Continuation training follows in parachuting (particularly HALO - high altitude, low opening) combat survival and jungle warfare. The regiment has an unusual structure, its regimental HQ is the centre block of the Duke of York Barracks, Kings Road, London which is the official regimental HQ of the Royal Signals Corps, 44 Parachute Brigade and the HQ of the London-Irish Royal Irish Rangers (TA). Also based there are the SAS regimental museum, the RAF special services air crew and the Special Forces parachute detachment. The main operational arm of the SAS, 22 SAS, is based at Bradbury Lines Barracks in Hereford (which is also the base for R squadron SAS, a part time emergency unit). 22 SAS is divided into 4 sabre squadrons A,B,D and G. Each squadron consists of 72 men and 6 officers which is subdivided into 5 troops; 1 amphibious troop, 1 airborne, 1 surveillance, 1 mountain/ artic warfare and finally 1 signals troop of 24 men (provided by 322 Royal Signals Squadron). In Ireland each sabre troop divides into four man teams, the basic operational infantry unit. Training and planning in Hereford are continually updated and reassessed by the permanent cadre of 5-6 officers and 150 NCOs who run the training wing and the operational research centre; this research centre is equipped with detailed plans of every known commercial aircraft and has plans of many key buildings close to hand. 21 SAS (v) has its A and B squadrons based in the Duke of York Barracks, C squadron is based at Bedford Road, Hitchin and the “S” squadron at Tudor Crescent, Cosham, Portsmouth. Its signals squadron, 63rd Signals SAS(v) is based at Peronne Road, Portsmouth. This regiment provides the guard of honour at the Royal Academy Summer Exhibition and at the Lord Mayor’s Banquet in London. 23 SAS (v) Artists have their HQ (and the operational base for A squadron) at Kingstanding Road, Birmingham. B squadron is based at Old Carlton Barracks Leeds, C squadron at Sandford Rd Barracks Doncaster. D squadron covers the whole of Scotland. There are also 2 SAS anti-terrorist teams of 12 men drawn from the whole regiment who operate from range rovers on a 24 hour, 3 minute alert at Hereford and London. They liaise with the 4 security agencies in Britain: (1) The SIS or M16, (2) The Home Office Intelligence Section or MI5, (3) The DIS Staff at the MoD and (4) the Special Branch. The Director of the SAS (also over the Special Forces such as the SBS) attends all Defence Intelligence Committee meetings. A covert activity of the SAS is that of SAS Group Intelligence operating in the Duke of York Barracks with a Special Branch phone tapping post, the Branch and the SAS enjoy a close working relationship in every major city. In Ireland, the SAS, contrary to some opinion, only act on “hard” intelligence in ambush situations, they have often been confused in the past with other agencies. This is not at all surprising as it is an area deliberately shrouded by the British, the myth they carefully cultivate with the media gives the SAS an automatic advantage over their opponents; the wide range of undercover agencies operating in Ireland and their constant changing of names and of roles has created a complicated line of command and made it difficult to spot a pattern. The final aspects of the security services to be considered are the technical branches which, though not as well known, are perhaps some of the most valuable sources of intelligence. They include the following: 125 section, the Intelligence Corps The Reconnaissance Interpretation Centre (RIC) Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) SIGINT, Royal Corps of Signals Weapons Intelligence Section (WIS) E4C, RUC Special Branch Technical Aids Section The Diplomatic Telecoms Service. The 125 section, the technical unit of the Int Corps is based at Lisburn and oversees the operation of `Crucible’, the computer used to track movements of people and vehicles. The system is linked to the three brigade HQs, the control section of each is known as Forward Operational Control (FOC). Data is stored in four sections: (1) P-section - all personal details, description, dob, routine etc (2) Residential section - every street and house with all the residents and details of their political leanings (3) Vehicle index (4) VCP index - a description of vehicles and their movements. The RIC is an all arms intelligence unit run mainly by the RAF at Aldergrove. It uses aircraft for reconnaissance photos using thermal images, radar and remote sensing to locate arms dumps, both North and South. GCHQ is perhaps the most important group of these bodies, it, and its military equivalent, Military Signals Intelligence intercept phone calls and transmissions and prevent other states from doing the same to Britain. It is the largest of the intelligence agencies with 7000 employees. WIS, sometimes also referred to as Weapons Intelligence Unit is a collection of intelligence specialists formed in 1974 to monitor arms movements, track dumps and trace weapon use. Each brigade HQ has a large map detailing which weapons were used in each incident, their task is to pinpoint the area using the weapon and if possible work out the supply route used. The SIGINT, E4C and DTS are relatively minor groups and won’t be dealt with here. Special Agencies in Ireland: All intelligence activities in Ireland were originally controlled by SIS or MI6 but in the aftermath of the Littlejohn fiasco in the early 70’s control was handed to MI5. MI6 still maintains a station at the Merrion Rd Embassy in Dublin where agents are encouraged to socialise with politicians, clergy, union leaders, Gardai and Army Officers and media personnel. They also have a presence at Stormont called the “political office” and a presence at HQ Lisburn. MI6 have about 2500 employees, they gather intelligence abroad through spies and officially sanctioned exchanges of information with other governments. In early 1992 a report by Ian Burns, an under-secretary at the Home Office, suggested that the role of counter terrorism be handed to MI5. From May ‘92 this came into effect, MI5 now co-ordinate all anti-IRA intelligence. As part of this process a National Criminal Intelligence Service was created early in ‘92, a senior MI5 officer from “T” branch (counter terrorism) now advises the various Chief Constables on security and intelligence operations, the NCIS has a staff of 440 police, civilians and customs personnel. The Director General of MI5 heads a staff of 2,300 people and controls a £300m budget, from Thames House in Millbank, London. MI5 is mainly deployed in the UK and has responsibility for protecting the state from espionage, terrorism, subversion and economic sabotage. Although it is only in ‘92 that MI5 have been handed overall responsibility for all anti-IRA operations in the UK and control of most intelligence operations in Ireland North and South, they do have a history of involvement here, eg in the early 70’s the then Director of Intelligence Dick White was sent to the North to organise proper interrogation procedures. MI5 also has a primary political role in the North, for example, the Bourn Committee which sat in Ireland in 1974 and published a report entitled “The Way Forward” drew up proposals for criminalising prisoners, introducing police primacy and promoting Ulsterisation of the security forces along with a major pacification process. The participants included the then MI5 Chief of Intelligence NI, Dennis H Payne along with John Bourn, a senior NIO offical, John Hermon, Lt Colonel Sidney Hawker (the IO of the GOC), James Allen (an SIS representative who had negotiated with the IRA in 1974) and finally Ian Cameron who was Payne’s senior officer. To this day the MI5 Director and Co-ordinator of Intelligence NI sits on the weekly security committee with the Secretary of State, the GOC and the Chief Constable. There are only about 100 MI5 officers in Ireland, they work from several centres, their main base being River House in Belfast which also houses the Police Authority; they have a base at Churchill House in Victoria Square which deals with technical intelligence gathering and there are also offices at RUC HQ Knock, Military HQ Lisburn and in Castlereagh. Despite their small numbers MI5 officers have enormous influence over the various agencies currently operating in Ireland, at present this involves four special groups: See chart 5(b). (a) Forward Reconnaissance Unit (FRU) (which replaced the Field Research Unit which ran Brian Nelson). It draws its members from all three services and is headed by a Colonel from Lisburn HQ who reports to the Director of Special Forces. FRU has about 50 officers, soldiers and locally recruited agents in total. (b) 14 Intelligence and Security Group (14 Int & Sy Gp) with 60 members between Belfast, Derry and Armagh. (c) The RUC Special Support Unit (SSU), a Special Branch group of about 20 RUC and ex army officers based at Lisnasharragh Barracks. (d) An SAS presence of about 20 troops at Aldergrove, a figure reinforced from Hereford when required. The factor which strenghtened the hand of MI5 in its dealings with these groups was the Security Service Act of 1989 designed to make MI5 more accountable to the Home Secretary. An unique situation arose that MI5 in the North was only made accountable to the NI Secretary of State thereby avoiding the system of checks and balances introduced in the wake of the Spycatcher affair. Although the MI5 Director at Stormont is made aware of all undercover activities, crucially the Secretary of State is not, unless the Director chooses to tell him. MI5 control the security operations which act on intelligence through the system of `tasking’ via the Tasking and Coordination Groups (TCGs) which control all covert activities by collating all the data gathered from RUC and military units thus ensuring a smooth transition from intelligence to action. These groups were created by Kenneth Newman in 1978 and were originally designed to break down the barriers which existed between the various intelligence agencies. Castlereagh is known as TCG Belfast, Gough Barracks as TCG South and Strand Road in Derry as TCG North. The work of the TCGs added to the work of the BA’s Special Military Intelligence Unit (of about 30 officers) who liaise with the Special Branch within the various police divisions. These TCGs are controlled by a security liaison officer from MI5 who sits over a group of officers from RUC C (Crime) Branch and E (Special) Branch along with a military officer responsible for covert operations to advise on army capabilities. Before the recent handing over to MI5 of control, the RUC Special Branch would have been the primary organisation, it still retains a strong power-base and has a great deal of influence in local affairs. The history of the use of special agencies reveals a trend towards centralisation. There have been many changes in terms of organisation, control, accountability and efficiency. At the lower end of the intelligence scale the regular battalion and company IOs in each brigade deal mainly with terrorist recognition, reconnaissance and surveillance using Close Observation Patrols (COPs) of about 30 selected NCOs for each resident battalion. These IOs would also deal with local matters such as low level touting and with watching people classed as republican sympathisers etc. That is of course not to belittle the work they do, they report to battalion IOs who have the option of passing information further up the ladder to the brigade C/o, the CLF or even the GOC. Other specialised groups emerged and developed over the years, for example, the Military Reconnaissance Force of the early 70’s, which consisted of about 40 personnel including some “turned” republicans, was allowed to fade out in 1973 after a number of embarrassing incidents, its direct replacement was the 14th Intelligence Company which had one detachment of one officer and 20 or 30 soldiers within each brigade area. Throughout the 70’s this group operated under a series of bogus names including NITAT and Int + Sy Group (Intelligence and Security Group), both of which were regular British units at that time though uninvolved in intelligence work. As the intelligence network developed the CLF in 1982-3, Charles Huxtable, created the Intelligence and Security Group (Int + Sy Group) which was genuine in that it was actually Irish based, it joined the SAS and the former 14th Intelligence Company administratively. See chart 5©. These two groups were therefore placed under the one commanding officer. The C/o of the Int + Sy Group can deploy up to 3 surveillance detachments and the SAS together in suitably sized groups which are fully integrated with RUC special units. Once information is received, a suggestion or plan will be made to the local brigade C/o, the CLF or the C/o Int + Sy group. This “group” will then formulate a detailed plan with the local TCG, a code name will be given to the plan which is then passed to the CLF for final approval and, depending on its political sensitivity, it may be taken to the GOC or Secretary of State. Once a plan has been approved in all aspects it is handed to the surveillance teams and SAS to carry it out. This is a frustrating situation for the ordinary infantry soldiers as they see themselves acting as sitting ducks for an unseen enemy whilst the `Sass’ get all the exciting jobs. Nowadays the British don’t even try to disguise the fact that shoot-to-kill operations do take place, a sign that as the number of such acts increase they seen as acceptable in some quarters. The history of the deployment of the SAS points to their use as political tools carrying out government tactics. Although not officially deployed until 1976, in the aftermath of the Kingsmills incident, they had operated as independents before and after that, this caused many problems, work was being duplicated, intelligence operators were suspicious of one another and refused to co-operate and the ensuring secrecy encouraged empire building among the various agencies. The fourth agency operating at that time were the Close Observation Patrols (COPs) of selected NCOs in each resident battalion, they were officially created in 1978. ______________________ __________________ _____________________ \|DIRECTOR GENERAL \| \|JOINT INTELLIGENCE\|________________________________________\|GCHQ CHELTENHAM \|_ \|SECURITY SERVICE MI5 \|---\|COMMITTEE JIC \| \|_____________________\| \| \|______________________\|_ \|__________________\|___________________ _____________________ \| \|DIRECTOR & COORDINATOR\| _____\|______ \| \|MOD \|____________\|MILITARY INTELLIGENCE\| \| \|INTELLIGENCE NI \| \|CHIEF OF SIS\| \| \|WHITEHALL DEPT4\| ___\|_____________________\| \| \|______________________\| ____\|MI6 LONDON \| \| \|_______________\| \| _____________________ \| \|FIREARM SAS 1 SAS TROOP INT & SY GROUP INCORPORATES \| \|SPECIALISTS > SAS TROOP & 14 INT COMPANY \| \| FROM 1982 \| \|_________________________________________________________________________________\| The Warrenpoint attack was the catalyst for change the security services needed. In the fallout after the explosion the newly elected Thatcher met all the senior civil servants, police and army officers in the North. On their advice she appointed Frank Cooper, a senior NIO offical, to examine the existing security apparatus and make recommendations for change where required. Cooper was assisted in his task by 2 army, 2 RUC and 2 NIO personnel including Brigadier Robert Pascoe (later GOC NI) and ACC John Whiteside (later head of RUC Special Branch and CID). Cooper advised the Prime Minister to appoint an overseer or co-ordinator of intelligence to encourage cooperation and harmony between the various agencies. Accordingly Maurice Oldfield was brought out of retirement and although he recognised the importance of police primacy and could not therefore be seen to have an operational role he nevertheless began the process of co-operation which is continuing to this day. He set up joint operations rooms in Castlereagh, Derry and Gough Barracks, as well as a Joint Operations Planning Committee made up of the Special Support Group (RUC) Bronze section, the HQ C/o of 14th Company, the Special Branch (RUC), MI5, MI6 and the SAS. There were over 600 intelligence operators active during Oldfield’s reign. Agents were trained over a 6 month period (codenamed Operation Banner) at Ashford and at Overhill near Shorncliffe. Phone tappers were trained at Royal Signals Corps at Harrogate and at an RAF station in Nottinghamshire. Oldfield retired in June 1980 and was replaced by Sir Francis Brook Richards. As an indication of how political activities go hand in hand with military actions legal procedures were streamlined to protect special forces (in particular), involved in fatal shootings, from being prosecuted. Halisham, the then Lord Chancellor, pushed through amendments to the yellow card in 1980 to the effect that any soldier who claimed that their life was in danger when they opened fire could not be found guilty of any offence. Coroner’s courts which investigated such incidents were debarred from reaching a verdict, they were simply to make findings and further, the RUC were to be given responsibility for assembling and choosing Coronor’s juries. Another favourable legal procedure granted at this time was that any member of the armed forces who was involved in a controversial incident was immediately given access to Army Legal Service members who gave assistance in interviews and helped to formulate statements. The official thinking behind such a carefully thought out post operation procedure was behind a statement made by Tom King in January 1990 when he stated that “where it is necessary to protect lives and for sound and absolutely honorable security reasons, disinformation would be used”. Over the years the deployment of special forces depended on several factors. The personality of the senior politicans or soldiers in the North at any one time seemed to have an effect on how much emphasis was placed on undercover operations, also closely linked was the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of the IRA at any given time. Special agencies tend to take on a more prominent role in the aftermath of IRA spectaculars or during a period of sustained successes. In the aftermath of the Ballygawley and Lisburn bombings in 1988 the then Chief of the Defence Staff Field Marshal Bramall said that “a majority of officers are now strongly backing a shoot to kill policy as the principal method of defeating the IRA”. Another prominent BA officer of the 70’s, Peter Morton, the former C/o of 3rd Para put forward seven proposals to defeat the IRA including the death penalty for murder, detention until the end of hostilities for those found guilty of terrorist offences - irrespective of the court sentence, the freedom to shoot armed terrorists without warning and most draconian of all, the ending of dole for those on the run! The history of special forces deployment in the North is therefore one of constant refinement, improvement and re-allignment towards more central control of operations. The army manual of counter revolutionary operations states that “intelligence and security must be centrally controlled to ensure the efficient and economic exploitation of resources. Thus there should be a single integrated intelligence organisation under either a Director of Operations or the senior Intelligence Officer in the area of operations”. Besides the aforementioned Provincial Executive Committee, Hugh Annesley recently spoke of the creation of a National Police Unit to combat terrorism; it would, in his opinion, have four roles: To cultivate informants (which he thought was the key weapon) To gather and assess intelligence. To have an operational capacity to respond to collated intelligence To have a training, legal and support service. Responsibility for this unit would lie with the Home Secretary guided by an advisory board, members of the security services (MI5, MI6, DIS), the Metropolitan Police Special Branch and anti terrorist unit, the provincial Special Branch and customs and excise would all play a role. There is no doubt that such a unit will become a reality in the future as another step along the road to a more effective response against the IRA. GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS HCSC - HIGHER COMMAND AND STAFF COLLEGE WO 1&2 - WARRANT OFFICER 1&2 HUMINT - HUMAN INTELLIGENCE IED - IMPROVISED DEVICE README Overview: parts of this alt go into a lot of detail and will be difficult to discuss in any depth. This chapter by chapter breakdown of the points to be drawn out of the alt is designed to assist those taking the ranganna - it would be a mistake to concentrate too much on fine detail, the information is there for those who want it. CHAPTER 1: This gives a breakdown of BA structures. The following points are considered important. · What are the advantages/disadvantages of the regimental system? Why is rivaly encouraged between units? · The units most vulnerable to cuts are the Royal Armoured Corps, the Royal Artillery and the Brigade of Gurkhas. Why these units in particular? How have world-wide events played a part in this? · Discuss the work of the Royal Engineers and the Royal Army Ordnance Corps in Ireland. · Why do you think the RAF and Army Air Corps compete for flying duties in Ireland? CHAPTER 2: Again this chapter deals with the subject in some detail, the points to bring out in discussion are the importance the BA attaches to training courses and education and how recruits are singled out as potential leaders from an early stage. · How could ONH benefit from education/courses? Would this be practical taobh amuigh/taobh istigh? · What is the significance of the Rowallan Company Scheme? CHAPTER 3: Deals with political control of the BA and the internal workings of the MoD. · Discuss the roles of the BA as defined by the British Government. · Will increased privatisation and cutbacks affect the BA and if so will this have an effect on their ability to operate in Ireland/Worldwide (Bosnia etc). · Can the military activities of the BA in Ireland be attributed to political direction from Westminster or Whitehall? CHAPTER 4: Deals with the ongoing effect of the BA’s military intervention in Ireland. · Discuss changes in BA tactics/attitudes since their arrival. Has Police Primacy been successfully introduced? Why was it seen as so important? · Discuss the revised predictions of the Bourn committee up to 1990 and the lessons they had learned. How far have the BA gone towards becoming an acceptable force? · Is it valid to say that `intelligence is the key to success’? Does this equally apply to ONH? Ignoring the differences in terms of resources between ONH and the BA, how do both organisations approach the area of intelligence? · Who runs the North? The BA, NIO, RUC, British Govt? CHAPTER 5: There is plenty of detail to take in so it might be a mistake to ignore the broader issues raised by the activities of special forces by concentrating on specific events. · The growing influence of special units is a reflection of what? Greater efficiency/secrecy/centralisation? · Why does the number of shoot-to-kill incidents rise and fall? Discuss the political implications of shoot-to-kill. · “Refinement, improvement and re-organisation” - is this a valid description of the development of covert units? GENERAL POINTS FOR DISCUSSION: · Is it valid to say that there are two separate armies operating in Ireland, and that the influence of covert units is being increased at the expense of the uniformed BA? · What are the benefits of service in Ireland for the BA? · Is it possible for ONH to combat the BA when you consider their superior resources and numbers? Are there areas where it is possible to say that ONH have made errors in the past and have learned from these or should learn from these? · What are the likely trends of the future BA? · Are the BA effective opponents? Are there areas where ONH can expect them to improve or develop further?	i don't know
Which two French words on an envelope indicate that a letter is to be sent by Air Mail?	Sending Mail to and from Europe. John Bermont. Sending Mail to and from Europe How to send mail and receive mail in Europe. Air Mail, Priority Mail, Express Services, PTT, Poste Restante, Amex Client Brought to you by Your Go-To Travel Store In the last century this building was the post office in Bloemendaal, a nice village just west of Haarlem, The Netherlands. It is now a building for rent. The Post, Telegraph, Telephone, the "PTT" for short, has ceased to exist in Holland. Mail service is now provided by Post NL which has a personal service countertop in many stores throughout the country. Look for the Post NL logo on bookstores. The bright red thing out front is a mail box with slots big enough for nothing but letters. Also out front are a few Dutch bicycles. If there is a word more emphatic than ubiquitous to describe the presence of bikes in Holland I would use it. They are everywhere. You might want to bring a map , dictionary, and guidebook when you visit Hollnad. Pocket size dictionaries are hard to find over there, and always more expensive than in the United States. Carpe diem. Vivere bene! Gratia Deo. The Complete Travelers Handbook by John Bermont This is chapter 19.2. The entire book is published free on-line by the DIY traveler, author, photographer, and webmaster —yours truly— with help from my daughter Stephanie and good friend Paula in Haarlem, Netherlands. Questions, comments, complaints, and contributions are welcome. Please click footnote . Patronage at my euro-shoppe™ keeps this site on line. Updated 22 October 2016 . No news is not good news. This Internet edition of chapter 19 is divided into four parts because it is so big. The four parts are: Wiring Cash and Quitting Your Job. STAYING IN TOUCH A few words from home can really brighten your day. We all like to receive mail, and it is even more pleasant when we're overseas and out of touch with daily hometown life. E-mail via the Internet is cheap, fast, and readily available throughout Europe. Telephone and snail mail service between the USA and Europe generally works well and is reasonably priced. You can even send faxes to many post offices in Europe for hand delivery or customer pick-up. Travelers should be aware of the services provided by the US Postal Service, your long distance telephone carrier, the various PTT of Europe, American Express offices, and on-line email services — and the limitations and foibles of each. US MAIL United States Postal Service, USPS You have to think about what will happen with your mail while you are gone, unless there is someone at home to empty the mail box every day. The post office can do one of two things with your mail while you are dancing around Europe: hold it or forward it. But they will not forward it to Europe. Vacation Hold: If you will be gone for a short time, request hold service from your local postmaster. Pick up an "Authorization to Hold Mail" form 8076 at the post office. Fill it out and give it to your mail carrier. The post office will hold mail for up to 30 days. After that, it is returned to sender. When you return home go to the post office with your driver's license for ID, pick up your mail, and request continuation of home delivery. Forwarding: The post office will not forward mail to an address in Europe because the rate for overseas delivery is about 50% higher than for first class domestic mail. So, instruct the post office to forward your mail to a reliable friend or relative. If you want your mail while you are still in Europe give your friend a supply of self-addressed envelopes, stamps, and promises of beaucoup exotic gifts for prompt remailing services. In lieu of asking the post office to forward your mail, request a neighbor or family member to check the mailbox for you and remail the first class items. This may save a significant amount of money that would be spent for forwarding magazines. Form of Address for Mail to Europe If you are traveling, how do you get your mail? You can have it addressed to you at Post Restante at a post office near you in Europe or have it sent it to an American Express office. More about these services below. For mail sent to you in Europe instruct your friends to address it clearly. Ask them to print your name in block letters, and capitalize and underline your last name. Do it like so: Your NAME Post office street address (if known) Post Code and City COUNTRY You may not receive mail because of misinterpretation of handwriting or because it is filed under your first name. If you are expecting something and it is overdue, ask for the mail by your first name. Most cities have more than one post office so it is a good idea to specify the one you will be near. Otherwise, your Poste Restante mail will probably be delivered to the main post office in the city. Post code is the same as the American zip code. In Europe it is placed in front of the city name on the same line. For example my post code in Geneva was 1202 and the third line of my address was 1202 Geneva. If there is an alpha character or two in front of the numbers this represents the country. For example CH for Confederation Helvetica (Switzerland) or D for Deutschland (Germany). My Geneva address could have been written as CH 1202 Geneva. Those alpha characters are not required and are not used very often. Some post codes include alpha characters. For example, all post codes in England and Holland include alpha characters. If you are living in Europe with a regular street address, the street name is usually written first followed by the number as in Holland. Sometimes the house number is first but is separated from the name of the avenue by a comma as in France. It depends on which country you are in. Capitalize and underline the name of the country. This will help the USPS postal clerk get the envelope in the international sack. No guarantee. USPS Categories of Service The official USPS web site presents the various types of international mail services.. Cost is a function of delivery speed. This information changes fairly often so check the current tariffs before sealing your letter or package. Visit your post office and tell a clerk what you plan to do before you seal your envelope or parcel. The clerk can give you advice, prices, and estimated delivery times. For some categories the USPS provides envelopes or boxes. And for some categories the cost is a flat fee for as much as you can stuff in the envelope, up to four pounds. To get started visit the USPS web site. All mail between the USA and Europe is now sent by air. It takes up to a week to reach Europe with the basic air mail service, though I have received mail in two or three days at times. For faster service, type the address. The post office uses machines to read and sort mail and this seems to speed up the service. Use the post office printed forms. It might be easier to fill out the forms if you have an old typewriter laying around. Remember those? Use your cursive handwriting at your own risk. RECEIVING MAIL IN EUROPE There are two popular options for receiving mail when traveling in Europe. One is general delivery and the other is American Express offices. If you are living and/or working in Europe you have other possibilities. Poste Restante Poste Restante means "General Delivery" in French and is recognized throughout Europe. Mail addressed to a person Poste Restante will be held until called for. In Germany and Austria, you can use Postlegernd instead of Poste Restante. In Spain use Lista de Correos and in Portugal, Lista de Correios. Mail can be addressed to you for pick up at the central post office in any city in Europe. Some secondary post offices in Europe accept Poste Restante mail. Post offices accepting Poste Restante mail are shown on the maps in the Michelin Red Guides and Michelin Green Guides. Street addresses can also be obtained from national and city tourist offices. If you have taken up short term habitation in a large city, go to your local post office to see if general delivery is accepted. Then give your friends the address and post code for that post office. Call for mail, with your passport in hand for identification, at the post office within 30 days or it may be returned. Look for the Poste Restante or Lista sign in the post office. There is usually a special window for this service. I have picked up mail in a number of cities with no problems. But I've seen the clerks go quickly through the stack and miss mail. A sharp-eyed girl in front of me in Madrid saw her name go by and asked the clerk to back up and pull out the letter. It might help if you ask your friends to put a special mark on the envelope with a felt tip pen or use a special colored envelope. That would make it much easier for you to spot your mail over the clerk's shoulder. Say, ask your correspondents to draw a happy face on the front and back of the envelope, and don't forget to capitalize and underline your last name. There is sometimes a small fee for Poste Restante mail. Amex Client Mail Service A common postal facility used by many Americans is an American Express office. These are located in most major cities. It appears to be a gratuitous service by Amex management who are primarily in the business of selling tickets, tours, and traveler's checks, and exchanging dollars for local wampum. Mail not claimed in 30 days is returned to the sender. Quality of the personnel at the mail window has been average to incompetent. Also the mail window is not open during the entire business day even though the rest of the office may be open. Do not count on this service for transfer of money or important messages. Card holders and those carrying Amex traveler's checks can pick up mail addressed to them at many Amex offices. American Express offices or representatives are located in about 100 cities in Europe, but the representative offices do not offer the client mail service. Get the booklet from American Express listing addresses for all offices and indicating which ones offer client mail service. Confirm the information with the office you plan to use before telling your correspondents to send your birthday cards. The Amex Internet site make casual mention of this service but provides no details. There is a small charge to those who are not Amex customers. Show them a travelers cheque or your Amex credit card to receive free service. MAIL FROM EUROPE TO THE USA PTT PTT is an almost universal appellation in Europe for "Post -Telegraph - Telephone". It is a combination post office, phone company, telegraph office, bank, and central office for miscellaneous government functions. In Spain and Portugal, it is CTT or just CT, since "Post" is Correo or Correio, respectively, over there. The post office in Greece is ELTA. Travelers should normally use the post office when buying stamps. Some PTT offices still have telephone sections for making long distance telephone calls. More about PTT in part 1 of this chapter at Telephoning to, from, and within Europe . Form of Address to the USA Almost everybody recognizes the USA as the USA, except maybe postal clerks. I have begun using the local word for the USA in addition to the letters USA. For example, when I lived in Geneva, Switzerland, the bottom line on my envelopes to the USA reads just like this in big bold print: États-Unis d'Amérique USA États-Unis d'Amérique means United States of America in French, the official language in Geneva. German or Italian are the official languages in other parts of Switzerland. Postage Stamps Buying stamps for postcards and letters can be difficult or easy. To experience the difficult method, walk into any Paris post office and in straightforward English ask for stamps for air mail postcards to the United States. Mark Twain could have found a collection of words to describe the result more aptly than I — no stamps. A better way is to bring a postcard to the post office, already written out, addressed, and containing the key words: "United States of America, États-Unis d'Amérique - USA" with the Priority Mail sticker attached. The term "Air Mail" (Par Avion in France, Mit Luftpost in Germany) is no longer an official designation over there. In Paris, also show the clerk a slip of paper with the word timbre written on it. In other cities, the clerk will probably know that you want a stamp for the card, or will speak English. Most Paris postal clerks can speak English but refuse to do it, unless you start up speaking in French in which case they will refuse to speak French. You'll probably have even more trouble in Madrid where the clerks really can't speak English. Over in Rome, do your post office business at the Vatican. There's a post office next to the ice cream vendor at the Piazza San Pietro (St. Peter's Square). That ice cream is really delicious. They call it gelato in Italy. In most other countries it is called Italian ice. Hey, I'm just the messenger. Nuisance Items In big city post offices, lines normally develop toward the right of the window. Stay close to the person in front of you or someone will butt in. The inbuttee will usually be a little old woman or a pair of chatting teenage girls. Staying close enough to prevent butt-ins almost requires that you keep your chin pressed to the neck of the person ahead of you. Some inbuttees must consider this a game. They know from a glance that you are an American and that they can get away with butting in. If you encounter one, ask her what time it is. That will let her know that you are already in line. If not, just step in front of her. Clerks at big city PTT offices are probably the worst derriere pains in Europe. For better service, and for fewer butt-ins, go to offices in the suburbs or in smaller cities. On the other hand, one amazing event in my career as a postal cliént occurred at the small town post office in Alzenau, Germany, just east of Frankfurt a/M. I went to the window with an airmail letter destined for the United States. The clerk took out a ruler and measured the length, whereupon he charged me about 50% extra. I had used an American envelope which is about an eighth of an inch longer than the German Bundspost normally accepts. I howled but it did no good. That was the last time I went to a window with my envelopes. From then on I just put normal postage on them and dropped them in the outside box, with no problems. Keep in mind that postal employees are not qualified to shine the shoes of rocket scientists. They are simply bureaucrats and government clerks with life time jobs putting stuff in little boxes. If you need anything more than that you have to spell it out for them. Extra Stamps Buy some extra stamps while in the post office to avoid standing in line again. If you don't use them all, bring them home and give them to the neighbor's children. Or frame them as souvenirs and nail them to the wall. Parcels EXPRESS PARCEL SERVICES Reliable but Expensive Most American businesses have given up on the US Postal Service for everything except employment rejection letters and junk mail. Companies like FedEx, DHL, and Airborne Express are the preferred method for sending business papers to make sure they arrive. These services are also available internationally. They are expensive, but can deliver to most European addresses in two to four business days. Prices are extremely high so only use these when you absolutely must have something in a hurry. Customs Gotcha If you use one of these express services it is more likely that your parcel will be opened for customs inspection in Europe. This usually adds two days to the delivery time. The express service asks you to fill out the customs declaration. This can lead to a significant expense. European duties on some items can easily exceed the value of the goods. When Elizabeth traveled with our two-year old Stephanie she needed some additional plastic bottle liners. These were not available in Europe. I sent them over to her by FedEx. FedEx cost as much as the bottle liners. On top of that, the French customs duty was about equal to the cost of the liners. To sum it up, the total came to about three times the cost of the bottle liners. When shipping documents to Germany, the value declared by my company for one package was "no commercial value." The German customs service opened it to make sure. The content was just a rough draft of a sales presentation. On one document they charged about $15 customs duty plus $3.00 tax, and included 12 pages of paperwork with the invoice. It was unbelievable. To stay under the radar of European customs collectors I have had good results with the good old US Postal Service. Gifts sent to Germany and Holland in December 2007 sailed through without getting bit in the butt by customs agents. Shipping costs with the post are also cheaper, by about 70%. Use the special USPS Priority Mail shipping boxes for the best rate. Paying $35 for a few pounds might gag you for a moment, but $120 at FedEx or UPS will do even more damage to your respiratory system. MORE COMMUNICATION INFORMATION This Internet edition of chapter 19 is divided into four parts because it is so big. The four parts are: Free to use but not to abuse. Copyright: © 2001-2016 James J. Broad All rights reserved. Tous droits réservés. This is copyrighted material. Do not reproduce, copy, plagiarize, re-craft, store, modify, extract, transmit, or purloin any part of this publication in any nation in any form or by any means or for any purpose whatsoever without permission in writing. Copying: You may print one paper copy of this web page for your personal use. Permissions: If you want to adapt any part of this material to use in your blog, forum, web site, book, article, speech, term paper, movie, video, or any other media please write to me and get permission before you do so. Otherwise it is a copyright violation or plagiarism. Plagiarism includes paraphrasing text and copying ideas. Imitation, the old saying goes, may be the highest form of flattery. However, plagiarism is outright theft and is usually compounded by the lies of the perpetrator. Everything on my web site is original, created at great personal expense in time and cash in the course of my extensive travels throughout Europe. Please respect my property. For detailed descriptions of the many forms of plagiarism see Plagiarism.org and A Plagiarism Guide for Students . For permission to use material from this web site contact: [email protected] Bloggers and Webmasters: You may link the URL http://www.enjoy-europe.com/hte/chap19/mail.htm freely. Please do. When you link please send the URL for your linking page. I will be happy to return the favor if your site has significant content for travelers in Europe. Free, free, and free This web site is totally free for everyone, and a labor of love for me. Support To keep enjoy-europe.com afloat I advertise scores of travel related books and products. My site receives a commission from Amazon.com for all goods purchased through the advert links. These advert links are displayed on individual pages and on my on-line store at . Your support is most gratefully appreciated. TIA. Your Blow Back I welcome questions, comments, and complaints. If you have any concerns about your trip to Europe that have not been covered well enough on my web site please do not hesitate to write. Ask, cuss, discuss, or whatever. I read every email and update my pages when I see a question repeating, Utilities:	Airmail etiquette
Who is the current model for Elizabeth Arden perfumes?	UCR Mail Services : International Mail International Mail General Information International mail rates and regulations vary from country to country. Both Air and Surface Transportation is available to most countries for all types of international mail. International mail consists of three categories of mail. The three categories, abbreviation of French words, are LC, or Letters et Cartes (letters and cards), AO, or Autre Objects (other Articles), and CP, or Colis Postaux (parcel post). Each category is defined below. LC Mail (letters and cards) This type of mail compares to U.S. Domestic first-class mail. All mail must measure at least 5-1/2" in length and 3-1/2" in width. When the package is in the form of a roll, the length may not be less than 4", or the length plus twice the diameter may not be less than 6-3/4". Articles having lesser dimensions are accepted on conditions that a rectangular address tag is attached to the article, and the article is not smaller than 4"x 2-3/4". This group consists of letters, letter packages, aerogrammes, and post cards. Letters and letter packages Letters and letter packages are items of mail containing personal handwritten or typewritten communications having the character of current correspondence. Unless prohibited by the country of destination, merchandise or other articles within the applicable weight and size limits may also be mailed at the letter rate of postage. The weight limit for letters and letter packages is four pounds. The maximum dimensions for letters weighing one ounce or less, which if exceeded are subject to a surcharge in addition to regular postage, are a length no greater than 11-1/2", a height no greater than 6-1/8", a thickness no greater than 1/4", and a height to length ratio less than 1.3 or more than 2.5 (to obtain ratio, divide the length of the piece by its height). If a package is sent, the length, width, and thickness combined must not exceed 36", and the length cannot exceed 24". If the package is sent in the form of a roll, the length plus twice the diameter must not exceed 42", and the length cannot exceed 36". International Customs-Douane PS Form 2976 . Aerogrammes Aerogrammes are air letter sheets which can be folded into the form of an envelope and sealed. Tape or stickers must not be used to seal aerogrammes. Enclosures are not permitted in aerogrammes. Postcards are single cards sent without a wrapper or an envelope. Folded (double) cards must be mailed in an envelope at the letter rate of postage. Postcards cannot exceed a maximum of 4-1/4"x 6". The minimum size for postcards is 3-1/2"x 5-1/2". These measurements apply to all countries. AO Mail (other articles) AO mail includes regular printed matter, books and sheet music, matter for the blind, small packets, and publishers' periodicals. Dimension restrictions for AO mail are the same as for LC mail. Printed matter means paper on which words, letters, characters, figures, or images, or any combination of them not having the character of a bill or statement of account, or of actual or personal correspondence, have been reproduced by any process other than handwriting or typewriting. Included in this category are regular printed matter, books and sheet music, and publishers' periodicals. Stationery, stamps of various kinds, whether used or not, framed photographs and certificates, photographic negative and slides, films, microfilm and microfiche, sound or video recordings, and punched paper tapes or ADP cards and playing cards are not acceptable as printed matter. International Customs-Douane PS Form 2976 . CP Mail (parcel post) This classification resembles domestic zone-rated standard-class mail. Packages of merchandise or any other articles that are not required to be mailed at letter postage rate can be sent as parcel post. LC mail cannot be enclosed or attached to CP mail. If one places a piece of LC mail in a CP package, the higher letter rate applies to the entire parcel. Measurements of CP mail must be at least 3-1/2" in width and 5-1/2" in length. The maximum length can be 3-1/2 feet, the maximum length and girth combined can be 6 feet. Length and girth is the measurement of once the length plus twice the width, plus twice the depth. For circular parcels, such as ones containing tires, coil, or rope, measure around the diameter line. This measurement cannot exceed 64". Packing must be secure enough to withstand repeated rough handling. Sealing is mandatory for all insured or registered parcels and for ordinary parcel post for certain countries. In general, it is best to completely seal all parcels so that any tampering is easily detected by postal officials. International Parcel Post PS Form 2976A/2966E . Expedited Mail International Service (EMS) ("Express Mail") Express Mail International is a service similar to domestic Express Mail. However, where domestic Express Mail offers a refund for delay in delivery, International Express Mail has no service guarantee. There are two kinds of service, Custom Designed and On Demand. Express Mail International is available to most countries, but not all. Service restrictions and offerings vary by country. Special Services International mail offers a few special services such as Registered Mail, Insurance, Return Receipt, and Restricted Delivery. Certified Mail is not available for International Mail. Registered Mail Registered Mail provides secure handling of mail and carries with it an indemnity of .35 maximum. This service is available for letter class mail, small packets, and all printed matter. Registered service is not available for items paid at the parcel post rate. Insured Mail The purchase of insurance offers indemnity for loss of, or damage to items paid at the parcel post rate with a maximum amount of 00 for most countries. This service is available to many countries. Insurance is not available for letter class mail, small packets, or printed matter. Return Receipt (international) Return receipts provide the mailer with evidence of delivery of Registered or Insured Mail. Return Receipts must be purchased at the time of mailing. Return Receipt service is available at no charge for Expedited Mail. International Return Receipt Service is offered to a limited number of countries. International Return Receipt PS Form 2865 . Restricted Delivery This service insures delivery only to a specific individual. The mail can only be delivered to the addressee. This service is governed by the internal legislation of the destination country and is available to many countries for Registered Mail. Addressing International Mail International mail must be properly addressed. The receivers full address should be typed or legibly written, and placed lengthwise on one wide of the item. An address in a foreign language is permissible provided the names of the city, province, and country are also indicated in English. The last line of the address must show only the country name, unabbreviated, and in CAPITAL letters. Foreign postal codes should be placed on the line above the country of destination. The address of both the sender and the addressee should be included inside parcels. Items sent to General Delivery must indicate the name of the addressee and the French endorsement "Post Restante" (General Delivery). An example for a foreign address is: JOHN DOE Length and girth combined: 79" Endorsements/marking Mailers must mark the envelopes or wrappers of articles to show the classification under which they are mailed. When mailing small packets, endorse the envelopes or wrappers "Small Packets" or its equivalent in a language known in the country of destination, ie: "Petit Paquet" (French), "Packchen" (German), or "Pequeno Paquet" (Spanish). Endorse the envelopes or wrappers "Printed Matter" or "Printed Matter-Catalogs" when mailing at regular printed matter rates, and "Printed Matter-Books" or "Printed Matter-Sheet Music" when mailing at special rates prescribed for that category of printed matter. In addition, airmail articles should be plainly endorsed "Par Avion", "AIRMAIL", or have a label 19, Airmail, Par Avion, affixed. Sealing Registered letters and registered packages must be sealed. Padded envelopes are acceptable for international registered items. Ordinary letters and small packets should be sealed. Printed matter may be sealed if postage is paid by permit imprint postage meter stamps, precanceled stamps, or periodical indicia. Ordinary printed matter in padded envelopes closed by staples is acceptable at the sender's risk. Matter for the blind must be left unsealed. All international parcels must be sealed. Senders must seal their own parcels. Wax, gummed-paper tape, nails, screws, wire, metal bands, or other materials may be used to seal parcels. The seal must be sufficient to allow detection of tampering. Prohibited Articles Articles which may cause injury to postal employees, or may damage postal equipment or mail, and articles prohibited from domestic mail of the United States are prohibited; also matches and most live or dead animals. Communications having the character of actual or personal correspondence must be sent as letters or post cards. Restrictions apply to firearms capable of being concealed on the person, to flammable liquids, and to radioactive materials. Articles that are acceptable in one country may not be acceptable in another. Each country of destination has special prohibitions or restrictions on particular goods. Direct any questions to MS. Business Reply Mail (international) International Business Reply Service (IBRS) is currently available to a limited number of countries. IBRS allows you to distribute business reply cards and envelopes to customers in some countries and pay the postage due for replies through the Business Reply Mail Accounting System (BRMAS).	i don't know
In baseball, what word is used when a batsman completely misses the ball?	Batsmen - definition of Batsmen by The Free Dictionary Batsmen - definition of Batsmen by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Batsmen Also found in: Thesaurus , Encyclopedia , Wikipedia . Related to Batsmen: cricket The player at bat in cricket and baseball. batsman a. a person who bats or whose turn it is to bat b. a player who specializes in batting 2. (Professions) a person on the ground who uses bats to guide the pilot of an aircraft when taxiing ˈbatsmanˌship n a batter, esp. in cricket. [1750–60] batter , hitter , slugger baseball , baseball game - a ball game played with a bat and ball between two teams of nine players; teams take turns at bat trying to score runs; "he played baseball in high school"; "there was a baseball game on every empty lot"; "there was a desire for National League ball in the area"; "play ball!" ballplayer , baseball player - an athlete who plays baseball bunter - a batter who bunts designated hitter - a ballplayer who is designated to bat in place of the pitcher pinch hitter - (baseball) a substitute for the regular batter switch-hitter - a baseball player who can bat either right or left handed whiffer - a batter who strikes out by swinging at and missing the third strike Translations [ˈbætsmən] N (batsmen (pl)) (Cricket) → bateador m batsman [ˈbætsmən] [batsmen] (pl) n (in cricket) → batteur m batsman n pl <-men> (Sport) → Schlagmann m batsman bat1 (bӕt) noun a shaped piece of wood etc for striking the ball in cricket, baseball, table-tennis etc. kolf, spaan مَضْرَب الكُرَه бухалка, бата taco pálka der Schläger bat; boldtræ μπαστούνι bate , pala , raqueta kurikas چوگان maila bâton , raquette מחבט बल्ला šišmiš ütő pemukul knatttré; spaði; kylfa bastone , mazza , racchetta バット (야구, 크리켓의) 배트 lazda, raketė (kriketa u.tml.) nūja, rakete kayu pemukul slaghout balltre kij , pałka , rakieta كوتك، سوټي، ډنډه (د كريكټ د لوبو) taco bâtă; paletă; baston бита ; ракетка (v krikete) palica; (v stolnom tenise) raketa kij, lopar palica slagträ, bollträ ไม้ตีลูกบอล sopa 球棒，(桌球)球拍 битка; ракетка بیٹ ، بلاّ gậy bóng chày; vợt (bóng bàn) 球棒，球拍 verb – past tense, past participle batted – 1. to use a bat. He bats with his left hand. kolf يَضْرِبُ удрям с бата tacar hrát pálkou, pálkovat schlagen slå χρησιμοποιώ μπαστούνι utilizar un bate/una pala/una raqueta kurikat kasutama با چوگان ضربه زدن käyttää mailaa manier le bâton , la raquette לַחֲבוֹט बल्लेबाजी करना udarati palicom üt memukul bola slá battere バットを使う 치다 žaisti, mušti sist ar nūju pukul batten slå grać په لرگی وهل، په كوتك وهل tacar a ţine paleta/bâta дубасить hrať palicou / raketou uporabljati kij, lopar koristiti palicu slå ตีด้วยไม้ sopa kullanmak 揮棒 бити биткою پیٹ کے ساتھ کھیلنا thi đấu 挥打 2. to strike (the ball) with a bat. He batted the ball. kolf يَضْرِبُ الكُرَه удрям с бата bater udeřit pálkou, odpálit schlagen slå χτυπώ την μπάλα με μπαστούνι golpear con un bate/una pala/una raqueta (palli) kurikaga lööma چوگان زدن lyödä mailalla frapper avec une batte לַחֲבוֹט गेंद पर बल्ले से चोट करना udariti palicom üt memukul bola slá, kÿla effettuare la battuta* バットで打つ 진루시키다 mušti, smogti sist ar nūju memukul slaan slå uderzać په ډنډه وهل bater a lovi (cu paleta/bâta) бить (по мячу) битой odpáliť, odraziť (palicou, raketou) udariti s kijem udariti plaicom po lopti slå till ตีลูกบอลด้วยไม้ vurmak 用球棒打(球) вдаряти биткою پیٹ کے ساتھ مارنا đánh bằng gậy bóng chày 用球棒打（球） ˈbatsman (ˈbӕts-) noun a person who bats in cricket. kolwer ضارب الكُره батсман jogador de críquete pálkař, pálkovač der Schläger slåer bateador lööja چوگان زن lyöjä batteur הַחוֹבֵט बल्लेबाज igrač koji udara (u kriketu) ütőjátékos orang yang memukul bola kylfir battitore 打者 타자 mušėjas sitējs (kriketā) pemukul bola batsman pałkarz ډنډه وهونكى jogador de críquete бэтсмен (в крикете - игрок, отбивающий мяч) oseba, ki tolče (kriket) udarač slagman ผู้ตีลูกบอล (กีฬาคริกเก็ต) vurucu (板球的)打擊手 гравець у крикет, який б'є پیٹ سے کھیلنے والا کھلاڑی vận động viên bóng chày （板球）击球手 off one's own bat completely by oneself (without help). He wrote the letter to the newspaper off his own bat. op eie houtjie بِمُفْرَدِهِ، مُستَقِلاّ сам sozinho na vlastní pěst auf eigene Faust på eget initiativ με ατομική πρωτοβουλία por iniciativa propia, motu proprio täiesti iseseisvalt خودسرانه عمل کردن itsenäisesti de son propre chef לבד खुद से potpuno samostalno egymaga tanpa bantuan upp á eigin spÿtur con le proprie forze, per proprio conto 独力で 자기의 노력으로 be niekieno pagalbos patstāvīgi; bez citu palīdzības usaha sendiri op eigen houtje på eget initiativ bez niczyjej pomocy په خپل سر كار کول sozinho самостоятельно samostatne sam od sebe na svoju ruku själv, utan hjälp ด้วยตัวเองเพียงคนเดียว kendi başına, kimsenin yardımı olmadan 完全靠自己 без сторонньої допомоги, самостійно خود اپنے بل پر کرنا đơn thương độc mã 全靠自己力量	Strike
In which year did the American Civil War begin?	LL Baseball Rule Myths Rules and Regulations of Little League Baseball Myth # 1 The hands are considered part of the bat. The hands are part of a person's body. If a pitch hits the batter's hands the ball is dead, period. If the pitch is swung at and it hits the hands (or any part of the body), a strike is called (NOT a foul) and the ball is dead for striking the batterï¿½s person. If the batter was avoiding the pitch, the batter is awarded first base, as long as the batter was not struck while the ball was in the strike zone. LL Playing Rules: 2.00 Definition of Terms: PERSON, TOUCH, STRIKE (e) Myth # 2 If a batter does not swing and is struck by a pitch, the batter automatically is awarded first base. If the batter is struck by a pitch that is in the strike zone, the pitch is a strike and the batter is not awarded first base (hit-by-pitch). LL Playing Rules: 2.00 Definition of Terms: STRIKE: (f) Myth # 3 The batter-runner must turn to his right after over-running first base. The batter-runner may turn in any direction after overrunning first base as long as he/she returns to the base immediately. If an attempt is made to go to second base, the runner can be tagged out. This is a judgment made by the umpire. LL Playing Rules: 7.08(c) (j) Myth # 4 If a batted ball hits the plate first it's a foul ball. The plate is in fair territory. There is nothing special about it. If a batted ball hits it, it is treated like any other batted ball. LL Playing Rules: 2.00 Definition of Terms: Fair Territory Myth # 5 The batter cannot be called out for interference if he/she is in the batter's box. The batter's box is not a safety zone. A batter could be called out for interference if the umpire judges that interference could or should have been avoided. The batter is protected while in the box for a short period of time. After the batter has had time to react to the play he/she could be called for interference if he/she does not move out of the box and interferes with a play. Many people believe the batter's box is a safety zone for the batter. It is not. The batter MAY be called out for interference although he/she is within the box. The key words, impede, hinder, confuse or obstruct apply to this situation. An umpire must use good judgment. The batter cannot be expected to disappear. If he/she has a chance to avoid interference after he/she has had time to react to the situation and does not, he/she is guilty. If he/she just swung at a pitch, or had to duck a pitch and is off-balance, he/she can't reasonably be expected to then immediately avoid a play at the plate. However, after some time passes, if a play develops at the plate, the batter must get out of the box and avoid interference. LL Playing Rules: 2.00 Definition of Terms: INTERFERENCE (a), 6.06(c) Myth # 6 The ball is dead on a foul tip. There is nothing foul about a foul-tip. If the ball nicks the bat and goes sharp and direct to the catcher's hand or glove and is legally caught, this is a foul tip by definition. A foul tip is a strike and the ball is live. Base-runners may steal on a foul-tip. It is the same as a swing-and-miss. If the ball is not caught, it is a foul ball. If the nicked pitch first hits the catcher somewhere other than the hand or glove, it is not a foul tip. It is a foul ball. If the event of a foul tip, the umpire should not verbalize the word ï¿½foulï¿½ in any manner. Since the ball is still live and runners may advance at their own risk, verbalizing the word ï¿½foulï¿½ or ï¿½foul tipï¿½ would have a tendency to stop all action since a foul ball is a dead ball. The proper way to indicate a foul tip is to simply signal the foul tip and then signal strike. LL Playing Rules: 2.00 Definition of Terms: FOUL TIP, STRIKE (g) Myth # 7 The batter may not switch batter's boxes after two strikes. The batter can switch boxes at any time, provided he/she does not do it after the pitcher is ready to pitch. The purpose of this rule (not switching after the pitcher is in position ready to pitch) is so that the batter does not confuse the defense. Defenses often set up differently depending on whether a batter is right or left-handed. LL Playing Rules: 6.06(b) Myth # 8 The batter who batted out of order is the person declared out. Who is called out and what is done depends on when the appeal is made. There are three different timeframes when the appeal occurs. - The first is when an appeal is made while the improper better is still at the plate. In this case, the proper batter simply replaces the improper batter and resumes whatever ball/strike count the improper batter had attained. - The second timeframe is an appeal after the improper batter has completed his/her turn at bat, but before the very first pitch to the next batter (or very next play or attempted play). In this case, the proper batter (the one who should have batted) is declared out and the next batter is the batter who follows the proper batter. The improper batterï¿½s at-bat is nullified and any advances made on the final pitch are nullified. In this case, the next batter may be the same exact batter who just batted improperly. Example: The first two batters of the 2nd inning are supposed to be, in order, Alvin and Bobby. Bobby bats first (improperly) and singles. The defensive team realizes that Alvin was supposed to be the first batter and appeals before the first pitch to the next batter. The umpire will declare Alvin out, because he failed to bat in turn (he was the proper batter). Bobbyï¿½s single will be nullified because of a ball batted by an improper batter and Bobby will come to the plate again, because he is the next proper batter. - The third timeframe is when the out-of-turn batter is appealed after his/her at bat is completed and a pitch is made to the next batter before the appeal (or a play is attempted or made before the appeal). In this case, no one is declared out. Once the next pitch is made to a batter after an improper batter, the batter who batted out of turn becomes what the rules call a ï¿½legalized improper batter.ï¿½ The next batter to a legalized improper batter will be the next person up in the order after the legalized improper batter. No action will be taken, in this instance, other than to assure the official scorebook is properly marked and up to date. LL Playing Rules: 6.07 The batter may not overrun first base when he/she gets a base-on-balls. OVERRUN FIRST BASE RULE MYTH The Playing Rules simply state that a batter-runner must immediately return after overrunning first base. It doesn't state any exceptions as to how the player became a runner. It could be a hit, walk, error, or dropped third strike. LL Playing Rules: 7.06 (c) Exception The Right Call - Casebook of Little League Baseball (2004) Page 30 Comment Myth #10 The batter is out if he/she starts for the dugout before going to first after a dropped third strike (Junior, Senior & Big League Only). The batter may attempt first base anytime prior to entering the dugout or a dead ball area. First base must be unoccupied before 2 outs, or if there are two outs, first base can be occupied. LL Playing Rules: 6.09(b) NOTE Myth #11 If the batter does not pull the bat out of the strike zone while in the bunting position, it's an automatic strike. A strike is an attempt to hit the ball. Simply holding the bat over the plate is not an attempt. A bunt is a batted ball not swung at, but INTENTIONALLY met with the bat and tapped slowly. The key words are "intentionally met with the bat" If no attempt is made to make contact with a ball outside the strike zone while in the bunting stance, it should be called a ball. An effort must be made to intentionally meet the ball with the bat. LL Playing Rules: 2.00 Definition of Terms: Bunt, The Right Call ï¿½ Casebook of Little League Baseball (2004) Page 7 Bunt Comment 2 Myth #12 The batter is out if his foot touches the plate. To be out, the batter's foot must be ENTIRELY outside of the batterï¿½s box when he/she contacts the pitch and the ball goes fair or foul. He/she is not out if he/she does not contact the pitch. There is no statement about touching the plate in the LL Playing Rules. The toe could be on the plate and the heel could be touching the line of the batterï¿½s box, which means the foot is not entirely outside the box. LL Playing Rules: 6.06(a) Myth #13 The batter-runner is always out if he/she runs outside the running lane to first base after a bunted ball. The runner must be out of the lane AND cause interference. He/she is not out simply for being outside the lane. The running lane (to first base) is defined as the area between the foul line and the three feet to the right of it, usually designated by chalk lines, for the last half of the between home plate and first base. Runners are required to run in this lane, if a ball is being fielded to first base. Keep in mind that he/she could be called for interference even while in the lane. If a fielder is fielding a ball inside of the running lane, the runner must avoid contact with the fielder, even if they need to run outside of the lane. If he/she is out of the lane the last half to the base and is hit with a quality throw, he/she should be out. Please understand that the fielder must make the throw and it must be a quality throw. If the fielder gives up because he/she sees the runner in the way and doesnï¿½t make the throw, then you do not have interference. Also, simply throwing the ball into the runners back or over the fielderï¿½s head will not be interference because it wasnï¿½t a quality throw to the first base. LL Playing Rules: Definition of Terms: 2.00 Interference, 6.05(j), 7.09(k) Myth #14 A runner is out if he/she high-fives the coach while rounding third base (or first base), after a homerun is hit over the fence. The rule states that if a coach physically assists a runner in returning to or advancing from first or third base by touching or holding him/her, it is interference. Examples: If the runner falls over and the coach helps them up while the ball is in play, it is interference. If the coach touches the runner at the point of a catch by an outfielder, to indicate when to tag up, it is interference. If a coach physically grabs and stops a player from proceeding to the next base, it is interference. The coach is not assisting a player if they exchange high fives on a home run. LL Playing Rules: 7.09(i) The Right Call ï¿½ Casebook of Little League Baseball (2004): Page 31 Play 7-14 Myth #15 Tie goes to the runner. There is no such thing in the world of umpiring. The runner is either out or safe. The umpire must judge out or safe. It is impossible to judge a tie. Myth #16 The runner gets the base he/she's going to, plus one on a ball thrown out-of-play. When a fielder throws the ball into a dead ball area, the award is two bases. The award is from where the runners were at the time of the pitch if it is the first play by an infielder or pitcher acting as a fielder. On all other plays into dead ball area, the award is from where each runner was physically positioned (last base attained) at the time the ball left the throwers hand. If the ball was a pitch or an attempted pick-off (anything thrown from the position of the pitcherï¿½s plate), and the ball goes into dead ball area, the award is one base. Exception: If all runners, including the batter-runner have advanced at least one base when the infielder makes a wild throw on the first play, the award shall be governed by the position of the runners at the time of the wild throw. Please understand that awards are based from the base last attained by the runner, not the fact that they were within a few feet of the next base. It doesnï¿½t matter how close to the next base the runner was, you always award based upon last base attained at the time of the pitch or the time of the throw. LL Playing Rules: 7.05(g) (h) Myth #17 Runners may never run the bases in reverse order. In order to correct a base running mistake (such as missing a base), the runner MUST retrace his steps and retouch the bases in reverse order (If the ball is dead and the runner has touched the next base beyond the missed base, the runner may not return to touch the missed base. This might occur on a homerun or a ground-rule double). In a tag up situation, if the runner must return to a base, the runner must retrace his/her steps and retouch the bases in reverse order. The only time a runner is out for running in reverse is when he/she is making a travesty of the game or tries to confuse the defense. You might ask if a runner can reverse his/her direction to touch a missed base after the ball is dead. The answer is yes, as long as they havenï¿½t touched the base beyond the one missed. Of course, in order to be declared out for missing a base, you must have a proper appeal by the defensive team, otherwise the play stands. LL Playing Rules: 7.08(i), 7.10(b) Myth #18 The runner must always slide when the play is close. There is no "must slide" rule. When the fielder has the ball in his/her possession and is waiting to tag the runner, the runner has two choices; slide OR attempt to get around the fielder. He/she may NOT deliberately or maliciously contact the fielder, but he/she is NOT required to slide. If the fielder does not have possession but is in the act of fielding, and contact is made, it is a no-call unless the contact was intentional and malicious. No league can implement a ï¿½must slide rule.