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Lady Day is a quarter day in the British calendar, but on which date of the year is Lady Day?	Lady Day - definition of Lady Day in English \| Oxford Dictionaries Definition of Lady Day in English: Lady Day 25 March (the feast of the Annunciation), a quarter day in England, Wales, and Ireland. Example sentences ‘The chairman of Shipston-on-Stour Board of Guardians submitted the estimate of expenditure from Lady Day to Michaelmas next.’ ‘He went on to explain that Good Friday this year fell on March 25, the Feast Of The Annunciation, also known as Lady Day.’ ‘But in 1689 - indeed, until early in the 18th century - the New Year did not begin until Lady Day, and that is March 24.’ ‘As Lady Day approaches - the traditional date for renewal of farm tenancies and rent reviews - the National Farmers' Union has made an appeal to landowners.’ ‘The Western medieval Christian calendar year begins with Lady Day, March 25th, the Annunciation, and that seems to underlie at least some of the imagery.’ ‘The magnificently decorated town created the ideal backdrop to the candlelight procession from St Mary's Parish Church through the town on Wednesday last to celebrate Lady Day.’ ‘The start of the financial year was forced to move ahead from Lady Day to 5th April, and then shifted one further day in 1800 (the first century year not to be a leap year).’ ‘In Britain there was an objection to paying tax in 1753 on the normal date, that is, Lady Day or 25 March, on the grounds that a full year had not elapsed.’ ‘According to today's Daily Telegraph (Fingers crossed Good Friday does not bring us bad luck), it used to be considered very unlucky for Good Friday to fall on March 25, Lady Day.’ Origin With reference to Our Lady, the Virgin Mary. Word of the Day	March 25
Which author wrote a series of books about the police or private investigator 'Jemima Shore'?	Astrology on the Web: Lady Day, the Annunciation of the Virgin Mary Lady Day March 25: The Annunciation of the Virgin March 25 in the Christian Calendar celebrates the Annunciation of the Virgin, or Lady Day, a major Christian Feast marking the Equinox. It is the first of the four traditional "quarter days", signalling the beginning of each quarter of the year and welcoming each of the four seasons. These holidays were communally celebrated during the "Age of Faith", reassigned from already established astrologically-based pagan festivities. The other quarter days are Christmas on December 25, St John the Baptist's Day on June 24 and Michaelmas on September 29. Lady Day was originally set at the Equinox by the Church in commemoration of the miraculous conception of Jesus in the womb of his mother, Mary (a.k.a. the Blessed Virgin Mary). Christians believe that this was the day when the archangel Gabriel was sent to announce to her that she was to be the mother of the Messiah. The Equinox has been an immensely significant cause for celebration since prehistoric times, so it was the natural choice for the conception of the Redeemer, being exactly nine months before the date chosen for the birth of Jesus, December 25 (at the Solstice ). According to the Gospel of Luke , in the sixth month after the conception of St. John the Baptist by Elisabeth, the archangel Gabriel was sent from God to the Virgin Mary at Nazareth, a small town in the mountains of Galilee in Northern Israel. Mary was of the house of King David and was espoused to Joseph, of the same royal family, in accordance with prophecy. Annunciation means "Announcement" and Gabriel announced to Mary that she was about to become the mother of a divinely-conceived child, Jesus. Of course, Mary, being a virgin, would have had no other way of knowing she was about fulfil her destiny and remake the world. Esoterically, Gabriel is known as the Watcher of the South and was designated by ancient stargazers to the Royal Star, Fomalhaut , which some five thousand years ago marked the Winter Solstice. The Equinox and the Conception of Jesus Jesus is known as the Sun of Righteousness. The birth of Jesus (at Christmas ) is celebrated on December 25 at the Winter Solstice (the birth of the Sun, as the Sun begins to grow in light) – and the Festival of the Annunciation on March 25 is exactly nine months earlier, nine months being the generally accepted period of gestation (the growth of a baby in the mother's womb). The Catholic Encyclopedia accepts that this date is not mentioned in scripture, so is simply a convenient calculation. In fact this event actually celebrates the Vernal Equinox , when the buds of spring burst into bloom, just as Christmas celebrates the Winter Solstice, when the Sun returns from darkness.. This is a clear reference to the astrological key that, when turned in the lock, opens the door to a deeper understanding of the nature of religion. Frederick Holweck notes in the Catholic Encyclopedia that "The Annunciation is the beginning of Jesus in His human nature. Through His mother He is a member of the human race." This is a way of saying that despite the divine essence of Jesus (Christians believe he was divinely conceived of the Holy Spirit, his mother Mary being a virgin) he also shares the character of our humanity and is not merely a spirit creature, like an angel, or a deva, as some have held. New Year's Day In ancient times, this day was celebrated as New Year's Day and marked the beginning of the new zodiacal year, at the entry of the Sun into Aries. Mike Nichols informs us that "the customs surrounding the celebration of the spring equinox were imported from Mediterranean lands, although there can be no doubt that the first inhabitants of the British Isles observed it, as evidence from megalithic sites shows". It marks a time of new beginnings, appropriately for the Immaculate Conception of the Sun of Righteousness. In England and in the American Colonies, New Year's Day was held on Lady Day until 1752 when, thanks to the switch from the Julian to the Gregorian Calendar , January 1st became the start of the year. A vestige of this remains in the United Kingdom's tax year, which starts on April 6th – which is Lady Day, adjusted for the lost days of the calendar change. The Equinox marks the beginning of the tropical astrological year, the length of the day being equal to the length of the night as the name describes. It is the day when the Sun enters the tropical sign Aries, the Ram. The Christian logic of using Lady Day as the start of the year is that it reckons years A.D. from the moment of the Incarnation, which is considered to take place at the moment of the conception of Jesus at the Annunciation, rather than at the moment of his birth at Christmas. The Christian Feast of Lady Day has roots in a pagan past and became a major holiday during the Catholic ascendancy, though it is no longer such an important holiday today, partly due to the growth of a skeptical secularism and partly because it no longer marks New Year's Day. Nevertheless, it is still taken seriously in parts of the world where the faith remains strong, as for example in Asenovgrad, an ancient Bulgarian town with a mediï¿½val fortress, dramatic past and unique beauty. A large church in the town is called "St. Virgin Mary – The Annunciation" Church. Worshippers from the entire district gather there, and women who want to have children bring votive gifts and sleep there during the night. Special fertility rituals are performed the next day by the priests to bless the women in the name of the Virgin. The Cardinal Cross Christian Feasts replaced their pagan competitors, smoothing the pathway to the new faith. Lady Day marks the Vernal Equinox , St John's Day marks the Summer Solstice , Michaelmas the Autumnal Equinox and Christmas the Winter Solstice. This is the cardinal cross that lies at the heart of tropical astrology – and at the centre of the Christian system. The astrological symbolism is deep, and underpins our archetypal responses to all four of the quarter day celebrations. To read more on the pagan origins of Lady Day, click here for Mike Nichols on The Sunlight Spear . \|	i don't know
Dactyography is the study and practice of what?	Dactylography Dactylography DactylographyOr the Study of Finger-Printsby Henry Faulds Or the Study of Finger-Prints by Henry Faulds (Free International Shipping)[+] Add to cart$8.70 Paperback Excerpt Dactylography deals with what is of scientific interest and practical value in regard to the lineations in the Skin on the fingers and toes, or rather on the hands and feet of men, monkeys, and allied tribes, which lineations form patterns of great variety and persistence. The Greeks used the term (sim-mos 708 «086; (daktylos tou podos, finger of the foot) for a toe and the toes are of almost as much interest to the dactylographer as the fingers, and present similar patterns for study. Book Details	Fingerprint
In which north of England city is 'Hallam FM' radio station situated?	Criminal Investigation \| Chapter Outline The success of Peel’s reform in England did not go unnoticed in the United States. 1. Pinkerton’s National Detective Agency The major private detective agency of the nineteenth-century was formed by Allan Pinkerton in 1819-1884 (see Slide 1-5 and 1-6). 2. The Emergence of Municipal Detectives As early as 1845, New York City had 800 plainclothes officers, although not until 1857 were the police authorized to designate 20 patrol officers as detectives. In November 1857, the New York City Police Department set up a rogues’ gallery—photographs of known offenders arranged by criminal specialty and height (see Slide 1-7). 3. State and Federal Developments From its earliest days, the federal government employed investigators to detect revenue violations, but their responsibilities were narrow and their numbers few. In 1865, Congress created the U.S. Secret Service to combat counterfeiting. In 1908, U.S. Attorney General Charles Bonaparte created the embryo of what was later to become the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) when he ordered that investigations were to be handled by a special group. During the Depression the FBI went after many famous criminals such as Bonnie and Clyde. The Pennsylvania State Police were created in 1905 and is the prototype for modern state police agencies. 4. The Police and The United States Supreme Court As the highest court in this country, the Supreme Court is both obligated and well-positioned to review cases and to make decisions which often have considerable impact. During 1961 to 1966, a period known as the "due process revolution," the Supreme Court became unusually active in hearing cases involving the rights of criminal suspects and defendants (see Slide 1-9). II. Historical Milestones of Criminalistics The origins of criminalistics are largely European.Criminalistics draws from diverse disciplines, such as geology, physics, chemistry, biology, and mathematics, to study physical evidence related to crime. A. Personal Identification There are three major scientific systems for personal identification of criminals: anthropometry, dactylography, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) typing. 1. Anthropometry Anthropometry was developed by Alphonse Bertillon (1853-1914), who is regarded as the father of criminal identification (see Slides 1-10 and 1-11). 2. Dactylography a. Early Discoveries In 1900 England became the first country to use dactylography as a system of criminal identification, fingerprints have a long legal and scientific history (see Slide 1-12). b. The Herschel-Faulds Controversy In the late 1800s a controversy broke out between William Herschel and Henry Faulds who both claimed to have discovered fingerprint identification as a means of identifying criminals. c. Galton’s and Vuchetich’s Systems In 1892, Galton published the first definitive book on dactylography,Finger Prints. It presented statistical proof of the uniqueness of fingerprints and outlined many principles of identification by fingerprints. In Argentina, in 1894, Juan Vucetich (1858-1925) publishedDactiloscopia Comparada outlining his method of fingerprints by using Vuchetich’s system to convict a woman of beating her two children to death. d. The Henry System Henry developed an interest in fingerprints and instituted Bertillon’s system with the addition of fingerprints to the cards (see Slide 1-16). e. Faurot and"James Jones" In 1904, New York City Detective Sergeant Joseph Faurot solved several hotel thefts by correctly identifying a suspect who claimed to be James Jones. Fingerprints correctly identified Jones as a thug with many prior convictions by the name of Daniel Nolan. f. The West Case In 1903 a fingerprint comparison of two Levenworth Penitentiary prisoners revealed that Will West and William West were two different individuals. This was despite the fact the two inmates had identical appearances and nearly identical Bertillon measurements. This showed the superiority of fingerprints to anthropometry as a system of identification. g. Rivalry of Vucetich’s and Henry’s Systems Vucetich’s book on fingerprint classification was published in 1894, seven years before Henry’s, but Henry’s system has become much more widely used. 3. DNA Typing (see Slides 1-13 and 1-14). a. DNA as"Blueprint" DNA is a chemical"blueprint," which determines everything from our hair color to our susceptibility to diseases. Initially, the process of isolating and reading this genetic material was referred to as"DNA fingerprinting," but currently the term DNAtyping is used to describe this practice. b. The Enderby Cases	i don't know
What would be the occupation of a member of the trade union BALPA?	British Airline Pilots Association \| BALPA Read more Drones While pilots recognise the huge economic potential of drones both commercially and recreationally, there is growing concern about the increasing number of near misses between these devices and manned aircraft. Read more Pilot Mental Health In the wake of the Germanwings tragedy there has been huge media interest in the topic of pilot health. It’s a topic BALPA takes seriously and is working to address. Read more Pensions Pilots are working with other professionals to highlight the potential consequences of reducing higher rate tax relief and protect pensions saving. Read more Lasers Laser illumination of aircraft continues to be a significant threat to aviation and pilots say attacks endangers the passengers, crew and people on the ground Read more nextGen For many becoming a pilot is a dream harboured from a young age. It’s a calling, and the British Airline Pilots’ Association’s aim is to ensure it remains a great profession and one that anyone can aspire to. Read more North Sea The downturn in the oil and gas price has had a huge negative effect on North Sea industry and the pilot community is feeling the pinch. Read more Cabin Air Quality On most commercial aircraft the cabin air is supplied by the compressor stage of the aircraft jet engines or auxiliary power unit.	British Airline Pilots' Association
What does the musical term 'Lento' mean?	Trades Union Congress - BALPA BALPA British Air Line Pilots’ Association About: The professional association and trade union established representing the interests of UK pilots. Web:	i don't know
Which actor won an 'Oscar' for the film 'A Fish Called Wanda'?	A Fish Called Wanda (1988) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error A Fish Called Wanda ( 1988 ) R \| In London, four very different people team up to commit armed robbery, then try to doublecross each other for the loot. Directors: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC a list of 38 titles created 06 Sep 2014 a list of 21 titles created 27 Sep 2014 a list of 34 titles created 08 Dec 2014 a list of 36 titles created 18 Jun 2015 a list of 38 titles created 7 months ago Title: A Fish Called Wanda (1988) 7.6/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Won 1 Oscar. Another 8 wins & 15 nominations. See more awards » Photos Zookeepers struggle to deal with the policies of changing directors. Directors: Fred Schepisi, Robert Young Stars: John Cleese, Jamie Lee Curtis, Kevin Kline Six unemployed steel workers form a male striptease act. The women cheer them on to go for "the full monty" - total nudity. Director: Peter Cattaneo The comedy team takes a look at life in all its stages in their own uniquely silly way. Directors: Terry Jones, Terry Gilliam Stars: John Cleese, Terry Gilliam, Eric Idle Incompetent police detective Frank Drebin must foil an attempt to assassinate Queen Elizabeth II . Director: David Zucker Brian is born on the original Christmas, in the stable next door. He spends his life being mistaken for a messiah. Director: Terry Jones Edit Storyline In London, George Thomason, his seductive American girlfriend Wanda Gershwitz, and their associate Ken Pile are planning their latest crime, a diamond heist that should net them £13 million. They plan on leaving the country with the goods after the heist. On Wanda's recommendation, they enlist the help of her brother, Otto, a weapons expert, for this heist. In reality, Otto is not Wanda's brother, but her latest lover, a dimwit who gets off on his own body odor, who believes he's an intellectual because he reads Nietzsche, and who does not tolerate being called stupid by anyone. Wanda has one weakness in men which is how Otto was able to get her to be his lover: speaking Italian in seduction. Wanda and Otto plan to double cross George by having him arrested for the heist, while they abscond with the jewels. Wanda further plans to triple cross Otto by eliminating him from the picture after she has the jewels. They are able to get George arrested with him not knowing who tipped the ... Written by Huggo A New Comedy About Sex, Murder and Seafood. See more » Genres: 5 August 1988 (USA) See more » Also Known As: Ein Fisch namens Wanda See more » Filming Locations: Did You Know? Trivia Archie speaks in Italian: "Ma ho sposato una donna che preferisce lavorare in giardino a fare l'amore appassionato. Uno sbaglio grande!", what translates as: "But I married a woman who prefers working in the garden to making passionate love. A big mistake!". It can actually refer to Archie's marriage. See more » Goofs The second getaway car is an Austin Metro City X 5 door model, it has two wing mirrors. However, the car they get out of in the lock-up is a Metro City as it has only one wing mirror and no 'X' decal on the rear wing. See more » Quotes Otto : Don't call me stupid. Wendy : Why on earth not? Otto : Oh, you English are so superior, aren't you? Well, would you like to know what you'd be without us, the good ol' U.S. of A. to protect you? I'll tell you. The smallest fucking province in the Russian Empire, that's what! So don't call me stupid, lady. Just thank me. Wendy : Well, thank you for popping in and protecting us. Otto : If it wasn't for us, you'd all be speaking German! Singing "Deutschland, Deutschland über alles..." See more » Crazy Credits At the very end of the closing credits is the word FIN -- which is how French films say THE END, but in English a "fin" is a part of a fish. See more » Connections (Beverley Hills, England) – See all my reviews To make a comedy that can be lauded with the comment 'absolutely hilarious' isn't an easy thing to do. It's not so difficult, however, when you are one of the funniest men on god's green earth; and the extremely talented John Cleese has certainly managed to write a fine piece of comedy here. Teaming up with Monty Python buddy Michael Palin and Ealing studios director Charles Crichton, these talented comedians have managed to create a film that is most certainly one of the funniest; laugh per minute and lasting hilarity when it's over, movies ever made. The plot is taken straight from the classic Ealing comedy era (no wonder it works so well) and it follows four crooks that have stolen a bunch of jewels and now decide to double cross one another to take the loot solely for themselves. The plot thickens when the female of the bunch decides that the best way to get the loot would be to get close to a grassed-up co-conspirator's barrister; John Cleese. Aside from an inch-perfect screenplay, A Fish Called Wanda also benefits from a fine cast of actors to deliver it. John Cleese steals every scene he's in, as you might expect, and he more than justifies his reputation as one of, maybe even the, finest British comedy actor ever. He is joined by a talented pair of Americans; Kevin Kline and Jamie Lee Curtis, along with, as mentioned, his fellow Python Michael Palin. Kline is certainly one of the most underrated actors working today, and his comic timing in this movie is right on the money. Makes you wonder how much better he could have been used over the years. "Scream Queen" Jamie Lee Curtis also does well in the title role; and Michael Palin obviously knows his way round a comedy script. The jokes in the film come thick and fast, and I can't think of a single one that didn't work. It's the big gags that are the real stand out of the movie, though, and one in particular that sees Kevin Kline trying to explain to Cleese's wife what he's doing in their home is absolutely priceless. I nearly fell of my chair laughing. This film is a must see. 41 of 55 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	Kevin Kline
Which instrument did the jazz musician 'Dizzy' Gillespie play?	Oscar Movies: A Fish Called Wanda–Kevin Kline Oscar \| Emanuel Levy Oscar Movies: A Fish Called Wanda–Kevin Kline Oscar April 17, 2012 by EmanuelLevy Leave a Comment MGM (Michael Shamberg-Prominent Features) In this funny and enjoyable farce, based on an original screenplay by John Cleese and Charles Crichton, Kevin Kline, who won the supporting Oscar, steals every scene he is in due to comic timing and impressively physical performance. Kline, Jamie Lee Curtis (for a change cast in a good role), and Michael Palin pull off a tricky robbery, but they still need the assistance of a rigid and stuffy barrister (John Cleese) to make their successful gateaway. The film was a good reminder of the admired Monty Python TV series, in which Cleese ad Palin (among others) began their careers.	i don't know
Who was World Chess Champion immediately prior to Bobby Fischer?	The World Chess Champion American - Business Insider Bobby Fischer, the last US World Chess Champion. Da Nes via flickr It's been a very long drought for Americans when it comes to the World Chess Championship. The last American to win was, famously, Bobby Fischer in 1972. Fischer defeated Boris Spassky in Iceland, but never defended his title. It was of course a long drought before 1972: in the modern era, post-1900, there had never been a World Chess Champion from the United States, prior to Fischer, and the only players who even had a shot after him were Robert Byrne and Gata Kamsky. Norways's Magnus Carlsen, the current WCC, is actually the first player from the West since Fischer to claim the title. On Friday in Moscow, the next World Championship cycle began, with the 2016 Candidates Tournament. Eight Grandmasters will compete to face Carlsen in New York in November . And for the first time ever, two Americans are in the field, both with excellent chances to win. Fabiano Caruana, 23, is the number three player in the world by ranking. Hikaru Nakamura, 28, is number six. As it turns out, the players faced each other in Round 1 of the Candidates; Naka had the white pieces, Fabby had the black, and they played to a draw, splitting a point. The remainder of the field consists of only three other players in the current world top ten, as ranked by FIDE, chess's governing body: Anish Giri of the Netherlands, Levon Aronian of Armenia, and Veselin Topalov of Bulgaria. The Candidates lineup isn't selected based on ratings, but rather on competitive criteria derived from a variety of different tournaments and tournament cycles. Viswanathan Anand, for example, is in because he won the last Candidates and met Carlsen for the WCC match, ultimately losing for the second straight time. That said, Anand, the world number 12, seems to save his best for the Candidates: he notched a win in the first round with white against Topalov (who was the World Champ in 2005). World 13 Sergey Karjakin and wildcard Peter Svidler, world number 16, both from Russia, round out the field. GM Hikaru Nakamura. US Chess Championship But all eyes will be on the Americans, for obvious reasons: Carlsen is the most captivating World Champion since Fischer, a global celebrity; the WCC is coming to New York; and while Anand was a great World Champion, five times, and spurred a chess boom in India, a Carlsen vs. Nakamura or Caruana would be a spectacle and boost chess to a level of excitement it hasn't seen since the Fischer boom. Of the two, Nakamura has on paper the better chances, given that his form has been solid for several years . He won a big tournament in Zurich recently. But he a dismal record against Carlsen, no wins and 12 losses (18 draws). He has had Carlsen on the ropes a few times and still lost in demoralizing fashion. GM Fabiano Caruana. Alina L'Ami Caruana's recent play, after an astonishing 2014, has been iffy. However, he is ranked higher than Nakamura (although his rating, 2794, is only slightly better than Naka's 2790). And he switched his affiliation from Italy to the US only last year . That said, he's beaten Carlsen more than he's lost to the World Champion, 5 wins against 8 losses and 10 draws. Carlsen himself said that he thinks Caruana has the best chance of the two Americans to win the Candidates — but that could just be Carlsen trying to get in Nakamura's head. The Candidates is pretty grueling: 14 rounds played over the next two weeks. I'll try to highlight the more interesting games and keep track of the American challengers. World Champion Magnus Carlsen. FIDE For what it's worth, an interesting media dustup has developed as the Candidates is kicking of. For the first time since the internet has become a major factor in chess fandom, both the Candidates and the World Chess Championship will only be viewable on WorldChess.com . This includes the game moves. Before, a lot of real-time coverage and analysis was generated across the internet by sites freely distributing the information. But now everyone will be obliged to register at WordChess.com (it's free, by the way). "This is a substantial change from the way chess has been broadcasted," World Chess and its organizing parent, Agon Ltd., said in a statement. "Previously it was common practice that all websites were able to receive moves without broadcast limitations, resulting in a diffusion of major tournaments’ audiences and sponsorship values," the organization added. "The move is designed to enhance and safeguard the viewing experience for chess fans and to protect the commercial future of World Championship events." Other sites can recap the games, but Agon and World Chess are stipulating a two-hour delay. Chess.com wrote a lengthy post analyzing the legal ramification of this. It's worth a read if you've been following major chess events at a variety of sites. Other outlets have taken strong exception to World Chess' decision. Chessdom.com, for example, claimed that the move was an offense against journalism and the growth of the game and complained that it had already put its coverage plan in place long before World Chess and Agon limited coverage.	Boris Spassky
Who was the Roman counterpart of Athene?	A Memorable Life: A Glimpse into the Complex Mind of Bobby Fischer \| World Chess Hall of Fame World Chess Hall of Fame Become a member of the World Chess Hall of Fame! Exhibition Archive A Memorable Life: A Glimpse into the Complex Mind of Bobby Fischer July 24, 2014 - June 7, 2015 Bobby Fischer seen from above, makes a move during the 1966 Piatigorsky Cup Photo © Michael DeFilippo Photo © Michael DeFilippo 1972 World Championship Match Set and Wooden Chessboard signed by Bobby Fischer and Boris Spassky, Photo © Carmody Creative Photo © Carmody Creative Bobby Fischer during the 1966 Piatigorsky Cup Photo © Carmody Creative Photo © Michael DeFilippo Photo © Michael DeFilippo You do not need to be a chess player to understand the impact that Bobby Fischer had on the game of chess. Born Robert James Fischer on March 9, 1943, he received a $1.00 chess set from his sister Joan when he was six, and his love of the game quickly blossomed. Already showing a proclivity for puzzles and advanced analytical thinking, a young Bobby began what his mother Regina referred to as an obsession for the game. Little did she know that this passion would eventually lead to her son becoming the World Chess Champion, ending 24 years of Soviet domination of the game in 1972 and changing the way the entire world would view chess. A Memorable Life: A Glimpse into the Complex Mind of Bobby Fischer presents a few key moments in the storied life of a man who was both a source of intense admiration and controversy. Beginning with his rise to fame as a young boy, this exhibition includes material related to his early training with teachers Carmine Nigro and Jack Collins, many of the major tournaments in which he participated, as well as his historic World Chess Championship victory, and his later retirement from tournament play. Through artifacts generously loaned from the Fischer Library of Dr. Jeanne and Rex Sinquefield, we are given unprecedented access to Fischer’s preparatory material for the 1972 world championship run, as well as the initial versions of his classic text My 60 Memorable Games. Never before exhibited, these materials supplement highlights from the collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame, donated by the family of Jacqueline Piatigorsky, which include photographs, correspondence, and other artifacts related to his 1961 match against Samuel Reshevsky. These remarkable artifacts illuminate Fischer’s brilliance, showing how he revolutionized American chess. —Shannon Bailey and Emily Allred, 2014 Inside an Enigma: The Fischer Library of Dr. Jeanne and Rex Sinquefield More literature is devoted to chess than all other games combined, but today it is not uncommon to find world class players who seldom open a book. Long-running publications like Chess Informant continue to be published, but young stars of 2014 do almost all their study with a computer, be it by accessing databases with millions of games and analyzing them with powerful engines, or by playing online against opponents around the globe. This certainly was not the case when Bobby Fischer began his brilliant career. Bobby learned to play in March of 1949 and soon was reading his first chess book, quite possibly Siegbert Tarrasch’s The Game of Chess. This was the start of a life-long love of chess literature that was to serve him well. Fischer’s first source for chess books was the Brooklyn Public Library, whose collection he quickly exhausted. Fortunately by this time he had befriended Jack Collins, the founder of the legendary Hawthorne Chess Club, which would become Bobby’s second home. Collins had an extensive library and introduced Bobby to great players of the past including Wilhelm Steinitz and Adolf Anderssen. The two spent many an hour going through Steinitz’s The International Chess Magazine and Hermann von Gottschall’s work on Adolf Anderssen. Their influence on Fischer can be seen in his habit of transforming “museum piece” openings into dangerous weapons with Steinitz’s 9. Nh3 in the Two Knights one of the best known examples. This line, violating the well-known maxim “a knight on the rim is dim,” had scarcely been played since the 1890s when Fischer resurrected it in 1963. Collins wrote of Bobby and his reading habits: “Bobby has probably read—more than ‘read’, rather, chewed and digested—more chess books and magazines than anybody else. This was no task; it was a pleasure, and it has made him the most knowledgeable player in history. Five to ten hours a day of reading and studying have been the rule, not the exception. And language has been no barrier.”1 Bobby began building his library early in his career and by the late 1950s he owned close to one hundred books and several hundred magazines. His collection continued to grow until a 1968 move to Los Angeles forced him to sell much of his library. Once settled in his new home, Fischer started acquiring chess literature in earnest. Ron Gross, who had become friends with Fischer at the 1955 U.S. Junior Open Chess Championship and would remain close with him for almost thirty years, recalls visiting his apartment in 1970 and finding piles of books and magazines strewn everywhere, with only a narrow path allowing passage through the living room. This new library became an important tool for Bobby in his march to the World Chess Championship in the early 1970s, and many of the items in the Fischer Library of Dr. Jeanne and Rex Sinquefield from this time show heavy usage, particularly several issues of Chess Informant and study notebooks that Robert Wade prepared for Fischer’s Candidates matches against Mark Taimanov and Tigran Petrosian and for the World Championship challenging Boris Spassky. Wade compiled these notebooks by poring through chess periodicals and books, collecting hundreds of games by each of Fischer’s opponents. Today, with thousands of games by potential opponents available with one keystroke, it is easy to forget how much work it took Wade to create these files. Bobby may have stopped playing after winning the World Championship, but he continued to keep abreast of new developments in chess. His mother Regina bought him subscriptions to magazines from around the world, particularly Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. The collection grew so large that by 1986 Bobby ran out of room at his apartment and had to rent space at a Bekins storage facility in Pasadena, California. When Fischer left the United States in the summer of 1992 to play the rematch of the 1972 World Chess Championship with Boris Spassky in Yugoslavia, he entrusted his friend Bob Ellsworth with making sure the payments on the storage space were kept up to date. The two, who had first met in the early 1970s through their mutual involvement in the Worldwide Church of God, were close even though Ellsworth was not a chess player. This relationship changed dramatically in late 1998, when Bobby suffered a tragedy brought on by a change in ownership of the storage facility. Ellsworth, whose name was not on the lease, only learned of the change in ownership after a payment had been missed, and Fischer’s treasures scheduled for auction. He made a valiant attempt to buy everything back, spending over $8,000 of his own money, but in the end only partially succeeded, leaving Bobby devastated. Harry Sneider, Fischer’s former physical trainer who attended the auction with Ellsworth, arranged to have his son bring the twelve boxes of Fischer’s memorabilia that had been rescued to Budapest where Fischer was then living. Later, after Bobby’s death, the noted collector David DeLucia bought much of this material from Pal Benko, who was Fischer’s close friend for 50 years. The Sinquefield Collection comprises most of Fischer’s other Bekins possessions. Primarily books and magazines acquired by Bobby between 1970 and 1992, it includes several items used in preparing for the World Championship match. These include a well-used copy of Chess Informant Volume 12, containing many handwritten notes and corrections and the aforementioned files that Robert Wade prepared on Mark Taimanov, Tigran Petrosian, and Boris Spassky. Supplementing Wade’s work was Fischer’s copy of the famous “Red Book” on Spassky. The last in the Weltgeschichte Des Schachs (World History of Chess) series, this hardback book with a red cover was Fischer’s inseparable companion during his preparations for the world championship match, and he is said to have played through and remembered every game in it. His annotations, neatly handwritten in the margins are fascinating. Witness the following cryptic note to the game Spassky–Suetin, Soviet Union, 1967. After 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Nc3 e6 4. d4 cxd4 5. Nxd4 Qc7 6. Be3 a6 7. Nb3 Nf6 8. f4 Bb4 9. Bd3 Fischer has written in the margin 9. …d5! This novel way of handling this variation where putting the Black pawn on d6 is the norm, was first employed in an analogous position by Adolf Anderssen in 1877, but seldom seen until the last game of the 1972 world championship match in Reykjavik which opened 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 e6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 a6 5. Nc3 Nc6 6. Be3 Nf6 7. Bd3 d5. The single most important work in the Sinquefield Collection is a typewritten galley of an early version of My 60 Memorable Games with handwritten corrections by Bobby. Fischer spent four years writing and revising his classic work and much interesting material did not survive the final cut. The following is the first of two examples of Fischer’s preliminary text: Game 32: Fischer-Tal Tal has an annoying habit of writing down the move he intends to play before making it. As a consequence his scoresheet is an eyesore. He usually write lemons down on the first draft, reserving the move he actually selects until somewhere around the fourth chicken scratch. Unfortunately, the temptation to glance at his scoresheet is overwhelming; I got excited when I saw him write down 20. …Ra5 21. Bh5 d5 (21. …d6 22.Rxd6!) 22. Rxd5 exd5 23. Re1+ wins outright. Only the variation survived the final cut for publication. The next passage from Game 45: Fischer-Bisguier was completely eliminated from the final version of My 60 Memorable Games. However, Chess Life’s December 1963 issue published a similar note by Bobby: On the last occasion, referred to above, my opponent played 4. …Bc5!? alias the Wilkes Barre Variation. At that time I was quite unfamiliar with it and nearly laughed out loud at the thought of my opponent making such a blunder in a tournament of this importance! I was just about to let him just have it when I noticed that he had brought along a friend who was studying our game very intently. This aroused my suspicions: maybe this was a trap, straight out of the book. But a Rook is a Rook—so I continued with 5. Nxf7 and there followed 5. …Bxf2+! 