ï¿½ LL Playing Rules: 7.08(a)(3) Myth #19 The runner is always safe when hit by a batted ball while touching a base. The bases are in fair territory. A runner is out when hit by a fair batted ball while touching a base, except when hit by an infield-fly or after the ball has passed a fielder and no other fielder had a play on the ball. If the runner is touching first or third, he/she is not out unless the ball touches him over fair territory. If one foot is on the base and the other is in foul ground and he/she is hit on the foul ground foot, he/she is not out. It is a foul ball. Does this mean that a runner must vacate a base when the ball is about to hit them? No ï¿½ if the runner can show that they are trying to get out of the way of the fielder and still maintain touch with the bag ï¿½ and they do not interfere with the fielding of the ball, the runner can maintain touch with the bag. Again, you must have interference in order to call interference. LL Playing Rules: 5.09(f), 7.08(f) Myth #20 A runner may not steal on a foul tip. There is nothing foul about a foul tip. If the ball nicks the bat and goes to the catcher's glove or hand and is caught, this is a foul tip by definition. A foul tip is a strike and the ball is live. It is the same as a swing-and-miss. If the ball is not caught, it is a foul ball. LL Playing Rules: 2.00 Definition of Terms: FOUL TIP, STRIKE (g) Myth #21 It is a force out when a runner is called out for not tagging up on a fly ball. A force play is when a runner is forced to advance because the batter became a runner. When the batter is out on a caught fly, all forces are removed. An out, on a failure to tag-up, is NOT a force out. Any runs, that cross the plate before this out, will count. LL Playing Rules: 2.00 Definition of Terms: FORCE PLAY, 4.09 (a) Approved Ruling Myth #22 An appeal on a runner who missed a base cannot be a force out. A runner must touch all the bases. If the runner misses a base to which he/she was forced because the batter became a runner and is put out before touching that base, the out is still a force play. If this is the third out, no runs may score. The base can be touched or the runner can be touched, either way it's a force out. LL Playing Rules: 2.00 Definition of Terms: FORCE PLAY, TAG, 7.08(e), 7.10(b) Myth #23 A runner is out if he/she runs out of the baseline to avoid a fielder who is fielding a batted ball. The runner MUST avoid a fielder attempting to field a BATTED ball. A runner is out for running out of the baseline, only when attempting to avoid a tag. The baseline is established on a runner when a play is being made on that runner. It is not simply a straight line between each base. LL Playing Rules: 7.08(a)(1), 7.09(L) Myth #24 Runners may not advance when an infield fly is called. An Infield-fly is no different than any other fly ball in regard to the runners. The only difference is that they are never forced to advance because the batter is out whether the ball is caught or not. Runners can advance at their own risk. LL Playing Rules: 2.00 Definition of Terms: INFIELD FLY, 6.05(d), 7.10(a) Myth #25 No run can score when a runner is called out for the third out for not tagging up. Yes it can. A tag up is not a force play. A force play is when a runner is forced to advance because the batter became a runner. When the batter is out on a caught fly, all forces are removed. An out, on a failure to tag-up, is NOT a force out. Any runs, that cross the plate before this out, will count. LL Playing Rules: 2.00 Definition of Terms: FORCE PLAY, 4.09 Approved Ruling, 7.10(a) Myth #26 A pitch that bounces to the plate cannot be hit. A pitch is a ball delivered to the batter by the pitcher. It doesn't matter how it gets to the batter. The batter may hit any pitch that is thrown legally. A pitch that bounces before reaching the plate may never be a ï¿½calledï¿½ strike or a legally caught third strike. If a batter swings and misses at a ball that bounced before reaching the plate, it shall be a strike (swinging strike). LL Playing Rules: 2.00 Definition of Terms: PITCH, STRIKE (a) The Right Call ï¿½ Casebook of Little League Baseball (2004): Page 9 Comment on Definition of In Flight Myth # 27 The batter does not get first base if hit by a pitch after it bounces. A pitch is a ball delivered to the batter by the pitcher. It doesn't matter how it gets to the batter, if it is a legally pitched ball. If the batter is hit by a pitch (even if it bounces before it reaches him/her), while attempting to avoid it, he/she is awarded first base (of course, as long as they havenï¿½t swung at it). LL Playing Rules: 2.00 Definition of Terms: PITCH, 6.08(b) The Right Call ï¿½ Casebook of Little League Baseball (2004): Page 9 Comment on Definition of In Flight Myth # 28 If a fielder holds a fly ball for 2 seconds it's a catch. A catch is legal when the umpire judges that the fielder has COMPLETE control of the ball. The release of the ball must be voluntary and intentional. LL Playing Rules: 2.00 Definition of Terms: 2.00 CATCH The Right Call ï¿½ Casebook of Little League Baseball (2004): Page 7, Play 2-1 Ruling, Play 2-2 Ruling Myth # 29 You must tag the base with your foot on a force out or appeal. You can tag a base with ANY part of the body. LL Playing Rules: 2.00 Definition of Terms: FORCE PLAY, PERSON, TAG, 7.08(e) Myth # 30 The ball is always immediately dead on a balk (applies to Junior, Senior and Big League) If a throw or pitch is made after the balk call, the ball is delayed dead. At the end of the play the balk may be enforced, or not, depending on what happened. On a throw, if ALL runners advance on the play, the balk is ignored. If not, the balk award is enforced from the time of pitch. On a pitch (ball four), if ALL runners INCLUDING the batter advance on the play, the balk is ignored. Otherwise, it is no-pitch and the balk award is made from the time of the pitch. LL Playing Rules: 8.05 Junior/Senior/Big League Penalty Myth # 31 If a player's feet are in fair territory when the ball is touched, it is a fair ball. The position of the player's feet or any other part of the body is irrelevant. A ball is judged fair or foul based on the relationship between the ball and the ground at the time the ball is touched by the fielder. LL Playing Rules: 2.00 Definition of Terms: FAIR BALL, FOUL BALL Note (1) Myth # 32 The ball must always be returned to the pitcher before an appeal can be made. An appeal may be made anytime the ball is live. The only time the ball must go to the pitcher is when time is out. The ball cannot be made live until the pitcher has the ball while on the rubber and the umpire says, "Play." The only reason the ball is going back to the pitcher is so that the umpire can put the ball back in play ï¿½ which has nothing to do with the appeal process. If time is not out, the appeal can be made immediately. LL Playing Rules: 2.00 Definition of Terms: APPEAL, 5.11, 7.10 Myth # 33 The pitcher must come to a set position before a pick-off throw. (Juniors, Seniors, Big League) The pitcher is required to come to a complete stop in the Set position before delivering the pitch, not before making a throw to a base. LL Playing Rules: 8.05(m) 2004 LL RIM: Instructorï¿½s Comments: In Juniors, Seniors and Big League, the pitcher may step and throw anytime during the stretch. Myth # 34 The pitcher must step off the rubber before a pick-off throw. If the pitcher steps off the rubber he/she is no longer the pitcher, he/she is a fielder. He/she can throw to a base from the rubber, provided he/she does not break any of the rules under rule 8.05 LL Playing Rules: 8.01(c) (e) Myth # 35 If a fielder catches a fly ball and then falls over the fence it is a homerun. As long as the fielder is not touching the ground in dead ball territory when he/she catches the ball, it is a legal catch if he/she holds onto the ball and meets the definition of a catch. If the catch is not the third out and the fielder falls down in dead ball territory after catching the ball, all runners are awarded one base. If the fielder remains on his feet in dead ball territory after the catch, the ball is live and he/she may make a play. LL Playing Rules: 2.00 CATCH, 5.10(f) & Note, 6.05(a), 7.04(b) Myth # 36 The ball is dead anytime the ball hits an umpire. If a batted ball hits an umpire before it passes an infielder, the ball is dead (award first base to the batter and one base each to any runners that are forced). On any other batted or thrown ball, the ball is live when the umpire is hit with the ball. Umpire interference also occurs when the plate umpire interferes with the catcher's attempt to prevent a stolen base. LL Playing Rules: 2.00 INTERFERENCE (c), 5.09(b), 5.09(f) Myth # 37 The home plate umpire can overrule the other umps at anytime. The umpire who made a call or ruling may ask for help if he/she wishes. No umpire may overrule another umpire's call. Specifically, no umpire shall criticize, seek to reverse or interfere with another umpireï¿½s decision unless asked to do so by the umpire making it. The only time one umpire can overrule another umpire is when two umpires have made different decisions on one play. In that case, the umpire in chief (plate umpire) shall make the final decision. LL Playing Rules: 9.02(b) (c) Myth # 38 A batter-runner may not slide into first base. There are no restrictions on any runner, including the batter-runner, from sliding into any base, feet first, including first base. At the Major division and below, no runners may slide head first. At the Junior, Senior & Big League levels, head first sliding, at any base, is permitted. Do you have a suggestion for a baseball rule myth? Please send your suggestion to [email protected]	i don't know
In which US state is the atomic and space research centre at Los Alamos?	Plan to protect Earth from rogue asteroids with nuclear weapons Plan to protect Earth from rogue asteroids with nuclear weapons Nuclear weapons are a vital defence against asteroids, says a US research centre By Fiona Keating December 21, 2014 12:26 GMT If an asteroid crashes into the Pacific Ocean, it could generate a tsunami that would devastate North America's west coastNasa Nuclear weapons and atomic bombs that blast asteroids on a collision course with the planet, are a vital defence, says a US research centre. Scientists at Los Alamos, the US government's space research centre in New Mexico, said that the threat of an asteroid impact is far greater than previously thought and research was required to work out the best way to destroy or deflect them. "The goal is to study the effectiveness of using a nuclear explosive to alter the orbit, or destroy, a potentially harmful object," said Robert Weaver in a report submitted to the American Geophysical Union's annual meeting in San Francisco. Impacts by large asteroids were believed relatively rare, but sensor networks set up to monitor illicit nuclear tests have recorded a large number of explosions now known to be caused by asteroids hitting the Earth, usually in remote areas. Weaver warned that large impacts are extremely dangerous. The risks include "a direct hit in a urban area (potentially catastrophic but highly unlikely); the generation of a tsunami from an ocean impact close to a coastline; and regional and global effects from medium to large impactors". The scientist and his colleagues plan to create computer simulations of a nuclear device detonating above an asteroid to calculate the optimum height to deflect or destroy it, according to a Sunday Times report. Research on the threat from space is intensifying as experts from the European Space Agency (ESA) met up with disaster-response organisations in November to discuss tactics on asteroid collisions with Earth. One strand of research was to formulate systems to figure out where an asteroid could strike the planet. "About three days before an impact we'd likely have relatively good estimates of the mass, size, composition and impact location," said Gerhard Drolshagen of ESA's Near-Earth Objects team. In the event of an asteroid collision, emergency teams could prepare for mass evacuations, saving thousands of lives. Dozens of incoming asteroids have collided with the Earth since the beginning of the 21st century, some of them packing far more energy than an atomic bomb, according to the B612 Foundation — an asteroid-hunting non-profit organization founded by former Nasa astronauts. There were 26 recorded events between 2000-2013 ranging in energy from one to 600 kilotons, all caused by asteroid impacts, B612 Foundation officials said. In comparison, the nuclear bomb that destroyed Hiroshima in 1945 exploded with the energy of 15 kilotons. "While most large asteroids with the potential to destroy an entire country or continent have been detected, less than 10,000 of the more than a million dangerous asteroids with the potential to destroy an entire major metropolitan area have been found by all existing space or terrestrially operated observatories," former Nasa astronaut Ed Lu said in a statement. Lu started the B612 Foundation in 2002 with fellow astronaut Rusty Schweickart and colleagues. "Because we don't know where or when the next major impact will occur, the only thing preventing a catastrophe from a 'city-killer' sized asteroid has been blind luck." In the video below, Dr Weaver explains how nuclear weapons can save the Earth from asteroids. Related	New Mexico
In 1999 who became the First Minister of Scotland?	Science and discovery in New Mexico \| RVwest Science and discovery in New Mexico The Bradbury Science Museum is located in downtown Los Alamos by Dennis Begin Los Alamos, New Mexico, 35 miles (55 kilometres) northwest of Santa Fe, is best known as the location for the top secret Manhattan Project of the Second World War. Here are some of the best science-related attractions in Los Alamos and around the state of New Mexico. Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) was founded in 1943 to undertake the Manhattan Project—the development of the atomic bomb. Dr. Robert Oppenheimer served as the science director and Lt. General Leslie R. Groves as director of the entire project. LANL is now one of the largest science and technological institutions in the world, conducting multidisciplinary research into such topics as design of nuclear weapons, national security, space exploration, renewable energy, nanotechnology and supercomputing. The lab has an annual budget of two billion dollars and has 11,000 employees working in 2,100 facilities. Bradbury Science Museum Located in downtown Los Alamos is the Bradbury Science Museum, which deals with the history, defense and research of nuclear weapons and energy. Norris Bradbury replaced Oppenheimer as director of LANL. A visit to the museum is highly recommended. Trinity Site National Historic Landmark Trinity is where the first atomic bomb, named Gadget, was tested on July 16, 1945, ushering in the Atomic Age. Located approximately 126 miles (203 kilometres) southeast of Albuquerque, Trinity is in the White Sands Missile Range east of Socorro. Trinity is a National Historic Landmark, but because it is located in a military area it is only open to the public once or twice a year. Tours need to be arranged well in advance. Very Large Array Approximately 130 miles (209 kilometres) southwest of Albuquerque and west of Socorro is the Very Large Array (VLA), home to the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO). Founded in 1956, NRAO provides radio telescope facilities for scientists from around the world. Its goal is to use radio waves from 27 radio telescopes to listen deep into space. Some of the research involves black holes, magnetic filaments and complex gas motions in the Milky Way. If it sounds like science fiction, it was—in the movie called Contact (1997), featuring Jodie Foster and Matthew McConaughey and filmed in part at the VLA. Dr. Ellie Arroway (Foster) is an astronomer who believes that intelligent life exists elsewhere in the universe. Tours are available. Nuclear museum The National Museum of Nuclear Science and History is in Albuquerque. It has full size replicas of the first atomic bombs—Gadget, Little Boy and Fat Man. What is unique to this museum is the five acre Heritage Park. There are planes, rockets, and even part of a nuclear submarine on display. There is a B-29 Superfortress, Bomarc Cruise Missile, Minuteman Missile, a Titan 11 Missile and many more. Sandia National Laboratory New Mexico has a second world-class research facility at the Sandia National Laboratory, located on the Kirtland Air Force Base in Albuquerque. It’s a contractor for the U.S. Department of Energy and the National Nuclear Security Administration and is a subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation. SNL is federally funded and has nearly 10,000 employees. Teams of scientist and engineers design, research and develop nuclear weapons, defense systems, counterterrorism programs, cybersecurity, alternate energy and complex robotics, just to name a few of their functions. Tours are available. Related Articles	i don't know
Which museum is on Great Russell Street in London?	British Museum - Getting here Getting here The British Museum, Great Russell Street, London, WC1B 3DG Transport for London Journey Planner Please note that tour groups must use the King Edward entrance on Montague Place, WC1E 7JW. By Tube Buses that stop near the Museum: 1, 8, 19, 25, 38, 55, 98, 242 Stop on New Oxford Street 10, 14, 24, 29, 73, 134, 390 Stop northbound on Tottenham Court Road, southbound on Gower Street 59, 68, X68, 91, 168, 188 Stop on Southampton Row Transport for London: cycling information Santander Cycle Hire The nearest docking station is just outside the Museum gates, on the corner of Great Russell Street and Montague Street. About the Congestion Charge Parking There is little on-street parking available. The nearest car park to the Museum is located at Bloomsbury Square, WC1A 2RJ. Website for Bloomsbury Square car park Disabled parking There is limited parking in the Museum's forecourt for disabled visitors only. To make arrangements please telephone +44 (0)20 7323 8299 at least 24 hours in advance. You will be asked to provide the registration number, make and model of your vehicle and the date of your visit. Groups Entering the Museum Groups of 10 people or more must use the King Edward entrance on Montague Place, postcode WC1E 7JW . Groups must also book their visit at least seven days in advance.	British Museum
In which country is the Serengeti National Park?	UCL Bloomsbury Project UCL BLOOMSBURY PROJECT Duke of Bedford’s Estate Estates in Bloomsbury 2 City of London Corporation 3 Capper Mortimer 4 Fitzroy (Duke of Grafton) 5 Somers Area between the Foundling and Harrison estates: Church land Grey areas: fragmented ownership and haphazard development; already built up by 1800 About the Duke of Bedford’s Estate For many people the Bedford estate and Bloomsbury are synonymous, although sales of land in the twentieth century have reduced the original 112 acres to a mere 20 (Survey of London, vol. 5, 1914; Shirley Green, Who Owns London?, 1986) The Bloomsbury holdings of the Duke of Bedford originated as the estate of Thomas Wriothesley, later Earl of Southampton, who acquired them at the dissolution of the monasteries in 1545 (Camden History Society, Streets of Bloomsbury and Fitzrovia, 1997) This estate was inherited by Rachel (née Wriothesley), daughter of the fourth Earl of Southampton, when the Southampton title became extinct; it passed into the Russell family, Dukes of Bedford, through her marriage to the heir of the first Duke of Bedford It was the widow of the fourth Duke, Gertrude Leveson-Gower, who was a prime mover in the residential development of the estate, which began in the late eighteenth century and was continued by her grandson, the fifth Duke, in the early nineteenth century (Camden History Society, Streets of Bloomsbury and Fitzrovia, 1997) Much of this development was in the form of “wide streets and grand squares fit for the gentry” (Camden History Society, Streets of Bloomsbury and Fitzrovia, 1997); Donald Olsen described it as “the systematic transformation of the pastures of northern Bloomsbury into a restricted upper-middle class suburb” (Donald Olsen, Town Planning in London, 2nd edn, 1984) It was a well-timed development; the Bedford Estate’s Bloomsbury rental was worth about £13,800 in 1805, but jumped to £17,242 in 1806 because of all the new buildings (Donald Olsen, Town Planning in London, 2nd edn, 1984) By 1816 it was nearer £25,000, and by 1819 the London rental income was as much as all the other Bedford estates put together; by 1880 it was worth £65,791 (Donald Olsen, Town Planning in London, 2nd edn, 1984) The very northern part of the estate was, however, swampy and more difficult to build on, a problem exacerbated by the building slump of the 1830s, which led to areas like Gordon Square being part-developed and left unfinished for decades (Donald Olsen, Town Planning in London, 2nd edn, 1984) For the crucial part played by Thomas Cubitt in the development of this estate, see Hermione Hobhouse, Thomas Cubitt: Master Builder (1971) The size and quality of the houses meant that for the most part, the Bedford estate was never likely to turn into a slum: “Except for Abbey Place and the other narrow courts east of Woburn Place , the Bloomsbury estate had no slums. Even its narrow streets south of Great Russell Street —such as Gilbert , Little Russell , and Silver streets—were, if undeniably lower-class in character, far superior to the streets just west and south of the estate” (Donald Olsen, Town Planning in London, 2nd edn, 1984) However, as the area became more popular and convenient as a location for institutions, the Bedford estate had to fight to preserve its genteel residential character; it found itself “with the task of preventing, or at least discouraging, the conversion of dwelling houses into private hotels, boarding houses, institutions, offices, and shops” (Donald Olsen, Town Planning in London, 2nd edn, 1984) In 1886 the Bedford steward reported 140 tenement houses in Bloomsbury; Little Russell Street had 21 of them (Donald Olsen, Town Planning in London, 2nd edn, 1984) “By the middle of the century many of the huge houses in Bloomsbury had been illegally converted into private hotels...By 1892 Stutfield [the Bedford estate steward] had come to regard Montague Place as a lost cause” (Donald Olsen, Town Planning in London, 2nd edn, 1984) By the 1890s, too, the estate had lost the battle to keep itself separate from the flow of traffic and pedestrians, originally enforced by a system of lodges, gates, and residents’ tickets of entry: “The five lodges and gates on the Bloomsbury estate—in Upper Woburn Place , Endsleigh Street , Georgiana Street (later Taviton Street ), Gordon Street (originally William Street), and Torrington Place —had all been erected by 1831, presumably by Thomas Cubitt” (Donald Olsen, Town Planning in London, 2nd edn, 1984) The removal of all these gates, except the one in Endsleigh Street , was authorised in 1890 by Act of Parliament; that of Endsleigh Street itself was authorised along with any other remaining gates in London in 1893 (Donald Olsen, Town Planning in London, 2nd edn, 1984) Developments in transport during the century had affected the estate for decades before the 1890s: “The suburban train and the season ticket reduced the significance of Bloomsbury’s proximity to the City and the Inns of Court. To make matters worse, three of the railways chose to locate their London termini virtually at the entrances to the Bedford estate, thereby depreciating its residential value” (Donald Olsen, Town Planning in London, 2nd edn, 1984) However, the estate “was generally successful in keeping bus and tram lines off its residential streets. For a long time the estate was able to exclude omnibuses from Hart Street (now Bloomsbury Way)...The 1806 Bloomsbury Square Act forbade hackney coaches from standing for hire in the square or within 300 feet of it. In 1886 the Bedford Office attempted, without success, to eject the cab ranks that had just been established in Tavistock and Russell squares” (Donald Olsen, Town Planning in London, 2nd edn, 1984) The estate’s desire to maintain a certain standard of living for its residents included attention to public health issues: “In 1854 the Duke had made at his own expense sewers in Tavistock Mews , Great Russell Street , Little Russell Street , Gilbert Street , and Rose Street. The estate also was engaged at the time in a programme of installing water closets in the houses on its property, and connecting them with the new sewers, as required by law...In a letter to the Lancet that year the physician to the Bloomsbury Dispensary praised the Duke’s sanitary projects, and attributed to them the mildness of the recent cholera epidemic on his estate” (Donald Olsen, Town Planning in London, 2nd edn, 1984) Along with concerns for the health of the residents, the estate continued to try to impose restrictions on what kind of tenants would be allowed in its houses: “The number of public houses and hotels on the estate fell from seventy-four in 1854 to fifty in 1869. By 1889 there were forty-one, and in 1893 only thirty-four...Such practices followed logically from the consistent desire to maintain Bloomsbury as an area of decency, uniformity, restraint, and above all of respectability” (Donald Olsen, Town Planning in London, 2nd edn, 1984) The desire to maintain the integrity and amenities of the estate persisted throughout the nineteenth century: “In 1895 the Duke decided to turn the waste ground north of Tavistock Place North and behind the houses in Upper Woburn Place into a lawn tennis ground” for some of the local tenants (Donald Olsen, Town Planning in London, 2nd edn, 1984) Efforts to continue development and improvement in response to changing circumstances were assisted by the length of the leases granted on the estate right from the start of residential development in the 1770s: a standard 99 years: thus “[t]he later years of the century saw a great deal of new building in Bloomsbury as the original building leases fell in” (Donald Olsen, Town Planning in London, 2nd edn, 1984) The estate seized the opportunity for wholesale redevelopment of streets which were no longer suited to their location or which no longer fulfilled their original purpose, mews premises being a good example of the latter “In 1880 the estate took down the block of houses between Store Street and Chenies Street , from the City of London’s estate on the west to Chenies Mews on the east...The estate widened Chenies Mews and formed it into the present Ridgmount Street. It proposed to let most of the vacant ground for institutions or factories, as it did not think the location suitable for dwelling houses” (Donald Olsen, Town Planning in London, 2nd edn, 1984) “In 1898 and 1899 the estate demolished the whole of the stable premises in Southampton and Montague Mews (between Southampton Row , Bedford Place , and Montague Street ) and had the sites landscaped. The Duke had similar plans for Tavistock and Woburn Mews (east of Woburn Place ) before he decided to sell the property to the London County Council for a housing scheme” (Donald Olsen, Town Planning in London, 2nd edn, 1984) “Far from being typical, the Bedford estate may well have been the best managed urban estate in England” (Donald Olsen, Town Planning in London, 2nd edn, 1984) > Great Russell Street Also known as Bloomsbury Place (eastern end) It is in the south of the Bedford estate, below the British Museum , running right through from Tottenham Court Road to Bloomsbury Square (although its extreme eastern end was originally known as Bloomsbury Place) It was developed around 1670, and follows the site of an old path called Green Lane Great Russell Street was the northernmost boundary of development in 1720; north of here was farmland farmed by the Capper family, for whom Pancras Street was renamed Capper Street It takes its name from the family name of the Dukes of Bedford Strype described it in 1720 as “a very handsome large and well built Street, graced with the best Buildings, and the best inhabited by the Nobility and Gentry, especially the North side, as having Gardens behind the Houses: and the Prospect of the pleasant Fields up to Hamsted and Highgate. Insomuch that this Place by Physicians is esteemed the most healthful of any in London” (John Strype, Stow’s Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster, Corrected, Improved and Very Much Enlarged, 1720) In the eighteenth century it had many large houses, including the residence of architect Christopher Wren in the early part of the century Decades later, in the 1770s, the noted physician William Battie lived there, and architect John Nash built elegant houses there, occupying one himself for a while (Oxford Dictionary of National Biography) It had, however, begun to be more run-down and commercial (especially on the south side) by the nineteenth century The north side was grander, in part because of the British Museum , on the site of the original Montagu House (1678; rebuilt 1686) which it first occupied and then replaced The site between the south side of Great Russell Street and Tottenham Court Road to the west was occupied by the Meux brewery No. 89 was for some years the grand house of famous tragic actor John Kemble, who bought it in the late eighteenth century, and his wife Priscilla (formerly Brereton; née Hopkins); Kemble’s father Roger, also an actor, died there in 1802, and the Kembles had sold the house by 1820 (Oxford Dictionary of National Biography) Samuel Bosanquet, of the Huguenot banking family Bosanquet & Co, was born here in 1800 (Oxford Dictionary of National Biography) No. 62 (site now occupied by Museum Mansions) was where the Bloomsbury Dispensary was founded in 1801 by George Pinckard and others The brewer Harvey Combe held legendary dinners at his house here in the late Georgian period (Oxford Dictionary of National Biography) The bookseller and printer John Major had premises here in the early part of the nineteenth century (Oxford Dictionary of National Biography) The mathematician Mary Somerville (née Fairfax) lived in a house here in the early nineteenth century when she was married to her first husband, Samuel Greig; their elder son, barrister and amateur scientist Woronzow Greig, was born here in 1805, but the family returned to Scotland on the death of Samuel Greig two years later (Oxford Dictionary of National Biography) The merchant Antony Gibbs lived here with his wife Dorothea (née Hucks) and their children until 1809 (Oxford Dictionary of National Biography) The eminent eye surgeon John Stevenson was living here in 1813 (Oxford Dictionary of National Biography) No. 50 was established as Sass’s School for Drawing and Painting in 1818; it moved to Charlotte (now Bloomsbury) Street in 1820 No. 77 housed the architectural practice of Lewis Cubitt, one of the builders of Bloomsbury, in the 1820s (Oxford Dictionary of National Biography) No. 104 was the business address of engraver Samuel Cousins in the 1820s, when he set up in independent practice (Oxford Dictionary of National Biography) No. 105 was the home of architects Augustus Charles Pugin and his son Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin; Pugin senior began taking in pupils there in the early 1820s, and died there in 1832 (Oxford Dictionary of National Biography) The architect Benjamin Ferrey studied and boarded with the Pugins at no. 105 from about 1825 to 1832, and later (1834–1836) went into partnership in Great Russell Street with fellow pupil Thomas Larkins Walker (Oxford Dictionary of National Biography) No. 116 was home to artist William Redmore Bigg, who died there in 1828 (Oxford Dictionary of National Biography) The writer and journalist John Taylor died here in 1832 (Oxford Dictionary of National Biography) No. 56 was the home of engraver Philip Audinet, who died there in 1837 (Oxford Dictionary of National Biography) No. 14 (now the sole eighteenth-century house surviving in its south side row) was used by Dickens as the home for Charles Kitterbell in his story ‘The Bloomsbury Christening’ The last part of the original house forming the British Museum was demolished in 1845 The journalist Frederick Tomlins had a bookshop here in the late 1840s (Oxford Dictionary of National Biography) No. 61 was briefly the shop of antiquarian bookseller and publisher Bernard Quaritch in 1847 (Oxford Dictionary of National Biography) No. 28 held the studio of portrait painter John Hayes from 1849 to 1851 (Oxford Dictionary of National Biography) The south side of the street was rebuilt in the middle of the nineteenth century by the Bedford estate No. 24 was where Scottish medical bibliographer James Kennedy died in 1851 (Oxford Dictionary of National Biography) No. 24 was where Scottish medical bibliographer James Kennedy died in 1851 (Oxford Dictionary of National Biography) No. 33 was the business premises of John Thistlewood Davenport, chemist, who went into partnership with J. Collis Browne in 1856, selling Browne’s patent remedy against cholera (Oxford Dictionary of National Biography) No. 60 was the home of artist George Boyce; he was visited there by Ruskin in 1854 (Oxford Dictionary of National Biography) No. 105 was the home of pioneering photographer Frederick Archer, who died there in 1857 (Oxford Dictionary of National Biography) The linguist, and former teacher of Dickens, Louis Prévost, died here in 1858, having spent much of his life studying languages in the British Museum (Oxford Dictionary of National Biography) No. 25 was the home of Moses Margoliouth, Polish scholar who converted from Judaism to Christianity, from 1858 to 1861, while he was working on a new edition of the Hebrew Old Testament (Oxford Dictionary of National Biography) The artist Sir Edward Burne-Jones lived here with his wife Georgiana (née Macdonald) from 1861 to 1865; their son Philip was born there in 1861 (Oxford Dictionary of National Biography) The printer John Russell had premises here in the 1860s (Oxford Dictionary of National Biography) A. & F. Pears, soapmakers, also had premises here in the 1860s (Oxford Dictionary of National Biography) No. 67 was where portrait painter ‘Pope’ Davis died in 1862 (Oxford Dictionary of National Biography) No. 91 was the home of artist and novelist George du Maurier and his wife Emma (née Wightwick) from their marriage in 1863 until 1868 (Oxford Dictionary of National Biography) The travel pioneer Thomas Cook opened his first London office at no. 59 in 1863; Bedford estate restrictions on the advertising of trade led to its being known as Cook’s British Museum Boarding House (Peter Gibson, The Capital Companion, 1985), and Cook’s travellers could indeed stay there in the 1870s for 6s per day including meals (Cook’s Tourist’s Handbook for Southern Italy, 1875) No. 89 was the home of dissenter and homeopathic doctor John Epps, who died there in 1869 (Oxford Dictionary of National Biography) No. 46 housed the studio of artist and engraver Randolph Caldecott in the 1870s (Oxford Dictionary of National Biography) The poet ‘Evelyn Douglas’ (John Evelyn Barlas) took rooms here to study after the death of his mother in 1878; he had also converted to socialism by the time he left a year later (Oxford Dictionary of National Biography) No. 115 was the home of hosier John Arthur Turnbull in 1879, when he married Ellen (née Glaisher),daughter of a bookseller; he went on to found the high-class outfitters Turnbull & Asser with Ernest Asser (Oxford Dictionary of National Biography) Nos 92–93 was the second location for newly-founded chemists S. M. Burroughs & Co in the late 1870s, shortly before its founder, Silas Mainville Burroughs, invited his fellow American Henry Wellcome into an ill-advised partnership with him (Oxford Dictionary of National Biography) No. 77 was the home of church and hospital architect Thomas Wyatt, who died there in 1880 (Oxford Dictionary of National Biography) In 1880 the “professsional” resident of no. 57 Great Russell Street was advertising in The Times for a “coloured man-servant” (The Times, 19 October 1880, 21 October 1880) No. 66 was the home of John Tuckett, bookbinder and dealer, whose extensive collection of topographical, genealogical, and antiquarian books was auctioned off in January 1881 after his retirement aged 53 (The Times, 31 January 1881) No. 13 was the home in the 1880s of Dr S. R. Lovett, the Medical Officer of Health for St Giles (Charles Dickens (jr), Dickens’s Dictionary of London 1888: An Unconventional Handbook (1888) Margaret Harkness lived in a house here in the late nineteenth century; in 1890 her second cousin Beatrice Potter met Sidney Webb here (Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, entry for Beatrice Webb) No. 46 held the office and residence of architect Stanley Adshead and his wife Mary (née Blackie) from 1898; their only child, artist Mary Adshead, was born there in 1904 (Oxford Dictionary of National Biography) Nos 98–99 and 106–107 (north side) survive from the original development of the street in the seventeenth century, while nos 100–102 stand on the site of Thanet House and may incorporate parts of the old house This page last modified 14 April, 2011 by Deborah Colville	i don't know
How many Psalms are there in the Old Testament.	Enter the Bible - Books: Psalms AUTHOR: Fred Gaiser, Professor of Old Testament I. Book I (Psalms 1-41) Psalms 1 and 2 serve to introduce the entire book. All but two of Psalms 3-41 are termed psalms "of David" (Psalms 10 and 33 are the exceptions), and several of the titles refer to events in David's life (for example, Psalms 3 and 18); other psalms do this as well, later in the Psalter. Most of the psalms in Book I are individual psalms of lament, though other types are interspersed. Book I closes with a doxology, found as Psalm 41:13, though this is not really a part of that psalm. II. Book II (Psalms 42-72) Here are psalms ascribed to the Korahites, a group of temple singers (Psalms 42-49), to Asaph, a temple musician (Psalm 50), to David (Psalms 51-65; 68-70), and to Solomon (Psalm 72). Individual laments predominate, with a few more community laments and other types. Book II closes with a doxology (found as Psalm 72:18-19) and with an announcement that the "prayers of David" are ended (Psalm 72:20). III. Book III (Psalms 73-89) Book III begins with psalms of Asaph (73-83) and includes songs of other singer guilds (84-85; 87-89) and one "prayer of David" (86). Now, along with a mixture of other types, there is an approximately equal number of individual and community laments. The book closes with a brief doxology (found as Psalm 89:52). IV. Book IV (Psalms 90-106) This book includes the only "prayer of Moses" (90) and two psalms attributed to David (101; 103), but many psalms are associated with no person or group or have no title whatsoever. Several of the hymns sing of God as "king" (93; 95-99). Psalms 105 and 106 review the history of Israel under God. With Book IV, the tone of the Psalter turns primarily to praise. As usual, a doxology closes the book (at Psalm 106:48). V. Book V (Psalms 107-150) Book V includes thirteen more psalms of David (108-110; 124; 131; 138-145) and one psalm of Solomon (127). The major collection in this section is the Songs of Ascents (120-134). Here, too, is the lengthy Torah psalm (119). Though the book contains several laments, including the sharp community lament of Psalm 137, the overall tone remains praise. Unlike the previous four books, there is no brief closing doxology; instead, five hymns (146-150) close the entire five books of the Psalter with glorious songs of praise. AUTHOR: Fred Gaiser, Professor of Old Testament The book of Psalms contains songs and prayers collected over the life of Israel. Some seem ancient and reflect rites and ceremonies from the earliest days (for example, Psalm 68). Others apparently cry out over the destruction of Jerusalem by the Babylonians in 587 B.C.E. (for example, Psalm 74), while yet others know of the return from Babylon (538 B.C.E.) and the life of the postexilic community (for example, Psalm 107). The collection process continued even into the intertestamental period, as indicated by the inclusion of Psalm 151 in the Septuagint (Greek Old Testament) and Psalms 151-155 in the Dead Sea scrolls. In other words, the book of Psalms reflects many authors, collectors, and revisers throughout Israel's history. The titles or superscripts of the various psalms are generally thought to be added late in the process of collection. Most frequently, they indicate liturgical and musical information, often thought to reflect the worship of the Second Temple (after 515 B.C.E.). The duties and divisions of priests described in 1 Chronicles probably comes from this postexilic period as well, and many of those "in charge of the service of song in the house of the Lord" (1 Chronicles 6:31) are named both in Chronicles and in the psalm titles. This no doubt accurately reflects a significant role of the priests in the authorship, gathering, and singing of psalms. While the psalms reflect Israel's temple worship and assume some knowledge of the activities there, they also assume a relation to the life of David and Israel's sacred history. Songs (or psalms) are included often in the historical material of the Bible (for example, the song of Moses and Miriam in Exodus 15:1-21; the song of Deborah in Judges 5:1-31; the song of Hannah in 1 Samuel 2:1-10). Psalm 18 occurs both in the Psalter and in its assumed historical context, 2 Samuel 22:2-51. Israel turned to God in song and prayer in response to God's steadfast love shown in Israel's history. As written in a book, the psalms became also a basis for meditation and instruction. They could now be read and prayed apart from formal worship and thus received another important function, especially in the synagogue. First used as songs and prayers addressed to God, they came to be received as part of Holy Scripture, bringing God's word to God's people. Psalm 1's counsel to "meditate" on God's law "day and night" already reflects this use. AUTHOR: Fred Gaiser, Professor of Old Testament • Alphabetical or acrostic psalms. Some psalms have an alphabetical acrostic pattern in which each verse begins with a subsequent letter of the Hebrew alphabet--including, as it were, everything "from A to Z" (or alef to tav, in Hebrew). The simplest of these have twenty-two verses, each beginning in order with a different letter (Psalms 25; 34; 145--though the present manuscript of 145 lacks a verse for "n" [Hebrew nun]). The fact that Psalms 9 and 10 together form an acrostic is a strong indication that they are to be read as a unit (as they are in the Septuagint). The lengthy Psalm 119 is a complex acrostic in which each of the twenty-two stanzas has eight lines, each of which begins with the same Hebrew letter, the stanzas following in Hebrew alphabetical order (thus, the 176 verses: eight times twenty-two). This intricate structure has a kind of mathematical precision that seems to match the psalmist's delight in God's decrees (Psalm 119:14). The use of all the letters of the alphabet is one way to point to the fact that "all [God's] commandments are right" (v. 172). • Dance. Three psalms make reference to dance (Psalms 30:11; 149:3; 150:4), the latter two explicitly calling for dance as an element of worship. Israel danced for joy both in victory (Exodus 15:20) and in the presence of God (2 Samuel 6:5). When God makes all things new, people will dance (Jeremiah 31:4, 13). Israel's worship involved all the senses. Just as all creation claps and sings in praise of God (Psalm 98:8; 148), so also God's people join in that song and dance (Psalms 149 and 150). • David's life. Several of the psalm headings make explicit reference to an event in the life of David (3; 7; 18; 34; 51; 52; 54; 56; 57; 59; 60; 63; 142). The best known of these is Psalm 51's association with David's sin with Bathsheba. These headings were no doubt later additions, but they serve to link the Psalter to the life of David and the history of the monarchy. Worship is not dissociated from the world for Israel. The link with David builds on the tradition's memory of David as singer and musician (1 Samuel 16:16-23; 1 Chronicles 16:7, 37-43; Sirach 47:8-10). More, it reads the psalms as prayers of God's anointed king, the "messiah," thus supporting a messianic orientation of the Psalter. • Doxologies. A doxology is an expression of praise, usually related to worship. The first four books of the Psalter are marked at the end by a brief doxology. Although now incorporated into the final psalm of the book (41:13; 72:18-19; 89:52; 106:48), these are actually liturgical closings for the book itself, not part of a particular psalm. Book V closes with a longer doxological unit (Psalms 146-150), those five psalms perhaps matching the five books of the Psalter. Psalm 150 is entirely a call to praise and serves to close both Book V and the whole book of Psalms. • The Five Books. The Psalter is now divided into five books, each ending with a doxology or utterance of praise. Most students understand this to correspond to the five books of Moses (the Torah or Pentateuch). An early Jewish commentary (Midrash Tehillim) says, "As Moses gave five books of laws to Israel, so David gave five books of Psalms to Israel." Some modern readers have used the analogy of the sermon hymn: the Old Testament has five books of hymns to match its primary five books of sermons (Genesis through Deuteronomy). Some recent scholarship has suggested that the content of the five books of psalms relates to the main periods of Israel's history, Books I-III (with many laments) corresponding to the failures that led to the destruction of Jerusalem in 587 B.C.E. and Books IV-V (with more hymns) proclaiming, in response, the hope of God's reign. • Genres or types of psalms. Although each psalm is unique (except Psalm 53, which essentially duplicates Psalm 14), many fall into recognizable categories or types-sometimes according to literary form, sometimes according to similar content. Most prevalent are the psalms of lament in which pray-ers individually or communally cry to God for help in times of need (see the analysis of Psalm 6, below). Related to the laments are the psalms of trust in which the pray-er expresses confidence in God despite the present distress (see Psalm 23, below).There are also songs of thanksgiving that praise God for an experience of healing or deliverance (see Psalm 30, below). The hymns offer more general praise to God for the steadfast love shown both in creation and history (see Psalm 113 and 148, below). Several royal psalms speak of Israel's earthly king (the "messiah" or "anointed one") and lend a messianic orientation to the book (see Psalm 72, below). Some readers also identify wisdom or torah psalms that derive from Israel's tradition of wisdom and teaching (see Psalms 19 and 73, below). Songs of Zion sing of the security to be found at Zion or Jerusalem because of the protecting presence of God (see Psalm 46, below). There are psalms of mixed type and psalms with particular liturgical elements, such as the procession of Psalm 68 and the entrance liturgies of Psalms 15 and 24 (see Psalm 24, below). The identification of types of psalms is one fruit of the scholarship called "form criticism" that seeks to understand the nature and use of different types of biblical literature. • Hallelujah. "Hallelujah" means "Praise the Lord!" "Halal" is the Hebrew verb to praise ("hallelu" is a plural imperative form), and "Jah" is a shortened form of God's Hebrew name, Yahweh. This is one of the most characteristic terms in the Psalter, especially toward the latter part. It frequently begins and ends a particular psalm (including Psalms 146-150). The term functions grammatically as an imperative call to praise God, but it comes to be a shout of praise itself (Psalm 111:1; Revelation 19:6). Some linguists believe that the word may have derived from the repetitive ha-la-la-la-la sound of ululation, a typical cry of praise and joy among many peoples. • Inclusio or inclusion. Many psalms begin and end with the same or very similar words. Psalm 8, for example, begins and ends with "O LORD, our Sovereign, how majestic is your name in all the earth!" Scholars call this repetition an inclusion or inclusio (the Latin form). It is one typical feature of Hebrew poetry, which serves, among other things, to provide "bookends" that tie together a poetic unit. The inclusio can surround an entire psalm or a portion of a psalm (for example, "blot out" in 51:1 and 9, marking the beginning and end of the first stanza of that psalm). • Melodies. Several psalm headings seem to many readers to indicate the melody to which the psalm would have been sung or played. Examples include "Muth-labben" or "Death of the Son" (Psalm 9), "The Deer of the Dawn" (Psalm 22), "Lilies" (Psalms 45 and 69), "The Dove on Far-off Terebinths" (Psalm 56), "Do Not Destroy" (Psalms 57-59); and "The Lily of the Covenant" (Psalm 60; see also Psalm 80). The titles are intriguing, the more so since we no longer know how they would have sounded. Essentially untranslatable terms like "Gittith" (for example, Psalm 8) and "Sheminith" (for example, Psalm 6) might also refer to tunes or instrumentation. • Parallelism. Psalms are poems, and the most characteristic feature of Hebrew poetry is parallelism. The poet says something once, and then says it again-or adds a second line that is clearly related to the first in a variety of possible ways: "Bless the Lord, O my soul, / and all that is within me, bless his holy name" (Psalm 103:1); "The Lord is my light and my salvation; whom shall I fear? / The Lord is the stronghold of my life; of whom shall I be afraid?" (Psalm 27:1). Parallelism has been called a rhyme of meaning, rather than the rhyme of sound that is characteristic of much English poetry. One line develops, enhances, and extends the thought of the other line. It might do this by using a similar grammatical construction (Psalm 103:10), rewording the thought in another way (Psalm 69:3), balancing a positive idea with a negative one (Psalm 37:21), or pairing commonly associated words-"people" in one line, for example, and "nations" in the next (Psalm 111:6), or "justice" and "righteousness" (Psalm 72:1). Parallelism may have served as a memory device or to enable musical or responsive use of the psalms in worship, but it is also part of the aesthetic beauty of the poetry and a contribution to its rhythmic effect on the hearer. The biblical word becomes richer and stronger through this repetition and extension. Parallelism can function not only within individual verses (or neighboring verses) but also over longer units of a text. • The penitential psalms. The early Christian church identified seven "penitential psalms" that were found to be particularly applicable for times of repentance and contrition (Psalms 6; 32; 38; 51; 102; 130; 143), especially during the season of Lent. Of the seven psalms, Psalm 51 contains the fullest confession of sin. • The psalms in Christian worship. The psalms-prayers and songs of the Jewish temple and synagogue-have been used in every generation of Christian worship as well, beginning already in the New Testament church (Ephesians 5:19). St. Augustine (354-430 C.E.) and other early teachers of the church speak frequently of their joy in singing the psalms. Psalms chosen for the day have served as essential elements of Sunday worship since early times, a practice carried over from Catholicism and Orthodoxy by many churches of the Reformation. Christian religious communities have regularly prayed and meditated upon psalms, often moving in order through the entire Psalter. Some Protestant traditions sang only psalms in worship rather than other hymns, translating or paraphrasing the psalms and setting them to melodies for congregational use. An example of this is William Kethe's "All People That on Earth Do Dwell," based on Psalm 100. Less direct psalm paraphrases have been the basis for many other hymns as well, including Martin Luther's "A Mighty Fortress Is Our God" (from Psalm 46) and Isaac Watts's "O God, Our Help in Ages Past" (Psalm 90). Throughout history, psalms have been used in private and group devotions as a primary resource for meditation and prayer. • Psalm pairs. Recent studies have noted that certain psalms seem deliberately to have been placed back to back, enhancing or playing off of one another in a variety of ways. Psalms 1 and 2, for example, work together to introduce the book (see below). Another obvious example is the combination of Psalms 103 and 104. Both begin and end with "Bless the Lord, O my soul," which occurs nowhere else. The combination expands our basis for praising God by joining God's works of mercy in Psalm 103 ("who forgives all your iniquity, and who heals all your diseases"-v. 3) with God's wonderful work of creation in Psalm 104 ("You set the earth on its foundation, so that it shall never be shaken"-v. 5). • Selah (and other rubrics for worship). Selah is perhaps the most prominent of the many liturgical or musical notations that accompany the psalms, because it occurs (74 times) within the psalms themselves rather than in the headings. It is almost certainly some kind of rubric or instruction for worship, but its actual meaning remains uncertain. The other most frequent worship note is "to the leader" (55 times in headings; for example, Psalm 4), which seems to indicate some kind of priestly leadership role. Psalm headings also sometimes make reference to the use of particular musical instruments (Psalms 4 and 5, for example). All of these liturgical references are the clearest evidence for the Psalter's use as a kind of "hymnbook" for the worship of ancient Israel. • Setting in Life. One of the goals of the study of the types or categories of psalms (a method called "form criticism"), pioneered by the German scholar Hermann Gunkel early in the twentieth century, was to identify the "setting in life" of the various psalm types. Generally, this meant determining how the psalm was used in the worship life of Israel. While there has never been agreement about the worship setting for individual laments, Hannah's story seems to suggest a place for bringing personal concerns before God in the presence of a priest (1 Samuel 1:1-18). The Bible gives clearer directions for community lamentation in catastrophic times (1 Kings 8:33-40; Joel 2:1, 12-17). Songs of thanksgiving include sacrifices and bearing witness to the congregation of God's personal deliverance of an individual (Psalm 66:13-20). The hymns of praise were thought to accompany the sacrifices and festival worship of all the people (Psalm 100). Royal psalms apparently were used to celebrate special events such as a coronation (Psalm 2) or a royal wedding (Psalm 45). The kingship of God is praised in the enthronement psalms (especially 93; 96-99), which may have been sung at the festivals to accompany the celebration of God's great acts in Israel's history. Other psalms reflect other liturgical practices, such as entrance into the temple grounds (15; 24), a blessing ceremony (67), or thanksgiving for the harvest (65). • Songs of Ascents. The Songs of Ascents comprise one obvious collection within the Psalter (Psalms 120-134). Many understand these to be psalms that would have been used during the times of Israel's "ascent" or "going up" to Jerusalem for festival worship (see Deuteronomy 16:16; Psalm 24:3). Though they are psalms of various types, they make frequent reference to the security found in Jerusalem and Zion (especially 122; 125; 134) and to the kind of protection needed by pilgrims on a long and possibly dangerous journey (especially Psalm 121). Because of this emphasis on God's protection and the many references to the ordinary affairs of life (Psalms 127-128; 131; 133), these psalms still function well as prayers for believers in their own life journeys. • Tehillim. The title of the book of Psalms in the Hebrew Bible is "Tehillim," which means "songs of praise." This may seem odd for a book made up primarily of songs of lament, especially in the first part of the collection, but it reflects the fact that, fundamentally, worship in Israel was about the praise of God. Just as particular lament psalms often move finally to praise, so also does the entire Psalter. Laments characterize the first three books of psalms, praise characterizes the last two. The book itself takes the reader or pray-er from lament to praise, just as do individual psalms. Worship provides the opportunity for the person in distress to come before God in prayer, to find comfort, and to be restored to the community's praise of God (Psalm 22:25). • Titles or superscripts. Most of the psalms (116 of them) have titles or superscripts. These headings are generally thought to have been added when the psalms were collected into the book, thus not a part of the original poem. The titles contain different kinds of information, such as a connection with a person or group (for example, David, Solomon, the Korahites), a particular time in David's life, an indication of the type of psalm (psalm, song, prayer, miktam), the use in worship ("for the memorial offering"), and musical or liturgical instructions ("to the leader"; "for the Gittith"; "according to the Deer of the Dawn"). Some of these terms are clear to us; others are obscure. They provide information about the use of the psalms in the period of the Second Temple. AUTHOR: Fred Gaiser, Professor of Old Testament • Bonhoeffer on the Psalms. Dietrich Bonhoeffer, the theologian martyred by the Nazis in 1945, used the psalms regularly in his own devotional life and with his students at the Finkenwalde seminary of the anti-Nazi Confessing Church. He wrote: "Whenever the Psalter is abandoned, an incomparable treasure is lost to the Christian church. With its recovery will come unexpected power" (Life Together; Prayerbook of the Bible [Minneapolis: Fortress, 2005] 162). Bonhoeffer understood the psalms to be given to Christians as the prayers of Christ. • Christ and the Psalms. Jesus died with psalms on his lips, quoting from or referring directly to Psalm 22 (Mark 15:34), Psalm 31 (Luke 23:46), and Psalm 69 (John 19:28). On Holy Thursday, Jesus and the disciples left for the Mount of Olives after "they had sung the hymn" (Mark 14:26), which was certainly a psalm. As faithful Jews, Jesus and the disciples regularly sang and prayed the psalms. The New Testament repeatedly uses verses from the psalms to describe or interpret the ministry of Jesus. • Enemies. Many of the psalms include prayers against "enemies," often sounding so harsh that present readers are shocked or repulsed. Sometimes the pray-er asks God for protection in the face of enemies (69:14); sometimes the petition is for retribution against them (69:23-29). The enemies are sometimes close and personal (41:5, 9); sometimes they are public and political--enemies of the people (74:4, 22-23) or of the king (45:5). • "Glory be to the Father.…" Over the centuries, many Christians have ended their use of psalms in worship with a doxology: "Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit." This brief hymn serves as a witness to the trinitarian understanding of God in the Christian community--the God to whom they believe the psalms bear witness. Christians do not thereby deny that they have "borrowed" the psalms from the Jewish people of God, who continue to pray them regularly and faithfully, but Christian believers acknowledge the gift of the psalms to them through Christ. • The hiddenness of God. Many of the psalms cry in distress over the perceived hiddenness, absence, or silence of God (for example, 13:1; 22:1-2)--a significant element of the lament psalms. Although the psalmists confess God's faithfulness and steadfast love (25:10), they recognize that sometimes God seems far off. • The king in the Psalms. Many psalms speak directly about Israel's earthly king, sometimes called the "anointed" one (Hebrew: messiah) (2; 18; 20; 21; 72; 89; 101; 110; 132; 144). Many mention David in the headings. These references show that the king played a major role in the worship life of Israel, not just the political life ("temple" and "palace" are the same word in Hebrew). The role of the king gives the psalms a messianic orientation, making them part of the biblical literature that looks forward to the future in messianic hope. • Luther on the Psalms. For Martin Luther, Holy Scripture proclaims Jesus Christ, and the Psalter was no exception. "It promises Christ's death and resurrection so clearly," he wrote, "…that it might well be called a little Bible….I have a notion that the Holy Spirit wanted to take the trouble himself to compile a short Bible…so that anyone who could not read the whole Bible would here have anyway almost an entire summary of it, comprised in one little book." Unique to the Psalter, however, is that one can find there not only Christ but also oneself: "Everyone, in whatever situation he may be, finds in that situation psalms and words that fit his ease, that suit him as if they were put there just for his sake, so that he could not have put it better himself." So, Luther said, in the Psalter "you have a fine, bright, pure mirror that will show you what Christendom is. Indeed you will find in it also yourself…as well as God himself and all creatures" (Luther's Works, vol. 35 [Philadelphia: Muhlenberg, 1960] 253-257.) • The name of God. Almost one hundred times, the psalms praise or appeal to the "name" of God. Psalm 75:1 understands why: "We give thanks to you, O God; we give thanks; your name is near." Israel worships at the temple because that is where God has promised to be present for them (Deuteronomy 16:11). • The New Testament and Psalms. Many Christians have carried pocket versions of "The New Testament and Psalms." This unique connection of one particular Old Testament book with the New Testament marks the importance of the book of Psalms for the Christian church. The book was the prayer book and hymnbook of ancient Israel, and it has taken over that same function for Christians. • Prophetic critique of worship. On many occasions, the Old Testament prophets condemned worship when it became hypocritical or manipulative, as though acts and words could themselves secure God's favor apart from faith and service; sometimes, this critique apparently condemned even the use of psalms (Amos 5:21-24). Based on this, some students of the Old Testament have suggested a sharp distinction between the religion of the prophets and that of the priests, but the psalms themselves include the same kind of critique of false worship (Psalm 50:7-15; Psalm 51:15-17). • The psalms as word of God. Unique among biblical literature, the book of Psalms, virtually in its entirety, is directed "upward" toward God rather than "downward" from God to humans. Though the individual psalms are songs and prayers addressed to God, the reader or hearer can find in this address testimony to the nature and work of God. Because they proclaim God, the psalms, once gathered into a book, can be read for meditation and inspiration; they can serve as texts for preaching and even function prophetically, pointing forward, for example, to the work of God in Christ (see, for example, Mark 12:35-37; Hebrews 2:5-9). • Sacrifice in the psalms. Many of the psalms make reference to sacrificial offerings--animal sacrifices (20:3), cups of libation (drink offerings, 116:13), or offerings of thanksgiving (50:23) and prayer (141:2). Psalms like these, no doubt, were sung to accompany sacrificial offerings in the temple. Sacrifice was done in a spirit of giving, along with prayer and praise, signs of faith in the grace of God. • Sheol (the Pit). Several psalms pray for deliverance from Sheol or the Pit. Sheol was understood as the abode of the dead--not "hell" as the destiny of the wicked, but the place of all the dead, good or evil; the Pit was a synonym for Sheol or for the grave. For ancient Israel, death was the end of life worthy of the name, for in Sheol there was no relationship with God (6:5; 30:9). Psalm 139's confession that "if I make my bed in Sheol, you are there" (v. 8) seems to be something of a breakthrough, recognizing there is no place cut off from God's presence. • The soul. There are 144 occurrences in the Psalter of the Hebrew word for "soul" (nefesh). In the Bible, the "soul" is not something that exists apart from the body, but is rather the "self," that which is most particularly and most fully "me"--all of "me," including body, soul, and spirit. This frequent use of "soul" calls attention to the deeply personal character of the psalms. • The steadfast love of God. While the psalmists know well the troubles of human existence and the experience of God's distance or anger, finally they give thanks for the enduring presence of God's "steadfast love." The Hebrew term (khesedh) refers to God's faithfulness and loyalty. Israel can rely on God's goodness and kindness, because this is who God has promised to be. The term occurs more than 120 times in the book of Psalms.	one hundred and fifty
Which South African scored the first goal in the 2010 FIFA World Cup Finals?	The Book of Psalms - Life, Hope & Truth The Book of Psalms by Roy Demarest The major book in the Writings section is the book of Psalms. What can we learn from this book of Hebrew poetry and songs? What are its major themes? Do you have a favorite part of the Bible? Many people do. Many surveys have been done where this question has been asked of church-going Christians, and the answers are generally the same. In the New Testament, the four Gospels are consistently listed as the most popular. In the Old Testament, the book of Psalms is the clear winner. In fact, if there is only one chapter in the Bible that most people have actually memorized, it would most likely be a Psalm, and it would probably be the 23rd Psalm. Actually, there are 150 psalms in the book of Psalms, and all of them contain valuable information about life’s most important questions. How much do you know about the other 149 psalms? What subjects do they deal with, what instructions do they give, and how can they help a person in the 21st century? It can be helpful to have some background information about the entire book. Even if we have been reading the Psalms for many years, would we be able to answer questions such as: Who wrote the Psalms? What does the word psalm mean? How were the Psalms used by God’s people in the Old Testament? Authors and sections The Psalms are a collection of the writings of several different authors. However, there is general consensus in conservative circles that King David of Israel was the major source and collector of the Psalms. The Psalms are divided into five major sections: Psalms 1-41 (Book 1). Psalms 90-106 (Book 4). Psalms 107-150 (Book 5). David is listed in the superscription of 73 psalms. This does not necessarily mean that David wrote all of them, as the designation may mean simply that the psalm is about David. Moses is listed as the author of Psalm 90, and Solomon is listed as the author of Psalms 72 and 127. Other authors listed in the psalm titles include Asaph (12 psalms), descendants of Korah (11 psalms), Heman the Ezrahite (Psalm 88) and Ethan the Ezrahite (Psalm 89). Hymns and Hebrew poetry There are some very interesting things to note about the construction and style of the Psalms. The root meaning of the title of the book in both Hebrew and Greek is to play instrumental music and to sing to musical accompaniment. Services at God’s temple involved the singing of these hymns with the accompaniment of stringed and wind instruments. In one sense, the book of Psalms was like a hymnal for God’s temple services. There is another feature of the construction of the book of Psalms that makes it stand out from the rest of the Bible. The book of Psalms is actually what we might call Hebrew poetry. However, it is unlike the English poetry many of us are familiar with, in that there is no rhyme and almost no meter or cadence in the writing. The outstanding feature of Hebrew poetry is the use of parallelism, meaning there is a balance within one or more sentences of similar phrases or clauses that have the same grammatical construction. Here are a few examples that illustrate this point: Psalm 15:1: “LORD, ‘Who may abide in Your tabernacle? Who may dwell in Your holy hill?’” In this verse, the thought is repeated using different words. Psalm 1:6: “For the LORD knows the way of the righteous, but the way of the ungodly shall perish.” Here the thought is contrasted. Psalm 1:1: “Blessed is the man who walks not in the counsel of the ungodly, nor stands in the way of sinners, nor sits in the seat of the scornful.” In this verse the thought is built up and restated several times. This construction is important to remember so we can understand what the words are saying. A word or phrase on one line may be clarified and explained by what is said on the next line. The key to fully understanding the message of a particular psalm is to make sure we read the entire section or psalm. The Psalms tend to place thoughts, concepts and ideas concerning doctrine together. The greatest benefits of Psalms The 150 psalms are much more than beautiful literary compositions. The greatest benefits to the seeker of truth from the book of Psalms are not found in its construction or musical origins, but the timeless and uplifting truths it offers to people of every nation and age. Eternal truths are written in a form that challenges the human intellect and touches the human heart. The words, phrases, lines and sentences with their recurring thoughts are able to teach us and reach us in ways that few things can. This is the book of Psalms’ greatest appeal. Nearly all of life’s important questions are addressed in these 150 psalms: How to remain godly in the face of great trials. Questions about the injustices of the world. Dealing with depression and despair. Facing our own mortality at the end of our lives. Why God allows suffering. Repentance, forgiveness, mercy and the reconciliation of the whole world to God. The glory and grandeur of God. Overall themes There are certain overall themes that appear many times in the Psalms. In various commentaries on the Psalms, these themes are noted as always standing out. First, the Psalms show an awareness of God’s presence in people’s everyday lives. God was not just a doctrinal issue to people, but Someone who was interested in everything they did. We see this principle continued in the New Testament in what Jesus taught His disciples: “Therefore do not worry, saying, ‘What shall we eat?’ or ‘What shall we drink?’ or ‘What shall we wear?’ For after all these things the Gentiles seek. For your heavenly Father knows that you need all these things” (Matthew 6:31-32). Second, man’s duty to serve and obey God is emphasized throughout the Psalms. Mankind must do more than just praise and talk about God; we must obey God’s law. It’s wonderful to be stirred by singing beautiful hymns about God, but what really matters is that we are moved to live a certain way—God’s way. Third, the Psalms speak often of Israel and Zion. Mount Zion is Jerusalem, and Jerusalem is a type of the Kingdom of God . We often read of Israel being the “chosen people,” but in Psalms and the New Testament, it is clear that this never had the purpose of promoting an attitude of superiority. Peter said in the book of Acts that God is no respecter of persons ( Acts 10:34 , King James Version). A note of salvation for all the nations of the world is deeply embedded in some of the psalms. In reference to Zion, which represents God’s Kingdom, we read, “I will make mention of Rahab and Babylon to those who know Me; behold, O Philistia and Tyre, with Ethiopia: ‘This one was born there.’ And of Zion it will be said, ‘This one and that one were born in her; and the Most High Himself shall establish her.’ The LORD will record, when He registers the peoples: ‘This one was born there’” (Psalm 87:4-6). Thus Psalm 87 proclaims that people of all nations are going to become citizens of God’s Kingdom. Commenting on verse 5 in Psalm 87, Dr. A. Cohen writes that the phrase “this man and that” means, “More idiomatically ‘each and every’ nation, not only those enumerated in the preceding verse will be entitled to claim citizenship in the universal Zion” (The Psalms, p. 284). One of the great truths of the Scriptures is that God’s plan is to save the entire world. The book of Psalms is certainly a section of the Holy Scriptures that has much to offer any student of the Word of God. In its 150 messages there is encouragement, instruction, inspiration, truth and solutions to the great issues facing mankind. The needs of the human heart and mind are cared for in this unique book. Why not take the time to study the 150 psalms more closely and benefit from the great source of godly inspiration they provide? For more on how to effectively study the Bible and practice what it teaches read the articles in the section on “ The Practical and Priceless Benefits of Bible Study .”	i don't know
What is the title of the first novel by Robert Ludlum featuring 'Jason Bourne'?	The Bourne Series Books in order \| Jason-Bourne-Books.com 1. The Bourne Identity (1980) Jason Bourne. He has no past. And he may have no future. His memory is blank. He only knows that he was flushed out of the Mediterranean Sea, his body riddled with bullets. A number on microfilm leads to a Swiss bank account and a fortune of four million... More. 2. The Bourne Supremacy (1986) In a Kowloon cabaret, scrawled in a pool of blood, is a name the world wanted to forget: Jason Bourne. Someone else has taken on the Bourne Identity - and unless he is stopped, the world will pay a devastating price. More. 4. The Bourne Legacy (2004) Now a professor at Georgetown, Jason Bourne becomes a target and is framed for the murder of his two closest friends. Fighting unseen assailants and running from the CIA, Bourne finds himself a pawn in a larger, far deadlier game. More. 5. The Bourne Betrayal (2007) Jason Bourne rescues Martin Lindros, who was kidnapped by terrorists. Later, Lindros persuades Bourne to help track the terrorists. Bourne is hampered by flashbacks of strange events and suspects he's being brainwashed. Is the man he saved even Martin Lindros? More. 6. The Bourne Sanction (2008) What starts out as a favor to a colleague turns into one of the deadliest and most tangled operations of Jason Bourne's life - the pursuit of a murderous terrorist group with roots in World War II - while an assassin as skilled as himself is getting closer. 7. The Bourne Deception (2009) After Jason Bourne is ambushed, he fakes his own death and takes on a new mission to find his would-be killer. When Bourne's hunt intersects with Soraya Moore's search for a terrorist group, Bourne must try to prevent a new world war. But it may already be too late. 8. The Bourne Objective (2010) An investigation leads Bourne to his enemy, Arkadin, also a graduate of Treadstone . Bourne and Arkadin have equal skills and cunning. As Bourne comes closer to Arkadin, it becomes clear that someone is watching and manipulating both men. Someone wants to know, who is more deadly. In the Bourne Imperative, Jason Bourne fishes a half dead amnesiac from the freezing see (remind you of anyone?), and is soon thrown into a web of lies and betrayals, trying to uncover a conspiracy of global proportions. More. 11. The Bourne Retribution (2013) Bourne is on a mission to investigate a senior Chinese official - the same man who ordered the death of Rebeka (one of the few people Bourne ever truly cared about). Bourne embarks on a global manhunt, only to land in a small Chinese village, where a trap has been set for him. More (coming soon). 12. The Bourne Ascendancy (2014) In the Bourne Ascendancy, Jason Bourne is faces with an impossible dilemma - save a person he cares deeply for, and her young daughter, or save the president of the United States. More (coming soon).	The Bourne Identity
Who played 'Chandler Bing' in the US TV series 'Friends'?	IGN Presents the History of Jason Bourne - IGN IGN IGN Presents the History of Jason Bourne Share IGN Presents the History of Jason Bourne Share. By Luke Reilly In the mid-1970s notorious Venezuelan terrorist Carlos the Jackal orchestrated a high-profile attack on an OPEC meeting in Vienna, Austria which resulted in the deaths of three people. It was just one of a string of crimes committed by Carlos across the continent, making him one the most-wanted fugitives of the era. Back in the ’70s American author Robert Ludlum didn’t know a great deal about Carlos the Jackal, but that soon changed. One night Ludlum and his wife tuned in to a radio program featuring journalist Pierre Salinger; Ludlum wasn’t aware what he was on air to speak about and had chosen to listen largely due to the fact Salinger had written an introduction to the French edition of Ludlum’s 1977 novel The Chancellor Manuscript. It turned out Salinger was discussing Carlos the Jackal, which piqued Ludlum’s interest. He immediately began researching the infamous assassin. “ I put the two germs of thought together and thought, supposing a man was after Carlos the Jackal and lost his memory. Three days later, while having coffee in his Connecticut home, Ludlum fielded a call from his accountant confirming he expected Ludlum at 11 at his office in New York. Confused, Ludlum insisted he was never informed of the meeting, though his accountant explained he’d been with Ludlum at his home the previous day and they had talked about it. It turned out Ludlum had suffered a case of transient global amnesia and lost 12 hours of his life. This episode got him thinking even more. “I put the two germs of thought together and thought, supposing a man was after Carlos the Jackal and lost his memory, by going into deep cover,” Ludlum told journalist Don Swaim during a 1986 interview. “That was the genesis of The Bourne Identity.” Ludlum had promised his wife he wouldn’t sit down and start another book for a few weeks, but the idea was irresistible. Bourne was born. The Birth of Bourne Robert Ludlum was a master of airport fiction. In fact, alongside the likes of authors like Michael Crichton, Arthur Hailey, Clive Cussler, and Tom Clancy he really helped define the genre. Ludlum’s novels are fast-paced thrillers filled with intrigue and action; meticulously researched but accessible and easy-to-read. In 1978 critic John Leonard wrote in The New York Times that Ludlum “finds his characters on the back of cereal boxes, his prose in movie magazines, his sex in the want ads and his paranoia in our dental cavities.” However, he also stressed that Ludlum “stuffs more surprises into his novels than any other six-pack of thriller writers combined” and that he “pleases and seduces, telling his story like a man who must get it done before the house burns down around us. I sprained my wrist turning his pages and didn’t notice until an hour later.” The first edition. Robert Ludlum wrote 27 books before his death in 2001 but it’s his original Bourne trilogy of novels he’s best remembered for. The Bourne Identity, the tale of a mystery hero found floating in the Mediterranean with no memory and the single clue to his former life a microfilm containing Swiss bank details hidden in his hip, was first published back in February 1980. In The Bourne Identity novel ‘Jason Bourne’ is a trained assassin and former American Foreign Service officer stationed in South-East Asia during the Vietnam War, recruited by a shadowy agency after the death of his family and set loose to hunt Carlos the Jackal. The Bourne Identity has gone on to become regarded as one of the best and most-iconic spy thrillers of all time, and has inspired a multimedia juggernaut, but Ludlum had never planned to write a sequel, much less two of them. “ I’d heard time and time again after I wrote that book, ‘What about a sequel?’ “I’d heard time and time again after I wrote that book, ‘What about a sequel?’” said Ludlum during the same 1986 interview. The key reasons he didn’t want to were that the real Carlos the Jackal was still alive and he had no interest in writing another book where Carlos escaped at the end, and that he was generally opposed to sequels. However, on a trip through Hong Kong, Macau, and up to Beijing at the time of the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration, Ludlum developed another story idea; a thriller set against the backdrop of the delicate negotiations. “My god, there’s a story here,” said Ludlum. “Then I began to think, ‘Now I’ve gotta find a protagonist’, be it a he or a she or whatever, and I was racking my brain and I thought to myself, ‘Gee, you can’t throw a Western innocent into the Oriental chaos without hundreds and hundreds of pages of exposition and explanation.” “Then I found some notes that I’d written six years ago about The Bourne Identity in my office and I thought, ‘My Lord, there’s my man.’ He was an Oriental scholar. He was a Foreign Service Officer in Phnom Penh; he knows half-a-dozen Oriental languages – perhaps three dozen dialects. That’s my man.” Author Robert Ludlum. “I thought many times that sequels are sort of a cop out in characterisation; you’re not inventing something new, you’re going over retreads. But in this case it wasn’t a question of that because the last line of The Bourne Identity is, ‘My name is David.’ I had never explored who David Webb was, who had become Jason Bourne to go after The Jackal.” If you were unfamiliar with the novels but have seen the Matt Damon films it should be clear by now Ludlum’s books are largely different from the feature films they ultimately inspired. In fact, The Bourne Supremacy (1986) and The Bourne Ultimatum (1990) novels share nothing in common with the films at all. The Bourne Ultimatum, which brought back Carlos the Jackal for a final showdown, was the final Bourne novel by Robert Ludlum himself. Since his death author Eric Van Lustbander has written a further 10 Bourne novels under the ‘Robert Ludlum’ brand, controlled by the Ludlum estate; the most recent one was published just last month, in June 2016. Unfortunately Ludlum didn’t live to see Matt Damon’s portrayal of his most famous character. An earlier made-for-TV miniseries based on The Bourne Identity, made in 1988 by Warner Bros. and featuring actor Richard Chamberlain in the lead role, was the only on-screen Bourne to arrive during Ludlum’s lifetime (a film featuring Burt Reynolds as Bourne was on the drawing board in the early ’80s but never happened). A shame, perhaps, considering that while Bourne is a very well-known literary character (Ludlum was an extremely successful novelist; it’s estimated the number of his books in print could be as high as 500 million) it was definitely the Universal film franchise that’s made Bourne a true household name.	i don't know
Which company is the major operator of ferries between the Scottish mainland and the islands off the west coast?	Travelling Around Scotland By Ferry \| VisitScotland Ferry Travel Add to basket Remove from basket Plus Minus Add to trip planner Remove from trip planner Getting around Scotland by ferry Many of the greatest adventures start with a ferry ride - where will yours take you? Scotland's various ferry services are a vital life line for island residents, and a great way to explore the unique beauty of these remote areas. Firth of Clyde and the Inner and Outer Hebrides Caledonian MacBrayne, generally known as CalMac, operates all main services on the Firth of Clyde and to the Inner and Outer Hebrides, sailing to over 20 destinations . Mainland ports which serve the islands in the west include Oban and Kennacraig in Argyll, and Mallaig and Ullapool in the Highlands. For CalMac ferries, it's recommended to book tickets in advance wherever possible, although you can normally buy foot passenger tickets on the day of travel. If planning on making multiple ferry journeys, you can consider purchasing an Island Hopscotch ticket which combines multiple journeys, or you can leave the car behind and opt for a great value Rail and Sail ticket. Purchasing the passes doesn't guarantee a place on a specific ferry, so it's best to book ahead if you are travelling with a vehicle. Always check the journey information before you travel, for details on baggage allowance, checking in times and delays or cancellations due to weather conditions. Argyll Ferries also run a regular service between Dunoon and Gourock, which can be combined with a train ticket from Glasgow Central and only takes an hour and a half in total. Ferries to Orkney and Shetland NorthLink Ferries operate nightly car ferries from Aberdeen in the north east to Lerwick in Shetland, with stops en route on alternative days at Orkney's main port, Kirkwall. Travel time is around 12 hours direct, and just over 14 hours via Orkney. Shetland's inter-island ferries are run in conjunction with the local council, and information about routes and timetables can be found on the Shetland Islands Council website . NorthLink Ferries also operate car ferry services from Scrabster in Caithness to Stromness on Orkney, which takes around an hour and a half. You can also get to Orkney with Pentland Ferries who run a car ferry from Gills Bay, near John o' Groats, to St Margaret's Hope, South Ronaldsay. In summertime, John o' Groats Ferries offer a passenger ferry service from John o' Groats to Burwick, South Ronaldsay. Many of the Orkney Islands are linked by services run by Orkney Ferries . Ferries are popular so make sure you book in advance. You'll find you can book Northlink Ferries or Pentland Ferries directly with the companies. Ferries in other areas There are also numerous small operators running day excursion trips around Scotland's coast and islands. Find more information in our listings, or check out our tours section for more ideas about what to see around the stunning Scottish coast. Calmac ferry leaving Ardrossan, North Ayrshire Discover other ways to explore Scotland Previous	Caledonian MacBrayne
Who became Prime Minister of Australia last month?	Lifeline of the Islands: The CalMac Ferry - British Heritage Travel Manage Subscription You are at: Home » Dana Huntley »Lifeline of the Islands: The CalMac Ferry CTDTB6 Caledonian MacBrayne Isle of Lewis ferry from Stornoway sailing up Loch Broom on Scottish northwest coast Ullapool Scotland UK Lifeline of the Islands: The CalMac Ferry Dana Huntley , Featured , Features Foodstuffs and spare parts, summer tourists, tweed and whisky: everything that travels in the Hebrides rides the CalMac ferry For the inhabitants of the islands off the west coast of Scotland the ferry services are a vital lifeline. Without the services, run largely by operator CalMac, life on the islands would be almost impossible. Additionally, CalMac is a major employer, providing work for many of the islanders both at the ferry terminals and onboard their ferries. There were several ferry companies in the 19th century onwards, but eventually David MacBrayne & Co. and the Caledonian Steam Packet Co. became the two major operators. In 1973 the two companies merged to form Caledonian MacBrayne, generally shortened to CalMac. There is even a well-known Scottish rhyme referring to MacBrayne’s effective monopoly; The Earth belongs unto the Lord And all that it contains Except the Kyles and the Western Isles For they are all MacBrayne’s. CalMac vessels are instantly recognizable, with their red funnels topped with a black band and a red lion rampant on a yellow disc in the center. Every day, CalMac ferries travel to the islands, transporting tourists and local people to and from the mainland. Carrying people, particularly tourists, is very much the life blood of the islands as tourism is so important to the economy. In 2014, CalMac carried 4.65 million people, more than one million cars, 11,150 coaches and 92,734 commercial vehicles. The islands are served by a number of haulers who move goods in bulk tankers, refrigerated trailers, vans and other trucks. Those commercial vehicles carry virtually everything the islanders require; almost all foodstuffs and domestic supplies both for the small outlets and the supermarket chains, machinery, spare parts, tools, parcels, gasoline, kit houses, domestic gas, agricultural fertilizer and even bulk quantities of hydrogen peroxide, used in the salmon farming industry. Principal town of the Isle of Harris and Lewis, Stornoway (population 8,000) is the island’s primary port of entry for goods, locals and visitors—via CalMac ferry, of course. Another “import” is the transfer of newspapers. Because these come by ferry, the morning papers are not usually available until later in the day and sometimes, if the location is particularly remote, not until the following day. This is behind the joke about the tourist looking at the newspaper stand which contains only the previous day’s newspapers. When he confirms it is today’s paper he is looking for he is told to come back tomorrow. From the islands, CalMac carries farmers’ livestock, seafood such as langoustines, crabs, scallop and whelks from processors such as MacDuff Shellfish, and even bakery products from businesses like Stag Bakeries in Stornoway. Stag Bakeries produce quality products which are distributed, initially by CalMac ferry, to outlets all over the world, not just in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Of course, its raw materials, such as flour and sugar, are brought to the Isle of Lewis on the ferry. Another product transported from the islands is of course, Scotch whisky, which is mainly carried in bulk tankers. The tankers can carry almost 8,000 gallons of spirit, although weight restrictions mean that they are rarely filled to capacity. Even then, the procedure is not always straightforward. Given the variety of whisky traits, the stainless steel tankers have to be thoroughly cleansed before every journey as the tastes and aromas of the different whiskies cannot be mixed. Sometimes the distillery managers smell the inside of the tank before pumping begins and, if they are not satisfied, a cleaner tanker will be requested. Some of the newer distilleries, whose produce isn’t yet old enough to merit the label whisky, also produce gin or vodka in the meantime. The Harris Distillery is still at that stage and their bottles of gin are taken off the island by carriers. Beer from the various island breweries is also carried to the mainland by CalMac. One of the goods carried is the one that most people associate with Harris—Harris Tweed. All of the chemicals used for processing the fleece and the finished cloth are taken on and off the island by CalMac ferry. When the ferries are off due to bad weather, there is an immediate problem with panic buying often resulting in staple foodstuffs such as bread and milk being cleared from the shelves of the local shops. Readers considering visiting the islands should beware that the ferry services are often at the mercy of the weather, particularly during the winter. Towns such as Stornoway, the main town on Harris and Lewis, have a selection of shops, including a supermarket and some larger shops. Nevertheless, all their stock is shipped to the island on the ferry. The population of the islands is often quite scattered and remote. For example, the population of Lewis and Harris (the island is in fact a single land mass) is just over 20,000 and about 7,000 of them live in Stornoway. Because the population is so sparse you may only see a few tractor-trailers and vans on any ferry you travel on, but that is only the tip of this particular iceberg. Six nights a week, a commercial-only ferry runs between Stornoway and Ullapool on the Scottish mainland, carrying lorries to and from Lewis and Harris. The vehicles are booked in and weighed from early afternoon. Anyone intending to travel to the islands should also be aware that services available on the islands may not be plush. Some ferry terminals consist only of a booking office. Port Askaig on Islay, for example, consists of the ferry terminal, a hotel, a shop and little else. That said, the small shops found in more remote places generally sell a wide variety of goods in order to supply the islanders’ needs. Not all of the islands are connected by ferry. It is possible to take the ferry from Leverburgh on South Harris across to Berneray and, from there, travel by road, over causeways, across the islands of North Uist, Benbecula and South Uist all the way to Eriskay. Mail is generally flown in and out, but island transfers are sometimes made by ferry, such as the crossing between Eriskay and Barra. Another service is the system of mobile banks. While there are branches of the main Scottish banks in the principal island towns, the rural populations are served by mobile banks. The Royal Bank of Scotland has 15 mobile branches in remote parts, including Stornoway, Lochboisdale on South Uist, Portree on Skye, Bowmore on Islay and throughout the Highlands, to serve outlying areas. Much of CalMac’s summer traffic consists of the thousands of tourists, who flock to the islands to see the spectacular scenery, sample local whisky and experience a history stretching back thousands of years. The range of tourist attractions on the islands is extensive, including blackhouses, the traditional form of house, some of which were lived in up until the 19th century, Islay’s eight malt distilleries—or see how Harris Tweed is woven. There is also some spectacular natural history, including wild ponies on Eriskay and feral goats on Islay, or, if you prefer your history older, there are the Callanish Stones, a stone circle that dates from around 3,000 bc. Wild goats tread confidently around the rocky crags of Islay Take the A87 “Road to the Isles” over spectacular Glen Garry to Skye to catch the ferry. The islands and their people have played important roles in Scottish history. Bonnie Prince Charlie arrived on Eriskay in 1745, where Alastair MacDonald of Boisdale bluntly told him to go home. He famously replied, “I am home.” Later, having failed to recover the British throne for his father, he was forced to flee from the Government Army. You can follow the route taken by the Prince following his defeat at Culloden in 1746 through Benbecula and South Uist before making his way to Skye (disguised as Flora Macdonald’s maid Betty Burke), where he boarded a ship for France. Much of the culture of the islands is still wrapped in Gaelic tradition, which is still found in the place names today. Many of the older people still speak Gaelic, and thanks to Government-sponsored schemes, more young folk also speak the language, although everyone speaks English. A new scheme, the Road Equivalent Tariff, has resulted in reduced fares to the islands for cars and passengers, so there has never been a better time to travel to the islands to immerse yourself in the local culture and absorb the stunning scenery, from the majestic hills and mountains to the spectacular beaches. CALEDONIAN MACBRAYNE (CalMac) operates the UK’s largest ferry network with 130,000 individual sailings a year to some 50 destinations. The individual routes traverse some of Europe’s most breath-taking stretches of water to provide lifeline services to 24 islands, as well as opening up Scotland’s truly stunning west coast to tourists from all over the world. Their destinations are mostly in the Outer Hebrides, also known as the Western Isles, and the Inner Hebrides, although CalMac also run ferries to islands in the Firth of Clyde and remote mainland destinations. Ferries run an average of 358 sailings a day on routes that vary in length from just five minutes, such as Colintrive to Rhubodach, to seven hours on the Oban to Lochboisdale service. The CalMac fleet consists of 31 vessels, including several large ferries such as the £42 million MV Loch Seaforth, which serves the Ullapool to Stornoway (Isle of Lewis) run, small double-ended ferries suitable for shorter crossings, and small craft that provide passenger-only service. All the company’s larger ships are “Taste Our Best” accredited for local produce by VisitScotland, so travelers can enjoy a selection of fine Scottish food while they sit back, relax and enjoy the wonderful vistas around them. For sailing times to the islands and fares, visit www.calmac.co.uk . Or fly to Stornoway, Benbecula, Barra, Tiree and Islay; see Highlands and islands Airports . On Barra, the beach serves as the landing strip. For further information on attractions and accommodation on the islands, go to www.visitscotland.com or www.visithebrides.com .	i don't know
Which of Henry VIII's wives had previously been married twice, to Edward Borough and John Neville?	The Six Wives The Six Wives of King Henry VIII by Allison Hendee, Jackie Williams, and Karen Williams To King Henry VII of England, a second son, Prince Henry,was born at the Greenwich Palace, London, on June 28, 1491. After Arthur, his older brother, died, Henry was left heir to the throne. He went on to become the most formidable and famous king who ever reigned in England. His handsome physical appearance&emdash; very tall with broad shoulders, strong athletic limbs, and fair skin&emdash; added to his popularity. Throughout his reign King Henry VIII was married six different times. He married for both political and formal reasons. Henry married his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, in June, 1509. Anne Boleyn became his second wife in secret in January, 1533. Jane Seymour, Henry's third wife, provided him the much desired heir to the throne in October, 1537. Henry married Anne of Cleves, his fourth wife, under political terms with Western Germany in 1540. Henry's fifth wife, Catherine Howard, was Anne of Cleves's maid of honor. She married Henry in 1540 also. Finally, Catherine Parr helped to bring his family together when they married in July, 1543. Catherine Parr outlived King Henry VIII when his glorious reign ended with his death on January 28, 1547. Henry's first wife, Catherine of Aragon, was the widow of King Henry VIII's older brother, Arthur. Catherine was left widowed after a year of marriage when Arthur died in 1501. It was King Henry VII's dying wish for his son, Henry, to marry Catherine of Aragon. It was important for Henry to keep the alliance between England and Spain. Between the years 1510 and 1518, Catherine gave birth to six children, including two sons, but all except one daughter, Mary, were stillborn or died in early infancy. Catherine was unable to provide a male heir for King Henry VIII, which eventually led to the end of their marriage. Pope Clement VII refused to annul Henry's marriage to Catherine. Henry finally broke with the Roman Catholic church, and his new Anglican Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cromwell, had their marriage annulled. Soon after, Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy, making the king head of the English church. Although Catherine was loved by the English people, she was forced to spend the last years of her life isolated from all public life. Anne Boleyn was the second wife of King Henry VIII. They were privately married in January 1533, but the marriage did not become known until Easter of that year. Anne Boleyn was the mother of the future Queen Elizabeth I, born in September of 1533. During their marriage Henry quickly lost interest in Anne and began to have affairs with other women. All Anne had to do to save their marriage was provide a male heir for the King. After two attempts she failed. Committed to the Tower of London, Anne was charged with adultery and alleged to have been involved in several affairs. On May 19, 1536, she was convicted by a unanimous vote and beheaded. According to many historians, it is very likely that Anne was innocent, but she was declared guilty because of a temporary court faction supported by Thomas Cromwell. Jane Seymour, the mother of King Edward VI, was the third wife of King Henry VIII. Jane was the daughter of one of the King's knights. In Henry's attempts to win Jane, he sent her a love letter and a purse. Jane sent the letter and the purse back unopened with a touching message about her family's honor. The King promised to defend the honor, and they were married May 30, 1536. Jane was the first and only wife to provide King Henry VIII with a proper male heir. However, Jane was unable to recover from the birth and died twelve days later. The fourth wife of King Henry was Anne of Cleves, a German princess. They were married for political reasons; in fact, Anne was chosen by Thomas Cromwell, the Lord Chancellor. This marriage was politically convenient, as Henry needed a strong political alliance with Lutheran Germany to establish ties between England and the other protestant countries so that England would not become totally isolated. Their marriage soon became a political embarrassment when the alliance between the Catholic powers failed. The marriage was annulled on July 9, 1540. Anne was rewarded with a large income as long as she remained in England and was given the title of "King's Sister." Catherine Howard, one of ten children of Lord Edmund Howard, was Henry's fifth wife. Catherine had been a maid of honor in his previous marriage to Anne of Cleves. Henry's marriage to Anne was annulled on July 9, 1540, and he and Catherine were secretly married on July 28. Catherine had been previously engaged to her cousin, Thomas Culpepper. She was thought to have had affairs with him and two others&emdash; Henry Mannock, a music teacher, and Francis Dereham. In November 1541, the King learned of these supposed affairs and became irate. He allowed Parliament to pass a bill of attainder declaring it treason for an unchaste woman to marry the king. On February 14, 1542, two days after the bill was passed, Catherine was beheaded in the Tower of London for crimes of treason Catherine Parr was King Henry VIII's sixth and last wife. They were married on July 12, 1543. Catherine was the daughter of Sir Thomas Parr of Kendall, an official of the King's royal household. She had been married twice before her marriage to Henry, having been widowed first by Edward Borough, who died in 1529, and then in 1542 when her second husband, John Neville, Lord Latimer, died. Catherine was a highly educated and deeply religious woman. She had a great influence on the king as his reign ended. She brought the family close together and developed close friendships with Henry's three children. After Henry died in January 1547, Catherine remarried a former suitor, Thomas, Lord Seymour of Sudeley. She died shortly after giving birth to a daughter in 1549. Works Consulted "Aragon, Catherine of." Encyclopedia Britannica. Vers. 6.0. CD-ROM. 1996. This source tells about the first wife of King Henry VIII. There is information given on her family history. It also includes details of their relationship. "Boleyn, Anne." Encyclopedia Britannica. Vers. 6.0. CD-ROM. 1996. Details of the death of the second wife of King Henry VIII are given by this source. It also includes details about their relationship. There is information about why he broke his ties from the Roman Catholic church. "Cleves, Anne of." Encyclopedia Britannica. Vers. 6.0. CD-ROM. 1996. This is a summary about the fourth wife of King Henry VIII. It tells about her political ties through her family. It includes details about the annulment of their marriage. Dwyer, Frank. Henry VIII. USA: Chelsea House Publishers, 1988. This book has great pictures and a time line. It is a great source for political details and information about struggles of the era. It includes in-depth details about Henry and his six wives. "Howard, Catherine." Encyclopedia Britannica. Vers. 6.0. CD-ROM. 1996. This source gives information about the fifth wife of Henry VIII. Details are given about her childhood in this summary. It includes details about their relationship and her beheading. Malvern, Gladys. The Six Wives of Henry VIII. Toronto: The Copp Clark Publishing Company, Ltd., 1972. This book profiles each one of Henry VIII's wives. It goes into great detail about the relationships with each. It also gives many personality traits of each wife. Morrison, N. Brysson. The Private Life of Henry VIII. New York: The Vanguard Press, Inc., 1964. King Henry VIII's life is discussed in great detail on this book. It is a great source for facts. This source gives information about his affairs. "Parr, Catherine." Encyclopedia Britannica. Vers. 6.0. CD-ROM. 1996. This is a summary about the sixth wife of Henry VIII. It tells about her previous marriages. Also included is information on her beneficial influence on the king. Ridley, Jasper. Henry VIII. USA: R.R. Donnelley and Sons Co., 1964. This book gives an interesting history on King Henry VIII. It is a great source for information. A York and Lancaster family tree is included in this source. "Seymour, Jane." Encyclopedia Britannica. Vers. 6.0. CD-ROM. 1996. This summary includes details about King Henry VIII's only son, provided by his third wife, Jane Seymour. Details about their relationship are given by this source. There is some family history revealed in the summary. Weir, Alison. The Six Wives of Henry VIII. New York: Ballantine Books, 1991. This book profiles King Henry VIII's struggle for an heir to his throne. His trials with the court and Church are also shown in this book. It also has a great time line. Williams, Neville. Henry VIII and His Court. New York: The Macmillan Co., 1971. This source is a depiction of everyday life, family and friends of King Henry VIII. There are many illustrations in color and black and white in this book. It is also a great source for details. Woodward, G.W.O. King Henry VIII. Great Britain: Pitkin Pictorials, 1991. The history of Henry VIII's life is given in this book. It explains the relationship with each wife. It gives his actions while being king. Woodward, G.W.O. The Six Wives of Henry VIII. London: Pitkin Pictorials, 1972. There are great pictures included in this source. It also gives a great summary of Henry VIII's six wives. It is a great resource for facts. *Source for visual	Catherine Parr
Which politician did English actress Thandie Newton play in the 2008 film 'W' (pron. Dubya)?	Henry VIII marries Katherine Parr – tudors & other histories Minerva Casterly Henry VIII (Meyers) and Katherine Parr (Richardson) in “The Tudors” s4. Henry VIII married Katherine Parr at the Queen’s Privy Closet on Hampton Court Palace on July 12th 1543. Katherine Parr was Henry VIII’s sixth wife. She was a rich widow who’d been married twice, first to Sir Edward Burgh and then to John Neville, Lord Latimer. In Katherine Parr, Henry VIII got a Consort who many agreed was worthy of her position. The Imperial Ambassador Eustace Chapuys who was very critical of the English court, had nothing but good things to say of her, saying that besides Queen Katherine of Aragon, Katherine Parr was the only other wife worthy of being Queen. There were some rumors that Henry’s fourth wife, Anne of Cleves, now the King’s sister, was very angry when she found out that Henry chose the Lady Latimer as his next consort. She reputedly said that she could not understand why he did this when she (Anne) was more attractive. We have to be careful to take these sources as the ultimate truth. It could be that Anne felt jealous because Henry chose someone she didn’t consider beautiful, or she simply didn’t approve of Katherine. Regardless of this, Henry’s new Queen had many notable qualities. Born in 1512, she was a close friend of the Lady Mary who was four years her junior. She was a descendant of Edward III through her father Thomas Parr, and related to the King’s great-grandmother Elizabeth Woodville, through her mother Maud Parr (who had served under the first Queen Katherine and stayed loyal through her throughout Henry’s marriage to Anne). It is very possible that she was named after Henry’s first wife who made education for girls fashionable, and like her namesake, she followed in her footsteps. Katherine Parr’s badge in the center displays a fair maiden crowned and springing from a Tudor rose. The marriage contract had been drawn up two days before by Thomas Cranmer, the Archbishop of Canterbury. The ceremony had been conducted by Bishop Gardiner “in the presence of noble and gentle persons” being “private” and “without ceremony”. There is no record of what Katherine Parr wore to the ceremony but records display the names of the people present. Among them was her family, including her brother William Herbert and the Earl of Hertford and his wife Anne Stanhope. The Earl of Hertford, Edward Seymour was brother to Sir Thomas Seymour, the man that Katherine wished to marry. He was obviously not present because the King had sent him abroad so he could marry Katherine. Other guests included Catherine Brandon, Duchess of Suffolk (married to the King’s best friend and brother-in-law, Charles Brandon), John Dudley’s wife Jane, the King’s niece Margaret Douglas, and his daughters the ladies Mary and Elizabeth Tudor. Henry VIII The vows that had been written for the King and Queen-to-be are still went as followed: “I. Henry, take thee, Katherine to my wedded wife to have and to hold from this day forward, for better for worse, for richer, for poorer, in sickness and in health, till death do us part, and thereto I plight thee my troth” “I, Katherine, take thee Henry to my wedded husband, to have and to hold from this day forward, for better, for worse, for richer, for poorer, in sickness and in health, to be Bonaire and buxom in bed and at board, till death do us part, and thereto I plight unto thee my troth.” These words are still being used for Anglican weddings. After the King and Queen said their vows, the King put on her wedding ring, then the Bishop pronounced them man and wife. Katherine Parr People noted how Henry spoke his vows “with a joyful countenance”. A member of Katherine’s household once said that her “rare goodness” made “every day a Sunday.” Everyone soon found out this was true. The new Queen was intelligent and lively. She loved to dance and dress in the latest fashions, and engage in good debate, as well as enjoy a good poetry book. And what was more, she got along with all of her royal stepchildren, especially the Lady Mary Tudor whom she spent more time (since the two were closer in age). She had been very influential making sure that Prince Edward’s tutors continued with his Protestant instruction, and she developed a relationship with the youngest Tudor that influenced her in more ways than one. Her chaplain Francis Goldsmith remarked that “God has so formed her mind for pious studies, that she considers everything of small value compared to Christ. Her rare goodness has made every day like Sunday, a thing hitherto unheard of, especially in a royal palace. Her piety cherishes the religion long since introduced, not without great labor, to the palace”. She surrounded herself with other religious intellections such as George Day, the Bishop of Chichester who worked as her almoner, and the humanist Sir Anthony Cope who acted as her vice-chamberlain. It is also worth to point out that during her time as Queen, Henry VIII restored his daughters to the line of succession. Lady Elizabeth Tudor Linda Porter in her latest book Tudors vs Stewarts notes that “in observing Katherine Parr as regent and Queen consort, Elizabeth learned a good deal about how women could think for themselves and govern. She greatly admired her stepmother’s literary output and clearly discussed religious ideas with her when they met, which was not nearly often enough for Elizabeth’s liking”. Katherine Parr is the only other Consort besides Katherine of Aragon who was appointed Regent when Henry left to engage in another expensive war against France in 1544. Katherine Parr remarried almost immediately after Henry’s death to Sir Thomas Seymour who was elevated to Baron Sudeley after her stepson became King. Sadly, her life took a turn for the worst when she found her household embroiled in scandal. It is unclear what the nature of Thomas Seymour’s relationship with Elizabeth was, if he had forced himself on the fourteen year old, or if it was something else. But it upset Katherine greatly and although Thomas Seymour tried to make it up to her, in her delirium (after giving birth to her only daughter whom she named after her eldest royal stepdaughter) she blamed Thomas for all her ills. She died days after and her husband soon followed after he was involved in a plot to depose his brother the Lord Protector and Duke of Somerset. Their daughter, Mary Seymour probably died a year after in 1549. Sources: Great Harry: The Extravagant Life of Henry VIII by Carolly Erickson Six Wives and the Many Mistresses of Henry VIII by Amy Licence The Wives of Henry VIII by Antonia Fraser Katherine the Queen: The Remarkable Life of Katherine Parr, the Last Wife of Henry VIII by Linda Porter Tudors vs Stewarts: The Fatal Inheritance of Mary, Queen of Scots by Linda Porter Henry VIII and his Court by Alison Weir Share this:	i don't know
Which South African choral group first came to prominence after featuring on the Paul Simon album 'Graceland'?	African Choral and Vocal Harmony Music Home \| Doo Wop \| Barbershop \| World \| Contemporary \| Christian \| Vocal Jazz \| Choral \| Christmas \| Instructional \| Arrangements African Choral and Vocal Harmony Music African music is one of the first types that come to mind when you think of world music, especially in a cappella. Whether Gospel, Freedom songs or love songs, all of it is celebratory; African choirs and groups have an ability to convey joy and happiness that is unique and beautiful. If you like Ladysmith Black Mambazo, you'll love listening to these albums. Some of the groups here were inspired by Ladysmith, while others served as inspiration FOR Ladysmith! Displaying 1-50 of 80 items. African Children's Choir : 10 Years Review: This CD, celebrating 10 years of the African Children's Choir, contains songs ranging from gospel (Highway to Heaven) to traditional African (Bafirisuti) and even American pop (From A Distance). The English songs have piano accompaniment, while the festive African music is accompanied by traditional drumming. Most of the songs are sacred and bring a message of peace. Created as a stepping stone to give children a better life, this retrospective is a testament to the benefit of the choir. This exuberant group of children will delight you. Songlist: Highway to Heaven, It's a Small World, Bafirisuti, Through it All, All Things Bright and Beautiful, Motto Imewaka, Reach Out and Touch, O Sifuni Mungo, Shine Jesus Shine, Parapanda, Seed to Sow, Soon and Very Soon, Blessed be the Name, Amazing, Natamaba, From a Distance, Chinywa, Drummer Boy, Bed of Straw, Jesus is the Answer, Let There Be Peace, He's Got the Whole World 7218c \| 1 CD \| $14.98 \| African Children's Choir : Africa's Heartbeat Review: The 10th recording by one of our favorite children's choirs, the African Children's Choir joins the Flemish Radio Orchestra for this collection of 10 accompanied songs. The traditional African song "Muije Bantuwe" segues into "I'll Be Here for You" and the lovely prayer "Earnestly;" and the gentle "Because You Loved Me" sits perfectly between the rhythmic, dramatic "Jigo Lo Ba" and "Kiga Dance." The powerful "Shadowland," "Mother Africa" and the traditional anthem "Nkosi Sikele" close the album perfectly, leaving us touched and moved by the voices of these beautiful children. Songlist: Muije Bantuwe, I'll Be Here For You, Earnestly, Jigo Lo Ba, Because You Loved Me, Kiga Dance, Love Without End, Shadowland, Mother Africa, Nkosi Sikele 8708c \| 1 CD \| $14.95 \| African Children's Choir : African Christmas Review: Friends in the West International, sponsors of East Africa's African Outreach Academy, have a new CD by the African Children's Choir, and a new Christmas musical (which we are encouraged to perform in our communities to raise money for African children), The First African Christmas, songs from which are the first 8 tunes: the reggae-flavored "Message for Africa," "God's promise from long ago," "The Wise Men rap, " "The gifts," "Shepherd's carol," "Philip's song," "Gift for the King," and the music from "Gift for you to sing." Following are 6 more Christmas tunes, the a cappella "Betelehemu," "Go tell it on the mountain," "Have you any room for Jesus?", "Bed of straw", "Drummer boy" and "Silent Night." Most songs are accompanied. New energy and spirit for a timeless story from a talented Choir. Songlist: Message for Africa, God's promise form long ago, The Wise Men rap, The Gifts, Shepherd's carol, Philip's song, Gift for the King, Christmas Celebration Songs:, Betelehmu, Go tell it on the mountain, Have you any room for Jesus?, Bed of Straw, Drummer Boy, Silent Night 6961c \| 1 CD \| $14.98 \| African Children's Choir : Because You Loved Me Review: We love the pictures of these beautiful African children, the story behind the group's formationby Ray Barnett, and all the good the group's success has accomplished. "Because" is the fourth CD in our catalog, and we like them all. All accompanied, the emphasis remains on the bright, spirited voices of the children. 12 mostly Christian/spiritual songs: "Lord Be Magnified," "Shine, Jesus, Shine," "Seed To Sow," "How Good It Is," the title tune, the traditional spiritual "Steal Away," "Reach Out/Lean On Me," "Betelehemu," "From A Distance," "Take Up Your Cross," "Highway To Heaven" and "O Happy Day." A feel-good CD from start to finish! Songlist: Lord Be Magnified, Shine Jesus Shine, Seed to Sow, How Good It Is, Because You Loved Me, Steal Away , Reach Out / Lean On Me, Betelehemu, From A Distance, Take Up Your Cross, Highway To Heaven, O Happy Day 7096c \| 1 CD \| $14.98 \| African Children's Choir : Devotion Review: For 20 years, the African Children's Choir has astounded audiences everywhere with not only their beautiful sounds and moving stories but with the power and energy that accompanies each song. This recording is no exception. Filled with lively praise songs and gospel tunes, Devotion, lets this chorus shine. While all the performances are great, the simple traditional African songs accompanied by drums are truly highlights of this CD. For fans of the African Children's Choir, Devotion is a must have. Songlist: Lord I Lift Your Name On High/How Good It Is, Teach Me To Dance, When I Was Lost, Here I am To Worship, Nothing But The Blood of Jesus, Inyi Watoto, You Are The Shepherd, Lord of All Creation, Silka Nze Nkubulile, Come Now Is The Time to Worship, Cast All Your Burdens/In My Life Lord, As The Deer Pants, Wamilele, Amazing Grace, Shout to the Lord, My Jesus, My Savior 7349c \| 1 CD \| $14.98 \| African Children's Choir : It Takes a Whole Village Review: It's a heartwarming story, Ray Barnett's trip to Uganda to try to do something about the thousands of orphans dying of starvation in a bloody civil war. Much prayer and help from church groups later, the first ACC was selected and brought back to the US. Thus the world got to see actual beautiful, bright, singing African children, which in turn has led to thousands being helped and saved. In "Village" we are delighted by the smiling voices of these remarkable children on 25 lightly accompanied traditional African folk songs, and African-American spirituals. Traditional African songs like "Parapanda," "Abataka," "Jabulani Africa," "Mujje," "Ensi Zonna," "Bolingo" and "Kinakyo" blend well with songs in English like "From a Distance," "It Takes A Whole Village," "Because You Loved Me," "Joyful, Joyful, We Adore Thee" and "Seed to Sow." In case we haven't been clear, we'll just come out and say it: this is a feel-good CD, from the buying of it (which supports the ACC's good work), to the reading about these kids on the liner notes, to listening to every cut of this wonderful music! Songlist: Parapanda, Abataka, Jabulani Africa, Natamaba, It Takes A Whole Village, Mujje, Ensi Zonna, From A Distance, Kamuwe Ekirabo, O Happy Day, Bolingo, Kinakyo, O Sifuni Mungu, Ndyahimbisa, Eggulu Lyajjula Ettendo, Because You Loved Me, Betelehemu, Chwinywa, Seed to Sow, Let There Be Peace, Generation Song, Nagirira 6731c \| 1 CD \| $14.98 \| African Children's Choir : Still Walking In The Light Review: It was 1984 and Ray Barnett heard a news report from Africa that told of how thousands of orphans were dying in a bloody civil war in Uganda. Sickened by the images of famine and tragedy, Ray formed the African Children's Choir to show the world how bright and beautiful African children are. Money was raised from churches to go to Uganda, select and bring out the first ACC. Each year a new group is selected, while the former members go back to Africa to receive care and a good education. This CD is from a live concert on January 14th, 2000, which marked the 15th anniversary of the Choir and once again highlighted the joy, enthusiasm, energy and optimism of this remarkable group of children. There are colorful, fold-out liner notes that have exuberant pictures of these beautiful, smiling-as-they-sing children to go with the celebration on the CD. 19 songs, most lightly accompanied by a small orchestra of keyboards, bass, guitar, drums, horns, flute and oboe. These are largely traditional spirituals and gospel songs, joyfully and beautifully sung: "Walking in the Light," "Full the River," "Mwiji Mwena," "He is my Light"...each is a little rhythmic anthem. "This Little Light of Mine" sums up the concert, as the ACC truly lets it shine! Songlist: Walking in the Light, Full the River, Mwiji Mwena, He is my Light, Highway to Heaven, Crouch Medley, He's the Way, If we ever, Carnival, Earnestly, Noimusanyu, This Little Light of Mine, Standing for Heaven, Testify, Reach Out and Touch, Holy Ground, He's Got the Whole World, Little on the Road, O Happy Day 6732c \| 1 CD \| $14.98 \| African Children's Choir : Window on the World Review: "Windows On The World" is a dynamic new musical, featuring an international cast, and the voices of Jodi Benson, the African Children's Choir and guests from around the globe. 13 songs, all accompanied: "He Is My Light," "Driftin'," the sweet ballad "Good News," "O Most High," "Journey Home (Song for the East)," "Standing for Heaven," "Let the Little Children Come," "How Good It Is," "You Are The Shepherd," "Hallelujah," "The Lord's Prayer," "There Is Hope" and "He's Got The Whole World In His Hands." The brightly-clad young ACC sing as brightly and spiritually as they look in the colorful liner notes. Joyous and inspirational! Songlist: He Is My Light, Driftin, Good News, O Most High, Journey Home (Song for the East), Standing for Heaven, Let the Little Children Come, How Good it Is, You Are the Shepherd, Hallelujah, The Lord's Prayer, There Is Hope, He's Got the Whole World In His Hands 7061c \| 1 CD \| $14.98 \| African Methodist Choir with Mara Louw : African Hymns Review: Handpick singers from a number of South African choirs, put the excellent Mara Louw out in front as the lead, take a number of hymns they all know from church, as well as the South African national anthem, and you have the ingredients for this excellent disc. Unlike so many hymns, these are performed with great, roaring joy (arranged for the most part by Louw) and recorded--as it should be--in a church. But unlike, say, American or Jamaican gospel, there`s a sense of unity, rather than testifying; the voices embrace this music, but they sing it as it is, rather than using it as a lift-off point to testify. The harmonies might have their written roots in Europe, but the voices singing them are ineffably African, bringing something different to the sound. There`s a sense of control about it all, even when a speaking voice breaks in on `Jerusalem Ikhaya Lam,` for instance, or on the rare occasions when some very spare percussion accompanies the a cappella voices. It`s majestic, but that`s the intent, a nexus between Europe and Africa, meeting in Christianity. That`s even there on the by-now famous `Nkosi Sikelel`i Afrika,` the country`s very hymn-like national anthem, performed here as the closer, full-voiced and glorious, sung with unconcealed pride and joy. Songlist: Hee! Ba Nyoriloeng, Siya Kudumisa Thixo, Ha Kelestshe - Kele Mobe, Kenang Bohle, Kese Ke Utloile, Imfazwe Imfazwe, Amahlathi Aphelile, Mphe Maleme Ase Kete / Vuthelani Ixilongo, Jerusalem Ikhaya Lam, Masibulele Ku Jesu, Bawo Ndingu Mntwana Wakho, Seteng Sediba Samadi, Rea Oboka Morena, Wakrazulwa Ngenxa Yami, Noyana, Ingoma Ka Ntsikana, Nkosi Sikelel'i Afrika 9934c \| 1 CD \| $15.95 \| David Fanshawe : African Sanctus Review: Armed with a rucksack and a stereo tape recorder, David Fanshawe began a symbolic, now legendary, cross-shaped journey through Africa from 1969 to 1972, succeeding in recording music from well over 50 tribes. "Sanctus" is a highly original work in which very different cultures have been imaginatively and ingeniously fused, with the composer's love of the world, hope for the future and belief in one music--one God. There are 16 songs, with various kinds of accompaniment, from drums and percussion, lead and bass guitar and piano to organ, harp and trumpets. This is one of the most spirited, energetic CDs we have ever heard, as if the African veldt suddenly sprouted an Italian cathedral. For instance, "Crucifixus: Rain Song" combines driving drums, rain sounds, strange native percussion instruments, a soaring choral soprano solo, electric guitar, massed chorus and piano. One of our favorites, "Sanctus: Bwala Dance, Lamentation" combines chorus with powerful rhythmic drums, piano, sound effects and native voices. Other favorites are "Chants: Cattle Songs," and "The Lord's Prayer." A wonderful new composition by the composer, "Dona Nobis Pacem-A Hymn for World Peace" is included, in both short and long versions. A stunning masterwork! Recommended. Songlist: African Sanctus, Kyrie: Call to Prayer, Gloria: Bride of the Nile, Credo: Sudanese Dances & Recitations, Love Song: Piano Solo, Et in Spiritum Sanctum, Crucifixus: Rain Song, Sanctus: Bwala Dance, Lamentation, The Lord's Prayer, Chants: Cattle Songs, Agnus Dei: War Drums, Call to Prayer: Kyrie, Finale & Gloria, Dona Nobis Pacem - A Hymn for World Peace, Et in Spiritum Sanctum, Dona Nobis Pacem (short version) 6898c \| 1 CD \| $15.98 \| \| David Fanshawe Insingizi : Voices of Southern Africa Review: "Mbube" music, regarded as dating back in Zulu tradition to King Shaka, was originally royal music to be sung to honor the Zulu King by his male supporters. The style-a rich a cappella male choral approach usually sung in Zulu, appeared in the early 20th century as "Ingoni Ebusuku," meaning "night music." Popular with Zulu and Swazi laborers, in the early 1940s one of the Ingoni Ebusuku groups recorded a song called "Mbube" (the lion), which became a model for the international hit "Wimoweh" (the Lion Sleeps Tonight), and since then this type of music has become known as Mbube. The three talented men of Insingizi, Vusa, Nqo and Ramadu, have deep Mbube roots and performing experience, and they have created a special, powerful collection of 17 songs here. The rhythmic gem "Amasango," the gospel-based "Jerusalem," "Ungangidluli Jesu" and "Siyabonga," the complex "Isiqholo" and "Mama," and "Uzoyidela" are favorites. Beautiful, extensive liner notes. Authentic, wonderful "night music" from Insingizi. Songlist: Ingoma, Amasango, Ibele Lendlela, Jerusalem, Isqoqodo, Nanziwe, Ngizobambelela, Isiqholo, Mama, Ungangidluli Jesu, Yint'enjani , Uthando Lukajesu, Siyabonga, Uzoyidela , Ko Bulawayo, Vinqo, Mbonqane Groove 9883c \| 1 CD \| $14.98 \| A Cappella \| Listen to Ladysmith Black Mambazo : Best of Ladysmith Vol 1 Review: The intricate and beautiful style of South African harmony singing, known as mbube, was brought to the world by Ladysmith Black Mambazo. This CD is a compilation of the first twenty years of their work. These a cappella songs are sung in Zulu with two in English. Selections include "Izithembiso Zenkosi," "That's Why I Choose You," "Ungikhumbule" and "Induku Zethu." This dynamic group always amazes with its breathtakingly gorgeous harmonies. Songlist: Izithembiso zenkosi, Kubi ukungalaleli, Uphi Umhlobo, yimani, silgugu isiphambano, limnandi izulu, ayanqikaza amagwala, that's why i choose you, isimanga salomhlaba, ungikjumbule, amafutha esibane, udla nge'nduku zabanye, lifikile ivangeli, pauline, induku zethu, isono sami sentombi 9110c \| 1 CD \| $14.95 \| A Cappella \| Ladysmith Black Mambazo : Best Of Ladysmith Vol 2 Review: Anyone familiar with the group's history knows the immense respect the group has garnered through a career spanning over forty albums. Though their appearances with Paul Simon raised their profile significantly, their vibrant rhythms and joyful voices have been attracting international audiences for many years prior. Sung in the native languages of South Africa, this in fact adds to the enjoyment of the record, as one is drawn in and captivated by the repetitive mantra of the sounds themselves, and the honest feeling that they express. Songlist: uligugu lami, nkosi yami ngabusiswa, limnandi evangeli, igazi lemihlatshelo, woza emthonjeni, ngingahlanzwa ngani na, homeless, ujesu wami, vuka jona sithandaze, ulwandle oluncgwele, uzube nami baba, we. njliziyo yami, zintombi, mangosuthu, siyawadinga amandla, khayelihle khaya lami 9118c \| 1 CD \| $14.98 \| A Cappella \| Ladysmith Black Mambazo : Classic Tracks Review: By the time Ladysmith Black Mambazo became known in the United States they had recorded twenty or so albums in South Africa on the Gallo label. Many of them had gone gold. Only a few of those earlier recordings have been released here since they began their recording for the U.S. market with Shaka Zulu. In 1990 Shanachie compiled this wonderful disc of tracks taken from Ladysmith's Gallo discography which had been originally released in South Africa. These are some of the songs which made mbube songs famous through out Africa long before they were heard by a U.S. audience, except for small audiences of eclectic non-commercial radio stations. This is the sound that captivated Paul Simon and stimulated his desire to work with them. Songlist: lonyaka, uphi umhlobo, isimanga salomhlaba, limnandi evangeli, uligugu lami, uma ngingena esontweni, intando ka thix, amafutha esibane, khwishi khwishi, ujesu wami, hamba angikhathali, nxa ebizwa amagama, bamnqobile, nansi imali 9101c \| 1 CD \| $14.98 \| A Cappella \| Ladysmith Black Mambazo : Gift of the Tortoise Review: This release from Ladysmith takes the entire family on an enchanting musical journey trough the rich and wondrous land of the Zulu people. The combination of great music and lively introductions in English delights children and adults alike. Songlist: Introduction, Kanje Kanje, Rain Chant, There Come Our Mothers, Nomyekelo, Finger Dance, Thekwane, Vulani Ringi Ring, Boy Who Turned Into a Cat, Paparam Vingo, Shabala, Two Shellent, Mbube (The Lion Sleeps Tonight), Peace Be With You 9100c \| 1 CD \| $12.95 \| A Cappella \| Ladysmith Black Mambazo : Heavenly Review: Ladysmith crosses cultural boundaries more than ever before to bring their musical message to a wider audience. The lineup of musicians who with whom they work is fabulous. The album begins with one of the most complex pieces of music imaginable from Joseph who admits that his music is very difficult to sing. Dolly Parton leads "Knockin' On Heavens Door." "O Happy Day" and "Take My Hand Precious Lord" features vocalist Betty Griffin. Phoebe Snow is lead singer on "People Get Ready." Bill Champlin does the lead vocal on "River Of Dreams." You'll find Lou Rawls in lead on "Chain Gang" and Hana "Coyote" Motijoane sings lead on "I'll Take You There." Among these instrumentally accompanied guest appearances which explore American gospel and R&B are an equal number of Ladysmith familiars. It's wonderful how many artists seek to share the message of hope and joy with Ladysmith Black Mambazo! Songlist: Yitho umlilo ovuthayo, Knockin' on Heavens Door, Oh Happy Day, People Get Ready, Take My Hand, Precious Lord, Sohlabelelu Hosana, I'll Take You There, Rain, Rain Beautiful Rain, River of Dreams, Jesus Is My Leader, Chain Gang, He Showed Me His Hands, Ilungelo ngelakho 9116c \| 1 CD \| $14.98 \| Ladysmith Black Mambazo : How The Leopard Got His Spots Review: Another winner in the Rabbit Ears series, combining the finest musicians, in this case Ladysmith; with the powerful voices of star actors and actresses, in this case Danny Glover; to re-tell a classic children's story aimed at the whole family. In other words, they went for the highest quality on all fronts, and it shows. "How the Leopard," of course, takes place in Africa, and Ladysmith's music almost defines the sound of Africa. Glover's gravelly voice holds our attention on every word. A classic story, presented with some of the most powerful vocals on the planet (both sung and spoken)-it adds up to a winner. And the dozens of awards, from Grammys to Parent's Choice, only tell us what we already know! Songlist: Ladysmith Black Mambazo : Journey Of Dreams Review: Journey of Dreams began in the late 1950's in Joseph Shabalala's dreams. Joseph writes. "This Journey of Dreams began a long time ago, while I was still a young boy on the farm and children would come to my dreams and sing to me. Now that we have made this record working with Russ Titelman and blessed by Paul Simon's guidance, I feel the dreams are now living inside the music as never before. For the first time I have made the music on record exactly as my dreams would tell me and for this I am grateful. Because the world listens now and that means the Journey of Dreams goes on and on." You can experience that dream with this baker's dozen songs which are, all but one, sung in Zulu. That one is the finale, "Amazing Grace" arranged and sung with Paul Simon. Don't miss the dream! Songlist: Umusa Kankulunkulu (Mercy of God), Lindelani (Get Ready), Ukhalangami (You Cry for Me), Bavinbindlela (The Stumbling Block), Bhasobha (Watch), Nomakanhani (Dark or Blue), Hamba Dompasi (No More Passbook), Ungayoni Into Enhle (Destroy Not This Beauty), Ampahiko Okundiza (Wings to Fly), Wayibambezela (Don't Waste Her Time), Ungakhohlwa (Don't Forget), Ibhubesi (The Lion Song), Amazing Grace 9117c \| 1 CD \| $11.95 \| Ladysmith Black Mambazo : Live At The Royal Albert Hall Review: The first live recording, captured from their sold-out appearance at London's Royal Albert Hall. The South-African Ladysmith has an international reputation, acting as informal ambassadors of musical goodwill. Though we were unable to listen to this CD prior to publication, we know it contains many of the group's most popular songs, including "Homeless," written by Paul Simon. We can be sure that Ladysmith's performance will be a joyous event. Songlist: Introduction, Vulani Amasango (Open the Gates), Ngamthola, Hello My Baby, Abadala, King of Kings, Wena Othanda, Indanyezi Nezazi (Star and the Wiseman), Ngothandaza Njalo (I Will Keep on Praying), Rain Rain Beautiful Rain, Phansi Emigodini (Deep Down in the Mines), Homeless 9736c \| 1 CD \| $14.98 \| A Cappella \| Ladysmith Black Mambazo : Long Walk To Freedom Review: In 1986 Paul Simon's groundbreaking "Graceland" introduced the musical genius and boundless spiritual energy of Ladysmith to the world. Eight years later, thanks in large part to Ladysmith and other South African artists bearing witness, apartheid ended in South Africa. Celebrating the 20th year of their ascendancy to the world stage and the dawn of Democracy, "Long Walk" is a collection of 12 of LBM's greatest hits, performed by the group with guest performances by some of the most progressive voices in the pop music scene, Melissa Etheridge and Joe McBride ("Diamonds On The Soles Of Her Shoes"), Sarah McLachlan ("Homeless"), Natalie Merchant ("Rain Rain Beautiful Rain""), Emmylou Harris ("Amazing Grace," "Nearer My God to Thee"), Taj Mahal ("Mbube"), and Zap Mama ("Hello My Baby"). Also on the guest roster are a who's who of South African artists: Lucky Dube, Hugh Masekela, Nokukhanya, Thandiswa and others, who join to sing the wonderful "Shosholoza." Founder, Leader and Musical Director Joseph Shabalala leads 7-man Ladysmith in this sumptuous rhythmic celebration. "How Long," the title tune ("Halala South Africa") and bonus track "Thula Thula" by Ladysmith alone are all very fine. "Long Walk" is a gift to lovers of Ladysmith, powerful a cappella and freedom, just as Ladysmith has been a gift to us all! Songlist: Nomathemba, Hello My Baby, Diamonds On The Soles Of Her Shoes, Homeless, Rain Rain Beautiful Rain, How Long, Mbube, Amazing Grace/Nearer My God To Thee, Nkosi Sikelel 'lAfrica, Shosholoza, Inkanyezi Nezazi "Star And The Wiseman", Thula Thula 9877c \| 1 CD \| $15.98 \| A Cappella \| Ladysmith Black Mambazo : No Boundaries Review: "No Boundaries" is a rare treat, combining the talents of legendary Ladysmith with the English Chamber Orchestra, conducted by by Finnish pianist and composer Ralf Gothoni, with most arrangements by Swedish composer Isak Roux. 12 songs, some of our favorites were written by Ladysmith's Joseph Shabalala, the powerful "Jabulani-Rejoice," "Homeless," Awu Wemadoda," "Ngingenwe Emoyeni" (Wind of the Spirit of God), and "Lifikile Ivangeli." Other favorites are the Paul Simon and Shabalala-arranged "Amazing Grace," the playful Roux arrangement of "Dona Nobis Pacem," the moving "Umzuzu Nayi Ujesu," Schubert's "Sanctus," Mozart's "Ave Verum Corpus" and Bach's "Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring" are given a rhythmic, African flavor, and the Roux-arranged "Walil' Umtwana" (The Child is Crying) is a beautiful finish to a joyful cross-cultural collaboration of musical talent! Gorgeous, colorful liner notes. Songlist: Jabulani - Rejoice, Homeless, Awu Wemadoda, Amazing Grace, Dona Nobis Pacem, Ngingenwe Emoyeni, Umzuzu Nayi Ujesu, Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring, Sanctus, Ave Verum Corpus, Lifikile Ivangeli, Walil' umtwana (The Child is Crying) 9863c \| 1 CD \| $15.98 \| Ladysmith Black Mambazo : Shaka Zulu Review: As Joseph Shabalala said when he was talking about recording Shaka Zulu, "Umcolo uthokozisa abadabukileyo." This means, "singing makes all the sad people happy because it is the voice of happiness." It also means that he was overjoyed to have been able to record his first U.S. release which was produced by his good friend, Paul Simon. It was 1987, and after recording twenty five records in Africa his musical message was finally becoming international. That message was, and is today, take pride in your heritage, create joy in your life and embrace all people. The strength of the message and the beauty of its musical transmission was reason for Shaka Zulu being awarded a Grammy in 1987 for Best Traditional Folk Recording. It also marks the beginning of Joseph's habit of writing some songs in English in order to make his music more accessible to our very different culture. This is a great recording for introducing new listeners to Ladysmith's music. Songlist: Unomathemba, Hello My Baby, Golgotha, King of Kings, Lomhlaba Kawunoni (The Earth Never Gets Fat), How Long?, Ikhaya Lamaqhawe (Home of the Heroes), Yibo Labo (These Are the Guys), Rain, Rain, Beautiful Rain, Wawusho Kubani? (Who Were You Talking To?) 9114c \| 1 CD \| $11.95 \| A Cappella \| Listen to Ladysmith Black Mambazo : Songs From a Zulu Farm Review: "Songs from a Zulu Farm" is the 16th excellent album by Ladysmith, in addition to 4 live performance DVDs. These nine Zulu men, led by leader/founder Joseph Shabalala, are one of our favorite African Choral groups of all time; and their hythmic mbube songs made them famous throughout Africa long before Paul Simon was captivated by their music and wrote and recorded with them. Several of their albums, notably "Gift of the Tortoise" and "How The Leopard Got His Spots" with Danny Glover, are directed at children, and so is "Songs from a Zulu Farm." Since their earliest recordings, the men of Ladysmith have maintained a reverence for their past, a time of youth and innocence, when the world consisted of the hills and open fields of their parents' farms in Zululand. The English translations of these 16 song titles tells the story: "Away, You River Snakes," "Bad Donkey," "Don't Leave Home Too Soon," "River Talk," "Clouds, Move Away!," "The Prettiest Bird?," "The Donkey's Complaint," "Catch The Bird," "Praise the Cows and Bulls," "Wake Up, Little Chicks," "I Miss My Home, I Miss the Farm" and "Old MacDonald, Zulu Style." The hypnotic rhythms, the joyous harmonies, all make us want to accept LBM's invitation to come home with them, a home that nurtured and taught these exceptional singers. Colorful and extensive liner notes, and the music, throughout, complete with animal and other sound effects, is beautiful and touching! Songlist: Yangiluma Inkukhu (the Biting Chicken), Zulu Laduma (Voices Like Thunder), Imithi Gobakahle (Children Come Home), Cabhayeye (Puddles!), Ntulube (Away, You River Snakes), Wemfana (Bad Donkey), Ekhaya (Don't Leave Home Too Soon), Wemfazi Ongaphesheya (River Talk), Leliyafu (Clouds, Move Away!), Uthekwane (the Prettiest Bird?), Imbongolo (the Donkey's Complaint), Ixegezi (Catch the Bird), Lezonkomo (Praise the Cows & Bulls), Vuku (Wake Up Little Chicks), Thalaza (I Miss My Home, I Miss My Farm), Old Macdonald... Zulu Style 6055c \| 1 CD \| $13.95 \| A Cappella \| Ladysmith Black Mambazo : The Warner Brothers Collection Review: With their vibrant rhythms and joyful voices, with their appearances with Paul Simon, with their career spanning over 40 albums, and with the international respect and acclaim Ladysmith Black Mambazo has enjoyed, we hardly feel the need to encourage you to own it. Sung in the native languages of South Africa, the honest feeling and repetitive mantra of Ladysmith's music speaks for itself, drawing us in and captivating us. In 1987 Paul Simon introduced Ladysmith to Warner Bros., and this 17-song collection is the best of their 3 years there. Included is the song "Homeless" with Paul Simon. The songs "stretch from South Africa to America to Heaven!" Songlist: Homeless w/ Paul Simon, Unomathemba, Hello My Baby, King Of Kings, How Long?, Rain, Rain, Beautiful Rain, Wawusho Kubani? (Who Were You Talking Too?), Hamba Dompasi (No More Passbook), Ungayoni Into Enhle (Destroy Not This Beauty), Ungakhohlwa (Don't Forget), Ibhubesi (The Lion Song), Township Jive, Love Your Neighbor, Leaning On the Everlasting Arm w/ The Winans, Hayi Ngalesiskhathi (Not Right Now), Cothoza Mfana (Tip Toes Guy), Amazing Grace w/ Paul Simon 6514c \| 1 CD \| $11.95 \| A Cappella \| Soweto Gospel Choir : African Spirit Review: South Africa's 26-strong, mixed-voice Soweto Gospel Choir draws their talented singers from the churches and communities around Soweto. Their exuberant sound is a blend of traditional music rooted in song and percussion, combined with the influence of 19th century missionary music, called African Gospel. The Choir continually tours the world to standing ovations and sold-out concerts, and has performed with artists from Bono, Peter Gabriel and Queen to Diana Ross, Jimmy Cliff and Johnny Clegg. They are famous for their bright costumes and spirited live performances, and for their fundraisers to raise awareness of HIV/AIDS in South Africa. 