6. Kxf2 Nxe4+ 7. Ke3 Qh4 and, somehow, I got out of the mess with a draw. I had no chance for first place and my trophy for the best scoring player under 13 was already assured, since I was the only one under 13! Fischer had begun writing My 60 Memorable Games in 1965, and it took four years for it to finally see publication. The conflict between Bobby’s desire to write the best book possible and his reluctance to provide information that might help his opponents undoubtedly prolonged the writing process. These drafts, along with Fischer’s study materials in the Sinquefield Collection, allow unprecedented insight into the mind of the chess champion, exhibiting his intense attention to detail and remarkable analytical abilities. The Sinquefield Collection also includes Fischer’s own copies of publications about the 1972 World Championship match; chess periodicals; books inscribed to the champion by other famous players including David Bronstein, Anatoly Karpov, and Viktor Korchnoi; and other artifacts from post-1972; which together paint a complex picture of Fischer’s life in chess. —IM John Donaldson, 2014 1 John W. Collins, My Seven Chess Prodigies (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1974), p.53. About the Curators Shannon Bailey, Chief Curator, World Chess Hall of Fame Shannon Bailey is Chief Curator at the World Chess Hall of Fame. She most recently served as the Director of Institutional Giving at the Contemporary Art Museum Saint Louis. Prior to that, she was the Director of Art Galleries at Stephen F. Austin State University in Nacogdoches, Texas. In addition to her museum work, Shannon has taught university-level art history classes at Cleveland State University, Stephen F. Austin State University, and Saint Louis University. Shannon holds a Master of Arts in Art History and Museum Studies from the Case Western Reserve University/Cleveland Museum of Art joint program and a Bachelor of Arts in Art History and Museum Studies from Juniata College. Emily Allred, Assistant Curator, World Chess Hall of Fame Emily Allred is Assistant Curator at the World Chess Hall of Fame. Prior to working at the WCHOF, she was the Research Assistant in the American Art Department at the Saint Louis Art Museum and the Researcher and Collections Manager for the John and Susan Horseman Collection. Emily has contributed to publications for the two institutions. She has a Master of Arts in History and Museum Studies from the University of Missouri-St. Louis and a Bachelor of Arts in Art History and Communications from the University of Missouri-Columbia. Artifacts Featured in the Exhibition Boyhood Career Furniture owned by Jack Collins, date unknown Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame Alpha Chess Clock owned by Jack Collins, c 1957 Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame Chess Set and Board owned by Jack Collins, date unknown Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame The furniture on view is from the living room of Jack Collins, a critical mentor of Bobby Fisher and a cofounder of the Hawthorne Chess Club, which he ran from his home. Jack met Bobby at the U.S. Amateur Open on Memorial Day weekend in 1956. Soon after, Bobby began spending time at Collins’ apartment, which eventually became a second home to him. They studied Jack’s extensive collection of chess books and analyzed and played countless games together. A photo of the two playing in Collins’ living room is on view in this gallery. This constant contact with Collins proved helpful to Fischer; in the second half of 1956 he won the U.S. Junior Chess Championship, tied for fourth in the U.S. Chess Open, and defeated Donald Byrne in the Third Lessing J. Rosenwald Trophy Tournament in a contest that would later become known as the “Game of the Century.” The following year he continued to excel, winning the 1957 U.S. Junior Chess Championship, the 1957 U.S. Chess Open, and the 1957/58 U.S. Chess Championship, all before reaching the age of 15. Chess Review Vol. 24, No. 12; Chess Review Vol. 26, Nos. 2 and 5 December 1956-May 1958 Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame, gift of John Donaldson Chess Review Vol. 24, No. 12: Young Bobby studies the game position prior to his daring queen sacrifice with 17. …Be6!! in his game against Donald Byrne at the Third Lessing J. Rosenwald Trophy Tournament. Shortly after the game ended, International Master Hans Kmoch annotated the game for the December 1956 issue of Chess Review. The noted chess journalist dubbed it the “Game of the Century”, writing, “The following game, a stunning masterpiece of combination play performed by a boy of 13 against a formidable opponent, matches the finest on record in the history of chess prodigies.” Chess Review Vol. 26, No. 2: The youngest-ever winner of the U.S. Chess Championship at age 14, Bobby Fischer is featured on the cover of Chess Review for his victory in the 1957/58 event. This qualified him to play in the Interzonal Tournament in Portoroz, Yugoslavia. More than half a century later Fischer still holds the record as youngest champion. Chess Review Vol. 26, No. 5: On the cover of this issue of Chess Review, a young Fischer beams after winning two round-trip plane tickets to Europe during his March 26, 1958, appearance on the CBS-TV program I’ve Got a Secret. During the show, he appeared before a panel of judges including Dick Clark, who was tasked with guessing Fischer’s secret based on the headline “Teenager’s Strategy Defeats All Comers.” Clark did not discover Bobby’s secret (that he was the U.S. Chess Champion), and he earned transportation to Europe, enabling him and his sister Joan to visit Moscow and travel to Yugoslavia for the Portoroz Interzonal Tournament. On the show Fischer mentioned that he learned to play the game at six, but only took it up seriously when he was nine. Young Bobby Fischer and Jack Collins playing chess in his home c 1956-58 Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame In his book My Seven Chess Prodigies, Jack Collins wrote that Bobby was a constant presence at his home at 91 Lenox Road in Brooklyn from the summer of 1956 to the summer of 1958. During this time, Fischer went from being rated 2200 to one of the best players in the world. While not a teacher in a formal sense, Collins was a valuable mentor who studied and played chess constantly with Bobby. The Hawthorne Chess Club, which was based in Collins’ home, attracted not only Fischer, but also other strong junior players including William Lombardy and Raymond Weinstein, who would soon be ranked among the best in the United States. Chess Life Vol. 16, No. 1 January 20, 1961 Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame Fischer’s fourth straight win in the U.S. Chess Championship earned him a photo on the cover of the first issue of Chess Life to be published as a magazine. The storied chess publication had previously appeared in a newspaper format from 1946-1960. Fischer would eventually win all eight U.S. Chess Championships in which he competed, an accomplishment he would later describe as his proudest to Icelandic grandmaster and good friend Helgi Olafsson. In the 1963/64 event, Fischer had a historic 11-0 performance. His overall score of 74/90 in the U.S. Chess Championships (61 wins, 26 draws, 3 losses) is another record accomplishment that is unlikely to be matched. Manhattan Chess Club Sign-In Sheet c 1955 Collection of Dr. Jeanne and Rex Sinquefield Showing the signatures of Fischer and his early chess teacher Carmine Nigro, this 1955 sign-in sheet from the Manhattan Chess Club bears witness to Bobby’s early entry into the New York chess scene. International Master Walter Shipman, one of the best chess players in the country in the mid-1950s, remembers that the two first visited the Manhattan Chess Club together in August of 1955. Shipman played against the 12-year-old Bobby in a series of blitz games at one second a move. Though he won two-thirds of them, he quickly realized that Fischer was quite a special talent. The Manhattan, unlike the other great New York chess club, the Marshall, had no junior players as young as Bobby at the time. Club President Maurice Kasper made an exception for the prodigy and gave him a free membership as further encouragement at this early point of his career. Letter from Harry Borochow to Walter Fried August 14, 1961 Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame, gift of the family of Jacqueline Piatigorsky National Master Harry Borochow served as the substitute referee for the adjourned portion of the 11th game of the Bobby Fischer–Samuel Reshevsky match. Here, he writes about the abrupt ending of the contest, and offers criticism of Fischer’s behavior. He supported the position of the organizers, believing that Fischer should have played at the rescheduled time for the 12th game. He states that Fischer had been informed in advance that the schedule had been changed. Bobby Fischer—Samuel Reshevsky, Round 11 Scoresheet August 10, 1961 Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame, gift of the family of Jacqueline Piatigorsky This score sheet records the eleventh, and what would become the final, game of the Fischer–Reshevsky match. This score sheet only shows the moves up to the adjourned position; the game actually went to move 57. Fischer would later include this as game 28 in My 60 Memorable Games. Game 11 represented one more lost opportunity for Fischer, who, with a stronger performance, could have been up by two points by this point in the match. Games 3, 4, 6, 9, and 10 were relatively quiet draws. Bobby won game 2 cleanly, while the fifth game was closely fought. He lost game 7 on a one-move blunder, but Reshevsky was clearly better. These eight games leave Bobby one up, and in the remaining three he missed opportunities to improve his standing in the event. Chess Review Vol. 29, No. 9 September 1961 Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame, gift of John Donaldson Writers for the two national magazines, Chess Life and Chess Review, weighed in on the termination of the match, some taking the side of Fischer, while others supported that of the organizers. The former publication, the house organ of the U.S. Chess Federation, saw its young editor (and future Fischer biographer) Frank Brady try to stay officially neutral, but his article would ultimately be seen as endorsing Fischer’s opinion. Brady stressed the fact that the official announcement for the match had game 12 listed at 7:30 p.m. on August 12, and though Reshevsky’s requests for modifications in the playing schedule had been accommodated, Fischer’s opposition to playing the following morning instead had not been considered. Al Horowitz, founder of the independent periodical Chess Review, had a more nuanced approach. He examined Brady’s points, but also stressed that Fischer had been told of the time change for game 12 on August 3, and Fischer only objected a week later. By then the new schedule had already been published in the Los Angeles Times, and it would have been difficult to change the schedule again. Bobby Fischer in thought after Samuel Reshevsky's 10…Qa5 in game 6 of their match 1961 Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame, gift of the family of Jacqueline Piatigorsky Never an opening expert, Samuel Reshevsky faced a serious challenge in how to counter Fischer’s habitual 1. e4. Normally Samuel would meet 1. e4 with 1. …e5, but Fischer was already a great expert on the Ruy Lopez. As a result, Reshevsky played the Accelerated Dragon opening the five times he played with the black pieces during this match. He lost the second game, but it was Bobby who varied in games 4, 6, 8, and 10. All of these games ended in draws, and Reshevsky could consider his experiment a success. Bobby Fischer and Samuel Reshevsky in Game 6 of their 1961 Match 1961 Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame, gift of the family of Jacqueline Piatigorsky For the only time in the match, Fischer won game 5 with the black pieces. He would later include the dramatic, closely-fought battle in his book, My 60 Memorable Games. Going into game 6 and leading 3-2, Fischer was eager to win, but the game ultimately ended in a draw. Jacqueline Piatigorsky and Bobby Fischer at the Herman Steiner Chess Club 1961 Samuel Reshevsky Ponders the Position after 12. Qg4 in Game 6 of the 1961 Bobby Fischer—Samuel Reshevsky Match 1961 The Audience at the 1961 Bobby Fischer—Samuel Reshevsky Match Sponsored by Jacqueline Piatigorsky and the American Chess Federation 1961 The 1961 Bobby Fischer—Samuel Reshevsky Match Sponsored by Jacqueline Piatigorsky and the American Chess Federation 1961 These four photos, taken at the newly opened home of the Herman Steiner Chess Club in Los Angeles, capture the excitement elicited by the Fischer–Reshevsky match among West Coast chess fans. The first depicts 18-year-old Bobby with Jacqueline Piatigorsky, a skilled chess player herself, who was making her debut as a chess organizer and patron during the match. Letter from Al Bisno to Morris Kasper and Walter Fried August 21, 1961 Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame, gift of the family of Jacqueline Piatigorsky Al Bisno, a president of the Manhattan Chess Club in the 1950s, expresses his disappointment in Fischer in this letter written after the end of the Fischer–Reshevsky match. Bisno had worked to secure financial backing and publicity for the match. Here, in a letter written during the peak of the controversy following the match, he condemns Fischer. Bisno suggests that Bobby receive no share of the cash prize and even goes so far as to demand he seek psychiatric help. Curiously, three years later Bobby and Bisno were again on good terms and the latter tried to arrange a match between Fischer and a top Soviet player. “Chess, the Junior Chamber & Hollywood Glamour” August 21, 1961 Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame, gift of the family of Jacqueline Piatigorsky Herbert Dallinger Samuel Reshevsky and Bobby Fischer at the 1961 Match 1961 Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame, gift of the family of Jacqueline Piatigorsky Hosted by actor José Ferrer, the opening game of the Los Angeles half of the Fischer–Reshevsky match took place at the Beverly Hilton Hotel. Here the two players pose before the opening of the fifth game. The first four games of the match were held at the Empire Hotel in New York, under the auspices of the American Chess Foundation, and the next eight were scheduled to be held in Los Angeles, at the Beverly Hilton and the newly-opened Herman Steiner Chess Club, which was housed in a building designed by noted architect Frank Lloyd Wright, Jr. Though separated by decades in age, Fischer and Reshevsky were both prodigies known for their unconventional childhoods as well as their chess skills. Fischer sometimes experienced a lack of supervision from his mother as a young child; however, Reshevsky supported his family through an endless series of simultaneous exhibitions in Europe and the United States. He did not attend school, and at one point his parents were forced to appear in District Court in Manhattan facing charges of improper guardianship. “Chess Champ Forfeits by Failing to Appear” Los Angeles times Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame, gift of the family of Jacqueline Piatigorsky “Chess Champ Is in a Tizzy” Unknown Publication c 1961 Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame, gift of the family of Jacqueline Piatigorsky The chess world was a small and insular place in 1961. Jacqueline Piatigorsky’s good friend and fellow U.S. Womens Chess Championship competitor Lina Grumette used her skills as a public relations expert to ensure that the Los Angeles section of the match was well-covered in both the local and national press. Grumette, herself a strong women’s chess player, would also later gain fame as a friend and caretaker of Fischer, providing him housing when he moved to California and encouraging him in his run for the 1972 World Chess Championship. The fallout of the premature ending of the Fischer–Reshevsky match was covered in the mainstream press as well as in chess publications. In this article Fischer declared that he and Reshevsky had previously agreed that there would be no forfeits in the match. Of the decision to declare game 12 a forfeit, he said, “It’s just a little joke they’re [the organizers] trying to play on me.” Though the end of the match was acrimonious, both Jacqueline Piatigorsky and Al Bisno, two of the key organizers of the match, would go on to invite him to later competitions they held. Memorandum of Information on Scheduled Chess Match Between Robert Fischer, Present U.S. Chess Champion and Samuel Reshevsky, Former U.S. Chess Champion June 28, 1961 Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame, gift of the family of Jacqueline Piatigorsky Billed as a battle between two players representing the past and future of American chess, the Fischer–Reshevsky match pitted “the chess prodigy of today…against the chess prodigy of yesterday”. Chess players around the world greeted the announcement that Samuel Reshevsky and Bobby Fischer would play a match with great interest. The 18-year old Fischer had age and recent results on his side, but most grandmasters expected the 49-year-old Reshevsky to win for one simple reason—he had played many matches and never lost a single one. Prior to this contest, Fischer and Reshevsky had met six times with four draws and a win each. Reshevsky led the match at its termination. Manuscripts of My 60 Memorable Games Bobby Fischer and Larry Evans Draft of My 60 Memorable Games with Editing Notes March 23, 1966 Collection of Dr. Jeanne and Rex Sinquefield Bobby Fischer and Larry Evans Draft of My 60 Memorable Games with Editing Notes March 23, 1966 Collection of Dr. Jeanne and Rex Sinquefield This early draft of what would later become My 60 Memorable Games ends at game 52, Fischer’s victory over fellow Grandmaster Nicolas Rossolimo at the 1965 U.S. Chess Championship. In the years to come, Bobby would update the book and add eight additional games bringing the total to 60. Fischer’s brilliant win over Soviet grandmaster Leonid Stein at the Sousse Interzonal Tournament in Tunisia, which ended in November 1967, is the last game in the final version of the book. Bobby Fischer and Larry Evans Draft of My 60 Memorable Games with Editing Notes January 14, 1967 Collection of Dr. Jeanne and Rex Sinquefield When My 60 Memorable Games was finally published in 1969, it immediately won acclaim as one of the greatest games collections of all time. Combining fantastic games and brilliant analysis, the book is also distinguished by its lively prose. Though Fischer would annotate a few games after the publication of My 60 Memorable Games, including light notes to most of his encounters in a famous blitz tournament in Yugoslavia in 1970, he would never again undertake such a massive project. Best games collections published prior to My 60 Memorable Games followed a strict template, offering only wins by the author against elite opponents in serious tournaments. However, Fischer deviated from this pattern, including many great victories, but also nine draws and three losses. Most are from major events, but Fischer played one in a simultaneous exhibition and another is a skittles game (a casual game played for fun). Fischer’s competition ranges from world champions to amateurs. Rather than simply recording his most notable wins, the publication is a collection of games that were most meaningful to Fischer. Bobby Fischer and Larry Evans My 60 Memorable Games Simon and Schuster Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame, gift of John Donaldson Much anticipated in the chess community, My 60 Memorable Games received universally positive reviews. The February 1969 issue of Chess Life announced the U.S. Chess Federation would accept orders for the hardback book. The book was reprinted several times in 1969, and a paperback edition came out later in the year. The paperback version corrected an error in the score of the Bobby Fischer—Milan Matulovic match. Fischer’s previous book, Bobby Fischer Teaches Chess, is the all-time best selling chess book, selling over one million copies. My 60 Memorable Games was translated into many languages, including Russian. The latter irked Bobby because the royalties the Soviets offered were only payable in rubles, which weren’t convertible to U.S. dollars at the time. Published in 1972, the Russian language version is faithful to the original, but also offers a 5-page introduction by Vasily Smyslov and a 37-page analysis of Fischer’s style by Grandmaster Alexey Suetin. Black: Spassky 1 d4 v… 1972 Collection of Dr. Jeanne and Rex Sinquefield Fischer’s comments about this game between Viktor Korchnoi and Boris Spassky from the1960 U.S.S.R. Chess Championship suggest Bobby may have considered surprising Boris with 1. d4 during the World Chess Championship match. This note indicates Fischer may have prepared many novelties for the World Chess Championship that he was ultimately never able to use. 1. d4 d5 2. c4 dxc4 3. Nf3 Nf6 4. e3 Bg45. Bxc4 e6 6. 0–0 a6 7. Qe2 Nc6 8. Rd1 Bd69. h3 Bh5 10. e4 Here Fischer gives 10. Nc3! 0–0 (or 10…Qe711. e4 e5 12.Bg5!) 11. g4 Bg6 12. e4 Bb413. d5!. Unlike the material Robert Wade prepared about Tigran Petrosian, whom Fischer faced in the 1971 Candidates Match, there were almost no written comments in the booklets of Spassky’s games. By the time Wade had finished compiling these notebooks, Fischer may have already received an advance copy of the “red book,” containing 355 of Spassky’s games in one volume, a more convenient format for study. The University of British Columbia hosted the Candidates Match through the efforts of Canada’s Zonal President John Prentice. American chess has had several great sponsors including Dr. Jeanne and Rex Sinquefield and Jacqueline and Gregor Piatigorsky, but Canada has had only one—John Prentice. Affectionately known as “Plywood Prentice” for the timber business he founded in British Columbia after he left his native Austria shortly before World War II, Prentice sponsored Fischer’s first Candidates Match. Evgeni Vasiukov was one of the Soviets that Fischer played blitz with during Bobby’s only visit to the Soviet Union in 1958. Although already a strong player, Vasiukov was not well-known outside the U.S.S.R. at the time. It would have been reasonable to expect that Bobby wouldn’t remember him, but this was not the case. Fischer later not only recalled playing Vasiukov in blitz games, he started rattling off the moves of several of them. The venue for the Fischer–Taimanov match was unsettled for some time, as Bobby hoped to play in the United States and Taimanov the Soviet Union. Finally, Vancouver was chosen as neutral ground. The Fischer mania that was to strike the United States in 1972 did not exist a year earlier. While the crowds were respectable for this match, there were never more than 100 spectators. Among them was the future grandmaster Peter Biyiasas who served as a wall boy for one game and who would host Fischer in San Francisco ten years later. Robert Wade Taimanov as Black: Sicilians, 2 Nf3 Nc6, 2 Nf3 d6, 2 Nf3 a6, Odd 2nd/3rd/4th Moves 1971 Collection of Dr. Jeanne and Rex Sinquefield In a 2012 interview with the Russian website Chess News, Grandmaster Evgeni Vasiukov, Taimanov’s second for the match, blamed malnutrition for the lopsided score in the1971 Candidates Match. According toVasiukov, Taimanov didn’t eat properly during the competition, preferring to save his meal money to buy Western goods unavailable in the Soviet Union. Vasiukov acknowledges Fischer was the stronger player, but argues that the final score should have been closer, a belief Fischer supported. Robert Wade 1971 Collection of Dr. Jeanne and Rex Sinquefield In this page from a study notebook, Bobby notes the improvement 7. …Nxc3! after 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nf3 b6 4. Nc3 Bb7 5. a3d5 6. cxd5 Nxd5 7 .e3. Petrosian never got a chance to employ his favorite anti-Queen’s Indian system, but something analogous to Fischer’s suggested improvement (7. …Nxc3!) occurred in game 8 where after 1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nf3 d5 4. Nc3 c5 5. e3 Nc6 6. a3Ne4 7. Qc3 Black played 7. …Nxc3. Fischer exhibited a strong preference for flexible, dynamic pawn structures to static ones and liked playing against hanging pawns. Robert Wade 1971 Collection of Dr. Jeanne and Rex Sinquefield This game opens 1. c4 c5 2. Nc3 Nc6 3. g3g6 4. Bg2 Bg7 5. e3 e5 6. Nge2 Nge7 7. b3d6 8. Bb2 0–0 9. 0–0 Rb8 10. Nd5 Nxd5 11. cxd5 Nb4 12. d3 b6 13. a3 Na6 14. Qd2Nc7 15. d4 exd4. In this notebook, Fischer comments that Petrosian employs an “interesting system for Black.” Indeed, after the more or less forced sequence 16. exd4 Ba6 17. Rfe1 Bxe2 18. Rxe2Nb5 19. dxc5 Bxb2 20. Qxb2 bxc5, Petrosian, playing as Black, had a clear positional advantage due to the superiority of his knight over White’s bishop. Fischer (as Black) had defeated Petrosian in the 1970 U.S.S.R. vs. the World match with the variation starting with 5. …e6. Fischer was fond of meeting 1. c4 with 1…c5 at this stage of his career, and he may have been looking for a line that stayed close to home and sidestepped any improvements Petrosian planned after 5. …e6. The chance to play one of Petrosian’s weapons against him would have supplied an extra psychological benefit. This line did not appear in the match as Petrosian opened 1. d4 in game 2, 1. Nf3 and 2. b3 in game 5 and again 1. d4 in game 6. The closest it came to occurring was game 4 which opened 1. c4 c5, but Petrosian varied with 2. Nf3. Robert Wade Taimanov as White: Queen's Gambit Accepted, Catalan, QGD, QP; Nimzo-Indian's, Queen's Indian, Bogo-Indian; Grunfelds 1971 Collection of Dr. Jeanne and Rex Sinquefield International Master Robert Wade was a perfect researcher for Fischer. Born on a farm in Dunedin, New Zealand, Wade won three national titles before moving to England in the late 1940s. A European base was a necessity for a budding chess professional at the time. He won several national championships in his adopted homeland and played on its Olympiad team on six occasions. However, he is best known for his role as the chess editor at Batsford Publishing in the 1960s and 70s. The firm produced several groundbreaking books on different openings that set new standards and the high quality was in part due to diligent research. Wade’s tremendous library of books, periodicals, and tournament bulletins made this possible. It was the latter two that were particularly useful in building up the notebooks on Bobby’s opponents. Organized by opening, each notebook contains hundreds of games, representing an incredible amount of time expended. The material proved helpful to Fischer, who made the notebooks his own by personalizing them with written observations and analytical notes. Nevertheless, some were more useful than others; during the match with Taimanov only three openings were played. Bobby opened 1. e4 each time he was White and all three games entered into the Taimanov variation of the Sicilian. Mark Taimanov also stuck to his guns, opening 1. d4 each time he was White. The first two times Bobby answered with the King’s Indian, but in both games White reached promising positions so he switched to the Grunfeld for the final game. This meant that much of the work Wade did was not particularly helpful for this match, but some of it might have proved inspirational later in the World Chess Championship cycle. Near the end of the Palma de Mallorca Interzonal in 1970, Fischer and International Master Robert Wade made an agreement whereby the latter would be hired to research the games of Bobby’s opponents in the Candidates Matches and World Chess Championship. Ed Edmondson, the United States Chess Federation executive director at the time and Fischer’s de facto manager in1970-1971, took care of the arrangements. Mark Taimanov, the Russian grandmaster and his first opponent in the matches, was, like Fischer, a qualifier from the 1970 Interzonal. A former Soviet champion, he was considered to be an underdog against Fischer in the first round of the Candidates Matches. Nevertheless, the final score of 6-0 was unexpected. It masks the fact that Taimanov consistently got decent positions out of the opening and early middlegame only to get outplayed or blunder later in the games. Robert Wade 1971 Collection of Dr. Jeanne and Rex Sinquefield Here, Fischer makes a note that Robert Wade has inadvertently transposed the names of the players. This was a rare slip by the English International Master, who made few mistakes while preparing these study materials. Today a computer database would produce the information instantly, but Wade recorded the games by hand, consulting hundreds, if not thousands of periodicals, bulletins, and books. Chess Pieces from Game 3 of the 1972 World Chess Championship 1972 Collection of Dr. Jeanne and Rex Sinquefield These chess pieces, created in the familiar Staunton style, bear witness to one ofthe most important games in the most famous World Chess Championship match. Fischer demanded that a Staunton set from Jaques of London be used for the game. Jaques of London is a well-known manufacturer of chess equipment. When the Staunton set, named for mid-nineteenth century chess great Howard Staunton, was first manufactured, Jaques of London maintained exclusive manufacturing rights. Eventually the set would become the standard for elite tournament play. Each of the pieces in the set on display is hand carved and lead weighted. With them, Fischer defeated Spassky for the first time in his career, turning the momentum of the match. Had Fischer, trailing 0-2, lost game 3 of the World Chess Championship, he may have quit the match entirely. Prior to this game Fischer had not beaten Spassky and his lifetime score, excluding the second game forfeit, was four losses and two draws in six games. Bobby played to win as evidenced by his use of the double-edged Modern Benoni opening and adoption of the seldom seen (before or since) 11. …Nh5!?. Fischer’s unconventional strategy worked, and he ultimately won the game, turning the tide of the match. The pieces are set to display a position from the third game of the match, when Fischer played this surprising move. Signed by Boris Spassky and Bobby Fischer, this is one of ten wooden boards created for their 1972 World Chess Championship match. Originally, organizers commissioned a mahogany chess table with inlaid marble squares for the two competitors to use in the match. However, the squares were not regulation size. This displeased Fischer, who was very particular about the equipment he used in play. Organizers commissioned ten handmade wooden boards, from which Bobby would pick one for use in play. Icelandic chess officials expected Fischer to sign the remainder, which they then hoped to sell to offset some of the expenses of the match. Fischer initially balked, unwilling to sign anything that could be sold and unhappy with the width of the border of the chess board. He ultimately signed this board, which was not used in the match. Eduard Wildhagen Weltgeschichte des Schachs Lieferung 27, Boris Spassky:355 Partien History of Chess Part 27, Boris Spassky: 355 Matches 1972 Collection of Dr. Jeanne and Rex Sinquefield Bobby Fischer is said to have memorized each of the 355 games in this volume, which totaled over 14,000 moves. The last volume in a series of books produced by the German publisher Eduard Wildhagen on great players of the world, it contains unannotated games by Spassky, with a diagram illustrating the progress of the game every five moves. This copy includes handwritten notes from Fischer, analyzing Spassky’s games. The book was a key aid in his preparations for the World Chess Championship match against Boris Spassky. Fischer received an advance copy of the book from the publisher in December 1971. In a New York Times article detailing Fischer’s preparations for competing against Spassky published on March 31, 1971, Martin Arnold made a joking reference to it being referred to as the “big red book” to distinguish it from Quotations from Chairman Mao, which was known as the “little red book” of the time. Arnold further wrote that “training for the 6-foot, 2-inch, 29-year-old challenger consists of studying the Spassky red book, which he takes with him to the Grossinger [resort] dining room. He normally eats alone at a table while studying the book or playing with a chess set.” Program: The World Chess Championship Match, Iceland 1972 Collection of Dr. Jeanne and Rex Sinquefield Attendance for Fischer’s first two matches in Vancouver and Denver was modest, but the turnout for the final Candidates Match in Buenos Aires was enormous. The World Chess Championship attracted a previously unmatched level of enthusiasm among the American public that has not been bested since. Television, magazines, and newspapers made it the leading news story of the summer of 1972. Displayed here is Fischer’s own copy of the program for the historic match. Commemorative 1972 World Chess Championship Artifacts 1972 World Chess Championship Commemorative Envelope with Caricatures of Bobby Fischer and Boris Spassky 1972 Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame 1972 World Chess Championship Commemorative Medal 1972 Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame 1972 World Chess Championship Commemorative Envelope 1972 Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame Fischer’s participation in the World Chess Championship created a demand for souvenirs, both for American and international fans. Though most American fans could not afford to travel to Iceland, they could purchase charming artifacts like these to feel a connection to the storied match.These artifacts speak to the democratic nature of chess, which has a wide appeal for both collectors and players. The first chess stamp was printed in Bulgaria in 1947. Today most major countries in the world have issued stamps devoted to chess, though one notable exception is the United States. World Chess Championship Match Ticket—Match 13 1972 Collection of Dr. Jeanne and Rex Sinquefield Many American chess players made the pilgrimage to Reykjavik to see the match and for most non-New Yorkers it was their first chance to see Bobby Fischer in the flesh, as he had played only a handful of tournaments outside New York since 1957 (two events in 1963 and the 1966 Piatigorsky Cup). Considering what a spectacle this match was, admission was modest—$5, or the equivalent of $28 today adjusted for inflation. Fischer vs. Spassky Champion Chessmate Game 1972 Collection of Dr. Jeanne and Rex Sinquefield Created in 1972, this learning tool featured all 20 games of the 1972 World Championship. It was designed to to double as a teaching device and a souvenir of the Championship. 1972 World Chess Championship Match Commemorative Postcard 1972 Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame Icelandic Chess Federation's Official Commemorative Program 1972 Collection of Jeanne and Rex Sinquefield Time Vol. 100, No. 5 and Sports Illustrated Vol. 37 No. 7 July—August, 1972 Collection of Dr. Jeanne and Rex Sinquefield Fischer’s larger-than-life personality, as well as Cold War tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union, heightened interest in the match between Fischer and Spassky. Here the two players appear as chess pieces, perhaps an allusion to how chess is often used as a metaphor in discussions of war and politics. This magazine, containing an article entitled “How to Cook a Russian Goose,” discusses the World Chess Championship match following game 11 of the best-of-24 series. Additionally, it discusses the controversy Fischer’s demands caused before and throughout the match. The article states, “While the chess proceeded sporadically, the Icelanders grew increasingly annoyed by Fischer’s early dyntir, meaning nonsense. Attendance dropped from some 2,500 at the first game to around 900 or less in the last two. A newspaper letter writer had referred to Fischer as the most hated man in Iceland.” Though the match began in controversy, Fischer’s win would earn him acclaim in his home country and abroad. Chess Digest Magazine Vol. 5 No. 10 October 1972 Collection of Dr. Jeanne and Rex Sinquefield Throughout the United States, chess publications eagerly recounted each of the exciting events of the 1972 World Chess Championship. Among them was the American publication Chess Digest. Founded in 1968 by the Dallas National Master Ken Smith, it unabashedly supported Fischer’s career. Smith ran a construction company to support himself, but his passion was the magazine and the book and equipment business he ran alongside it. During Bobby’s World Chess Championship run, Smith supplied him with an endless stream of books and magazines, all for free. This issue of Chess Digest covers the match from games 8 to 21, and typically for this magazine, borrows liberally from other sources. The game annotations are translated from Soviet publications and the caricatures that appear throughout this issue were produced by an Icelandic artist, Halldór Pétursson. Bobby Fischer’s Library James Mason The Art of Chess, Fourth Edition, Revised and Enlarged and The Principles of Chess in Theory and Practice, Fourth Edition, Revised and Enlarged 1914 Collection of Dr. Jeanne and Rex SInquefield Fischer’s love for old-time chess is evident in his ownership of these two books by James Mason, an Irish-born player prominent in the 1880s. Fischer explained his attraction to this material in a letter to Larry Evans dated September 15, 1963. He stated, “I am mainly occupying my time by studying old opening books and believe it or not I’m learning a lot! They don’t waste space on the Catalan, Reti, King’s Indian reversed and other rotten openings.” David Bronstein 1970 Collection of Dr. Jeanne and Rex Sinquefield Though Fischer hated the Soviet chess establishment, claiming that teams from the U.S.S.R. had colluded to defeat him in the 1962 Candidates Tournament, he had good relations with some of the individual players, among them David Bronstein. Here, Bronstein has inscribed his book 200 Open Games to Fischer. (left) Editor William Steinitz The International Chess Magazine Vol. 5, No. 1-12 January-December 1889 (right) Dr. Hermann von Gottschall Adolf Anderssen der Altmeister deutscher Schachspielkunst Adolf Anderssen Great German Chess Player of the Past 1912 (both) Collection of Dr. Jeanne and Rex Sinquefield Jack Collins introduced Bobby to the work of William Steinitz, the first world champion. Collins and Fischer shared many hours playing through games from Steinitz’s The International Chess Magazine, which was published in the 19th century. Collins, writing in My Seven Chess Prodigies, noted that this journal “provided us with grand old games and insights into the frightening intellect and acid pen of the ‘Father of Modern Chess.’” Steinitz was a profound opening analyst, as was Bobby, and the latter adopted several of his pet lines including 9. Nh3 in the Two Knights Defense, 3. d4 followed by 4. e5 and 5. Qe2 in the Petroff as well as 5. d3 in the Ruy Lopez. Steinitz, like Bobby Fischer, is an inductee of both the U.S. and World Chess Halls of Fame. Unlike other 20th-century world chess champions, Fischer was intimately acquainted with the games of Adolf Anderssen, a renowned player of the mid-19th century, but little-studied in the 20th. As Collins wrote in his book My Seven Chess Prodigies, “I once lent a brand-new copy of Adolf Anderssen, by Dr. Hermann von Gottschall, to him. Some weeks or months later he returned it, and I had good reason to believe he had worked over every game and note in it–all 751 games in the main section, plus 80 problems by Anderssen in another section!” Sahovski Informator Vol. 12, 14, 15, and 27 Chess Informant vol. 12, 14, 15, and 27 1972-1979 Collection of Dr. Jeanne and Rex Sinquefield The Yugoslav publication Sahovski Informator (or Chess Informant, as it is known in North America) first appeared in 1966. Bobby Fischer was among its first champions. He held such a high opinion of it that when analyzing with participants in a U.S. Junior Closed Chess Championship around 1970, he advocated they buy it before his own book My 60 Memorable Games. Fischer also annotated ten of his games for Chess Informant between 1968 and 1970, further evidencing the esteem in which he held this publication. The wear on these volumes shows the frequency with which he used them for study. (left) Johannes Kohtz, C. Kockelkorn Das Indische Problem: Eine Schach-Studie The Indian Problem: A Chess Study 1903 (right) J. Minckwitz Das ABC des Schachspiels: Anleitung zur Raschen Erlernung der Schachspielkunst und Einführung in die Problemkomposition The ABCs of Chess: Rapid Guide to Learning the Art of Chess and Introduction to Composition Problems 1897 (both) Collection of Dr. Jeanne and Rex Sinquefield Though many serious chess players do not study chess problems, Bobby was eclectic in his reading habits and was known to enjoy solving them. However, more often he contemplated endgame studies put to him by his lifelong friend Pal Benko. While these volumes are rather obscure, they are not surprising to find in Fischer’s library. 