18 songs, some accompanied, are here. Traditional tunes "Setend Sediba," "Ke Na Le Modisa," "Izwi Lahlab'Inhiziyo Yami," "Africa," "Sefapano," "Modimo," "Somlandela" and "Shosholoza" are very fine, as is "Avulekile Amasango/Bob Marley's "One Love" medley, Bono's "One," Dylan's "I'll Remember You" and "Forever Young," and "Sitting in Limbo/This Little Light of Mine/M'Lilo Vutha Mathanjeni/If You Ever Needed the Lord" medley. Every cut on "Spirit" is a joy, as is looking at the pictures of these beautiful, powerful singers! Songlist: Seteng Sediba, Avulekile Amasango/One Love, I'll Remember You, Ke Na le Modisa, Akahlulwa Lutho, Sitting in Limbo/This Little Light of Mine/M'Lilo Vutha Mathanjeni, Izwi Lahlab'inhiziyo Yami, Africa, One, Hlohonolofatsa, Hosanna, Sefapano, By the Rivers of Babylon, Modimo, Balm of Gilead, Forever Young, Somlandela, Shosholoza, World in Union 9895c \| 1 CD \| $16.95 \| Soweto Gospel Choir : Blessed Review: Soweto Gospel Choir is the most successful and exciting vocal group to emerge from South Africa Since Ladysmith Black Mambazo. "Blessed", a follow up to their number 1 Billboard World Charts debut album "Voices From Heaven," takes their irresistible blend of traditional South African music, gospel and inspirational pop one step further. With some awe-inspiring South African hymns and great versions of such classics as "Oh Happy Day," "The Lion Sleeps Tonight," and "Khumbaya." The Soweto Gospel Choir with their intricate harmonies and soulful singing will beckon all to reclaim their spirit. Songlist: Shewane, Asimbonanga/Biko, Jiko Yahao, A Place In Heaven, Njalo, I Bid You Goodnight, LeLilungelo Ngelakho, Oh Happy Day, Noyana, Masigiyae'bo, Swing Down, Weeping, Thapelo, Woza Meli Wami, Mbube, Tshepa Thapelo, Khumbaya, South African National Anthem 9873c \| 1 CD \| $15.98 \| Soweto Gospel Choir : Grace Review: On its fifth album for Shanachie, the Soweto Gospel Choir expands its musical reach outside its homeland and even the church, and in turn offers musical examples of the various meanings of the word "grace." On this 19-track collection, the group sticks close to its traditions on most songs, writing and performing original ones, as well as interpreting many traditional ones in their unique way in six of South Africa's official languages. In addition, they reach into the secular world with a radical reinterpretation of Paul Simon's "Bridge Over Troubled Water" that lends the song a far deeper, wider-ranging shade of meaning. Songlist: Kae Le Kae, Emarabini, Mangisondele Nkosi Yam, Eli, O'Nkosi Yam, Bridge Over Troubled Water, Muphulusi, Ndikhokhele, Put Your Hand Medley, Umoya We Nkosi, Ngahlulele, Voices On the Wind, Ingoma, Oh! It is Jesus, Prayer for South Africa, Jerusalem, Ave Maria, Calvary, Grace 9936c \| 1 CD \| $16.95 \| Soweto Gospel Choir : Live at the Nelson Mandela Theater Review: This multitalented group has exploded onto the world music scene, wowing audiences with its virtuosity and passion. Drawn primarily from the churches and communities of South Africa's most famous township, the choir mixes earthy rhythms, rich harmonies, drumming, dancing, and irrepressible charisma for an experience that lifts the soul and stuns the senses. Filmed live in concert on their Australian tour, they sing a blend of traditional gospel and contemporary standards in English as well as some of the 10 other official languages of South Africa. Constantly in motion and dressed in vibrantly colored robes and textiles, with one superb soloist after another taking the lead, they offer up such highlights as "Asimbonanga," Jonny Clegg's tribute to Nelson Mandela; Peter Gabriel's "Biko"; "Mbube," the South African song that became "The Lion Sleeps Tonight"; the traditional ballad "I Bid You Goodnight"; Bob Marley's classic "One Love"; and Nkosi Sikelel'iAfrika, the South African National Anthem. Songlist: Jesu Ngowtthu, Seteng Sediba, Izwi Lahlab Inhliziyo Yami, Ke Na Le Modisa, Ziyamazi'umelusi, One Love, River Jordan, This Little Light of Mine, If You Ever Needed The Lord, Kammatia, I'll Remember You, Jerusalem, Woza Moyam, Hakeleje, Table Music, Woza Meli Wami, Amazing Grace, Bayete, World in Union, Sisazoyivuma Le Ngoma 9929c \| 1 CD \| $17.95 \| Zambian Vocal Group : Change Your Heart Review: Rich, rhythmic vocal harmonies and spiritual joy flow like water from 10-man a cappella Gospel ensemble Zambian Vocal Collection. Their innocent, almost childlike spirit shines on every one of the 11 cuts on "Change Your Heart," from covers like the traditional "Gloryland Way" and "When With The Savior," to strong originals like Noah Mwanza's "Jump and Roll" and 6 tunes by Sandy D. Simonde, the title tune, "Run to the One who got Life," "Ndamupedza Bwendzi" (I found a Friend), "He Is My God," "Jesus Is The Answer" and "Rejoice!" There are quotes and photos of these beautiful, spiritual men in the colorful liner notes, which have all the lyrics and translations. An inspirational winner! Songlist: Gloryland Way , Jump And Roll, Change Your Heart, Run to the One Who Got Life, Ndamupedza Bwendzi, He is My God, Baba Ntumeni (Lord, Send Me), Jesus is the Answer, When With The Savior, Rejoice!, You are My Friend 9924c \| 1 CD \| $14.95 \| A Cappella \| Zambian Vocal Group : Christmas in Zambia Review: "Yesu Nafyalwa" is a tasty Christmas collection by two amazing all-male Gospel a cappella ensembles, 8-man Zambian Vocal Group and 12 man Zambian Vocal Collection. Each group sings 5 rhythmic gems, strong originals like Daniel Mwanza's spirited title tune, Jason Banda's soaring "New Born King," and nicely arranged covers of "Angels We Have Heard On High," "Silent Night," "Away In A Manger," "Go Tell It On The Mountain" and "Owenseko" (Joy to the World) that are as beautifully and harmoniously sung as we have ever heard them. Listen to "Tamani Mphamvu ya Yesu" (Praise to Jesus), the rousing Spirituals "When Was Jesus Born" and "Good News," and try to keep yourself from moving-or being moved. Treat yourself and your loved ones to "Yesu Nafyalwa!" Songlist: Angels We Have Heard on High, Yesu Nafyalwa (Jesus Is Born), New Born King, Silent Night, Tamani Mhamvu Ya Yesu (Praise to Jesus), When Was Jesus Born, Good News, Away in a Manger, Go Tell it on the Mountain, Owenseko (Joy to the World) 9925c \| 1 CD \| $14.95 \| A Cappella \| Zambian Vocal Group : Come And See Review: Come and See is a mixture of traditional African, American gospel and original songs by James Mbewe. Compared to earlier recordings, this album has a much more relaxed sound. Though the songs are strictly a cappella minus the usual percussion, the beautiful singing is still present. "Kumbayah" and "Lesa ekachema wandi" are especially nice. This six member version of the Zambian Vocal Group continues to preserve their heritage through song. Songlist: Tuke 'ngilamo Shani, Give Me Love, God's Love, Thank You, Lord, If You Give Your Life to Jesus, Chiyembekezo Changachi, Jesus Knocks on Your Door, My Jesus I Love Thee, I Believe You, I Wanna Be Like You, Who is the Lord of Your Life 9836c \| 1 CD \| $14.98 \| A Cappella \| Zambian Vocal Group : From Africa With Love Review: The jubilant sounds from Zambian Acappella pour forth on from Africa with Love. On this CD the group sings many American spirituals and African sacred songs. In addition to their great singing, the group also accompanies themselves with percussion. "Thulalia Lele" is especially enjoyable. These pieces, arranged by Daniel Mwanza, will have you dancing along. Songlist: Thulalila Lele, Siyahamba, Soon and Very Soon, Standing Upon the Mountain, Ndipo Ambuye Yesu, Swing Low Sweet Chariot, Nkabalondelanga ba Yesu, Jesus Loves Me Even, Hallelujah Amen, The Lord is My Light 9828c \| 1 CD \| $14.98 \| A Cappella \| Zambian Vocal Group : Give Me Love Review: Another excellent release from this fine vocal ensemble. Songlist: Tuke 'ngilamo Shani, Give Me Love, God's Love, Thank You, Lord, If You Give Your Life to Jesus, Chiyembekezo Changachi, Jesus Knocks on Your Door, My Jesus I Love Thee, I Believe You, I Wanna Be Like You, Who is the Lord of Your Life 9838c \| 1 CD \| $14.95 \| A Cappella \| Zambian Vocal Group : Make a Difference Review: The young men of ZVG bring us a joyful, moving Gospel collection of 11 songs, four of them, "Give Me Love" and "God's Love," "Jesus Knocks On Your Door" and "Who Is The Lord Of Your Life," written by producer Daniel Mwanza. Formed in 1997, the Zambian Vocal Group tours regularly in the United States and are wonderful musical ambassadors for Zambia. It's hard to pick favorites, beside the aforementioned four, among this sweet, soulful a cappella collection of 11 tunes, but we'll try: "Tuke 'ngilamo Shani," "Thank You Lord," the rhythmic gem "If You Give Your Life To Jesus," "I Believe You," and "I Wanna Be Like You." Outstanding and highly recommended! Songlist: Make A Difference, Into the World (Ndeya Muchalo), I've Been Changed, Let's Thank Yahweh (Tubalemye Ba Yahweh), I Do, Glorious Day (Chidzakhala Cokondweretsa), Sing To the Lord, Heart of the Lord (Mtima Wa Mbuye Wanga), I Life My Eyes, Down At the Cross (Pamtanda Mbuye), Amazing Grace 9823c \| 1 CD \| $14.98 \| A Cappella \| Listen to Zambian Vocal Group : There is a Way Review: We have given rave reviews to other releases by a cappella Gospel ensemble Zambian Vocal Collection, now grown to 12 men strong, and "There Is A Way" is no exception. The beautiful full-color liner notes tell us this quote from the group: "as we sing our desire is to make a difference for the Lord," and that loving and thankful spirit is there in every one of these 13 cuts. Originals like the title tune by Kennedy Pupe, Gloria Gather's wonderful "Because He Lives," Rex Nelon's joyous "Robe and Crown," Martin and Aswell's "God Almighty," and Wilson, Chripine and Aswell's "In This World;" and covers of the marvelous "It Is Well With My Soul," "Ndinali Kutali" and "I Want Jesus to Walk with Me" are all outstanding. To treat yourself to rich, sweet music, inspiration, joy, and praise: "There Is A Way!" Songlist: Udzimvere Weka, There is a Way, Because He Lives, Robe and Crown, Ikuti Ndaeya, It is Well with My Soul, Ndinali Kutali, I am Standing on a Mountain, Kalelo, God Almighty, In This World, I Want Jesus to Walk with Me, Zambian National Anthem 9843c \| 1 CD \| $14.98 \| A Cappella \| David Fanshawe : Music of the Nile Review: Music of the Nile is the companion source album to African Sanctus. This album contains the pure, original African field recordings on their own, without the composed settings of the Latin Mass. Features some of the glorious ethnic music of Egypt, Sudan, Uganda and Kenya, recorded between 1969-75. Some of the most energetic and exciting recordings of African traditions including full versions of all the original ethnic music used in African Sanctus, from Uganda, Egypt, Sudan and Kenya. Bwala Dance, Call to Prayer, Cattle boy's song, Dingy Dingy dance, Song of lamentation, Ritual burial dance plus many more important African recordings both musical and environmental, of the authentic sounds of the great waterway - the river Nile. Songlist: Welcome Bwala Dance, Muezzin Call To Prayer, River Of The Pharaohs, Egyptian Wedding Luxor, Water Well Song, Abu Simbel Temple, Prophet's Song, Islamic Prayer School, Camel Drivers' Songs, Reed Pipe & Grass Cutting Song, Darfur Courtship Dances, Four Men On A Prayer Mat, Zebaidir Song, Hadandua Love Song & Bells, Shilluk Coronation Fashoda, Paddle Steamer Of The Sudd, Frogs & Zande Song Of Flight, Tamboura Song Liri, Edongo Dance Arua, Kabalega Falls, Busoga Falls Fisherman, Teso Fisherman, Bowed Harp, Acholi Enanga, Dingi Dingi Dance, Rain Song Of Latigo Oteng, Bunyoro Xylophone Madinda, Royal Acholi Bwala Dance, Samia Rowing Chant, Song Of Lamentation, and more 9903c \| 2 CDs \| $14.95 \| Ladysmith Black Mambazo : Ilembe - Honoring Shaka Zulu Review: In the late 1700s, the Zulus were an obscure tribe of less than 2000 South African natives, ruled by a petty chief and seemingly doomed to eventual extinction. But when one charismatic and cunning young warrior, Shaka Zulu, emerged from this small, disorganized clan, the path of South African history changed forever. Ladysmith Black Mambazo has conquered nations in its own way with a joyous and spiritually charged brand of vocal music and native choreography, pays tribute to this historical icon with their latest release. The album title translates to "The Greatest Warrior," and either directly or indirectly, each of the tracks speaks to Shaka's rare combination of attributes and how they resonate in contemporary society - not just for South Africans, but for the world in general. Songlist: O mmu beno mmu, Kuyafundw' osizini (Ilembe), Vela nsizwa, Let's Do It (Let's Fall in Love), Umon' usuk' esweni, Sizobalanda, This Is the Way We Do, Iphel' emasini, Asekhon' amatshitshi, Hlala nami, Prince of Peace, Iphel' emasini (Nature Effects) 9922c \| SACD \|	Ladysmith Black Mambazo
In which class did boxer Amir Khan win the Silver medal at the 2004 Olympics?	Ladysmith Black Mambazo in INALA / Shows / Colston Hall Share this event on Facebook Tweet about this event A Zulu Ballet with dancers from Royal Ballet and Rambert Dance Company INALA is a unique artistic collaboration between choral legends Ladysmith Black Mambazo, multi-award-winning choreographer Mark Baldwin and world-class dancers from the Royal Ballet and Rambert Dance Company. Celebrating 20 years of democracy in South Africa, INALA embraces the country’s past, its present and hopes for the future, delivering an uplifting live storytelling experience through music, song and dance. Were you at this show? We'd love to hear your memories of the performance. Add your photos, reviews and memories via Twitter using the hashtags: #colstonhall and #show53455 and they will appear on this page Previous Next Ladysmith Black Mambazo first came together in the early 1960s, formed by Joseph Shabalala. They released their first album in 1973 and came to prominence after they featured on Paul Simon’s ‘Graceland’ in 1986, which brought them worldwide acclaim. They have since since produced over 30 albums, garnered four Grammy Awards, and recorded with the likes of Stevie Wonder and Dolly Parton among many others. The group now travel the world teaching people about South Africa and it’s culture. Nelson Mandela publicly stated that the group were “South Africa’s cultural ambassadors”. Ladysmith Black Mambazo has been invited to perform at many special occasions, including at two Nobel Peace Prize Ceremonies, a concert for Pope John Paul II in Rome, the South African Presidential inaugurations, the 1996 Summer Olympics and the Queen’s Golden Jubilee celebrations. The group have contributed to numerous film soundtracks, and the 2000 film documentary titled On Tip Toe: Gentle Steps to Freedom, the story of Ladysmith Black Mambazo, was nominated for an Academy Award. Their performance with Paul Simon on Sesame Street is legendary and is one of the top three requested Sesame Street segments in history.	i don't know
The 'Pet Shop Boys' are Neil Tennant and who?	Pet Shop Boys' Neil Tennant on dictators, dance music and staying 'Super' Pet Shop Boys' Neil Tennant on dictators, dance music and staying 'Super' The Pet Shop Boys' new album arrives three decades after the band's debut. Post to Facebook Pet Shop Boys' Neil Tennant on dictators, dance music and staying 'Super' The Pet Shop Boys' new album arrives three decades after the band's debut. Check out this story on USATODAY.com: http://usat.ly/1MDYpeK CancelSend A link has been sent to your friend's email address. Posted! A link has been posted to your Facebook feed. Join the Nation's Conversation To find out more about Facebook commenting please read the Conversation Guidelines and FAQs Pet Shop Boys' Neil Tennant on dictators, dance music and staying 'Super' Elysa Gardner , @elysagardner, USA TODAY Published 10:42 a.m. ET March 31, 2016 \| Updated 12:04 p.m. ET March 31, 2016 Pet Shop Boys Chris Lowe, left, and Neil Tennant released their first album 30 years ago. (Photo: Joseph Sinclair) When Neil Tennant and Chris Lowe of the pop duo Pet Shop Boys began writing songs for their new album, it wasn't with the intention of celebrating a milestone. It was only later, says Tennant, that the musicians realized the 30th anniversary of their first album, 1986's Please, was approaching. "I'm not being blasé about it," he insists. "It's amazing." Or Super, as the new release, out April 1, is titled. He and Lowe recorded mostly in Berlin, and the latter superlative is a favorite among Germans, Tennant explains. "Americans might even use it. In England, it sounds a bit 1960s." Tennant describes Super as a logical successor to Pet Shop Boys' last outing, 2013's Electric. "We've become electronic purists." While that element has always been central in their music, he notes, "Most of our albums have had orchestras on them, and guitar. This is all electronic, apart from backing vocals." As ever, the pair blend the romantic and the satirical, "along with a sense of social realism." The third element is pronounced in songs such as Sad Robot World, which reflects an ambivalence about technology, and The Dictator Decides. The latter was crafted with Syria's Bashar Assad and North Korea's Kim Jong Un in mind — though some who have heard the song assumed the inspiration was Donald Trump. (Photo: Pelle Crépin) "The whole world is following the United States right now," says Tennant, and not cheekily. The Englishman sees parallels with his own country, where "people have been disillusioned by the banking crisis and the financial collapse. It started in the '80s, when Reagan and Thatcher deregulated the system...It was in the '90s that the money culture really got going, and now it's come to full fruition." Super's first single, The Pop Kids, unveiled in March, references the early '90s specifically — not the political climate, but the club scene in London. Tennant says it was inspired by a friend's story, though he has observed the progress of electronic dance music at home and in the USA, and found differences. "You've made EDM over there, really," he says. "You've ramped it up and created this club culture that's very different from the European club culture. At the clubs in Britain, you had people dancing with bottles of Evian water ... (In the USA) there was brandy and expensive champagne, and the superstar DJ thing got even bigger. It became a sort glamorous culture, one of conspicuous consumption — and it's become the sound of pop music." (Photo: Mark Farrow/PSB) Pet Shop Boys' own evolution will be traced in a four-part BBC2 documentary series this month, and Tennant and Lowe will play four soldout nights at London's Royal Opera House in July. Tennant is hoping they'll also perform in the USA in the not-too-distant future. Fans can expect their usual attention to visual detail, also obvious in Super's album art. "I wanted it to be shiny and colorful," Tennant says, "which I think the album is. With some darker edges, of course." 86 CONNECT TWEET 1 LINKEDIN COMMENTEMAILMORE Read or Share this story: http://usat.ly/1MDYpeK NEVER MISS OUT Life Be a pop culture maven. Get the news, reviews and the juiciest celebrity stories that keep you in the know, Monday-Friday.	Chris Lowe
In which city did the 2010 Tour de France begin?	BBC News \| ENTERTAINMENT \| Libel damages for Pet Shop Boys Tuesday, 21 December, 1999, 12:46 GMT Libel damages for Pet Shop Boys Paying their rent: Chris Lowe and Neil Tennant accept damages Pop duo the Pet Shop Boys have accepted undisclosed libel damages over allegations that they made a minimal contribution to songs recorded in their name. Neil Tennant and Chris Lowe brought proceedings against academic Roger Scruton and his publisher Gerald Duckworth and Company over claims made in his book, An Intelligent Person's Guide To Modern Culture. The duo's counsel, Jane Phillips, told Mr Justice Morland that Mr Scruton's book falsely suggested there were strong and compelling grounds for believing songs recorded in the Pet Shop Boys' name were almost entirely the work of sound engineers, and that they had deceived their fans. The offending passage read: "Sometimes, as with the Spice Girls or the Pet Shop Boys, serious doubts arise as to whether the performers made more than a minimal contribution to the recording, which owes its trade mark to subsequent sound engineering, designed precisely to make it unrepeatable." The duo have worked with some of pop's biggest names Ms Phillips said the defendants recognised that the allegations were entirely without foundation, and represented a serious slur on the Pet Shop Boys' professional and personal integrity. It had caused them "considerable upset and distress", she told the High Court in London. She added the defendants had agreed to pay Mr Tennant and Mr Lowe a sum each in damages and all their libel costs. Neil Tennant and Chris Lowe, who ended a UK tour at Wembley Arena in London on Monday night, are two of the UK's most respected pop musicians. They enjoyed a string of hits in the 1980s, starting with their 1986 number one West End Girls, and including their other chart-topping singles It's A Sin, Heart and Always On My Mind. In recent years they have been less successful commercially in the UK, but they are still popular around the world. They have also collaborated with a wide variety of acts, including Dusty Springfield and Liza Minnelli in the 1980s, to David Bowie, Robbie Williams and rock band Suede in the late 1990s. Search BBC News Online	i don't know
In which country is Grossglockner (Big Bell) the highest mountain?	Grossglockner Overview - Peakware.com Convenient Center: Heiligenblut, Austria Grossglockner is the highest peak in Austria. It is a lofty rocky peak rising near the center of the Long Hohe Tauern ridge, and looming at the head of the Moll Valley, a popular tourist area. The name Grossglockner is German for Big Bell, a reference to the shape of its grand peak. The mountain is surrounded by glaciers, but is not a difficult climb. The summit trail starts at the 8,000-foot Hotel Franz Joseph, and is well worn by steady tourist traffic.	Austria
Which monastery founded by St. Benedict was bombed by the Allies in February 1944?	Großglockner Stüdlgrat der Klassiker (von Gerhard Bach) Jul. 2010 - YouTube Großglockner Stüdlgrat der Klassiker (von Gerhard Bach) Jul. 2010 Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Aug 6, 2010 Wenn Du nur schnell die besten Szenen sehen willst, dann klicke auf die folgenden Zeitsprung-Marken: 3. 3:00 Blick auf den Westgrat mit Teufelshorn 4. 4:10 Schwierige Stelle (glatte Platte) 5. 5:10 Schwierige Grätsche am Klapfl 7. 8:20 Schöne Bilder (Diaschau) Wenn Du nur die crux sehen willst, direkter Link zum Klapfl klicke hier: 5:07 (if you only want to see the crux of the tour, the place is called "klupfl", click here: 5:07 ) English description: This video is about 10min long, if you want to see ohly the best scenes click on the links to time-marks below: 1. 1:35 view downward, see Luisengrat. 2. 1:50 breakfast point 3. 3:00 view of west-ridge with "Devils-horn" 4. 4:10 difficult climb on unruffled slab. 5. 5:10 difficult straddle on place so called "Klapfl" 6. 6:00 on summit 7. 8:20 beautiful pictures of großglockner mountain Ascending Großglockner via Stüdlgrat on 1st. Jul. 2010 classical route UIAA grade III+ The best and most popular ridge-ascent up the highest Mountain in Austria. Awesome exposed cimbing along the SW-ridge of "Großglockner" which means not big bell, but "big bell ringer". It is often underestimated, freezing can make it much more difficult. At best whether conditions (as I had), it is rated UIAA III+ in Austria, some authors rate it als IV-, comparable to Yosemite Decimal System (YDS is common in USA) 5.4 or British 4a. Deutsch: Der schönste und beliebteste Gratanstieg auf den höchsten Berg Österreichs, fantastisch ausgesetzte Kletterei über den SW-Grat des Großglockners. Bei guten Wetterbedingungen wie ich sie hatte gehört der Stüdlgrat zu den eher leichten Touren, aber das Wetter ändert sich dort of schnell, und bei Vereisung kann es sehr viel schwieriger werden. Die crux ist kurz nach Minute 5:00 also in der Mitte des videos erklärt. Dort ist allerdings ein Hanfseil als Hilfe :-) Meine Empfehlung: Wenns Wetter passt, unbedingt auffi! Des is supaaa! Information auf deutsch:	i don't know
On which continent does the 'Impala' live in the wild?	Impala (Aepyceros Melampus) - Animals - A-Z Animals - Animal Facts, Information, Pictures, Videos, Resources and Links Listen The impala is one of the many species of antelope that is found inhabiting the African wilderness. The impala is a medium-sized antelope that is primarily found in the savannas and thicker bush-land in the more southern parts of the African continent. The male impala are well-known for their curved horns that are able to reach lengths of around 90 cm...thats bigger than the average impala individual! The male impala are known as rams, mainly due to the fact that the male impala use their horns when defending themselves both from other dominant male impala and from oncoming predators . The female impala do not have horns at all and they are known as ewes. The impala is thought to be one of the most adaptable animals living in the African savanna, as the impala is able to change its eating habits with the seasons and depending on what is available in the near surroundings. Impala like to graze on fresh grass but will also nibble on shoots and foliage when there is no grass growing nearby. The impala has many natural predators in the tough African landscape that include leopards , lions , cheetahs , crocodiles and hyenas . The impala though has a remarkable response when it feels threatened as the impala is able to jump over nine meters in distance and over two meters high. The impala is thought to do this in order to confuse its predators. The average impala individual, lives for around 12 years in the wild although this varies a great deal as the impala is such substantial prey to many of the carnivorous African predators . Some impala individuals that have been bred in captivity have been known to get to more than 20 years old. Impala Comments	Africa
To where was 'Captain Tobias Wilcock' flying on 'Coconut Airways flight 372' in a 1975 number one?	Why Don't Tigers Live in Africa? Why Don't Tigers Live in Africa? By Remy Melina \| November 23, 2010 02:28pm ET MORE Credit: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service If you're on safari in Africa and spot a tiger, it's definitely something to write home about. Tigers as we know them, you see, have never lived in the wild in Africa. But there's still a chance you could see one there. Let us explain. Lions, leopards and tigers are all part of the Felidae family of cats, which originated in Africa and share a common ancestor. At some point, probably around 2 million years ago, one offshoot of Felidae migrated east toward Asia, and those cats evolved into the orange-, black-, and white-striped beasts we know today. Once established in Asia, however, tigers never returned to Africa, although scientists aren't exactly sure why. "One can offer a series of speculations about why tigers did not get to Africa, but they are all speculations," said J.L. David Smith, professor at the University of Minnesota's department of fisheries, wildlife and conservation biology. "The best explication is time." Many wildlife researchers believe that, historically, tigers inhabited much of Asia, and that various tiger subspecies naturally migrated and spread out over time. Pleistocene glacial fluctuations and geographic boundaries, however, probably made it too difficult for tigers to return to Africa. According to University of Minnesota conservation biology researcher Shu-Jin Luo, tigers did not disperse westward to India until 16,000 years ago. Now, although tigers are not indigenous to Africa, they can be found there in zoos, special reserves and even kept as pets. And that's how you might come across one in the wild. In fact, this past July, a 310-pound (140 kg), 17-month-old pet Bengal tiger named Panjo escaped in South Africa. Panjo broke free from his owner's vehicle while being driven to the vet for a checkup, setting off a massive, panicked search party consisting of police and locals. He was found two days later, hiding by a farm, where his owner coaxed him safely out. Tigers are endangered in India, Nepal, Indonesia, Russia, China and elsewhere largely because of habitat destruction, poaching and loss of prey. Only 3,000 remain in the wild, according to the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS). Some 5,000 tigers are held captive in the United States, a prime location for refuge, to protect them from illegal poachers . In 2005, the Save China's Tigers foundation "imported" two rare South China tiger cubs (Cathay, female, and Hope, male) to a remote corner of South Africa in hopes of having them adapt to living in the wild, breed and pass on their hunting skills to their offspring. Another pair of South China tigers named Madonna and Tiger Woods was sent to the South African preserve, which is 81,510 acres (127.36 square miles). There they roamed, regained their hunting skills and killed their own food, which included blesbok, a white-faced African antelope. After surviving independently in their South African training grounds and having several litters of cubs, the tigers were returned to the Chinese reserve in 2008.	i don't know
Which civil servant at the Ministry of Defence was tried and acquitted in 1985 of leaking documents to Tam Dalyell MP about the sinking of the 'Belgrano' during the Falklands War?	Clive Ponting - Alchetron, The Free Social Encyclopedia I Live my life to the Fullest!!! coz you know you only get one !!! Clive Ponting Education Bristol Grammar School Role Author Books A New Green History of, World History ‑ A New Pers, 1940: Myth and Reality, The Crimean War, The twentieth century Clive Sheridan Ponting (born 13 April 1946) is a former senior civil servant, best known for leaking documents about the sinking of the Belgrano in the Falklands War. He is the author of a number of revisionist books on British and world history. The 'General Belgrano' While a senior civil servant at the Ministry of Defence (MoD), Clive Ponting sent two documents to Labour MP Tam Dalyell in July 1984 concerning the sinking of an Argentine navy warship General Belgrano, a key incident in the Falklands War of 1982. Ponting admitted revealing the information and was charged with a criminal offence under Section 2 of the Official Secrets Act of 1911. His defence was that the matter and its disclosure to a Member of Parliament was in the public interest. This was the first case under the Official Secrets Act that involved giving information to Parliament. Although Ponting expected to be imprisoned he was acquitted by the jury. The acquittal came despite the judge's direction to the jury that Ponting's official duty was not to disclose the information, and that "the public interest is what the government of the day says it is". The judge, Sir Anthony McCowan, "had indicated that the jury should convict him." Ponting resigned from the civil service on 16 February 1985. Official Secrets Act Shortly after his resignation The Observer began to serialize Ponting's book The Right to Know: the inside story of the Belgrano affair. The Conservative government reacted by tightening up UK secrets legislation, introducing the Official Secrets Act 1989. Before the trial, a jury could take the view that if an action could be seen to be in the public interest, that might justify the right of the individual to take that action. As a result of the 1989 modification, that defence was removed. After this enactment, it was taken that '"public interest" is what the government of the day says it is.' Academic Career Ponting was educated at Bristol Grammar School and University of Reading. Following his resignation from the Civil Service, Ponting served as a reader in the Department of Politics and International Relations at the University of Wales, Swansea, until his retirement in 2004. Sponsored Links	Clive Ponting
By what name are Dewsbury Rugby League team known?	Jury nullification - Wikipedia, Photos and Videos Jury nullification NEXT GO TO RESULTS [51 .. 100] WIKIPEDIA ARTICLE Jump to: navigation , search For the book by Clay Conrad, see Jury Nullification (book) . Jury nullification is a finding by a trial jury in contradiction to the jury's belief about the facts of the case. This may happen in both civil and criminal trials . In a civil trial, a jury nullifies by finding a defendant not liable, even though members of the jury may believe the defendant is liable. In a criminal trial, a jury nullifies by acquitting a defendant, even though the members of the jury may believe that the defendant did the illegal act, but they do not believe he/she should be punished for it. This may occur when members of the jury disagree with the law the defendant has been charged with breaking, or believe that the law should not be applied in that particular case. A jury can similarly unjustly and illegally convict a defendant on the ground of disagreement with an existing law, even if no law is broken (although in jurisdictions with double jeopardy rules, a conviction can be overturned on appeal , but an acquittal cannot). A jury verdict that is contrary to the letter of the law pertains only to the particular case before it. If a pattern of acquittals develops, however, in response to repeated attempts to prosecute a statutory offence, this can have the de facto effect of invalidating the statute. A pattern of jury nullification may indicate public opposition to an unwanted legislative enactment. In the past, it was feared that a single judge or panel of government officials might be unduly influenced to follow established legal practice, even when that practice had drifted from its origins. In most modern Western legal systems, however, judges often instruct juries to act only as " finders of facts ", whose role it is to determine the veracity of the evidence presented, the weight accorded to the evidence, [1] to apply that evidence to the law as explained by the judge, and to reach a verdict; but not to question the law or decide what it says. Similarly, juries are routinely cautioned by courts and some attorneys not to allow sympathy for a party or other affected persons to compromise the fair and dispassionate evaluation of evidence. These instructions are criticized by advocates of jury nullification. Some commonly cited historical examples of jury nullification involve jurors refusing to convict persons accused of violating the Fugitive Slave Act by assisting runaway slaves or being fugitive slaves themselves, and refusal of American colonial juries to convict a defendant under English law . [2] Juries have also refused to convict due to the perceived injustice of a law in general, [3] [4] or of the way the law is applied in particular cases. [5] There have also been cases where the jury has refused to convict due to their own prejudices , e.g. about the race of one of the parties in the case. [6] Contents Background[ edit ] A 19th-century jury Jury nullification is the source of much debate. Some maintain that it is an important safeguard of last resort against wrongful imprisonment and government tyranny. [7] [8] Others view it as a violation of the right to a jury trial , which undermines the law. [8] Some view it as a violation of the oath sworn by jurors. In the United States, some view the requirement that jurors take an oath to be unlawful in itself, while still others view the oath's reference to "deliverance" to require nullification of unjust law: "will well and truly try and a true deliverance make between the United States and the defendant at the bar, and a true verdict render according to the evidence, so help [me] God." United States v. Green , 556 F.2d 71 (D.C. Cir. 1977). [9] Some fear that nullification could be used to permit violence against socially unpopular factions. [10] They point to the danger that a jury may choose to convict a defendant who has not broken the letter of the law. However, judges retain the rights both to decide sentences and to disregard juries' guilty verdicts , acting as a check against malicious juries. Jury nullification may also occur in civil suits, in which the verdict is generally a finding of liability or lack of liability (rather than a finding of guilty or not guilty). [11] The main deontic issue involved in jury nullification is the tension between democratic self-government and integrity. [12] The argument has been raised that prosecutors are not allowed to seek jury nullification, and therefore defendants should not be allowed to seek it either. [13] However, for a prosecutor to nullify a jury in this context would require negating the presumption of innocence. (For this reason, prosecutorial nullification is typically defined as declination to prosecute.) [14] Nevertheless, there is little doubt as to the ability of a jury to nullify the law. Today, there are several issues raised by jury nullification, such as whether: juries can or should be instructed or informed of their power to nullify. a judge may remove jurors "for cause" when they refuse to apply the law as instructed. a judge may punish a juror for exercising the power of jury nullification. all legal arguments , except perhaps on motions in limine to exclude evidence, should be made in the presence of the jury. In some cases in the United States, a stealth juror will attempt to get on a jury in order to nullify the law. [15] Some lawyers use a shadow defense to get information entered into the record that would otherwise be inadmissible hoping that evidence will trigger a jury nullification. [16] [17] Common law precedent[ edit ] Even prior to Bushel's Case , Sir Nicholas Throckmorton , a non-Episcopalian English Dissenter or Nonconformist outside of the established Church of England , was acquitted by a jury, despite the hostility of the judges. The early history of juries supports the recognition of the de facto power of nullification. By the 12th century, common law courts in England began using juries for more than administrative duties. Juries were composed primarily of "laymen" from the local community. They provided a somewhat efficient means of dispute resolution with the benefit of supplying legitimacy. The general power of juries to decide on verdicts was recognised in the English Magna Carta [18] of 1215, which put into words existing practices: No free man shall be captured, and or imprisoned, or disseised of his freehold, and or of his liberties, or of his free customs, or be outlawed, or exiled, or in any way destroyed, nor will we proceed against him by force or proceed against him by arms, but by the lawful judgment of his peers, or by the law of the land. For a trivial offence, a free man shall be fined only in proportion to the degree of his offence, and for a serious offence correspondingly, but not so heavily as to deprive him of his livelihood. In the same way, a merchant shall be spared his merchandise, and a husbandman the implements of his husbandry, if they fall upon the mercy of a royal court. None of these fines shall be imposed except by the assessment on oath of reputable men of the neighbourhood. Largely, the earliest juries returned verdicts in accordance with the judge or the Crown. This was achieved either by "packing the jury" or by " writ of attaint ". Juries were packed by hand-selecting or by bribing the jury so as to return the desired verdict. This was a common tactic in cases involving treason or sedition . In addition, the writ of attaint allowed a judge to retry the case in front of a second jury when the judge believed the first jury returned a "false verdict". If the second jury returned a different verdict, that verdict was imposed and the first jury was imprisoned or fined. This history, however, is marked by a number of notable exceptions. In 1554, a jury acquitted Sir Nicholas Throckmorton , but was severely punished by the court. Almost a century later in 1649, in the first known attempt to argue for jury nullification, a jury likewise acquitted John Lilburne for his part in inciting a rebellion against the Cromwell regime. The theoretician and politician Eduard Bernstein wrote of Lilburne's trial: His contention that the constitution of the Court was contrary to the fundamental laws of the country was unheeded, and his claim that the jury was legally entitled to judge not only as to matters of fact but also as to the application of the law itself, as the Judges represented only 'Norman intruders', whom the jury might here ignore in reaching a verdict, was described by an enraged judge as 'damnable, blasphemous heresy'. This view was not shared by the jury, which, after three days' hearing, acquitted Lilburne — who had defended himself as skilfully as any lawyer could have done — to the great horror of the Judges and the chagrin of the majority of the Council of State. The Judges were so astonished at the verdict of the jury that they had to repeat their question before they would believe their ears, but the public which crowded the judgment hall, on the announcement of the verdict, broke out into cheers so loud and long as, according to the unanimous testimony of contemporary reporters, had never before been heard in the Guildhall. The cheering and waving of caps continued for over half an hour, while the Judges sat, turning white and red in turns, and spread thence to the masses in London and the suburbs. At night bonfires were lighted, and even during the following days the event was the occasion of joyful demonstrations. [19] In 1653, Lilburne was on trial again and asked the jury to acquit him if it found the death penalty "unconscionably severe" in proportion to the crime he had committed. The jury found Lilburne "Not guilty of any crime worthy of death". [20] In 1670, a grand jury refused to convict William Penn of unlawful assembly in Bushel's Case . The judge attempted to find the jury in contempt of court; this was ruled inappropriate by the Court of Common Pleas . In 1681, a grand jury refused to indict the Earl of Shaftesbury . Then in 1688, a jury acquitted the Seven Bishops of the Church of England of seditious libel . Juries continued, even in non-criminal cases, to act in defiance of the Crown. In 1763 and 1765, juries awarded £4,000 and £300 to John Wilkes and John Entick respectively, in separate suits for trespass against the Crown's messengers. In both cases, messengers were sent by Lord Halifax to seize allegedly libelous papers.[ citation needed ] In Scotland , jury nullification had the profound effect of introducing (or as others believed, reviving) the verdict of " not proven ". It was in 1728 that one Carnegie of Finhaven accidentally killed the Scottish Earl of Strathmore . As the defendant had undoubtedly killed the Earl, the law (as it stood) required the jury merely to look at the facts and pass a verdict of "proven" or "not proven" depending on whether they believed the facts proved the defendant had killed the Earl.[ citation needed ] However, if the jury brought in a "proven" verdict they would in effect cause this innocent man to die. To avert this injustice, the jury decided to assert what it believed to be their "ancient right" to judge the whole case and not just the facts, rendering the verdict of "not guilty", which remains in Scotland to this day. Over time, however, juries have tended to favour the "not guilty" verdict over "not proven" and with this the interpretation has changed. Now the "not guilty" verdict has become the normal verdict when a jury is convinced of innocence and the "not proven" verdict is only used when the jury is not certain of innocence or guilt.[ citation needed ] Standard jury trial practice in the United States during the Founding Era and for several decades afterward was to argue all issues of law in the presence of the jury, so that the jury heard the same arguments the bench did in reaching his rulings on motions. This is evidenced by such decisions as the 1839 case Stettinius v. U.S. , in which it was held that "The defense can argue law to the jury before the court gives instructions." [21] Later, judges began to demand the parties submit motions in writing, often before the jury was empaneled, to be argued and decided without the jury being present. This transition began with motions in limine, to exclude evidence on which it was felt the jury should not hear the argument because they would be informed of the evidence to be excluded. Later that was expanded to include all legal argument, so that today, that earlier practice of arguing law before the jury has been largely forgotten, and judges even declare mistrials or overturn verdicts if legal argument is made to the jury.[ citation needed ] Canada[ edit ] Although extremely rare, jury nullification does occur in Canada. However, as the prosecution has powers to appeal the resulting acquittal , it lacks the finality found in the United States. That being said, the Crown cannot appeal on grounds of an unreasonable conviction but can only appeal on errors of law. In R. v. Latimer , 2001 SCC 1, [22] the Supreme Court discussed jury nullification, and indicated it is a duty of the presiding justice to try to prevent it from occurring. Perhaps the most famous cases of jury nullification in Canada were the various trials of Henry Morgentaler , who openly operated a private abortion clinic in violation of the Criminal Code. Repeated attempts at prosecuting Morgentaler resulted in acquittals at jury trials in the 1970s and 1980s. In the 1988 Supreme Court case, R. v. Morgentaler , 1988 SCR 30, [23] a nullification was appealed all the way to the country's highest court, which struck down the law in question. In obiter dicta , Chief Justice Dickson wrote: The contrary principle contended for by Mr. Manning, that a jury may be encouraged to ignore a law it does not like, could lead to gross inequities. One accused could be convicted by a jury who supported the existing law, while another person indicted for the same offence could be acquitted by a jury who, with reformist zeal, wished to express disapproval of the same law. Moreover, a jury could decide that although the law pointed to a conviction, the jury would simply refuse to apply the law to an accused for whom it had sympathy. Alternatively, a jury who feels antipathy towards an accused might convict despite a law which points to acquittal. To give a harsh, but I think telling example, a jury fueled by the passions of racism could be told that they need not apply the law against murder to a white man who had killed a black man. Such a possibility need only be stated to reveal the potentially frightening implications of Mr. Manning's assertions. [...] It is no doubt true that juries have a de facto power to disregard the law as stated to the jury by the judge. We cannot enter the jury room. The jury is never called upon to explain the reasons which lie behind a verdict. It may even be true that in some limited circumstances the private decision of a jury to refuse to apply the law will constitute, in the words of a Law Reform Commission of Canada working paper, "the citizen's ultimate protection against oppressive laws and the oppressive enforcement of the law" (Law Reform Commission of Canada, Working Paper 27, The Jury in Criminal Trials (1980)). But recognizing this reality is a far cry from suggesting that counsel may encourage a jury to ignore a law they do not support or to tell a jury that it has a right to do so. The Supreme Court more recently issued a decision, R. v. Krieger, 2006 SCC 47, [24] which confirmed that juries in Canada have the power to refuse to apply the law when their consciences require that they do so. Within this decision, it is stated that "juries are not entitled as a matter of right to refuse to apply the law — but they do have the power to do so when their consciences permit of no other course." [24] England & Wales[ edit ] By the late 17th century, the court's power to punish juries was removed in Bushel's Case [25] involving a juror on the case against William Penn . Penn and William Mead had been arrested in 1670 for illegally preaching a Quaker sermon and disturbing the peace, but four jurors, led by Edward Bushell, refused to find them guilty. Instead of dismissing the jury, the judge sent them back for further deliberations. Despite the judge demanding a guilty verdict, the jury this time unanimously found Penn guilty of preaching but acquitted him on the charge of disturbing the peace and acquitted Mead of all charges. The jury was then subsequently kept for three days without "meat, drink, fire and tobacco" to force them to bring in a guilty verdict; when they failed to do so the judge ended the trial. As punishment the judge ordered the jurors imprisoned until they paid a fine to the court. Four jurors refused to pay the fine, and after several months, Edward Bushell sought a writ of habeas corpus . Chief Justice Vaughan, sitting on the Court of Common Pleas , discharged the writ, released them, called the power to punish a jury "absurd", and forbade judges from punishing jurors for returning a verdict the judge disagreed with. [26] This series of events is considered a significant milestone in the history of jury nullification. [27] The particular case is celebrated in a plaque displayed in the Central Criminal Court (the Old Bailey ) in London. In a criminal libel case, R. v. Shipley (1784), 4 Dougl. 73, 99 E.R. 774, at p. 824, Lord Mansfield disparaged the practice of jury nullification: So the jury who usurp the judicature of law, though they happen to be right, are themselves wrong, because they are right by chance only, and have not taken the constitutional way of deciding the question. It is the duty of the Judge, in all cases of general justice, to tell the jury how to do right, though they have it in their power to do wrong, which is a matter entirely between God and their own consciences. To be free is to live under a government by law [...]. Miserable is the condition of individuals, dangerous is the condition of the State, if there is no certain law, or, which is the same thing, no certain administration of law, to protect individuals, or to guard the State. [...] In opposition to this, what is contended for? – That the law shall be, in every particular cause, what any twelve men, who shall happen to be the jury, shall be inclined to think; liable to no review, and subject to no control, under all the prejudices of the popular cry of the day, and under all the bias of interest in this town, where thousands, more or less, are concerned in the publication of newspapers, paragraphs, and pamphlets. Under such an administration of law, no man could tell, no counsel could advise, whether a paper was or was not punishable. In 1982, during the Falklands War , the British Royal Navy sank an Argentine cruiser, the ARA General Belgrano . Three years later a civil servant (government employee) named Clive Ponting leaked two government documents concerning the sinking of the cruiser to a Member of Parliament ( Tam Dalyell ) and was subsequently charged with breaching section 2 of the Official Secrets Act 1911 . [28] The prosecution in the case demanded that the jury convict Ponting as he had clearly contravened the Act by leaking official information about the sinking of the Belgrano during the Falklands War. His main defence, that it was in the public interest that this information be made available, was rejected on the grounds that "the public interest is what the government of the day says it is", but the jury nevertheless acquitted him, much to the consternation of the Government. He had argued that he had acted out of "his duty to the interests of the state"; the judge had argued that civil servants owed their duty to the government.[ citation needed ] Main article: Jury nullification in the United States In the United States, jury nullification first appeared just before the American Revolutionary War , when colonial juries frequently exercised their nullification power, principally in maritime cases and cases implicating free speech. Jury nullification became so common that many British prosecutors gave up trying maritime cases because conviction seemed hopeless. [29] In the pre- Civil War era, juries sometimes refused to convict for violations of the Fugitive Slave Act . Later, during Prohibition , juries often nullified alcohol control laws, [30] possibly as often as 60% of the time. [31] This resistance may have contributed to the adoption of the Twenty-first amendment repealing Prohibition , the Eighteenth amendment . In a well-known example of jury nullification, at the end of Wild Bill Hickok 's trial for the manslaughter of Davis Tutt in 1865, Judge Sempronius Boyd gave the jury two instructions. He first instructed the jury that a conviction was its only option under the law, he then instructed them that they could apply the unwritten law of the "fair fight" and acquit. Hickok was acquitted, a verdict that was not popular with the public. [32] [33] Fugitive slave law[ edit ] Jury nullification was practiced in the 1850s to protest the federal Fugitive Slave Act , which was part of the Compromise of 1850 . The Act had been passed to mollify the slave owners from the South, who were otherwise threatening to secede from the Union. Across the North, local juries acquitted men accused of violating the law. Secretary of State Daniel Webster was a key supporter of the law as expressed in his famous "Seventh of March" speech. He wanted high-profile convictions. The jury nullifications ruined his presidential aspirations and his last-ditch efforts to find a compromise between North and South. Webster led the prosecution when defendants were accused of rescuing Shadrach Minkins in 1851 from Boston officials who intended to return Minkins to his owner; the juries convicted none of the men. Webster tried to enforce a law that was extremely unpopular in the North, and his Whig Party passed over him again when they chose a presidential nominee in 1852. [34] Post Civil War[ edit ] White defendants accused of crimes against blacks and other minorities have often been acquitted by all-white juries, especially in the South, even in the face of irrefutable evidence. [35] 21st century[ edit ] In the 21st century, many discussions of jury nullification center on drug laws that some consider unjust either in principle or because they are seen to discriminate against certain groups. [36] A jury nullification advocacy group estimates that 3–4% of all jury trials involve nullification, [37] and a recent rise in hung juries is seen by some as being indirect evidence that juries have begun to consider the validity or fairness of the laws themselves. [38] Judicial opinion[ edit ] In the 1895 case of Sparf v. United States written by Justice John Marshall Harlan , the United States Supreme Court held 5 to 4 that a trial judge has no responsibility to inform the jury of the right to nullify laws. This decision, often cited, has led to a common practice by United States judges to penalize anyone who attempts to present a nullification argument to jurors and to declare a mistrial if such argument has been presented to them. In some states, jurors are likely to be struck from the panel during voir dire if they will not agree to accept as correct the rulings and instructions of the law as provided by the judge. [39] In recent rulings, the courts have continued to prohibit informing juries about jury nullification. In a 1969, Fourth Circuit decision, U.S. v. Moylan , 417 F.2d 1002 (4th Cir.1969) , the Court affirmed the concept of jury nullification, but upheld the power of a court to refuse to permit an instruction to the jury to this effect. [40] In 1972, in United States v. Dougherty , 473 F.2d 1113 , the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit issued a ruling similar to Moylan that affirmed the de facto power of a jury to nullify the law but upheld the denial of the defense's chance to instruct the jury about the power to nullify. [41] In 1988, the Sixth Circuit upheld a jury instruction: "There is no such thing as valid jury nullification." In United States v. Thomas (1997), the Second Circuit ruled that jurors can be removed if there is evidence that they intend to nullify the law. The Supreme Court has not recently confronted the issue of jury nullification.	i don't know
"Which 'duck' opened a 1982 number four with ""I wish I could fly way up to the sky, but I can't""?"	Obituary: I created a monster - BBC News BBC News Obituary: I created a monster 28 April 2015 Close share panel Image copyright Getty Images Image caption Keith Harris and Orville made several appearances at the Royal Variety Performance in the 1980s Keith Harris, the ventriloquist famed for working with his puppet Orville, has died aged 67 after a battle with cancer, his agent has confirmed. "I obviously created a monster," Keith Harris told Louis Theroux in 2008. "It's very hard to get away from that. "Everybody knows Orville, not everybody knows Keith Harris." The children's entertainer insisted he was not bitter - Orville had made him a household name, after all - but he could never escape the nappy-wearing, flightless bird. "I can't say he's been a burden, but he put me into a pigeon-hole." Early start Born in Lyndhurst, Hampshire, Harris was introduced to showbusiness at a young age, when his father, Norman, incorporated him into his stage show, performing in working men's clubs around the UK. From the age of six, he would sit on his father's knee and pretend to be a puppet called Isaiah - "because one eye's higher than the other". Theatre became a safe haven from school, where he struggled with reading and was labelled "thick". He later discovered he had dyslexia. By 14, he had turned professional, becoming a solo act after Norman retired. Image caption One of Harris's earlier characters was Percy Picktooth, a gregarious rabbit He appeared in summer seasons at holiday resorts before booking his first TV appearance on Let's Laugh, which aired in the same week he auditioned for Opportunity Knocks. At the time, his main character was Freddy the Frog, a puppet who said he was going to be Prime Minister "because he was always in deep water and he had a big mouth". But it was Orville that made him a household name. The idea for the puppet - which was later insured for £100,000 - came to him while he was starring with the Black and White Minstrels in Bristol. "I just happened to have this green fur lying about and had this idea for a little bird that was green and ugly and thought he wasn't loved," he told the Independent in 2002. He sent a rough sketch to his puppet maker, but was disappointed with the result. "I hated him," he confessed. "But I took him to the girls in the dressing room next door and they said, 'ah, ain't he lovely'. "The first time I used him he was an instant hit. There were tears in people's eyes." Image caption Cuddles catch-phrase, "I hate that duck", may have been a vessel for Harris's own feelings The bird was named after the American aviator Orville Wright, who, with his brother, Wilbur, made the first manned powered flight in 1903. It was a name laden with irony, as Orville - a shy, under-confident orphan - could not fly. The success of the puppet and his simian nemesis Cuddles earned Harris a Saturday evening TV show that ran for eight years. Orville also became an unlikely chart star when Harris released a single in 1982. Orville's Song, popularly known as I Wish I Could Fly, reached number four, selling more than 400,000 copies. Media captionWatch the Orville Song But not everyone was a fan. After one Royal Command Performance, a reviewer wrote: "I'm sure Charles and Diana would like to take a gun and blow the duck's head off." Harris had the last laugh, though, as the day after the performance, he was invited to perform at Prince William's third birthday. "I arrived there and Charles came out and we had a Pimms," he later recalled. "Diana helped me in with the boxes, she was absolutely lovely. We were asked back to do Prince Harry's third birthday, too. "Diana sent us a lovely letter saying: 'The Princess hopes that Orville did not suffer from too much bruising after the rather rough patting he received from one or two of the smaller members of the audience.'" Depression But the success didn't last. After The Keith Harris Show ended in 1990, the characters were given a lower-profile series called The Quack Chat Show, after which television work dried up altogether. Harris did not adjust well. His marriage ended and he started drinking heavily. Convinced his talents were being overlooked, he opened clubs in Blackpool and Portugal, declaring himself bankrupt twice in the process. He later ended up in AA after being arrested for drink driving. "When your bubble bursts and you're not as popular - you'd been playing to 3,000 people in a theatre and then go out and there are 30 people - it's very deflating,' he told the Daily Mail last year. The entertainer spiralled into depression and even contemplated drowning himself, ironically, in a local duck pond. He also suffered from money troubles, blaming his lack of reading ability for having signed unfavourable contracts. "I've made about £7 million throughout my career, but I've lost it all too," he said. "It's all down to the dyslexia. I can't read or write. Reading contracts? I didn't, I just signed them." But nostalgia proved to be a lifeline. He began appearing at holiday camps and student unions - reinventing his show for adult audiences under the title "Duck Off". He also signed up for reality shows including The Farm (which he won) and Celebrity Big Brother. Image copyright PA Image caption There was only one Orville puppet, which Harris insured for £100,000 The duo returned to the pop charts in 2005, when he appeared alongside Peter Kay and Tony Christie in the video for (Is This The Way To) Amarillo. However, Harris refused to appear on Ricky Gervais' Extras in 2006, telling the Independent: "He wanted me to be a racist bigot. "I read the script and thought, this isn't clever writing, it's pure filth. I turned it down. I'm not desperate." In one of his final interviews, Harris spoke of his desire to return to television. "There's nothing for kids to laugh at now," he said. "I thought I could do a TV show with Cuddles and Orville that teaches children manners. "But the TV people don't like to back an old horse." Harris announced that he had cancer on stage last April, breaking down in tears while telling his audience he was set to have a bone marrow transplant. He underwent stem-cell replacement treatment which appeared to be going well, said his agent, Robert C Kelly. But in January 2015, he was told the cancer had spread to his liver and there was nothing more doctors could do. Paying tribute to his friend, Kelly said: "Keith was not only a technically great ventriloquist, he was also a gifted mimic and an extraordinarily funny man both onstage and off. "Over the past few months, Keith has enjoyed several holidays to his second home in Portugal, taking walks along the Blackpool sea front and sitting in the park eating ice cream and watching the world go by." Harris is survived by his fourth wife Sarah and their two children. He also has a daughter, 27, from a previous marriage.	Orville
Whose recent book is called 'At Home: A Short History of Private Life'?	Obituary: I created a monster - BBC News BBC News Obituary: I created a monster 28 April 2015 Close share panel Image copyright Getty Images Image caption Keith Harris and Orville made several appearances at the Royal Variety Performance in the 1980s Keith Harris, the ventriloquist famed for working with his puppet Orville, has died aged 67 after a battle with cancer, his agent has confirmed. "I obviously created a monster," Keith Harris told Louis Theroux in 2008. "It's very hard to get away from that. "Everybody knows Orville, not everybody knows Keith Harris." The children's entertainer insisted he was not bitter - Orville had made him a household name, after all - but he could never escape the nappy-wearing, flightless bird. "I can't say he's been a burden, but he put me into a pigeon-hole." Early start Born in Lyndhurst, Hampshire, Harris was introduced to showbusiness at a young age, when his father, Norman, incorporated him into his stage show, performing in working men's clubs around the UK. From the age of six, he would sit on his father's knee and pretend to be a puppet called Isaiah - "because one eye's higher than the other". Theatre became a safe haven from school, where he struggled with reading and was labelled "thick". He later discovered he had dyslexia. By 14, he had turned professional, becoming a solo act after Norman retired. Image caption One of Harris's earlier characters was Percy Picktooth, a gregarious rabbit He appeared in summer seasons at holiday resorts before booking his first TV appearance on Let's Laugh, which aired in the same week he auditioned for Opportunity Knocks. At the time, his main character was Freddy the Frog, a puppet who said he was going to be Prime Minister "because he was always in deep water and he had a big mouth". But it was Orville that made him a household name. The idea for the puppet - which was later insured for £100,000 - came to him while he was starring with the Black and White Minstrels in Bristol. "I just happened to have this green fur lying about and had this idea for a little bird that was green and ugly and thought he wasn't loved," he told the Independent in 2002. He sent a rough sketch to his puppet maker, but was disappointed with the result. "I hated him," he confessed. "But I took him to the girls in the dressing room next door and they said, 'ah, ain't he lovely'. "The first time I used him he was an instant hit. There were tears in people's eyes." Image caption Cuddles catch-phrase, "I hate that duck", may have been a vessel for Harris's own feelings The bird was named after the American aviator Orville Wright, who, with his brother, Wilbur, made the first manned powered flight in 1903. It was a name laden with irony, as Orville - a shy, under-confident orphan - could not fly. The success of the puppet and his simian nemesis Cuddles earned Harris a Saturday evening TV show that ran for eight years. Orville also became an unlikely chart star when Harris released a single in 1982. Orville's Song, popularly known as I Wish I Could Fly, reached number four, selling more than 400,000 copies. Media captionWatch the Orville Song But not everyone was a fan. After one Royal Command Performance, a reviewer wrote: "I'm sure Charles and Diana would like to take a gun and blow the duck's head off." Harris had the last laugh, though, as the day after the performance, he was invited to perform at Prince William's third birthday. "I arrived there and Charles came out and we had a Pimms," he later recalled. "Diana helped me in with the boxes, she was absolutely lovely. We were asked back to do Prince Harry's third birthday, too. "Diana sent us a lovely letter saying: 'The Princess hopes that Orville did not suffer from too much bruising after the rather rough patting he received from one or two of the smaller members of the audience.'" Depression But the success didn't last. After The Keith Harris Show ended in 1990, the characters were given a lower-profile series called The Quack Chat Show, after which television work dried up altogether. Harris did not adjust well. His marriage ended and he started drinking heavily. Convinced his talents were being overlooked, he opened clubs in Blackpool and Portugal, declaring himself bankrupt twice in the process. He later ended up in AA after being arrested for drink driving. "When your bubble bursts and you're not as popular - you'd been playing to 3,000 people in a theatre and then go out and there are 30 people - it's very deflating,' he told the Daily Mail last year. The entertainer spiralled into depression and even contemplated drowning himself, ironically, in a local duck pond. He also suffered from money troubles, blaming his lack of reading ability for having signed unfavourable contracts. "I've made about £7 million throughout my career, but I've lost it all too," he said. "It's all down to the dyslexia. I can't read or write. Reading contracts? I didn't, I just signed them." But nostalgia proved to be a lifeline. He began appearing at holiday camps and student unions - reinventing his show for adult audiences under the title "Duck Off". He also signed up for reality shows including The Farm (which he won) and Celebrity Big Brother. Image copyright PA Image caption There was only one Orville puppet, which Harris insured for £100,000 The duo returned to the pop charts in 2005, when he appeared alongside Peter Kay and Tony Christie in the video for (Is This The Way To) Amarillo. However, Harris refused to appear on Ricky Gervais' Extras in 2006, telling the Independent: "He wanted me to be a racist bigot. "I read the script and thought, this isn't clever writing, it's pure filth. I turned it down. I'm not desperate." In one of his final interviews, Harris spoke of his desire to return to television. "There's nothing for kids to laugh at now," he said. "I thought I could do a TV show with Cuddles and Orville that teaches children manners. "But the TV people don't like to back an old horse." Harris announced that he had cancer on stage last April, breaking down in tears while telling his audience he was set to have a bone marrow transplant. He underwent stem-cell replacement treatment which appeared to be going well, said his agent, Robert C Kelly. But in January 2015, he was told the cancer had spread to his liver and there was nothing more doctors could do. Paying tribute to his friend, Kelly said: "Keith was not only a technically great ventriloquist, he was also a gifted mimic and an extraordinarily funny man both onstage and off. "Over the past few months, Keith has enjoyed several holidays to his second home in Portugal, taking walks along the Blackpool sea front and sitting in the park eating ice cream and watching the world go by." Harris is survived by his fourth wife Sarah and their two children. He also has a daughter, 27, from a previous marriage.	i don't know
At which RAF base in Lincolnshire were 617 Squadron 'The Dambusters' based in 1943?	RAF - Operation Chastise_new Operation Chastise Attack on Ruhr Dams by aircraft of 617 Squadron on the night of 16-17 May 1943 Concept: The Air Ministry originally considered the Ruhr dams as a possible target early as 1937. A number of proposals and studies were undertaken between 1938 and 1941, though none produced a proper plan with all the necessary components of a viable weapon and feasible means of delivery. Command: Wing Commander Guy Gibson The Squadron: A new squadron was formed at Scampton on 21st March 1943, initially known as “X” Squadron and latterly as 617 Squadron, and the 24 year old Wing Commander Guy Gibson was personally selected to lead it by none other than Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur “Bomber” Harris, the Commander-in-Chief of Bomber Command. Gibson had flown 71 bomber sorties and an entire tour of 99 sorties on night fighters and was already the holder of four gallantry awards - the Distinguished Service Order and bar and the Distinguished Flying Cross and bar. Despite the “elite” tag and the presence of some very experienced airmen – e.g. the two flight commanders, Sqn Ldrs Dinghy’ Young and ‘Henry Maudslay, and experienced pilots such as Dave Shannon, ‘Hoppy’ Hopgood, Les Knight and Joe McCarthy - NOT all 617 Sqn air crew were veterans. Some had flown fewer than 10 missions and one less than 5 and some of the flight engineers on the raid were flying their first operational sortie. Not all had volunteered for 617, and not all were known to or selected by Gibson: one entire flight of 57 Squadron was simply posted en masse to 617 Squadron. The Weapon: Codenamed “Upkeep” The brainchild of Barnes Wallis of Vickers Armstrong, who had been working separately on some method of attacking dasince 1940 but probably did not conceive of the “bouncing bomb” idea until March 1942. He was given access and assistance by a variety of research bodies, including the National Physical Laboratories at Teddington, the Road Research Laboratory at Harmondsworth and the Building Research Station at Garston near Watford. Experiments which involved exploding charges against model dams at these sites, and the destruction of a real 180 foot disused dam in Wales, gave Wallis valuable data, but also showed that the task was far from easy and that any explosion preferably needed to take place in contact with the dam wall. He persisted with a series of experiments and meanwhile attempted to persuade the powers that be of the project’s viability in the face of various bureaucratic hurdles and military scepticism. Nevertheless, prior to final approval on February 26th 1943 a full-scale weapon was, in the words of one noted historian, “scarcely more than an inventor’s dream”. However, because the optimum time to attack the dams was in the spring, when the reservoirs were full, when approval did come it left very little time to design and produce the weapons themselves. On 26th February 1943 there were neither modified aircraft nor weapons, nor drawings of either. Wallis began to draw the first full-scale drawing of an Upkeep mine only on 27th February, just eleven weeks before the raid took place. “Upkeep “was effectively a 9250lb cylindrical mine or depth charge containing 6,600 lbs of Torpex underwater explosive and three hydrostatic pistols set to explode at 30ft below the surface. It was just under five feet long and just over four feet in diameter. The mine was held in the bomb-bay between twin sprung callipers, and a hydraulic motor imparted back spin at a rate of 500 rpm. The mine was intended to bounce across the water rather like a skipping stone, thus avoiding any torpedo nets. When it struck the dam wall the backspin would cause it to remain in contact with the face of the dam as it sank thus focusing the force of the explosion against the wall sufficient to rupture the massive stone structure. Aircraft: Modified Avro Lancaster B Mk III Special known as “Type 464 Provisioning”. The mid-upper gun turret along with the bomb-bay doors was removed and callipers along with a drive motor and belt fitted in the aircraft to hold and spin the bomb. Twin spotlights were fitted [see below] along with VHF radio telephone which allowed direct speech communication between aircraft, which was not normal for bomber aircraft at the time. This would allow Wg Cdr Gibson personally to direct the raid. The final approval to start modifying just three Lancasters to conduct experiments came only on 26th February 1943 with conversion sets to be prepared for thirty, later reduced to twenty, aircraft. The first plans for the necessary modifications being drawn up on 1st March and the order for the conversion of the first aircraft being signed on 8th March. The Role of Industry With such short timescales the firms involved, some of them natural rivals, had to co-operate or the project would be stillborn. Under the direction of the Chief Designer, Roy Chadwick, Avros set to work on modifying the three Lancasters and making the additional conversion sets, whilst Vickers-Armstrong in Barrow and Newcastle made the mine casings and the small drive engine for spinning the bombs. The Royal Ordnance Factory at Chorley in Lancashire would fill the casings with the torpex explosive. The Oxley Engineering company provided the steel for the “Upkeep” mines and the Hoffman Manufacturing company made the bearings for the drive mechanism. All these components and modifications had to be designed, manufactured and delivered in the eighty days between the 26th February and 17th May. The first modified Lancasters were delivered on 8th April and the last on 13th May just three days before the raid, and one aircraft used on the raid had been used in the experimental trials and arrived at Scampton only on the day itself. Vickers Armstrong at Barrow delivered the last of its fifty “Upkeep” mines to Chorley for filling with explosive on 9th April. Trials After initial trials dropping scaled down prototype weapons from a Wellington at Chesil Beach (Dec 1942 – March 1943), modified Lancasters were utilised during April and May to fly a series of tests dropping inert Upkeeps at Reculver on the Kent coast. The first trial drop was made on 13th April, just over a month before the raid. The mines were dropped at varying height and speed and differing bomb rotation speeds while Wallis attempted to work out the optimum approach height and speed for the raid. He also had to establish that spinning a massive four ton cylinder at several hundred rpm would neither rip it from the calliper arms, nor seriously affect the aircraft’s flying characteristics. These trials also established that the original design of the “Upkeep”, which included a spherical outer wooden casing held in place by metal rings like a beer barrel, was not robust enough to survive initial impact with the water. Although designed to make sure the mine would bounce for a greater distance, and run true, the wooden outer sphere repeatedly shattered leaving just the inner metal cylinder which had often continued bouncing along the surface during the trials after the casing broke away. On 21st April Wallis decided to dispense with the wooden casing and run “Upkeep” as a bare cylinder. The disadvantage was that if a cylindrical “Upkeep” was dropped on any plane but the horizontal it was likely to bite into the water on one side and either not bounce as well or go off line, or both. Even the cylinders, however, broke up and sank if they were dropped from too great a height or speed. On 24th April Wallis asked Gibson if he could drop the mine at 60’ and 232 miles per hour. At this speed and if it was dropped at the right distance, the mine would survive the impact with the water, the aircraft would be clear of the splash as it hit the surface, the weapon would carry all the way to the dam, and the aircraft would be flying fast enough to have some chance of getting through the defences. Air crew and Training: Number of air crew participating - 133 Number killed – 53 Number PoW: 3 RAF – 90; Royal Canadian Air Force – 29; Royal Australian Air Force – 12; Royal New Zealand Air Force – 2. Included in these figures were one American [RCAF] and one Anglo-American [RAF] and one Australian in the RAF. The crews, who had trained to operate their bombers at heights above 15000’, with a measured approach to the target allowing accurate navigation, were put through an intensive training programme involving extensive low-level flying and cross-country navigation eventually moving on to do the same thing at night, flying at 150’ over water, along with bombing practice. However, night-flying at that height with no moon was a a major problem and there were not enough moonlit nights, so four aircraft were fitted with an American system involving sheets of blue celluloid inside the Perspex and orange goggles, which gave the impression of moonlight when flying in the day. The aircraft flew very low, returning with dents and bits of foliage hanging off them and on at least two occasions birds smashed through the cockpit windscreens which could have been disastrous. However, despite many close shaves there were no serious accidents. Attack Method This varied depending on the type of dam. For the Mohne and Eder aircraft approached at SIXTY feet above the water IN THE DARK flying at 220 mph. For the earthen Sorpe dam aircraft flew along the dam very low at 180 mph and dropped the bomb, without spin, in the water alongside the middle of the dam. The barometric altimeters were not sensitive enough to give that accurate a reading and in any case the pilot could not look at the instrument panel at that height for fear of hitting the water. The aircraft therefore carried two spotlights which were angled so that when the beams met on the surface of the water the aircraft was flying at sixty feet, roughly twice the height of a normal house. The navigator watched the beams and called out “up” or “down” to the pilot. Flying very fast and very low with no modern radar aids with lights burning on your aircraft to show the enemy where you were was extremely hazardous. The wingspan of a Lancaster is 102’ so there was a real danger of hitting the water as the aircraft made the tight turns on the approaches to the dams. At the Eder and Sorpe the topography of the surrounding countryside with steep hills and the dams in the valleys made the approach in the dark to drop the bomb accurately in a large bomber very, very difficult. At the Eder the aircraft had to drop down from over 1000 feet to the lake and fly a curving approach hopping over a spit of land which rose to 50 feet less than a mile from the target, and then line up at the correct height and speed, before pulling up steeply to avoid the 300 feet hill which rose precipitously immediately behind the dam. To get the Lancaster down to 60 feet round and over the spit and lined up properly at right angles to the dam at 220 mph, and then make a climbing turn to getaway in the dark, was very challenging flying. At the Sorpe the aircraft had to fly over a 180-foot hill and dip down steeply to the dam just a quarter of a mile beyond to fly along and drop the bomb before climbing out using full power over another 300-foot hill immediately behind the dam. To make matters even more difficult a tall church steeple was exactly in line with the correct line of approach to the dam. The approach at the Mohne was slightly less daunting but still involved lifting the aircraft over a spit of land which rose to some 180 feet, but did provide some cover from the flak, and then dropping down to the surface of the lake to line up on the dam about a mile away. After dropping the mine the aircraft crossed the dam and then the pilot had to turn the big bomber round to the left away from flak positions to the right. Outward Flight to Target The route to and from dams was also flown at very low level to avoid the defences. Their primitive radio navigation aids were usually jammed over enemy territory though some apparently worked up to the River Rhine – most navigation after crossing the Dutch coast was done by map reading and dead reckoning. This was extremely difficult at low level in moonlight, and very dangerous – two, aircraft hit power cables and crashed, and one hit the surface of the sea, lost its bomb and was very lucky to make it back to Scampton. Some aircraft flew beneath power cables on their way to the target and others flew along roads below the level of the surrounding trees. Others strayed off course by just a few miles, which it was almost impossible to avoid doing, but the route had been designed to avoid flak defences, though not all were known, and some of the unlucky ones who strayed in the wrong place were shot down. Three waves of aircraft were sent to attack. First Wave – 9 aircraft in 3 “vics” of 3. To attack the Mohne, Eder and Sorpe dams. Aircraft Captains: Gibson, Martin, Hopgood; Young, Shannon, Maltby; Maudslay, Knight, Astell. Second Wave – 5 aircraft. To attack the Sorpe. Aircraft Captains: Barlow, Munro, Rice, Byers, McCarthy. Third Wave – 5 aircraft. Airborne reserve. Aircraft Captains: Ottley, Burpee, Brown, Townsend, Anderson. Despatched: 19 Attacking dam: 11 Lost: 8 Aborted mission: 2 The waves followed different routes and the second wave actually took off first as it had the longest route. The weather produced stronger winds than forecast and this caused serious problems for the second wave, which actually crossed the Dutch coast first. Unforecast winds had pushed the aircraft south of their intended track. One aircraft, that of Byers, strayed over the heavily defended island of Texel, rather than the intended landfall at the apparently undefended but similar looking island of Vlieland. Byers’ aircraft was shot down and the crew were all killed. A short while later Munro’s aircraft flew over Vlieland, but was hit by fire from a flak battery whose presence was not known. Munro’s aircraft was damaged and he was forced to return to Scampton. A different disaster befell Rice, whose aircraft hit the surface of the sea, ripping the Upkeep mine free and flooding the back of the aircraft with seawater. A shaken but very lucky Rice and crew also returned to Scampton. Some while later Barlow’s aircraft hit power lines, possibly after being struck by flak, and crashed with the loss of all on board. Four out of five aircraft from the second wave had thus been lost or had aborted within a short space of time. The fifth crew, McCarthy’s, had hurriedly had to change aircraft at Scampton because of a technical problem and were flying twenty minutes behind the others in the second wave. They crossed at Vlieland and were fired on but not hit, McCarthy reporting that he sank down to fly between two large dunes to provide cover from the flak! Later in the trip the aircraft was hit by a cannon shell which hit the undercarriage nacelle and burst the starboard tyre. Red Aircraft (8) were lost, Grey Aircraft (3)turned back and Blue Aircraft (8) made it home The first wave, unlike the second, took-off in vics of three and tried to maintain this loose formation on the way to the target, which was very unusual for a night operation. Like the second wave, some of these aircraft were also pushed off-course and the first vic, led by Gibson, crossed the coast at the ominously and appropriately named island of Overflakee, which was heavily defended. Flying very fast and very low they were luckier than the aircraft of the second wave and caught the Germans by surprise and went across unscathed. The second vic, ten minutes behind, had climbed higher to use their radio aids and discovered the unforecast wind, so were on course. However, climbing to use the radio aids probably exposed them to the German radars, and although they crossed at the right place, the defences were awake and fired on the aircraft. The third trio, Maudslay, Astell and Knight, were on course and crossed the coast unscathed. En route to the Mohne Gibson’s vic came under fire several times and Hopgood’s aircraft was damaged. - Young’s vic made it to the dam without damage despite being fired on, although Shannon’s aircraft was hit as it arrived at the Mohne by flak from one of the towers on the dam. The third vic was not so lucky and Astell’s aircraft collided with high tension cables north of the Ruhr. The aircraft crashed in flames and all the crew were killed. The third wave took off some time after the first two with the first aircraft taking off shortly after midnight. Each aircraft was detailed to one of the alternative targets and was also to be prepared to attack the Mohne or Eder if they did not receive a direct order in the air to attack the alternative dam. The first aircraft off was Ottley’s, and it was instructed by radio at 0230 to attack the Lister dam, and the message was acknowledged by the aircraft, but two minutes later another message changed this to the Sorpe. No acknowledgement was received. Ottley had strayed over the heavily defended town of Hamm in the Ruhr and his aircraft was hit and caught fire, crashed, and the fuel tanks and then the mine exploded. Incredibly, the rear gunner, Sergeant Tees was blown clear still inside his turret by one of the explosions and survived, badly burned, to become a PoW. The aircraft’s demise was witnessed by other crews, including that of Gibson who was passing to the north of Hamm on his return journey and who hoped, vainly, that the exploding aircraft was a night fighter. The second aircraft in the wave, piloted by Burpee, also strayed off course, and flew over a German airfield at Gilze-Rijen near Tilburg where it was hit by flak, caught fire and exploded, before crashing on the edge of the airfield, killing all on board. Brown and Townsend were also sorely troubled by flak but survived unscathed, not least by flying below the height of the trees on occasion. The last to leave Scampton was Cyril Anderson, who was also plagued by searchlights and flak which drove him away from his prescribed route and his rear guns also malfunctioned. Deep over enemy territory Anderson and his crew could not pinpoint their position as mist obscured many of the landmarks they were looking for. Eventually, shortly after three in the morning they abandoned the mission and turned for home to fly back the way they had come whilst it was still dark. The Attacks The Mohne The first dam to be attacked was the Mohne. Gibson flew over the dam once and then informed the other aircraft circling out of range of the flak that he was going to attack. As the aircraft passed over the spit of land, so low that the bomb-aimer told Gibson he was going to hit the trees, the navigator turned on the spotlights and gave Gibson instructions of “down…down” until the aircraft was at 60’, meanwhile the mine was spinning at 500 rpm and the bomb-aimer using the primitive but effective home-made sight waited for the right moment to release the bomb. The flak towers on the dam opened fire and the front-gunner of Gibson’s Lancaster fired back. Gibson admitted to being very frightened as his brightly lit aircraft became the target for every gun in the area but concentrated on keeping the aircraft lined up and rock steady at 60’ while his flight engineer adjusted the speed. At 28 minutes past midnight they dropped their Upkeep mine at 230 mph on a bearing of 330 degrees. It bounced three times, but sank short of the wall. After a short delay the hydrostatic pistols detonated the bomb at the correct depth and a great spout of water surged up and over the dam wall. At first it was thought the dam had collapsed, but as the water subsided it was seen still to be intact. After allowing the waters of the lake to settle, Gibson called Hopgood in to attack. The flak gunners now knew what to expect and the aircraft was seen to be hit several times on the approach. The bomb-aimer knew that their orders were to be sure to drop the mine correctly and was considering ordering another run when the aircraft was hit. Hopgood ordered the mine to bereleased. This, unsurprisingly, resulted in the bomb being dropped late, and it bounced right over the dam and exploded, wrecking the main power house. Hopgood’s aircraft was on fire and he ordered the crew to bale out as the Lancaster struggled to 500’ and then exploded. Only the rear gunner and the bomb-aimer baled out successfully and both men had chosen to pull the ripcord of their parachutes inside the aircraft, which undoubtedly saved their lives – all the other crewmembers perished. Martin attacked next, with Gibson flying alongside him to distract the flak gunners, and the mine was dropped at 38 minutes past midnight on a bearing of 335 degrees at 217 mph. It veered to the left and exploded near the bank of the reservoir twenty yards from the dam. Gibson now called up Young. Martin flew on Young’s left to distract the gunners while Gibson flew parallel to the dam on the downstream side hoping to divide the fire from the defences on and beyond the dam. Young made the perfect approach and drop, and his bomb hit the centre of the dam. The dam was apparently intact after the attack, and Maltby was making his bomb run with Martin and Gibson both acting as decoys when he saw the centre of the dam crumbling. Maltby veered to one side and dropped his mine which bounced, struck the dam and exploded. The dam was already failing before Maltby’s mine exploded, and now millions of gallons of water were pouring through the breach and down the valley and beyond. Gibson, who had already ordered Shannon to prepare to attack, cancelled the order and instructed Shannon, Maudslay, and Knight to accompany him to the Eder dam, along with Young, who was to act as deputy leader if anything happened to Gibson. The Sorpe Meanwhile the sole survivor of the second wave, McCarthy, had arrived at the Sorpe which had been difficult to find because of low mist in the valleys. It was immediately apparent that the approach to the dam was extremely challenging, and so it proved. McCarthy flew the approach nine times but found it difficult to clear the high hill and then bring the Lancaster down low enough, with the church steeple on the approach proving particularly troublesome, and either McCarthy himself or his bomb-aimer were not satisfied that all was right and called for the aircraft to go around again. The other members of the crew became restless as the bomber had now been circuiting the dam for half an hour and they were also puzzled that no other aircraft from the second wave had appeared. Eventually, on the tenth approach both McCarthy and his bomb-aimer were satisfied that the approach was perfect and dropped the bomb alongside the dam. Two and a half hours later Brown, who had received a radio message directing his aircraft to attack the Sorpe while in the air, arrived at the dam and found that the ground mist was now even thicker. Brown found the approach no easier than McCarthy, and the thickening mist made flying the circuit correctly difficult even though the dam itself was clear, and after flying into a mist-bound nearby valley and nearly crashing he ordered that incendiaries be dropped round the circuit to help him. In all Brown flew five separate approaches before dropping the mine on his sixth attempt. Although both mines exploded close to the dam and caused considerable damage, no breach occurred. The loss of so many from the second wave had seriously weakened the assault on the Sorpe and it survived the attack. The Eder The aircraft flying to the Eder all had difficult finding it in the thickening mists and when Gibson eventually located it he fired a red flare to attract the other crews. As at the Sorpe the approach proved very difficult. Shannon flew three or four approaches without being able to get the Lancaster low enough after the steep dive and sharp turn. Maudslay then tried twice with similar results. Shannon flew two more approaches before he and his bomb-aimer were satisfied, dropping his mine at 1.39 in the morning. Maudslay then flew down the valley for the third time. The watching Gibson thought that he saw something hanging from the Lancaster as if it had previously been damaged. The mine was released but probably too close to the dam and exploded on hitting the parapet shortly after Maudslay’s aircraft passed over it. It is not clear whether the aircraft was caught in the explosion of its own Upkeep or not, as the eyewitnesses differed. Maudslay made brief and indistinct radio contact with Gibson and is known to have left the area immediately, suggesting his aircraft may indeed have been damaged. Knight attacked next, making one dummy run, before dropping his mine at the correct height, speed and alignment. It hit the dam, sank, and exploded at the correct depth. The dam crumbled and collapsed and the water poured into the valley beyond. The Ennepe/Bever Apart from Brown, the only other aircraft of the third wave to make an attack was Townsend, who believed he dropped his mine at the Ennepe dam. As with the other dams he found flying the right approach at the right speed and height difficult and made three dummy runs before dropping the weapon on his fourth approach. It exploded short of the dam and no significant damage resulted. It is almost certain that Townsend actually attacked another dam in the area, the Bever, as German sources report an attack on this dam but none on the Ennepe. Homeward Bound Of the nineteen aircraft which left Scampton eleven had made attacks, resulting in breaches at the Mohne and Eder and damage to the Sorpe. Two aircraft had returned early, five had been lost on the outward journey and one at the Mohne dam. The surviving aircraft, including one which could not find its target, still had to make their way home across hundreds of miles of hostile territory. On the return trip two more aircraft were to be shot down. The victims were two of the most senior and experienced members of the Squadron. Maudslay’s aircraft may or may not have been caught in the explosion of its own weapon over the Eder and suffered further damage. Two radio messages were heard from the aircraft after the attack and it is clear that it headed for home as soon as it had dropped its mine. Probably damaged it strayed too close to the oil refineries at Emmerich on its return journey and was shot down by the flak defences. Young very nearly made it home but fell victim to German flak batteries on the coast of Holland and crashed into the sea. There were no survivors from either aircraft. McCarthy’s aircraft also nearly came to grief when it strayed over the heavily defended marshalling yards of Hamm, flying through them so low that a member of the crew remarked that the Germans didn’t need flak they only needed to change the points. Other aircraft were fired on by flak batteries on the return journey and at the coast. In all eight aircraft from the raid were lost resulting in the deaths of 53 men: three more became PoWs. The Results The flooding from the breached dams affected a wide area inundating many factories and damaging or destroying power stations, road and rail bridges, and other facilities. The loss of power and water for the Ruhr, crucial to many manufacturing processes, was also significant. Among a large number of towns temporarily deprived of water were Hamm, Hagen, Bochum and Dortmund. The Germans had to draft in tens of thousands of workers to repair the damaged dams and other facilities, including at least 7000 workers removed from building the Atlantic Wall defences against Allied invasion with direct positive results a year later during the D-Day invasion. Both ammunition and coal production fell after the attack, just at the point that the Germans mounted their last significant offensive on the Eastern Front. The raid also had political consequences. Prime Minister Winston Churchill was visiting America at the time, and news of the attack’s success was telephoned through to him. He was able to make considerable capital from the attack and specifically referred to it in an address to the American Congress. American and British newspapers also made much of the attack with it appearing on the front page of British papers and the New York Times. The Germans also constructed elaborate defences at all the dams in the Ruhr and elsewhere, diverting considerable military and construction resources in the process. These included anti-aircraft batteries covering every dam – prior to the raid only the Mohne had any guns protecting it. The dams were also protected by mine barrages, ramps to deflect Upkeep mines, and wire net curtains strung in front to down low flying aircraft. Although the human cost of the raid was high, and unsustainable on a regular basis, it should be remembered that it represented less than a 1000th of Bomber Command’s total losses, and the results of the attack, politically, economically and militarily undoubtedly made it worthwhile. Decorations: Air crew decorated 34 Victoria Cross – 1; Distinguished Service Order – 5; Distinguished Flying Cross – 10; Bar to Distinguished Flying Cross – 4; Conspicuous Gallantry Medal – 2; Distinguished Flying Medal 11; Bar to Distinguished Flying Medal – 1.	Scampton
On which continent does the Vicuna live in the wild?	Dambusters Dambusters I feel a blow has been struck at Germany from which she cannot recover for several years. -- Barnes Wallis It is unfair to single out any squadron of Bomber Command for special attention, as all performed magnificently during WWII, all suffered very heavy losses. Dambusters, 617 Squadron, is though probably the best known of all the Bomber Command squadrons, because of its daring bombing raid in Germany where it destroyed dams in the Ruhr Valley using the revolutionary bouncing bomb invented by Barnes Wallis. A mission immortalised in the 1950s film The Dam Busters co-starring Richard Todd (as Guy Gibson) and Sir Michael Redgrave (as Barnes Wallis). The damage wrought when Hurricane Katrina hit new Orleans in August 2005 gives some idea of the damage caused in the Ruhr Valley by breaching the dams. Destroying the Ruhr Valley dams would not only wreak havoc with the release of water, damage that would require a large number of bombing raids, it would also deny the Germans hydroelectric power, deny water to their extensive canal network, and deny water to war production. It would have been a relatively simple operation to have dropped torpedoes, only this was not possible as the Germans had hung anti-torpedo netting to protect the dams. A bomb also had the added advantage of being able to carry a heavier explosive payload. Barnes Wallis tried some experiments on a scale model dam. He found that a 10-ton bomb dropped near the wall of the dam would leave the dam unscathed, and even that would need a specially designed aircraft to carry the bomb. At least a 30-ton bomb would be needed and an aircraft to carry such a bomb would not be possible. The problem was the water was cushioning the impact of the bomb, leaving the dam without a scratch. Wallis then had the brilliant idea of dropping a bomb against the wall of the dam. The water would then have the effect of deflecting the explosion into the wall of the dam. A much smaller bomb would now be required, as Wallis demonstrated on his scale models. A bomb that could be carried by an existing, possibly with modifications, Avro Lancaster . Now all what was left was how to place the bomb adjacent to the dam. Wallis then had his second brainwave, a 'bouncing bomb'. Bouncing cannonballs had been used by the Navy in the 19th century, and it was from here he had got his original idea, and had already carried out some experimental work for the Navy. A bouncing bomb would require precision bombing, too short, and the bomb would fall short, too near, and it would bounce over the dam. The next problem was to convince the committee of Whitehall mandarins that this crazy idea would work. [It is disputed that Wallis had to convince Whitehall that his idea would work] Based at RAF Scampton, a few miles north of Lincoln, 617 Squadron, led by Wing Commander Guy Gibson , was specially formed to handle the Dambusters raid. All the crews were hand-picked for the squadron. A specially modified Lancaster was needed for the raids. The bomb was slung below the plane. On approach to the target, the bomb spun up to 500rpm. This backwards spin caused the bomb to bounce, on hitting the wall of the dam, the backwards spin would pull it down the wall of the dam into the base of the dam. A hydrostatic fuse was set for 30ft, and failing that, a delayed detonation. Details of the bouncing bomb and its release mechanism were kept secret until 1974. After the raids the Germans managed to recover one of the bouncing bombs that had not exploded. They carried out their own work using the bombs, but had to abandon their trials as the bombs had a nasty habit of catching up with and destroying the release aircraft. The bombs had to be dropped from an exact height of 60ft. Barometric altimeters were not sufficiently accurate. Spotlights were aimed at an angle at the ground. When the two spots on the water merged into one, the aircraft would be at an exact height of 60ft. 617 Squadron practised their bombing raids on Derwent Water. Such was the delicacy of the operation that not even the crews knew what their final target would be. A rumour was spread that it would be the German battleship Tirpitz, holed up in a Norwegian fjord. Ironic, in that later in the war, Tirpitz was bombed by 617 Squadron. The Lancasters used in the raid, had their armour removed to reduce the weight. The attack, code name Operation Chastise, on the night of the 17th of May 1943, was in three waves. The aircraft crossed into occupied Europe at two locations, flying low-level all the way. Guy Gibson led the first wave, which was to attack the Moehne, and after that, if aircraft were left with any bombs, to attack the Eder. The entire mission was a suicide mission. Gibson had the element of surprise. After that the Germans knew what to expect. The aircraft had to line up to have any success of accurate delivery of their payloads, which turned them into sitting ducks for the Germans to aim at. Gibson was not successful, and then tried to draw the flak away from the other aircraft. The second aircraft was hit by flak, then caught in the blast from its own bomb and destroyed. The third aircraft was successful. Two more successful runs, and the dam was breached. Gibson then led the formation on to the Eder. The first aircraft had six unsuccessful runs, then took a break. The bomb from the second aircraft hit the top of the dam and the blast destroyed the aircraft. The first aircraft then made a successful run and with a hit by a third aircraft, the dam was breached. The second wave successfully attacked the Sorpe dam, but the dam was not breached. The third wave was a reserve wave, and they were now directed to the Sorpe, but were not successful in breaching the dam. They were directed to subsidiary targets. Of the 133 aircrew 53 were killed and three bailed out to be made POWs. Of the surviving aircrew thirty-three were decorated at Buckingham Palace on 22 June, with Wing Commander Gibson awarded the Victoria Cross. In total there was one VC, five DSOs, ten DFCs and four bars, twelve DFMs and two CGMs. Gibson embarked on a public relations tour of America. On his return to operational duty he was killed on a mission in 1944. Around 330 million tons of water poured into the western Ruhr region. Mines were flooded, houses, factories, roads, railways and bridges destroyed as the flood waters spread for around 50 miles (80 km) from the source. Estimates show that before 15 May 1943 water production on the Ruhr was 1 million tonnes, which dropped to a quarter of that level after the raid. In terms of deaths: 1,294 people were killed, 749 of them Ukrainian POWs from a camp just below the Eder Dam. The impact, if any, of Operation Chastise on the German war effort was short-lived, and it did not have the military impact that military planners had anticipated. By 27 June, little over a month after the raid, full water output was restored, thanks to an emergency pumping scheme inaugurated only the previous year, and the electricity grid was again producing power at full capacity. The raid proved to be costly in lives (more than half the lives lost belonging to allied POWs). In the long term, it proved to be little more than a minor inconvenience to the Ruhr's industrial output. A beneficial side effect was that 27,000 men were withdrawn from Atlantic Wall defences to rebuild the dams and 10,000 men were allocated to protect Germany's other dams in expectation of further raids, although no further dam raids took place. Where the raid did have an impact, was that the pictures of the broken dams proved to be a huge morale boost to the Allies, especially to the British, suffering under German bombing. It also told the Germans, the British could strike at the heart of their war machine. Maybe even more important, it showed the Americans and the Russians, what the British were capable of. After the Dambusters raid, no similar raid was mounted as it had proved to be too expensive in both men and aircraft lost. Barnes Wallis and 617 Squadron continued to work together. Tallboy and Grand Slam ground-penetrating 'earthquake' bombs were two very heavy bombs, developed by Barnes Wallis and delivered by 617 Squadron. One noticeable mission was the sinking of the German battleship the Tirpitz, sister ship of the Bismark. 617 Squadron continue to be pioneers in bombing raids. Now flying Tornadoes, 617 Squadron was the first RAF squadron to fire the MBDA Storm Shadow cruise-missile during the 2003 illegal Invasion of Iraq. 617 Squadron was originally based at RAF Scampton, then RAF Coningsby, then RAF Woodhall Spa, now at RAF Lossiemouth in Scotland. Not far from Woodhall Spa is Thorpe Camp and the Lincolnshire Aviation Heritage Centre. Both sites have exhibitions on the Dambusters Raid and the sinking of the Tirpitz. Thorpe Camp , near Tattershall Thorpe, looks not much from the outside, just a handful of huts, is all that remains of RAF Woohall Spa. It was here that 617 Squadron were based as a specialist unit delivering heavy bombs. Thorpe Camp has it has a number of interesting exhibits, including the Dambusters raid and the sinking of the Tirpitz. Lincolnshire Aviation Heritage Centre , at what was once RAF East Kirkby, was established by the Panton Brothers, Fred and Harold Panton, as a memorial to their elder brother Pilot Officer Christopher Panton, who along with 55,000 other aircrew of Bomber Command lost their lives during WWII. The Centre has both a Spitfire and a Lancaster from WWII and a large number of interesting exhibits, including the Dambusters raid and the sinking of the Tirpitz, making it probably the most important aviation heritage centre in the country. In the centre of Woodhall Spa is a very impressive memorial to the Dambuster Squadron. Also at Woodhall Spa, Petwood Hotel, requisitioned during the latter half of WWII as the Officers Mess for 617 Squadron. The Squadron Bar has memorabilia from the period. In the grounds can be found one of the practice bouncing bombs. The Petwood Hotel now has a more peaceful role, being a favourite spot to hold wedding receptions. The Blue Bell Inn, a very old roadside inn at Tattershall Thorpe, serves excellent food and a good choice of real ales. Apart from being an interesting old inn and serving excellent food, another reason for visiting the Blue Bell Inn, is that on the ceiling of the old bar are signatures of members of 617 Squadron. RAF Coningsby, now home to the Battle of Britain Memorial Flight, is still an active RAF base To commemorate the 60th anniversary of the Dambusters raid, a Lancaster from the Battle of Britain Memorial Flight flew around the country visiting all the sites associated with the Dambusters. At Brooklands, as part of the anniversary, model airplane enthusiasts were invited to bring along their model Lancasters and mount raids on a model dam. RAF Scampton, for a while mothballed, is now home to the world famous Red Arrows. The 1950s film The Dam Busters co-starring Richard Todd (as Guy Gibson) and Sir Michael Redgrave (as Barnes Wallis), the film which imortalised the Dambusters on the silver screen, was based on two books, The Dam Busters Enemy Coast Ahead by Guy Gibson. Richard Todd, who plays the part of Guy Gibson in the film, took part in the airborne assault on Pegasus Bridge on D-Day. Talking to a pilot and navigator of one of the three Lancasters used in the film, it is surprising the steps taken to ensure accuracy. One of the major departures from reality was the bouncing bomb and its release mechanism, as at the time both were still Top Secret. The Upper Derwent Valley in Derbyshire, the practice area for the real raids, took the part of the Ruhr Valley, the scene where the Dutch coast is crossed was filmed between Boston and Kings Lynn, and other coastal scenes near Skegness. The airfield used was RAF Hemswell, a few miles north of Scampton. Hemswell was operational during the war, but not when the filming took place. The Dam Busters was to influence later films. The attack on the Death Star in the the film Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope is similar in many respects to the strategy of Operation Chastise � rebel pilots have to fly through a trench while evading enemy fire and drop a single special weapon at a precise distance from the target in order to destroy the entire base with a single explosion, if one run fails another run must be made by another pilot. The scenes from Star Wars are very similar to those in The Dam Busters with a near identical dialogue. In an example of political correctness gone mad, the scenes in The Dam Busters with Guy Gibson's dog Nigger had to be cut when the film was shown on ITV in case the use of the word 'nigger' should cause offence. The Wall , both the album and the film, by Pink Floyd , contains extracts from The Dam Busters where Guy Gibson's dog Nigger is run down and killed by a car before the planes take off. A bad omen if ever there was one.	i don't know
What was the first name of 'Captain Darling' in the TV series 'Blackadder Goes Forth'?	Captain Darling \| The Blackadder Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Captain Kevin Darling (ca. 1868 - 1917), whose surname is a constant embarrassment to him, is a British Army Captain, serving in the First World War. He is a pencil-pushing staff officer, aide to General Melchett . Personality Edit Kevin Darling was born in Croydon and educated in the Ipplethorpe Primary School, and even has a girlfriend called Doris . In " Private Plane ", when pushed by Blackadder , Darling lets slip that he once attempted to join the Women's Auxiliary Balloon Corps (although he says there is nothing "cushy" about this), presumably to take advantage of the six months' training in order to avoid combat, and then it is implied he pulled out before any actual assignments by claiming his ears go 'pop'. Given the context of this conversation (Blackadder is attempting to get transferred into the Royal Flying Corps), and Darling's character in general, he has presumably pulled some strings to allow him to remain in the army without having to serve in battle. Despite (or perhaps because of) his constant toadying, Melchett views Darling with a great deal of contempt, and although claiming to regard him as a son, takes pains to point out that he's certainly not a favourite, but rather a "sort of spotty, illegitimate sprog that no-one really likes". Darling's main duties at GHQ include unloading and assigning truckloads of paper clips, sending orders to charge and helping Melchett with his dickie-bows and his dicky bladder. Still, Darling obtains the perfect stereotypical appearance, character and behaviour of a power-crazed sycophant. Unlike most characters (who are usually comic foils), Darling is portrayed as a rival and intellectual equal to Blackadder, with whom he is always in conflict, and one who usually triumphs. However, Blackadder often gets some sort of revenge, for example feeding Darling, along with Melchett, with one of Baldrick's banquets (each dish consisting of unsavoury ingredients), getting him to eat Baldrick's "Charlie Chaplin" Moustache (in reality a dead slug) by telling him it's liquorice, watching as Lord Flashheart headbutts him out cold, interrogating him until he bursts into tears and protests that he's not a German spy, or serving Darling some of Baldrick's "coffee"—made from mud, using dandruff as sugar and saliva as cream (Blackadder did not take up Baldrick's offer of 'chocolate sprinkles'). Darling was shown to be incredibly narcissistic and extremely arrogant, as he only cared about himself and his social standing. He was extremely selfish and was happy for others to die in his place. He is constantly trying to get rid of Edmund Blackadder, with whom he shares an incredible grudge. He was a coward, and went to extraordinary lengths to avoid being sent over the top. The two men finally achieve a form of empathy in the finale episode " Goodbyeee ", when Darling is sent to join Blackadder and his men at the front line for the 'final push' (Darling is given his orders by General Melchett, who believes it to be something of a treat rather than a death sentence). This is the first occasion where they both use the title of captain whilst addressing each other. In the final scene both captains reluctantly go forward, side-by-side, into the machine gunfire that will almost certainly kill them.	Kevin
How are the duo comprising Marc Almond and David Ball known?	Blackadder Goes Forth (TV Series 1989) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error Stuck in the middle of World War I, Captain Edmund Blackadder does his best to escape the banality of the war. Stars: Blackadder pretends that he's insane to avoid certain death carrying out the General's order for the "big push". 9.4 Blackadder hatches a cunning plan to avoid starvation and ignore his orders by eating a carrier pigeon. 8.9 The General asks Blackadder to find a spy in the hospital; one of the patients has a thick German accent and an interest in all things military. 8.8 a list of 40 titles created 14 Mar 2014 a list of 23 titles created 14 Jun 2014 a list of 42 titles created 15 Dec 2014 a list of 34 titles created 10 Aug 2015 a list of 36 titles created 3 weeks ago Title: Blackadder Goes Forth (1989) 8.8/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. In the Regency era, Mr E. Blackadder serves as butler to the foppish numskull Prince George amidst the fads and crazes of the time. Stars: Rowan Atkinson, Tony Robinson, Hugh Laurie In the Tudor court of Elizabeth I, Lord Edmund Blackadder strives to win Her Majesty's favour while attempting to avoid a grisly fate should he offend her. Stars: Rowan Atkinson, Tony Robinson, Tim McInnerny In the Middle Ages, Prince Edmund the Black Adder constantly schemes and endeavors to seize the crown from his father and brother. Stars: Rowan Atkinson, Brian Blessed, Elspet Gray At a New Millennium Eve party Blackadder and Baldrick test their new time machine and ping pong through history encountering famous characters and changing events rather alarmingly.... Director: Paul Weiland Blackadder's Christmas Carol (TV Short 1988) Short \| Comedy \| History After a genial spirit shows the benevolent Ebenezer Blackadder visions of his unscrupulous ancestors, he resolves to mend his generous ways. Director: Richard Boden Hotel owner Basil Fawlty's incompetence, short fuse, and arrogance form a combination that ensures accidents and trouble are never far away. Stars: John Cleese, Prunella Scales, Andrew Sachs Sir Edmund Blackadder must protect, and later rescue, King Charles I from the Roundheads. Director: Mandie Fletcher The original surreal sketch comedy showcase for the Monty Python troupe. Stars: Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Terry Gilliam Crazy sitcom about 3 priests and their housekeeper who live on Craggy Island, not the peaceful and quiet part of Ireland it seems! Stars: Dermot Morgan, Ardal O'Hanlon, Frank Kelly Classic comedy following the misadventures of two Wheeler Dealer brothers Del Boy and Rodney Trotter who scrape their living by selling dodgy goods believing that next year they will be millionaires. Stars: David Jason, Nicholas Lyndhurst, Roger Lloyd Pack Red Dwarf (TV Series 1988) Comedy \| Sci-Fi The adventures of the last human alive and his friends, stranded three million years into deep space on the mining ship Red Dwarf. Stars: Chris Barrie, Craig Charles, Danny John-Jules A comedy panel game in which being Quite Interesting is more important than being right. Stephen Fry is joined each week by four comedians to share anecdotes and trivia, and maybe answer some questions as well. Stars: Alan Davies, Stephen Fry, Bill Bailey Edit Storyline It is 1917, and lunatic General Sir Anthony Cecil Hogmanay Melchett is leading the British troops at the front lines against the Germans, while everyone waits for Field Marshall Haig's big push. There are various emotions throughout the camp about it. For Captain Kevin Darling, Melchett's bull-dog-like right-hand man, it makes no difference, as it appears he will be safe and sound with the general when the big push occurs. For Lieutenant George Colhurst Saint Barleigh, he is overly excited at thrashing the Germans. For Private S. (probably for Sod-Off) Baldrick, it's a terrifying experience he is not looking forward to. For Captain Edmund Blackadder, however, it's something he's too cowardly too face. Self-centered, arrogant, and sarcastic, Blackadder is always constantly searching for a way out of this silly war, and will try various, often crazy, variations on escape, all of which will take a turn he never expected. Sharing a dugout with George and Baldrick, his main obstacle for ... Written by Bloggers! 28 September 1989 (UK) See more » Also Known As: Did You Know? Trivia The decision to set Blackadder in the trenches of World War One did not come from Ben Elton , Richard Curtis or any of the cast or producers. The BBC received an unsolicited script for a new Blackadder series set in a France during WWI, from a young first-time writer. Elton and Curtis felt that the script itself was not good enough, but liked the WWI setting, and subsequently wrote Blackadder Goes Forth using this idea. See more » Goofs Throughout the series, Blackadder and George, both front-line officers in the trenches, are show with their rank insignia displayed on their cuffs, whereas Melchett and Darling, staff officers, are shown with their rank insignia on their shoulders. In reality, this would have been reversed: Cuff insignia was the standard, but front-line officers were allowed to wear theirs on their shoulders to make them less conspicuous to snipers. Shoulder insignia eventually became an army-wide personal option in 1917, and made permanent in 1920 when the cuff insignia was abolished completely. See more » Quotes Lieutenant George : But this is brave, splendid and noble... [Blackadder doesn't react - there's a long pause] Private Baldrick : I'm scared too, sir Lieutenant George : I'm the last of the tiddly-winking leapfroggers from the golden summer of 1914. I don't want to die... I'm really not over keen on dying at all, sir. Captain Blackadder : How are you feeling, Darling? Captain Darling : Ahm- not all that good, Blackadder. Rather hoped I'd get through the whole show, go back to work at Pratt and Sons, keep wicket for the Croydon Gentlemen, marry Doris. ... [...] See more » Crazy Credits The production crew credits at the end are formatted to look like military personnel rolls. Each crew member is listed with a cryptic abbreviation of their job title (as if it were a military rank), a serial number, last name and first initial. For example, production designer Chris Hull is listed as "Dgr. 404371 Hull, C" and makeup designer Caroline Noble is credited as "M/U Dgr. 862641 Noble, C". See more » Connections (United Kingdom) – See all my reviews Probably the best of the four series, although the last three are all on a par really. The usual excellent one-liners, witticisms and comic characters are there, but with a very serious, tragic context. There is an added pathos, particularly in the last episode, "Goodbyeeee", which is one of the finest half-hours of comedy no less. The second episode, "Corporal Punishment" is surely one of the very best Blackadders, with Blackadder murdering Melchett's pigeon, Speckled Jim... A hilarious episode there. Yes, maybe the plots are more consistent and original in series 2, but this series makes the best use of the historical period, which is, of course, World War 1. Special mention must be made of Rowan Atkinson's consistently excellent portrayal of the cynical Blackadder, Stephen Fry gives one of the finest caricatured performances you'll ever see as the insane Gen. Melchett and the excellent Hugh Laurie impresses as the ever-optimistic yet idiotic Bertie Wooster-type, Young George. A must-see, even if you've seen it so many times before... If you haven't yet seen it, a veritable feast awaits. Rating:- *** (out of ***) 21 of 24 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	i don't know
In which country was the first Formula One Grand Prix of 2010 held?	The Bahrain Grand Prix - did you know? The Bahrain Grand Prix - did you know? Share Did you know that while Kimi Raikkonen holds the record for most podium finishes in Bahrain with six, he's never won in the country? Ahead of the 2015 Formula 1 Gulf Air Bahrain Grand Prix, we've scoured the record books to find the most fascinating need-to-know facts, stats and trivia... Fernando Alonso is statistically the most successful driver in Bahrain, having triumphed three times The Bahrain International Circuit in Sakhir has been the venue for the Bahrain Grand Prix since the event's inception in 2004. On all but two occasions the race has been held in April, the exceptions being the 2006 and 2010 events which were both season openers. Last year's race was the first to be held under floodlights. The race has been run on the current 5.4-kilometre Grand Prix circuit layout on all but one occasion. In 2010 the 6.2-kilometre 'endurance' circuit layout was used, but it proved unpopular with teams and drivers. Michael Schumacher dominated the inaugural race in 2004, taking pole position, victory and fastest lap. It was the first of a record four wins at the circuit for Ferrari, Felipe Massa (2007 and 2008) and Fernando Alonso (2010) claiming the Scuderia's other victories. Renault (2), Red Bull (2), Brawn and Mercedes (both 1) have also triumphed at the desert venue, but McLaren have never won in Sakhir. Sochi is the only other track on the current calendar at which the Woking team have not been victorious. The class of 2010, as Bahrain played host to the season opener Fernando Alonso is statistically the most successful driver in Bahrain Grand Prix history, having claimed a record three wins. Of the current grid, Felipe Massa (2), Sebastian Vettel (2), Jenson Button and Lewis Hamilton (both 1) have also recorded wins in Sakhir, but Kimi Raikkonen has never stood on the top step, despite achieving a record six podium finishes at the venue. Will this finally be the Finn's year? Several of the current grid have recorded ‘firsts' in Bahrain - Nico Rosberg scored his first fastest lap at the circuit (in his first ever F1 race) in 2006, Felipe Massa and Lewis Hamilton achieved their first front-row starts at Sakhir in 2006 and 2007 respectively, and Romain Grosjean collected his maiden F1 podium on Bahraini soil in 2012. Pedro de la Rosa holds the lap record in Bahrain - a 1m 31.447s effort recorded in 2005 while the Spaniard was deputising for the injured Juan Pablo Montoya. In 10 previous races in Bahrain, no one has won by more than 20 seconds. The biggest winning margin came in 2010 when Alonso came home 16.099 seconds ahead of Ferrari team mate Massa. The smallest winning margin came in last year's race when Hamilton beat Rosberg across the line by just 1.085 seconds. Jenson Button scored a podium in the inaugural Bahrain Grand Prix in 2004, and has started every race in Sakhir since Pole position isn't everything in Bahrain, the race having been won from P1 on the grid just four times out of ten. However, no one has won the race from lower than fourth on the grid. The biggest margin between pole position and second on the grid in Bahrain Grand Prix history occurred in 2005 when Alonso beat Michael Schumacher to pole by 0.455 seconds. Of all the rookies on the 2015 grid, only Felipe Nasr has raced at Bahrain before (in GP2 in 2012, 2013 and 2014). The Brazilian was second at Sakhir in 2013. McLaren's Jenson Button and Fernando Alonso and Williams' Felipe Massa are the only drivers to have started every Bahrain Grand Prix since its inception in 2004. Ferrari's Kimi Raikkonen has started all but one, with just the 2010 race missing from his resume. Only two drivers have led more than 100 laps in Sakhir - Sebastian Vettel (146) and Felipe Massa (102). Alonso and Hamilton are next up on 96 and 58 laps led respectively. Recommended	Bahrain