1970 Tournaments and 1971 Candidates Matches (left) Fine, Fischer, Petrosian Advertisement Chess Life & Review, Vol. XXVII No. 4 April 1972 Collection of Dr. Jeanne and Rex Sinquefield (right) Reuben Fine The Final Candidates Match: Buenos Aires, 1971 1971 Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame, gift of John Donaldson Fine, Fischer, Petrosian Advertisement: This classic advertisement for Reuben Fine’s booklet exploring the Bobby Fischer–Tigran Petrosian Candidates Match features images of each of the competitors, as well as the author. While the description of Fine as the man who should have been champion is exaggerated, (he did tie for first at AVRO 1938 with Keres but chose not to play in the World Championship tournament in 1948), Fischer and Petrosian’s descriptions were accurate. The Final Candidates Match: This publication, advertised in the pages of Chess Life & Review, is Grandmaster Reuben Fine’s last serious work. He would later go on to write a book about Fischer’s 1972 World Chess Championship match that received universally negative reviews. Fine, an inductee to the U.S. Chess Hall of Fame, is remembered for not only being a great player but also for writing several excellent books including Basic Chess Endings, The Ideas Behind the Chess Openings, and his best games collection A Passion for Chess. Jaque: Campeonato del Mundo Match Final de Candidatos Fischer–Petrosian, Buenos Aires, October 1971 Check: World Championship Final Candidates Match Fischer–Petrosian, Buenos Aires, October 1971 1971 Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame, gift of John Donaldson Tigran Petrosian represented Fischer’s most difficult opponent in the 1971 Candidates cycle. Aben Rudy, a friend of Fischer’s and interviewee for the audio tour for this exhibition, remembers a meal he shared with Bobby and his old mentor Jack Collins shortly before the Petrosian match. Rudy expected Bobby to be brimming with confidence, as he had just defeated Mark Taimanov and Bent Larsen by a combined score of 12-0, while Petrosian had barely gotten past Robert Hubner and Viktor Korchnoi. However, Bobby explained that Petrosian was a much tougher opponent. For the first five games of the Candidates Match, Fischer and Petrosian were tied. Later Fischer would win four games in a row. While the matches with Taimanov and Larsen had relatively modest attendance, the Candidates Final in Buenos Aires, Argentina, at the Teatro San Martin had over a thousand overflow spectators who could only watch from the lobby. The Spanish magazine Jaque published a special edition devoted to the Candidates Match between Fischer and Tigran Petrosian, containing not only detailed analysis of the games, but many interesting photographs of Bobby that have never been reproduced elsewhere. Suplement No. 29 de la Revista AJEDREZ: II Torneo Internacional “Ciudad de Buenos Aires” (Supplement No. 29 to CHESS Magazine: II International Tournament “City of Buenos Aires”) November 1970 Editorial Sopena Argentina Collection of Dr. Jeanne and Rex Sinquefield Buenos Aires 1970 was one of Fischer’s greatest tournament triumphs as he scored 15 out of 17 to finish three and a half points ahead of the field, which included former World Chess Champion Vasily Smyslov. There, Fischer not only took part in the tournament, but also participated in a large open air exhibition match. A special supplement of the Argentine magazine Revista AJEDREZ covered both the match and the exhibition. (left) Chess Life & Review Vol. 26, No. 11 November 1971 (right) Chess Life & Review Vol. 26, No. 9 September 1971 Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame, gift of John Donaldson Larry Evans, Fischer’s good friend, analyzes with him in a pool at Grossinger’s Resort in this playful photo on the cover of Chess Life & Review. Bobby had a long relationship with Grossinger’s Resort in the Catskill Mountains, about 100 miles northwest of New York City. When he won his first U.S. Chess Championship, the resort awarded Bobby a 10-day all expenses-paid stay. Later Bobby returned to the resort to prepare for his match against Tigran Petrosian in 1971. Fischer did not have a second at his match with Mark Taimanov. The reasons for this are varied. Though the U.S.C.F. was prepared to pay for a second, Fischer wanted Svetozar Gligoric, but the Yugoslav had prior commitments. Larry Evans was another choice for the Taimanov match but couldn’t meet Fischer’s requirement not to bring his wife or engage in journalism. Instead Evans helped him prepare beforehand. This was likely more helpful as Bobby never depended on others for opening choices and preferred to work on his adjournments alone. Fischer’s match with Bent Larsen was held at Temple Buell College in Denver in July of 1971. Fischer defeated the Danish grandmaster by the score of 6-0. While Taimanov was a respected grandmaster, Larsen was considered one of the very best players of the late 1960s and early 1970s. He played ahead of Fischer in the U.S.S.R. vs. the World match and dealt Bobby his only loss at the Palma de Mallorca Interzonal. Dragoslav Andric Bobby Fischer prepares for his game against Tigran Petrosian in the 1970 U.S.S.R. vs. the rest of the World Match 1970 Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame, gift of John Donaldson In this photo, a pensive Bobby Fischer prepares for his first round game against Tigran Petrosian in the U.S.S.R. vs. the World tournament. Immediately behind Bobby are Svetozar Gligoric and Yefim Geller (standing) with Samuel Reshevsky in the distance. Photographer unknown. Bobby Fischer, seen from above, analyzes during the 1966 Piatigorsky Cup. 1966. Photograph. Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame, gift of the family of Jacqueline Piatigorsky In this view, Bobby Fischer analyzes game 22 of the Piatigorsky Cup, in which he faced German Grandmaster Wolfgang Unzicker. Their game would end in a draw. The Piatigorsky Cup, held in Santa Monica, California, in 1966, attracted some of the strongest players in the world, including a current World Champion, Tigran Petrosian, and two future ones, Boris Spassky and Bobby Fischer. Spassky won the tournament, but after a disappointing performance mid-tournament, Fischer fought back to earn second place in the competition. Photographer unknown. Bobby Fischer at the 1966 Piatigorsky Cup. 1966. Photograph. Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame, gift of the family of Jacqueline Piatigorsky Fischer confidently gazes at the camera in this photograph captured at the second Piatigorsky Cup. Organized by the tournament’s namesake, Jacqueline Piatigorsky, the tournament proved that world-class events could be held in the United States. Fischer had faced professional setbacks in the mid-1960s, and his second-place win in the tournament renewed his confidence. He faced his future rival in the 1972 World Chess Championship twice in the tournament, losing the first game and drawing the second. (Top Left) Harry Benson CBE. Always Reading, Grossinger’s Resort, New York. 1972. Photograph. (Bottom Left) Harry Benson CBE. Hands, Grossinger’s Resort, New York. 1972. Photograph. (Top Right) Harry Benson CBE. Fischer Flying to Ranch Outside Buenos Aires. 1971. Photograph. (Bottom Right) Harry Benson CBE. Fischer vs. Spassky, Game One, Iceland. 1972. Photograph. Collection of Dr. Jeanne and Rex Sinquefield. In an uncharacteristic twist, Fischer exclusively invited Harry Benson and LIFE reporter Brad Darrach to visit him as he trained for the championship at Grossinger’s Resort in upstate New York. Considering himself an athlete, Fischer noted that playing chess required an enormous amount of stamina. In addition to his scrupulous chess study, Fischer followed a strict regimen of physical training including running, tennis, swimming, biking, jump rope, and hand strengthening exercises—the latter in an effort to “crush” the Russians and their dominance of the chess world. Harry Benson began photographing Fischer when on assignment for LIFE magazine in 1971. Sent to Buenos Aires, Argentina to cover the 1971 Candidates Tournament, Benson began to cultivate a relationship with Bobby, who was known for being notoriously camera-averse and guarded. Fischer would request late night meetings with Benson, which generally consisted of quiet walks broken up by Fischer pulling out a pocket chess set to play under lampposts from time to time. Throughout the assignment, Benson and Fischer began to form a friendship. The tales of the World Chess Championship in Reykjavík, Iceland in the summer of 1972 are numerous and fantastic. Fischer arrived late to the first game, forfeited game 2, inspected television cameras and lights, insisting that they were making too much noise or contained devices that were intended to distract him, and had special chess boards created for the match. He made outrageous demands—requesting more money than the agreed-upon prize fund of $125,000, and requiring that Game 3 be played in a “back room.” Much speculation surrounded this behavior and it was debated if this was “normal” Fischer conduct, or if he was intentionally attempting to cause a psychological breakdown of his opponent. (Left) Harry Benson CBE. Fischer Portrait. 1972. Photograph. (Right) Harry Benson CBE. Bobby’s the Champ. 1972. Photograph. Collection of Dr. Jeanne and Rex Sinquefield Photographer Harry Benson continued to cultivate a journalistic friendship with Fischer while the two were in Iceland. They spent many hours together, walking and talking night after night through the hills of the Icelandic countryside. Benson noted that the pressure on Fischer was enormous—it is known that Fischer received several phone calls from Henry Kissinger encouraging him to play the match when he threatened not to. Noticing Fischer’s lack of social skills and recognizing his loneliness and isolation, Benson stated, “Bobby regarded the press as enemies, yet there had to be one friendly face in the enemy camp, and I figured it might as well be me.” The World Chess Championship match was organized as the best of 24 games—wins would count as one point and draws as a half point, with the winner being the first to reach 12 ½ points. The first game took place on July 11th and the last game began on August 31st and was adjourned after 40 moves. Boris Spassky resigned the next day without resuming play and the 29-year-old Fischer won the match 12 ½ - 8 ½, becoming the 11th World Chess Champion and the first American-born player to do so—ending 24 years of Soviet domination of the World Chess Championship. Chess Life & Review Vol. 27, No. 7. June 1972. Collection of the World Chess Hall of Fame Audio Tour International Master John Donaldson, a chess historian, interviews the participants in this audio tour. John has served as the Director of the Mechanics’ Institute Chess Club of San Francisco since 1998 and worked for Yasser Seirawan’s magazine, Inside Chess from 1988 to 2000. He has had held the title of International Master since 1983 and has two norms for the Grandmaster title, but is proudest of captaining the U.S. national team on 15 occasions winning two gold, three silver, and four bronze medals. Donaldson has authored over thirty books on the game including a two-volume work on Akiva Rubinstein with International Master Nikolay Minev. All introductions to the passages are read by Dr. Leon Burke, Music Director and Conductor of the University City Symphony Orchestra and Assistant Conductor of the St. Louis Symphony Chorus. browne-walter Walter Browne A six-time U.S. Champion, Walter Browne represented the United States in four Chess Olympiads, winning four team bronze medals. His biography and best games collection The Stress of Chess (and its infinite finesse) My Life, Career and 101 Best Games was published in 2012. Here, Browne recounts his experiences with Bobby Fischer. olafsson-helgi Helgi Ólafsson Grandmaster Helgi Olafsson has represented Iceland a record fifteen times in Chess Olympiads and won six national championships. He is also well-known for helping to bring Bobby Fischer to Iceland from Japan in 2005. He wrote about his experiences in Bobby Fischer Comes Home: The Final Years in Iceland, a Saga of Friendship and Lost Illusions. Here he speaks about his friendship with Fischer. pupols-viktors Viktors Pupols Few American players have had longer chess careers than the Latvian-born National Master Viktors Pupols, who has been playing tournament chess for seven decades. A legend in the Pacific Northwest, Viktors is one of only three players to defeat Fischer on time. He is the subject of the book Viktors Pupols, American Master written by Larry Parr. Pupols speaks of his experiences competing against a young Bobby Fischer in the 1955 U.S. Junior Open. remlinger-larry Larry Remlinger International Master Larry Remlinger was a great talent who grew up in Long Beach, California. A year older than Bobby Fischer, Larry finished second in the 1955 U.S. Junior Championship while Fischer placed in the middle. Soon thereafter, he gave up chess to focus on academics, but returned periodically to the game, obtaining his International Master title while in his 50s. Remlinger speaks of his experiences as a Junior player during the 1950s, the years in which he met Bobby Fischer. rudy-aben-part-1 Aben Rudy, Part 1 Expert Aben Rudy was a good friend of Bobby Fischer when they were young. Ruby reported on Fischer's meteoric rise to the top of the chess world during the mid-to-late 1950s in his column in Chess Life. Rudy also drew Bobby in two tournament games in 1956. Rudy reminisces about the New York chess scene, in which a young Bobby Fischer thrived. saidy-anthony Anthony Saidy International Master Anthony Saidy is perhaps best known as the man responsible for ensuring Bobby Fischer arrived in Reykjavik, Iceland, in order to compete in the World Chess Championship. Saidy played United States Championship eight times and represented his country in the 1964 Chess Olympiad in Tel Aviv. He was also a member of the 1960 United States team that won the World Student Team Championship in Leningrad. His book The Battle of Chess Ideas has gone through several editions. Here, Saidy recalls his relationship with Fischer and his family. seirawan-yasser Yasser Seirawan One of the strongest American Grandmasters in the post-Bobby Fischer period, Yasser Seirawan was a twice a Candidate for the World Chess Championship. A four-time U.S. Champion, he has represented the United States in ten Chess Olympiads and one World Team Championship, winning four team and four individual medals. Seirawan is the author of over a dozen books on all aspects of the game including Five Crowns, an account of the 1990 World Championship match between Garry Kasparov and Anatoly Karpov. In this passage, Seirawan speaks of meeting Fischer during Fischer’s 1992 rematch with Boris Spassky. sherwin-james-part-1 James Sherwin, Part 1 International Master James Sherwin very likely has the best record of any non-Grandmaster to ever compete in the U.S. Chess Championship. The highlight of his career was finishing third in the 1957 Chess Championship behind Bobby Fischer and Samuel Reshevsky. This qualified him to play in the 1958 Interzonal in Portoroz, Yugoslavia. Sherwin was the President of the American Chess Foundation during its golden period, offering strong support to top American players. Sherwin recalls his experiences with Fischer from the 1950s through the 1970s.	i don't know
From which European country did the 'Dorians' originate in the 11th century BC?	Ancient Greece - History of Ancient Greek World, Time Line and Periods, Archaic, Classical, Hellenistic. 500-336 336-146 <a href='http://phpadsnew.wn.com/www/delivery/ck.php?n=a7c0eb4b&cb=2' target='_blank'><img src='http://phpadsnew.wn.com/www/delivery/avw.php?zoneid=380&cb=3&n=a7c0eb4b' border='0' alt='' /></a> The history of Greece can be traced back to Stone Age hunters. Later came early farmers and thecivilizations of the Minoan and Mycenaean kings. This was followed by a period of wars and invasions, known as the Dark Ages. In about 1100 BC, a people called the Dorians invaded from the north and spread down the west coast. In the period from 500-336 BC Greece was divided into small city states, each of which consisted of a city and its surrounding countryside. There were only a few historians in the time of Ancient Greece. Three major ancient historians, were able to record their time of Ancient Greek history, that include Herodotus , known as the 'Father of History' who travelled to many ancient historic sites at the time, Thucydides and Xenophon . Most other forms of History knowledge and accountability of the ancient Greeks we know is because of temples, sculpture, pottery, artefacts and other archaeological findings. NEOLITHIC PERIOD (6000 - 2900 BC) According to historians and archeological findings, the Neolithic Age in Greece lasted from 6800 to 3200 BC. The most domesticated settlements were in Near East of Greece. They traveled mainly due to overpopulation. These people introduced pottery and animal husbandry in Greece. They may as well have traveled via the route of Black sea into Thrace, which then further leads to Macedonia, Thessaly, Boeotia etc. The second way of traveling into Greece is from one island to another and such type of colonies has been found in Knossos and Kythnos... more » EARLY BRONZE AGE (2900 - 2000BC) The Greek Bronze Age or the Early Helladic Era started around 2800 BC and lasted till 1050 BC in Crete while in the Aegean islands it started in 3000 BC. The Bronze Age in Greece is divided into periods such as Helladic I, II. The information that is available today on the Bronze Age in Greece is from the architecture, burial styles and lifestyle. The colonies were made of 300 to 1000 people... more »	Greece
Which religious order was founded by St. Robert, Abbot of Molesme, near Dijon in 1098?	Macedonia - Province of the Roman Empire Population Macedonia Ancient Macedonia, in stark contrast to the age of the Greek city-states, was a regional Greek (Macedonian ethnicity, not necesarily Greek) kingdom. It was located north-east of the Greek mainland and northwest of Asia Minor. Macedonians were the Greeks who had to contend with all of the many war-like European tribes. They served as a buffer for the people who dominated the history of the ancient Greek world, like the Athenians and Spartans, and stood between the tribal Europeans and the Greek city-states. While it left them, to some degree, independent of the politics and wars between those two rivals; the Macedonians were deeply unappreciated by their neighboring Greeks. They were looked on as no better than barbarians themselves, particularly since they had never developed or adopted the concept of the city-state, or polis, and were firmly entrenched as a kingdom. The Kingdom was established with Aigai as the capital, some time during the 7th Century BC upon the occupation of the central Macedonian plain. The king came to power through inheritance, but first had to be approved by the army. Serving the king was an aristocracy of nobles who had a limited amount of power. Like all monarchies that shared power with an aristocracy, however, the balance of power frequently shifted from the king to the nobles and back again. The political turmoil in mainland Greece to the south, between Athens and Sparta, gave rise to King Philip II. Having come to power in 359 BC, he immediately pacified their northern neighbors, capture the important gold and silver mines of Amphipolis, and began building cities and a large standing army. By 338 BC he had conquered the southern mainland, save Sparta, and was essentially King of all Greece. In 336 BC, plans to conquer the Persian Empire came to an abrupt end by the sword of an assassin. Macedonian dominance of Greece, could have very well collapsed, it not for the succession of Philips' son, Alexander the Great. At the age of 21, he assumed his fathers kingdom, confirmed his own authority, and by 334 BC, continued the plans to conquer Persia. Asia Minor fell quickly, and with a defeat of the Persian King Darius, in 333 BC the conquest of the Phoenician coasts, Palestine and Egypt were secured. In 331 BC, Alexander again defeated Darius and the whole of the Persian Empire fell under Macedonian control. At its peak Alexander's Empire stretched from Greece in the west, to Egypt in the south and all the way into Mesopotamia, Scythia and India in the east. Before able to establish an heir and an effective consolidation of these conquests, he fell into a fever and died in 323 BC, at the age of 33. With the death of Alexander, the newly won Macedonian Empire crumbled quickly. The east was Hellenized and its lasting effect can still be seen in the modern world, but Macedonian Kings would be limited to the control of their own Greek province thereafter. A growing power in the west, Rome, would soon become involved in the affairs of Greece and Macedonia. The First Macedonian-Roman war occurred between 214 BC and 205 BC. This coincided with the Second Punic War, when Hannibal of Carthage and Philip V of Macedon made an alliance against Rome. Rome, weary of war with Carthage, ended the Macedonian conflict with favorable terms to Macedon, but Roman interests secured in Illyrium, to the north. The Second Macedonian-Roman War began in 200 BC and ended in 196 BC. This war, erupting so soon after the after the first, and the exhausting Carthaginian war, was unpopular with Rome, but the Roman Legions, under Flaminius were veterans and prepared. The Greeks asked for Roman help against Macedonian incursions and Rome made an alliance against them. They launched an attack on the armies of King Philip who refused to guarantee to make no hostile moves against the states of Greece, and Philip V was defeated. He lost all his territories outside of Macedonia and had to recognize the independence and autonomy or the southern Greek city-states. The third and most decisive Macedonian-Roman war began in 171 BC and ended in 168 BC. The Romans were suspicious of the revival of Macedonian fortunes under Philip and his successor, Perseus. In 172 the Romans declared war on Perseus and defeated him at Pydna (168). The Antigonid dynasty was overthrown, and Macedonia was divided into 4 separate republics under loose Roman jurisdiction. The Fourth Macedonian War or revolt occurred between 149 and 148 BC. The Macedonians wanted a restoration of their kingdom and supported a man who pretended to be the son of the last king. The rebels overran Macedon in 150, attacked southern Greece in 149, but were finally crushed by the Romans in 148 under the praetor Metellus Macedonicus . The Romans razed the Greek city of Corinth, one of the leading cities of the revolt and put an end to Greek resistance under Roman rule. It was this point, in 146 BC, that Macedonia became an official province with mainland Greece to follow shortly thereafter. In the civil wars of the late Roman Republic, Macedonian rule was thrown into doubt again. While still under the control of Romans, the Greek world would continue to fall back and forth under Pompey and then Caesar, and later under Antonius and Cleopatra. At the battle of Actium in 31 BC, off the shores of Epirus, Ocatavian, later Augustus, would ensure Roman dominance of the Greek world under a single Roman leader. During the Imperial period Macedonia was easily incorporated and it remained a bastion of Roman/Hellenized culture as a part of the Byzantine empire until the 11th century AD. Economy of Macedonia The reign of Augustus began a long period of peace, prosperity and wealth for Macedonia, although its importance in the economic standing of the Roman world diminished when compared to its neighbor, Asia Minor. The economy was greatly stimulated by the construction of the Via Egnatia, the installation of Roman merchants in the cities, and the founding of Roman colonies. The Imperial government brought, along with its roads and administrative system, an economic boom, which benefited both the Roman ruling class and the lower classes. With vast arable and rich pastures, the great ruling families amassed huge fortunes in the society based on slave labor. The improvement of the living conditions of the productive classes brought about an increase in the number artisans and craftspeople to the region. Stone-masons, miners, blacksmiths, etc. were employed in every kind of commercial activity and craft. Greek people were also widely employed as tutors, educators and doctors throughout the Roman world. The export economy was based essentially on agriculture and livestock, while iron, copper, and gold along with such products as timber, resin, pitch, hemp, flax and fish were also exported. Another source of wealth was the country's ports, such as Dion, Pella, Thessalonika, Kassandreia, and Neapolis. Tribes of Macedonia Archeological finds and historic evidence show that the first Hellenic-speaking tribes settled in the area of Northern Pindos in 2200-2100 BC. During the following centuries, various groups of these tribes, the Ionians, Achaians, and Minyes etc. moved to the south, while some of the Macedni tribe moved to Sterea Hellas and Peloponnesus and others settled in today's West, South and Central Macedonia. These tribes spoke the Hellenic language, with a local dialect. There were three basic groups of Greek-speaking peoples in Macedonia: The Ionians in the NW part of Thessaly, the Arcadians and Aeolian in eastern Macedonia and the Macedni in the west from which the region takes its name. The Dorians were a split group from the Macedni and moved south into macedonia (mainland Greece) and east into Asia Minor. By the late 2nd century AD, all of these tribes would've been considered Greek to Rome, and little to no distinction would've been made in tribal status. There were also several large colonies of Jewish settlers and a great many Romans scattered throughout the region. These Roman settlers were eventually Hellenized and absorbed into Greek culture with the transfer of Roman power to Byzantium in the 4th Century AD. There has been a great deal of debate on whether or not the Macedonian people were actually Greek, as opposed to just hellenized northern neighbors of varying European tribal descent. Certainly, there were influences of other tribes, based on their proximity that the Achean people didn't have, but this doesn't fully support the argument that they were completely separate people. They may have been related through the Dorians or they may be other influences and origins from migrating tribes. The Macedonians howevver, were certainly completely Hellenized by the time of Alexander, but the debate of ethnicity will rage on.	i don't know
Which European city is served by 'Deune Airport'?	Antwerp (Deurne) Airport, Belgium (ANR) - Guide & Flights Antwerp Airport, otherwise known as Deurne Airport, is located 4 kms from the City of Antwerp, an important European city and centre of diamond trading, northern Belgium Antwerp airport is located close to motorway and railway networks. This is a small airport which has claimed that due to short walking distances involved, you can check-in just 20 minutes before take-off, and on arrival, can leave the airport in 10 minutes. Antwerpen-Berchem train station is approximately a 10 minute bus journey from the airport with Antwerp central station being a 20 minute bus journey. The modern airport terminal was opened in 2006 and facilities include a restaurant, 2 shops, money changing facilities, business lounge, meeting rooms, Internet kiosks and WiFi Internet access. During 2014, Antwerp airport catered for 221,000 pasengers, an 82% increase from the previous year. Flights to Antwerp Deurne Airport from UK or Ireland airports	Antwerp
What was the name of the mini-skirted cartoon character created in 1915, who first appeared on the film 'Dizzy Dishes' in 1930?	Airports - City of Brussels Airports Print Airports This page has been automatically translated from French into English by a translation software. Automatic translations are not as accurate as translations made by professional human translators. Nevertheless these pages can help you understand information published by the City of Brussels. The nearest airports for Brussels are: Brussels Airport (in Zaventem), Brussels South (Charleroi), Antwerp Airport (in Deurne), Ostend-Bruges Airport (in Ostend) and Liege Airport (in Bierset). Brussels-North [plan] These stations are accessible by train, bus, metro, taxi and car. The train schedules are accessible via the SNCB . The search has to be made with keywords: 'Brussels Airport' or 'airport'. People traveling with a pass should not forget to pay the Diabolo fee . By bus: Bus 12 - Airport Line: this bus by the STIB assures - from Monday to Friday, until 8 pm and every 30 minutes - the route from the European quarter to Brussels Airport (express) Bus 21: this line of the STIB assures - from Monday to Friday after 20 pm, and in the weekends and on holidays - the route Ducale-Brussels Airport (no express line) Bus 272: this bus of De Lijn connects Zaventem with Brussels-North Bus 471: this bus of De Lijn connects Zaventem with Brussels-North (faster connection)	i don't know
Off which major land mass is Lord Howe Island?	Invertebrates \| Lord Howe Island Nature Tours Contact Invertebrates Invertebrates make up about three quarters of all living animal species. In particular, a large proportion of animal species found on oceanic islands are invertebrates because generally they travel across ocean distances more easily than larger animals. Lord Howe Island is no exception to the rule. Recent intensive invertebrate surveys in 2003 by staff from the Australian Museum recorded more than 1600 species, including 157 land and freshwater snails, 515 beetle species, 27 ants, 183 spiders, 21 earthworms, 137 butterflies and moths and 71 springtails. The invertebrate fauna is characterised by a high degree of endemism, with up to 60% for some groups. Indications are there may be as many as twice this number of species living on the island. The Longicorn beetle Agrianome spinicollis This is the largest of the beetles on Lord Howe Island, and is the adult form of the well known “witchetty grub” of mainland Australia. The stag beetle Lamprima insularis This is a rarely seen beetle but is one of the most exquisite invertebrates to live on Lord Howe Island. Like its cousin the Longicorn beetle, this species has a larval stage that lives in dead wood, eating the cellulose. In summer they metamorphose and crawl out of their timber home as flying adults with bright, metallic-green wing cases. They then fly to the tree tops to seek a mate and reproduce. The Lord Howe land snail Placostylus bivaricosus This is a large terrestrial snail, with a brown, pointed shell up to 7cm long and 2cm in diameter. Once very common in the leaf litter of the lowland forest, its numbers have declined due to habitat clearing and predation by introduced fauna. The Ship rat Rattus rattus (accidentally introduced in 1918) is considered to be the major predator of the LHI Placostylus, and likely to be a significant threat to its survival. European Blackbirds and Song Thrushes (introduced around 1950) are also thought to be predators of Placostylus. Lord Howe Phasmid This large, flightless stick insect was quite common in the lowland forest on the main Island until rats were accidentally introduced in 1918. After that the numbers decreased dramatically through predation, and by the 1930s phasmids were believed to be extinct. However, in 1964, rock climber David Roots photographed a recently dead specimen on Ball’s Pyramid. This raised hopes that phasmids could still be living on the Pyramid. In 2001 a scientific party visited the Pyramid and found a small population of phasmids living in a single Melaleuca bush. Two pairs were taken to mainland Australia for captive breeding, to build up numbers in the hope rats can be eradicated from the island and phasmids be returned. Melbourne Zoo staff have been breeding these insects, and have over 600 adults. Lord Howe Island bush cockroach Panesthia lata Another endangered invertebrate now restricted to the offshore islets is the Lord Howe wood-eating cockroach Panesthia lata. This large 5cm long, black insect had been commonly reported by early scientific visitors on the forest floor of the main island. However, today it is not found on the main island at all due to predation by rats but is still surviving well on the offshore islets. Lord Howe Island bush cockroach Butterflies There are 16 species of butterflies recorded on Lord Howe Island, seen more often during summer months. Some are quite rare and may not be breeding on the island, due to lack of food plants growing here for larvae. Cicadas Lord Howe Island has one endemic cicada; a small black species that emerges during December and January. At night you can go into the forest and see the pupae climbing tree trunks, emerging as adults, spreading their wings to dry out, and fly off in the early morning. Lord Howe Island Cicada	Australia
Who is the fictional seafarer in Dudley Pope's novels?	Australian Volcanoes A biography of the Australian continent Australian Volcanoes The most recent volcanic eruption on the Australia mainland was about 4,000-5,000 years ago at Mt Gambier, in the Newer Volcanic Province, that covers about 15,000 km2 of Victoria and South Australia. In this area are about 400 small shield volcanoes, as well as explosive vents, that were active from the Tertiary to the Holocene. Mt Gambier in South Australia is Australia's most recently active volcano , having last erupted about 4,500 year ago. It is considered to be dormant, rather than extinct, so there is the potential for another eruption. Volcanic fields in Australia It is thought that eastern Australia has been passing over a hotspot as it drifted north, leading to a chain of volcanic activity from north to south. Basaltic lava flows are prominent along the Eastern Uplands, as well as some of the offshore islands. Lord Howe is one such island that has been interpreted as a shield volcano that has been eroded down to a remnant of its former mass. The lava layers in this remnant indicate that the deposition took place in at least 2 major phases of volcanic activity in the Late Miocene, about 6-7 Ma. Together with several seamounts, it has been suggested to be part of a chain of seamounts trending north-south for about 1000 km that were formed as the continental crust moved north across a hotspot at the rate of about 6 cm/year. Based on this suggestion it is expected that if a new volcano formed at the present it would be about 400 km along the chain to the south of Lord Howe Island (Twidale & Campbell, 2005). The northernmost seamount in this chain is Nova Bank, that has been dated to about 23 Ma. The volcanic provinces of Australia would be expected to display a similar consistent age distribution pattern to that of the seamounts, assuming the validity of the interpretation mentioned above, with the oldest in the north and the youngest in the south. The pattern has been found to be more complex than a simple continuum from north to south. 47-16 Ma Tasmania - south 33-28 Ma Queensland central coast 26-20 Ma Victoria - eastern 25-22 Ma Queensland - southeast 7-2 Ma Victoria - west & South Australia - southeast The youngest volcanic eruptions in Australia occurred in the district of Mt Gambier in southeastern South Australia, near the margin of the continent. About 5000 years ago Mt Gambier and Mt Schank erupted. Near Warrnambool in western Victoria, the Tower Hill Complex , displays evidence of very recent volcanic activity, as does the Nulla field , that was probably volcanically active about 13,000 years ago. There are also several plains and plateaux, such as the McBride Field, the Sturgeon Field and the Chudleigh Field, of Late Tertiary and Pleistocene age, where radiometric dates of about 5 Ma have been obtained. According to Twidale & Campbell, the pattern of age distribution of volcanic activity in Australia does not indicate activity associated only with the passage over hotspots, of which there are thought to be as many as 5, 3 on land and 2 offshore, though they could be regarded as centres of volcanic activity rather than hotspots. These possible hotspot tracks tend to trend NNE-SSW. The authors suggest tectonic regimes, imposed compressive (quiescent) and extensional (eruptive), can explain the discontinuous nature of the eruptive activity. There is also volcanic activity associated with the separation of Australia from Antarctica at the breakup of Gondwana , that is not connected to any activity associated with possible hot spots. Volcanic activity associated with separation of Mesozoic and Early Cainozoic age are present in some of the older eruptions in eastern Victoria and northern Tasmania. Volcanic activity in modern times is associated with the Indonesian arc in such places as Papua New Guinea and the adjacent islands, where it is linked to the subduction zone along the northern margin of the Australian Plate . Another problem with the eastern Australian provinces is that the lava chemistry varies, leading to more complications. There is disagreement about a number of proposals, such as whether hotspots or developing oceanic rifts are the cause of the volcanicity, or whether hot fluids and gases have invaded the lithosphere to form the magma chambers from which the eruptions subsequently took place. The lava flows have proven very useful for dating the landforms in their vicinity. In Australia there are also older volcanic rocks that are widely distributed in ancient depositional sequences interbedded with sedimentary rocks. They form important components of both the Yilgarn and Pilbara blocks. Several ranges in north Queensland, such as the Newcastle Range near Einasleigh is underlain by acid volcanics of Late Palaeozoic age, well-developed columnar joints indicating the volcanic nature of the country rock. In the Featherbed Range near Chillagoe, further to the north, there are sequences of bedded silicic volcanics that have been weathered differentially and eroded, resulting in ridge and valley forms. There are ancient puys or small domes in the landscape composed of viscous rhyolite. The Gawler Ranges in arid central South Australia, has one of the most extensive exposures of silicic volcanic rocks, dacite and rhyolite, dating from the Middle Proterozoic. The well-developed orthogonal and sheet fractures of the landscape are more typical of granitic than volcanic terraines. Drainage patterns of a region can be changed by volcanic eruptions, overprinting the pre-eruption landscape when lava domes replace the pre-existing landform, the drainage system being replaced by a drainage system that radiates from the peak of the lava dome. When lava domes are so large they cover a region they can be preserved as occurs on the western slopes of the Tweed Volcano, as well as on the Comboyne Plateau and the Ebor Volcano , both of which are in New South Wales. Lava tongues can have an effect on the local scale when a tongue flows down a valley dividing an existing stream into 2 separate streams that each run between the tongue and the bedrock slopes. When the lava is of an erosion-resistant nature it can eventually lead to a reversed landscape in which the rock surrounding the lava is eroded down below the level of the lava, which then becomes a ridge. To the northeast of Cobar in New South Wales is just such a formation, El Capitan, a basalt-capped ridge from the Miocene the stands 40 m above the surrounding plains.	i don't know
Which all-girl group had a hit with 'Sound Of The Underground' in 2003?	Girls Aloud Pictures, News, Gossip & Rumours - AskMen AskMen Messages You have no messages Notifications You have no notifications Girls Aloud Girls Aloud Girls Aloud was formed as part of the British reality TV show Popstars: The Rivals in 2002, and set records as the first all-girl group to debut at number one in the United Kingdom, and as the fastest group to hit number one after forming. Appeal Although critics might decry Girls Aloud's recent escapade into provocative fashions, there's no doubt that it has cranked up the girls' sexiness. With cleavage on display and midriffs exposed, the girls -- especially Kimberley, Cheryl and Sarah -- leave little to the imagination. Yet Girls Aloud's flesh display can only take their appeal so far. For example, Nicola, at 17, remains jailbait, while the emotional and intellectual immaturity of her compatriots might be a turnoff for some. The group is sexy, but for the most part no more so than the thousands of other twenty-something club-hopping hotties out there. Success Girls Aloud has certainly come a long way in a hurry. Auditioning for Popstars: The Rivals, each girl made the cut from over 10,000 hopefuls, and then managed to hang on as other contestants were voted off by the audience. Once together as a band, they beat out male rivals One True Voice in record time for the top spot on the UK singles chart in December 2002. This was unprecedented -- but whether it is simply the result of marketing hype remains to be seen. As you would expect, Girls Aloud are very popular in the UK. For instance, when Nadine celebrated her 18th birthday this May, she was mobbed by crowds of admirers in her hometown of Derry, Ireland. Right now Girls Aloud is a hit -- apparently, even with Princes William and Harry. But fame in England may not cross the Atlantic. On the other side of the pond, we have our own bevy of prefabricated pop crooners to contend with. Girls Aloud Biography Girls Aloud consists of Nadine Elizabeth Louise Coyle, Cheryl Ann Tweedy, Sarah Nicole Harding, Nicola Roberts, and Kimberley Jane Walsh. All five girls belong to large families from different parts of the British Isles. introducing: the girls Nadine was born June 15, 1985, in Derry, Northern Ireland, attended Thornhill College, and has two sisters. Cheryl was born June 30, 1983, in Newcastle, England. She went to Walker Comprehensive School and has three brothers and a sister. Sarah, born November 17, 1981, in Ascot, was schooled in Surrey and Manchester, and has one brother. A native of Stanford, Nicola was born on October 5, 1985, attended St. Chad's school in Runcorn, and has two brothers and one sister. Finally, Kimberley, born in Bradford on November 20, 1981, was raised and schooled there along with her brother and two sisters. The girls appear to have had traditional upbringings. Cheryl, Sarah, Nicola, and Kimberley all worked as waitresses or barmaids; Kimberley also had experience as a drama teacher. Only Nicola and Sarah have been members of other bands, although these were unsuccessful. But each girl dreamed of singing professionally. opportunity popped up In 2002, Popstars, a reality TV series format used around the world to recruit young pop singers, was gearing up for its second series on the United Kingdom's ITV1. In this incarnation, dubbed Popstars: The Rivals, two bands -- one of girls, one of boys -- would be formed by audience votes, and the two groups would battle each other for the top Christmas single for that year. When the new Popstars show was announced, Cheryl, Nadine, Sarah, Nicola, and Kimberley were among the 10,000 to audition. Judges cut that number to 120, then 30, and finally 20 -- after which the audience chose the winning five. On November 30, the boy band, One True Voice, and Girls Aloud were formed. On December 16, Girls Aloud released their single "Sound of the Underground/Stay Another Day." The single reached number one, selling 213,000 copies and setting records as the fastest debut to hit number one. the many sides of fame After their debut, the girls took time off to visit their families. They were back in early 2003 to record their first album, Sound of the Underground. Girls Aloud were scheduled to go on tour with One True Voice in March, but the tour was canceled due to poor ticket sales. Girls Aloud manager Louis Walsh blamed their counterparts. "Being associated with One True Voice was not doing them any favors," he said. Nevertheless, Girls Aloud began touring on their own later in the spring, and released a new single, "No Good Advice," as well as their album Sound of the Underground, in May. Both debuted at number two on the British charts. "Life Got Cold," a track from the album, will be released as a single in mid-August. But Girls Aloud's meteoric rise hasn't been without its difficult moments. On Christmas Day 2002, Girls Aloud's road manager John McMahon was killed when he crashed the Girls Aloud van into a telephone pole. Then, in January 2003, Cheryl allegedly assaulted 39-year-old toilet attendant and part-time law student, Sophie Amogbokpa, at a nightclub. Her case is still in court. Meanwhile, One True Voice accused the girls of faking their singing on Sound of the Underground, adding a sour note to their (admittedly staged) rivalry. Despite these setbacks, the girls are carrying on. Cheryl, for one, has found love in an unexpected place: with bandmate Kimberley's brother, Adam. "We just clicked," she confessed, "and everything's going great." Show comments	Girls Aloud