Who was the model for Millais' 'Ophelia' and later the wife of Dante Gabriel Rossetti?	Formula 1 Grand Prix Tickets \| bookF1.com Abu Dhabi 26 Nov FORMULA 1 GRAND PRIX TICKETS We sell general admission, grandstand, and hospitality tickets for all the Formula 1 Grand Prix races. You can also add parking, useful race-day extras, and gift options to your purchase. PRE-SEASON TESTING FORMULA 1 GRAND PRIX TICKETS 27 Feb 2017 to 10 Mar 2017 Inaugurated two weeks before its first Formula 1 Grand Prix in September 1991, the Catalunya circuit near Barcelona has proved to be one of the best-designed circuits of the recent... more AUSTRALIAN FORMULA 1 GRAND PRIX TICKETS 23 Mar 2017 to 26 Mar 2017 When the F1 World Championship first came to Australia in 1985 it was based in Adelaide with an end-of-season slot. However, ex-racer Bob Jane, and premier of Victoria State Jeff... more CHINESE FORMULA 1 GRAND PRIX TICKETS 07 Apr 2017 to 09 Apr 2017 Much like the city it resides in, the Shanghai International Circuit is a wonderful combination of the traditional and the modern. Designed to showcase Shanghai’s splendour to the world,... more BAHRAIN FORMULA 1 GRAND PRIX TICKETS 14 Apr 2017 to 16 Apr 2017 Located at Sakhir, 30km south-west of Manama, the beautifully designed Bahrain International Circuit opened in 2004. Its opening placed the Middle East on the map for hosting future... more RUSSIAN FORMULA 1 GRAND PRIX TICKETS 28 Apr 2017 to 30 Apr 2017 The Sochi International Street Circuit is the Russian round of the 2016 Formula 1 Championship. This new track has been integrated into the public road network surrounding the Olympic... more SPANISH FORMULA 1 GRAND PRIX TICKETS 12 May 2017 to 14 May 2017 Inaugurated two weeks before its first Formula 1 Grand Prix in September 1991, the Catalunya circuit near Barcelona has proved to be one of the best-designed circuits of the recent... more MONACO FORMULA 1 GRAND PRIX TICKETS 25 May 2017 to 28 May 2017 Created in 1929 by Anthony Noghes, president and founder of the Club Automobile of Monaco, to bring international motor sport to Monaco. The first GP was held there in 1929; it was... more CANADIAN FORMULA 1 GRAND PRIX TICKETS 09 Jun 2017 to 11 Jun 2017 In 1978 the Grand Prix of Canada came to Montreal, where it was run on a man-made island in the middle of the St. Lawrence River, the site of the 1967 Expo and the 1976 Summer Olympic... more AZERBAIJAN FORMULA 1 GRAND PRIX TICKETS 23 Jun 2017 to 25 Jun 2017 After many years of speculation, the European Grand Prix has returned to the F1 calendar and will be hosted and the hotly anticipated Baku City Circuit in Baku, Azerbaijan. The Baku... more AUSTRIAN FORMULA 1 GRAND PRIX TICKETS 07 Jul 2017 to 09 Jul 2017 The Austrian Grand Prix is steeped in over 60 years of history. In the 1950’s local racing enthusiasts created an L shaped circuit in the town of Zelweg, the track was outlined using... more BRITISH FORMULA 1 GRAND PRIX TICKETS 14 Jul 2017 to 16 Jul 2017 After the Second World War, England's existing circuits had fallen into disrepair. And so, on the site of a wartime airfield, Silverstone Circuit was developed by the Royal Automobile... more HUNGARIAN FORMULA 1 GRAND PRIX TICKETS 28 Jul 2017 to 30 Jul 2017 Built in 1985 in just 8 months, a few kilometres north-east of the Hungarian capital Budapest under the impetus of Bernie Ecclestone who wanted an Eastern European venue for the F1... more BELGIAN FORMULA 1 GRAND PRIX TICKETS 25 Aug 2017 to 27 Aug 2017 Spa-Franchorchamps circuit was conceived in 1921 to host the Belgium Motorcycle Grand Prix. Its creators, using public roads twisting and turning through the Ardennes hills, produced... more ITALIAN FORMULA 1 GRAND PRIX TICKETS 01 Sep 2017 to 03 Sep 2017 Built in 1922 in only 100 days by the Automobile Club of Milan, Monza is Europe's oldest permanent circuit still in use. Originally comprising both a road course and a banked oval (sometimes... more SINGAPORE FORMULA 1 GRAND PRIX TICKETS 15 Sep 2017 to 17 Sep 2017 The F1 Singapore Grand Prix was the first street race in Asia and the first ever Formula 1 night race. more MALAYSIAN FORMULA 1 GRAND PRIX TICKETS 29 Sep 2017 to 01 Oct 2017 Malaysia has long had ambitions to join the countries hosting international motor sport and the country now has a circuit worthy of hosting both the F1 and FIM Motorcycle Grand Prix... more JAPANESE FORMULA 1 GRAND PRIX TICKETS 06 Oct 2017 to 08 Oct 2017 Designed by John Hugenholtz, the Zandvoort owner, and built in 1963, primarily as a test track for Honda, Suzuka has hosted the Japanese F1 GP since 1987 and is a very popular venue.... more UNITED STATES FORMULA 1 GRAND PRIX TICKETS 20 Oct 2017 to 22 Oct 2017 The Circuit of the Americas is a purpose built, 5.513km track with drastic elevation changes and high speed corners. It is the tenth American track to feature on the Formula 1 calendar... more MEXICAN FORMULA 1 GRAND PRIX TICKETS 27 Oct 2017 to 29 Oct 2017 The Circuit de Hermanos Fernandez has featured on the F1 calendar a number of times. Now, following a major renovation, we see F1 return to the renowned Central American track for the... more BRAZILIAN FORMULA 1 GRAND PRIX TICKETS 10 Nov 2017 to 12 Nov 2017 Although the Grand Prix of Sao Paulo has taken place since 1936, the Interlagos circuit was not built until 1940, and only acquired international fame when it was redeveloped in the... more ABU DHABI FORMULA 1 GRAND PRIX TICKETS 24 Nov 2017 to 26 Nov 2017 The Yas Marina Circuit is situated on Yas Island around 30 minutes from Abu Dhabi. The circuit hosted its first Grand Prix on the 1st November 2009. It was the first circuit to host... more	i don't know
Who plays the title role in the 1995 film 'Jefferson In Paris'?	Jefferson in Paris (1995) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error One of the obsessive speculations in American history is whether Thomas Jefferson, in the years before he became president, had an affair with (and fathered a child with) his 15-year-old ... See full summary » Director: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC a list of 21 titles created 03 May 2011 a list of 30 titles created 20 Nov 2011 a list of 24 titles created 18 Nov 2013 a list of 34 titles created 01 Jan 2014 a list of 21 titles created 9 months ago Title: Jefferson in Paris (1995) 5.7/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. This fictionalized story, based on the family life of writer James Jones, is an emotionless slice-of-life story. Jones here is portrayed as Bill Willis, a former war hero and now successful... See full summary » Director: James Ivory Eleanor lives with the artist Stash. Just like his artist friends, he is completely unknown but is waiting for the big break. Stash is mean to her and finally she leaves him. Ironically, ... See full summary » Director: James Ivory The Journey of August King is a multi-dimensional drama about a North Carolina farmer in April 1815. August King, a widower, is on his way home as he does every year after selling his ... See full summary » Director: John Duigan Set during World War II, an upper-class family begins to fall apart due to the conservative nature of the patriarch and the progressive values of his children. Director: James Ivory Seven teenagers retreat to a country house for the weekend to make their epic, an impossibly ambitious Celtic fantasy. As the making of the video drifts from playful hilarity to argument, ... See full summary » Director: Anna Campion A man marries an heiress for her money even though he is actually in love with her friend. Director: James Ivory A Boston feminist and a conservative Southern lawyer contend for the heart and mind of a beautiful and bright girl unsure of her future. Director: James Ivory Two teachers vie for the right to stage a play written by Jane Austen when she was twelve years old. Director: James Ivory Successful playwright Felix Webb has a new play, 'The Hit Man', in rehearsal. Directed by his old friend Humphrey, it is already being hailed as a masterpiece; but Felix can't enjoy his ... See full summary » Director: John Duigan Two brothers, one very successful and the other not, switch places with each other, exchanging jobs and wives. Director: Philippe de Broca 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 6.8/10 X Jane Eyre is an orphan cast out as a young girl by her aunt, Mrs. Reed, and sent to be raised in a harsh charity school for girls. There she learns to become a teacher and eventually seeks ... See full summary » Director: Franco Zeffirelli Anne is investigating the life of her grand-aunt Olivia, whose destiny has always been shrouded with scandal. The search leads back to the early 1920s, when Olivia, recently married to ... See full summary » Director: James Ivory Edit Storyline One of the obsessive speculations in American history is whether Thomas Jefferson, in the years before he became president, had an affair with (and fathered a child with) his 15-year-old slave Sally Hemings. JEFFERSON IN PARIS follows Jefferson to France (as the U.S. ambassador to the court of Louis XVI), following the death of his wife his friendships and flirtations with the French, his relationship with his daughters and slaves from home (especially Sally), against the backdrop of the beginning of the French Revolution. Written by Michael C. Berch <[email protected]> Motion Picture Rating ( MPAA ) Rated PG-13 for mature theme, some images of violence and a bawdy puppet show \| See all certifications » Parents Guide: 31 March 1995 (USA) See more » Also Known As: Jefferson em Paris See more » Filming Locations: Did You Know? Trivia Christopher Reeve was considered by director James Ivory to play Jefferson, but studio pushed for the more bankable Nick Nolte for the lead. See more » Goofs When Thomas Jefferson arrived in Paris, Louis XVI was still a 31-year old king and not a 63-year old Michael Lonsdale. See more » Quotes Thomas Jefferson : Independence is not a toy for children to play with, but the privilege of a fully matured mind. (Toronto, Canada) – See all my reviews We are invited here to see some of the more infrequently discussed aspects of the multifaceted Thos. Jefferson: architect, scientist, horticulturalist. Less of these perhaps than we might like, but more than we usually receive. Jefferson the scientist is mostly implied -- he witnesses one of the early Montgolfier ballooning experiments, for example. The primary focus is on the contentious matter of Jefferson's affairs of the heart. These include, most notably, a speculative miscegenetic one, but there is a second one, better documented, for contrast. Even if one suspects that the decision to direct attention here was primarily a commercial one, those portions of the film are well enough executed, while the creators, Prawer Jhabvala and Ivory, do provide us with a little seasoned food for the intellect, both here and elsewhere. "Jefferson in Paris" does contain a few speech anachronisms but otherwise seems to have found the flavour of the period. Altogether, not an exceptional film, but one which has much to recommend it. 9 of 13 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	Nick Nolte
What was the name of the group formed by Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel in 1957?	Gwyneth Paltrow - Film Actress - Biography.com Gwyneth Paltrow Gwyneth Paltrow is an American actress known for such films as Se7en, Emma and Great Expectations. In 1998, she won an Academy Award for her role in Shakespeare in Love. IN THESE GROUPS quotes “Beauty, to me, is about being comfortable in your own skin. That ... or a kick-ass red lipstick!” Gwyneth Paltrow Synopsis Actress Gwyneth Paltrow, the daughter of Tony Award-winning actress Blythe Danner and television producer Bruce Paltrow, began acting as a child soon earning small film roles in Shout (1991) and Hook (1991). In 1995, she appeared in the controversial film Se7en alongside Morgan Freeman and Brad Pitt. From there, Paltrow won starring roles in a string of films including Emma (1996), Great Expectations (1998) and A Perfect Murder (1998). In 1998, she won an Oscar for Best Actress for her role in Shakespeare in Love. In 2003, Paltrow married Coldplay frontman Chris Martin, with whom she has two children. The couple parted ways in 2014. Gwyneth Paltrow appears on stage during MTV's Total Request Live at the MTV Times Square Studios September 16, 2004 in New York City. (Photo: Scott Gries/Getty Images ) Early Life Gwyneth Kate Paltrow was born on September 27, 1972, in Los Angeles, California. The daughter of Tony Award-winning actress Blythe Danner and television producer Bruce Paltrow, Paltrow grew up no stranger to the world of Hollywood. After living in Los Angeles, Paltrow moved with her family to New York at age 11. The precocious young blonde made her stage debut at just five years old in a theater in Massachusetts' Berkshire Mountains, where her mother performed in summer stock. As she grew up, Paltrow's burgeoning beauty and developing acting talent began to win her small film roles, beginning with Shout and Hook in 1991. After a well-received spot opposite her mother on the television miniseries Cruel Doubt (1992), Paltrow decided to abandon her art history studies at the University of California at Santa Barbara to pursue acting full time. Early Career The decision paid off - Paltrow won a string of roles in films like Malice (1993), co-starring Nicole Kidman and Alec Baldwin, Flesh and Bone (1993), and Jefferson in Paris (1995), co-starring Nick Nolte. In 1995, Paltrow appeared in the controversial film Se7en with Morgan Freeman and Brad Pitt. A romance with the latter helped propel Paltrow into the headlines, just as she began to win starring roles in The Pallbearer (1996), Emma (1996), Great Expectations (1998), Sliding Doors (1998), and A Perfect Murder (1998) with Michael Douglas. Paltrow confirmed her superstar status with an inspired performance in 1998's Shakespeare in Love, as the immortal Bard's purported muse. The role won her a Best Actress Oscar and made her one of Hollywood's most sought-after female performers. The willowy blonde also made a name for herself in the gossip columns with much-publicized relationships and break-ups with both Pitt and Ben Affleck, the Oscar-winning co-screenwriter of Good Will Hunting (1997). Affleck also appeared (in a relatively small role) in Shakespeare in Love. He and Paltrow broke up amicably in early 1998 after a yearlong romance. Mid-Career In 1999, Paltrow starred with Matt Damon in director Anthony Minghella's lush production of The Talented Mr. Ripley, a novel by Patricia Highsmith. In 2000, she starred in the karaoke comedy-drama Duets, directed by her father, Bruce Paltrow, and the romance Bounce, opposite Affleck. In late 2001, Paltrow donned an unflattering fat suit for some of her scenes in the crude comedy Shallow Hal, costarring Jack Black and directed by Peter and Bobby Farrelly. She also joined an all-star cast, including Gene Hackman, Anjelica Huston, Ben Stiller, Bill Murray, Danny Glover and Luke and Owen Wilson, in The Royal Tenenbaums, directed by Wes Anderson. In 2002, she starred in the literary adaptation Possession, as well as Miramax's romantic spoof A View From the Top. Later Roles Following her 1998 Academy Award win, Paltrow took part in several less than memorable roles. In 2003, Paltrow played in the biopic Sylvia, the story of the talented poet and author Sylvia Plath, as the main character. The film failed to live up to the hype and flopped at the box office. A string of less popular films followed, including Running with Scissors (2003), Proof (2005) and Infamous (2006). None of her films were considered Oscar-worthy or did exceptionally well at the box office. She even tried her hand at directing in 2005 by making her directorial debut for the short Dealbreakers. It wasn't until 2008 that Paltrow started to make a comeback. In 2008, Paltrow joined the ranks of A-listers that played in films based off of comics, as she joined the cast of Iron Man as Pepper Potts, opposite Robert Downey Jr.'s Tony Stark. The film got rave reviews and garnered the highest box office numbers of any film that Paltrow had previously played in, raking in over $300 million. The film is also arguably the first in the comic book genre to launch the series of other superhero films in the Marvel universe that followed—Thor (2011), Captain America (2011) and The Avengers (2012). Paltrow reprised her roles in the second and third films in the series, released in 2010 and 2013, respectively. It was also in 2008 that Paltrow launched her lifestyle website GOOP, which sends out a weekly newsletter on anything from parenting to fashion tips. Personal Life In October 2002, while vacationing in Italy to celebrate her 30th birthday, Gwyneth's father, Bruce, succumbed to complications from pneumonia after a battle with throat cancer. In 2003, Paltrow married Chris Martin, frontman for the British rock group Coldplay. Their daughter, Apple Blythe Alison Martin, was born in May 2004. Two years later, the couple welcomed a son, Moses Bruce Anthony Martin. In March 2014, via her website GOOP , Paltrow announced that she and Martin had separated: "It is with hearts full of sadness that we have decided to separate," she stated. "We have been working hard for well over a year, some of it together, some of it separated, to see what might have been possible between us, and we have come to the conclusion that while we love each other very much, we will remain separate." Paltrow is currently dating actor Brad Falchuk. Fact Check We strive for accuracy and fairness. If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us ! Citation Information	i don't know
In which cycling event did Rebecca Romero win the Gold medal at the 2008 Olympics?	Rebecca Romero - Olympics Athletes - 2008 Summer Olympics - Beijing, China - ESPN rowing -quadruple sculls; track cycling - 3km pursuit Rowing Olympic Games (1 medal: 1 silver) Quadruple sculls: 2nd (2004) World Championships (1 medal: 1 gold) Quadruple sculls: 1st (2005) World championships (3 medals: 2 gold, 1 silver) 3km individual pursuit: 1st (2008), 2nd (2007) 3km team pursuit: 1st (2008) A bend in the river When Britain's world champion Rebecca Romero got so fed up with rowing she quit at just 26, a chance phone call propelled her into track cycling and a new world championship gold in a new sport in the Olympic year. At Beijing, she has every chance of becoming only the second woman in history to win Olympic medals at two separate summer sports if she can follow her 2004 quadruple skulls rowing silver, with a medal in cycling's 3km individual pursuit. She started rowing at 17 when her family moved near the Thames river at Twickenham and she enjoyed a swift progression through the British junior, under-23 and senior squads, finding herself heading for Athens in the quadruple skulls team that were beaten into silver by Germany. A year later she had been promoted to key rower and race reader when Britain gained revenge on Germany by beating them narrowly to claim the 2005 world title. Then a back injury lay off gave her time to reflect on how unhappy she was in the sport she describes as over regimented and robotic. The upshot was she quit to start a career in marketing. However in March 2006, British cycling coach Dan Hunt called to offer her a trial at the Manchester velodrome, after which she was told she may have a future and was offered a six-month paid trial period. World champion after just one year A month before that period ended, she became British time-trial champion in her first ever competitive race. She loved cycling and felt a newfound freedom and joy in it. She had only been in cycling a year when she travelled to Mallorca, Spain for the 2007 worlds, which she describes as a magic time when all the pieces started to come together and where she won a silver medal in the 3km individual pursuit. A year later her home club hosted the world championships where two years after first climbing on the five-spoke track bike, Romero overpowered Sarah Hammer of the United States to win the 2008 world individual pursuit title. She lay awake half the night with a big grin on her face and went into the team pursuit the following day with the adrenalin of victory still pumping through her. Along with Wendy Houvenaghel and Joanna Rowsell in only their second competitive race together, they powered to the 3km team pursuit title too, ahead of the Ukraine. She speaks passionately about cycling, the nerves and excitement, the wild acceleration of the first lap. And if she can carry that enthusiasm to Beijing it will take something very special to stop her quest for a second Olympic medal.	Individual pursuit
Brittany Ferries run a service from Plymouth to which Spanish port?	Rebecca Romero seeks new challenge in London-Paris ride \| Cyclingnews.com Rebecca Romero seeks new challenge in London-Paris ride Retired pro Backstedt also training for the event 1 / 1 Rebecca Romero on her gold medal pursuit ride. (Casey Gibson) Skip Ad Olympic and former world champion Rebecca Romero, who won gold in the 3km individual pursuit at the Beijing Olympics in 2008 and the 3km individual pursuit world title in the same year, will line up with riders for the start of London-Paris 2010 on June 24, 2010. Related Articles Romero and Houvenaghel continue Britain's Olympic track success "I'm constantly looking for new and exciting challenges and that's why I've decided to ride the London-Paris 2010," said Romero. "It's a professional endurance event, and I know it's going to test me physically and mentally." Romero is the only British woman and one of only two women in the world to win summer Olympic medals in two different sports. Romero was a rowing silver medallist at the Athens Olympics in the quad sculls. "I'm really looking forward to the experience of riding in a fast-paced ride alongside some of the country's most serious cyclists. It's obviously a longer distance than I'm used to but that's what appeals to me. London-Paris 2010 will be one of my key targets for next year and I'm really looking forward to the challenge," said Romero. London-Paris 2010 covers 550km in three days with a rest day in Paris. Also in the line-up for London-Paris 2010 is Swedish former professional cyclist, Magnus Backstedt, who won the Paris-Roubaix in 2004 and the 19th stage of the 1998 Tour de France. Backstedt now runs his own coffee company, Team MagnusMaximusCoffee.com, a squad of young Swedish and British riders. "London-Paris was one of few events I heard a lot about when I was a professional rider out in Europe and I have always said I would love to ride it one day," said Backstedt. "Knowing people who've ridden L2P and having heard so many great things about it, I couldn't resist riding when the opportunity came up for 2010." "It gives me a goal to work towards and the training will keep me fit now that I've ended my professional career." For more information on London-Paris 2010, visit www.londres-paris.com. Registration opens November 30. Share on Facebook	i don't know
Of which Caribbean Commonwealth country, named by Columbus after the Italian for Sunday, is Nicholas Liverpool the Prime Minister?	Dominica Dominica Excerpts From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Not to be confused with the Dominican Republic . ("After God is the earth") Anthem: Isle of Beauty, Isle of Splendour Location of Dominica (circled in red) in the Caribbean (light yellow) 0.8% European 0.7% others 290 sq mi • Water (%) 1.6 Population • July 2009 estimate 72,660 ( 195th ) • 2016 census 72,324 • Density 105/km 2 high · 94th Currency East Caribbean dollar ( XCD ) Time zone Eastern Caribbean ( UTC –4) Drives on the left Calling code +1-767 ISO 3166 code DM Internet TLD .dm Dominica ( /ˌdɒmɪˈniːkə/ dom-i-nee-kə ; French : Dominique; Island Carib : Wai‘tu kubuli), officially the Commonwealth of Dominica, is an island country in the Lesser Antilles region of the Caribbean Sea , south-southeast of Guadeloupe and northwest of Martinique . Its area is 750 square kilometres (290 sq mi) and the highest point is Morne Diablotins , at 1,447 metres (4,747 ft) elevation. The population was 72,301 at the 2014 census. The capital is Roseau , located on the leeward side of the island. The island was originally inhabited by the Kalinago and later colonised by the Europeans, predominately by the French, who arrived at the island on Sunday, 3 November 1493 ("Sunday" = "Dominica" in Latin). Great Britain took it over in 1763 after the Seven Years' War and gradually established English as the official language. The island republic gained independence in 1978. Its name is pronounced with emphasis on the third syllable, related to its French name of Dominique. Dominica has been nicknamed the "Nature Isle of the Caribbean" for its unspoiled natural beauty. It is the youngest island in the Lesser Antilles, still being formed by geothermal - volcanic activity, as evidenced by the world's second-largest hot spring , Boiling Lake . The island has lush mountainous rainforests , and is the home of many rare plants, animals, and bird species. There are xeric areas in some of the western coastal regions, but heavy rainfall occurs inland. The Sisserou parrot , also known as the imperial amazon and found only on Dominica, is the island's national bird and features on the national flag . Dominica's economy depends on tourism and agriculture. History Before Europeans, the island was inhabited by the Kalinago people ( Island Caribs ). Christopher Columbus spotted the island on Sunday 3 November 1493 and named it after the day of the week (dies Dominica in Latin, literally day of the Lord). For a century, the island remained isolated. As European explorers and settlers entered the region, indigenous refugees from surrounding islands settled Dominica and pushed out the Spanish settlers, who found other areas easier to control and with more resources. Geography and climate _____________________________________________________________________________ Air There are two regional, and no international airports on the island. The primary airport, Douglas-Charles Airport (DOM), is on the northeast coast and is about a 45-minute drive from Portsmouth (1 hour from Roseau). The second is Canefield Airport (DCF), about 15 minutes from Roseau on the southwest coast. Canfield is served by small aircraft however Douglas-Charles Airport is served by Commuter and Regional Airlines. Air Sunshine offers service to and from Douglas Charles Airport(DOM),St.Thomas(STT),SanJuan(SJU).St.Maarten(SXM),Nevis(NEV) and Anguilla(AXA) on a regular basis and other destinations on demand. Roads Dominica's road network runs primarily along the coastline and along river valleys. Major roads are two-lane highways which connect the capital, Roseau, with Portsmouth (Edward Oliver Leblanc Highway) and the Douglas Charles Airport (Dr. Nicholas Liverpool Highway). It takes about 45 minutes to drive from Portsmouth to Roseau. Private minibuses form the major public transport system. These major roads were recently reconstructed with assistance from the People's Republic of China and the European Union. Due to Tropical Storm Erika, several road surfaces and bridges were damaged by flooding and landslides, including on the newly completed E.O. LeBlanc (Roseau to Portsmouth) and Dr. Nicholas Liverpool Highways (Pont Casse to Douglas Charles Airport). [43] As of October 2015, communities in the south-east of the country remain inaccessible to road traffic. Demographics The vast majority of Dominicans are of African descent. There is a growing mixed population, along with a significant Indo-Caribbean or East Indian groups, a small European origin minority (descendants of French, British, and Irish colonists) and there are small numbers of Lebanese, Syrians and Asians. Dominica is also the only Eastern Caribbean island that still has a population of pre-Columbian native Caribs, who were exterminated or driven from neighbouring islands. As of 2014 there are more than 3,000 Caribs remaining. They live in eight villages on the east coast of Dominica. This special Carib Territory was granted by the British Crown in 1903.There are also about 1,000 medical students from the United States and Canada who study at the Ross University School of Medicine in Portsmouth. The population growth rate of Dominica is very low, due primarily to emigration to other countries. In the early 21st century, emigrant numbers for the most popular countries are as follows: the United States (8,560), the United Kingdom (6,739), Canada (605) and France (394). It has recently been noted that Dominica has a relatively large number of centenarians . As of March 2007, there are 22 centenarians out of the island's 70,000 inhabitants—three times the average incidence of centenarianism in developed countries. The reasons for this are the subject of current research being undertaken at Ross University School of Medicine. Languages English is the official language of Dominica and is universally spoken and understood. However, because of historic French occupation during different times in history, and the island's location (it lies between the two French-speaking departments of Martinique and Guadeloupe ), Antillean Creole , based on French , is spoken by many people on the island. The French creole language is particularly used among the older generation, which also speaks a language known as " patois ". Because of a decline in its usage by the younger generation, initiatives have been set up in an effort to increase usage and promote this unique part of the nation's history and culture.	Dominica
After the death of Henry VIII, Catherine Parr married Thomas, the brother of which of Henry's other wives?	.co.dm - .co.dm General Information - Register .co.dm - Dominican Domains Prices from as little as: $120.40kr616€82.80£74.40$129.00kr806$86.90R1315.00 for 1 year. .co.dm Background Information .dm is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Dominica. Registrants of a second-level .dm domain get the corresponding third-level names within .com.dm, .net.dm, and .org.dm automatically included. There are no restrictions on who can register these names, but they are not very heavily used. One example of a current ".dm" web property is the social community wis.dm, an example of domain hacking. Population July 2008 estimate 72,514 (195st) - 2003 census 71,727 - Density 105/km2 (95th) 272/sq mi GDP (PPP) 2007 estimate - Total $687 million - Per capita $9,582 National Anthem Isle of Beauty, Isle of Splendour Area Total 754 km2 (184th) 290 sq mi - Water (%) 1.6 International Dialling Code : "Aprȿs Bondie, C'est La Ter" (Antillean Creole) "After God is the Earth" Time Zone (UTC��4) The Commonwealth of Dominica, commonly known as Dominica, is an island nation in the Caribbean Sea. Locally the name is pronounced /ÝîdÐÆmÐ¬ÝêniÝÉkÐÖ/ DOM-i-NEE-kÐÖ, but elsewhere /dÐÖÝêmÐ¬nÐ¿kÐÖ/ dÐÖ-MIN-i-kÐÖ is common. In Italian, its name means "Sunday", which was the day on which it was spotted by Christopher Columbus. Dominica's pre-Columbian name was "Wai'tu kubuli", which means "Tall is her body". The indigenous people of the island, the Caribs, have a territory similar to the Indian reserves of North America. However, its official language is English because o its history as a British colony, territory, and state though a French creole is spoken by many, especially people of older generations. The demonym or adjective of this country is "Dominican" in English, same as that for the Dominican Republic but unlike the Dominican Republic, in which the stress is on the first "i", the stress is on the second "i". Background information supplied by Wikipedia .It is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License .co.dm Assignment How Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) assign the .co.dm domain. IANA is a department of ICANN , a non-profit private American corporation, they oversees IP address allocation, root zone management in the Do main Name System (DNS), and other Internet related symbols and numbers. .co.dm Assignment Facts & Figures Domain Facts & Figures : Billing Periods, Renewal details, delegation details and more. Everything you need to know about your Dominica .(co.dm) domain. .co.dm Facts .co.dm Renewals You may renew your .co.dm domain without logging into your control panel by using our quick and painfree renewal service, or even transfer it into nominate to be renewed if necessary.	i don't know
With atomic number 40, which is the last element alphabetically in the Periodic Table?	Alphabetical list by Name of the chemical elements of the periodic table For chemistry students and teachers: The tabular chart on the right is alphabethically listed. The first chemical element is Actinium and the last is Zirconium. Please note that the elements do not show their natural relation towards each other as in the Periodic system. There you can find the metals, semi-conductor(s), non-metal(s), inert noble gas(ses), Halogens, Lanthanoides, Actinoids (rare earth elements) and transition metals.	Zirconium
'One Step Behind' is a tribute act to which band?	Periodic Table Periodic Table Electron Configurations The Bohr theory for a hydrogen-like atom or ion (an atom or ion containing a nucleus and only one electron, e.g., H, He+, Li2+ and Be3+) gives the energy of the electron in a given electron shell as E being inversely proportional to n2 and the radius of the shell as r being directly proportional to n2 where n is the principal quantum number. For a hydrogen-like electron system, the energies of the subshells depend only on the principal quantum number 1s < 2s = 2p <3s = 3p = 3d < 4s = 4p = 4d = 4f < ... However, for a multielectron atom or ion (an atom or ion containing a nucleus and more than one electron), the energies of the subshells are no longer the same because of the various electron-electron interactions and generally follow the order 1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d < 5p < 6s < 4f ≈ 5d < 6p < 7s < 5f ≈ 6d < 7p < ... Each s subshell contains one s orbital, each p subshell contains three p orbitals, each d subshell contains five d orbtials, each f subshell contains seven f orbitals, etc., and each orbital can be assigned a maximum of two electrons. The lowest energy state (the ground state) of an atom or ion is the one in which all electrons are assigned to the lowest available orbitals. For example, using the above filling order we would write the electron configuration for the 10 electrons in neon as Ne 1s2 2s2 2p6 and the 40 electrons in zirconium as Zr 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d2 Example Problem: Write the electron configuration for the ground state of an atom of arsenic (Z = 33). Answer: For the 33 electrons As 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p3 Note that the sum of the numbers of electrons in each subshell is equal to the total number of electrons present in the atom or ion. Note that there are some discrepancies between the predicted configurations based on the above general filling order and the observed electron configurations–particularly for the transition (d-block) elements and the inner transition (f-block) elements. We will not concern ourselves with these in this review. Periodic Trends in Electron Configurations The arrangement of the atoms in the standard periodic table is based on the electron configurations. The atoms in a periodic table family or group (a vertical column of elements) will all have the same valence (outer) electron configurations with respect to the subshells involved. For example, all of the halogens in Group 17 will have the ns2 np5 configuration–only the values of the principal quantum number change. These outer configurations are summarized in the figure. Periodic Trends in Oxidation Numbers Most atoms do not have completely filled subshells and will gain, lose, or share electrons with other atoms to “complete” these subshells. For example, the metals in Groups 1 and 2 readily form positively charged ions (cations) resulting from the loss of the nsx electrons Na(1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1) → Na+(1s2 2s2 2p6) + e- Ca(1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2) → Ca2+(1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6) + 2 e- The nonmetals in Groups 13-17 form negatively charged ions (anions) resulting from the gaining electrons to completely fill the np subshell O(1s2 2s2 2p4) + 2 e- → O2-(1s2 2s2 2p6) Br(1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p5) + e- → Br-(1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6) For ions, the oxidation number is equal to the charge on the ion. In compounds where electrons are shared, the nonmetals can also be assigned positive oxidation numbers corresponding to the loss of the npx and the nsx electrons. For example, in various compounds of sulfur, S (1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4), sulfur is often considered to have a +4 oxidation number from the “loss” of the 3p4 electrons and a +6 oxidation number from the additional “loss” of the 3s2 electrons. To predict the oxidation number of the transition and inner transition elements is a little more tricky. Even though we would write the configuration of vanadium based on the filling order as V 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d3 we must rewrite the configuration as V 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d3 4s2 with the electron occupancy placed in order by increasing principal quantum number which represents the order of removing electrons. The first electrons that are removed are from the greatest principal quantum number V2+ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d3 followed by some or all of the electrons in any partially filled subshell V5+ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 Because some of the subshells for transition and inner transition metals are close in energy, there are often several different possible oxidation numbers. Periodic Trends in Radii In going down a family of elements, both the nuclear charges and principal quantum numbers increase as the atomic numbers increase. As the nuclear charges increase, the atomic radii are predicted to be smaller because of the greater positive electrical charges of the nuclei attracting the electrons. From the relationship that r is directly proportional to n2, we would predict that the atomic radii should increase as the principal quantum numbers increase. These are opposing effects as the atomic numbers increase. The greater effect is from the increasing principal quantum number–however, the predicted increases are not as large as expected because some of the increase is offset by the increasing nuclear charge. The general trend is that atomic radii increase within a family with increasing atomic number. In going across a period (a horizontal row) in the periodic table, the valence electrons of the elements all have the same principal quantum number and so we would predict no change in the radii from a change in the value of n. However, the nuclear charges increase as the atomic numbers increase and this effect tends to decrease the size of the atoms. The general trend is that atomic radii decrease within a period with increasing atomic number. The radii of elements that follow the transition or inner transition elements are similar to those directly above them in the periodic table family because of the effect of the additional number of elements in these longer periods offsetting the increased value of the principal quantum number. All of the following trends in atomic properties are directly related to the trends in atomic radii. The first ionization energy (ionization potential) is the energy change for the removal of the least “tightly” bound electron for a gaseous atom Na(g) → Na+(g) + e- Ionization energies are always endothermic. Because Coulomb’s law (E is inversely proportional to r) predicts that it is easier to remove an electron from a large atom than from a small atom, the ionization energy is predicted to decrease within a family with increasing atomic number because the size increases and is predicted to increase across a period with increasing atomic number because the size decreases. The electron affinity is the energy change for the addition of one electron to a gaseous atom Cl(g) + e- → Cl-(g) Values of electron affinities can be either endothermic or exothermic. If the electron configuration is “stable” before the process, e.g., ns2 or ns2 np6, then the process is endothermic and if the configuration ns2 np3, the process is not as exothermic as expected. Excluding these exceptions, the general trend for the exothermic process based on Coulomb’s law (E is inversely proportional to r) predicts that the electron affinity will decrease within a family with increasing atomic number because the atoms increase in size and will increase across a period with increasing atomic number because the atoms decrease in size. Periodic Trends of Electronegativity Electronegativity is the “ability” of an atom in a covalent bond to attract electrons to itself and is related to the ionization energy and electron affinity of the atom. There are several different methods of assigning numerical values for this property, but the general trends are that the electronegativity decreases within a family with increasing atomic number and increases across a period with increasing atomic number. Try It Out 1. Write the complete electron configuration for B, P, Ti, Ge, and U. 2. Predict the oxidation numbers for the elements in question #1. 3. Choose the larger atom in each pair: Mg, Ca; Be, F; Cl, Br; S, Cl. 4. Choose the element with the greater ionization energy in each pair: Mg, Ca; Be, F; Cl, Br; S, Cl. 5. Choose the element with the greater electron affinity in each pair: Be, F; Cl, Br; S, Cl. 6. Choose the more electronegative element in each pair: Mg, Ca; Be, F; Cl, Br; S, Cl. Additional Information Available on the Web	i don't know
Who played 'Sam Malone' in the US TV series 'Cheers'?	Cheers (TV Series 1982–1993) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error The regulars of the Boston bar Cheers share their experiences and lives with each other while drinking or working at the bar where everybody knows your name. Creators: Frasier and Lilith announce that they are moving in together and as the instigators of the relationship, they invite Sam and Diane over as their first dinner guests. Just prior to Sam and Diane's ... 8.6 Woody embarks on his new life as City Councilman. Norm embarks on his new life as civil servant as Woody pulled some strings to get him an accounting job at City Hall. And Rebecca and Sam embark on ... 8.6 Diane thinks that Frasier is masking romantic feelings for his colleague, Dr. Lilith Sternin, so she launches a plan to fan the flames of love. Meanwhile, Norm and Cliff reluctantly join Woody for a ... 8.5 a list of 32 titles created 21 Jun 2013 a list of 30 titles created 30 Sep 2013 a list of 27 titles created 06 Oct 2013 a list of 37 titles created 10 months ago a list of 39 titles created 3 months ago Search for " Cheers " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Won 6 Golden Globes. Another 71 wins & 180 nominations. See more awards » Photos Dr. Frasier Crane moves back to his hometown of Seattle where he lives with his father and works as a radio psychiatrist. Stars: Kelsey Grammer, Jane Leeves, David Hyde Pierce Light television comedy featuring Paul and Jaime Buchman as a recently married couple in New York City. They point out the gentle humor of domesticity and in the everyday situations of life. Stars: Paul Reiser, Helen Hunt, John Pankow The staff of a New York City taxicab company go about their job while they dream of greater things. Stars: Judd Hirsch, Jeff Conaway, Danny DeVito Al Bundy is a misanthropic women's shoe salesman with a miserable life. He hates his job, his wife is lazy, his son is dysfunctional (especially with women), and his daughter is dim-witted and promiscuous. Stars: Ed O'Neill, Christina Applegate, Katey Sagal In this sitcom, Charlie, who takes Mike Flaherty's place in later years, is the Deputy-Mayor of New York City, and his team of half-wits must constantly save the Mayor from embarrassment and the media. Stars: Michael J. Fox, Charlie Sheen, Heather Locklear Will and Grace live together in an apartment in New York. He's a gay lawyer, she's a straight interior designer. Stars: Eric McCormack, Debra Messing, Megan Mullally An eccentric fun-loving judge presides over an urban night court and all the silliness going on there. Stars: Harry Anderson, John Larroquette, Richard Moll Four previously married women live together in Miami, sharing their various experiences together and enjoying themselves despite hard times. Stars: Bea Arthur, Betty White, Rue McClanahan The staff of an army hospital in the Korean war find that laughter is the best way to deal with their situation. Stars: Alan Alda, Wayne Rogers, Loretta Swit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 6.3/10 X A free spirited yoga instructor finds true love in a conservative lawyer and they got married on the first date. Though they are polar opposites; her need of stability is fulfilled with him, his need of optimism is fulfilled with her. Stars: Jenna Elfman, Thomas Gibson, Joel Murray Hot-tempered journalist Maya Gallo got herself fired from yet another job when she made an anchorwoman cry on the air with some gag copy on the teleprompter. Unable to find a job anywhere ... See full summary » Stars: Laura San Giacomo, Enrico Colantoni, George Segal The misadventures of a tough female television journalist and her friends. Stars: Candice Bergen, Grant Shaud, Robert Pastorelli Edit Storyline The lives of the disparate group of employees and patrons at a Boston watering hole called Cheers over eleven years is presented. Over much of this period, Sam Malone, a womanizing ex-Boston Red Sox pitcher and an alcoholic, owns the bar, its purchase and this life which was his salvation from his alcoholism which was largely the cause of the end of his baseball career. He ends up having a love-hate relationship with intellectual Diane Chambers, who he hires as a waitress and whose cultured mentality is foreign to anyone else in the bar. He also has an evolving relationship with Rebecca Howe, who managed the bar for the Lily Corporation which bought it from Sam, but whose outward business savvy belied the fact that she was a mess of a woman who was struggling to find her place in life. The regular patrons are largely a bunch of self-identified losers, who bond because of their shared place in life, and because Cheers is their home away from home, and in many ways more a home than ... Written by Huggo 30 September 1982 (USA) See more » Also Known As: Cheers, Aquele Bar See more » Filming Locations: Did You Know? Trivia The auditions for the roles of Sam and Diane were held on the hotel bar set of Bosom Buddies (1980). See more » Goofs The "Bar Wars" episodes with Cheers against Gary's Old Towne Tavern are in Roman numerical order from Season 6 to Season 11. However, Season 8 contains the episode, "Bar Wars III" and then the next "Bar Wars" episode is listed in Season 10, but it's incorrectly named "Bar Wars V." There is/was no "Bar Wars IV." See more » Quotes Sam : Have you noticed that, uh... somebody in this bar is getting a little loony? Frasier : Sam, everyone in this bar is on a connecting flight to beyond loony. See more » Crazy Credits The style of the opening credits never changed throughout the series' 11 year run, unless a new cast member was added. See more » Connections (United States) – See all my reviews Cheers was one of those shows that had all of the ingredients of being a success from its inception, yet it took a while before it really gained the respect it has over the years. In fact, it was in jeopardy of being canceled after its first season due to low ratings. However, thanks to some smart executives, amazing writers, and a stellar cast, Cheers persevered. The sitcom mainly takes place in a bar and focuses on the daily lives of a variety of colorful characters and the comical situations they create. In a way, it's like watching a slice of what it means to be a citizen in this great country. We are a melting pot of different people, circumstances, beliefs, hangups, triumphs, misfortunes, etc., yet when push comes to shove in moments of desperation and/or despair, we work it all out. We work as a team to solve problems and get through each day, whether it be a good one or a day wrought with idiosyncrasies. That's what the patrons in Cheers do. Sure, they have their issues and selfish forays that help define them as individuals, but they're basically good people with good hearts. Everybody commits selfish acts sometimes. This show simply magnifies these types of predicaments for the sake of humor that's all in good fun. It's nice to know there is a place where everyone knows your name that is an extended family of sorts. Sometimes we have to get away from those closest to us just to recharge our batteries. Wouldn't it be nice if everyone could go to a place like Cheers to unwind now and then? The main ensemble included the cockybutlikable head bartender, Sam Malone (Ted Danson). I believe Danson was perfectly cast here, and his two Emmy wins are welldeserved. Sam had a love interest on the show for the first five seasons named Diane Chambers (Shelly Long). She was brilliant as the stuffy, neurotic bookworm filled with insecurities and dilemmas that would drive anyone nuts. When Long left the show, Rebecca Howe (Kirstie Alley) took over. She would eventually buy the bar and have her own insecurities to contend with. She had big shoes to fill as Diane was a popular television character. In fact, Long won an Emmy and two Golden Globes for her scene stealing performances. Alley, to her credit, was a terrific replacement because she brought in a distinctive flavor to her character and added a different dimension to the show. She won an Emmy as well. Rhea Perlman played the fiery head waitress, Carla. She could be a bit hard to swallow at times, but she was deadon in all of her performances and has four Emmy awards to prove it. The rest of the cast included the spacey bartender, Ernie Pantusso (Nicholas Colasanto), naive bartender Woody (Woody Harrelson who replaced The Coach after his death in real life), couch potato, Norm (George Wendt), goofy mailman, Cliff (John Ratzenberger), quirky Dr. Frasier Crane (Kelsey Grammar who went on to star in his own very successful spin off show aptly titled Frasier), and Frasier's uptight wife, Lilith (Bebe Neuwirth). All of these diverse characters provided plenty of humorous material and the actors/actresses played them to a tee. It was their top notch performances that propelled this show to a higher level than it already was. In closing, Cheers offers the viewer the opportunity to escape the rat race world of the major cities (and perhaps the humdrum of small towns??) that we live in where we can enjoy some good conversation, a few laughs, and great company. Feeling welcome is never a bad thing... 15 of 16 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	Ted Danson
In 1999 who became First Minister of the Northern Ireland Executive?	6 Behind-the-Scenes Secrets from Cheers \| Mental Floss 6 Behind-the-Scenes Secrets from Cheers Image credit: Like us on Facebook Cheers finished a lowly 77th in the ratings after its first season in 1982-83, performing poorly against Simon & Simon and Too Close for Comfort in its 9 p.m. Thursday time slot. Both Paramount and NBC believed in the show, however, and their tenacity certainly paid off. Cheers ended after 11 seasons, but only because Ted Danson decided to call it quits. 1. Why Sam Malone was originally a football player The final two actors in contention for the role of ex-jock-turned-bar-owner Sam Malone were Fred Dryer and Ted Danson. The show's original concept called for Sam to be a retired football player, and Dryer seemed perfect since he had spent 13 years as a defensive end in the NFL. But while Fred was new to acting, Ted had accumulated a handful of TV and film roles in the late 1970s and early 1980s. When Danson won the role, the back story was changed to make the character a former relief pitcher to better match Danson's physique. Ted later revealed that he'd spent two weeks attending a bartending school in Burbank to prepare for his audition, only to find that (like most bartenders) most of his mixology was performed below sight level of the bar, out of camera range. DID YOU KNOW? Fred Dryer appeared on a few Cheers episodes as TV sportsman Dave Richards. In real life, Dryer tried his hand at sportscasting after leaving the NFL, but decided he wasn't cut out for it. Although he missed out with Cheers, Fred embarked on his own long-running TV series a couple years later: Hunter. 2. The Secret Behind the Crack in the Bar Designed by Richard Sylbert, the Cheers set was loosely based on Boston's Bull and Finch bar. Look closely and you'll notice a "seam" down the center of the bar; it was built on a hinge so that the right half could swing out, allowing the wall to slide open to reveal Sam's office. Designers installed lights underneath the bar so that Nick "Coach" Colasanto (who had difficulty memorizing lines) could read the script pages taped to the counter. It took 30 to 40 extras to fill up the pub set as "customers"; any less, and the bar looked too empty. DID YOU KNOW? Kirstie Alley (as Rebecca Howe) appeared in more episodes of Cheers than did Shelley Long (as Diane Chambers). 3. How Cliff Clavin Lobbied for his Job John Ratzenberger originally auditioned for the role of barfly Norm Peterson. When he lost that role to George Wendt, Ratzenberger asked the producers if they had written a "resident know-it-all" into their show. All bars have one, he pointed out. Thanks to his persistence, the character of mail carrier Cliff Clavin became a regular Cheers patron. Likewise, psychiatrist Dr. Frasier Crane was brought in at the beginning of Season 3 as a plot device to further the relationship between Sam and Diane. While he wasn't intended to become a permanent cast member, Kelsey Grammer had a knack for making even the most mundane dialog funny. The audience loved him, so it wasn't long before Frasier became a regular on the show. DID YOU KNOW? Before John Ratzenberger made it big on Cheers, he had bit roles in some of Hollywood's biggest blockbusters, including The Empire Strikes Back, Superman, and Gandhi. 4. The Secret of Norm's Brew Although the Cheers bar was fully functional (and many NBC after-hours parties were held on the set), the suds served to George Wendt weren't exactly a tasty microbrew. In fact, it was "near beer," with an alcohol content of 3.2 percent, and a pinch of salt added so that the mug kept a foamy head under the hot studio lights. And yes, poor George had to periodically sip that ghastly concoction in order to keep his character "real." DID YOU KNOW?: A few members of the Cheers cast had memorable roles in horror films: Ted Danson appeared in Creepshow, George Wendt in House, and Shelley Long in Caveman. (Okay, Caveman wasn't horror, but it was horrible.) 5. Babies in the Bar? Both Shelley Long and Rhea Perlman were pregnant at different times during the filming of Cheers. Shelley was with child near the end of the third season, and the producers opted to hide her under aprons and behind the bar. Rhea Perlman was allowed to "let it all hang out" when she was carrying her daughter at the end of season one because her character was known for being particularly fecund. The "Rebecca wants Sam to father her baby" story line was originally incorporated into the script because Kirstie Alley was pregnant. Sadly, she miscarried, so that plot was abandoned. DID YOU KNOW? Rhea Perlman's father, Phil, appeared as a bar patron in several episodes of Cheers over the years. 6. Loose Lips Sink Careers Jay Thomas was the morning DJ at LA's KPWR-Power 106 when he auditioned for (and won) the role of hockey star Eddie LeBec. He was brought back for several episodes in order to give Carla a story arc, and Eddie and Carla eventually wed on the show. Eddie might have made it to the series finale had Jay Thomas not taken a call on the air one morning asking him "What's it like working on Cheers?" Thomas made several unflattering remarks about Rhea Perlman and having to kiss her... and Rhea happened to be listening to his show. Not surprisingly, a few weeks later Eddie LeBec was killed in a bizarre Zamboni accident. DID YOU KNOW? Leah Remini, later to star in The King of Queens, appeared in two Cheers episodes as one of Carla's daughters, Serafina. As always, you're welcome to weigh in with your opinions on Diane versus Rebecca, Coach versus Woody, and how a bar managed to function for 11 years when none of the patrons ever seemed to pay their tabs.	i don't know
Which is the sixth book of the Old Testament, immediately following the Pentateuch?	Pentateuch - OrthodoxWiki Pentateuch or simply "LXX", the Koine Greek version of the Hebrew Bible. 1. Genesis \| 2. Exodus \| 3. Leviticus \| 4. Numbers \| 5. Deuteronomy Historical Books IV Maccabees The Pentateuch is a term referring to the first five books of the Old Testament . It comes from the Greek penta ("five"), and (τεύχος) teukhos, ("implement" or "volume"), meaning the five volumes or implementation of five books. It may also be translated as "five-fold scroll." In Judaism, is it called the Torah, or teaching, and the Law of Moses. The Pentateuch consists of the Bible's books of: Genesis Deuteronomy Contents A portion of the Pentateuch in Hebrew, specifically Exodus 20:1-5, the beginning of the Ten Commandments. Genesis begins with the primeval history: the story of creation and the garden of Eden (Genesis 1-3), the account of the descendants of Adam to the rise of Noah who survives a great flood (Genesis 3-9), and the account of the descendants of Noah through the tower of Babel to the rise of Abram (Abraham) (Genesis 10-11). Next follows the story of the patriarchs: Abraham , Isaac , and Jacob , and the life of Joseph (Genesis 12-50). God gives to the patriarchs a promise of the land of Canaan, but at the end of Genesis the clan of Jacob ends up leaving Canaan for Egypt because of a famine. Exodus describes the rise of Moses , who leads the Israelites out of Pharaoh's Egypt (Exodus 1-18) and into Mount Sinai /Horeb where he mediates to them God's covenant and laws (Exodus 19-24), deals with the violation of the law when Israel makes the Golden Calf (Exodus 32-24) and instructs them on building the tabernacle (Exodus 25-31; 35-40). Leviticus begins with instructions about how to use the tabernacle that the Israelites had just built (Leviticus 1-10), followed by a long enumeration of the rules of cleanliness (Leviticus 11-15), the Day of Atonement (Leviticus 16), and various moral and ritual laws sometimes called the Holiness Code (Leviticus 17-26). Numbers describes two censuses in which the number of Israelites are counted (Numbers 1-3, 26), with many laws mixed among the narratives. The narratives tell how Israel consolidated itself as a community at Sinai (Numbers 1-9), set out from Sinai to move towards Canaan and spied out the land (Numbers 10-13). Because of unbelief at various points, but especially at Kadesh Barnea (Numbers 14), the Israelites were condemned to wander for forty years in the desert in the vicinity of Kadesh instead of immediately entering the land of promise. Even Moses sins and is told he would not live to enter the Promised Land (Numbers 20). At the end of Numbers (Numbers 26-35) Israel moves from the area of Kadesh towards the Promised Land. They leave the Sinai desert and go around Edom and through Moab where Balak and Balaam oppose them (Numbers 22-24; 31:8, 15-16). They defeat two Transjordan kings, Og and Sihon (Numbers 21), and so come to occupy some territory outside of Canaan. At the end of the book they are on the plains of Moab opposite Jericho ready to enter the land. Deuteronomy consists primarily of a series of speeches by Moses on the plains of Moab opposte Jericho exhorting Israel to obey God and giving further instruction on the laws. At the end of the book (Deuteronomy 34) Moses is allowed to see the promised land from a mountain, but dies and is buried by God before Israel begins the conquest of Canaan. It is believed by many scholars to be a later summation of the first four books with the death of Moses and events leading up to it added. Grouping The Pentateuch is traditionally believed to have been written down by Moses. Hence Genesis is sometimes called the first book of Moses, Exodus the second book of Moses, and so forth. In its current form, each successive book of the Pentateuch picks up and continues the story of the previous book to form a continuous story. Hence Genesis tells how the Israelites went to Egypt while Exodus tells how they came to leave Egypt. Exodus describes the building of the tabernacle at Sinai while in Leviticus Moses is given rules while at Sinai for offering sacrifice and worship at that tabernacle. In Numbers the Israelites leave Sinai and travel eventually to the plains of Moab while in Deuteronomy Moses gives speeches about the law on the plains of Moab. The Pentateuch can be contrasted with the Hexateuch, a term for the first six books of the Bible. The traditional view is that Joshua wrote the sixth book of the Hexateuch, namely the Book of Joshua , and so it was separated from the five books of the Pentateuch ascribed to Moses. But as a story the Pentateuch seems incomplete without Joshua 's account of the conquest of the Promised Land; it completes the story, continuing directly from the events of Deuteronomy, and documents the conquest of Canaan predicted in the Pentateuch. This has led some scholars to propose that the proper literary unit is that of the Hexateuch rather than the Pentateuch. Still others think that Deuteronomy stands apart from the first four books of the Pentateuch, and so speak of the first four as the Tetrateuch (Genesis through Numbers). Sources	Joshua
Whose statue is on top of City Hall in Philadelphia?	Enter the Bible - Books: Deuteronomy AUTHOR: Mark Throntveit, Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament I. Moses' First Address (1:1-4:43) Deuteronomy begins with the first of three farewell addresses delivered by Moses before his death and before Israel enters the promised land of Canaan. A. Historical Retrospective (1:1-3:29) In this historical retrospective Moses tells the story of Israel's forty-year journey from Mt. Horeb to the plains of Moab east of the Jordan River--touching upon the exodus, the revelation at Mt. Horeb, and Israel's rebellion in the wilderness. B. The Importance of Obedience (4:1-43) In this sermon, Moses discusses the importance of observing the law by elaborating upon the significance of the first commandment (the second in Judaism) regarding the exclusive allegiance God demands. II. Moses' Second Address (4:44-28:68) In his second of three farewell addresses, Moses discusses what life lived in covenantal relationship with God looks like, focusing on what it means to "love the LORD your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your might" (6:5). A. Introduction (4:44-5:33) Two basic elements of God's will for Israel, the theophany at Mt. Horeb and the Ten Commandments, are presented as divinely revealed. B. The Importance of Loyalty to God (6:1-11:32) Here we find a selection of sermon fragments on the first commandment (chapter 6), the danger of assimilation with the Canaanites (chapter 7), the peril of prosperity (chapter 8), the temptation of self-righteousness (9:1-10:11), and obedience as a condition for prosperity in the land (10:12-11:32). C. The Deuteronomic Code (12:1-26:15) This long section is the heart of Deuteronomy. It presents the laws themselves, but not in the style of a legal code. Rather, it contains detailed excerpts from ancient law together with theological commentary. Chapters 12:1-16:17 are basically concerned with matters of worship; and 16:18-18:22 are generally concerned with the duties of judges, other officials, the king, the Levites, and the prophets; but chapters 19-26 defy schematization. D. Covenant Renewal (26:16-28:68) Moses describes a ceremony for renewing the covenant made at Mt. Horeb. The ceremony is to take place at Mt. Ebal near Shechem after crossing the Jordan River (26:16-27:26). Blessings if Israel complies (28:1-14) and curses if they do not (28:15-68) complete the sermon. III. Moses' Third Speech (29:1-30:20) Moses' third speech challenges Israel--whether on the verge of the Jordan, in the days of Josiah, or today--to choose between obedience and life and disobedience and death. A. Historical Review (29:1-29) The third speech begins with a historical review of God's covenant loyalty to Israel in the past (29:1-9). In verses 10-29, Moses switches from talking about the past to urging the present assembly to remain loyal. B. Promise of Restoration (30:1-10) Moses then reassures the people that, should they fail, restoration will follow if they repent. This appears to be an addition to the text, especially addressed to those in exile in the sixth century B.C.E. C. Exhortation to "Choose Life!" (30:11-20) The sermon concludes with an assurance that what the Lord requires is neither too difficult nor too far away (vv. 11-14) and a fervent appeal for the people to "Choose life!"-that is, life lived in covenantal relationship with the Lord (vv. 15-20). IV. Appendix (31:1-34:12) Deuteronomy concludes with a number of unrelated passages that provide a measure of closure to Deuteronomy as well as the Pentateuch as a whole. A. Joshua Appointed as Moses' Successor (31:1-8, 14-15, 23) The crucial transition from Moses to Joshua begins with Moses speaking of his own death and discussing what lies ahead for Israel. God will lead them into the promised land (vv. 1-6). Then he appoints Joshua as his successor (vv. 7-8), an action repeated by God in verses 14-15, 23. B. The Torah Is Entrusted to the Levites (31:9-13, 24-29) After committing the law to writing (v. 9a), Moses entrusts it to the Levitical priests (v. 9b), who are charged with its public reading every seventh year at the Festival of Booths (vv. 10-13). C. The Song of Moses (31:16-32:47) The first part of the Song of Moses (32:1-25) is presented as a lawsuit brought by God against Israel, accusing them of unfaithfulness (vv. 2-22) and passing sentence (vv. 23-25). The second part (vv. 26-42) depicts God pondering the consequences of this action (vv. 26-27), turning to accuse the nations of misunderstanding (vv. 28-38), and finally declaring a verdict upon these unnamed nations (vv. 39-42). D. The Blessing of Moses (33:1-29) Moses' final words are words of blessing for each of the tribes (except Simeon) reminiscent of Jacob's blessing of his sons, who became the tribes of Israel, at the end of Genesis (Genesis 49:2-27). Thus, the blessing serves as a conclusion to the Pentateuch as well as to Deuteronomy. E. The Death of Moses (32:48-52; 34:1-12) The death of Moses has been appended by the final redactor of the Pentateuch reporting that Moses was not allowed to enter the promised land (34:1-8) and assuring readers, once again, that Joshua is Moses' divinely appointed successor (34:9). The redactor's closing eulogy lifts up Moses' vigorous physical strength (v. 7) as well as the strength of the Lord that accompanied his encounter with Pharaoh (vv. 10-12). AUTHOR: Mark Throntveit, Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament • Canonical setting. Traditionally, Deuteronomy has been seen as the concluding scroll of the Torah or Pentateuch, the so-called five books of Moses (Genesis-Deuteronomy). Its legal materials (chapters 12-26) and narratives about the final days of Moses provide some justification for this view. Since the middle of the twentieth century, however, scholars, following the lead of Martin Noth, have tended to see Deuteronomy as the theological introduction to the historical books of the Old Testament, the Deuteronomistic ("Deuteronomy-like") History that stretches from Joshua through 2 Kings. • Covenantal shaping. For over fifty years, scholars of both liberal and conservative persuasions have noticed the strong similarity between Deuteronomy and international treaties pervasive in the Hittite culture of the second millennium B.C.E. Such treaties established the relationship between the conquering Hittites and their vassals with this general structure: 1. preamble identifying the two parties 2. historical prologue relating their past relationship 3. stipulations agreed to by the vassal including loyalty and tribute 4. curses and blessings, including sanctions for noncompliance 5. invocation of the gods as witnesses to the treaty 6. provision for public reading of the document This framework was then applied to the book of Deuteronomy: 1. preamble identifying the two parties (1:1-5) 2. historical prologue relating their past relationship (1:6-3:29) 3. stipulations agreed to by the vassal, including loyalty and tribute (chapters 4-26) general (4:1-11:32) 4. curses and blessings, including sanctions for noncompliance (chapters 27-30) 5. invocation of the gods as witnesses to the treaty (31:28) 6. provision for public reading of the document (31:9-13) The current debate centers on the different character of the Neo-Assyrian treaties of the first millennium B.C.E., which lack the historical prologue, only put forth curses for noncompliance, and lack the requirement of the depositing of the treaty in the sanctuaries of both suzerain and vassals. Conservatives tend to favor the second-millennium form and use this as an argument for Mosaic authorship. Liberals tend toward the Neo-Assyrian format. At least the origins of Israel's covenantal theology have been discovered, though what particular form that concept has taken is far from clear. • Farewell speeches in the Deuteronomistic History. The book of Deuteronomy was probably conceived as a treaty document based upon either the Hittite treaties of the second millennium or the Neo-Assyrian treaties of the first millennium B.C.E. Upon its incorporation into the Deuteronomistic History (DtrH), however, a secondary shaping of the material was imposed upon the text. The different "books" of the DtrH familiar to us (Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Kings) were originally divided by means of significant speeches, prayers, theological reflections of the editors, or farewell addresses of the major character of the period at the end of their era: Moses' first speech: Deuteronomy 1:1-4:40 Moses' second speech: Deuteronomy 5:1-28:68 Moses' third speech: Deuteronomy 29:1-31:13 Joshua's farewell address at the settlement of the land: Joshua 23 Theological reflection on the period of the Judges: Judges 2:11-23 Samuel's farewell address at the establishment of the monarchy: 1 Samuel 12 Nathan's dynastic oracle and David's prayer: 2 Samuel 7 David's farewell address: 1 Kings 2 Solomon's prayer at the dedication of the temple: 1 Kings 8:22-53 Theological reflection on the fall of Samaria to Assyria: 2 Kings 17:7-23 Theological reflection on the fall of Judah to Babylon: 2 Kings 25:1-7 • The Deuteronomic Code and the Decalogue. There is a long history of interpretation that sees the Deuteronomic Code in chapters 12-26 as an explication of the Decalogue or Ten Commandments. Philo, a Jewish philosopher in the first century C.E., may have been the first to suggest this, but he was not the last. Both Luther and Calvin in the sixteenth century and several modern interpreters have attempted to find the elusive structure of the laws in Deuteronomy 12-26 by following this intriguing proposition. A common result of their investigations, based upon the Catholic/Lutheran numbering of the commandments, follows: First Commandment: No other gods, 12:2-13:18 Second Commandment: Misuse of God's name, 14:1-21 Third Commandment: Observe the Sabbath, 14:22-16:17 Fourth Commandment: Honor father and mother, 16:18-18:22 Fifth Commandment: Do not murder, 19:1-22:8 Sixth Commandment: Do not commit adultery, 22:9-23:18 Seventh Commandment: Do not steal, 23:19-24:7 Eighth Commandment: Do not bear false witness, 24:8-25:4 Ninth Commandment: Do not covet neighbor's wife, 25:5-12 Tenth Commandment: Do not covet anything that belongs to your neighbor, 25:13-26:15 There is much to commend this approach. It is certainly logical and provides much needed order to a somewhat jumbled grouping of the legal materials. As the chart makes clear, the specific stipulations can be shown to be elaborations or applications of the statements rather flatly made in the Ten Commandments themselves; these elaborations follow the order of the Decalogue. There are difficulties in the details, however. It seems best to acknowledge that Deuteronomy 12-26 is essentially a more detailed exposition of the general principles of relationship addressed in 5:1-11:32. • Parallels with other law codes. Scholars have long recognized that much of the legal material in Deuteronomy also appears in the Covenant Code (also called the Book of the Covenant) in Exodus 20:22-23:33 and the Holiness Code in Leviticus 17-26. It is well established that the Book of the Covenant is older than Deuteronomy. The Book of the Covenant reflects an agrarian setting, while the code in Deuteronomy is clearly more urbanized. Deuteronomy adopted the decisive features that made the Book of the Covenant unique from other ancient Near Eastern law codes, expanded them, and couched them as the command of Israel's God to the covenant people. • Laws unique to Deuteronomy. Comparison of the Deuteronomic Code (Deuteronomy 12-26) with the Book of the Covenant or Covenant Code (Exodus 20:22-23:33) and the Holiness Code (Leviticus 17-26, see above) indicates that only five topics are unique to Deuteronomy: centralization of worship (12:1-32; and elsewhere); apostate towns (13:12-16); kingship (17:14-20); war (20:1-20); and murder by unknown persons (21:1-9). This is surprisingly few, given the extensive legal materials assembled. The material in chapters 12, 17, and 20 is all germane to the Deuteronomic setting and is the most important. The concern with kingship points to the period of the monarchy as at least one moment in the redactional history of the book. Observations such as these are often used to deny Mosaic authorship. • Moses as the author of Deuteronomy? Traditionally, Moses has been seen as the author of Deuteronomy, indeed, of the Pentateuch as a whole. Despite references to Moses "writing down in a book the words of this law" (Deuteronomy 31:24; see also 31:9), there are several indications that this is not the case: References to territories east of the Jordan River as "beyond the Jordan" (Deuteronomy 1:1, 5; 3:8; 4:46) presuppose a vantage point on the west side of the river, but Moses was never on the west side of the river (34:4). The language of Deuteronomy is very different from the rest of the Pentateuch, yet similar to the seventh-century language of Jeremiah. The settlement of Canaan is viewed as an accomplished fact (Deuteronomy 2:12). Chapter 34, the account of the death of Moses, cannot have been written by him. The argument in Deuteronomy 12 for one central sanctuary is more restrictive than Exodus 20:24-25, which allows multiple altars, yet the central sanctuary is assumed in Leviticus, suggesting an intermediate chronological setting for Deuteronomy that is clearly long after the time of Moses. The concern for monarchy and regulations concerning the king are from a time long past Moses (for example, Deuteronomy 17:14-20). The setting of the laws in the Book of the Covenant (Exodus 20:22-23:33) is essentially agrarian, while that of the Deuteronomic Code (Deuteronomy 12-26) is more urban. • Textual matters. The Masoretic Hebrew Text (approximately 1008 C.E.) of Deuteronomy is excellent. Roughly eighty passages from Deuteronomy of varying length are found in fragments of thirty-two of the Dead Sea Scrolls of Qumran, the most significant being 4QDeuteronomy (about 200 B.C.E.-60 C.E.). These attest to the popularity of Deuteronomy among that community. The Nash Papyrus (second century B.C.E.) provides us with the Ten Commandments (Deuteronomy 5:6-21) and the Shema (Deuteronomy 6:4-9) in a version similar to that of the Septuagint or Greek Old Testament (about 300 B.C.E.). • Title. The Septuagint's (LXX) mistranslation of Deuteronomy 17:18-19, which instructs the king to make "a copy of this law" (that is, the legislation in Exodus, Leviticus, and Numbers) is the most likely source of "Deuteronomy." The Greek translation of the Old Testament (LXX) translated this phrase as "this second law," suggesting a different body of legislation. The Hebrew title, "these are the words" (that Moses spoke to Israel before entering the promised land), is a more accurate representation of the contents of Deuteronomy. • "Today." Deuteronomy frequently employs the term "the day" (hayyom), meaning "this day" or "today," as a way of making these sermons from Moses liturgically present for every hearer/reader (for example, 4:4; 5:1, 3; 11:32). Its most impressive rhetorical occurrence is in the sevenfold repetition found in 26:16, 17, 18; 27:1, 4, 9, and 10. • Torah. This definitive Hebrew concept is usually translated as "law." This is appropriate, though "teaching," "instruction," or even "revelation" often better capture the nuances of this pervasive Old Testament term that expresses the moral and social teaching of God's revelation to the covenant people. In Deuteronomy, torah often signifies the body of legislation known as the Deuteronomic Code found in chapters 12-26 (4:8; 30:10; 32:46), thus pointing to its character as "law." After Deuteronomy, the entire Pentateuch (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy), with its law codes and the story of God's dealings with Israel, came to be called "The Torah," thus pointing to its character as "teaching" or "revelation." • "You," singular and plural. The material that frames the law code in chapters 12-26 (1:1-11:32; 26:16-34:12) occasionally shifts back and forth between singular and plural forms of "you." While this is evident in the Hebrew text (and the King James Version) the failure of modern English to distinguish between these forms means this strange occurrence goes unnoticed when one reads the NRSV. In the past, scholarship attributed this variation to different traditions in the history of the growth of the text. These days, while not denying the considerable editorial expansion in these chapters, the variations are usually seen as a feature of Deuteronomy's rhetorical style. For example, by couching the Ten Commandments in the second person singular "you," the Deuteronomist addresses each individual Israelite with the claim of each commandment upon one's life. • What kind of book is Deuteronomy? Presented as a series of sermons, Deuteronomy differs from the other legal collections of the Pentateuch. Those other traditions are cast in the form of a long speech from God to Moses, which comprises the bulk of the Sinai covenant found in Exodus 21-Numbers 10. Deuteronomy, in contrast, is cast as Moses' speech to the people of Israel before they enter the land of Canaan. Many see Deuteronomy as a "covenantal document" based upon the pervasive treaties of the ancient Near East in the second millennium. This structuring of the book has been discussed elsewhere in this section. Others see the basic shape as the "constitution" of Israel, due to its distinctive character as a treaty document with features of a law code. As such, Deuteronomy seeks to protect the most vulnerable segments of the population. To date, no agreement exists between the suggestions of sermon, covenant document, and constitution. Deuteronomy seems to partake of all these elements. AUTHOR: Mark Throntveit, Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament • The ark. Whereas the traditions found in Exodus depict the ark as the place where the tablets of the covenant are housed and, more important, as a symbol of God's presence--since it is God's footstool, and the cherubim above the ark are described as God's throne from which God speaks to Moses (Exodus 25)--Deuteronomy describes the ark only as a chest that houses the tablets (Deuteronomy 10:1-5; 31:26). Further indications of Deuteronomy's rejection of the ark as a symbol of God's presence are its omission of the ark from those texts in Numbers that depict God traveling above the ark in the wilderness (Deuteronomy 1:33, 42; Numbers 10:33-36). Deuteronomy's refusal to limit God's presence to objects such as the ark helps to explain its similar rejection of the temple as God's house and the use of the divine name as indicative of God's presence. • Ban. The Hebrew word herem ("ban" or "dedicated/devoted" object) refers to anything set apart as belonging to God and therefore disqualified from other use. In the priestly materials it usually has reference to things set apart for use in the cult, and therefore holy. In the Deuteronomic tradition, however, the ban has to do with war. Any spoils or booty attained in military encounters were understood to be devoted to God and therefore not to be used by Israel. In fact, following a victory, everything must be "utterly destroyed" (the verbal root of "ban"; Deuteronomy 2:34; 3:6; 7:2, 13:15, 17; 20:17). The point of this is not to advocate violence, but that Israel is not to profit by means of warfare. • Blessings and curses. Deuteronomy 28:1-14 describes the blessings that Israel will receive for faithful obedience: victory in war (vv. 1, 7, 10) prosperity (vv. 3-6, 8, 11-12) becoming God's holy people (v. 9) finding themselves only "the head," "at the top" (vv. 13-14, meaning obscure) God brought about all of this in the occupation of the land. Deuteronomy 28:15-68, however, describes the curses that Israel would receive for apostasy: no prosperity (vv. 17-19) affliction (vv. 20-22, 27-28, 58-61) drought (vv. 23-24) defeat by their enemies (vv. 25, 31-33, 47-57) population reduction (vv. 62-63) exile (vv. 32, 36-37, 41-44, 63-68) God brought about all of these "curses" for Israel at the hands of the Assyrians in 722/721 B.C.E. (2 Kings 17:1-41) and for Judah at the hands of the Babylonians in 587/586 B.C.E. (2 Kings 24:1-25:21). • Centralized worship. Deuteronomy 12 is important for the later Deuteronomistic editors because of its insistence upon the centralization of worship. When Jeroboam revolted and established the northern kingdom of Israel, he needed to set up shrines in Bethel and Dan as rival sanctuaries to the Jerusalem temple. This became the primary sin that brought condemnation upon all the northern kings in the judgment of the Deuteronomistic editors. The relevant items in Deuteronomy 12 include: Canaanite places of worship need to be destroyed (vv. 1-4) after Israel enters the land, God would choose one place to dwell instead of the tabernacle that functioned as a portable shrine in the wilderness (v. 5) sacrifices, offerings, and gifts may only be brought to this place (vv. 6-7) sacrifice can only be offered to God here (vv. 10-14) Within Deuteronomy the emphasis on centralized worship forms the background for the following passages: the tithe (14:22-29) the rights of the Levitical priests (18:1-8) the cities of refuge (19:1-13) It is important to recognize that no specific city is named in the chapter. If these traditions arose in the north, it is likely that Shechem, the most important shrine in Israel, was meant. When the traditions came south, after the fall of the North (722/721 B.C.E.), the chosen place was identified with Jerusalem. • Election. Election, God's free choice, is an important aspect of the theology of Deuteronomy. Most important, Israel was regarded as an elect nation, chosen by God (4:37; 7:6-7; 10:15; 14:2). This means that Israel owed its very existence to the gracious initiative of God's prior choice, simply because God loved them, apart from any merit on Israel's part (7:7-8). Besides Israel, God has also freely chosen the king (17:15), the priests (18:5, 21:5), and the place of worship (12:11; 14:24; 16:6; 18:6). This understanding of God's prior establishment of the relationship militates against the common notion that Deuteronomy is a "legalistic" work in which God rewards Israel for its compliance with the commandments. On the contrary, God chose Israel before Israel had a chance to obey. Israel's response follows God's election and flows out of gratitude (chapter 8). This order is especially clear in Deuteronomy 27:9-10: "O Israel! This very day you have become the people of the LORD your God. Therefore obey the LORD your God, observing his commandments and his statutes that I am commanding you today" (emphasis added). • High places, pillars, and poles. Due to their affinity with the religion of the Canaanites, these three cultic items were especially abhorrent to the Deuteronomistic editors. high places (bamoth): sites of Canaanite worship pillars (masseboth): standing stones, possibly phallic, that symbolized Baal, the Canaanite god of fertility sacred poles (asheroth): trees that represented the goddess Asherah • Josiah's reform. Since early-nineteenth century, Josiah's extensive reform of the cult in 621 B.C.E. has been linked to the book of Deuteronomy. Comparison with 2 Kings 23 yields the following verbal correspondences; in most cases, the Deuteronomic citation is representative of terminology that frequently appears: "keeping his commandments, and his decrees, and his statutes" (2 Kings 23:3; compare Deuteronomy 6:17) "with all his heart and with all his soul" (2 Kings 23:3; compare Deuteronomy 6:5) destruction of the Asherah (2 Kings 23:4, 6, 15; compare Deuteronomy 7:5) "the sun, the moon, the constellations, and all the host of heaven" (2 Kings 23:5; compare Deuteronomy 4:19) "would make a son or daughter to pass through fire" (2 Kings 23:10; compare Deuteronomy 18:10) "broke the pillars in pieces" (2 Kings 23:14; compare Deuteronomy 12:3) "provoking the LORD to anger" (2 Kings 23:19; compare Deuteronomy 4:25) "mediums, wizards" (2 Kings 23:24; compare Deuteronomy 18:11) "idols, and all the abominations" (2 Kings 23:24; compare Deuteronomy 29:17) "My [the LORD's] name shall be there" (2 Kings 23:27; compare Deuteronomy 12:5, 11, 21) The correspondence between Deuteronomic prohibitions and Josiah's reforms is even more striking: Against worship of heavenly host (Deuteronomy 17:3; compare 2 Kings 23:4, 5) Against worship of sun and moon (Deuteronomy 17:3; compare 2 Kings 23:5, 11) Destroy cultic vessels (altar, pillars, idols, etc.) (Deuteronomy 7:5; 12:3; compare 2 Kings 23:4, 6, 7, 14) Against cult prostitutes (Deuteronomy 23:17; compare 2 Kings 23:7) Against worship of Molech/child immolation (Deuteronomy 12:31; 18:10; compare 2 Kings 23:10) Against worship of Astarte, Chemosh, Milcom (Deuteronomy 12:29-30; compare 2 Kings 23:13) Destroy high places and shrines (Deuteronomy 12:2; compare 2 Kings 23:13) Celebrate Passover at the central sanctuary (Deuteronomy 16:6; compare 2 Kings 23:21-23) Against discernment of the future through the occult (Deuteronomy 18:11; compare 2 Kings 23:24) • Kingship. Deuteronomy 17:14-20 provides the blueprint for what kingship should look like: Verses 16-17 regularly appear in the descriptions of Solomon's reign: 1 Kings 4:26; 9:19; 10:14-28; 11:3. The king is to be faithfully obedient to the prescriptions of the Mosaic legislation (vv. 18-19). Most of the kings of Judah and all of the kings of Israel failed in this regard. Josiah, however, literally complied by ruling according to the precepts of the book of the law discovered in the temple (2 Kings 22:8-23:25). The continuation of the monarchy as well as the dynastic succession is tied to the king's faithful obedience (v. 20). • Monotheism. Deuteronomy is often seen as the Bible's charter document for monotheism, the belief that there is only one God. This fundamental belief at the root of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, however, is not quite present in Deuteronomy, since it fails to deny the existence of other gods. Deuteronomy 5:7, "You shall have no other gods before me," implies that there are other gods; the point of the commandment is that they are not to be worshiped alongside or in addition to the Lord. • The name of God. Deuteronomy's frequent reference to the name of God in phrases like "the name of the LORD your God," "his name," "the name of the LORD," and others, has often been thought to be the means by which God is revealed. But the occurrence of this terminology in Deuteronomy may be an implicit critique of earlier, less sophisticated theological beliefs that God was actually present in Israel's places of worship (see Exodus 25:8, 22; 29:45-46; 40:34-35). Following the division of the kingdom, which denied the northern tribes--where Deuteronomy probably originated--access to the ark, the authors of Deuteronomy intended to show that no earthly structure can "contain" God (see 1 Kings 8:27); what is present is not "God," who dwells in heaven (Deuteronomy 26:15), but God's "name" (12:5). • The people as one. Deuteronomy never urges the people to become one, because this state of affairs was assumed by the covenantal nature of their relationship to God. A further indication of Israel's assumed unity is the unusual habit of referring to members of the community as "brothers"-a term variously translated in the NRSV (see 1:16; 3:18, 20; 10:9; 15:3, 7, 9, 11; 17:20; 18:15, 18). By so doing, Deuteronomy effectively minimized the tribal differences that had divided the people in the past and fostered a perception among them of a united entity. The emphasis on the "oneness" of God, the unity of the people, and the prescription to worship only in Jerusalem has led to the oft-repeated Deuteronomic dictum of "one people worshiping one God at one central sanctuary." • Prophecy. Deuteronomy is the only law code that addresses the role and function of prophecy. Contemporary notions of the prediction of future events are especially denounced in 18:9-14 where divination, soothsaying, augury, sorcery, the casting of spells, the consultation of ghosts or spirits, and the seeking of oracles from the dead are declared to be abhorrent practices. Notice that the possibility of such practices is not denied; Saul will later consult a medium who successfully conjures up the spirit of Samuel (1 Samuel 28). Rather, Deuteronomy prohibits such practices. In Deuteronomy the role of the prophet is modeled upon the role of Moses who, at the time the torah was given on Mt. Horeb, was designated as mediator, that is, as the one to explain and apply the torah to the lives of the people. The prophets are Moses' successors in this regard. They are subservient to the regulation of the torah; if their message or behavior should deviate from its prescriptions or lead the people astray, they must forfeit their lives (13:1-5). In addition they are also enjoined to be attentive to new revelations from God (18:18-20). • Social Justice. One has the feeling that eighth-century prophets like Amos, Micah, Hosea, and Isaiah of Jerusalem would have been delighted with the book of Deuteronomy. In both traditions there is a clear emphasis on the necessity for social justice, particularly with regard to those on the margins of society, debtors, indentured servants, escaped slaves, Levites, the poor, widows, orphans, women, foreigners, even animals and convicted criminals. This is especially clear in the following passages: care for the Levite (12:18-19;14:28-29) the sabbatical year with its release of debts (15:1-18) care for Levites, sojourners, orphans, and widows (16:11, 14) exemption from military service for various reasons (20:5-8) moral duties toward the neighbor (22:1-4; 23:24-25) care for animals (22:6-7, 10) asylum for escaped slaves; restrictions on prostitution (23:15-18) financial ethics (24:10-22) corporal punishment; humane treatment of animals (25:1-4) Such extensive humanitarian activity on behalf of those in need is based on Israel's own past experience (10:19; 15:15). All this is to be implemented through fair and impartial judges and a legal system designed to uphold the social fabric of the community (16:19-20). • True prophecy. The importance of the Deuteronomic test of true prophecy (18:15-22) for the Deuteronomistic editors lies in its conformity to the facts of real life and history. The exiles wondered if God was reliable in the face of the apparent failure of God's promise to David. The book of Kings, especially, seeks to reassure the people that God remains true to God's word. The exile was not a failure on God's part, but rather a parade example that God would do what God had said: "The LORD sent against him bands of the Chaldeans, bands of the Arameans, bands of the Moabites, and bands of the Ammonites; he sent them against Judah to destroy it, according to the word of the LORD that he spoke by his servants the prophets" (2 Kings 24:2, emphasis added). Numerous other places could be cited in support of the fulfillment of prophecy in these terms, including 1 Kings 13:1-2, 5, 21-22, 26, 32; 15:29; 2 Kings 1:17; 7:1; 9:26, 36; 10:17. • Why did the Canaanites have to be exterminated? Deuteronomy's call for the extermination of the Canaanites (Deuteronomy 20:17) troubles readers. The logic of this position is as follows: since God promised the land of Canaan to Israel (1:8, 35; 6:10), and since Canaanite sin means they have lost all claim to the land (9:5), and since the odds are very good that Israel will fall into apostasy (4:3-4), and since the golden thread running through Deuteronomy is a demand for total loyalty to God and God alone, rejecting other gods (5:7; 17:2-7), therefore, the fear of Israel falling away from God into apostasy is the driving force behind the injunction to exterminate the Canaanites. But the injunctions may be idealized preaching rather than historical reminiscence. It makes no sense to have commands forbidding intermarriage and making treaties with the Canaanites (7:2b-5) following the demand to "utterly destroy them" (7:2a). Historically, the Canaanites were, in fact, never exterminated.	i don't know
Which model was born Eleanor Gow in Sydney, Australia in 1963?	Elanor Nancy Gow History - Elle Macpherson Net Worth Elanor Nancy Gow History Read more... Elle Macpherson Elle Macpherson Net Worth is $45 Million. Elle MacPherson was born in Australia and has an estimated net worth of $45 million dollars. A model, businesswoman, and actress, Elle MacPherson began her modeling career as a way to pay her law school tuit. Elle Macpherson (born 29 Mar... Elle Macpherson Net Worth is $45 Million. Elle Macpherson Net Worth is $45 Million. Elle MacPherson was born in Australia and has an estimated net worth of $45 million dollars. A model, businesswoman, and actress, Elle MacPherson began her modeling career as a way to pay her law school tuit Elle Macpherson is an Australian model, actress, and businesswoman. She is well-known for her record five cover appearances for the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue beginning in the 1980s leading to her nickname "the body". She is also known as the founder and primary model for a series of business ventures including Elle Macpherson Intimates, a lingerie line, and "The Body," a line of skin care products. According to Forbes, Macpherson possesses assets around $60 million. In 2010, she became the host and executive producer of Britain and Ireland's Next Top Model, and she is also currently an executive producer and host for NBC's Fashion Star. Macpherson was born Eleanor Nancy Gow, in the Killara neighbourhood of Sydney, Australia, the daughter of entrepreneur and sound engineer Peter Gow, a former president of a Sydney rugby league team, the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks. Her mother Frances worked as a nurse before she married. Macpherson grew up in Killara, a No...	Elle Macpherson
"What name completes these lyrics from a hit by 'The Crystals': ""I met him on a Monday and my heart stood still, Da-do ron-ron-ron, da-do ron-ron, somebody told me"	Elle Macpherson Pictures, Photo Galleries, Bio & Rating - AskMen AskMen Messages You have no messages Notifications You have no notifications Elle Macpherson Elle Macpherson Also known as The Body, Elle Macpherson is mostly recognized for being a six-foot tall Australian beauty. She's also posed in the pages of Playboy, Sports Illustrated and Elle, appeared in Batman & Robin and The Edge, and made us laugh on Friends. Appeal Known as The Body in the modeling industry, Elle didn't get her nickname by accident. Her six-foot frame curves in all the right places and her long, lean legs are the stuff dreams are made of. Add to those qualities lustrous blond hair, sparkling eyes, a beautiful smile, and a sexy Aussie accent, and Elle embodies every man's fantasy woman. Success Elle's career has been full of fame and success. Since being discovered when she was 18, Elle has been on the cover of Sports Illustrated, Cosmopolitan, Vogue, and Glamour, just to name a few. And by 1986, her popularity was so intense that Time magazine ran an issue called “The Big Elle.” She was also offered a post as an unofficial ambassador by the Australian government. By the '90s, she was considered one of the biggest supermodels in the world, alongside such other beauties as Claudia Schiffer, Naomi Campbell, Christy Turlington , and Cindy Crawford . Elle Macpherson Biography Elle Macpherson was born Eleanor Nancy Gow on March 29, 1963, in Sydney, Australia. Elle's original plan was to study pre-law at Sydney University, but when the 18-year-old, six-foot beauty was discovered in Aspen, Colorado, she was immediately signed to her modeling agency. She soon became an Elle magazine staple, posing for the magazine for six years. While her talent as a model was undeniable, her marriage to the fashion magazine's creative director, Gilles Bensimon, further secured her relationship with the magazine. By 1986, at the age of 23, Elle was a full-fledged supermodel. She was so popular in Australia that Time magazine named an issue "The Big Elle," and the Australian government simultaneously offered her a position on the tourist commission as an unofficial ambassador. Just as her career was on the rise, Elle divorced Bensimon in 1989. elle macpherson in alice Already having achieved supermodel status, Elle knew that the glamorous modeling industry had a high turnover, so she set her sights on other projects. Since the crossover from modeling to acting is a popular and usually successful one, Elle decided to venture into acting. She first appeared on the silver screen in a walk-on role in the 1990 Woody Allen film Alice (the spectacled director personally picked her for the part). elle macpherson in sports illustrated In 1994, Elle ventured into the world of exercise videos, releasing Your Personal Best with Elle MacPherson in which she motivates and teaches people how to stay fit. That same year, she showed off her body on the cover of the coveted Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Edition along with fellow models Kathy Ireland and Rachel Hunter . She went on to appear on the cover a record four times. Also in 1994, Elle -- aka The Body -- was required to gain 20 pounds for her meatier role in Sirens, costarring Hugh Grant . In 1996, she appeared in a remake of Jane Eyre, and starred opposite Ben Stiller in the comedy If Lucy Fell. That year she also appeared in The Mirror Has Two Faces, with Barbra Streisand and Jeff Bridges. elle macpherson intimates lingerie Wanting to branch out into other industries, Elle used her business skills to become chair of a line of lingerie called Elle Macpherson Intimates. Based in Australia, the company has grown into a multimillion-dollar enterprise. Finding time somewhere between all these projects, Elle joined fellow supermodels Claudia Schiffer and Naomi Campbell in developing the theme restaurant Fashion Cafe. elle macpherson in batman & robin Signed with Miramax, the leggy model/actress was the object of Batman's affection in 1997's Batman & Robin, and costarred with Anthony Hopkins and Alec Baldwin in The Edge. In 1999, Elle appeared on the small screen in five episodes of Friends, playing the role of Joey's new roommate. And in 2001, Elle played in the romantic comedy South Kensington alongside Rupert Everett. In 2002, Elle's personal life was taking a bright turn as she announced her second pregnancy and her engagement to her long-time boyfriend, Arpad Busson. After giving birth to her son in 2003, however, Elle checked into Arizona's Meadows Institute to be treated for exhaustion and post-natal depression. In July 2005, the couple separated. What else do you need to know? Show comments	i don't know
In which city was Napoleon Bonaparte born?	Napoleon Bonaparte - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com Google Napoleon’s Education and Early Military Career Napoleon Bonaparte was born on August 15, 1769, in Ajaccio, on the Mediterranean island of Corsica. He was the second of eight surviving children born to Carlo Buonaparte (1746-1785), a lawyer, and Letizia Romalino Buonaparte (1750-1836). Although his parents were members of the minor Corsican nobility, the family was not wealthy. The year before Napoleon’s birth, France acquired Corsica from the city-state of Genoa, Italy. Napoleon later adopted a French spelling of his last name. Did You Know? In 1799, during Napoleon’s military campaign in Egypt, a French soldier named Pierre Francois Bouchard (1772-1832) discovered the Rosetta Stone. This artifact provided the key to cracking the code of Egyptian hieroglyphics, a written language that had been dead for almost 2,000 years. As a boy, Napoleon attended school in mainland France, where he learned the French language, and went on to graduate from a French military academy in 1785. He then became a second lieutenant in an artillery regiment of the French army. The French Revolution began in 1789, and within three years revolutionaries had overthrown the monarchy and proclaimed a French republic. During the early years of the revolution, Napoleon was largely on leave from the military and home in Corsica, where he became affiliated with the Jacobins, a pro-democracy political group. In 1793, following a clash with the nationalist Corsican governor, Pasquale Paoli (1725-1807), the Bonaparte family fled their native island for mainland France, where Napoleon returned to military duty. In France, Napoleon became associated with Augustin Robespierre (1763-1794), the brother of revolutionary leader Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794), a Jacobin who was a key force behind the Reign of Terror (1793-1794), a period of violence against enemies of the revolution. During this time, Napoleon was promoted to the rank of brigadier general in the army. However, after Robespierre fell from power and was guillotined (along with Augustin) in July 1794, Napoleon was briefly put under house arrest for his ties to the brothers. In 1795, Napoleon helped suppress a royalist insurrection against the revolutionary government in Paris and was promoted to major general. Napoleon’s Rise to Power Since 1792, France’s revolutionary government had been engaged in military conflicts with various European nations. In 1796, Napoleon commanded a French army that defeated the larger armies of Austria, one of his country’s primary rivals, in a series of battles in Italy. In 1797, France and Austria signed the Treaty of Campo Formio, resulting in territorial gains for the French. The following year, the Directory, the five-person group that had governed France since 1795, offered to let Napoleon lead an invasion of England. Napoleon determined that France’s naval forces were not yet ready to go up against the superior British Royal Navy. Instead, he proposed an invasion of Egypt in an effort to wipe out British trade routes with India. Napoleon’s troops scored a victory against Egypt’s military rulers, the Mamluks, at the Battle of the Pyramids in July 1798; soon, however, his forces were stranded after his naval fleet was nearly decimated by the British at the Battle of the Nile in August 1798. In early 1799, Napoleon’s army launched an invasion of Ottoman-ruled Syria, which ended with the failed siege of Acre, located in modern-day Israel. That summer, with the political situation in France marked by uncertainty, the ever-ambitious and cunning Napoleon opted to abandon his army in Egypt and return to France. The Coup of 18 Brumaire In November 1799, in an event known as the coup of 18 Brumaire, Napoleon was part of a group that successfully overthrew the French Directory. The Directory was replaced with a three-member Consulate, and Napoleon became first consul, making him France’s leading political figure. In June 1800, at the Battle of Marengo, Napoleon’s forces defeated one of France’s perennial enemies, the Austrians, and drove them out of Italy. The victory helped cement Napoleon’s power as first consul. Additionally, with the Treaty of Amiens in 1802, the war-weary British agreed to peace with the French (although the peace would only last for a year). Napoleon worked to restore stability to post-revolutionary France. He centralized the government; instituted reforms in such areas as banking and education; supported science and the arts; and sought to improve relations between his regime and the pope (who represented France’s main religion, Catholicism), which had suffered during the revolution. One of his most significant accomplishments was the Napoleonic Code, which streamlined the French legal system and continues to form the foundation of French civil law to this day. In 1802, a constitutional amendment made Napoleon first consul for life. Two years later, in 1804, he crowned himself emperor of France in a lavish ceremony at the Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris. Napoleon’s Marriages and Children In 1796, Napoleon married Josephine de Beauharnais (1763-1814), a stylish widow six years his senior who had two teenage children. More than a decade later, in 1809, after Napoleon had no offspring of his own with Josephine, he had their marriage annulled so he could find a new wife and produce an heir. In 1810, he wed Marie Louise (1791-1847), the daughter of the emperor of Austria. The following year, she gave birth to their son, Napoleon François Joseph Charles Bonaparte (1811-1832), who became known as Napoleon II and was given the title king of Rome. In addition to his son with Marie Louise, Napoleon had several illegitimate children. The Reign of Napoleon I From 1803 to 1815, France was engaged in the Napoleonic Wars, a series of major conflicts with various coalitions of European nations. In 1803, partly as a means to raise funds for future wars, Napoleon sold France’s Louisiana Territory in North America to the newly independent United States for $15 million, a transaction that later became known as the Louisiana Purchase . In October 1805, the British wiped out Napoleon’s fleet at the Battle of Trafalgar . However, in December of that same year, Napoleon achieved what is considered to be one of his greatest victories at the Battle of Austerlitz, in which his army defeated the Austrians and Russians. The victory resulted in the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire and the creation of the Confederation of the Rhine. Beginning in 1806, Napoleon sought to wage large-scale economic warfare against Britain with the establishment of the so-called Continental System of European port blockades against British trade. In 1807, following Napoleon’s defeat of the Russians at Friedland in Prussia, Alexander I (1777-1825) was forced to sign a peace settlement, the Treaty of Tilsit. In 1809, the French defeated the Austrians at the Battle of Wagram, resulting in further gains for Napoleon. During these years, Napoleon reestablished a French aristocracy (eliminated in the French Revolution) and began handing out titles of nobility to his loyal friends and family as his empire continued to expand across much of western and central continental Europe. Napoleon’s Downfall and First Abdication In 1810, Russia withdrew from the Continental System. In retaliation, Napoleon led a massive army into Russia in the summer of 1812. Rather than engaging the French in a full-scale battle, the Russians adopted a strategy of retreating whenever Napoleon’s forces attempted to attack. As a result, Napoleon’s troops trekked deeper into Russia despite being ill-prepared for an extended campaign. In September, both sides suffered heavy casualties in the indecisive Battle of Borodino. Napoleon’s forces marched on to Moscow, only to discover almost the entire population evacuated. Retreating Russians set fires across the city in an effort to deprive enemy troops of supplies. After waiting a month for a surrender that never came, Napoleon, faced with the onset of the Russian winter, was forced to order his starving, exhausted army out of Moscow. During the disastrous retreat, his army suffered continual harassment from a suddenly aggressive and merciless Russian army. Of Napoleon’s 600,000 troops who began the campaign, only an estimated 100,000 made it out of Russia. At the same time as the catastrophic Russian invasion, French forces were engaged in the Peninsular War (1808-1814), which resulted in the Spanish and Portuguese, with assistance from the British, driving the French from the Iberian Peninsula. This loss was followed in 1813 by the Battle of Leipzig , also known as the Battle of Nations, in which Napoleon’s forces were defeated by a coalition that included Austrian, Prussian, Russian and Swedish troops. Napoleon then retreated to France, and in March 1814 coalition forces captured Paris. On April 6, 1814, Napoleon, then in his mid-40s, was forced to abdicate the throne. With the Treaty of Fontainebleau, he was exiled to Elba, a Mediterranean island off the coast of Italy. He was given sovereignty over the small island, while his wife and son went to Austria. Hundred Days Campaign and Battle of Waterloo On February 26, 1815, after less than a year in exile, Napoleon escaped Elba and sailed to the French mainland with a group of more than 1,000 supporters. On March 20, he returned to Paris, where he was welcomed by cheering crowds. The new king, Louis XVIII (1755-1824), fled, and Napoleon began what came to be known as his Hundred Days campaign. Upon Napoleon’s return to France, a coalition of allies–the Austrians, British, Prussians and Russians–who considered the French emperor an enemy began to prepare for war. Napoleon raised a new army and planned to strike preemptively, defeating the allied forces one by one before they could launch a united attack against him. In June 1815, his forces invaded Belgium, where British and Prussian troops were stationed. On June 16, Napoleon’s troops defeated the Prussians at the Battle of Ligny. However, two days later, on June 18, at the Battle of Waterloo near Brussels, the French were crushed by the British, with assistance from the Prussians. On June 22, 1815, Napoleon was once again forced to abdicate. Napoleon’s Final Years In October 1815, Napoleon was exiled to the remote, British-held island of Saint Helena, in the South Atlantic Ocean. He died there on May 5, 1821, at age 51, most likely from stomach cancer. (During his time in power, Napoleon often posed for paintings with his hand in his vest, leading to some speculation after his death that he had been plagued by stomach pain for years.) Napoleon was buried on the island despite his request to be laid to rest “on the banks of the Seine, among the French people I have loved so much.” In 1840, his remains were returned to France and entombed in a crypt at Les Invalides in Paris, where other French military leaders are interred. Tags	Ajaccio
How are 'Jean de Dinteville' and 'Georges de Selve' described in a famous painting by Holbein?	Napoleon Bonaparte Biography - life, family, children, name, history, school, information, born, college, marriage, time Napoleon Bonaparte Biography Island of St. Helena French dictator Napoleon Bonaparte, French emperor, was one of the greatest military leaders in history. He helped remake the map of Europe and established many government and legal reforms, but constant battles eventually led to his downfall. Early years Napoleon Bonaparte was born Napoleon Buonaparte on August 15, 1769, in the Corsican city of Ajaccio. He was the fourth of eleven children of Carlo Buonaparte and Letizia Romolino. His father, a member of a noble Italian family, remained on good terms with the French when they took over control of Corsica. Napoleon began his education at a boys' school in Ajaccio. Then, at age ten, he was allowed to enter French military schools for aristocrats and was sent in 1779, with his older brother Joseph, to the College of Autun in Burgundy, France. Napoleon later transferred to the College of Brienne, another French military school. While at school in France, he was made fun of by the other students for his lower social standing and because he spoke Spanish and did not know French well. His small size earned him the nickname of the "Little Corporal." Despite this teasing, Napoleon received an excellent education. When his father died, Napoleon led his household. By 1785 Napoleon was a second lieutenant in the French army, but he often returned to Corsica. In 1792 he took part in a power struggle between forces supporting Pasquale Paoli (1725–1807), a leader in the fight for Corsican independence, and those supporting the French. After Paoli was victorious, he turned against Napoleon and the Bonaparte family, forcing them to flee back to France. Napoleon then turned his attention to a career in the army there. The French Revolution (1789–93), a movement to overthrow King Louis XVI (1754–1793) and establish a republic, had begun. Upon his return from Corsica in 1793, Napoleon made a name for himself and won a promotion by helping to defeat the British at Toulon and regain that territory for France. Military successes After being imprisoned for ten days on suspicion of treason and refusing assignment to lead the Army of the West, Napoleon was assigned to work for the map department of the French war office. His military career nearly ended, but when forces loyal to the king attempted to regain power in Paris in 1795, Napoleon was called in to stop the Napoleon Bonaparte. uprising. As a reward he was appointed commander of the Army of the Interior. Later that year Napoleon met Josephine de Beauharnais (1763–1814), and they were married in March 1796. Within a few days Napoleon left Josephine in Paris and started his new command of the Army of Italy. Soon the French troops were winning battle after battle against the Italians and Austrians. Napoleon advanced on Vienna, Austria, and engineered the signing of a treaty that gave France control of Italy. Napoleon returned to Paris a hero, and he soon decided to invade Egypt. He sailed from Toulon, France, in May 1798 with an army of thirty-five thousand men. With only a few losses, all of lower Egypt came under Napoleon's control. He set about reorganizing the government, the postal service, and the system for collecting taxes. He also helped build new hospitals for the poor. However, at this time a group of countries had banded together to oppose France. Austrian and Russian forces had regained control of almost all of Italy. Then, in August 1798, the British destroyed French ships in the Battle of the Nile, leaving the French army cut off from its homeland. Napoleon left the army under the command of General Jean Kléber and returned to France with a handful of officers. Leadership of France Landing at Fréjus, France, in October 1799, Napoleon went directly to Paris, where he helped overthrow the Directory, a five-man executive body that had replaced the king. Napoleon was named first consul, or head of the government, and he received almost unlimited powers. After Austria and England ignored his calls for peace, he led an army into Italy and defeated the Austrians in the Battle of Marengo (1800). This brought Italy back under French control. The Treaty of Amiens in March 1802 ended the war with England for the time being. Napoleon also restored harmony between the Roman Catholic Church and the French government. He improved conditions within France as well by, among other things, establishing the Bank of France, reorganizing education, and reforming France's legal system with a new set of laws known as the Code Napoleon. By 1802 the popular Napoleon was given the position of first consul for life, with the right to name his replacement. In 1804 he had his title changed to emperor. War resumed after a new coalition was formed against France. In 1805 the British destroyed French naval power in the Battle of Trafalgar. Napoleon, however, was able to defeat Russia and Austria in the Battle of Austerlitz. In 1806 Napoleon's forces destroyed the Prussian army; after the Russians came to the aid of Prussia and were defeated themselves, Alexander I (1777–1825) of Russia made peace at Tilsit in June 1807. Napoleon was now free to reorganize western and central Europe as he pleased. After Sweden was defeated in 1808 with Russia's help, only England remained to oppose Napoleon. Napoleon was unable to invade England because of its superior naval forces. He decided to introduce the Continental System, a blockade designed to close all the ports of Europe to British trade. He hoped this would force the British to make peace on French terms. In Spain in 1808 the Peninsular War broke out over Spanish opposition to the placement of Napoleon's brother Joseph on the throne. The English helped Spain in this battle, which kept French troops occupied until 1814. In addition, Alexander I's decision to end Russia's cooperation with the Continental System led Napoleon to launch an invasion of that country in 1812. Lack of supplies, cold weather, and disease led to the deaths of five hundred thousand of Napoleon's troops. Fall from glory Napoleon had his marriage to Josephine dissolved and then, in March 1810, he married Marie Louise, the daughter of Emperor Francis II of Austria. Despite this union, Austria declared war on him in 1813. In March 1814 Paris fell to a coalition made up of Britain, Prussia, Sweden, and Austria. Napoleon stepped down in April. Louis XVIII (1755–1824), the brother of Louis XVI, was placed on the French throne. Napoleon was exiled to the island of Elba, but after ten months he made plans to return to power. He landed in southern France in February 1815 with 1,050 soldiers and marched to Paris, where he reinstated himself to power. Louis XVIII fled, and Napoleon's new reign began. The other European powers gathered to oppose him, and Napoleon was forced to return to war. The Battle of Waterloo was over within a week. On June 18, 1815, the combined British and Prussian armies defeated Napoleon. He returned to Paris and stepped down for a second time on June 22. He had held power for exactly one hundred days. Napoleon at first planned to go to America, but he surrendered to the British on July 3. He was sent into exile on the island of St. Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean. There he spent his remaining years until he died of cancer on May 5, 1821. For More Information	i don't know
Who is the chief Rabbi of the United Kingdom?	Jewish Ideas Daily » Daily Features » Why America Has No Chief Rabbi Jewish Ideas Daily has been succeeded and re-launched as Mosaic. Read more... Why America Has No Chief Rabbi Tweet Chief Rabbi Aaron Hart. The public face of world Jewry will change this summer. Come September, both England and Israel will install new chief rabbis. Jonathan Sacks, the brilliant and widely published chief rabbi of the United Kingdom, is retiring, to be succeeded by the affable Ephraim Mirvis, currently rabbi of the Finchley Synagogue in North London. Yona Metzger, the Chief Rabbi of the Ashkenazi community of Israel, is completing his ten-year fixed term, to be succeeded by whomever a special 150-member electoral assembly selects—for the moment, a subject of intense speculation and backroom maneuvering. Relevant Links The Chief Rabbi of Canterbury Simon Gordon , Jewish Ideas Daily. Chief Rabbi Jonathan Sacks has fulfilled an important role in British society—just not the one he was appointed to perform. America's Religious Left Jonathan Neumann , Jewish Ideas Daily. Since the rise of the Religious Right in the 1980s, American religion has been associated with political and cultural conservatism. But historically, American religion has been equally liberal. The position of chief rabbi dates far back in Jewish history. In the Middle Ages, when Jews were treated as a corporate body, the chief rabbi served not only as the judge, scholar, and supreme religious authority for his community, but frequently bore responsibility for collecting its taxes as well. Many a chief rabbi, as a result, was appointed or confirmed directly by the king. Chief rabbis today confine their authority to the religious realm, but their role is never purely ceremonial. Inevitably, they must also devote themselves to promoting their own brand of Judaism (usually some variety of Orthodoxy) over all the others. Israel’s chief rabbinate, in recent years, has sought to undermine more liberal approaches to conversion and has taken a hardline stance on women’s issues and on the thorny problem of who is a Jew. Rabbi Sacks alienated liberal Jews early in his tenure and promoted a centrist form of Orthodoxy that those to his religious right openly disdained. America is unusual in never having had an official chief rabbi. In 1888, a short-lived Association of American Orthodox Hebrew Congregations imported Rabbi Jacob Joseph of Vilna to serve as chief rabbi of New York, but that effort ended disastrously. Consumers soon balked at the extra charges imposed in return for the rabbi’s supervision of kosher food. Competing rabbis, some of whom also styled themselves “chief rabbi,” offered their supervisory services at lower rates. Without its projected income stream, the association of Orthodox congregations that had brought Rabbi Joseph to America defaulted on its obligations to him and went out business. The unfortunate rabbi spent his last years as an impoverished invalid. No successor was ever appointed. A few Orthodox rabbis in other American cities did, for a time, carry the title “chief rabbi,” based on their learning and status. One or two even pretended to the title “chief rabbi of the United States.” But none ever achieved recognition outside his own Orthodox circle. As a matter of law, the First Amendment precludes the government from recognizing one religious authority as “chief” over another. Just as America introduced free-market capitalism into the economy, so it created a free market in religion. Contrary to expectations, this has had the paradoxical effect of strengthening religion in the United States. As Thomas Jefferson observed as early as in 1820, religion thrived under the maxim “divided we stand, united we fall.” In this environment, the creation in America of a government-protected form of Judaism under the authority of a chief rabbi was clearly impossible. Instead, American Jews accommodated themselves to the nation’s competitive religious marketplace, which by and large has served them well. Rabbis, like their Christian religious counterparts, win or lose status through their individual activities and accomplishments, exemplified by Newsweek’s annual listing of the 50 most influential rabbis of the year. American Jews have nevertheless been reluctant to recommend their free-market approach to religion to Jewish communities abroad. A recent conference hosted by the prestigious American Jewish Committee, for example, heard a litany of complaints concerning the Israeli chief rabbinate and its maltreatment of non-Orthodox Jews, Russian Jews, women and converts. But in the end, AJC called for “significant modifications” to the chief rabbinate, rather than the embrace of the religious free market . A paper by former Undersecretary of Defense Dov Zakheim, delivered at the conference, argued that “what is needed . . . is not the abolition of the Chief Rabbinate, but rather its transformation into a much more circumscribed, yet relevant and all-inclusive authority.” Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik, America’s foremost 20th-century Modern Orthodox thinker, who exercised vast influence on American Jewish life without ever having been selected chief rabbi, was wiser. He turned down the invitation to serve as Israel’s chief rabbi, because, he explained in 1964, he “was afraid to be an officer of the State.” As England and Israel prepare to install new chief rabbis, Rabbi Soloveitchik’s decision deserves to be remembered. “A rabbinate linked up with the state,” he warned, “cannot be completely free.” Jonathan D. Sarna is the Joseph H. & Belle R. Braun Professor of American Jewish history at Brandeis University and Chair of its Hornstein Jewish Professional Leadership Program. He is also the Chief Historian of the National Museum of American Jewish History. His most recent book is When General Grant Expelled the Jews (Schocken/Nextbook).	Jonathan Sacks
Who wrote nonsense poems about the 'Yonghy-Bonghy- Bo', the 'Dong with the Luminous Nose' and the 'Pobble that has no toes'?	UK Chief Rabbi's Star-Studded Send-Off – Tablet Magazine UK Chief Rabbi’s Star-Studded Send-Off Watch Tony Blair, David Cameron & Gordon Brown toast Jonathan Sacks By Yair Rosenberg June 26, 2013 • 2:54 PM Monday night, Britain celebrated the tenure of Lord Jonathan Sacks, the Chief Rabbi of the United Kingdom since 1991, who will be stepping down in August. Among the over 800 attendees were past and present government officials, Israel’s ambassador, and representatives of the UK’s non-Orthodox movements. The keynote tribute was delivered by Prince Charles himself, who dubbed Sacks “a light unto this nation.” A Cambridge-educated Modern Orthodox rabbi, Sacks is well-known beyond the confines of Anglo-Jewry through his many books , popular articles and appearances on radio and television . As a respected moral voice and public intellectual, he has advised the past four British prime ministers, each of whom offered a video tribute aired at the gathering. “When you were in Downing Street a few weeks ago,” recalled Prime Minister David Cameron, “I introduced you to Prime Minister Netanyahu and, without thinking, I described you as ‘my rabbi.’ It was a symbol of the impact that you have had on this country far beyond the Jewish community. Because over the past two decades you have been not just a leader for Jewish people but for all of us.” “How do you sum up someone who is the greatest scholar you know, the greatest philosopher, the greatest writer you know, one of the greatest thinkers in the world?” asked former British PM Gordon Brown (who wrote the foreword to Sacks’s 1997 book, The Politics of Hope ). “It’s this: that he was always and has always been ahead of his time.” Added Tony Blair, “He’s an intellectual giant. He is somebody who … has made an extraordinary, outstanding contribution, not just to British and International Jewry, but to British and International public life.” Which isn’t to say the evening was a purely platitudinous affair. Sacks took the opportunity to lay out his own pointed appraisal of the “dangerous” position of contemporary Judaism. “Today, two phenomena dominate the Jewish world,” he said. “The first is continuing assimilation and out-marriage. Throughout the Diaspora, on average one young Jew in two is deciding not to have a Jewish marriage, create a Jewish home and build the Jewish future. A chain of continuity that has lasted for 100 generations will end with them, and that is a tragedy.” “The second, in the opposite direction, is the growth of what in Israel is called the Edah Haredit or what some people call ultra-orthodoxy, the orthodoxy that segregates itself from the world and from its fellow Jews. So the two fastest growing elements in the Jewish world are those who embrace the world and reject Judaism, and those who embrace Judaism and reject the world.” The Chief Rabbi did not mince words about these trends. “I have to tell you this is worse than dangerous. It is an abdication of the role of Jews and Judaism in the world. We are here to engage with the world, to be true to our faith and a blessing to others regardless of their faith. That is the Judaism you and I believe in.” Sacks pledged to work to foster that spirit after stepping down as Chief Rabbi. “I want to inspire young Jews throughout the world to believe in and live a Judaism that is tolerant, inclusive, embracing, non-judgmental; that is intellectually open and ethically uplifting; that is neither defensive nor arrogant, but that lives the life of faith in such a way as to enhance the life of others within and beyond the Jewish community.” Sacks further outlined his intentions in a pamphlet entitled “A Judaism Engaged with the World,” which was distributed to everyone in attendance. You can download it here , as well as watch the tribute reel from the evening’s festivities–featuring the past four prime ministers of Britain, as well as the Archbishops of Canterbury and Westminster–below:	i don't know
Who was the England scrum-half in the 2003 Rugby Union World Cup Final?	Rugby World Cup 2003 round table: England's heroes recall their famous final victory over Australia - Telegraph England Rugby World Cup 2003 round table: England's heroes recall their famous final victory over Australia England 2003 World Cup winners Will Greenwood, Jason Leonard, Mike Catt, Jason Robinson and Richard Hill recall their memories of the famous victory over Australia in the Sydney final to Gavin Mairs Follow Gavin Mairs: Ten years on from that famous night in Sydney are the memories of the final still fresh? Richard Hill: If I think about Jonny’s drop-goal now, it has more been influenced by what I have seen on the TV. I am almost looking behind his kick, rather than actually from the side. I really have to start thinking about the drop-goal to get that memory back. Will Greenwood: Most of my memories in terms of the game are purely TV-based. I have no real recollection of the drop-goal, or Trevor (Woodman) catching the restart and Catty kicking it out. Or of Jason’s try. Where my memories are strong are in the changing room afterwards. The Quins boys having a photo taken; then the Leicester lads. It is more those memories that stand out… the calmness at one stage in the changing room, not great singing and dancing. Just relief. GM: Was the feeling of relief because you felt you should have won the game more easily or because it was the end of a long journey as a team? Jason Leonard: It was a job well done. We didn’t get carried away with the euphoria that was there for a lot of the supporters because of how dramatic the game was. I always felt I wasn’t so much happy for myself but happy for my team-mates. There were certain people around the room that had problems in the couple of years in the lead-up to the final and they had overcome those hurdles. It was a very tight team and still is. Related Articles Debate: Is league harming union? 19 Nov 2013 Mike Catt: My first thought was that I had to go back to play for my club the next weekend. Having just won a World Cup, you just wanted to go ‘party, party, party’ but it never really happened. We had to go back to the clubs and it was the clubs who had got us here so we owed them so much. By the following Wednesday we were back training with them. Jason Robinson: I played in the famous Wigan team for almost 10 years and the England team that I joined reminded me so much of that because every man could do his job. There was always someone raising the bar and we had a fantastic set-up. Looking back now, to do that together with such a special bunch of guys was just fantastic. GM: When you scored your try Jason to open up a significant lead in the first half, did you feel the team should have kicked on from there? WG: It was a heck of a punch to that ball. JR: It was mate. JL: They never got that ball back, did they? There were six balls for the final and they only had five at the end. There is an England fan walking around with it under his England jersey. JR: I know who has got it and he is going to give it to me! It was a very special moment. RH: You mention the scoreline, I think we probably did deserve to have a greater lead than nine points going into half-time. They didn't have any possession after Lote Tuqiri scored his try. GM: So how did the mood in the changing room at half-time contrast with the huddle that you had going into extra time? RH: It was the same. Even going into extra time after conceding three penalties to allow them back in, you would have thought that momentum was on their side. But we were remarkably composed and calm. The messages were clear, if not quite the same ones that we had a half-time. In essence it was the same tactics and same desire. WG: I don’t really remember much about half-time but I do remember little things, like the simplicity of Johnno’s chat going into extra time. It was as simple as if you got the ball run that way and if you see a bloke in yellow, smack him. I was never nervous. I just felt we just had to do our thing and we would still win it. MC: Even in the warm-up games, the quarter-final, the semi-final, even the Samoa game, I don’t think this team ever panicked. We always knew we had the ability to win it. WG: Were we close to panicking against Wales? Or was that just me. RH: For me the Samoa game was the biggest one. The way they started that game – the power and the speed and physicality. We had to go back to basics to win that one. JL: That is what Johnno was talking about – stop coughing up the ball, stop making mistakes, go forward and anyone in a yellow shirt, you smash. There was no panic at half-time or before extra time. I believe we were the fittest team in the world. We were all there in a huddle and the Australia team – it was like a battlefield – they were lying on the floor, guys had got cramp and were getting stretched. GM: Ok, we have to talk about that moment. Where were you all in the countdown to the dropped goal? WG: We were rucking, doing the hard yards. JL: No, I remember dragging you and you just fell into a ruck. I was sitting on Matt Dunning to make sure he couldn’t get up in the defensive line to charge down the kick. GM: The move started with a line-out throw to Lewis Moody at the tail. A brave call? JL: It was a ballsy call because Thommo (Steve Thompson) had had a couple of wobbly throws before. We called the long throw because we were being marked at the front and middle, which was the easier throw, but everyone had the confidence that he could make it. Lewis took it and we went from there. WG: People talk about the line-out, but I start it from Lewis’s attempted charge down of Mat Rogers’s kick. He had a left foot that could kick a ball 90 yards. Lewis was never going to charge him down but he took off with his blond hair and must have caught Rogers’ eye line because he sliced it. The line-out should have been on our 22. GM: And then you took the ball up from the line-out Mike. MC: Normally from the line I picked there is a little bit of a half gap that you can get your body through, but Elton Flatley and Stephen Larkham saw me coming. There was a little hole but they closed up very quickly. Next thing I was lying on the floor and I looked up and the breakdown had come and gone. I ran in and literally stood next to Jonny. My hands were on my hips and I said come on mate, kick it. JR: I think I was down by the ruck. I think I was a blocker because as Daws (Matt Dawson) went through I tried to get with him as support. Will had just been pushed over but there was still work to do. Yes we were in the right place but so many teams have got into that position and it has all gone to pot. We had rehearsed lots of scenarios like that all the time. Getting people in the right place, getting the blockers in and when it was right the ball went back to Jonny. WG: There was an extra ruck because Johnno had played with Neil Back for 20 years and whatever he says about being a linking seven, he cannot pass a rugby ball. He throws bricks, specifically off his left hand. He was lining up on his left hand at the scrum-half for the winning the drop-goal. Then Johnno arrived like the Honey Monster. He took it on because Daws was at the bottom of a ruck. We did our rucking and Daws throws the pass to Jonny. GM: What went through your heads when the kick went over? WG: Win the restart. One thing I always think about is that Australia did funny switch kick-offs all night to Tuqiri and won them all night. There was still time for them to come back but yet they didn’t do what they had done all night. RH: To be fair though, if you were Australia and you wanted to target two players to kick it to in order to compete, your props are going to be them. Fair play to Trevor (Woodman). He did get up. Jase, did you fancy that? JL: I am sure Trevor thought the game was over because he was just wandering about! That wasn’t where he was meant to be. He was meant to be another 30 yards to his right and was instead in the centre of the field on the 10 metre-line. They chipped it to him and fair play he got the ball. GM: And you had the pleasure of kicking the ball out Mike. MC: Somebody here to the left of me (WG) actually had the pleasure of kicking it out but he decided not to and was on the floor on his hands and knees. WG: I thought Daws only needs to see one target and that’s why I was on the floor. It was also in the middle of the field and I can’t kick. JL: It was slightly surprising to see Will hit the floor. I thought ‘what is he doing?’ It looked like he had dropped something and he was looking for it. WG: I didn’t want the glory; we were a team. GM: Rugby supporters will be dying to know how you celebrated – the mood in the changing room and what unfolded that night. MC: Because it was so late at night, and we then had a press conference and drug testing, by the time we got to the winners’ party down in the harbour it was about 2 or 3am. By that time our wives and girlfriends were all ready for bed because they had been socialising since lunchtime, so they all followed Jonny home. RH: Claire (Hill's wife) had to go back to school so her flight was around seven in the morning. So when the meal at the restaurant finished, I did the honourable thing and dropped her back to the hotel. I asked Jase where he was going and he said “Jackson’s on George Street.” I walked all the way back from the hotel as there were no taxis and was about 200 yards from the pub and you were walking in the other direction. If I hadn’t seen you that would have been my night over. In Sydney, on my own, going ‘oh well.’ WG: My mate rang the bouncer at a nightclub called Cargo's, which was closing, and said he could get the team down and they would drink for a week, so they opened the top bar for us and that is where the main party took place. RH: My memory of that night was Mark Regan constantly opening up his shirt to check he was still wearing his medal and the other one was Lawrence Dallaglio playing the bongos with Prince Harry. JR: It was very quiet for me. I was a bit more sensible. When I woke up the next morning, I saw a few of you of coming back. JL: The next morning we did the photo shoot on the beach in our club kits. There was a picture of me and Will together and it is possibly the worst picture I have ever seen of Will Greenwood. It is the most drunk picture. WG: They have got it up at Quins and my nose is nine feet tall. That photo haunts me. GM: Do we know who got in last? JL: I don't know. I refuse to acknowledge that. The England cricket team got criticized for turning up for their parade when they were clearly drunk. We had the best part of 48 hours before we returned home on Monday and if that had been us, we would hardly have been able to find half of our squad the next day. WG: When we got to the airport in Sydney, Jase put a call out that we would drink to Italy. For people who don’t travel around the world, that is a 21-hour effort. There was a little group having gin and tonics with the night-lights on. It was nice. It just started to calm down before the chaos took place when we arrived at the airport. MC: Jase you took the trophy around the plane didn’t you? JL: They actually had a seat for the World Cup and it was strapped in. I looked at Daws and said come on we will grab it and bring it back down the end of the plane where all the England supporters were. They were over the moon. We let guys hold it, which possibly wasn’t the cleverest thing to do seeing that most of these guys had been drinking for about three weeks. If someone had dropped it, it could have been a sort of Calcutta Cup scenario. GM: Looking back now, did that night change your lives? RH: Quite clearly. Everyone will trade off winning a World Cup. People talk to us in the street regardless of whether it is an event or something official. WG: It gives you great confidence to go into the next part of your life, not having closed off an area because it is still fresh and a lot of us are still involved in the game but a nice thing to have tucked away mentally. MC: It is something very positive. Things have gone up and down over the last 10 years but it always comes back to 2003. It lifted the nation. JL: When people talk to you about how much impact it had on their lives, it puts it more into perspective. People come up and say, ‘I was a bit of a rough kid and got into rugby because of the World Cup and thought it was great’. It was a great moment for us but for me that is the true success story of winning the World Cup. Pool C	Matt Dawson