At which battle just north of London was the Earl of Warwick killed in 1471?	The 11 Best UK Girl Groups Of The Past 25 Years: From Spice Girls To Sugababes \| Idolator The 11 Best UK Girl Groups Of The Past 25 Years: From Spice Girls To Sugababes Sam Lansky \| October 17, 2012 - 5:30 am Share < br />this article: British boy bands are on the rise, with groups like One Direction and The Wanted making a monster impact on the US charts, but what about the ladies? Just as our neighbors across the pond have produced an inordinate share of the best boy band pop of the last few decades , so have they contributed some absolutely showstopping girl groups, from the iconically well-known ( Spice Girls ) to the relatively obscure — on these shores, at least (Atomic Kitten, anyone?). With Brits carving out a bigger space than ever in the US charts, we’re taking a look back at the finest girl groups that the UK has had to offer from the last 25 years, and the hits that make them still compulsively listenable. 11. Mis-Teeq: An urban girl group whose smartly produced R&B made them a chart sensation in the UK, Mis-Teeq had a minor US hit in 2004 with “Scandalous” (featured, memorably, in the critically reviled box office bomb Catwoman) before their label went bankrupt. But with seven consecutive Top 10 hits in the their home country and production from Stargate — who went on to create Rihanna ’s signature sound with songs like “What’s My Name?” — Mis-Teeq’s garage-inflected chart pop is remembered fondly. 10. BWitched: Best remembered in the US as a bubblegum pop novelty act for their 1998 hit “C’est La Vie,” the Irish (not British, but they were a hit there!) girl group BWitched only released two albums, which spawned four consecutive UK #1 singles. But, the members enjoyed unexpected career longevity in a handful of other ways: singer Edele Lynch wrote songs for Girls Aloud and Sugababes , and later re-teamed up with her sister Keavy to create the dance duo Barbarellas, who released an album in 2011. 9. Atomic Kitten: With a string of UK #1 hits, teen pop trio Atomic Kitten’s US impact was minimal. But when they were good, they were really good. Formed around the millennium in the midst of the post-Spice Girls girl group renaissance, Atomic Kitten went through a handful of line-up changes. However, their output remained consistent: their cover of Blondie ’s “The Tide Is High” went to #1 (and just missed the Top 40 in the US), as did the skittering mid-tempo single “Whole Again,” which is one of the sweetest, loveliest pop offerings from the early ’00s. 8. Eternal: The girl group who were largely considered the UK’s answer to the US R&B phenomena En Vogue and TLC , Eternal’s four studio albums earned them a string of radio smashes in their native UK, as well as the US Top 20 hit “Stay” back in 1993. Their smooth, sultry stylings made such an impression that Monica — then one of the hottest stars in the States — covered their single “Angel Of Mine” for her album The Boy Is Mine. 7. The Saturdays: Upon their debut in 2008, The Saturdays were initially perceived as an off-brand iteration of the UK’s reigning queens Girls Aloud, since — like Aloud — The Saturdays were a five-piece girl group who sang chic, club-ready dance-pop. But over the last half-decade, they’ve carved out a real niche as the originators of consistently high-quality radio pop that wasn’t quite as cluttered as Girl Aloud’s overstuffed style. Occasionally — like with their debut single “If This Is Love” — they’re even brilliant. A US launch reportedly in the works, meaning The Saturdays may be the newest girl group to storm American shores. 6. All Saints: The hipper, sulkier counterpart to the Spice Girls’ hyperactive euphoria, All Saints had a big late-’90s hit in the US with “Never Ever.” Alas, they were relegated to stateside one-hit-wonder status after their successive UK smashes failed to perform, even as their music got better and better. That said, the quartet’s 2006 LP Studio 1 is one of the sharpest, grimiest pop records of the last decade, and that spoken-word intro to “Never Ever” — which went to #1 in the UK and earned them a Brit Award — remains one of the best moments of ’90s girl group mania. 5. Bananarama: The girl group that dominated the ’80s and early ’90s with their ebullient dance-pop, Bananarama paved the way for acts like the Spice Girls to take the reins years later. Their songs like the much-covered global hit “Venus,” the iconic “Cruel Summer” and the US Top 10 hit “I Heard a Rumour” made them a household name. And although they’ve undergone line-up changes (and have since gone from trio to duo), they’re still on their grind: their 2009 album Viva was a mix of covers and original material, turning out the dance single “Love Comes,” and Bananarama just wrapped their first US tour in decades. 3 – 4. Sugababes/Mutya Keisha Siobhan: Originally created in 1998 as the brainchild of three teenage girls — Siobhan Donaghy , Mutya Buena and Keisha Buchanan — the Sugababes made an instant splash with their innovative hit “Overload.” Over the following decade, they went through so many Destiny’s Child -esque line-up changes that by 2010, the group no longer featured any of its original members (each having been replaced, over time, by Heidi Range, Amelle Berrabah and Jade Ewen, respectively). Sugababes were at their best in their second iteration (after Donaghy left and was replaced by Range), but the original girls have reunited under the name Mutya Keisha Siobhan (with tracks courtesy of Emeli Sande , no less). Both groups — the original ‘babes and their 2.0 version — deserve a space on this list for their sleek R&B-pop and effortlessly cool attitude. Sugababes 1.0/Mutya Keisha Siobhan: Sugababes 2.0 2. Girls Aloud: Founded on the inauspiciously titled Pop Stars: The Rivals TV show back in 2002, Girls Aloud became the most cutting-edge girl group in British history as a result of their risk-taking, inventiveness and close collaboration with the critically acclaimed production troupe Xenomania. (They’re also the Most Successful Reality TV Group in history, according to the Guinness World Records.) The quintet reunited this year for an upcoming greatest hits collection (the lead single from that compilation, “Something New,” dropped this week). The Cheryl Cole -featuring band’s impact can be heard in the current dance sound that dominates the charts on both sides of the pond, which Girls Aloud were doing even when R&B dominated the airwaves. Their sweet, retro single “The Promise” topped the UK chart and earned them their first Brit Award in 2009 for Best British Single. While they’ve never cracked the US, Girls Aloud also never bothered trying. Why would they? They’re a quintessentially British treasure. 1. Spice Girls: The Spice Girls are the best-selling girl group of all time, and the most successful British band since The Beatles — and their music remains some of the most searingly brilliant pop ever created. Like, ever. The global smash “Wannabe” remains their best-known hit (it did, after all, go to #1 in 30 countries), though it’s the group’s legacy that lives on, both via the Girl Power movement that’s cemented in the cultural consciousness, and the fact that they ushered in the teen-pop tsunami that dominated the late ’90s and early millennium. Spice Girls’ most memorable smashes like “Say You’ll Be There,” “2 Become 1″ and “Spice Up Your Life” are the stuff of pop legend. In the space of only three albums, they managed to inarguably redefine what pop meant to the world. Do you agree with the rankings our list of the Top 11 UK girl groups, or did we leave off your favorite? Let us know below, or by hitting us up on Facebook and Twitter !	i don't know
Three famous English composers died in 1934. Gustav Holst and Edward Elgar are two, name the third?	Elgar, Edward - E - Composers Composers The Specialists for Classical Music CDs \| Vinyl \| SACDs \| Blu-rays \| DVDs Elgar, Edward Elgar, Edward Sir Edward Elgar, 1st Baronet, OM, GCVO born 2nd June 1857 was an English composer. His first major orchestral work, Enigma Variations, was greeted with acclaim. He also composed oratorios, chamber music, symphonies and instrumental concertos. His compositions also include the Pomp and Circumstance Marches of which No. 1 is often sung to the words "Land of Hope and Glory", notably at The Last Night of the Proms. He was appointed Master of the King`s Musick in 1924. Edward William Elgar was born in the small village of Lower Broadheath outside Worcester, Worcestershire, to William Elgar, a piano tuner and music dealer, and his wife Ann. His delightful Salut d`Amour, one of his earliest successes, dates from 1889, when Elgar had just turned 30: this proved to be a year of great happiness for him, for at that time he married Caroline Alice Roberts - a lady who was to mean so much to him as man and musician. It is not too fanciful to hear, in this charming piece, a musical manifestation of his love for her. In the earlier part of Elgar`s career as a composer, he wrote several short pieces which became very popular indeed. Chanson de Matin is one such, the second of a pair (the other being Chanson de nuit), which carried his name far and wide before his larger orchestra works appeared. It was published in several versions at once: for string orchestra, for small orchestra, for violin and piano and so on - so it is almost impossible to say, with any degree of certainty, which was the original version. But Elgar himself was a good violinist, and it may well be that he would have played this tune through to himself on the violin, before adding a piano part and sending it off to his publishers for their consideration. In any event, it remains a beautiful theme of considerable character and style. If Elgar waited until he was 42 before his major breakthrough, his fame spread rapidly: so much so that by the outbreak of World War 1 he was arguably the most celebrated living British composer, whose reputation had been cemented by a succession of large scale choral and orchestral works. In a curious way, the War changed Elgar - as it touched all Europeans - as his public and private utterances became more sharply defined. During the War Elgar produced, on the one hand, a series of great patriotic works, and on the other, as the War came to its end, a series of three great chamber compositions: the Violin Sonata opus 82, the String Quartet opus 83 and the Piano Quintet opus 84. At the end of his life Elgar began work on an opera, The Spanish Lady, and accepted a commission from the BBC to compose a Third Symphony. His final illness prevented their completion. He died on 23 February 1934. Within four months, two more great English composers - Gustav Holst and Frederick Delius - were also dead.	Frederick Delius
In which game could you collect a 'Pung of East Winds'?	Sir Edward Elgar - Biography - WRR-FM Advertisement Sir Edward Elgar Edward William Elgar, 1st Baronet, OM, GCVO (2 June 1857 – 23 February 1934) was an English Romantic composer. Several of his first major orchestral works, including the Enigma Variations and the Pomp and Circumstance Marches, were greeted with acclaim. He also composed oratorios, chamber music, symphonies and instrumental concertos. He was knighted at Buckingham Palace on 5 July 1904 and appointed Master of the King's Music in 1924. Edward Elgar was born in the small village of Lower Broadheath outside Worcester to William Elgar, a piano tuner and music dealer, and his wife Anne (née Greening). He was the fourth of seven children. His mother, Anne, had converted to Catholicism shortly before Edward's birth, so Edward was baptised and brought up as a Roman Catholic. Elgar was an early riser, and would often turn to reading Voltaire, Drayton, historical classics, Longfellow and other works encouraged by his mother. By the age of eight, he was taking piano and violin lessons, and would often listen to his father playing organ at St. George's church, and soon took it up also. His prime interest, however, was the violin, and his first written music was for that instrument. Surrounded by sheet music, instruments, and music textbooks in his father's shop in Worcester's High Street, the young Elgar became self-taught in music theory. On warm summer days, he would take manuscripts into the countryside to study them (he was a passionate and adventurous early cyclist from the age of 5). Thus there began for him a strong association between music and nature. As he was later to say, "There is music in the air, music all around us, the world is full of it and you simply take as much as you require." At the age of 15, Elgar had hoped to go to Leipzig, Germany to study music, but lacking the funds, he instead left school and began working for a local solicitor. Around this time he made his first public appearances as a violinist and organist. After a few months, he left the solicitor and embarked on a musical career, giving piano and violin lessons, and working occasionally in his father's shop. Elgar was an active member of the Worcester Glee Club, along with his father, and he accompanied singers, played violin, composed and arranged works, and even conducted for the first time. At 22 he took up the post of bandmaster at the Worcester and County Lunatic Asylum in Powick, three miles south-west of Worcester, a progressive institution which believed in the recuperative powers of music. He composed here too; some of the pieces for the asylum orchestra (music in dance forms) were rediscovered and performed locally in 1996. In many ways, his years as a young Worcestershire violinist were his happiest. He played in the first violins at the Worcester and Birmingham Festivals, and one great experience was to play Antonín Dvořák's Symphony No. 6 and Stabat Mater under the composer's baton. As part of a wind quintet and for his musical friends, he arranged dozens of pieces by Mozart, Beethoven, Haydn, and other masters, honing his arranging and compositional skills, and applying them to his earliest pieces. Although somewhat solitary and introspective by nature, Elgar thrived in Worcester's musical circles. In his first trips abroad in 1880-2, Elgar visited Paris and Leipzig, attended concerts by first rate orchestras, and was exposed to Wagnerism, then the rage. Returning to his more provincial milieu increased his desire for a wider fame. He often went to London in an attempt to get his works published, but this period in his life found him frequently despondent and low on money. He wrote to a friend in April 1884, "My prospects are about as hopeless as ever...I am not wanting in energy I think, so sometimes I conclude that 'tis want of ability...I have no money--not a cent." At 29, through his teaching, he met (Caroline) Alice Roberts, daughter of the late Major-General Sir Henry Roberts and a published author of verse and prose fiction. Eight years older than Elgar, she became his wife three years later against the wishes of her family. Her faith in him and her courage in marrying 'beneath her class' were strongly supportive to his career. She dealt with his mood swings and was a generous musical critic. Alice was also his business manager and social secretary. She did her best to gain him the attention of influential society, though with limited success. In time he would learn to accept the honours given him, realizing that they mattered more to her and her social class. She also gave up some of her personal aspirations to further his career. In her diary she later admitted, "The care of a genius is enough of a life work for any woman." As an engagement present, Elgar presented her with the short violin and piano piece Salut d'amour. With Alice's encouragement, the Elgars moved to London to be closer to the centre of British musical life, and Edward started composing in earnest. The stay was unsuccessful, however, and they were obliged to return to Great Malvern, where Edward could earn a living teaching and conducting local musical ensembles. Though disappointed at the London episode, the return to the country proved better for Elgar's health and as a base of musical inspiration, bringing him closer to nature and to his friends. During the 1890s Elgar gradually built up a reputation as a composer, chiefly of works for the great choral festivals of the Midlands. The Black Knight and King Olaf (1896), both inspired by Longfellow, The Light of Life and Caractacus were all modestly successful and he obtained a long-standing publisher in Novello and Company. He also generously recommended the young composer Samuel Coleridge-Taylor to the Three Choirs Festival for a concert piece, which helped establish the younger man's career. Elgar was catching the eyes of the prominent critics, although their reviews were still lukewarm, and he was in demand as a festival composer, but he was just getting by financially and not feeling appreciated the way he wanted to be. In 1898, he continued to be "very sick at heart over music" and hoped to find a way to succeed with a larger work. His friend Jaeger tried to lift his spirits, "A day's attack of the blues...will not drive away your desire, your necessity, which is to exercise those creative faculties which a kind providence has given you. Your time of universal recognition will come." In 1899, that prediction suddenly came true. At the age of 42, Elgar's produced his first major orchestral work, the Enigma Variations, which was premièred in London under the baton of the eminent German conductor Hans Richter. In Elgar's own words, "I have sketched a set of Variations on an original theme. The Variations have amused me because I've labelled them with the nicknames of my particular friends...that is to say I've written the variations each one to represent the mood of the 'party' (the person)... and have written what I think they would have written--if they were asses enough to compose". Elgar dedicated the work "To my friends pictured within". The large-scale work was received with general acclaim, heralded for its originality, charm, and fine craftsmanship, and it established Elgar as the pre-eminent British composer of his generation. It is formally titled Variations on an Original Theme; the word "Enigma" appears over the first six measures of music, which led to the familiar version of the title. The enigma is that, although there are fourteen variations on the "original theme", the 'enigma' theme, which Elgar said 'runs through and over the whole set' is never heard. Many later commentators have observed that although Elgar is today regarded as a characteristically English composer, his orchestral music and this work in particular share much with the Central European tradition typified at the time by the work of Richard Strauss. Indeed, the Enigma Variations were well-received in Germany, and persist to this day as a world-wide concert favourite. The following year saw the production at the Birmingham Triennial Music Festival of his choral setting of Cardinal Newman's poem The Dream of Gerontius. Despite a disastrous first performance due to poorly-prepared performers, the German première was much better received and the work was established within a few years as one of Elgar's greatest. It is now regarded as one of the finest examples of English choral music from any era. Elgar is probably best known for the five Pomp and Circumstance Marches, composed between 1901 and 1930. Shortly after he composed the first march, Elgar set the trio melody to words by A. C. Benson as a Coronation Ode to mark the coronation of King Edward VII. The suggestion had already been made (allegedly by the future King himself) that words should be fitted to the broad tune which formed the trio section of this march. Against the advice of his friends, Elgar suggested that Benson furnish further words to allow him to include it in the new work. The result was Land of Hope and Glory, which formed the finale of the ode and was also issued (with slightly different words) as a separate song. The work was immensely popular and became a second national anthem. At last, he had made the leap from accomplished back-country musician to England's foremost composer. It also gained Elgar the highest recognition he could have dreamed of--honorary degrees, a knighthood, special royal audiences, and a triumphal three-day festival of his music at Covent Garden attended by the King and Queen. Between 1902 and 1914 Elgar enjoyed phenomenal success, made four visits to the USA including one conducting tour, and earned considerable fees from the performance of his music. Between 1905 and 1908 Elgar held the post of Professor of Music at the University of Birmingham. His lectures there caused controversy owing to remarks he made about other English composers and English music in general; he was quoted as saying "English music is white - it evades everything". The University of Birmingham's Special Collections contain an archive of letters written by Elgar. His new life as a celebrity was a mixed blessing as it often provoked ill-health from his high-strung nature and interrupted his privacy. He complained to Jaeger in 1903, "My life is one continual giving up of little things which I love." Elgar's Symphony No. 1 (1908) was given one hundred performances in its first year, the violin concerto (1910) was commissioned by the world-renowned violinist Fritz Kreisler, and in 1911, the year of the completion of his Symphony No. 2, he had the Order of Merit bestowed upon him. In 1912, he moved back to London, again to be closer to musical society but to the detriment of his love of the countryside and to his general mood. Elgar's musical legacy is primarily orchestral and choral, but he did write for soloists and smaller instrumental groups. His one work for brass band, The Severn Suite (later arranged by the composer for orchestra), remains an important part of the brass band repertoire. This work was dedicated to his friend George Bernard Shaw. It is occasionally performed in its arrangement by Sir Ivor Atkins for organ as the composer's second Organ Sonata; Elgar's first, much earlier (1895) Organ Sonata was written specifically for the instrument in a highly orchestral style, and remains a cornerstone of the English Romantic organ repertoire. During World War I his music began to fall out of fashion. The war was overturning his world and his time. He himself grew to hate his 'Pomp and Circumstance' March No.1 with its popular 'Land of Hope and Glory' tune, which he felt had been made into a jingoistic song, not in keeping with the tragic loss of life in the war. This was captured in the film Elgar by Ken Russell. After the death of his wife in 1920, loneliness and declining interest in his art fostered little in the way of new works of importance. Shortly before her death he composed the elegiac Cello Concerto, often described as his last masterpiece. Elgar lived in the village of Kempsey from 1923 to 1927, during which time he was made Master of the King's Musick. He was the first composer to make extensive recordings of his own compositions. HMV (His Master's Voice) recorded much of his music acoustically from 1914 onwards and then began a series of electrical recordings in 1926 that continued until 1933, including his "Enigma Variations," "Falstaff," the first and second symphonies, his cello and violin concertos, all of the "Pomp and Circumstance" marches, and other orchestral works. Part of a 1927 rehearsal of the second symphony with the London Symphony Orchestra was also recorded and later issued. Elgar's recordings of his violin concerto and the Enigma Variations have been reissued on CD by EMIIn November 1931, Elgar was filmed by Pathe for a newsreel depicting a recording session of Pomp and Circumstance March No. 1 at the opening of the famous Abbey Road Studios in London. It is believed to be the only surviving sound film of Elgar, who makes a brief remark before conducting the London Symphony Orchestra, asking the musicians to "play this like you've never played it before." Silent films of the composer have also survived.[citation needed] In the 1932 recording of the violin concerto, the ageing composer worked with the American violinist Yehudi Menuhin, who was then only 16 years old; they worked well together and Menuhin warmly recalled his association with the composer years later, when he performed the concerto with the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra. Menuhin later conducted an award-winning recording of Elgar's Cello Concerto with the cellist Julian Lloyd Webber and much of the major orchestral music. Elgar's recordings usually featured such orchestras as the London Symphony Orchestra, the Royal Albert Hall Orchestra (which reverted in 1928 to its earlier name, New Symphony Orchestra) and, in 1933, the newly-founded London Philharmonic Orchestra. Elgar's recordings were released on 78-rpm discs by both HMV and RCA Victor. In later years, EMI reissued the recordings on LP and CD. In his later years, Elgar befriended young conductors such as Adrian Boult and Malcolm Sargent who championed his music when it was out of fashion. At the end of his life Elgar began work on an opera, The Spanish Lady, and accepted a commission from the BBC to compose a Third Symphony. His final illness prevented their completion. He died on 23 February 1934 and is buried at St. Wulstan's Church in Little Malvern. Within four months, two more great English composers - Gustav Holst and Frederick Delius - were also dead. Works	i don't know
Which all-girl group had a hit with 'Manic Monday' in 1986?	Bangles - Manic Monday (original video) - YouTube Bangles - Manic Monday (original video) Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Mar 17, 2012 Category	Bangles
Which US state has Des Moines as its capital?	Girl Bands of the 80’s \| Totally Tubular 80's Girl Bands of the 80’s 25 Apr Prior to the 80’s there was plenty of female solo artists but only a few All Girl Groups that had hit songs, most of these were part of RnB sound of Motown featuring African-American women. Not until the “Runaways” of the late 70’s did an all girl band write, sing and play their own music make it to the top of the charts. The decades to follow made the “Girl Bands” a commodity but in the 80’s it was still rare for all female groups to have any commercial success. The Spice Girls, En Vogue, All Saints, Pussy Cat Dolls, Girlicious, Dixie Chicks, Be Good Tanyas, Destiny’s Child, Girls Aloud and Bikini Kill all owe some respect to their sisters from the 80’s. Bananarama The British trio consisting of life long childhood friends Siobhan Fahey and Keren Woodward met up with Sara D while studying fashion journalism together in 1979; recorded their first hit “Cruel Summer” on their 2nd album featured in the Karate Kid soundtrack in 1983. The bands original image British Tomboy Punk later gave way to a more sexually aggressive and slick image in 1986 for the hit song and video “Venus” as the music became more dance oriented. The girls biggest hit “I Heard A Rumour” 1987 was a full-blown glam dance video straight from Madonna with wardrobe and boy toy background dancers to match. Banarama appeared in the original Band Aid video “Do They Know Its Christmas” and Band Aid II in 1989. They continue today as a duo. Bangels Sisters, Debbie and Vicki Peterson were joined by Susanna Hoffs and Annette Zilinskas formed in Los Angeles in 1981 as “The Bangs” changing the name to “ The Bangles ” due to a legal issue. Zilinskas was replaced in 83 with Michael Steele from the “Runaways” The Bangels had numerous hits with the quirky “Walk Like an Egyptian” and “Going Down to Liverpool” as it featured Leonard Nimoy in the video. Manic Monday written by Prince was their 2nd best-selling single after “Eternal Flame”. Go Go’s The Go Go’s had a classic 80’s new wave pop sound that made music history as the first all women band to both write their own music and play instruments to a billboard #1 song. Fronted by Belinda Carlisle with Jane Wiedlin , Kathy Valentine , Gina Schock and Charlotte Caffey this early 80’s band had many hits that preceded the music video. The debut album “ Beauty and The Beat ” 1981 went double platinum selling more than 3 million copies. The band split in 1985 due to personality conflicts and creative differences but in reality it was due to the ongoing drug addiction of some of the band members mainly Belinda Carlisle that would not be openly discussed until 20 years later. All members of the group went on to successful solo careers and write for todays popular stars; Charlotte Caffey penned hits for Keith Urban and Gina Schock for Miley Cyrus and Selena Gomez. There have been many reunion tours over the years including a new one in 2011. Vanity 6 Susan, Vanity and Brenda. Vanity 6 The purple great one “Prince” said he created this trio in his own musical image as female. Denise Matthews, Susan Moonsie , and Brenda Bennett survived for only one album. Along the way Mathews a Canadian B movie actress took the stage name Vanity and Prince tarted the group up to perform in high heels and lingerie; lyrics of songs matched their appearance. Their second single release “Nasty Girl” was featured in “Beverly Hills Cop” and hollywood teen sex romp “Private School” 1983. Vanity and Prince appeared on the cover of Rolling Stone magazine in the same year. Vanity who was dating Prince at the time was staring opposite him in the film “Purple Rain” abruptly quit and ended the relationship when offered a solo record deal. Apollonia took over lead duties of the band and in the movie. The band was renamed Apollonia 6. The six is rumoured to be used as it represented the number of breasts in the band. Salt-n-Pepa 1985 saw the first all female rap group form and make hit records for the next 15 years. Cheryl James (“Salt”, now Cheryl Wray), Sandra Denton (“Pepa”), and Deidra “Dee Dee” Roper (Spinderella) were overtly sexual and controversial in their songs, ushering in a new era and genre of music for women. Salt n Pepa continue on today celebrating their 25th anniversary on Oprah. Expose Initially formed in Miami (1984) Expose released a 12 inch single to take advantage of the new radio format of House/Club/Dance mixes for major urban markets that evolved into “Freestyle”. The group was reformed in 86 with an entire new lineup of women Jeanette Jurado , Gioia Bruno and Ann Curless and signals the first commercial packaging of an all Female Group as they were selected by Miami Disc Jockey and Producer Lewis Martineé along with his partners at Pantera Productions. The group was the first to hold the record of 4 top 10 billboard hits from a debut album. They disbanded in 1995 after only 3 albums but with sales of 25 million records. Pointer Sisters Once again a Sister Act makes it big in the 80’s. The Pointers, Ruth, Anita, June and Bonnie began as a quartet in 1973 reaching commercial success in the 80’s as a trio recording 10 top 10 hits between 1979 and 1985; Bonnie left to pursue a solo career. With the advent of MTV the sisters were put into heavy video rotation with now classics “Im so Excited” “Jump” and “Neutron Dance” which was featured in Eddie Murphy’s movie hit “Beverley Hills Cop” Seduction Another very late 80’s girl group in the freestyle genre assembled as a studio project by Robert Clivillés and David Cole (C+C Fun Factory) for the dance club scene, had an unexpected hit and thus the group was put together with April Harris , Michelle Visage , and Idalis DeLeon . Sweet Sensation Sisters Margie and Mari Fernandez joined with Betty LeBron to form this all female Puerto Rican Freestyle Dance music group based out of New York in 1986. Mari was replace in 1989 with Sheila Vega and in 91 Margie & Sheila were replaced by 3 new members, Belle, Maya, & Jenae, making them a quartet. By 1992 the group disappeared. Their debut album Take It While It’s Hot 1989 spawned 5 hit singles Cover Girls Another New York based Freestyle Dance music trio formed by music promoter and dance club owner Sal Abbatiell that went through 8 performers from 87-96. ” Show Me” the debut album, 1987 released 5 singles, 2 became top 100 hits “Because of You” and “Promise Me” a 12 inch single named after the album. Klymaxx Started in 1981 this funk dance oriented group had a few hits that broke the top 100 on the charts, doing a bit better on the RnB charts. 1984 – 1987 saw the most activity with 3 albums and nine singles. By the end of the decade the group of six was a trio. Company B Company as a Trio And yet another Freestyle group from the late 80’s from the producer driven trend of all girl dance groups. Company B had a #1 hit on the Dance charts that crossed over to the pop chart making it to #21. They were able to hold it together long enough to record 4 albums with 6 singles released and 8 girls rotating through the band. They were known for platinum wigs. Vixen Formed in 1980, spending most of the decade as an opening act for Ozzy, Scorpion and Bon Jovi they got their shot when EMI signed them to a record deal in 1988 to get a piece of the pie from the growing commercial success of other all girl groups. Their self titled album was followed by one other in 1990. “Edge of a Broken Heart” is there only hit. What makes the band unique was Glam and Hard Rock has had only a handful of female bands over the past 30 years. Mary Jane Girls The protogees of “ Rick James ” this funk, disco and RnB group were to take on Prince and Vanity 6. They stuck around just long enough to record two albums that went gold in 83 and 85 with 8 songs that cracked the top 100 chart in either the dance or RnB list. “In My House” made it to #7 in the US and #1 on the dance chart.	i don't know