Who was the headline act on the 'Pyramid Stage' on Sunday at the 2011 Glastonbury Festival?	BBC SPORT \| Rugby Union \| England rugby squad in profile Printable version England rugby squad in profile In an unprecedented move, every member of England's Rugby World Cup-winning side, plus coaches Clive Woodward, Dave Alred, Phil Larder and Andy Robinson have been recognised in the New Year Honours list. A-Z Stuart Abbott (5 caps) The Wasps centre could surely not have dreamed of this honour, a little more than four months after his England debut. The 25-year-old has already made an impact with two tries for the national team, and looks set to be a fixture for some time to come. Dave Alred (England's kicking coach) Famously told Jonny Wilkinson to "Forget the posts - let's aim for something else. Imagine there's a woman sitting in that seat, 20 rows behind." The rest, as they say, is history. Neil Back (66 caps) Veteran flanker Back may be approaching his 35th birthday, but his appetite for the game shows no signs of diminishing. The Leicester star played in six of England's seven World Cup games, and was a crucial member of the back row. Iain Balshaw (19 caps) The pacy Bath back saw his World Cup chances limited, although he did make it on to the field in injury-time in the final. The 24-year-old is likely to get plenty of opportunities to add to his tally of nine Test tries. Kyran Bracken (51 caps) Ultimately lost out to Matt Dawson in the race for the scrum-half position, but Bracken still made some telling contributions. Perhaps most crucially, he forced a turnover just before half-time in the crucial pool game with South Africa, preventing a Springbok score which would have given them a half-time lead. Mike Catt (61 caps) The 32-year-old Bath centre surprised many when he was called up into Clive Woodward's squad, but did more than enough to justify his inclusion. In particular, his display as a second-half substitute in the quarter-final against Wales was vital in securing an England victory, and he played a part in both the semi-final and final. Ben Cohen (35 caps) The Northampton player did not produce his very best form in Australia - but is regarded as one of the best wings in the international game. Cohen's strength makes him a formidable opponent, and with his World Cup winners' medal he emulated his uncle George, who was part of the England football side which won the World Cup in 1966. Martin Corry (29 caps) The Leicester number eight always faced an uphill battle in attempting to oust Lawrence Dallaglio from the team. But after leaving the England camp during the tournament to be present at the birth of his daughter, he returned to play in the ruthless demolition of Uruguay. Lawrence Dallaglio (65 caps) The ex-skipper lost the England captaincy in 1999 after boasting about his rock'n'roll lifestyle to an undercover reporter. But his MBE marks the end of a remarkable turnaround in which he re-established himself as a world-class number eight, producing a great performance in the final. Matt Dawson (57 caps) Cemented his position as England's first-choice scrum-half during the World Cup, at the expense of Kyran Bracken. His break at the end of extra time in the final, which helped set up Jonny Wilkinson for his drop goal winner, is already part of the most famous bit of footage in English rugby history. Andy Gomarsall (15 caps) The scrum-half was behind Kyran Bracken and Matt Dawson in the running for a first-team spot, but he did play in the demolition of Uruguay. The Gloucester man also appeared in the recent match against the New Zealand Barbarians and, at 29, will hope for more chances in the future. Paul Grayson (29 caps) The Northampton fly-half would have won a whole host of extra caps for England, were it not for a certain J Wilkinson. But he has never complained, and his 17-point haul in the recent match against the New Zealand Barbarians proved England have a more than adequate replacement for when Wilkinson is injured. Will Greenwood (47 caps) The Harlequins centre is one of the most potent finishers in the game, with 30 international tries to his name. Returned home during the World Cup due to problems with his wife's pregnancy but returned for England's hour of glory. Danny Grewcock (43 caps) The Bath captain had a frustrating World Cup, seeing his campaign ended by a broken hand in the thrashing of Uruguay. That was after breaking a toe in the warm-up for the opener against Georgia, but he will be hopeful of resuming his second-row partnership with Martin Johnson in the Six Nations. Richard Hill (63 caps) The Saracens flanker's nickname 'Silent Assassin' sums up his role in the England team perfectly. Hill rarely dazzles in the manner of, say, Jason Robinson, but the simple fact is that England play better when he is in the team. Martin Johnson (84 caps) Regarded by many as the finest leader in the game, Johnson's importance in England's victory is beyond question. His towering, brooding presence always casts a huge shadow over England's opposition. Martin Johnson profile Ben Kay (28 caps) The quiet Liverpudlian is not always the man who catches the eye - but with his tireless driving, he makes a big contribution to the team. His knock-on in the World Cup final with the try-line beckoning was a low point, but Kay did not let the pressure get to him. Phil Larder (England defensive coach) England's powerful defence has been the foundation for their success during the past 12 months, and Larder is the architect. When he was involved in rugby league, Larder watched England lose one World Cup final to Australia in 1995 - but ensured he did not make that an unwanted double this year. Jason Leonard (113 caps) The seemingly indestructible Harlequins prop broke the world record for Test caps appearing as a replacement during the World Cup semi-final against France. A cult figure for England fans, Leonard already has an MBE for services to rugby, and joins Jonny Wilkinson in being appointed an OBE. Jason Leonard profile Josh Lewsey (18 caps) The former Army officer produces plenty of dynamic runs and is a good finisher who has already notched up 13 international tries - five in the Uruguay match in the World Cup. At home on the wing or at full-back, the 27-year-old Wasps star can expect to add to his caps tally during the next few years. Dan Luger (38 caps) Luger was, infamously, England's '16th man' against Samoa, inadvertently running on to the pitch at the end of the match before being ushered off. He would not want to be remembered for that and his try-scoring prowess - he already has 24 Test tries to his name - should ensure that the Perpignan winger is known for other reasons. Lewis Moody (24 caps) The tall, athletic Leicester Tiger may not quite be ready to replace Neil Back in the back row, but at just 25 will be hopeful of many opportunities to come. And the openside flanker will always remember the climax of the World Cup final, replacing Richard Hill in the dying moments. Dave Reddin (England fitness coach) Banned for two matches after the infamous Dan Luger blunder against Samoa, but Reddin's impact cannot be underestimated. England's almost legendary fitness levels were the primary reason why they were able to prevail in the tough tests against Samoa and Wales. Mark Regan (28 caps) Leeds hooker Regan started in England's tense victory over Samoa, but has since suffered a foot injury which kept him out of the Twickenham celebration against New Zealand Barbarians. At 31, the former Bristol man is moving towards the later stages of his international career, but will hope to play a significant part in the Six Nations. Andy Robinson (England coach) The former Bath and England star's meticulous attention to detail was crucial to England's success. His partnership with Clive Woodward proved successful at Bath and for England Under-21s - and reaped great rewards for England. Jason Robinson (28 caps) Possibly the most exciting runner in the game, the former rugby league star is famous for his devastating speed over short distances. And it was his blistering pace which took him over the try line for England's only try of the final. Simon Shaw (23 caps) By Clive Woodward's own admission, the giant Wasps lock was unlucky not to make England's original 30-man World Cup squad - but he still made the trip after Danny Grewcock broke his hand. The 30-year-old ultimately did not feature Down Under, but made a good impression in the recent match against New Zealand Barbarians and could yet play in the Six Nations. Steve Thompson (24 caps) Hooker Thompson is not a man who easily gives way to anyone - and his muscle was vital as England tried to counter the physical threat of Australia. His line-out throwing at the World Cup was erratic, but his all-round game was as solid as anyone in the team. Mike Tindall (33 caps) The burly Yorkshireman got the nod over Mike Catt in the final and did his job well. The Bath centre is widely respected, and the ankle ligament injury he recently suffered - which will probably keep him out of the Six Nations - is a big blow for England. Phil Vickery (38 caps) The Gloucester prop, with his 50-inch chest, 19-stone bulk and oriental tattoo - which translates as 'I'll fight you to the death' - is an intimidating opponent for anyone. Vickery has already captained England twice and some tip him to take over the job - if and when Martin Johnson steps down. Dorian West (21 caps) Leicester hooker West has the unwanted distinction of being the only person to captain England in defeat during 2003, skippering the second-string XV in their defeat in France in August. He did make amends for that, however, playing as a replacement in the 24-7 semi-final win over France. Julian White (19 caps) The Leicester tighthead played in England's fraught pool match against Samoa, but has subsequently suffered from knee trouble. Surgery means he will miss the rest of this season, although the prop will hope to bounce back after regaining fitness. Jonny Wilkinson (52 caps) Pretty much every superlative in the dictionary has been applied to England's match-winning fly-half superstar in 2003. Already an MBE, Wilkinson's OBE adds to the World Cup winners' medal and BBC Sports Personality of the Year trophy which he already has in his rapidly-filling trophy cabinet. Trevor Woodman (15 caps) The 27-year-old front-rower has established himself as a regular in Clive Woodward's side. The Cornishman, known as 'Dougie', made a vital contribution to the World Cup winning effort. Clive Woodward (England head coach) A knighthood for Woodward will come as no surprise after he spearheaded England's first major successful World Cup campaign since 1966. Woodward has sometimes been considered eccentric, but coaches are judged on results - and on that basis he cannot be faulted. Clive Woodward profile Joe Worsley (30 caps) The Wasps number eight blotted his World Cup copybook somewhat with his arrogant applause gesture after being sin-binned in the pool game against Uruguay. But he is an explosive runner who has the class to flourish on the international scene and is the sort of player who can step in for Richard Hill or Lawrence Dallaglio to emphasise England's strength in depth.	i don't know
The novels of Jo Nesbo which feature detective 'Harry Hole' were originally written in which European language?	Writing Lyrics to Writing Novels: A Conversation with Jo Nesbø \| Hazlitt Writing Lyrics to Writing Novels: A Conversation with Jo Nesbø By Susan Walker Already a successful stockbroker, Jo Nesbø first cut his teeth singing songs and writing lyrics for Norwegian rock band Di Derre (Those Guys). A jet-lagged Nesbø talks about the origins of Harry Hole, the protagonist in so many of his dark thrillers, and how he got into writing in the first place with the only recently translated The Bat. Related Books One-time editor and publisher of Quill & Quire and... Recent Articles A Musical of Bizarre Needs and Bittersweet Longings A lively, attractive raconteur with a self-deprecating laugh, Jo Nesbø was no stranger to fame well before his 16 crime novels brought him more than 14 million book sales in 40 languages. A promising future as a professional footballer induced him to drop out of high school, but when cruciate ligament injuries sidelined him, he resumed his education, obtaining a business degree and eventual work as a successful stockbroker and financial analyst. Music was a hobby, but then Jo Nesbø the songwriter became lead singer of Di Derre (Those Guys). He and his band members attained rock stardom. Although he had made an early attempt at a novel, it was only in 1997 that Nesbø determinedly turned his hand to fiction, with The Bat. Just after his arrival at the recent International Festival of Authors in Toronto, Nesbø was soft- but well-spoken, jet-lagged but engaging, his light brown hair cropped short, his Norwegian blue eyes sharply focused. The youthful 52-year-old author is best known for a series of nine thrillers featuring the Oslo police detective Harry Hole (pronounced Hool-eh), an impassioned solver of crimes who is sometimes on the wrong side of the law himself and notoriously given to drink and defiance of authority. Martin Scorsese is set to direct a film adaptation of The Snowman, one of Nesbø’s grislier Hole stories. His mother was a librarian and his father a book collector when Nesbø was growing up in Molde, Norway. Surrounded by books, he was a big reader; his father’s storytelling inspired in him a habit of telling ghost stories. An attraction to the ghoulish lay dormant for years but once unleashed, his talent for depicting the bizarre and puzzling turns of the darker side of humanity has known no bounds. Father to a 13-year-old daughter, Nesbo has also written a series of children’s books, starting with Doctor Proctor’s Fart Powder, some non-fiction and fiction outside the Hole series, including Headhunters, released as a film last year. Originally published as Flaggermusmannen in 1997 by H. Ashehoug & Co. (W. Nygaard), The Bat has just now been published in the U.K. and Canada in an English translation by Don Bartlett. Its hero (almost an anti-hero) Harry Hole was conceived on board a flight to Australia when Nesbo, burnt out from doing gigs with his very popular band by night and slaving in the options division of Norway’s biggest brokerage firm by day, took a leave of absence. The Bat brought Nesbo immediate recognition and set him on an unusual path to bestsellerdom as a creator of very nasty criminal behavior involving intriguing characters. In his own words, an entertainer, he is at the same time a thoughtful participant in the literary life, more likely to be found reading Jonathan Franzen than one of his fellow crime writers and well aware of the necessities of his chosen genre: never let your reader down by slipping into a formula for suspense. When The Bat came out in Norway in 1997, it would have been obvious to critics and readers that you were not a first-time writer. In fact, you began writing song lyrics in your early twenties. Is there a relationship between composing song lyrics and creating novels? I probably learned more from writing lyrics that came in handy when I started writing novels than anything else I’ve done. You are restricted to three verses and a chorus. That’s very useful for a novel. You get an understanding of how much you can direct your readers and how much can be left to the reader’s imagination. The writer should only give so much. Up until now, millions of English-language readers of your Harry Hole series have not known the whole story of what makes Harry the somehow haunted man that he is. You’ve said that Harry was born on the plane between Oslo and Sydney, Australia. What were the circumstances that led to your writing the first Harry Hole book? I had done 180 gigs with the band that year (in addition to working as a stockbroker). I needed a break and I went to Australia with a friend of mine. He only had two weeks off work and I stayed on. I started writing as soon as I got on the plane, planning the novel. In Australia I was pretty jet-lagged and I started writing when I woke up in the middle of the night. What drove me in The Bat was the curiosity about how to write a novel. The first version I did in five weeks. I’ve never written a book that fast since. I would write some days for 16 hours. While my pal was there, he was, “Hey what’s going on? I was going to show you some of Australia and you’re just sitting in your room writing. What kind of holiday is this?” He would go to all of these places where he used to go and they were great places. Harry would more or less follow in my footsteps. Sydney’s red light district in King’s Cross, Bondi Beach, the Sydney aquarium, the little town of Nimbin in northern New South Wales—these were all places you visited? Yes. If we were going up north to see some part of the city, I would take Harry there. Stanley Kubrick used to decide on five or six scenes that would be in a movie, and he didn’t know exactly what the scenes had to do with each other. It was a bit the same with The Bat. I had these places where I went, and I wasn’t sure how they fitted into the story, but I knew that these were the locations. Powerful relationships, whether friendships or romance are a hallmark of your Harry Hole novels. In The Bat, you have Harry form a deep friendship with an Aboriginal police detective, Andrew Kensington, from the moment they meet at the Sydney airport. Soon after, Harry falls head-over-heels in love with Birgitta, a server in a strip bar. How important are these relationships to the construction of your thrillers? There’s a Norwegian writer called Aksel Sandemose who said the only two things worth writing about were love and murder. And he was not a crime writer. Through Andrew, Harry absorbs some aboriginal culture and the stories of Walla and Moora and the mythological monster snake Bubbur. How did this lore become integral to the structure of The Bat? It wasn’t planned. I went to the Australian Museum in Sydney and I discovered aboriginal storytelling. I found these stories very strange, unlike anything else I’d read. In most of the rest of the world we have an idea of how a story should work, you know, in a three-act structure. But these stories were nothing like that. They would start and be told without any sort of conclusion, or a conclusion you wouldn’t understand. After a while I got into their rhythm. They inspired me. I knew I had to put them into this story. After you returned to Oslo, you approached a publisher? I knew a girl who worked at a publishing house. She asked me if I could write something for them, a story about the band travelling on the road in Norway. But there’s an old rule that what happens on the road stays on the road. So I didn’t want to do that, but I thought I might write something else. When I came back from Australia, I sent the manuscript to her. She used a pseudonym for me when she sent it to some of the editors. Three weeks later they phoned me back and said they were interested in the novel and they wanted to publish it. They asked me why I’d used a pseudonym and I told them I’m this famous singer in this famous band. So I told them my name and nobody had heard of me. [Laughs] They should have, because at the time we were the bestselling band in Norway. But some bands you know all the individuals and they’re in all the magazines and they’re on the covers of their albums and so on. But we were kind of this faceless band. People knew the songs, but they didn’t know what we looked like. I remember one time two guys were sitting beside me in a cafe and they were talking about the band and they looked over at me, two or three times, and I knew they were going to ask if it was me or ask for an autograph. Finally one reached over and said, “May I borrow your ashtray?” So why bother with a pseudonym? Before I was first published, I was worried. It’s reasonable that people are suspicious when Madonna publishes a children’s book. Or when any kind of celebrity known for something else publishes a book. I thought if the singer of the bestselling band in Norway comes to a publishing house with a manuscript he wants to publish, they will let him do that, no matter how bad it is. So I had a concern that the critics would rip me apart. On the other hand I was quite confident, not that people would like it, but that this was the book I wanted to write. I knew it wasn’t perfect novel and it isn’t. It’s the only novel of mine that I’ve read again from start to end. I see now that I made mistakes or got carried away. But I was happy when I re-read it because it’s so fresh. You can tell it’s written by a guy who’s in love with something that he’s just discovered: writing a novel. I can see it’s more light-hearted than the later books. I think both Harry and I were more light-hearted. There’s more humour in it. And I can tell when I read it, that it’s almost bursting with energy. The Harry Hole books, especially from The Snowman forward, are increasingly dark, more grotesquely violent and Harry himself a far from innocent character. Yet you seem to have a huge following among women readers. Has this surprised you? Well yeah, I was a bit surprised. I didn’t really aim at a female audience. I did have in mind two friends of mine, with whom I share a taste in popular culture. They were two guys I wanted to impress. After a while I noticed that there were many female readers interested in the books, but I think especially in Harry. I think maybe they feel sorry for him. He’s emotionally damaged by his past and I think that women tend to want to fix people like that. There is a challenge faced by every writer of serial crime fiction. How do you maintain interest in a character without repeating yourself or getting stuck in a formula? I never start off saying, OK what are we going to do today? We’re going to write the new Harry Hole novel. My starting point is always an idea for a story and I ask myself, OK what kind of story is this? Is it for children? Is it a book for adults? Is it short stories? Is it a novel? Is it a Harry novel? And sometimes it is. He is a very useful character. He can be used for many things. He doesn’t have to be the outsider, the investigator. He can be part of the case, if I want him to. In the latest books he is more and more of a driving force. He is part of the drama. How old is Harry now? He’s in his forties. I don’t think he’s going to die of old age. Right now I am working on a stand-alone novel. What book made you a bestselling author? The Redbreast was the breakthrough novel. The Bat was critically acclaimed, but it didn’t sell that much. It won the prize for the best Norwegian crime novel, also the Glass Key for best Nordic crime novel. The sales wouldn’t have allowed me to be a full-time writer. Although I was: I had been overpaid for years. I had my own apartment and I could keep on writing for a while. But The Bat established me as a writer with the critics. Normally it’s the other way around. Although I feel I must entertain my readers, it’s my honest goal to write pulp fiction. Find us on Facebook / Follow us on Twitter	Norwegian
By what two word name was the Rugby Football League known between 1895 and 1922?	Jo Nesbo \| Mrs. Peabody Investigates Mrs. Peabody Investigates International crime fiction, TV and film Main menu Reply Newsflash! Norwegian author Jo Nesbø’s interview with Mark Lawson at the Theakstons / Harrogate Crime Writing Festival will feature on tonight’s Front Row. You can listen on Radio 4 at 19.15, or catch up later at the Front Row website , where the whole of the interview is also available (and most interesting it is too). Nesbø will also feature in the ‘Foreign Bodies’ series which Lawson is presenting for Radio 4 from 22 October (see previous post for further details). Harry Hole is one of the 15 fictional detectives used by the series to explore how crime writing depicts the history of modern Europe. Copyright BBC Radio 4 Also spotted: the ‘Front Row Crime Writers Collection’ – a marvellous set of interviews with leading crime novelists including Henning Mankell, Andrea Camilleri, Val McDermid, P.D. James and John le Carré. Share this: Like this: Like Loading... 6 This … is an interview with Jo Nesbo by James Kidd, which appeared in The Independent over the weekend. Topics covered include Anders Breivik, Nesbo’s father and the publication of the old/new Harry Hole novel The Bat. The interview was carried out following Nesbo’s sell-out appearance at the Theakstons / Harrogate Crime Writing Festival in July. That … is another interview by Kidd (and now I’m really jealous) of Henning Mankell , on the publication of his novel The Shadow Girls (originally published in Sweden in 2001). While not crime fiction, the social critique that’s found in Swedish crime writing in general and Mankell’s works in particular is very much evident in this work. The other … is a provocative piece by American mystery editor Otto Penzler in Publishers Weekly, entitled ‘Why the Best Mysteries are Written in English’ . A number of arguments are put forward by Penzler (albeit not always with total clarity) to justify this grand assertion, and a lively set of responses have now accrued in the comments section, which make for an entertaining read. Share this: 18 Mark Lawson’s interview with highly-acclaimed, best-selling Norwegian crime writer Jo Nesbø, creator of the Harry Hole series, was the last event of the Theakstons Crime Writing Festival 2012. Tickets had sold out well in advance and the venue was packed. Mark Lawson, introducing his guest, told us that a Nesbø novel is sold somewhere in the world every 23 seconds. The following is not designed to be an exhaustive account, but focuses on parts of the interview that stood out for me as particularly interesting. The interview took place on the first anniversary of the Oslo and Utoya massacres, and Nesbø spoke with eloquence and sensitivity about the impact that these have had on Norway. Nesbø’s plan when he began writing was a straightforward one: ‘I thought I would come up with a simple story and write it’. It took him all of five weeks. However, when prospective publishers asked how long the novel had taken to complete, he would say over a year. One reason why the Hole series was published out of sequence in the UK was because the first two novels were set outside Norway. Publishers felt that it would be too confusing to market a novel by a Norwegian author that was set in Australia [as is the case with the first Hole novel Flaggermusmannen – first published in 1997 and due to be published as The Bat by Harvill Secker in October. The title has been adjusted to avoid confusion with the ‘other’ Batman…]. So The Redbreast [the third novel] was the first of the series to be published here. The character of Harry Hole was not fully developed until The Redbreast: ‘Then I knew who he was’. There was a fascinating description by Nesbø of how his own family history had shaped the The Redbreast. When Nesbø was 15, his father had sat him down for a talk. Afterwards ‘I understood why my family was preoccupied with the Second World War’. While his mother and her family had been part of the resistance movement during Nazi occupation [Germany invaded Norway in 1940], his 19-year-old father had volunteered to fight with the Germans on the Eastern Front. When the war ended, he was sentenced to a couple of years in prison for his role in the war. Nesbø at first found this revelation ‘incomprehensible’, but his father encouraged him to discuss the issue and to ask him any questions that he wanted, and they grew closer as a result. The Redbreast seeks to understand how a young man like Nesbø’s father came to take the political path he did. On his father: ‘He was a 19-year-old trying to understand the world and what was going on. He was raised in the States and comes back to a Europe that’s almost bankrupt. Germany and Russia are the two strong nations and there is a feeling that you have to choose between them. And so my father made his choice’. Nesbø wrestled with the fact that his father had been declared a traitor after the war, but his father was OK with the fact that he had been formally punished: ‘Two years in prison was fair for being as wrong as I was’. Thus: ‘The Redbreast to a large extent is my father’s book’. It’s a story of World War Two and how the individuals involved ‘reflect on their choices’. The characters who serve under the Germans in the novel ‘all have different motives for doing what they’re doing’. On Norway’s engagement with the past in the post-war period: After World War Two, Norway wanted to see itself as a nation that fought the Germans, with a strong resistance movement. While there was some resistance, Nesbø felt that ‘it was a bit of a shame for Norway that we didn’t do more to fight the Germans’. Most people didn’t do anything. Only now are young historians rewriting the story. A grey, complex area. [Note: There’s a BBC World Bookclub programme on The Redbreast in which Nesbø also discusses his complex family background and its relation to the novel – you can listen to it here (55 minutes duration).] Jo Nesbø On the influence of Swedish crime writers Maj Sjöwall and Per Wahlöö : all Scandi writers are influenced by them, even if they don’t know it because they’ve been influenced by writers already influenced by them! They are the godparents of Scandi crime. It was never Nesbø’s agenda to focus on political issues but ‘it’s impossible to write without being political in some ways, simply because as a writer you ‘edit’ the world you see around you’. [Lawson also alluded to the fact that Radio 4 will be dramatising all 10 of the Martin Beck series as part of a broader focus on European Detectives – see this BBC article for further details ]. Film adaptation: the favourite to play Hole in the adaptation of The Snowman, directed by Michael Scorsese, is Leonardo DiCaprio. There is apparently a website where you can bet on who will get the role, and Nesbø himself is a long-shot for the part. He is keeping his distance from the script-writing process. On Harry Hole’s fate: ‘There will be an end, and there will be no resurrection’ [audible ‘ooooooh’ from the audience]. A droll moment: after we had been told of Nesbø’s talents as a musician, journalist, stockbroker and writer, an author sitting next to me leaned over and whispered incredulously, ‘Is there anything this man cannot do?!’. Karen has also posted a good write-up of the event at Euro Crime. UPDATE: James Kidd’s interview with Nesbø , which he carried out at Harrogate, has recently been published in The Independent. Share this: 2 A recent issue of Film3Sixty magazine carries an interesting feature on two upcoming film adaptations of Norwegian crime author Jo Nesbø’s work. These follow the phenomenal success of 2011’s Headhunters, adapted from Nesbø’s standalone novel of 2008, which was memorably described by Philip French of The Observer as moving ‘with the speed of a demented lemming heading for the cliff-edge of a fjord’. Oslo-based director Magnus Martens has completed production on Jackpot (based on a Nesbø storyline), which is due for release on 10. August 2012. Martens says in the Film3Sixty piece that his adaptation channels the black comedy of the Coen brothers and films such as Fargo (a comparison I’ve heard from some viewers of Headhunters as well). And acclaimed American director Martin Scorsese is adapting The Snowman , the seventh in the Harry Hole series, first published in 2007. This will be the first English-language adaptation of one of Nesbø’s books and is being made in conjunction with the British production company Working Title Films. Nesbø will be appearing at the Theakstons Crime Writing Festival in Harrogate on 22 July (very exciting). For a recent New York Times article on Nesbø, see here . Share this:	i don't know
Which heritage railway runs seven miles inland from a station on the Cumbrian coast to Dalegarth Station?	Ravenglass and Eskdale Railway \| Flickr Back to albums list Ravenglass and Eskdale Railway The Ravenglass and Eskdale Railway is a 15 in (381 mm) minimum gauge heritage railway in Cumbria, England. The seven-mile line runs from Ravenglass to Dalegarth Station near Boot in the valley of Eskdale, in the Lake District. At Ravenglass the line ends at Ravenglass railway station on the Cumbrian Coast Line. Intermediate stations and halts are at Muncaster Mill, Miteside, Murthwaite, Irton Road, Eskdale Green, Fisherground and Beckfoot. The railway is owned by a private company and supported by a preservation society. The oldest locomotive is River Irt, parts of which date from 1894, while the newest is the diesel-hydraulic Douglas Ferreira, built in 2005. The line is known locally as La'al Ratty and its 3 ft (914 mm) gauge predecessor as Owd Ratty.	Ravenglass and Eskdale Railway
Of what is 'Pogonophobia' a fear?	British Heritage Steam Railway tour 2016 Your hotel: Holiday Inn, Ashford North. Dinner included. Day 2. Sunday, 26 June Battle and the Bluebell Railway This morning, drive to Battle there will be a short stop to explore the site of the Battle of Hastings, fought between King Harold of the Anglo Saxons and the Norman invaders on 14 October, 1066 – 950 years ago. The site of the Battle of Hastings is one of the least altered of medieval battlefields. In 1066 this part of Sussex was little populated, and the battle was fought on open land immediately south of the dense Wealden forest with perhaps 14,000 soldiers involved. The foundation of the abbey a few years later effectively preserved most of the battlefield, although no relics of the battle have ever been found there. Continue to Sheffield Park, where there will be time for lunch before joining a train on the standard gauge, steam operated Bluebell Railway for a trip to East Grinstead and back. This is the biggest preserved railway in the Home Counties south of London, offering fine stations, good scenery and big engines. The railway runs some 11 miles north from Sheffield Park to Horsted Keynes, Kingscote and East Grinstead where it connects with Southern mainline trains. In all it provides a 22 mile round trip. The Railway's four stations, its locomotives and its rolling stock cover a period of railway history from the 1870s to the 1950s and as such provide a unique insight into a way of life that has largely disappeared from the United Kingdom today. This afternoon motor to your hotel, near the city of Bristol. Your hotel: Novotel Bristol City Centre. Breakfast and dinner included. Day 3. Monday, 27 June The West Somerset Railway Drive to Bishops Lydeard, a small town near Taunton and one end of the West Somerset Railway, the longest standard gauge preserved steam railway in Britain. Trains run between Bishops Lydeard and Minehead, making their way through the Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty that is the Quantock Hills and along the Bristol Channel Coast. Along the way there are various historic sites. Crowcombe Heathfield station is where scenes from the Beatles’ “A Hard Days Night” were filmed whilst the old harbour town of Watchet has a history dating back into Saxon times and still boasts narrow streets, local shops and places to eat and drink as well as two Museums. Alight at Washford station for the walks to Cleeve Abbey and Torre Cider Farm or continue to Minehead, the beach is literally across the road from the station whilst a left turn takes you into the town centre. You will have a day rover ticket and are free to join any train, but it is anticipated that we will travel directly from Bishops Lydeard to Minehead before stopping off at intermediate stations on the return journey. This afternoon, return by road to your hotel in Bristol for the night. Your hotel: Novotel Bristol City Centre. Breakfast and dinner included. Day 4. Tuesday, 28 June SS Great Britain and the Gloucester and Warwickshire Railway After breakfast, we will make our way down to the Bristol waterfront to visit Isambard Kingdom Brunel’s famous ship, the SS Great Britain. Rescued as a rusted hulk in the Falklands and brought back in a floating dock, the ship has now been impressively restored in the same dry dock where she was built in 1843, when she was called the ‘Greatest experiment since creation’. Continue our adventure today with a drive to Cheltenham, one of Britain’s best known horse race venues. Board the standard gauge, steam operated Gloucester and Warwickshire Railway for a journey to Toddington. The railway commands wonderful views of sleepy hamlets and villages as it runs though the beautiful Cotswold countryside. The line was built between1900 and 1906 to improve through services from Birmingham to Bristol and the West Country, it also carried fruit from the highly productive farming areas both in the Cotswolds and the Vale of Evesham. The line closed in 1976 and the Gloucestershire Warwickshire Steam Railway was formed in 1981. Their aim is to one day restore the line from Stratford Race Course to Cheltenham Racecourse. This afternoon, drive to Kidderminster where you will spend two nights. Kidderminster is a town in the Wyre Forest district of Worcestershire, England. It is located 17 miles south-west of Birmingham and 15 miles north of Worcester. Best known as a carpet manufacturing centre, and as the birthplace of Lord Roland Hill who invented the modern postage stamp. Kidderminster is also the mainline junction station for the Severn Valley railway. Your hotel: Gainsborough Hotel, Kidderminster. Breakfast and dinner included. Day 5. Wednesday, 29 June Severn Valley Railway, the Bridgenorth Funicular Railway and a Parry People Mover This morning, join a steam train on the standard gauge Severn Valley Railway to Bridgenorth and back, stopping at Highley for the Enginehouse museum and including a ride on the funicular railway at Bridgenorth. The Severn Valley Railway runs for most of its length up the Severn River valley. It is about 16 miles long, one of the longest preserved lines in England, running one of the most intensive steam timetables. The enginehouse museum at Highley displays ‘out of ticket’ locomotives that are waiting to be returned to operating condition, as well as a number of smaller displays and a restaurant. The funicular railway at Bridgenorth links the lower town alongside the river with the upper town. It avoids a strenuous walk and is one of the few funicular railways in Britain not located along the coast. Bridgenorth is a pretty market town, a pleasing place for lunch in one of the quaint coffee shops or bar restaurants. After lunch, return to Kidderminster by steam train. Transfer to the adjacent mainline station to complete your railway experience with a ride on a Chiltern Railways commuter train to Stourbridge Junction, and from there on a Parry People Mover on the 0.8 miles railway branch line to Stourbridge Town. This is a unique form of traction on the shortest mainline railway in Europe, with one with the busiest timetables. Now used solely for passenger traffic, it was originally constructed to allow trans-shipment with the Stourbridge Town Arm of the Stourbridge Canal. The Class 139 units utilise flywheel energy storage as means of smoothing energy demand to start and propel the vehicle. The flywheel captures braking energy when the brakes are used and re- uses the energy for acceleration. A small on-board engine is used to start the vehicle and to provide power for the on-board systems. Return by road to Kidderminster. Your hotel: Gainsborough Hotel, Kidderminster. Breakfast and dinner included. Day 6. Thursday, 30 June Crich Tramway Museum, National Railway Museum in York and dinner at The Sidings This morning, travel by road to the National Tramway Museum at Crich. The Museum is situated within Crich Tramway Village, a period village containing a pub, cafe, old-style sweetshop and the tram depots. Ride a variety of trams that run through the village to the countryside and back. The trams mostly ran along the streets of cities in United Kingdom before the 1960s, with some trams rescued and restored (even from other countries) as the systems closed. Continue our road journey to the famous city of York, about 2 hours distant. This afternoon, visit the National Railway Museum at York with time also to see the impressive mainline station before checking in to your hotel. Dinner this evening will be at The Sidings, a restaurant with a difference alongside the East Coast Mainline. As an alternative to the railway museum, join Geoff on a walking visit to the historic town of York and the impressive York Minster. Your hotel: Park Inn York City Centre by Raddison. Breakfast and dinner included. Day 7. Friday, 01 July North York Moors Railway and Whitby This morning, motor to the small market town of Pickering, terminus of the standard gauge North York Moors Railway. Ride a steam train over the Yorkshire Moors to Grosmont, where we will break our journey to walk through the George Stephenson tunnel, built in 1835, to the railway’s engine sheds. Our steam train journey will then continue over mainline rails to the seaside town of Whitby. The North Yorkshire Moors Railway is a heritage railway in North Yorkshire, England running through the North York Moors National Park. First opened in 1836 as the Whitby and Pickering Railway, it was planned in 1831 by George Stephenson to facilitate trade inland from the seaport of Whitby. The line closed in 1965 and was reopened in 1973 by the North York Moors Historical Railway Trust Ltd. The railway carries more passengers than any other heritage railway in the UK and may be the busiest steam heritage line in the world. The 18-mile railway is the third-longest standard gauge heritage line in the United Kingdom. Whitby boasts having the best fish and chips in the UK, you won’t have far to travel out of the station before your taste buds are tantalised. Wander through the streets of the old fishing port and discover all there is to know about Captain Cook at the Captain Cook Museum before climbing the famous 199 steps to St Mary’s Church and the atmospheric ruins of Whitby Abbey. Our hotel: The Gisborough Hall in Guisborough, your chance to experience a glamorous stately home. Breakfast and dinner included. Day 8. Saturday, 02 July The National Railway Museum at Shildon, Edinburgh and the Forth Bridge This morning, make a short visit to the second location of the National Railway Museum at Shildon, where many of the locomotives that cannot be displayed in York are shown. Shildon Was the heartland of the Robert and George Stephenson railway empire, many of their original buildings still exist. Drive north to the city of Edinburgh with a break for lunch en-route. Edinburgh is the capital city of Scotland, located on the southern shore of the Firth of Forth. It is the second largest city in Scotland and the seventh in the United Kingdom. Recognised as the capital of Scotland since at least the 15th century, Edinburgh is home to the Scottish Parliament and the seat of the monarchy in Scotland and is home to national institutions such as the National Museum of Scotland, the National Library of Scotland and the Scottish National Gallery. It is the largest financial centre in the UK after London. Edinburgh's Old Town and New Town together are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. After a short visit to the City, continue to our hotel at South Queensferry on the banks of the Firth of Forth. Dinner tonight will be in a restaurant with a view of the famous Victorian Forth Bridge. The Forth Bridge is a cantilever railway bridge over the Firth of Forth in the east of Scotland, 9 miles west of Edinburgh City Centre. The iconic structure is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Construction of the bridge began in 1882 and it was completed in 1890. The bridge spans the Forth between the villages of South Queensferry and North Queensferry and has a total length of 8,296 feet. It was the longest single cantilever bridge span in the world until 1917 when the Quebec Bridge in Canada was completed. It is still the world's second-longest single cantilever span. Your hotel: Premier Inn South Queensferry. Meals included: Breakfast and dinner. Day 9. Sunday, 03 July A distillery tour and Sunday lunch on the Strathspey Railway Our journey will continue today to the Highlands of Scotland, where we will visit the Blare Athol whisky distillery. Blair Athol Distillery stands at the gateway to the Scottish Highlands in the picturesque town of Pitlochry, Perthshire. From the water of the Allt Dour burn comes our 12 Year Old Single Malt Whisky, with a mellow deep-toned aroma, a strong fruity flavour and a smooth finish. Blair Athol wins hearts through its contribution to the Bell's Blend, the most popular blended whisky in the UK. Our next visit will be a return journey on the Strathspey Railway where you will enjoy an included traditional three course roast lunch in a dining car as you steam through the highlands countryside – definitely a highlight of the tour. The standard gauge Strathspey Railway is a 10 miles preserved line from Aviemore to Broomhill via Boat of Garten, part of the former Inverness and Perth Junction Railway (later part of Highland Railway) which linked Aviemore with Forres. It is one of a handful of primary/secondary main lines to be preserved in Britain today. Continue our road journey to the highland city of Inverness where we will spend the night. Your hotel: The Royal Highland Hotel. Meals included: Breakfast, dining car lunch, dinner. Day 10. Monday, 04 July Loch Ness, the Jacobite steam train and a drive up Glen Coe Pass and over the Trassocks After breakfast, motor down the length of the Caledonian Canal and Loch Ness as we make our way across Scotland to Fort William. Ride on the ‘Jacobite’ standard gauge steam train from Fort William to the small fishing town of Mallaig, one of the most scenic railways in the world with the most famous landmark being the Glenfinnan Viaduct – if you are a Harry Potter fan, you will know all about it! There will be time for lunch and a visit to the fishing harbour before returning to Fort William for the night. Despite its relatively short route, the Jacobite offers an abundance of scenic highlights. The journey begins in Fort William in the shadow of Ben Nevis, the UK's highest mountain. The train follows the shore of scenic Loch Eil and begins its ascent to the village of Glenfinnan across the spectacular Glenfinnan Viaduct, built between 1897 and 1901. One of the first railway viaducts constructed entirely from concrete, it has twenty-one arches and rises thirty metres from the valley floor to provide superb views of Loch Shiel. The sea is visible around the village of Arisaig which lays claim to the UK's westernmost railway station. Here, the rugged coastline and the shore of Loch nan Ceall, on which Arisaig is situated, afford more unforgettable views. There will be time for lunch in Mallaig, a traditional Scottish fishing port and gateway by ferry to the islands of Skye, Muck Eigg and Rum. This afternoon, return by steam train to Fort William. On arrival, continue by road over the Glen Coe Pass and the Trassocks to Dunblane, where you will spend the night. Your hotel: Hilton Dubletree, Dunblane. Meals included: Breakfast and dinner. Day 11. Tuesday, 05 July The Bo’ness steam railway, Scottish Railway Museum and Carlisle This morning, drive to Bo’ness on the Firth of Forth, home to the standard gauge Bo’Ness and Kinneil Railway and Scottish Railway Museum. The Bo’ ness and railway is operated by the Scottish Railway Preservation Society and operates a total of over 5 miles of track (between Bo'ness and Manuel Junction, via Kinneil and Birkhill. Bo'ness railway station is the also home to the Scottish Railway Museum. This afternoon, continue over the border to England and the historic city of Carlisle where we will stay for two nights. Your hotel: Premier Inn Carlisle (M6 J44). Meals included: Breakfast and dinner. Day 12. Wednesday, 06 July Whitehaven, The Ravenglass and Eskdale Railway, the Lakeside and Havethwaite Railway, Lake Windermere and the Lake District This morning, drive to Whitehaven to visit the place where John Paul Jones invaded England during the American war of independence. Americans may like a photograph alongside the statue of the famous patriot ‘spiking the guns’ before we continue to Ravenglass to ride one of England’s more unusual steam railways, the La’al Ratty. The 7 mile long Ravenglass and Eskdale Railway is a small train doing a big job in dramatic scenery. This will be the second 15 inch gauge steam railway we will visit, but it is very different from the first as it climbs from the coast at Ravenglass into the foothills of the Lake District at Dalegarth. There should be an opportunity to look behind the scenes before we join our train into the hills. Continue your journey along the scenic coastal road to Haverthwaite, terminus of the Lakeside and Haverthwaite Steam Railway. Walk around the Engine Shed before boarding a steam train up the picturesque Leven Valley at the southern end of Lake Windermere. Transfer to an historic lake steamer to continue your journey to Bowness. The 3.5 mile long standard gauge L&HR runs from Haverthwaite at the southern end of the line via Newby Bridge to Lakeside at the southern end of Windermere. The railway is a former branch line of the Furness Railway and was opened in 1869. The line was served by local passenger trains which started their journey at Ulverston on the mainline from Carnforth to Barrow-in-Furness. Rejoin your coach at Bowness for a journey through the scenic northern lakes region back to Carlisle. Your hotel: Premier Inn Carlisle (M6 J44). Meals included: Breakfast and dinner. Day 13. Thursday, 07 July The Settle and Carlisle Railway, the Keighley and Worth Valley Railway, Howarth and the Bronte Sisters Ride on the Settle - Carlisle Railway today. Running through some of the most attractive scenery in the Yorkshire Dales and Cumbrian Fells, the railway is world famous for its Victorian architecture, huge stone viaducts, long tunnels and remote wayside station buildings. It is not a preserved heritage railway – it is part of the UK rail network. The diesel sprinter trains carry well over a million passengers every year and provide a vital link to the remote communities they connect. There will be time to look behind the scenes at Keighley before taking a train on the steam operated standard gauge Keighley and Worth Valley Railway. The railway is a preserved, steam operated 5 mile branch line that served mills and villages in the Worth Valley. It runs from Keighley to Oxenhope, connecting to the national rail network at Keighley railway station. From Oxenhope, return to Haworth by road for a short visit to the attractive Yorkshire town made famous by the literary exploits of the Bronte family who wrote some of the best books in the English language there. Continue our journey by road to Leeds. Your four star hotel is located next to the railway station.. Your hotel: The Queens Hotel, Leeds. Meals included: Breakfast and dinner. Day 14. Friday, 08 July Train to London After breakfast, transfer to Leeds Railway Station. Leeds is on the East Coast main line to London, and a standard class ticket to the big city is included. Your tour ends on arrival at London Kings Cross Station, at about 12h00 noon. Meals included: breakfast	i don't know
Which is the largest of the five former Soviet Republics in Central Asia?	Stans undelivered \| The Economist Stans undelivered The five former Soviet republics struggle to survive the new Great Game Jul 2nd 2016 Tweet TAJIKISTAN has the vainest ruler in Central Asia. Emomali Rahmon flies what may be the world’s largest flag atop what used to be the world’s tallest flagpole. His capital boasts that it will soon host the region’s biggest mosque, mainly paid for by Qatar. It already has the world’s largest teahouse, mainly Chinese-financed and mostly empty; and an immense national library—sadly devoid of books, according to whispering sceptics. Gurbanguly Berdymukhammedov, a dentist who now runs Turkmenistan, is nearly as big-headed. He calls himself Arkadag (“the Protector”). He moved the 39-foot-tall, gold-plated statue of his predecessor, Saparmurat Niyazov, that rotated to catch the sun, and erected a gold-plated statue of himself, bravely astride a golden horse on a majestic cliff-top (pictured). In this section Reprints Such absurd extravagances can only happen in a dictatorship—and indeed all five of the once-Soviet Central Asian countries (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan) suffer under repressive, cronyist governments. Their rulers fear “colour revolutions”, which toppled regimes in the former Soviet countries of Ukraine and Georgia as well as a decade ago in Kyrgyzstan (“the tulip revolution”), and they fear jihadism: all five countries are Muslim in heritage. Once the Russian and British empires vied for influence here in what was known as the “Great Game”. Today a more complex battle for power and wealth in this fractious region is under way between China, Russia and the West. For Russia, this is something of a home game. In all five countries Russian remains the lingua franca. Two of the five leaders—Nursultan Nazarbayev in Kazakhstan and Islam Karimov in Uzbekistan—were Communist Party bosses. Mr Berdymukhammedov inherited his job from one; Mr Rahmon was a party bigwig. Only Kyrgyzstan has had multiple leaders and two revolutions, but its current president, Almazbek Atambayev, may be even more pro-Russian than his neighbours. As in Russia, power in all five countries rests with small, now obscenely wealthy, cliques close to the president. Their leaders all ruthlessly suppress dissent. Though most Central Asians wear their religion lightly or not at all, Islamism appeals to a small but growing number of the young and disaffected. In Aktobe, a mining town in north-western Kazakhstan, 25 people (including the assailants) were killed in an Islamist attack in early June. No one knows precisely how many fighters have gone from Central Asia to fight for Islamic State (IS) in Syria and Iraq, but the International Crisis Group, a Brussels-based NGO, has put the figure at up to 4,000. The rulers tend to exaggerate it to justify repression. Many of the fighters had migrated to Russia for work—as millions of Central Asians have—and laboured in grim conditions for low pay, when they were radicalised by Muslim fanatics with Russian citizenship from the Caucasus. With Russia’s economy slumping, many migrants lost their jobs and have been enticed by IS’s promises of higher pay, heroism and paradise to follow. The Fergana Valley, which stretches across the eastern tip of Uzbekistan and spills into Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, often seethes with discontent. Uzbekistan and Tajikistan may have contributed more than 1,000 IS fighters each. Human Rights Watch, a monitoring group, reckons Uzbekistan has up to 12,000 political prisoners, many of whom become Islamists in jail. In Tajikistan, whole families have sometimes followed young men to war. Tajikistan’s government now tars almost any group promoting Islam, however mild, with the brush of jihadist subversion. The Kazakhs and Kyrgyz, with their nomadic heritage, have been less seduced by IS’s puritanical version of Islam, but each has lost several hundred men to Iraq and Syria. Turkmenistan may also be affected. Afghanistan’s Taliban are said to have attacked villages in Turkmenistan where the two countries share a border. The big worry is what happens when these angry young men come home. Mr Nazarbayev’s foreign minister said IS had inspired the Aktobe gunmen. Violent Islamism may have limited appeal, but the more fiercely the non-violent version is repressed, the more appealing extremist jihad seems. And if social discontent rises, the Islamists will latch onto it. The pretty good game Against this messy backdrop, talk of a new Great Game has been buzzing for more than a decade. The main players are a militantly nationalist Russia, a mercantile China, an initially hopeful but now bruised America and a warily interested Europe. Turkey, the Saudis, Qatar and perhaps soon Iran are competing in what a senior Kazakhstani official calls “the more dangerous Little Game”. Central Asia enjoys its many suitors: “Happiness”, says a Kazakhstani minister half-jokingly, “is a multiplicity of pipelines”. America and Europe are more cautious. Chevron still runs the region’s most productive oilfield, and EU sanctions against Russia may have piqued European interest in Central Asian oil and gas. But few American or European companies dare enter a market with such weak legal and banking institutions and rampant corruption. Four of the five (Turkmenistan is the odd man out) are members of the Shanghai Co-operation Organisation, a regional intergovernmental group promoted by China. The same quartet has joined the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, a Chinese-led international lender, as founding members. And the region figures heavily in China’s “One Belt, One Road” project (see article ). Though many ordinary Central Asians feel nervous about Chinese economic inroads, most business leaders and politicians encourage them. “I want China to get closer to Central Asia,” says Djoomart Otorbaev, a modernising recent prime minister of Kyrgyzstan. China has the same idea: in the past decade its trade and investment have left Russia in second place. But Russia remains the pre-eminent influence. Most people watch Russian and Russian-language television channels. With the usual programmes comes relentless anti-Americanism, which many locals seem to swallow, along with conspiracy theories claiming that the West seeks to destabilise Central Asia. Indeed, many poorer locals sound nostalgic for the Soviet Union. “We used to have jobs and factories and no goods in the shops,” is a common complaint. “Now we have goods but no jobs or factories.” Russia has been wooing the quintet to join the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), its supposed answer to the European Union (EU), and the Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO), its longer-standing answer to NATO. The EEU, which Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan have joined, may have taken a bit of trade away from China, but it is more a vehicle for Russian influence than a genuine free-trading bloc. Russia remains determined to keep the former republics as reliant as possible on its road and rail routes and pipelines. It also dominates regional security. Russia operates a huge missile-launching base in south-western Kazakhstan and holds much sway over the country’s uranium, of which Kazakhstan is the world’s biggest producer. In Kyrgyzstan Russia has an airbase at Kant, near the capital, Bishkek, and tests torpedoes near Lake Issyk-Kul. Russia’s biggest military base abroad, hosting 7,000-odd personnel, is in Tajikistan. The Americans and the Chinese have made some token sallies. John Kerry, America’s secretary of state, visited all five countries last year in the hope of “resetting” relations, after America lost access to the Karshi-Khanabad airbase in south-eastern Uzbekistan in 2005 and was ejected from Manas, near Bishkek, two years ago. China has sold some military stuff, including drones and anti-missile systems. Though the five countries share a common history, their post-Soviet paths have diverged, and they are often at loggerheads with each other. A former minister from Kyrgyzstan laments: “There is zero harmonisation between us.” The Tajiks resent Uzbekistan ruling the great cities of Samarkand and Bukhara that were historically Tajik; all four of his neighbours, to varying degrees, loathe Mr Karimov. Like Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan is increasingly closed and inward-looking. Greatest country in the world Kazakhstan and its leader are easily the most impressive of the five (whatever impression you may have gleaned from the film “Borat”). A few years ago Mr Nazarbayev pondered changing his country’s name to Kazakh Yeli (“Land of the Kazakhs”), considering the -stan suffix to be tainted. Its commercial capital, Almaty, is the region’s most sophisticated and vibrant city. Last year Kazakhstan’s GDP per person overtook Russia’s. Mr Nazarbayev has cannily opened up to the West while staying cosy with Russia yet bolstering economic links with China. He encourages students to learn English. A planned financial hub in Astana, the capital he boldly plonked down nearer his country’s geographical heart 19 years ago, will be conducted under English law. But all is not well. Falling oil prices have hit Kazakhstan hard. Outside Astana and Almaty, many cities are grim: Aktobe is one of many to suffer mass lay-offs. The banking sector is ropy, the tax system a Byzantine nightmare. Contracts are insecure, and well-connected Kazakhs often skim 10% off the top of every deal. All of this deters investment. As the economy falters, discontent is rising, and the ruling circle’s corruption is growing more irksome. In April a series of protests erupted against land-reform proposals. Mr Nazarbayev has ruthlessly restricted political space, exiling, co-opting, banning, harassing or imprisoning opponents. He turns 76 next week and has no apparent successor. A daughter is keen. Yet things are worse elsewhere. Uzbekistan’s Mr Karimov is the nastiest and perhaps most paranoid of the five rulers. Tajikistan may be the least stable. Last month its constitution was amended by referendum—with 97% of voters said to assent— to lower the minimum age for a president to 30, paving the way for Mr Rahmon’s son Rustam to take over. He currently heads the country’s anti-corruption commission (try not to laugh). Politically, Kyrgyzstan is the freest, but that does not seem to have made people happier. The president, mindful of the turbulence that overthrew two predecessors, sounds increasingly twitchy. Since March seven politicians have been arrested for allegedly plotting various coups. Its troops have occasionally clashed with Tajikistan’s along a disputed border, while tension in the Fergana Valley riles all three countries that embrace bits of it. The level of popular discontent and the degree to which leaders will go to crush its expression vary. But the prospects for prosperity and stability, let alone genuine democracy and human rights, look far less rosy across Central Asia than they did 25 years ago, when the five countries gained their independence. In the past decade many people have got poorer. Having seen the Arab spring topple rulers to their south and colour revolutions do the same to their west, the countries’ leaders are on edge. For now they seem safe. In none of the five does a coherent, competent opposition look able to stage a revolution, nor does any appear close to boiling point. But that could change.	Kazakhstan
Which fictional character, born at 'Daisy Hill Puppy Farm', has two sisters and five brothers including 'Marbles', 'Olaf' and 'Spike'?	About Central Asia :: Central Asia travel. History of Central Asia, Central Asian countries , steppes of Central Asia Kazakhstan // Kyrgyzstan // Tajikistan // Turkmenistan // Uzbekistan Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east, and from southern Russia in the north to northern India in the south. It is also sometimes known as Middle Asia or Inner Asia, and is within the scope of the wider Eurasian continent. Various definitions of its exact composition exist and no one definition is universally accepted. Despite this uncertainty in defining borders, it does have some important overall characteristics. For one, Central Asia has historically been closely tied to its nomadic peoples and the Silk Road. As a result, it has acted as a crossroads for the movement of people, goods, and ideas between Europe, West Asia, South Asia, and East Asia. In modern context, Central Asia consists of the five former Soviet republics of Kazakhstan on the north, Kyrgyzstan on the northeast, Tajikistan - is situated to the southeast, Turkmenistan , which spreads from the Caspian Sea to the middle reaches of the one of the largest central Asian rivers, the Amu-Darya (Vahsh in ancient times, Oxus in Greek, and Jeihun in the Middle Ages); and Uzbekistan , located in the lower region of the Amu-Darya River. Uzbekistan covers the central area between the two rivers (called Maverannahr in the Middle Ages) i.e. the lands between the two biggest central Asian rivers, the Syr-Darya and Amu-Darya. Other areas are often included such as Mongolia, Afghanistan, northern-Pakistan, north-eastern Iran, north-western India, and western parts of the People's Republic of China such as Xinjiang. South-western and middle China such as Tibet Autonomous Region, Qinghai, Gansu and Inner Mongolia, and southern parts of Siberia may also be included in Central Asia. However, on OrexCA.com portal in our materials in the English language we will use the term "Central Asia" only in respect of the five countries: Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan. Other regions, which are geographically part of Central Asia, will be referred to as "Central Asian part of this or that country". For example, we may be writing about "Central Asian part of China" or "Central Asian part of India" and so on. During pre-Islamic and early Islamic times, Central Asia was a predominantely Iranian region that included sedentary Sogdians, Chorasmians and semi-nomadic Scythians, Alans. The ancient sedentary population played an important role in the history of Central Asia. Tajiks, Pashtuns, Pamiris and other Iranian groups are still present in the region. After expansion by Turkic peoples, central Asia became also the homeland for many Turkic peoples, including the Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, and Uyghurs, and Central Asia is sometimes referred to as Turkestan. The desert areas and steppes of Central Asia are characterized by their continental climate and intensive isolation, extreme aridity, and sparse precipitation. Their remoteness from oceans, the major humidity source, little atmospheric precipitation, and high summer temperatures which created prolonged droughts, caused the formation of the vast desert regions here. Begin your journey through Central Asia! You will see splendid architecture, feel at one with stunning wilderness, feel the hot wind of deserts and admire dazzling mountain summits. Look into the past and you will see the present reflected. Have a happy trip along Central Asia travel along The Great Silk Road with OrexCA.com ! More useful links:	i don't know

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