What is the name of the vertical bar dividing a window?	Window Part Terminology Window Part Terminology Woodworkers try to bring order to the vocabulary universe and define "muntin," "mullion," "bar," "rail," and related window and door terminology. March 26, 2010 Question I had a pleasant discussion with a friend the other day about the real meaning of the terms muntins, mullions, bars and rails. I have a good deal of respect for this individual's intellectual knowledge of woodworking, but am curious how others define these items. When I told him I thought I'd write this post he thought it was a great idea. He wanted to know if others agreed with his definitions. I've been one of those that will describe the divider bars in windows as "muntins or mullions or whatever!" For years I've also referred to the vertical dividers that separate side by side panels as "vertical stiles." I've always known that I was probably wrong in making these references but never put out any effort to become more accurate. So, here are my friend's definitions, in my words. Do you agree? Mullion: a vertical space separating two architectural units such as a stud pocket between an entry door and a sidelight. Not the divider bars between window panes. Rail: a horizontal component separating glass panes that goes between a pair of stiles just like the top, bottom and/or intermediate rails on a door. To be a rail, the part must cross the entire width of the opening in one unbroken piece. Bar: a component separating glass panes that goes either horizontally between a pair of stiles (another name for "rail") or vertically between a pair of rails in a door or window frame. In effect, if the part goes horizontally all the way across the opening it can be called a "rail" or a "bar," but if these primary unbroken components do the same thing vertically, then they are a "bar." Bar rail: totally unrelated to the above but clearly preferred by many at the end of a long hard day. Muntin: The shorter pane divider components that do not go all the way across the opening in one piece, but rather go only between the bars, rails or frame in short segments. Forum Responses I agree with your friend. From contributor T: If there's a bet riding on it, then you need an arbiter. In my opinion, that arbiter should be the AWI manual, since they set the standards for all specified jobs. Their definition of mullion: an upright or vertical member between panels. Similar to a cross rail in the way it is fit and machined. Bar: A rabbeted moulding which extends the total height or width of the glass opening in a door. Muntin: A short bar, either horizontal or vertical, extending from a full bar to a stile, rail, or another bar. From contributor J: From Steven Mouzon's "Traditional Construction Patterns": Muntin: 1) A door muntin is any framing member that does not extend entirely from top to bottom of the door or from stile to stile. Muntins are most commonly used to divide vertical panels. 2) A window muntin is any framing member that divides panes of glass. He defines several specific types of rails, all of them horizontal members that cross an entire door from stile to stile, and all of them surrounding panels (not glass). Mullion: A member that joins wall openings such as doors, windows or cased openings (i.e. the vertical casing that bridges the jambs of two windows set close together is a "casing mullion"). From contributor F: I don't know if I'm correct, but my understanding is: Stile - outside vertical frame member. Rail - outside horizontal frame member. Mullion - inside vertical member. Muntin - inside horizontal member. Bars - another description of muntins and mullions as a whole, i.e. barred (divided) glass as opposed to a single pane. From contributor D: I agree that while there are geographical differences in the terminology and applications, the diversity of definition arises mostly from the lack of continuity and formal education in our chosen profession. The shops I trained in were more than lax in linguistic accuracy, and "that thing" or "the stick" or "them sticks" sufficed for communication and de facto training. To ask for spelling or definitions would have caused such distrust as to seriously compromise one's ability to advance in such an environment. Our shop today relies more on drawings with dimensions than names, and mostly discriminates between verticals and horizontals. We use the verb "mulled" more for joining sidelight frames to door frames than we use the noun "mull" to describe same. And "rail" is always horizontal, and more massive than a muntin, and can divide glass panels, glass from wood panels, or wood from wood panels. I carry a short piece of coped and stuck muntin bar to all the machinery shows - have for years. When a salesman approaches, I show the part, and ask how we can make the cope cut after the sides are profiled. He usually tapers off quickly and moves on to more likely prospects, but not after I try to get him to name the part. The regional names abound, and indeed, most people don't even know what they are looking at. From contributor U: Good question. I�ve always followed Cecil Hewett�s definitions, although if you learn one thing in this trade it�s that nothing should be considered definitive! �Astragel� is another term that can mean different things to different people. But on this specific issue, Hewett defines: Mullion � Vertical components of windows, placed in the void. Muntin � Vertical members of paneled areas; the term may derive from mountants. The generally accepted use of "mullion" describes the vertical section that separates the two voids (the space before the windows are fitted) where two casements are placed side by side, or say, the vertical section(s) that separate the three parts of a combination sash (sometimes called a Venetian sash, although that can itself differ in detail) which will comprise part of the single window. Originally, of course, a mullion was the vertical post in what was originally just an unglazed opening in the wall to let in light, so the term pre-dates glass and windows as we think of them. Although I�ve heard "muntin" used in the way you describe (and I�m talking about the UK here), to me it�s always been the vertical bit between panels in, say, a cross-passage screen (referred to as panel and muntin), or wall paneling around a room (wainscoting). Jackson & Day in the glossary of their �Period Homes� book say: Muntin - A vertical member between panels (e.g. of a door or wall paneling). Or another term for glazing bar (US). Mullion � A vertical member separating two windows. As for �bar� and �rail�, take your pick. I always have to ask the person I�m talking to if we�re referring to the same thing, just to make sure. My understanding of it is that a rail runs horizontally, a bar vertically, as in railway tracks and prison bars, which is how it was first described to me. Then in half-timbered houses you have posts and beams, which were explained to me as fence posts are fixed vertically and a torch beam shines horizontally. From contributor J: On a less erudite level, I once worked for a guy who called the dividers between panes of glass "mutton bars," which made me think he was describing a fence to restrain sheep, or perhaps a drying rack for lamb jerky... From contributor U: Oh, and that reference to "astragels" should really also have included the fact that not only does the term mean different things to different people, it can also be spelled differently - either with a soft G as "astragel" or with a hard G as "astragal." And just to confuse it further, some UPVC guys use the term "astrical" bars to describe the stuck on duplex bars on double-glazed units. From contributor P: As defined in "Modern Carpentry", by Willis H. Wagner, first published in 1969: Mullion: "A slender bar or pier forming a division between units of windows, screens, or similar frames - generally nonstructural." Rail: "Cross or horizontal members of the framework of a sash, door, blind or other assembly." Stile: "The upright or vertical outside pieces of a sash, door, blind or screen." Bar: Not defined in the glossary of terms. But "sashbars" are mentioned in the muntin definition below. Bar rail: Something to lean on when having a beer. Muntin: 1. "Vertical member between two panels of the same piece of panel work." 2. "The vertical and horizontal sashbars separating the different panes of glass in a window." Click here for higher quality, full size image From contributor U: That's got us in a bit deeper! The drawings make things simpler to refer to - many thanks. Your sash bars are (almost) universally referred to over here as "glazing bars" and defined further as either vertical or horizontal, which makes for an easier life. The "lock rail" is, again almost universally, referred to as the "meeting rail." As for door terminology, one term that is long gone is the "harr durn," or just "harr," which is the door stile to which the hinge is attached. Bringing it all together, Hewett, talking about Tolleshunt D'Arcy church in Essex (p205), "where flat planks were contrasted with the moulded v-sectioned muntins and edge framing. The highly contoured plank surfaces from Fobbing church were designed to produce an interesting surface that did not require the addition of any further items, such as muntins; and it was from this type that the more restrained 'creased' doors of the Elizabethan period were evolved." ... "The iron hinges on the Fobbing door are of an earlier date and were designed for a flat surface, and the vertically moulded type of door gave rise to a change in hinging, the ironwork being redesigned so as to fasten to the rear face of the harr durn." Incidentally, one of the best books for UK (and I guess, to a great extent, the US) architectural woodworking field is "Care & Repair of Period Houses" by Albert Jackson & David Day, published by Collins. It's a hardback and probably one of the best books for anyone working on older buildings. Well worth the minor investment. From Gary Katz, forum technical advisor: What a great conversation. I've always agreed with the mullion as back-to-back jambs or trim on those jambs; and muntins just as they've been described - separating TDL glass (now they just install muntin grids). But I've never seen "field" stiles in wainscoting referred to as muntins. That would mean any stile on a cabinet face frame, which doesn't run from top to bottom on the frame, would also be a muntin? That's a little strange for me. From Gary Katz, forum technical advisor: But I like it! How else do you describe those short stiles? From contributor P: Well, I mislabeled the "meeting rail/check rail" on the double hung sash. It is not called a lock rail here. So I've corrected the drawing. Thank you for your insights into the history of some of the other things. From Gary Katz, forum technical advisor: What program did you do that drawing in? Is that Sketchup? What's that font? It's great. From contributor P: The program is indeed Sketchup, and the font is "Handsf Single" a truetype font. From contributor I: We produce a moulding that would most likely be described as a "mullion"; it is typically 1 1/4" wide X 3/8" thick with a 1/4" rad on both edges. This piece is used to trim between a front entrance door and a sidelight. Many in our area refer to this moulding as a "burlap"; have you heard of this term? From contributor U: Another fascinating insight into the vagaries of terminology. To me "burlap" has always meant a coarse woven cloth. I wonder what the roots of the word are as used in your area? The only other cloth-related term I can think of is "linenfold," which is virtually self-explanatory when you look at it. But burlap? There's bur-walnut and bur-elm, describing the wavy-knotted cross-section of such woods, which when highly polished, gives that beautifully textured surface on cabinets... From the original questioner: "Burlap" is a new one on me. I always called that a "mull strip." From Gary Katz, forum technical advisor: Mull casing. Mull cover. From contributor E: One little refinement to the Sketchup. I was taught to call the bottom rail of double hung sash a sill rail. From contributor Y: I have always known the top and bottom rails of a door as the "head rail" and "kick rail." From contributor W:	Mullion
In Greek mythology who was the 'Muse of Music'?	Glossary of Window and Door Terminology \| Marvin Family of Brands The aluminum frame around a screen or energy panel. Apron A piece of casing or decorative trim installed against the wall immediately beneath the stool of a window. Argon Gas A colorless and odorless gas used to fill the airspace between insulating Low E glass. The addition of argon greatly increases the insulating performance of the Low E glass. Assembly Single units mulled together. Astragal A moulding applied to one stile of a French Door, Sliding French Door or French Casement window unit which the other door panel or window sash strikes. Usually head and footbolt devices will be found on the astragal side. Authentic Divided Lites (ADL) Also known as True Divided Lite. Permanent stationary muntins and bars separate the glass in a window or door sash to give the sash two or more lites of glass. Awning Window Unit A combination of frame and sash, hinged at the top of the vertical jambs which allows the unit to pivot from the top with the sash opening to the exterior of the building. Balances A block and tackle system used in the jamb liner of double hung or single hung units. Bars A narrow rabbeted, horizontal or vertical sash or door member in an authentic divided lite unit, extending from rail to rail or stile to stile along the total length or width of the glass opening. Bay Windows A series of windows installed in a bay which is two flanker units and a center sash; a bay may be an arc or a polygon; when a bay is or closely approaches an arc, the window is termed a bow. See Bow Windows. Blindstop The frame member on a double hung window located between the jambs and the casing. The blindstop forms a rabbet that supports either a storm sash or screen. Bow Windows A series of adjoining window units, installed on a radius. Brick Mould Casing BMC An exterior moulding of window and door frames that abuts the exterior facing material of the structure. The casing serves as the boundary moulding for brick or other siding material and also helps to form a rabbet for screens and/or storm sash or a combination door. Cam Lock A lever operated lock which is used to prevent intrusion through the sash. Cam locks and keepers were installed on the jambs and stiles of older Casemasters and awnings. Cam Pivot A zinc pivot pin attached to the top and bottom sash stiles of double hung units (bottom sash on single hung units). Cam pivots rest on the clutch system of the balance tube assembly which allow opening and closing of the sash. Capillary Tubes A tube inserted into the insulating glass spacer that allows the inside and outside air pressure to equalize in higher elevations. Casemaster A Marvin Window trade name used in the past for their casement window. Casement Window A combination of frame, sash, weather-strip, concealed hinges and operating device assembled as a complete and properly operating unit. Casements have a flat sill and a sub-sill; screens and/or energy panels are optional. Operating casements have a crank handle for smooth operation. Clad Brick Mould Casing (BMC) A clad extrusion designed to simulate brick mould casing for Marvin clad products. Cladding Marvin clad products refer to wood window and door parts which are covered with an extruded permanent colored aluminum jacket on the exterior side of the frame and sash. Clutch The plastic and metal assembly on which the cam pivots of a double hung or single hung sash rest. The clutch is attached to the block and tackle system of the balance tubes which allow opening and closing of the sash. The clutches are color coded for easy identification of balance strength. Combination Door A wood framed assembly containing an interchangeable storm panel and screen. The unit is installed on the exterior of the door, and is available for wood Inswing and Ultimate Inswing French doors. Combination Storm A wood or aluminum storm sash with self-storing screen and operating glass panels. Available for double hungs, gliders and wood swinging doors, these panels are removable. Combination Window A wood or clad wood frame storm sash with self-storing screen. Bottom glass panels such as those installed on a double hung unit operate by moving the plungers in and sliding the glass panel up to the desired position. Side glass panels such as those installed on gliders slide to the left or right to the desired position. All inserts are removable from the inside. Cottage Window A window with unequal sash, top and bottom. Daylight Opening (DLO) The width and the height of the visible glass. Depth of the Jamb The point where the exterior casing ends to the point where the interior casing begins. On clad units, the point from the backside of the nailing fin to the interior of the frame. Direct Glaze Refers to a window with no sash. The glass is glazed directly into the frame and is stationary. Divided Lites Division of light by the use of muntin bars. Muntins: The actual bars that create a pattern in the window. Authentic Divided Lites (ADLs): Single or insulating glass, individually glazed between the muntin bars. Simulated Divided Lites (SDLs): Muntins permanently adhered to the interior and exterior of the glass. Grilles: Wood Muntins fastened to the interior of the sash to create the effect of divided lites, removable for easy glass cleaning. Spacer Bar: Tiny aluminum bars inserted between SDL muntins to emulate ADL. Grilles Between Glass (GBG's): Aluminum flat or contour bars divide the glass visually. Because the grille is between the glass, grilles do not become misplaced or damaged. Cleaning is easy without small panes of individual lites. More about divided lites. Double Hung Double hung windows have two movable sash which operate vertically. Double hung sash are held in an open position with the use of coil spring block and tackle balancing devices. Double Hung Tilt Pac A specially designed, made-to-order, package which includes everything needed to replace double hung sash and hardware in an existing frame without changing the frame. This product has the same tilt feature as the Marvin double hung. Drip Cap A formed aluminum or vinyl piece which is installed at the top of windows and doors that allows water to run off the casing of the unit instead of seeping around the casing and into the unit. Electric Operator An electrically operated device which will open casements or awnings units by using a switch. This is used in lieu of a roto gear crank or pole crank. Energy Panel (EP) Formerly called an RDG - removable double glazing, is a piece of glass annealed or tempered, and finished on the edges by a surround. EPs are applied to windows or doors and rest on the glazing stop. EPs offer the homeowner added energy efficiency. Escutcheon A decorative door handle plate attached to the stile directly behind the handle(s). Generally square or rectangular shaped. Espagnolette Tilt-Turn hardware which houses the gear mechanism for the Tilt-Turn, inswinging casement and hopper handles. Extrusion An article or product of vinyl or metal-made by the process of extruding. Extrusions include vinyl sill and head jamb tracks, vinyl jamb liners and aluminum cladding used on the exterior of clad units. Field Measurement Guide A form that is filled out prior to ordering the Clad Magnum Double Hung Replacement System with Panning to ensure the correct sized unit is assembled at the factory. Finger-Joint A series of fingers machined into the ends of two pieces of lumber to be joined together. They are then held firmly in position by adhesive. Finger jointed wood is very strong and has a lesser chance of warping than does a clear piece of wood the same length. Flanker A former term used to describe a side or lateral part. Also previously used to describe a 3-wide picture unit or bay. See two-wide entry. Flat Casing Flat, surfaced on four sides, pieces of pine of various widths and thicknesses for trimming door and window openings. The casing serves as the boundary moulding for siding material and also helps to form a rabbet for screens and/or storm sash or combination doors. Footbolt A locking rod device installed vertically in the stile or astragal of a door or screen which when activated secures the panel or screen in a stationary position. Frame The stationary portion of a window that encloses either the glass (direct glaze) or the sash (operating or stationary) and consists of the head jamb (top), sill (bottom), sub-sill, side jambs, jamb extension, brick mould or flat casing, and blindstop. Frame Expander A flat aluminum extrusion used in conjunction with the 90 degree frame expander to provide a flat casing appearance for clad units. French Casement A casement styled unit with two sash in one frame providing a sense of openness unrestricted by a vertical mullion or stiles when both sash are open. French Door Marvin French Doors are available in either inswinging or outswinging rectangular or arch top style choices. Friction Limiter A device used on a Magnum Tilt-Turn to provide friction to the sash when in the swing position. Glass Size (GS) The measurement of the actual glass, not the visible glass. Glazing Installing glass into windows and doors. SINGLE GLASS: Glazing with a single piece of glass. INSULATING GLASS: two panes of glass separated by a spacer and hermetically sealed together with dead air space between the panes. Glazing Bead Strips of profiled wood or vinyl used to hold the glass in position in the sash. Wood glazing bead is attached to the rails and stiles of the sash using staples, small nails or vinyl barbs. A vinyl bead is held in place by extruded barbs positioned in the kerf. Aluminum caps may be used over the vinyl bead in some cases. Glazing Tape A two sided adhesive tape placed between the glass rabbet and the glass and/or the glazing bead and glass of some unit types. Glider Horizontal operating units which have one sash fixed while the other glides open and shut horizontally. Grilles Removable wood dividers made to simulate authentic divided lites. Grilles are often rectangular or diamond shaped and are easily removed for cleaning purposes. Grilles can be purchased for nearly all Marvin products. Handing A term used to describe the right or left hand operation of a window or door. Head Jamb The top member of a frame. Headbolt A locking rod device installed vertically in the stile or astragal of a door or screen which when activated secures the door in a stationary position. Historical A term used to define a window or door product meeting the requirements of historical renovation standards. Inactive Panel See Glazing. Inswing French Door A French door with panels that swing to the inside. One, two, three and four panel units available as stationary or operating. Inswinging Casement A non-tilting version of the Magnum Tilt-Turn. Interior Casing The casing trim used on the interior perimeter of the window or door. Generally supplied by others except in the case of round top casing which is factory supplied. Jamb Extension A jamb-like member, usually surfaced on four sides, which increases or extends the depth of the exterior or interior window or door frame; jamb extensions imply a larger depth than "wood jamb liners." Jamb Liner Thin strips of wood attached to the head jamb, side jambs and sill to accommodate various wall thicknesses. Common jamb depths are: 4 9/16", 4 13/16", 5 1/16" and 5 3/16". Keyed Cylinder Lock A lock providing an exterior entry and locking convenience. Krypton Gas Inert gas known for its ability to provide insulating properties in a small air space. Laminated Glass Glass composed of two sheets of glass fused together with a sheet of transparent plastic between the sheets. When broken laminated glass will generally not leave the opening. Laminating A method of gluing strips of thin clear wood to the lengthwise surfaces of finger jointed material to provide the appearance of clear stock. Lever Lock A lever handle and lever arm operator available as an option on awning units. Lockset A complete door lock system comprised of the lock mechanism together with knobs, keys, plates, strikes and other accessories. Low E Glass Low E stands for low emissivity. The lower the emissivity the higher the percentage of long-wave radiation blocked thereby improving thermal performance. Low E glass is coated with a thin microscopic, virtually invisible, metal or metallic oxide layer. The primary function is to reduce the U-value by suppressing radiative heat flow. A secondary feature is the blocking of short wave radiation to impede heat gain. There are two basic types of Low E glass. The first, vacuum or sputter coated Low E, is referred to as soft-coat (See Low E II definition). The second is pyrolytic Low E, commonly referred to as hard-coat. (See pyrolytic definition.) Low E II Glass A high performance Low E glass, providing the best winter U-value and warmest center glass. It offers significant improvement in reducing solar heat gain coefficient values, providing customers one of the coolest summer glass temperatures of all Low E products. Additionally, ultraviolet light transmission is greatly reduced. The Low E II coated glass products are specifically designed for insulating glass units normally as a second surface coating. See Low E and pyrolitic definitions. Magnum A Marvin trade name for heavily constructed window products which are designed for applications where a heavy duty product is necessary. Magnum Double Hung A heavy duty double hung product made with larger than standard parts. The larger sash parts will accommodate larger glass sizes. Magnum Hopper A heavy duty window designed to tilt into the room for ventilation purposes. Magnum Tilt-Turn A heavy duty window. The Magnum Tilt-Turn has hardware which allows the sash to either be tilted into the room for ventilation or swing into the room for egress or cleaning. Masonry Opening A brick, stone or block opening into which a window or door unit is installed including the outside casing. Mortise and Tenoning The system by which Marvin assembles authentic divided lite units, a projecting tenon on either the muntins or bars fit snugly into a mortise in either a bar, stile or rail. Mulling The act of attaching two or more window or door units together. The joint is then finished with a mullion center cap or mull trim. Mullion The vertical member of a sash, window or door frame between openings in a multiple opening frame. SPACE MULL: Two or more units mulled together with a space left between the units. The jamb extension surrounds the entire unit. STUD POCKET: Two or more units mulled together with a space between the units. The jamb extension surrounds each unit separately, providing space for a support member between the units. Mullion Cover A clad cover for space mull usage on the Clad Magnum Double Hung Replacement System with Panning. It covers a range from 3' minimum to 10' maximum. Mullion Expander An aluminum extrusion designed specifically for the Clad Magnum Double Hung Replacement System with Panning to allow the existing panning to be expanded to a wider width to accommodate a larger rough opening. Mullion Reinforcement The 3/8" mullion reinforcement is designed to be used on wood or clad multiple casement, awning and direct glaze assemblies to improve structural performance. Multi-Lock Hardware An adjustable lock system used on the French Casement to ensure a tight seal of the sash frame components. It also provides a secure locking system. Multi-Point Locking System A line of standard or optional multiple point locking mechanisms installed on the operative panel(s)/ sash of various Marvin products to enhance security and performance. Muntins (or "munt") A short "bar," horizontal or vertical, extending from a bar to a stile or rail or another bar. Nailing Fin A factory installed vinyl strip that is inserted into a kerf in the frame of clad units. Nailing fin installation is the standard method used for installing clad units. Non-Keyed Cylinder A handle without a keyed cylinder. The door cannot be locked from the exterior. Obscure Glass Glass formed by running molten glass through special rollers. These rollers have a pattern on them causing the glass to become patterned and thus obscure. One-Wide (1W) The current term used to describe one frame with single or multiple sash or panels. Operation Our drawings always illustrate the window sash or door panels as if you are looking at it from the exterior. X means operating, O means stationary. Operator An operating sash, panel or unit. OSM Outside Measurement. Outswing French Door A French door with panels that swing to the outside. One, two, three, or four panel units available as stationary or operating. OX The letters OX or XO identify the operation of window or door units as viewed from the exterior. The letter O stands for stationary while the letter X stands for operating. Panel Either the stationary or operator wood frame with glass used on Marvin door products. Panning A term used to describe the aluminum covering extrusion components (i.e. jambs, sill and head jamb) used for the Clad Magnum Double Hung Replacement System with Panning. Part Stop A strip of wood with weather-stripping attached which prevents air and water infiltration. Part stops are commonly found at the head jamb of a double hung unit. Pitch A term used to describe the angle of a roof. For example: A 4-12 pitch indicates that the roof rises 4" vertically for each 12" horizontally. Plinth Block A decorative wood block placed between the vertical casing and the top casing of a unit to provide an elegant interior casing profile. Pole Crank An aluminum extension pole used to open or close roof windows or awnings which would be inaccessible because of their height. Polygon A high level term used to describe triangles, trapezoids, pentagons, hexagons and octagons. Prime The first coat of paint in an application that consists of two or more coats; also refers to the paint used for such an initial coat - primer. Pultrusion Lineal profiles of constant cross section manufactured by combining plastic resin and continuous glass fiber reinforcement. These thermally insulating and structural components are ideally suited for applications where strength, thermal stability and weather resistance are required, such as in patio door frames and commercial windows. Pyrolytic Low E Glass (Hardcoat) Pyrolytic Low-E is designed to be used either in non-insulating applications such as energy panels that have exposed surfaces or for insulating glass applications. In some northern climatic situations where an application or customer requires increased solar heat gain, over Low E II performance, this is a desirable option. This increased solar heat gain which is desirable in winter may increase summer energy costs if the home is air conditioned. The pyrolytic coating is typically applied to the second surface, but can be applied to the third surface to provide increased solar heat gain. R-Value The resistance a material has to heat flow. Higher numbers indicate greater insulating capabilities. Rabbet A groove along or near the edge of a piece of wood. Radius The length of an imaginary line from the center point of a circle to the arc or circumference of a circle. Rails The cross or horizontal members of the framework of a sash, door or other panel assembly. Relief Kerf Kerfs machined into the frame parts of a unit. Relief kerfs inhibit warping. Retro-Sizing Refers to units which are sized for replacement purposes. Rolled Aluminum A term used to describe aluminum profiles for screen and energy panel surrounds which are fabricated by the use of a roller or series of rollers to produce a desired profile. All other Marvin profiles are fashioned by the extrusion method. Roller Cams The adjustable roller devices of the Multi-Lock hardware installed on the sash of the French Casement unit. When adjusted properly with an Allen wrench, they ensure a tight seal between the sash and frame members. Rose A circular cover plate attached to the stile directly behind a knob or door handle. May be plain or have a decorative design embossed into the cover. Roto-Gear A term used to describe the steel drive worm, gears and crank device used for opening awnings and casements. Rough Opening The opening in the wall where a window or door unit is to be installed. Openings are larger than the size of the unit to allow room for insulation and to shim the unit square. Round Top Generally a semicircle window which is mulled to the top of another window or door, thus forming the round top appearance. There are full round tops, separated round tops, ellipticals, transoms, inverted corners, ovals and Gothic heads, etc. Round tops can be used separately or combined with other units to create a seemingly endless selection. Round Top Tilt-Turn A round top sash version of a Magnum Tilt--Turn unit. Sash The operating and/or stationary portion of the window unit that is separate from the frame. The sash consists of the following parts: STILES: Vertical sash members. RAILS: Horizontal sash members. CHECK RAILS: Horizontal sash members that meet, as in double hung units. These could also be vertical check stiles, as in the glider or patio door. BARS: Divisional members extending from rail to rail or from stile to stile in an authentic divided lite unit. MUNTINS: Divisional members extending from a bar to a rail or stile or another bar. Sash Limiter An optional metal device which attaches to a casement sill and bottom rail which limits the sash to a specified opening -5, 10, 15 or 20 degrees. Sash Lock A locking device which holds a window shut, such as a lock at the check rails of a double hung unit. Larger units utilize two locks. Sash Opening (SO) The opening between wood frame members for both height and width (disregarding any jamb hardware tracks). This measurement is used predominantly when measuring an opening for the Double Hung Tilt Pac. Sash Retainer Plate A nylon retainer plate used on double hung and Magnum Double Hung sash to secure the bottom sash. Sash Width Horizontal measurement across the face of a sash. Screen OM (outside measurement) The width and the height of a screen including wood or metal surrounds. Screens A close-mesh woven screen material of metal or fiberglass attached to an aluminum or wood surround. Screens inhibit entry of insects, yet permit light, air and vision. Most Marvin window and door products utilize full screens. Half-screens are available for single hung units. Sequential Locking System An exclusive Marvin design used on casements for locking the sash to the frame. The action is sequential where the lower lock activates first moving the sash to the weatherstrip; the top then engages to snug the sash to the frame. Side Jamb The side (vertical) member of a frame. Sidelite A stationary glass panel mulled to or installed next to a door. Sill The horizontal member forming the bottom of a window or exterior door frame; the lowest member of the frame of a structure, resting on the foundation and supporting the frame. Sill-Horn The extension of the lip of a window sill to the outside edge of the casing. Single Hung A window very similar to a double hung window, except that the top sash is stationary or non-operable. Sliding French Door A sliding door utilizing French door style panels. Slope The measure of the tilt of a line; rise over run. Snubber An interlocking metal bracket attached at the center of the hinge side of a casement sash and frame with a call number height of 40" or more and both sides of an Awning sash and frame with a call number height of 48" or more. It pulls the sash tightly against the frame weather-strip to maximize performance. Spacer Used to separate the two pieces of glass in an insulating glass panel. Square Foot For measuring the area of a unit. RO width (in inches) x RO height (in inches) divided by 144 equals the area in square feet of a unit. Stabilizer Arm An optional piece of hardware for the Tilt-Turn window which is attached to the header and top rail corner drive on the handle side to limit the travel of the sash when operated in the tilt mode. It is automatically disengaged when the sash is swung in the turn mode. Starburst A semi-elliptical area, the lower center is the point where the dividing spokes meet and radiate outward. May be constructed of glazed sash, removable grilles, ADL or SDL. Stationary A non-operating sash, panel or unit. Stationary Sash Bracket A 90 degree L bracket used to secure stationary casement and awning sash to the frame. The sash can be removed for replacement by removing the wood stops and bracket screws. Stiles The upright or vertical perimeter pieces of a sash, panel or screen. Stool A horizontal trim member that laps the window sill above the apron and extends beyond the interior casing. See apron entry. Storm Sash A wood framed assembly containing non-removable glass. The storm sash is removed during the summer and replaced with a wood framed screen. Structural Masonry Brackets An installation bracket used with multiple high/wide window units or large doors for added structural support. The brackets are also used to attach the unit in the rough opening in lieu of nailing through the casing, thus eliminating unsightly nail holes. Sub-Sill The supplemental member of a frame used under most awning and casement units as an additional sill with the primary purpose being to hold multiple units together at the sill. Sunburst A semi-elliptical area, the lower center of which contains a sun-like figure with sun rays radiating therefrom. May be constructed of glazed sash, removable grilles, ADL or SDL. Surround An attractive, protective trim which is secured to an energy panel by an adhesive or vinyl barb to give the glass panel a safe finished edge. Also the aluminum framework for most standard screens. Tempered Glass Float glass panels heated and then cooled rapidly in a controlled environment. This process makes the glass several times stronger than regular glass. It also makes it safer because when broken it yields small pebble-like fragments. Template A pattern of a window unit from which dimensions and measurements can be determined. Round Tops require templates for replacement units. Three-Wide (3W) Current term referring to any product or unit when three frames (i.e. separate jambs) are mulled together as a multiple unit. Tilt-Pac A specially designed made-to-order package which includes everything needed to replace double hung sash and hardware in an existing frame without changing the frame. This product has the same tilt feature as the Marvin double hung. Transom A window above a window or door. Transoms can be either stationary or operating. Trimline A wood or clad patio door having two or three glass panels; one panel operates. Formerly known as a Wood Retro (WR) or Clad Retro (CR) door. The door features a multi-point locking system. Turn Button A vinyl or aluminum button and screw. Buttons are used to secure wood combinations, storm sash and wood screens to the exterior casing or energy panels to the sash or door panel. Two-Wide (2W) Current term referring to any product or unit when two frames (i.e. separate jambs) are mulled together as a multiple unit. U-Factor A measure of total heat flow through a window or door barrier from room air to outside air. Lower numbers indicate greater insulating capabilities. Ultrex® A pultruded composite material made of polyester resin and glass fibers. This superior material is now being used in many Marvin products. Unit One single product such as a one wide casement. Vinyl Glazing Bead A vinyl extrusion used on clad units which serves the same purpose as a wood glazing bead for wood units. Weather-Stripping A strip of resilient material designed to seal the sash and frame members in order to reduce air and water infiltration. Wire Glass Glass with wire embedded into the glass when the glass is still in a molten state. This prevents the glass from falling out of the sash if it should break. XO The letters OX or XO identify the operation of window or door units as viewed from the exterior. The letter O stands for stationary while the letter X stands for operating. Why Choose Us	i don't know
Who is the fictional naval Captain, hero of Alexander Kent's novels?	The Inshore Squadron: Naval Fiction (Richard Bolitho): Amazon.co.uk: Alexander Kent: 9780099497653: Books By Grampar on 27 Jun. 2012 Format: Kindle Edition Verified Purchase Alexander Kent i.e. Douglas Reeman, does it again. I think I have about every book in the Bolitho series and like all the others it is a cracker. It is just as well I am an insomniac as it is almost impossible to put it down. Just as well it is a Kindle edition and not a hardback or my arthritic hands would be in trouble! Great. Only complaint Mr Reeman / Kent. As a Scot I do wish you would remember, whether writing as Reeman or Kent, that the flag and Monarchs they were fighting for were British and not just England,s flag and Monarch. PS. Also have most Reeman novels as well, in paperback and hardback and they too are a Tony the Tiger GRRRREAT.	The Bolitho novels
Who did Bobby Fischer defeat to win the World Chess Championship in 1972?	Historical Fiction Series Reading List Where would you like to go? ANCIENT WORLD "Aelric" 6 +? series by Richard Blake. Series set in 7th century Rome and Constantinople. Features an Anglo-Saxon somewhat anti-hero clerk who becomes involved in activities (naïve or self-serving) within the world of Rome versus Greece. Series begins with "Conspiracies of Rome". "Alexander" trilogy by Valerio Massimo Manfredi. Set in Ancient Greece and features Alexander the Great. Series includes "Child of a Dream", "Sands of Ammon" and "Ends of the Earth". "Alexander" trilogy by John McLeod depicting the life of Alexander the Great from his childhood through his military campaigns to his death. Trilogy includes "Lion of Macedonia", "Lord of the World" and "God of War". "Alexander the Great" trilogy by Mary Renault (aka Eileen Mary Challans). Set in Ancient Greece and features the life of Alexander the Great (from childhood to conflicts after his death). Trilogy includes "Fire from Heaven", "The Persian Boy" and "Funeral Games". "Ancient Egypt" (aka "Egyptian") series of 5 by Wilbur Smith. Set in the land of the ancient Pharaohs. Largely based on Pharaoh Memnon's life along and the story of his mother Lostris through the eyes of his mother's slave Taita. Series includes (chronologically per story line) "River God", "The Seventh Scroll", "Warlock", "The Quest" and "Desert God". "Attila the Hun" trilogy by William Napier (aka Christopher Hart). The story of Attila the warrior King of the Huns, from boyhood through adulthood. Set early 5th century Roman Empire in Western Europe. Trilogy includes "Attila: The Scourge of God", "Attila: The Gathering Storm" and "Attila: The Judgment". "Canaan" trilogy by Mark Halter. Set in the ancient times and recalls stories of Jewish women of the biblical Old Testament. Series includes "Sarah", "Zipporah, Wife of Moses" and "Lilah". "Centurions" trilogy by Damion Hunter (aka Amanda Cockrell, Dana Fuller Ross). Set in Ancient Rome and Europe. The series chronicles the adventures of a Roman military family (specifically two rival half-brothers who join the Centuriate). Series features "The Centurions", "Barbarian Princess" and "The Emperor's Games". "Children of the Lion" 19 +? series by Peter Danielson (assumed pen name for a variety of authors specifically for this series including George Warren, Franklin King, Hugh Zachery and James Reasoner). Series is loosely based on Old Testament biblical events and follows the history of Abraham and the fictional descendants of Cain. Series begins with "Children of the Lion". "Cicero-Ancient Rome" (anticipated) trilogy by Robert Harris. Set in Ancient Rome, this series is an imaginary biography of Marcus Tullius Cicero, Rome's first and greatest politician. Thus far the series includes "Imperium" and "Conspirata". "Claudius" duo by Robert Graves (aka John Doyle). The series is written as a fictionalized, secret and sympathetic autobiography of the Roman Emperor Claudius I. It includes history of the Julio-Claudian Dynasty and Roman Empire, from Julius Caesar's assassination in 44 BC to Caligula's assassination in 41 AD. Duo consists of "I, Claudius" and "Claudius the God". "Eagle" (aka "Marco and Cato") series of 13 +? by Simon Scarrow. Features a former Imperial slave and a Roman centurion under Claudius. They are both Roman soldiers and the series imagines their adventures and tribulations. First volume is "Under the Eagle". "Emperor" series of 5 by Conn Iggulden. Set in Ancient Rome with primary focus on the life of Roman statesman and General Gaius Julius Caesar. Series includes "The Gates of Rome", "The Death of Kings", "The Fields of Swords", "The Gods of War" and "The Blood of Gods". "Gladiators of the Empire" 2 +? series by James Duffy. Series begins in 63 AD with Nero's reign with featured locales Rome to Britain to Pompeii. Imagines the exploits of three unorthodox arena heroes who unexpectedly rise to legendary status in the amphitheaters of the Roman Empire. Series includes "Sand of the Arena" and "Fight for Rome". "The Hera" duo by Pauline Gedge. Tells the story of Thu, a concubine caught up in political intrigue. Inspired by the actual plot of a harem concubine of Ramses III to poison him. Set includes "Lady of the Reeds" and "House of Illusions". "Josephus" trilogy by Lion Feuchtwanger (aka J.L. Wetcheek). About the Jewish historian Flavius Josephus. Set in the Roman Empire 64 AD through the reign of Domitian. Trio includes "Josephus", "The Jew of Rome" and "Josephus and the Emperor". "The King's Man" trilogy by Pauline Gedge. Features the lives of both peasants and nobility in Ancient Egypt. Trio includes "The Twice Born", "The Seer of Egypt" and "The King's Man". "Legacies of the Ancient River" trilogy by Angela Elwell Hunt. A re-telling of the biblical story of Joseph in Egypt. Told from both Joseph's and an Egyptian point of view. Series includes "Dreamers", "Brothers" and "Journey". "Lineage of Grace" series of 5 by Francine Rivers. This series features four women of biblical times and their lives which are intricately woven into the lineage of Christ. Series includes "Unveiled", "Unashamed", "Unshaken", "Unspoken" and "Unafraid". The sequel series of 5 "Sons of Encouragement" features the lives of five great biblical men. Series begins with "The Priest: Aaron". "Lords of the Two Lands" trilogy by Pauline Gedge. Set in Ancient Egypt. Trilogy chronicles the revolt of the Tao Princes to free their country from the foreign rule of the Hyksos Dynasty as the 18th century emerges. Series includes "The Hippopotamus Marsh", "The Oasis" and "The Horus Road". "Mark of the Lion" trilogy by Francine Rivers. This romantic biblical series chronicles the persecution and perseverance of 1st century Christians in hedonistic Rome and crumbling Roman Empire. Trio includes "A Voice in the Wind", "As Sure as Dawn" and "An Echo in the Darkness". "Masters of Rome" series of 7 by Colleen McCullough. Series chronicles the demise of the Ancient Roman Republic (110-27 BC) and features the lives and careers of Gaius Marius, Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Pompey the Great, Julius Caesar and Caesar Augustus. Series includes "The First Man in Rome", "The Grass Crown", "Fortune's Favorites", "Caesar's Women", "Caesar", "The October Horse" and "Antony and Cleopatra". "Overlord" (anticipated) series by JD Smith. The story takes place in the Middle East between AD 253-258 and tells the early life story of Zenobia- the legendary warrior queen of Palmyra Syria. The series first book "The Rise of Zenobia" is narrated by Zabdas (once slave, retired General, grandfather and servant) and his granddaughter Samira who describe the rise of Zenobia against the might of Rome in an unstable 3rd century world. "The Palaeologian Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of Byzantium" trilogy by George Leonardos. The trilogy describes the last dynasty of Byzantium. Included are "Michael VIII Palaeologos, The Liberator" (fictional biography of the powerful Michael VIII Palaiologos), "The Last Palaeologue" (aka "The Palaeologue Civil Strifes") (last Emperor of Byzantium, Constantine XI Palaiologos, civil wars among the Palaeologian Dynasty and the fall of Constantinople) and "Czarina Sophia Paleologue- From Byzantium to Russia" (developing relations between the Byzantine Empire and the Grand Duchy of Moscow). "The Parthian Chronicles" series of 5 +? by Peter Darman. The series is set against the background of the Parthian Wars with Rome in the Crassus/Pompey era. Series begins with "The Parthian" and features Spartacus with Parthian Empire's Prince Pacorus (as an escaped slave who becomes an Aide to Spartacus). "Ptolemies" (anticipated) quartet by Duncan Sprott. A series about Ancient Alexandria, the Greek Pharaohs of Egypt and their extraordinary dynasty which spanned twelve generations (from the death of Alexander the Great to the fall of Cleopatra). Series includes "House of the Eagle" (aka "The Ptolemies") and "Daughter of the Crocodile". "Ramses" series of 5 by Christian Jacq. Story of the legendary King of Egypt-Pharaoh Ramses II, and his wife Nefertiti set in Ancient Egypt. Series includes "The Son of Light", "The Temple of a Million Years" (aka "The Eternal Temple"), "The Battle of Kadesh", "The Lady of Abu Simbel" and "Under the Western Acacia". "Roma Sub Rosa" (aka "Rome Under the Nose") series of 14 +? by Steven Saylor. Set in Ancient Republican Rome. Chronologically, the series begins series prequel "The Seven Wonders" set 92 BC. Series features the investigations of Gordianus the Finder. (Chronology of the storyline does not match publishing order.) "Rome" quartet by MC Scott (aka Amanda Scott). Set AD 65. The series features adventures and intrigue of Sebastos Pantera, spy to the Emperor Nero. Series includes "The Emperor's Spy", "The Coming of the King", "The Eagle of the Twelfth" and "The Art of War". "Sea Kings" trilogy by Les Cole. Set during the end of the 18th century BC during the late Bronze Age. It features the goings-on within the vast trading network of the Cretans, and their Egypt and Mesopotamian associates. The story of ancient mariners and commerce. Trio includes "The Sea Kings: the Prophecy", "Lion at Sea: the Prophecy Continues" and "The Sea People: The Prophecy Resolved". "Stone of Light" series of 4 by Christian Jacq. Story of the history, culture, people (both real and imagined) of Ancient Egyptian times. Series includes "Nefer the Silent", "The Wise Woman", "Paneb the Ardent" and "The Place of Truth". "Throne of the Caesars" (anticipated) series by Harry Sidebottom. Set in 3rd century Rome it describes a dramatic era of murder, coup, counter-rebellions and civil war. "Iron and Rust" is the series initiate. "Tyrant" series of 6 +? by Christian Cameron. The series is set at the time of Alexander the Great and concerns the history of the Euxine area and the inter-relations between Greeks and Scythians. The series begins with "Tyrant" "Troy" series of 2 +? by Lindsay Clarke. Ancient Greek mortals as well as immortals (Zeus, Helen, Aphrodite, King Menalas, Pelius, Thetus, Agamemmon, Achilles, Odysseus, Hecto and Clytemnestra) feature in this reimagining of Homer's "Iliad". So far the series includes "The War at Troy" and "The Return from Troy". "Vespasian" series of (anticipated) 7 by Robert Fabbri. Vespasian is the featured famous Roman in this series of military action and political intrigue. The prequel novella set 25 AD "The Crossroads Brotherhood" followed by "Tribune of Rome" start up the series. "Warrior of Rome" series of 6 by Harry Sidebottom. The series features General Ballista and his family as they survive the machinations of the Roman Empire and several of the crises of the mid-3rd century. The first three volumes focus on the Eastern portion (Persia) of the Roman Empire. The focus shifts to the Northern Empire (Black Sea, Crimea and the steppes) in the concluding three volumes. The series involves "Fire in the East", "King of Kings", "Lion of the Sun", "The Caspian Gates", "The Wolves of the North" and "The Amber Road". "Women of Genesis" (anticipated) series of 5 by Orson Scott Card. This series features the wives of Biblical patriarchs of the book of Genesis. The novels illuminate the hardships and triumphs, and make human the historic women. "Sarah" starts the series. PRE-HISTORIC WORLD "Chronicle of the Stone" trilogy by Vince Ford. Narrates the early stages of man's development as one ancient tribe invents a revolutionary chiseled arrowhead. Trio includes "Scorched Bone", "Set in Stone" and "Tribal Ash". "Earth's Children" series of 6 by Jean M. Auel. Set in Prehistoric Europe during the Upper Paleolithic era. The volumes explore the interactions of Cro-Magnon people with Neanderthals. Series comprised of "Clan of the Cave Bear", "Valle of Horses", "Mammoth Hunters", "Plains of Passage", "Shelters of Stone" and "Land of Painted Caves". "First Americans" 11 +? series by William Sarabande (aka Joan Hamilton Cline). Set in Prehistoric Ice Age. Features a nomadic Asian family's migration from Siberia, across the Bering Strait to, and settlement in America. Multi-generations of three different families are featured at different times in the series. Series begins with "Beyond the Sea of Ice". "Ivory Carver" trilogy by Sue Harrison. Set on the Aleutian Island of Alaska in Prehistoric 7000 BD. The series imagines the story of several families of the Native American Aleut tribe during the Ice Age. The series includes "Mother Earth, Father Sky", "My Sister the Moon" and "Brother Wind". "Kwani" trilogy by Linda Lay Shluer. Series features Native American tribal life in the Ancient American southwest and includes "She Who Remembers", "The Voice of the Eagle" and "Let the Drum Speak". "North America's Forgotten Past" 17 volume series by W. Michael Gear and wife Kathleen O'Neal Gear. Features various civilizations and cultures throughout Prehistoric North America. Series begins with "People of the Wolf". "Reindeer Moon" duo by Elizabeth Marshall Thomas. Coming-of-age stories with the Paleolithic Ice Age hunter-gatherers of Siberia. Set includes "Reindeer Moon" and "The Animal Wife". MILITARY and NAUTICAL "19th Lancers" (aka "Goff Family") trilogy by Max Hennessy (aka John Harris, Mark Hebden). Trilogy spans four generations of a British soldiering (cavalry) family during the height of the British Empire. Trilogy includes "Soldier of the Queen" (Crimean war and takes the Goff family to the end of the 19th Century), "Blunted Lances" (begins on the Nile with Kitchener, and takes the family to the end of the Great WWI in 1918) and "The Iron Stallions" (through the end of WWII). "Abel Jones" series of 6 by Owen Parry (aka Ralph Peters). Features the goings-on of a Captain of the Volunteers Union soldier who investigates murders during the Civil War. Series begins in 1861-the early part of the Civil War and makes note of the cultural context and prejudices of the time. Series begins with "Faded Coat of Glory". "Adam Horne Adventures" trilogy by Porter Hill (aka William Sydney Porter). A series featuring Captain Adam Horne of the Bombay Marines. Trilogy includes "The Bombay Marines", "The War Chest" and "China Flyer". "Alexander Sheridan" series of 5 by V. A. Stuart (aka William Stuart Long, Violet Vivian F. Stuart Mann). Military action set mid-19th century in British imperial holdings (primarily India) and features the heroic exploits of Alexander Sheridan. Series includes "Victors and Lords", "The Sepoy Mutiny", "Massacre at Cawnpore", "Cannons of Lucknow" and "The Heroic Garrison". "American Civil War Battle" series of 10 by James Reasoner (aka Mike Jameson, Dana Fuller Ross, Hank Mitchum, Peter Danielson, Jake Foster, William Grant, Noel Gerson, Donald Clayton Porter). Features the experiences of a farming family from Culpepper Virginia through various American Civil War military campaigns. Series begins with "Manassas". "The Army of the Potomac" trilogy by Bruce Catton. The series portrays several key battles of the American Civil War as experienced by a private soldier in the Army of the Potomac (Union Army in the Eastern Theater of the Civil War). The series includes "Mr. Lincoln's Army" (Battle of Antietam), "Glory Road" (Battle of Fredericksburg and Battle of Gettysburg) and "A Stillness at Appomattox" (Appomattox). "Aubrey-Maturin" series of 21 by Patrick O'Brian. Features the friendship and adventures of British Navy Capt. Jack Aubrey and ship's surgeon, natural philosopher and secret agent Stephen Maturin during the Napoleonic Wars. Series begins with "Master and Commander". Wikipedia has helpful chronology of volumes. "Blackwood Family" (aka "Royal Marines Saga") 5 volume series by Douglas Reeman. Series spans a century and a half telling of the military nautical adventures of the British sea-faring Blackwood family. The story begins 1859 Africa and concludes in 1970 South Atlantic. Series includes "Badge of Glory", "The First to Land", "The Horizon", "Dust on the Sea" and "Knife Edge". "Bombay Marines" trilogy by Ellis Kirby Meacham. Features the adventures of Percival Merewether, an officer in the Honourable East India Company's private navy ("Bombay Marines" or the "Bombay Buccaneers") 1806-1808. Trio includes "The East Indiaman", "On the Company's Service" and "For King and Company". "Bonaparte" (aka "Alain Lausard Adventures") series of 6 +? by Richard Howard. Set in France during the Napoleonic Wars and follows the fortunes of Alain Lausard across the Napoleonic campaigns. "Bonaparte's Sons" starts the series. "Brethren of the Coast" (aka "Thomas Marlowe") trilogy by James L. Nelson. Nautical pirate adventures in pre-Revolutionary War times in America. Series includes "The Guardship", "The Blackbirder" and "The Pirate Round". "Buccaneer Ned Yorke" 4 volume series by Dudley Pope. The series spans 280 years starting at the end of the Protectorate and the beginning of the Restoration. The exploits of a Royalist Barbados planter turned buccaneer are featured. The quartet includes "Buccaneer", "Admiral", "Galleon" and Corsair". "Captain Alatriste" series of 7 by Arturo Pérez-Reverte. Relates the adventures of 17th century Spanish soldier Captain Alatriste. Series includes "Captain Alatriste", "Purity of Blood", "The Sun Over Breda", "The King's Gold", "The Cavalier in the Yellow Doublet", "Corsairs of the Levant" and "The Assassin's Bridge". "Caspasian" series of 5 +? by Anthony Conway. Set in the early 20th century. Features the globe-spanning (India, South America, China, Egypt, Burma) adventures of British Officer Captain John Caspasian. Volumes include "The Viceroy's Captain", "The General's Envoy", "The Colonel's Renegade", "The Brigadier's Outcast" and "The Major's Traitor". "The Civil War" trilogy by Michael Shaara. The stories begins by tracing the lives of military leaders (Robert E. Lee, "Stonewall" Jackson). The four bloody days of the Battle of Gettysburg are recreated. The final two years of the Civil War are retold, featuring escalating conflict between Robert E. Lee and Ulysses S. Grant and the conclusion of the war at Appomattox. Trio includes "Gods and Generals", "The Killer Angels" and" The Last Full Measure". "The Conquest" (anticipated) trilogy by Justin Hall. Series begins with "Shieldwall" which features the young Godwin Wulfnothson's rise to power (from hostage to Earl), the fall of Anglo-Saxon England and the 50 years of events leading up to the Battle of Hastings. "Dando" series of 5 by William Clive (aka Ronald Bassett). Series is about a rowdy British soldier and his exploits at various stations in Asia in the 19th century. Series includes "Dando on Delhi Ridge" (1857 Indian Mutiny), "Dando and the Summer Palace" (1860 Taiping Rebellion in China), "Dando and the Mad Emperor" (1867 Abyssinian hostage rescue), "The Tune That They Play" (Zulu Wars) and "Blood of an Englishman" (siege of Cawnpore India). "Empire" (aka "James Ogilvie") 14 volume series by Duncan MacNeil (aka Philip McCutchan). Series is set in various locales of the British Empire (primarily India) and features the exploits of James Ogilvie. First volume "Drums along the Khyber" (aka "The First Command") is set in the late 1870s during the Afghan War. "Flashman Papers" series of 12 by George MacDonald Fraser. The novels are presented as packets of memoirs written by Flashman (cad, coward, bully) as he recounts his "heroic" exploits with the British Army in Victorian 19th century. Features various locales and historic military actions of the British Empire at the time. Series begins with "Flashman" and concludes with "Flashman on the March". "Fox" 14 volume series by Adam Hardy (aka Kenneth Bulmer, Terry Harknett, Andrew Quiller, Neil Langholm, and Arthur Frazier). Charts the adventures (mostly sea but some on land) of Royal Navy George Abercrombie Fox from powder-monkey through years as a naval lieutenant during the Napoleonic era. Series begins with "The Press Gang" and concludes with "Close Quarters". "The Halfhyde Adventures" series of 16 by Philip McCutchan (aka Duncan MacNeil, Robert Conington Galway). Set at the turn of the 20th century, the series features Halfhyde's heroic seagoing adventures in her Majesty's Royal Navy outwitting the Russians, Germans and Japanese. "Halfhyde at the Bight of Benin" is the first volume of the series. "Honor" series (anticipated 7 total) by Robert N. Macomber. Features the maritime career adventures of U.S. Navy enrollee Peter Wake. Series begins in 1863 Florida during the American Civil War with "At the Edge of Honor". "Horatio Hornblower" series of 11 by C.S. Forester (aka Cecil Louis Troughton Smith). Features naval warfare during the Napoleonic era and the heroic seaman Hornblower. Per story chronology, series begins with prequel "Mr. Midshipman Hornblower" followed by "The Happy Return" (aka "Beat To Quarters"). "Isaac Biddlecomb" series of 5 by James L. Nelson. Maritime adventure series set amidst the American Revolutionary War. Features a heroic American merchant seaman. Series includes "By Force of Arms", "The Maddest Idea", "The Continental Risque", "Lords of the Ocean" and "All the Brave Fellows". "Jack Steel: For Queen and Country" trilogy by Iain Gale. Features the exploits of an infantry officer in Queen Anne's Grenadiers. Series begins in 1704 and includes "Man of Honour", "Rules of War" and "Brothers in Arms". "John Paul Jones" (anticipated) trilogy by Nicholas Nicastro. Story of America's first naval hero as he navigates the military, political, and romantic "battlefields" of revolutionary America and France. Series begins with "The Eighteenth Captain". "John Pearce" 11 volume (12 total anticipated) series by David Donachie (aka Tom Connery, Jack Ludlow). Series follows the naval career and adventures at sea of a reluctant British seaman. Series begins in 1793 London with "By the Mast Divided". "Kydd Sea Adventures" 14 +? series by Julian Stockwin. Set in late 18th century Napoleonic period. Series features the seafaring adventures of Thomas Kidd; from his forced "volunteer" into service in the British Navy, through his promotion to Lieutenant and stint as a pirate captain. Series begins with "Kydd" and concludes with "Privateer's Revenge". "Les Rois Maudits" (aka "The Accursed Kings") series of 7 by Maurice Druon. Features the demise of the 14th century French Capetian dynasty, extermination of the Knights Templar and the beginning of the Hundred Years' War. Series volumes are "The Iron King", "The Strangled Queen", "The Poisoned Crown", "The Royal Succession", "The She-Wolf", "The Lily and the Lion" and "When a King Loses France". "Long War" series of 4 +? by Christian Cameron. Narrates the happenings covering the conflicts between Greece and Persia…the whole of the Persian War from a first-person point of view. Series begins with "Killer of Men" (title named after Achilles, the man-killer of the Iliad) which follows in first-person the life of a young Greek farm boy Arimnestos who has vowed vengeance on Persia. "Michael Fitton" 11 volume series of by Showell Styles. Series features English Lieutenant Michael Fitton of the Royal Navy. The series starts off with "Mr. Fitton's Prize" as Mr. Fitton joins the HMS Fortitude as Master's Mate. "Napoleonic" trilogy by Patrick Rambaud. Set in 19th century and features the Napoleonic Empire and the battles that brought it to an end. Trilogy begins in "The Battle" (1809 at the Battle of Essling), followed by "The Retreat" (1812 Moscow Campaign) and concludes with "The Exile" (1814 abdication and exile). "Nathaniel Drinkwater" series of 14 by Richard Woodman. Series begins in the 1780s with the introduction of the young Navy Lieutenant Nathaniel Drinkwater in "An Eye of the Fleet". "Nelson and Emma" trilogy by David Donachie (aka Jack Ludlow, Tom Connery). Series features the private and political intrigues of famous British military naval hero Horatio Nelson and his longtime mistress-love Emma Lyon. Action on land as well as sea. Series includes "On Making Tide", "Tested by Faith" and "Breaking the Line". "The Neophyte Warrior" 5 +? series by Richard Patton tells the life of young George Washington during the time of the French and Indian war in the 1750s. Series begins with "His Majesty's Envoy". "Nicohlas Everard" (aka "Everard Naval") 9 volume series by Alexander Fullerton. Features the heroic military sea adventures of the Everard family (and in particular Nicholas Everard, an officer in the British Navy) during World Wars I and II. Series begins in 1916 Jutland with "The Blooding of the Guns" and concludes in "The Gatecrashers". "Nicholas Ramage" (aka "Lord Ramage") 18 +? volume series by Dudley Pope. Series features the adventures at sea of British Royal Navy Jr. Lieutenant Nicholas Ramage. "Ramage" opens the series set in 1796. "Oathsworn" trilogy by Robert Low. Chronicles the adventures of a rogue band of Viking warrior brothers called the Oathsworn who owe allegiance only to each other, and are bound by an oath made under the eye of Odin. Series includes "The Whale Road", "The Wolf Sea" and "The White Raven". "Oliver Quintrell" (anticipated) quartet by M. C. Muir. Set in the early 1800s and Napoleonic wars. Initial volume is "The Floating Gold". "Otto Prohaska (Future Hero of the Habsburg Empire)" quartet by John Biggins. The somewhat comic military naval and aerial adventures of Austro-Hungarian loyal subject Otto Prohaska. Chronologically, the series begins with prequel "Tomorrow the World" followed by "A Sailor of Austria", "The Emperor's Colored Coat" and "The Two-Headed Eagle". "Parade's End" quartet by Ford Maddox Ford. The series centers on an English government statistician, gentleman and Army officer. It follows him from the secure, orderly world of Edwardian England into the chaotic madness of the First World War. Beginning in 1908 and set primarily in England and the Western Front. Published in the omnibus "Parade's End" or as the individual volumes "Some Do Not", "No More Parades", "A Man Could Stand Up" and "Last Post". "Patriots" series of 6 by Adam Rutledge (aka James Reasoner). Series about a band of spies for the American patriots in the Revolutionary War. Series includes "Sons of Liberty", "Rebel Guns", "The Turncoat", "Life and Liberty", Cannon's Call" and 'Stars and Stripes". "Phillip Hazard" series of 8 by V. A. Stuart (aka William Stuart Long, Violet Vivian F. Stuart Mann). Features British naval operations in the mid-19th century during the time of the Crimean War, the Indian Mutiny and other conflicts of the British Empire. Land-based as well as sea-based action. Series starts with "The Valiant Sailors" and concludes with "Escape from Hell". "Prelude to Glory" series of 9 by Ron Carter. The early events of the American Revolutionary War, the newly established independence, and the War of 1812 are presented as seen through the eyes of common people. Series begins with "Our Sacred Honor". "Privateers and Gentlemen" series of 5 by John Williams (aka Walter John Williams). Series features a sailing American family at the time of America's rebellion against Great Britain. Members of the family are Yankee privateers working to support the Continental Navy. The series has been re-released with new titles and includes "To Glory Arise" (aka "The Privateer"), "The Tern Schooner" (aka "The Yankee"), "Brig of War" (aka "The Raider"), "The Macedonian" and "Cat Island". "Rebel King" quartet by Charles Randolph and Carolyn Hale Bruce. Features the struggles of Robert de Brus (Robert the Bruce), the Scottish nobleman who went to war against 14th century Europe's most powerful army to reclaim independence and the throne of his ancestors. Quartet includes "Hammer of the Scots", "The Har'ships", "Bannock Burn" and "High King of Ireland". "Regeneration" trilogy by Pat Barker. Series features a hospitalized WWI solder, the psychiatrist who treats soldiers for shell shock and the poet Wilfred Owen. Trilogy includes "Regeneration", "Eye in the Door" and "The Ghost Road". "Revolution" quartet by Simon Scarrow. Set in late 18th century Europe and follows the life and military career of Napoleon Bonaparte and his great adversary the Arthur Wesley (the Duke of Wellington). Series includes "Young Bloods", "The Generals", "Fire and Swords" and "The Fields of Death". "Revolution at Sea" series of 5 by James L. Nelson. The series encompasses the years 1775 through 1777 during the American Revolution. It features the adventures, smuggler, revolutionary, sailor and sea captain Isaac Biddlecomb. Series volumes are "By Force of Arms", "The Maddest Idea", "The Continental Risque", "Lords of the Ocean" and "All the Brave Fellows". "Richard Bolitho" 30 +? volume series by Alexander Kent (aka Douglas Reeman). Chronicles the adventures under sail of Richard and Adam Bolitho in the British Royal Navy. Series begins in 1772 with "Midshipman Bolitho". "Richard Delancey" series of 6 by Cecil Northcote Parkinson. Seafaring adventures of British Navy man set during the Napoleonic period. Series includes "The Devil to Pay", "The Fireship", "Touch and Go", "Dead Reckoning", "So Near, So Far" and "The Guernseyman". "Richard Sharpe's Adventures" 24 volume military series by Bernard Cornwell. Primarily set in 19th century Europe and India. The series follows the adventures of Richard Sharpe as he advances up the ranks of the British Army in the Napoleonic Wars. Series begins with "Sharpe's Tiger". Wikipedia has a helpful series list. "Roger Brook" 12 volume series by Dennis Wheatley. Features the exploits throughout Europe and Asia of British spy Roger Brook. Series begins in 1783 with "The Launching of Roger Brook" and concludes in 1814 with "Desperate Measures". "Roger Kelso" series of 9 by James Dillon White (aka Stanley White). Features the Bombay Marines on the Indian Ocean mid-1700s (the time of Clive of India). Series starts with "Young Mister Kelso" as Roger Kelso joins the East Indiaman Shoeshine as fourth mate. "Second World War" trilogy by Jeff Shaara. A chronicle of WWII through the voices of both familiar and unfamiliar heroes in the European and North African war theaters. Trilogy includes "The Rising Tide", "The Steel Wave" and "No Less Than Victory". "Sergeant Jack Crossman" series of 8 by Garry Kilworth (aka Garry Douglas). Features the colorful military exploits of aristocratic British soldier "Fancy" Jack Crossman in the 19th century. Series begins during the Crimean War in "The Devil's Own". "Shadow on the Crown" series of 5 by Nicholas Carter is about the English Civil War. "Portrays life in 17th century England through the eyes of the common men and women who fought and died for the distant causes of Parliament and the King." (Amazon UK). Series includes "Turncoat's Drum", "Storming Party", "And King's Men Crow", "Harvest of Swords" and "Stand by the Colors". "Simon Fonthill" series of 8 by John Wilcox. Recounts the military adventures of British Army's Simon Fonthill as he defends the Empire. Series begins in the 1879 South African Zulu campaign with "The Horns of the Buffalo". "Sparrowhawk" series of 6 by Edward Cline. Military action and male bonding in the context of the American Revolution. The series is set in the decades preceding the Revolution, beginning in the 1740s in England and concluding in 1775 in colonial Virginia. Volumes include "Jack Frake", "Hugh Kenrick", "Caxton", "Empire", "Revolution" and "War". "Starbuck Chronicles" series of 5 by Bernard Cornwell. Follows the exploits of a Boston-born Confederate Officer during the American Civil War. Series includes "Rebel", "Copperhead", "Battle Flag" and "The Bloody Ground". "Sword of Honour" trilogy by Evelyn Waugh. Features the WWII experiences of a British Army Officer from an old English aristocratic family. Series includes "Men at Arms", "Officers and Gentlemen" and "Unconditional Surrender" (aka "The End of the Battle"). "This Land, This Time" quartet by Dobrica Cosic. Epic account of WWI in Serbia. Series includes "A Time of Death", "Into the Battle", "Reach to Eternity" and "South to Destiny". "To The Ends of the Earth" (aka "Sea Trilogy") trilogy by William Golding. Saga of a former man-of-war's misadventerous sea voyage from England to the Antipodes (Australia) in the early 19th century (the Napoleonic era). Narrated by a young British aristocrat who is a passenger on board. The series is comprised of "Rites of Passage", "Close Quarters" and "Fire Down Below-To the End of the Earth". "U. S. Civil War" duo by Harold Coyle. An Irish immigrant's two sons end up on opposing sides when the American Civil War breaks out. The brothers are active in many military campaigns (Bull Run, Wilderness and Mine Run Campaigns, Appomattox) and finally face each other at Gettysburg. Each becomes increasingly bitter, brutal and estranged. The set includes "Look Away" and "Until the End". "William Bentley" series of 4 +? by Jane Needle (aka Frank Kippax). Features the adventures of a young sea officer. Portrayal of the British Navy in a less than favorable manner. Series begins with "A Fine Boy for Killing". FAMILY SAGA A trilogy by Zoe Oldenbourg set in 12th century France and Middle East at the time of the 3rd Crusade. Chronicles the life and love of French baron Ansiau of Linnieres, his wife Alis of Puiseaux and their kith and kin. Represents a "tragic vision" of life in the Middle Ages. Series includes "The World Is Not Enough" ("Argile et Cendres"), "The Cornerstone" ("La Pierre Angulaire") and "Destiny of Fire" ("Les Brûlés"). "Adelsverein" trilogy by Celia D. Hayes. Series features the migration of several German families from the Old Country to the Texas wilderness, their settlement and establishment of community. Set 1840 through the American Civil War. Trio includes "Adelsverein the Gathering", "Adelsverein: The Sowing" and "Adelsverein: The Harvesting". "Albany Cycle" of 8 by William Kennedy. Imagines a history of Albany, New York 1864 to 1980. The history of the city is revealed through complex generational family sagas. The cycle begins with "Legs" "Alford Saga" (anticipated) 8 volume series by Paul Almond. This series chronicles two hundred years of Canadian history as experienced by a settler's family and descendants. "The Deserter" begins the series in early 1800s when a British Naval officer deserts and establishes on the Gaspe Coast of Canada. "American Family Portrait" (aka "Morgan Family") series of 9 by Jack Cavanaugh. Family saga follows the Morgan family through American history, from the arrival of the Puritans and Revolutionary War through the 1960s and the Vietnam War. Series begins with "The Puritans" and concludes with "The Guardians". "A Banner is Unfurled" series of 5 by Marcie Gallacher and Kerri Robinson. Set in the 1820s and follows the Latter Day Saints (LDS) Ezekial and Julia Johnson family (16 children). Series includes "A Banner is Unfurled", "Be Still My Soul", "Glory From on High", "Abide With Me" and "No Greater Love". "Bennett's Island" series of 9 by Elisabeth Ogilvie. The series details the hard life of a lobstering family from an island off Maine. Set from the 1930's through the time of the Vietnam War. In story order, the series includes: "High Tide at Noon", "Storm Tide", "The Ebbing Tide" (comprising the "Tide" trilogy), "The Dawning of the Day", "The Seasons Hereafter", "Strawberries in the Sea" (comprising the "Lovers" trilogy), "An Answer in the Tide", "The Summer of the Osprey" and concluding with "The Day Before Winter". "Beulah Land" trilogy by Lonnie Coleman. Saga of the Old American South, a Georgia plantation and the men and women, both free and slave, who were born and died there 1800 to 1895. Features the slave-holding, plantation owners Kendrick clan. Trio includes "Beulah Land", "Look Away, Beulah Land" and "Legacy of Beulah Land". "Bridges Over Time" series of 6 by Valerie Anand (aka Fiona Buckley). Generational saga of an English serf family through nine centuries; from slaves to serfs to yeoman farmers to landed gentry. Series begins in medieval 1040 and concludes in 1226. Volumes include "The Proud Villeins", "The Rughless Yeomen", "The Women of Ashdon", "The Faithful Lovers", "The Cherished Wives" and "The Dowerless Sisters". "Calder Saga" 11 volume series by Janet Dailey. Set in pioneer Montana. A very rugged cowboy marries naive young Texan gal, makes good, and becomes a cattle baron with a legacy to hand down the generations. Series begins with "This Calder Range". "Cazalet Chronicles" series of 5 by Elizabeth Jane Howard. Saga of three generations of an upper class English family circa WWII 1937-1947. Series includes "The Light Years", "Marking Time", "Confusion", "Casting Off", and "All Change". "A Chronicle of Ancient Sunlight" series of 15 by Henry Williamson. The series follows the life of an Englishman (and his family), from his birth in the late 1890s to 1956. Loosely based on Williamson's own life and experiences. "The Dark Lantern" is the first volume and concludes with "The Gale of the World". "Cole" trilogy by Noah Gordon. This series spans 1000 years in the generations of a medical family dynasty. It begins in 11th century London as a young Englishman travels to Persia to study medicine ("The Physician"). In the 19th century the patriarch travels to practice medicine in the cities, plains and battlefields of the New World ("The Shaman"). Finally in the 20th century the matriarch champions women's rights ("The Choice"). "The Coleman Family Saga" 2 +? series by Alan Simon. Features a middle class Pittsburg family during the WWII years. Series includes "First Christmas of the War" and "Thanksgiving 1942". "Colonization of America" (aka "White Indian") 28 volume series by Donald Clayton Porter (aka James Reasoner, Dana Fuller Ross, Noel Gerson, Samuel Edwards, Hank Mitchum, Peter Danielson). Story of a white English infant abducted and raised as a Seneca Indian who becomes a warrior chief during the turbulent times of colonial America. Series begins in 1670 and continues with generations of Renno's descendants. Series starts with "White Indian" and continues through "Medicine Shield". "Coughlin" trilogy by Dennis Lehane. The interlinked novels span 1918-1943 and follows the rebellious life of Joe Coughlin. The story begins in the wake of WW1 featuring the Boston Police strike. The second book features Joe Coughlin's rise in Florida as a powerful mob boss with links to Cuba. The trilogy includes "The Given Day", "World by Night" and "World Gone By". "Eden" series of 7 by Marilyn Harris. Family saga features the Eden family of England. Series begins with "This Other Eden" set in London and Devon coast in the 1790s at the time of the French Revolution and concludes in the 20th century with the outbreak of WWI in "Eden and Honor". "Emigrant" quartet by Vilhelm Moberg. Saga of Swedish immigrant families as they settle in the American frontier mid-west (Minnesota) in the 19th century. Series includes "The Emigrants", "Unto a Good Land", "Settlers" and "Last Letter Home". "Fallon" trilogy by Reagan O'Neal (aka Robert Jordan, Jackson O'Reilly, James Oliver Rigney, Jr.). Series is set in South Carolina and southern states (Texas) in the 18th and 19th centuries. It charts the lives of an Irish immigrant and fugitive, Michael Fallon, and his family. Trilogy includes "The Fallon Blood", "The Fallon Pride" and "The Fallon Legacy". "Forsyte Chronicles" series of 9 by John Galsworthy (aka John Sinjohn). The chronicles tell of the ebbing social power of the upper-middle class British Forsyte family between 1886 and 1920. The "Forsyte Chronicles" contains three trilogies: "The Forsyte Saga" ("The Man of Property", "In Chancery", "To Let"), "A Modern Comedy" ("The White Monkey", "The Silver Spoon", "Swan Song") and the concluding "End of the Chapter" ("Maid in Waiting", "Flowering Wilderness", "One More River"). "Georgia" trilogy by Eugenia Price. Set in the American Old South, during the time period 1812 through the Civil War. The saga of two families of St. Simons Island, Georgia. Trio includes "Bright Captivity", "Where Shadows Go" and "Beauty from the Ashes". "Gleiwitz Suite" series of 4 by Horst Bienek. Saga of the Piontek and Ossadnik families and their day-to-day life under Fascism in the German-Polish borderlands of Upper Silesia. Series includes "The First Polka", "September Light", "Time Without Bells" and "Earth and Fire". "Greville Family Saga" (aka "Passing Bells") trilogy by Phillip Rock. This story follows the aristocratic English Grenville family from 1914 (WW1) to the 1930s. Series includes "The Passing Bells", "Circles of Time" and "A Future Arrived". "A Horseman Riding By" trilogy by R. F. (Ronald Frederick) Delderfield. A family saga of 20th century rural English life after WWII. This series includes "Long Summer Day", "Post of Honor" and "The Green Gauntlet". "House of Winslow" 40 volume series by Gilbert Morris. A Christian themed family saga. Follows generations of the Winslow family from Britain, to the landing at America's Plymouth Rock through both World Wars. Series begins with "The Honorable Imposter". See other series by Morris including: "American Century" (7 books), "Wakefield Dynasty" (7 books), "Appomattox Saga" (10 books), and "Liberty Bell" (7 books). "Immigrants" (aka "Lavette Family") series of 6 by Howard Fast (aka E. V. Cunningham, Walter Ericson). Features a French/Italian immigrant family from Europe as they arrive at New York and establish in America (California). Also intertwines the lives of three other immigrant families (Italian, Irish, and Chinese). Series begins in 1888 with "The Immigrants" and concludes in contemporary 20th century with "An Independent Woman". "Kirov Saga" trilogy by Cynthia Harrod-Eagles (aka Emma Woodhouse and Elizabeth Bennett). Series chronicles the Kirov family, set during Imperial Russia of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Series includes "Anne" (begins in 1803 and covers the Napoleonic invasion of Russia), "Fleur" (begins in 1851 and covers the Crimean War) and "Emily" (begins in 1910 and covers WW1 and the Russian Revolution). "Knighthill" trilogy by Emma Drummond (aka Elizabeth Darrell, Edna Dawes.). Features an aristocratic English family proud of multi-generations of military service to King (Queen) and Country. Set 1896 through WW1. Steeped in military tradition, adventure and romance. The trio includes "A Question of Honour", "A Distant Hero" and "Act of Valour". "The Last Hundred Years: A Family Saga" trilogy by Jane Smiley. The saga begins in 1920 with the Langdon family on a farm in Iowa, and ends three generations later in 2020 with history happening in between. Series includes "Some Luck", "Early Warning" and "Golden Age". "Loss of Eden" trilogy by John Masters. Traces the upheavals wrought by WWI and experiences of an English aristocratic, landed gentry family, their associates and servants. Series begins in 1915 with "Now God Be Thanked" and also includes "Heart of War" and "By the Green of the Spring". "Mallen" trilogy by Catherine Cookson. Follows the fortunes of a British family from 1851 through the dark days of WWI. Series includes "The Mallen Streak", "Mallen Girl" and "Mallen Litter". "McGann" series of 6 by Christopher Nicole (aka Alan Savage, Robin Cade, Nicholas Grant, Caroline Gray, Andrew York). Saga about a British seafaring family and the Royal Navy patriarch. Series includes "Old Glory", "The Sea and the Sand", "Iron Ships, Iron Men", "Raging Sun, Searing Sky" and "The Passion and the Glory". "The Mill on the Po" (aka "Il mulino del Po") trilogy by Riccardo Bacchelli. The series dramatizes the conflicts and struggles of several generations of an Italian family of millers. Spanning nearly a century 1812 to the conclusion of WW1. The trio includes "God Bless You" (aka "Dio ti Salve"), "Misery Comes to a Boat" (aka "La Miseria Viene in Barca") and "Nothing New Under the Sun" (aka "Mondo Veccio Sempre Nuovo"). "Montana" (aka "McCaskill") trilogy by Ivan Doig. Saga chronicles the immigration of two Scottish families to Montana and their experiences on the Montana prairie from 1889 to 1989. Trio includes "English Creek", "Dancing at the Rascal Fair" (story-line prequel) and "Ride With Me, Mariah Montana". "Morland Dynasty" 35 +? series by Cynthia Harrod-Eagles (aka Elizabeth Bennett, Emma Woodhouse). Epic series spans multi-generations of England's Morland family (1430s to contemporary times) and begins with "The Founding". "Napoleonic Wars" series of 5 +? by Adrian Goldsworthy. The series features the adventures of the English 106th Regiment of Foot (and a specific British aristocrat who volunteers for military service), as they fight their way through Portugal, Spain, Canada, France, and finally to Waterloo in the Napoleonic Wars of early 19th century. The series begins with "True Soldier Gentlemen". "Northrop Hall" trilogy by Margaret Bacon. Features a titled English family residing on a grand estate as they (and their servants/workers) celebrate and suffer the turn of the 20th century onward. Trio includes "Northrop Hall", "The Years Between" and "For Better for Worse". "The Pedlocks" series of 6 by Stephan Longstreet. A multi-generational saga tells how a Jewish family settled in America at the time of the Civil War and eventually established a dynasty. Series includes: "The Pedlocks: The Story of a Family", "God and Sarah Pedlock", "Pedlock & Sons", "Pedlock Saint, Pedlock Sinner", "The Pedlock Inheritance" and "The Pedlocks in Love". "Performers" 12 volume series by Claire Rayner. Traces the rich, dramatic history of two London families from the early 19th century through World War II and after. Series begins with "Gower Street". "Plantation" trilogy by Gwen Bristow. Features two settler families to the Louisiana wilderness and their descendants from the time of the American Civil War through WWI. Series includes "Deep Summer", "The Handsome Road" and "This Side of Glory". "Poland" trilogy by James Conroyd Martin. The series describes Poland's struggle to maintain its freedom as an independent nation in the 18-19th centuries. Features a Polish family struggling to live under Russian oppression. The trio includes "Push Not the River", "Against a Crimson Sky" and "The Warsaw Conspiracy". "Poldark Saga" 12 volume series by Winston Graham. Multi-generational family saga of the English Poldark family and their long-standing feud with the local (Cornwall) banker and landowner. Set in 18th and early 19th century Cornwall England. The early volumes of the series have been republished with new titles. Series begins with "Ross Poldark" (aka "The Renegade"). "The Polonsky Saga" series of 11 by Charles Angoff. The Jewish Polonsky family leaves Czarist Russia in 1900 and migrate to Boston, USA. Events affecting their lives, family relations, new home and the formation of the Israeli State are followed through various family members. Series begins with "Journey to the Dawn". "A Poor Man at the Gate" series of 7 +? by Andrew Wareham. Multi-generation, multi-locale saga beings in the 16th century with a young Englishman who escapes to America only to be taken up by privateers. Series full of historical context, riches, woes, adventures, intrigues and battles. "The Privateersman" is the series first volume. "Republic" trilogy by Jack Ludlow (aka David Donachie, Tom Connery). Family saga following the lives of two Roman families, bound together by a joint prophecy with focus on two boys born on the same day to opposing circumstances. Set in the years preceding the advent of the Caesars. Series includes "The Pillars of Rome", "The Sword of Revenge" and "The Gods of War". "Retallick Saga" 9 volume series by E. V. Thompson (aka James Munro) features the experiences of multi-generations of the Retallick family in various British colonial locales (England, Australia and South Africa). The series begins in early 19th century Cornwall England with story line prequel "Ben Retallick" and concludes in 1915 with "Brothers in War". "Russian" series of 7 by Judith Pella. Story of the inextricably intertwined lives of two families in pre-revolutionary Russia. Series begins with "The Crown and the Crucible". "Sackett" series of 17 (plus 2 short stories and 7 other novels involving Sacketts per Wikipedia) by Louis L'amour. Chronicles multi-generations of the pioneering Sackett family as they move from Elizabethan England (1600) to America, cross the Atlantic wilderness, settle in the Appalachians, move west to the Great Plains, the Rockies and on to California. Series begins with "Sackett's Land". "Savage Family" saga of 8 by John Masters. The series traces the history of the British in India through the lives of successive generations of the Savage family who served in the British and Indian Armies. Series includes "Coromandel!" (17th century. Runaway young John Savage ends up in India), "The Deceivers" (William Savage-an English officer goes undercover to root out the ritual murders of Thuggee in the 1820s), "Nightrunners of Bengal" (Rodney Savage becomes involved in the1857 Sepoy Mutiny), "Lotus and the Wind" (Robin Savage plays a part in the Great Game between Britain and Russia on the Indian NW frontier, "Far, Far the Mountain Peak" (mountaineering and WW1), "Bhowani Junction" (Rodney Savage becomes embroiled in the chaos of the last days of the Raj, Britain's exodus and India's Emancipation in 1947), "To the Coral Strand" (Rodney Savage remains in India after Independence and suffers transition difficulties) and "The Ravi Lancers" (a Savage family member commands an Indian regiment at the Western Front during WW1). "Savage Saga" series of 4 by Fred Mustard Stewart. Multi-generational saga follows the international adventures of a wealthy New York clan descended from a shipping magnate. Series begins in 1851 with "The Magnificent Savages" and also includes "The Young Savages", "The Naked Savages" and "The Savages in Love and War". "Spoils of Time" (aka "Lytton Family") trilogy by Penny Vincenzi. Features a British patrician family clan in 20th century London to New York. Series includes "No Angel", "Something Dangerous" and "Into Temptation". "Stapleton" series of 9 by Thomas Fleming. Follows a powerful New York-New Jersey clan as they develop from colonial merchants, to Gilded Age industrialists, from Federalist politicians, to Washington, D.C. power brokers. Series includes "The Liberty Tavern", "Dreams of Glory", "The Spoils of War", "Rulers of the City", "A Passionate Girl", "Promises to Keep", "Remember the Morning", "The Wages of Fame", "When This Cruel War Is Over" and "The Secret Trial of Robert E. Lee". "Sun on the Mountains" trilogy by Tyler Trafford. Family saga of six generations of the Quaker banker James family forced from Philadelphia for their pacifist beliefs at the time of the American Revolutionary War. The family re-establishes their lives and fortunes on the Canadian West prairie. Series includes "Alexander's Way", "The Story of Blue Eye" and "Mary". "Swann Family" trilogy by R. F. (Ronald Frederick) Delderfield. Series set in Victorian (and emerging Edwardian) Britain. Explores the developing fortunes of the Swann family generations as well as those of industrializing, imperial England from 1858 to WWI. Series includes "God is an Englishman", "Theirs Was the Kingdom" and "Give Us This Day". "Texas" quartet by Fern Michaels (aka Mary Ruth Kuczkir). Saga traces the exploits of four generations of a powerful American dynasty-the Coleman family. Series begins in the 1940s with "Texas Rich" and continues with "Texas Heat", "Texas Fury" and "Texas Sunrise". See Michaels' sequel trilogy "Vegas" beginning in 1922 with "Vegas Rich" which introduces the Thornton family dynasty. "Van Vliet Family" trilogy by Jacqueline Briskin. Features the settling and development of Los Angeles, California late 19th century, two prominent families and their successive generations. Trilogy includes "Paloverde", "Rich Friends" and "The Onyx". "Von Trotta Family" series of 2 by Joseph Roth. The saga of three generations of the Trotta family chronicles the decline/fall of the Austro-Hungarian Empire from 1859 to the 1938 forced incorporation of Austria by Nazi Germany. The set includes "Radetzky March" and "The Emperor's Tomb". "War at Home" 2 + ? series by Cynthia Harrod-Eagles. A saga of a British middle class Hunter family as their fairly predictable lives are disrupted by WWI. The various costs of The Great War feature strongly. Series so far includes "Goodbye Piccadilly" and "Keep the Home Fires Burning". "Werner Family Saga" (aka "Stern-Werner") 4 +? series by Belva Plain. Saga of the intertwined lives of two families in America; an aristocratic German-Jewish family, and a poor immigrant from Poland. Timeframe spans from the turn of the 16th century to the 1960s and the Vietnam War. Series begins with "Evergreen" followed by "The Golden Cup", "Tapestry" and "Harvest". "Whiteoaks of Jalna" series of 16 by Mazo De La Roche. Series chronicles 100 years (1854-1954) of exploits of the prosperous Whiteoaks of Lake Ontario, Canada. Series story line begins with "Building of Jalna" and concludes with "Centenary at Jalna" (publishing sequence does not match story line chronology). "Wild Swan" trilogy by Celeste De Blasis. Series spans the lives of Alexandria Carrington Falconer and her descendants from 1813 to 1894 in both England and America. Trio begins in the 1810s with "Wild Swan" and continues with "Swan's Chance" and "A Season of Swans". "Williamsburg" series of 7 by Elswyth Thane. Series spans 170 years of two Williamsburg Virginia families and their English relatives from time of the American Revolution to WWII. Series begins with "Dawn's Early Light" and concludes with "Homing". "Windhaven" 14 volume saga by Marie de Jourlet (aka Paul Little, Paula Little, Paula Minton, Leigh Franklin James). A multi-generational chronicle of the Bouchard family dynasty from 1789 revolutionary France to the Old South of America (Alabama). Series begins with "Windhaven Plantation". "Zion" multi-volume series by Bodie and Brock Thoene. Series about the Jewish experience in WWII Nazi Europe through Israel's 1948 War of Independence. The "Zion" series includes 3 sub-series: "Zion Covenant" [series of 9 beginning with "Vienna Prelude" set 1936], "Zion Chronicles" [series of 5 beginning with "Gates of Zion" set 1947], and "Zion Legacy" [series of 6 beginning with "Jerusalem Vigil" set 1948]. AFRICA An African trilogy by Brigid Knight (aka Kathleen Sinclair). Set in early 19th century South Africa. It is the story of multi-generations of English and Dutch settlers and the Kaffirs. This series includes "Walking the Whirlwind", "The Sun Rises Slowly" and "The Covenant". "African" trilogy by Chinua Achebe. Series describes the process of European colonialism in Africa, from the point of view of generations of the Igbo of people of Eastern Nigeria. The trio includes "Things Fall Apart", "No Longer at Ease" and "Arrow of God". "Courtney" 13 volume series by Wilbur Smith. This family saga series chronicles the lives of successive generations of the Courtney family. Set during 1660s-1987 of South African history. Set primarily in colonial South Africa in the 1800-1900s (although a few in the series are set either earlier or in later contemporary times). The sequence begins with "When the Lion Feeds" and concludes with "The Triumph of the Sun". Wikipedia has a helpful list of the volumes chronologically per story line. "Forest" (aka "Knysna") quartet by Dalene Matthee. Set in Africa's southern cape Outeniqua Forest. Opens in the 1860s. Group includes "Circles in a Forest", "Fiela's Child", "The Mulberry Forest" and Dream Forest". "Kaywana" trilogy by Edgar Mittelholzer. Family saga chronicle of six generations of the Van Groenwegel family from the 17th century to the mid-20th century in British Guiana (modern Guyana) during upheavals of society, rulers, economics and politics. Trio includes "Children of Kaywana", "Hubertus" (later republished as "Kaywana Stock") and "The Old Blood". "Robert Hamilton" 2 +? series by Tony Maxwell. A young Canadian goes to South Africa in search of diamonds, settles in and fights with the Boers against the English. "The Young Lions" begins the series. Romance crossover. "Segu" duo by Maryse Condé. The first novel "Segu" is about an 18th century African family in the pre-colonial Kingdom of Segu (situated in the northern regions of West Africa). The whole of their lives are challenged with the introduction of the slave trade and Islam. The companion "Children of Segu" focuses on the 19th century tribal wars, Islamic conquest and French occupation of the African Segu kingdom. "Zulu Wars" (aka "South Africa") quartet by Henry Gibbs (Henry St. John Clair Rumbold-Gibbs). The group includes "The Splendour and the Dust", "'The Winds of Time", "Thunder at Dawn" and "The Tumult and the Shouting". AMERICA - LATIN "Aztec" series of 6 by Gary Jennings (aka Gabriel Quyth) with contributing authors Robert Gleason and Junius Podrug. The series reveals the depths of great Aztec civilization and the history of Mexico-from the splendor of the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan to the arrival of Hernán Cortás and his Conquistadores, and their destruction of the Aztec empire. The saga includes "Aztec", "Aztec Autumn", "Aztec Blood", "Aztec Rage", "Aztec Fire" and "Aztec Revenge". "Black Majesty" duo by Christopher Nicole. Based on the life of Haiti's first emperor. Saga follows the fortunes of slave-master Philippe, Seigneur de Mortmain and the woman who loves him but finds herself drawn toward revolt. Set includes "The Seeds of Rebellion" and "Wild Harvest". "Boudicca" quartet by Manda Scott. The tales of Boudicca-a 1st century A.D. queen of the Iceni tribe of East Anglia who led a tribal uprising against the occupying forces of the Roman Empire. Series includes "Dreaming the Eagle", "Dreaming the Bull", "Dreaming the Hound" and "Dreaming the Serpent Spear". "Haitian Slave" trilogy by Madison Smartt Bell. Series features Toussaint Louverture and the Haitian Slave Rebellion set in the late 1700s and early 1800s. The Rebellion successfully transformed Haiti from a European colony to the world's first Black republic. Series begins with "All Souls Rising", followed by "Master of the Crossroads" and concludes with "The Stone That the Builders Refused". "Inca" trilogy by Antoine B. Daniel (aka French novelists Antonie Audouard and Jean-Daniel Baltassat). Features the Spanish conquest of Peru and the great Incan Empire, and a love story between a Spanish Conquistador and an Inca Princess. The trilogy includes "The Puma's Shadow", "The Gold of Cuzco" and "The Light of Machu Picchu". "Mesa" trilogy by Ardath Mayhar (aka Frank Cannon, Frances Hurst, John Killdeer). This Prehistoric Indian series begins with "People of the Mesa" which features the Anasazi, a pre-Columbian tribe in what is now Colorado. The series also includes "Island in the Lake" (features the Nadicha, aka Mound Builders, in what is now East Texas) and "Towers in the Earth" (features the Geh-i-nah in the mountains of present-day New Mexico). AMERICA - NORTH "America West" trilogy by Rosanne Bittner. The series chronicles the settling of the United States with each story moving progressively West into a new location and era. Trilogy includes "Into the Wilderness: the Long Hunters" (set 1750s Allegheny Mountains of Pennsylvania amidst the French and Indian War), "Into the Valley: the Settlers" (set 1780 Ohio Valley amidst the American Revolution) and "Into the Prairie: the Pioneers" (set 1810 on the wild prairies of the Indiana Territory). "American Chronicles" series of 9 +? by Robert Vaughn (aka Paul Fairman, Paula Moore, Eugenius Philalethes and many other pen names). Story of the Canfield family and associated friends and descendants from 1901 through the 1960's. Rich throughout with the weaving of actual historic American events. Series opens at the beginning of the 20th century in 1904 with robber-baron industrialists and rapid territorial expansion in "Dawn of the Century". "American Palace" series of 5 by Evan Rhodes. Story features the history of the White House (the "American Palace"), Washington, and the American nation. Woven throughout the rich history represented are two dynastic and feuding American families. Series spans 1792 through 1860s. Volumes include "Bless This House", "Forged in Fury", "Valiant Hearts", "A Distant Dream" and "The Divided Heart". "Awakening Land" trilogy by Conrad Richter. The story follows the Luckett family's migration from Pennsylvania to Southeastern Ohio, and traces the transformation of Ohio from wilderness to farmland to the site of modern industrial civilization within the lifetime of a single character. Series includes "The Trees", "The Fields" and "The Town". "Beulah" series of 5 by Mary Lee Settle. A multi-generational family saga about the roots of American culture, class and identity. Traces three hundred years of three families from Cromwell's England to a West Virginia valley. Series includes "Prisons", "O Beulah Land", "Know Nothing", "The Scapegoat" and "The Killing Ground". "Big Sky" trilogy by A. B. (Arthur Bertram) Guthrie, Jr. depicts the lives of Americans settling the far American West along the upper Missouri and Columbia rivers from 1820 to the beginning of the 20th century. Trio includes "The Big Sky", "The Way West" and "Fair Land, Fair Land". "Border" trilogy by Cormac McCarthy. Features a depiction of ranch life on the New Mexico-Mexico border in the 1940s and early 1950s. Trilogy includes "All the Pretty Horses", "The Crossing" and "Cities of the Plain". "Calling Crow" trilogy by Paul Clayton. Saga features the peaceful Muskogee tribe in their native lands in Southeastern America (later to be known as Georgia and South Carolina) and their struggles with the invading Spanish Catholics. Trilogy includes "Calling Crow", "Flight of the Crow" and "Calling Crow Nation". "Canadians" series of 7 by Robert Wall. Saga of tough fighting men and proud women challenging destiny for a nation's freedom. Series begins with "Blackrobe" and concludes with "Brotherhood". "Florida" trilogy by Eugenia Price. An old South saga set in the 18th century Northern Spanish Florida. The stories weave in the state's Spanish and Seminole history. Series includes "Don Juan McQueen", "Maria" and "Margaret's Story". "Great Episode" multi-volume series by Ann Rinaldi. This is a lengthy series of young adult novels set during the American Colonial era. (See Wikipedia for series list.) "Iroquois" quartet by W. Michael Gear and wife Kathleen O'Neal Gear. Series set in war-torn 15th century New York, New England and Ontario. It relates the story of Iroquois tribes locked in bitter, violent warfare amongst themselves. The series includes "People of the Longhouse", "The Dawn Country", "The Broken Land" and "People of the Black Sun". "Kent Family Chronicles" (aka "American Bicentennial") 8 book series by John Jakes (aka Alan Payne, Jay Scotland). Features multi-generations of the Kent family and their connections with historical events throughout the series time span. Spans time from the American Revolution to the turn of the 20th century. Begins with "The Bastard" and concludes with "The Americans". Timeline and some of the characters are carried over in Jakes' "Crown Family" historical fiction duo set in Chicago beginning 1893. "Kentuckians" trilogy by Janice Holt Giles about the settling of the Kentucky frontier. Series starts in 1775 and includes "The Kentuckians" (the story of the men, including Daniel Boone, who first established homesteads in Kentucky), "Hannah Fowler" (story of a strong pioneer woman) and "The Believers" (Kentucky independence versus conspiracy to be a Spanish territory). "Le Québécois/Sebastien Provencher" trilogy by Doris Provencher Faucher. Set in the mid-1600s, this series details the struggles and dreams of French peasants who risked everything in order to make a new life for themselves in the untamed wilderness of New France (Quebec Canada-along the St. Lawrence River valley). It follows three generations of the original settler couple's descendants. Series includes "The Virgin Forest", "The Rapids" and "Imperial Conquest". "Leatherstocking Tales" series of 5 by James Fenimore Cooper. Set in 18th century American wilderness and features the adventures of a hunter, Indian fighter, American spy for the British. Volumes (in story sequence) per Wikipedia are: "The Deerslayer" (aka "The First Path"), "The Last of the Mohicans" (aka "A Narrative of 1757"), "The Pathfinder" (aka "The Inland Sea"), "The Pioneers" (aka "The Sources of the Susquehanna; A Descriptive Tale") and "The Prairie" (aka "A Tale"). "Lonesome Dove" series of 4 by Larry McMurtry. Saga of the American West and adventures of two Texas Rangers from the time of the Republic of Texas to the beginning of the 20th century. Series includes (listed chronologically per storyline) "Dead Man's Walk", "Comanche Moon", "Lonesome Dove" and "Streets of Laredo". "Midwife" (aka "Hannah Blau-Sokolow") series of 2 +? by Gay Courter. The tale of a young Russian Jewish midwife who immigrates to New York City during the early 1900s and challenges the male-dominated world of Obstetrics. The series includes "The Midwife" and "The Midwife's Advice". "Narratives of the Empire" ("American Chronicles") series of 7 by Gore Vidal. This series follows the growth of America from colonial times to the 1950s through the weaving of experiences of a fictional family with non-fictional historical characters. The series includes "Burr", "Lincoln", "1876", "Empire", "Hollywood", "Washington, D.C." and "The Golden Age". "New York" series of 5 by Bruce Nicolaysen. Family saga of the Dutch immigrants de Kuypers family, their successive generations, and the early settling of New York City and state. Series story line begins in 1613 and continues through 1930. The series includes "From Distant Shores", "On Maiden Lane", "Beekman Place", "Pirate of Gramercy Park" and "Gracie Square". "Old New York" 4 +? series by Beverly Swerling. Multi-generational family saga set in early days of the mid-Atlantic States 1660s to 1886 and features the intertwined destinies of two early immigrant families. Series includes "City of Dreams: A Novel of Early Manhattan", "City of Glory: A Novel of War and Desire in Old Manhattan", "Shadowbrook: A Novel of Love, War, and the Birth of America" and "City of God". "O'Malley Family" (aka "The O'Malley Family in the Twentieth Century") 6 +? series by Andrew Greeley. Story of an irrepressible and resilient Irish Catholic family caught up in the rush of contemporary American history from the 1940s through the 1980s. The series begins with "A Midwinter's Tale". "The Peaceable Kingdom: An American Saga" (aka "The Quaker") quartet by Jan de Hartog. A fictionalized account of the origin of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) and their struggle for religious freedom in England and America. Set primarily in the 17th century. The series includes (per Goodreads): "The Children of the Light", "The Holy Experiment", "The Peculiar People" and "The Lambs War". "Pennsylvania Frontier" series of 14 +? by Roy F. Chandler. This series features frontier times in Central Pennsylvania with Iroquois Native Americans and early colonials. Series begins with "Arrowmaker". "Plainsmen" series of 16 by Terry C. Johnston. Tells of the U.S. Army struggles with the Native American Indians and their encounters ("Indian Wars") during of the later 19th century. Series begins in 1866 with "Sioux Dawn". "Random Passage" duo by Bernice Morgan. This is a story of the early (1800's) settlers to the harsh, fishing costal island of colonial Newfoundland. The duo includes "Random Passage" and "Waiting for Time (aka "Cape Random)". "Real People Saga" series of 12 +? by Robert J. (Jackson) Conley. Traces Cherokee history in American, beginning in 1500 with "The Way of the Priests" through the late 18th century with "Sequoyah". "Sackett" trilogy by Sally Cabot Gunning. The story of everyday life (or not) during the colonial, pre-American Revolutionary War period on Cape Cod. Presented from a woman's point of view. Trio includes "The Widow's War", "Bound" and "The Rebellion of Sally Clarke". "Saga of the Sierras" (aka "Legends of the West") series of 12 +? by Bodie and Brock Thorne. Series follows the lives of several pioneer families of the Western American frontier (California) mid-19th century. Series begins with "The Man From Shadow Ridge". "Savannah" quartet by Eugenia Price. Saga of the Old American South. Follows the fortunes of the American city of Savannah, Georgia and three families from 1800 to 1860 (through the War of 1812 and Civil War). Series includes "Savannah", "To See Your Face Again", "Before the Darkness Falls" and "Stranger in Savannah". "Skye's West" series of 19 +? by Richard S. Wheeler. Features the exploits and adventures of Barnaby Skye, a deserter from the British Royal Navy and legendary mountain man, frontiersman, trapper and guide. Primarily set in the American West frontier wilderness. Chronologically the story begins in 1826 with prequels "Rendezvous" and "Dark Passage". "Son of the Plains" (aka "Custer") trilogy by Terry C. Johnston. Saga of fiery U.S. Calvary General George A. Custer. Series includes "Long Winter Gone", "Seize the Sky" and "Whisper of the Wolf". "Sons of Texas" trilogy by Tom Early (aka Elmer Kelton, Alex Hawk, Lee McElroy). Series follows the lives and adventures of the Mordecai Lewis family from 1816 through the era of the Alamo and Texas Independence in the 1830's, and culture clashes in-between. Trio includes "Sons of Texas", "The Raiders" and "The Rebels". "Spanish Bit Saga" series of 29. Features the adventures of lost 16th century Spanish explorers in America (who are adopted by the Elk Dog Indian peoples of the American Central Plains) and their descendants. Series begins with "Trail of the Spanish Bit" and concludes with "The Moon of Madness". (There are also three Spanish Bit "spin-off" books: "World of Silence", "The Traveler" and "The Changing Wind".) "Tender Ties Historical Series" trilogy by Jane Kirkpatrick. The story of the first expedition to the American West after Lewis and Clark. This group included 60 men, one woman, her husband and two little boys. That woman was Marie Dorion Venier Toupin, the Ioway Indian woman who accompanied the Astor overland expedition in 1812. This series is based on her life crossing the Rocky Mountains and settling in the Northwest. The series includes "A Name of Her Own", "Every Fixed Star" and "Hold Tight the Thread". "Tennessee Frontier" (aka "Overmountain Men") trilogy by Cameron Judd. Saga features frontier life and adventures the settlers encountered on the plains of Tennessee, Kentucky, North Carolina, and Virginia during 1757 to 1777. Series includes "Overmountain Men", "The Border Men" and "The Canebrake Men". "Texas Rangers" series 8 +? by Elmer Kelton which chronicles of the origins of the renowned Texas Rangers, beginning with "The Buckskin Line". "Titus Bass" (aka "Mountain Man") series of 9 by Terry C. Johnston. Story of a 19th century Kentucky farm boy who becomes a frontiersman along the Ohio River and American West. Series starts with "Dance on the Wind" and concludes with "Wind Walker". "Trail Drive" series of 25 +? by Ralph Compton (later books in the series were written after Compton's death under his name by assignment to authors Ralph Cotton, Jory Sherman (aka Cort Martin), Dusty Richards and Robert Vaughan). Features the adventures of Texas Rangers turned bold trail-drivers. The series begins just after the Civil War in 1865 with "The Goodnight Trail". "Trilogy of Desire" (aka "Cowperwood") trilogy by Theodore Dreiser. A story inspired by the life of 19th century American robber baron and transportation magnate Charles Yerkes. The series includes "The Financier", The Titan" and "The Stoic". "Wagons West" series of 24 by Dana Fuller Ross (aka James Reasoner, Noel Gerson, Donald Clayton Porter, Samuel Edwards, Hank Mitchum, Peter Danielson). Series features the families on the first wagon train heading to Oregon in 1837 and continues on with descendants through 1941. Series starts with "Independence" and concludes with "Celebration". (See also the prequel trilogy "Wagons West Frontier" beginning with "Westward!". See also two sequel series "The Holts, An American Dynasty" beginning with "The Oregon Legacy" and its sequel "Wagons West Empire" beginning with "Honor!".) See Fantastic Fiction website for complete series list. "Wilderness" series of 6 by Sara Donati (aka Rossina Lippi). Multi-generational saga of the early American Bonner family set in 1790s up-state New York wilderness. Series includes "Into the Wilderness", "Dawn on a Distant Shore", "Lake in the Clouds", "Fire Along the Sky", "Queen of Swords" and "The Endless Forrest". "Winning of America" series of 6 +? by Allan W. Eckert. Account of the Native American Indians, French, English, early American colonists and the turbulence involved in wrestling the westward expansion of North America. Series begins with "The Frontiersmen: A Narrative". "Yellowstone Kelly" quartet by Peter Bowen. A "burlesque" re-write American history. This series is based on the real-life exploits of Luther Sage "Yellowstone" Kelly, a hunter, scout, rancher and ambassador between the white and native people of the 19th century American West. The series includes "Yellowstone Kelly", "Kelly Blue", "Imperial Kelly" and "Kelly and the Three-Toed Horse". "U.S.A." trilogy by John Dos Passos. The series relates the lives of 12 different characters struggling to find a place in the developing American society of the 20th century (1910 to 1930). Trilogy includes "42nd Parallel", "1919" and "The Big Money". ASIA - FAR, MIDDLE and NEAR EAST "Alexandria" quartet by Lawrence Durrell (aka Charles Norden). Set amidst the intrigues in Alexandria, Egypt in the 1930s and 1940s. The series represents four different points of view on a single set of events. Series includes "Justine", "Balthazar", "Mountolive" and "Clea". "Arbat" trilogy by Anatoli Rybakov. Story represents the vast panorama of Soviet life under Stalin. It charts the experiences of a group of childhood friends who grew up in Moscow's Arbat district. Set during the events of the early 1930s ("Five Year Plan", Ukraine famine, Great Purge, Sergey Kirov's murder, "Stalin's Children") through the events of 1943 (Soviet Union turned the tide of WWII against Nazi Germany). Series includes "Children of the Arbat" ("Deti Arbata"), "Fear" ("Strakh") and "Dust and Ashes" ("Prakh i Pepel"). "Asian Saga" of 7 by James Clavell. The novels all center on the Anglo-Saxon in Asia, and together they explore the impact on East and West of the meeting of these two distinct civilizations. Epic series includes (per story timeline) "Shogun" (1600's medieval feudal Japan), "Tai-Pan" (1841 Hong Kong), "Gai-Jun" (1862 feudal Japan), "King Rat" (1945 Japanese prison camp in Malaya), "Noble House" (1963 contemporary Hong Kong), "Whirlwind" and "Escape" (both 1979 Iran post Shah exile)." "Burmese" trilogy by Prem Sharma. A trio based on Sharma's experiences during the WWII Japanese invasion of Burma and his refuge in India (at the time of India's struggle for independence). Trilogy includes "Karma's Embrace", "Mandalay's Child" and "Escape from Burma". "Buru" quartet by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. Set in the Dutch East Indies (Java) in 20th century and represents a sweep of Indonesian history and colonial politics. The quartet follows the personal and political life of a leader of the revolution against the Dutch, from early in the century through independence. Foursome includes "This Earth of Mankind", "Child of all Nations", "Footsteps" and "House of Glass ". "Cairo" trilogy by Nobel laureate Naguib Mahfouz. Story set in colonial (early 20th century) Egypt and features three generations of a Muslim family in Cairo during Britain's occupation of Egypt. Trio includes "Palace Walk", "Palace of Desire" and "Sugar Street". "China Coast" trilogy by Christopher New. Series begins with a young Englishman's arrival in 1903 Shanghai and follows his dynasty-building descendants through Chinese history to 1984 as British and Chinese negotiate the fate of Hong Kong. Trio includes "Shanghai", "The Chinese Box" and "A Change of Flag". "Conqueror" series of 5 by Conn Iggulden. Set in 12th century Asia, and features the lives of the great Mongol warlord conqueror Genghis Khan and his descendants. Series includes "Genghis: Birth of an Empire", "Genghis: Lords of the Bow", "Bones of the Hill", "Empire of Silver" and "Conqueror". "Daimyo" trilogy by William Morell. Series features a former legendary warrior samurai, now a Ronin. Set in 1500's feudal Japan. Series also features adventures to other locales in Europe (UK) and Asia (Ottoman Empire). Trilogy includes "Daimyo", "Daimyo's Revenge" and "Daimyo's Conquest". "Destiny of Eagles" series of 5 by Sacha Carnegie. Series begins in 1748 and is set primarily in Poland and Russia. Story of love that survives war, revolution and time. Series includes "The Banners of Love", "The Banners of War", "The Banners of Power" (aka "Kasia and The Empress"), "The Banners of Courage" and "The Banners of Revolt". "Eight Banners" duo by Alan Savage (aka Christopher Nicole, Nicholas Grant, Robin Cade, Caroline Gray, Andrew York). Story involves mid-19th century China's decaying Ming Dynasty, the Manchus, and the exploits of an opportunistic English merchant (and his family). Duo comprised of "The Eight Banners" and "The Last Bannerman". "Empire of the Moghul" series of 5 by Alex Rutherford (aka Diana and Michael Preston). Series covers the rise and height of the Moghul Empire in medieval India. Barbar ruler of the Moghul Empire, his son and second ruler Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir and Shah Jahan and the Taj Mahal are featured in the series. Volumes are "Raiders from the North", "Brothers at War", "Ruler of the World", "The Tainted Throne" and The Serpent's Tooth". "Falcon" trilogy by Axel Aylwen. Set in 17th century Siam. The series features the Greek born English merchant Constantine Phaulkon's (Falcon of Siam) rise to power during the reign of King Narai the Great. Series includes "The Falcon of Siam", "The Falcon Takes Wing" and "The Falcon's Last Flight". "Farn Mabul, Before the Flood" (aka "Three Cities") trilogy by Sholem Asch. Describes Jewish life in the first two decades of the 20th century in St. Petersburg, Warsaw and Moscow. The series includes "Petersburg", "Warsaw" and "Moscow". "Heaven's Favorite" duo by Tom Shanley. A retelling of the rise of the 12th century warrior Chinggis Kahn (Genghis Kahn) and the expansion of his Asian empire during the 13th century. The set includes "Ascent: The Rise of Chinggis Khan" and "Dominion: The Dawn of the Mongol Empire". "House of Earth" trilogy by Pearl S. Buck. Depicts life of a Chinese peasant family and traditional Chinese culture in early 20th century. Series includes "The Good Earth", "Sons" and "A House Divided". "Ibis" trilogy by Amitav Ghosh. Series features colonial India and imperial China. Opens with "Sea of Poppies" set 1838 on the eve of the British attack on Chinese ports in what will become the Opium Wars. Trio also includes "River of Smoke" and "Flood of Fire". "Islam Quintet" series of 5 by Tariq Ali. The series begins in 15th century Moorish Spain and closes in the 21st century in the international cities of Lahore, London, Paris and Beijing. It is a telling of Islamic history. The series includes "Shadows of the Pomegranate Tree", "The Book of Saladin", "The Stone Woman", "A Sultan in Palermo" and "Night of the Golden Butterfly". "John Mung" series of 5 by Dov Silverman. Adventure series inspired by the real life of Nakahama Manjir (aka John Manjiro Mung) who was a Japanese sailor, educator, interpreter and one of the first Japanese to visit the continental U.S. Series set in 19th century Japan (primarily) and includes "Fall of the Shogun", "The Black Dragon", "The Shishi", "Tairo" and "To the Gates of Hell". "Kirov" trilogy by Cynthia Harrod-Eagles (aka Elizabeth Bennett, Emma Woodhouse). Family saga set throughout the 19th and early 20th century Imperial Russia. Series covers the Napoleonic invasion of Russia, the Crimean War, World War 1 and the Russian Revolution. Trilogy includes "Anne", "Fleur" and "Emily". "Knights of Dark Renown" 4 +? series by Graham Shelby. Series re-imagines the conflicts between the Christians and the Saracens in Palestine after the Second Crusade, the Kingdom of Jerusalem, of Richard the Lionheart and of King John of England. Series begins with "Knights of Dark Renown". "Ottoman Empire" trilogy by Ann Chamberlin. Set in 16th and 17th century Turkey it features the daughter of a Venetian nobleman who is kidnapped, transported, sold to, lives with, and schemes within the great harem of the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. Trio includes "Sofia", "The Sultan's Daughter" and "The Reign of the Favored Women". "Peacock" series of 5 by Katharine Gordon. Set in 1800 and 1900s India. About the love between a young Irish woman and an Indian Prince. This series includes "The Emerald Peacock", "Peacock in Flight" (aka "In the Shadow of the Peacock"), "The Peacock Ring" (aka "Peacock Rider"), "Peacock in Jeopardy" and "Peacock Fan". "Pearl of the Orient" 4 + ? series by Christopher Nicole (aka Peter Grange, Andrew York, Robin Cade, Mark Logan, Christina Nicholson, Alison York, Leslie Arlen, Robin Nicholson, C.R. Nicholson, Daniel Adams, Simon McKay, Caroline Gray and Alan Savage) . The Dutch and British clash for supremacy, while princes and traders vie for influence and riches. Set in the Far East in the early 19th century. The series includes "Pearl of the Orient", "Dragon's Blood", "Singapura" and "Dark Sun". "Ponniyin Selvan" series of 5 by Kalki Krishnamurthy. The volumes tell the story of Arulmozhivrman (later drowned as Rajaraja Chola I), one of the kings of the Chola Dynasty during the 10th and 11th centuries in southern India. The series begins with "Ponniyin Selvan: The First Floods". "Rakehell Dynasty" series of 4 by Michael William Scott. A New England shipping/merchant family and their kin in London risk convention and develop a new style ship-the clipper. Soon they become powerful traders with China, deeply involved in the politics and love of the Middle Kingdom, her people and her enemies. Series primarily set in China and lesser in London and America. Series includes "Rakehell Dynasty", "China Bride", "Orient Affair" and "Mission to Cathay". "Romanov" trilogy by Evelyn Anthony. Set primarily in 18th century Russia and features Catherine the Great and her descendants. Trio includes "Imperial Highness" (Catherine's rise to power), "Curse Not the King" (Catherine's bitter conflict with her hated son, Paul Petrovitch) and "Far Fly the Eagles" (Catherine's grandson, Czar Alexander I and his battle against Napoleon). "Root and the Flower" trilogy by Leopold Myers. Set in 16th century Mughal India and follows the adventures of a prince, his wife and their son. Trio includes "The Near and the Far", "Prince Jali" and "Rajah Amar". "Rosales Saga" series of 5 by F. Sionil Jose. Chronicles a century of Philippine history as experienced by multi-generations of one family. Begins with Filipino life on the eve of the Spanish-American War in 1880s in "Dusk". Series also includes "Tree", "My Brother, My Executioner", "The Pretenders" and "Mass". "Russian Saga" series of 6 by Christopher Nicole (aka Alan Savage, Robin Cade, Nicholas Grant, Caroline Gray, Andrew York). Epic of military, political and romantic intrigue set in mid-19th century Russia. "The Seeds of Power" start up the series. "The Saracen" duo by Robert Shea. Set during the 13th century Crusades. Featured is an English-born child who was captured and sold into slavery. He converted to Islam and become a devout Muslim, a gifted warrior, assassin and spy (against Mongol Genghis Kahn). The continuous tale set is comprised of "Land of the Infidel" and "The Holy War". "Siege" duo by Helen Dunmore. The first novel "The Siege" is set during the 900 day Nazi siege of Leningrad and portrays both the city and the peoples during the hardship. The second book "The Betrayal" is set 10 years after the siege and follows two survivors coping in the "Stalinist paranoid" aftermath. "The Straits Quartet" quartet by Dawn Farmham. The series follows the vacillating fortunes of a Chinese coolie turned noteworthy merchant, and the 18 year old Scots woman and sister of Singapore's chief of police. Set against a backdrop of the turmoil of Singapore's early years in the 19th century. Series includes "The Red Thread: A Chinese Tale of Love and Fate in 1830s Singapore", "The Hills of Singapore: A Landscape of Loss, Longing, and Love", "The Shallow Seas; A Tale of Two Cities: Singapore and Batavia" and "The English Concubine: Passion and Power in 1860s Singapore". "Sword of India" duo by Christopher Nicole (aka Peter Grange, Andrew York, Robin Cade, Mark Logan, Christina Nicholson, Alison York, Leslie Arlen, Robin Nicholson, C.R. Nicholson, Daniel Adams, Simon McKay, Caroline Gray and Alan Savage). Series describes the turbulence and savagery of 19th century India. Features the escapades and adventures of Richard Bryant in India during Britain's days of Empire. The hero carves a career as a mercenary soldier. Set includes "Sword of Fortune" and "Sword of Empire". "Taj Mahal" trilogy by Indu Sundaresan. A series about how a young widow, daughter of Persian refugees and wife of an Afghan commander grows up to become Nur Jahan-the most powerful woman in the fabled Mughal Empire. The trilogy features "The Twentieth Wife", "The Feast of Roses" and Shadow Princes". AUSTRALISIA "All the Rivers Run" trilogy by Nancy Cato. The series features the peoples, culture and history along the Murray River at the turn of the 20th century in Victorian Australia. Trilogy includes "All the Rivers Run", "Time, Flow Softly", and "But Still the River". Typically found together in an omnibus edition. "Australian" trilogy by Bryce Courtenay. Features Australia's convict past and colonization. Trio includes "The Potato Factory", "Tommo and Hawk" and "Solomon's Song". Also available in an omnibus called "The Australian Trilogy". "Australians" series of 12 by William Stuart Long (aka Vivian Stuart, V. A. Stuart). Family saga which features Australia's settlement from the First Fleet through independence. Series begins 18th century with "The Exiles" and ends in 20th century with "The Imperialists". "Bird/Duffy" (aka "Frontier") quartet by Peter Watt. A family saga of colonial mid-1800 Australia which features two feuding Queensland families. The Macintoshes who are wealthy Scottish landowners, and the Duffys who are poor Irish laborers. Series includes "Shadow of the Osprey", "Cry of the Curlew", "Flight of the Eagle" and "To Chase the Storm". "Bounty" trilogy by Charles Nordhoff and James Hall. This series describes events prior to, during and after the mutiny on the HMS Bounty. The trilogy includes "Mutiny on the Bounty" (mutiny erupts and the Bounty is seized by the first mate), "Men Against the Sea" (the open-boat voyage to England of the discarded captain and crew) and "Pitcairn's Island" (the settlement of the first mate and mutineers on an uninhabited island in the South Pacific). "Children of War" trilogy by Deborah Challinor. A historical family saga about a feisty Cornish seamstress who became a brothel keeper and landowner in New Zealand. The series includes "Tamar" (17-year-old orphan living in a small Cornish village who opts to immigrate to New Zealand in 1879), "White Feathers" (1914 with WW1 and Tamar's children) and "Blue Smoke" (the story of Tamar's family and the 1931 Napier earthquake). "The Fortunes of Richard Mahony" by Henry Richardson. A three part novel set in the Ballarat goldfields region of Australia during the gold rush of the mid-19th century. The volumes trace the rise and fall of the title character (and his family) against the backdrop of colonial expansion. The novel consists of "Australia Felix", "The Way Home" and "Ultima Thule". "Letitia Munro" trilogy by Kev Richardson. Generational tales of New South Wales' first white settlement in 1600-from convict life in prison to freedom and enterprise. Series includes "Letitia Munro", "To Plow Van Diemen's Land" and "The Terrible Truths". "The Mahana Family" duo by Witi Ihimaera. This series pays tribute to significant Maori leaders; giving insight into the Maori culture and bond with New Zealand. The stories feature multi-generations of a Maori family. The set includes "The Matriarch" and "The Dream Swimmer". "Massacre Bay: A 19th Century Saga of Colonial Life" trilogy by Ken Gunn. Trilogy follows 19th century colonial settlers in Golden Bay, New Zealand. Series composed of "Massacre Bay", "Evenshiels" (aka "The Lost Key") and "Never To Know". "Melbourne" trilogy by Marshall Browne. Set in Melbourne in the 1880s with themes of greed, corruption, and love. Series includes "The Gilded Cage", "The Burnt City" and "The Trumpeting Angel". "New Zealand Wars" (aka "Mori") trilogy by Maurice Shadbolt. Set 1840s to 1860's colonial New Zealand. Features the battles and skirmishes between the indigenous Mori, the British army and colonists determined to rid the Mori of their heritage and rights. Trio includes "The House of Strife", "Monday's Warriors" and "Season of the Jew. "Oracles and Miracles" trilogy by Stevan Edlred-Grigg. Series is set in the early 20th century. A portrayal of five generations of a family and the story of a provincial society in Christchurch, New Zealand. Trio includes "Oracles and Miracles", "The Shining City" and "Mum". "Outback" ("aka "Australian Saga") series of 5 by Aaron Fletcher. Family saga series is set in the Australian Outback. Features the lives of descendants of a female convict transported from England and their settlement in Australia (New South Wales). Series begins 1808 with "Outback". Remaining volumes are "Outback Station", "Walkabout", "Wallaby Track" and "Outback Legacy" "The Timeless Land" trilogy by Eleanor Dark. Series is set in the late 18th and early 19th centuries and traces the development of European settlement in Australia. Features interactions between Australia's first white settlers at Sydney Cove and the local Aborigines. Series includes "The Timeless Land", "Storm of Time" and "No Barrier". "The World" duo by Lance and James Morcan. Set in the 19th century. The story follows the lives of a female missionary, a British fugitive and an American adventurer. "Their adventures span sixteen years and find them engage with Native American Indians, Barbary Coast pirates, Aborigines, Maoris and Pacific Islanders as they travel around the world - from America to Africa and England, to the Canary Islands, to Australia, New Zealand, Samoa and Fiji. The duology includes "World Odyssey" and "Fiji: A Novel". EUROPE "Almond and Raisins" trilogy by Maisie Mosco. Features the experiences of three generations of a Jewish family who flee Eastern Europe (Russia) at the turn of the 20th century and settle in England. Series spans 1905 through post-WWII. Trilogy includes "Almonds and Raisins", "The Scattered Seed" and "Children's Children" (aka "Glittering Harvest"). "Angelique" series of 13 by Anne and Serge Golon. Set 17th century France during the reign of Louis XIV. Inspired by the adventures and romances of Suzanne de Rouge du Plessis-Bellière. Series begins with "Angélique, the Marquise of the Angels". Wikipedia has complete list of volumes. "Barchester" series of 6 by Anthony Trollope. A chronicle about the affairs of the Anglican Church, clergy and gentry in a small rural cathedral town in the 1850s pre-Victoria era. Series includes "The Warden", "Barchester Towers", "Doctor Thorne", "Framley Parsonage", "A Small House At Allington" and "The Last Chronicle of Barset". "Baroque Cycle" by Neal Stephenson. This is a series of three volumes containing eight books. "The books follow three primary fictional characters as they weave in and out the massive scientific, philosophical, economic and political changes of the period from 1680 to 1713, and the real world people who shaped the events." (titanicdeckchairs.com). The volumes include "Quicksilver", "The Confusion" and "The System of the World". (This series is typically categorized under Science Fiction because the sciences of cryptology and numismatics are heavily featured. However, "literary treatment" is consistent with historical fiction.) "Botticelli" trilogy by Linda Proud brings to life the Lorenzo de' Medici's Italy through characters key to the Italian Renaissance. Trilogy includes "A Tabernacle for the Sun", "Pallas and the Centaur" and "The Rebirth of Venus". "Bosnian" trilogy by Ivo Andric. A chronicle of the tortured lives of the inhabitants of the city of Travnik, Bosnia from the 17th to early 20th century. Bosnia has seen occupation, wars and the infamous assassination which triggered WW1. Trio includes "Bosnia: A Chronicle", "The Bridge on the Drina" and "The Woman from Sarajevo". "Brothers of Gwynedd" quartet by Edith Pargeter. Chronicles the 13th century rise and fall of Prince Llewelyn of Gwynedd of Wales, his pursuit of independence from England and the thwarting machinations of his three brothers. The individual stories are "Sunrise in the West", "The Dragon at Noonday", "The Hounds of sunset and Afterglow" and "Nightfall". The trio is available in the omnibus "The Brothers of Gwynedd". "Catherine de Medici" trilogy by Jean Plaidy (aka Eleanor Alice Burford Hibbert). The story of Catherine de Medicirides beginning with her childhood, her subsequent political marriage to Henry, Duke of Orleans, (who later became King Henry II of France), her widowhood as Dowager Queen, Machiavellian relationship with nemesis Princess Jeanne of Navarre, later life with a sickly son (Charles King of France) and drive to end the conflict between Catholic Spain and Huguenot Protestant England. Series includes "Madame Serpent", "The Italian Woman" and "Queen Jezebel". "Chivalry" 2 +? series by Vince Cameron. Series is loosely based around the exploits of Sir William Gold, one of Sir John Hawksood's Lieutenant's in Italy. Begins in post-plague 1347 London and wraps up in 1415 at the Battle of Agincourt. Thus far the series includes "The Ill-Made Knight", "The Long Sword" "Chronicles of Iona" 2 +? series by Paula de Fougerolles. Series begins in the 6th century and tells the story of the two men who laid the foundations of the Scottish nation; a Christian Irish monk, Saint Columba, and a Scottish warlord, Aedan mac Gabran. The series begins with "The Chronicles of Iona: Prophet". "Conquest" series of 4 +? by James Aitcheson. Series re-imagines the Norman conquest and struggle to maintain control of England after the (1066) Battle of Hastings. First in the series is "Sworn Sword". "Conquest" trilogy by Jack Ludlow (aka David Donachie). Features the history of the Normans in Italy through the story of the de Hauteville family dynasty. This series begins in 1033 with "Mercenaries" and continues with "Warriors" and "Conquest". See also the sequel trilogy "Crusades" which begins with "Prince of Legend". "The Cousin's War" series of 6 +? by Philippa Gregory. This series is about the Houses of Lancaster and York of 15th century England – during the Plantagenets dynasty. The story of the War of the Roses as told by four different prominent women of the time. The series includes (in story timeline chronology) "The Lady of the Rivers", "The White Queen", "The Red Queen", "The Kingmaker's Daughter", "The White Princess" and "The White Rose" (aka "The King's Curse"). "Dance to the Music of Time" series of 12 by Anthony Powell. The sequence is a panorama of 20th century London life and traces a group of English acquaintances from 1914 to 1971 as the various friends and lovers meet, drift apart, and reacquaint over the years. Central character is a wealthy Englishman who narrates the stories in the form of his reminiscences. Series begins with "A Question of Upbringing" and concludes with "Hearing Secret Harmonies". The series is also available in 4 omnibus editions titled "Movements 1-4". "Daniel Cheswis" 2 +? series by D. W. Bradbridge. Storyline begins in 1643 and features the English Civil Wars. First installment is "The Winter Siege" which centers on the month-long siege of Nantwich in Chester County, England. "Daughters of England" series of 20 by Philippa Carr (aka Jean Plaidy, Eleanor Alice Burford Hibbert). This series follows successive generations of an English family within the context of major events of the 16th to 20th century. Each novel is narrated by the daughter of the narrator featured in the previous novel. "The Miracle at St. Bruno's" begins the series. Wikipedia has a helpful list of series' contents. "Dublin Saga" duo by Edward Rutherfurd. Features key events of Irish history starting in pre-Christian 430 AD to early 20th century. Twosome includes "The Princes of Ireland" and "The Rebels of Ireland". "Eleanor of Aquitaine" (aka "Plantagenet") 4 +? series by Sharon Kay Penman. The series chronicles events in the lives of Eleanor of Aquitaine and Henry II. Series includes "When Christ and His Saints Slept", "Time and Chance", "Devil's Brood" and "Lionheart". "Elizabethan" trilogy by George Garrett represents a panorama of Renaissance English life during the Elizabethan and early Stuart periods. Series includes "Death of the Fox" (Sir Walter Raleigh's last years), "The Succession" (Queen Elizabeth I of England and King James VI of Scotland) and "Entered from the Sun" (rival Londoners investigate Christopher Marlowe's death). "Empire" trilogy by James Gordon Farrell. The cycle recalls the collapse of the British colonial power. "Troubles" (Set in 1919 "troubled" Ireland. A melancholy tale of an English Major who goes to Ireland to meet his fiancé and witnesses Ireland's fight for independence from Britain.), "The Siege of Krishnapur" (deals with the Indian Mutiny of 1857. Inspired by historical events of the sieges of Cawnpore and Lucknow) and "The Singapore Grip" (centers on the Japanese capture of the British colonial city of Singapore in 1939, while also exploring the economics and ethics of colonialism at the time). "Fortunes of War" series of 6 (2 trilogies) by Olivia Manning. Trilogies are "Balkan" (beginning with "The Great Fortune") and "Levant" (beginning with "The Danger Tree"). Volumes chronicle the wartime experiences of a group of English expatriates as WWII begins and progresses. Set predominately in Rumania, Egypt, Palestine and Greece. "French Revolution" trilogy by Jean Plaidy. Features the life of pleasure obsessed Louis XV in 18th century France. Series begins with the death of Louis XIV and a five year old Louis XV becoming king of France in "Louis the Well Beloved". His middle age is featured in "The Road to Compiegne". A young Marie Antoinette is featured in the final series volume "Flaunting, Extravagant Queen". "Galway Chronicles" quartet by Bodie and Brock Thoene. Story of the political and economic strife in Ireland, fight for independence from English and of the personal struggles of some of her inhabitants. Set early 1840s. Series includes "Only the River Runs Free ", "Of Men and Angels", "Ashes of Remembrance" and "All Rivers to the Sea". "Good Queen Bess" (aka "Elizabethan") trilogy by Margaret Irwin. A chronicle of the early life of Elizabeth I and her precarious path to the throne. Set during the Renaissance. Trilogy includes "Young Bess", "Elizabeth, Captive Princess" and "Elizabeth and the Prince of Spain". "The Grail Quest" quartet by Bernard Cornwell. Series deals with the quest for the Holy Grail and the journey of a young English archer in the 14th century at the time of the 100 Years' War. Series includes "Harlequin" (aka "The Archer's Tale"), "Vagabond", "Heretic" and "1356". "Hereward" series of 5 +? by James Wilde. Set in the early 17th century (The End of Days) this series features a Saxon warrior who leads the resistance to the Normans before and after their invasion of England, and of this warrior's exile by King William. Series begins with "The Time of the Wolf". "Heron" (aka "Civil War") quartet by Pamela Bell. Set in 17th century England during the Civil War and features the saga of the Royalist Heron family. Series includes "The Moon in the Water", "The Chains of Fate", "Alathea" and (series prequel set in 15th century War of Roses) "The Lodestar". "House of Niccolo" series of 8 by Dorothy Dunnett (aka Dorothy Halliday). Set in 15th century Renaissance Flanders. Features a dyer's apprentice who schemes and swashbuckles his way to the helm of a powerful mercantile empire. (Dunnett's companion 6 volume series "Lymond Chronicles" continues the stories of "House of Niccolò's" descendants in the 16th century.) "The Illuminator" trilogy by Brenda Rickman Vantrease. Set in 14-15th century Europe and features the impact of the religious wars on the working class, and strife to the "heretics". The set includes "The Illuminator", "The Mercy Seller" and "The Heretic's Wife". "Immortal Memory" 6 part cycle by James Barke. A re-telling of the life of beloved Scottish poet Robert Burns. Series begins with "The Wind That Shakes the Barley". "Insurrection" trilogy by Robyn Young. Story about Robert the Bruce of Scotland and Edward I of England, Robert's struggle to claim the throne of Scotland and (once crowned) to defend his rule against Edward II of England. Trilogy includes "Insurrection", "Renegade" and "Kingdom". "Irish" trilogy by Thomas Flanagan. Features Ireland's struggle for independence from Britain, from the 1789 rebellion to the Civil War of the 1920s through voices of both fictional and non-fictional characters. Series includes "The Year of the French", "The Tenants of Time" and "The End of the Hunt". "Irish Century" series of 5 by Morgan Llywelyn. Story of the Irish people's struggle for independence from the British Empire. Story traces the history of 20th century Ireland through a single Irish family. Series includes "1916", "1921", "1949", "1972" and "1999". "Isabelle and Ferdinand" trilogy by Jean Plaidy (aka Eleanor Alice Burford Hibbert and Philippa Carr). This series features the lives and reign of Isabelle (Queen), Ferdinand (King) and their children in 15th and 16th century Spain. The series includes "Castile for Isabella", "Spain for the Sovereigns" and "Daughters of Spain". "Islam" series of 5 by Tariq Ali. Character-driven novels set in Europe and cover the confrontation of Christian and Islamic (Muslim) civilizations at different periods of European history (beginning in medieval 1153). The series includes "Shadows of the Pomegranate Tree", "The Book of Saladin, "The Stone Woman", "A Sultan in Palermo" (chronologically first in the series story line) and "Night of the Golden Butterfly". "Jacobite" trilogy by D. K. (Dorothy Kathleen) Broster. Set 1745-1775 Scotland and features a Highland chieftain and relatives during the Jacobite Rebellion. Series includes "The Flight of the Heron", "The Gleam in the North" and "The Dark Mile". "James V" trilogy by Bruce Tranter. Set 1513–1524, this series focuses on the turbulent life of the weak-willed king James V of Scotland. Trio includes "The Riven Realm", "James by the Grace of God" and "Rough Wooing". "Josephine Bonaparte" trilogy by Sandra Gulland. Set in late 18th century France and inspired by the life of Josephine Bonaparte. Trio includes "The Many Lives and Secret Sorrows of Josephine B.", "Tales of Passion, Tales of Woe" and "The Last Great Dance on Earth". "Knights" trilogy by Vaughn Heppner. Trilogy depicts 13th century life in Wales at the beginning of the civil war (1263) between Earl Simon de Montfort and King Henry III of England. Series features a dog keeper and felon's son who would become a knight of daring and romance. Trio includes "Keeper of the Dogs", "The Outlaw Knight" and "The Druids Curse". "Kristin Lavransdatter" trilogy by Sigrid Undset. Recount of medieval Scandinavian life. Series includes " Kristin Lavransdatter: The Wreath", "Kristin Lavransdatter: The Wife" and "Kristin Lavransdatter: The Cross". (See the somewhat companion quartet "Master of Hestviken" also by Undset.) "Last Viking" trilogy by Poul Anderson. Set in the 11th century. Series follows the story of Harald Hardrede (Harald Sigurdharson) and his struggle to become sole King of Norway (after the fall of his King brother Olaf the Stout), mercenary exploits the Russian and Mediterranean Empires, attempt to conquer Denmark, and to become King of England. Series includes "The Golden Horn", "The Road of the Sea Horse" and "The Sign of the Raven". "Marshal" trilogy by Elizabeth Chadwick. Story of the great 12th century knight William the Marshal (William Marshal). This series is lighter on the romance than many of Chadwick's other books. Trio includes "The Greatest Knight", "The Scarlet Lion" and (story line prequel) "A Place Beyond Courage". "Master of Gray" trilogy by Nigel Tranter. The story of one of Scotland's most noble families. Patrick, Master of Gray, 6th Lord Gray, who was to become involved in daring plots to free the imprisoned Mary Queen of Scots. Set during the reign of James VI, up to the Union of the Crowns. Trilogy includes "Lord and Master", "The Courtesan" and "Past Master". "Napoleon" quartet by Max Gallo. Set in 18th century France, series features the life of Napoleon from his youth in 1779 in military school through 1812 and his campaign as Emperor to conquer Russia. The series includes "The Song of Departure", "The Sun of Austerlitz", "The Emperor of Kings" and concludes with "The Eternal Man of St. Helana". "Nicholas Cooke" 2 +? series by Stephanie Cowell. Features the 17th century physician and priest Nicholas Cooke in the Elizabethan England of political upheaval, war with Ireland, plague and Christopher Marlowe. Series includes "Nicholas Cooke" and "The Physician of London". "Norman" quartet by Valerie Anand. A story about the Norman conquest of England. Specifically, the English ruling Godwin family and the change of succession with the Norman conquest of England. Series includes "Gildenford", "The Norman Pretender", "The Disputed Crown" and "King of the Wood". "Norman Kings" trilogy by Juliet Dymoke. Series features the Anglo-Saxon Earl of Waltheof who kept his title after the Norman conquest and married the niece of William the Conquer, the youngest son of William I -Henry Beauclerc who became King Henry I of England, and Brien FitzCoun who supported Queen Maud against King Stephen. Series includes "Of the Ring of Earls", "Henry of the High Rock" and "The Lion's Legacy". "Outlander" 12 volume series by Diana Gabaldon. Features the adventures of an 18th century Scottish Highland soldier and his time-traveling 20th century nurse paramour. Series spans time of 1745 Scottish Rising to the American Revolution. Series begins with "Outlander" (aka "Cross Stitch"). "Pillars of the Earth" duo by Ken Follett. Generational saga about the people connected to the building of a great medieval English cathedral. Duo includes "Pillars of the Earth" and "World Without End". "Plantagenet" series of 14 by Jean Plaidy (aka Eleanor Alice Burford Hibbert and Philippa Carr). This series traces the private lives and political machinations of the Plantagenet family, from Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine to Edward IV and the Wars of the Roses. The first volume is "The Star of Lancaster". "The Plantagenet" (aka "Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine") trilogy by Sharon Kay Penman. The series begins in early 12th century. The focus is on the tumultuous dynastic struggle for the crown of England and Henry II ascension to the throne. The second book deals with the extraordinary politics of the 12th century, the murder of Thomas Becket, Henry's confrontation of the Church and exile to Ireland. Lastly, we trouble with Henry's family and rebellion. The series includes "When Christ and His Saints Slept", "Time and Chance" and "Devil's Brood". "Plantagenets" series of 6 by Juliet Dymoke (aka Juliet Dymoke de Schanschieff). Traces the fortunes of the Plantagenet monarchs through nearly four hundred years, from Henry II to Richard III. Series begins with "Pride of Kings" and concludes with "Sun in Splendor". "Polish" trilogy by Henryk Sienkiewicz (aka Litwos) describes events in Poland. Series includes "With Fire and Sword" (17th century Cossack rebellion = Chmielnicki Uprising), "The Deluge" (Swedish invasion of Poland = The Deluge) and "Fire in the Steppe" (17th century wars between Poland and the Ottoman Empire). "Rashi's Daughters" trilogy by Maggie Anton. Series chronicles the lives and loves of the three daughters of Talmudic Rabbi and scholar Solomon ben Isaac (Rashi). Set in the Jewish community of 11th century medieval France. Trio includes "Joheved", "Miriam" and "Rachel". "Raven" trilogy by Giles Kristian. Story of a young man's rediscovery of a forgotten heritage and coming of age amongst a band of Norse warriors. Set in a dark, treacherous 9th century Western Europe. Trio includes "Blood Eye", "Sons of Thunder" and "Odin's Wolves". "Red Wheel" cycle of 4 by Aleksandre Solzhenitsyn. A reinterpretation of the Russian Revolution, from the death of Imperial Russia to the birth of the Soviet Union. The volumes are "August 1914", "October 1916", "March 1917" and "April 1917". "Robert the Bruce" trilogy by Nigel Tranter. The story of Robert, Earl of Carrik (Robert the Bruce) and his heroic destiny as he is mentored by William Wallace and fights for Scotland's independence. Told from Bruce's point of view. Series includes "The Steps to the Empty Throne", "The Path of the Hero King" and "The Price of the King's Peace". "Rose of York" trilogy by Sandra Worth. A story of medieval England's Richard III; his boyhood, reign as reluctant king, romance with Anne Neville, and relationship with brother George. Series includes "Love and War", "Crown of Destiny" and "Fall From Grace". "Saxon Stories" (aka "Uhtred" and "Warrior Chronicles") series of 8 +? by Bernard Cornwell. Set in medieval 9-10th century England and features Alfred the Great, his descendants and Danish Vikings. Series starts off with "The Last Kingdom". "Song of Montségur" trilogy by Derek Armstrong. Set in 13th century France, it is a character-driven history of the last of the Cathars, the rise of the Inquisition, exploits of the famous adventurer-troubadour Ramon Lull and the creation of the Tarot deck in medieval Europe. Series includes "The Last Troubadour", "The Last Quest" and "The Last Stand". "Strongbow Saga" trilogy by Judson Roberts. Follows the adventures of a young Dane Halfdan Hroriksson, across the Viking world in the latter half of the 9th century. Series begins with "Viking Warrior", followed by "Dragons From the Sea" and "The Road to Vengeance". "Tarn" trilogy by Hannah Closs. Set in 13th century Southern France and tells of the Albigensian heresy (Cathar rebels defied the Catholic Church). Series includes "High Are the Mountains", "Deep Are the Valleys" and "The Silent Tarn". "Thomas Cromwell" trilogy by Hilary Mantel. A Tudor saga featuring the powerful, corrupt anti-hero Thomas Cromwell. The trio charts Cromwell's rise to power within Henry VIII's court. The trio includes "Wolf Hall", "Bring Up the Bodies" and "The Mirror and the Light". "The Thomas Flanagan" trilogy by Thomas Flanagan. The story of the shaping of contemporary Ireland during three watershed periods, and of the passionate Irish people who made it so. Series comprised of "The Year of the French", (1798 Irish rebellion), "The Tenants of Time" (1867 Fenian uprising) and "End of the Hunt" (1916 Easter Rebellion). "Transylvanian" trilogy by Miklos Banffy features the decade of changing Hungarian life before the Great WWI, the end of the Habsburg Empire and forfeit of Transylvania to Romania. Series includes "They Were Counted", "They Were Found Wanting" and "They Were Divided". "The Tudor Court" 6 series by Philippa Gregory. Features the history of Henry VIII and his immediate descendants as the Tudor line is established. Series includes (per story line chronology) "The Constant Princess", "The Other Boleyn Girl", "The Wise Woman", "The Boleyn Inheritance", "The Queen's Fool", "The Virgin's Lover" and "The Other Queen". "Under the Star" trilogy by Vaino Linna. The series follows the life of a Finnish family from 1880, through WWI, the Finnish Civil War and WWII to 1950. "Through the lives of ordinary people, it describes the clash of ideals in Finland's language strife and the struggle between the Whites (nationalists) and the Reds (socialists) in the movement to Independence and Civil War" (Wikipedia). The trio includes "Under the North Star", "The Uprising" and "Reconciliation". "Venetians" trilogy by Thomas Quinn. Saga of a bitter and enduring conflict between two powerful 15th century Renaissance Venetian noble families. Also features historic representation of (1452-1472) Turkish siege of Constantinople, 1473-1484 Ferrara War pitting Venice against many Italian rivals, and 1494 French King Charles VIII's invasion of the Italian Peninsula. Trilogy includes "The Lion of St. Marks", "The Sword of Venice" and "Venice Stands Alone". "Viking" trilogy by Tim Severin. Story of Thorgils Leiffson's (illegitimate son of Leif Ericson and mysterious Irish witch Thorgunna) life. Set in the Ancient Viking world beginning in the year 1001. Trilogy includes "Odinn's Child", "Sworn Brother" and "King's Man". "Viking" (aka "Sigurdson") trilogy by Henry Treece. Tales of Harald Sigurdson as he plunders the coastal villages of England and Scotland. Based on surviving Viking sagas. Trilogy includes "Viking's Dawn", "Road to Miklagard" and "Viking Sunset". "War of the Roses" (anticipated) trilogy by Conn Iggulden. Set at the time of the fall of the English kingdom of France in the late 1440s and the following civil unrest. The series spans the 30 years of bloody civil war between the Yorks and Lancasters. The series begins with "Stormbird". "Welsh Princes" trilogy by Sharon Kay Penman. Set in 13th century medieval Wales. Story of the princess Gwynedd and decline of the Welsh kings. Trilogy includes "Here Be Dragons", "Falls the Shadows" and "The Reckoning". "Wintercombe" series of 4 by Pamela Bell. Family saga features wealthy Puritan George St. Barbe and his family during 17th century English Civil War. Series begins with "Wintercombe" and includes "Herald of Joy", "A Falling Star" and "Treason's Gift". HELPFUL LINKS a.k.a. Search for author pseudonyms, aliases, nicknames, working names, legalized names, pen names, noms des plumes, maiden names. Amazon Historical Fiction Useful site to read book reviews as well as links to helpful and fun "Listmanias". Barnes and Noble Historical Fiction Historical fiction search broken down into fairly specific categories (time period, geographic location). British Empire Library Site specific to the British Empire with a "Library" section listing historical fiction books written by British citizens and related to British imperialism and colonization. Fantastic Fiction Extensive listing of fiction titles, authors (including pseudonyms), story summaries, photos of book covers and similar author recommendations. Fiction Wise eBooks Extensive listings of all sorts of fiction series arranged author and series within category. Goodread Historical Fiction Series A site full of various reader-created lists and book comments/reviews. Historical Naval Fiction Site featuring novels of the "Age of Sail" and the transition to steam. Historical Novel Society Includes reviews, features, new releases and search by author, genre, period and century. Historical Novels Over 5000 novels listed by time and place. Includes brief novel summary, reviews, links and educational information. Juvenile Series and Sequels Dense list organized by series and book title, subject and author. Nautical Fiction Over 806 authors of novels, novelettes, poetry and short stories related to drama at sea. Arranged by authors. Book titles often accompanied with brief story summary. To Be Continued: An Annotated Guide to Sequels, 2nd Edition by Hope Apple and Merle Jacob. This guide lists every book series available on planet earth. Genre categories include: historical fiction, family saga, romance, science fiction, crime novel, horror, adventure, fantasy, humor, western, war and Christian fiction. Wikipedia Historical Fiction Site dense with book titles. Sorted by country in which the majority of the novel takes place. WorldCat Extensive network of library content worldwide. You might also enjoy the King Arthur Book List , an all-things-Arthur epic reading list. Have COMMENTS or FEEDBACK about this page? Send them directly to the author HERE ! Copyright © 2008-2017 1mPages.com. All Rights Reserved.	i don't know
What is the common name of the drug Acetaminophen?	Acetaminophen - brand name list from Drugs.com Acetaminophen Important: The information below refers to medicines available in the United States that contain acetaminophen. Medications containing acetaminophen: Sinus Symptoms acetaminophen/chlorpheniramine/dextromethorphan/phenylpropanolamine systemic Brand names: Comtrex Cold and Flu Maximum Strength, Comtrex Maximum Strength Cold Relief, Contac Severe Cold and Flu Maximum Stength → Search the entire Drugs.com site for acetaminophen Disclaimer: The indications, uses and warnings for individual medications outside the USA are determined by local regulatory bodies in each country or region. The Drugs.com website is intended primarily for audiences in the United States and its territories. Indications, uses and warnings on Drugs.com patient information leaflets are derived from FDA product labels and may differ in countries outside the USA. Every effort has been made to ensure that the information provided on this page is accurate, up-to-date and complete, but no guarantee is made to that effect. Drugs.com does not endorse drugs, diagnose patients or recommend specific therapies. The information on this page is not a substitute for the expertise, skill, knowledge and judgment of healthcare practitioners. The absence of a warning for a given drug or drug combination in no way should be construed to indicate that a drug or drug combination is safe, effective or appropriate for any given patient. Drugs.com does not assume any responsibility for any aspect of healthcare administered with the aid of information provided here. The information contained herein is not intended to cover all possible uses, directions, precautions, warnings, drug interactions, allergic reactions, or adverse effects. Always consult your doctor or healthcare specialist for medical advice. acetaminophen	Paracetamol
What sort of creature is a 'Blue Tongue'?	Acetaminophen Drug Level - Health Encyclopedia - University of Rochester Medical Center Bleeding Stage 4 If you survive stage 3, you may begin to get better between days 4 and 7. Most people who reach this stage recover completely. But some people have liver and kidney damage. What other tests might I have along with this test? If your health care provider suspects an overdose, other blood tests may be necessary to check for liver damage. When liver cells are damaged, debris from the damaged cells can move into the blood. Liver enzyme tests screen for such debris. Liver problems can affect blood clotting, so you may also have a blood test to see if your blood clots normally. Women may get a pregnancy blood test. What do my test results mean? Many things may affect your lab test results. These include the method each lab uses to do the test. Even if your test results are different from the normal value, you may not have a problem. To learn what the results mean for you, talk with your health care provider. If your acetaminophen drug level test is high, it means you may be at greater risk for liver damage and need treatment. Your health care provider may repeat this test every 4 to 6 hours until you are out of danger. The results of the acetaminophen test appear in micrograms per milliliter (mcg/mL): A blood level of acetaminophen in the range of 10 to 20 mcg/mL is considered safe. A blood level of acetaminophen higher than 200 mcg/mL 4 hours after ingestion means there is risk for liver damage. If the test shows a level of 50 mcg/mL or greater 12 hours after you've taken the drug, there is still risk for liver damage. Overdose levels for children are based on age and weight. How is this test done? The test requires a blood sample, which is drawn through a needle from a vein in your arm. Does this test pose any risks? Taking a blood sample with a needle carries risks that include bleeding, infection, bruising, or feeling dizzy. When the needle pricks your arm, you may feel a slight stinging sensation or pain. Afterward, the site may be slightly sore. What might affect my test results? Many OTC cold and flu medicines contain acetaminophen. If you have been taking more than one of these medicines during the same time period, the amount of acetaminophen in your blood may be dangerously high. If you normally drink 3 or more alcoholic beverages a day, you may be at greater risk for liver damage from acetaminophen. Certain other medicines, such as aspirin, may also affect the results of this test. Ask your health care provider for more information. How do I get ready for this test? You don't need to prepare for this test. But if you think you have taken an overdose of acetaminophen, go to the emergency room right away. Among other things health care providers may give you charcoal to inactivate the acetaminophen. Prompt treatment is important to save your liver. Medical Reviewers: Bass, Pat F III, MD, MPH Sather, Rita, RN	i don't know
What name is given to paint made using egg yolk?	Make Your Own Egg Tempera Paint \| TinkerLab Make Your Own Egg Tempera Paint By Rachelle Today I’m sharing how to make homemade tempera paint. This paint is beyond simple, made from eggs and food coloring, and it will last indefinitely once dry. I’ve been interested in whipping up a batch of homemade egg tempera paint for a while, and was eager to try this with my kids. History of Egg Tempera Paint Do you know the history of egg tempera paint? It’s quite interesting, actually. Egg tempera was wildly popular amongst Early Renaissance artists (Botticelli, Giotto, Fra Angelico) and then fell out of use with the Late Renaissance artists (Leonard da Vinci, Michelangelo) when oil paint was introduced. To make egg tempera paint, powdered pigments culled from things such as stones, sticks, bones, and the earth were mixed with water and then tempered with a binding agent such as an egg. And when they were tempered with eggs, they were called egg tempered paints and eventually earned the nickname Egg Tempera. Interesting, right? So this is where those big, bright bottles of kid-friendly tempera paint get their name from. I borrowed this recipe from Kid’n’Kaboodle, and if you click over there you’ll find an enormous list of recipes that will keep your little artists busy for a long time. This project doesn’t take very long to set up, kids will enjoy making their own paint from eggs (unless they’re allergic or hate eggs, of course), and once the paint dries it has a gorgeous, shimmery patina that makes it painting-worthy. This post includes affiliate links Ingredients Liquid Watercolors or Food Coloring How to Make Tempera Paint Step one: Separate the yolks from the whites, and drop one yolk into each of your bowls. Step two: Mix food coloring or liquid watercolors into the egg Step three: Mix well Step four: Paint Separate the yolks from the whites, and drop one yolk into each of your bowls. My 3.5 year old chose three colors to add: Purple, Sparkly Red, and Sparkly Blue. We like the Sax Liquid Watercolors . The bottles are inexpensive, last forever, and come in a huge range of colors. As soon as my one year old began mixing the purple into the egg yolk, my older daughter commented on how purple and orange mix together to make brown. Not her desire, exactly, but she didn’t seem to mind and it was a great little unintended lesson in color mixing. Painting with Tempera Paint: Sharpie Pens (optional) With our homemade tempera paint ready, we got busy painting. Quite a lot of painting, actually. I joined in too and it occurred to me that this transparent paint would make a beautiful luminous sheen over some bold Sharpie marks. I offered my kids Sharpies , and they thought it was a great idea too. Do your kids love Sharpies as much as mine do? My kids go bananas over Sharpies and I sometimes wonder if it’s because they really are all that wonderful or if it’s because I keep them on a super-high shelf, buried behind old taxes and holiday Silverware. This was a great move, and the effect was as pretty as I had imagined. My toddler isn’t so deft with the Sharpie and I had to keep a sharp eye on her. She also insisted on the famous paint-draw technique, which kept me busy. How I even snapped this photo I’m not sure. Before we wrapped it up, they wanted to collaborate with my on my drawing. Rainbow asked me to draw her a sheep, and then the two of them went to town painting in and around the scene. More Homemade Paints	Tempera
The Ross Sea and the Weddell Sea are located on which continent?	What are acrylic paints made from? How are they different from oils or egg tempera? Getting Started: What are Different Types of Paints made from? by Will Kemp From Oil to Egg Yolks Same pigment, different binder. In a nutshell, most paints are made by mixing dry paint pigment together with a wet binder. The difference between the type of paints, for example, oil paint, acrylic paint or watercolour is simply due to the different type of binder used. So the binder could be oil, acrylic polymer or even egg yolk and it’s this – that gives each paint its characteristics… Pigments Pigments traditionally started out as earth or rocks. Some of the oldest pigments are made from coloured earth, like yellow ochre and are called earth colours, they tend to be muted in colour. Different oil colours have been created as new pigments and manufacturing methods have been developed. These modern pigments are brighter and man-made. Pigments can be divided into three camps: Inorganic Pigments – Rocks, minerals or metal. Organic Pigments – Substances that were once part of a living thing, plants, bone or synthetic treatment of plant stuff. Artificial Pigments – These are often derived from organic pigments that have been chemically altered. They can make a more stable and consistent paint. A Word of Warning about Artificial Pigments For those starting painting, I wouldn’t recommend using all man-made pigments as they can ruin a painting more quickly that help it. I always adhere to the practice of starting with the dullest, most natural colours and creeping up on the stronger brighter colours. This helps you to think more tonally and will pay dividends in the long run. Think small steps. What are Oil Paints? Oil paints are made from dry pigments ground together with an oil. Most commonly, cold-pressed linseed oil. How do Oil paints dry? Oil paints dry by oxidation (when the paint has contact with the air) It’s not the pigment that takes the time to dry, but the oil. Because oil is slow drying, oil paints have a long ‘working time’. When the oil oxidizes, it forms a solid film that binds the dry pigments together, like baking a cake, the mixture starts smooth, gets ‘cooked’ in the air and dries. Oil paint can take anywhere between 6 months and a year to fully dry, depending on the thickness of paint used. What are Acrylic paints? Acrylic paints consist of pigment suspended in a binder of acrylic polymer emulsion. How do Acrylic paints dry? As water is the vehicle for the acrylic polymer emulsion, acrylic paint’s dry by evaporation. Because water evaporates quickly, acrylics are fast drying so have a short ‘working time’ (this can vary slightly, depending on the heat and humidity of the environment you’re painting in) So, which paint will suit you best? Have a look at the 5 key differences between oils and acrylic paint. What is Watercolour? Watercolour paints are pigments held together by a water-soluble binder, along with additives and solvents. In commercially made watercolor paints, the binder is either natural gum Arabic or synthetic glycol. This is what holds the pigment in suspension. The binder also allows the pigment to adhere to the support (e.g. paper) once it is applied. Additives, such as plasticisers (e.g. glycerin) and humectants (e.g. honey or corn syrup) are mixed in, to alter various characteristics of the watercolors, such as viscosity and durability of the paint. Other additives include extenders and dispersant’s. How do Watercolour paints dry? By evaporation. However, due to the nature and application of watercolours, you’re usually using a lot of water and a support that holds water, so the working time is more than acrylics. What is Egg Tempera? Egg tempera is made up of egg yolk, powdered pigment, and distilled water. The egg yolk serves as the binder that holds the pigment together. The addition of water turns the paint into a usable paste-like form. Manufactured egg tempera also includes gums that act as dispersant’s are like salt, grainy particles that can be milled and crushed to make smaller and smoother. Pro Tip: To test the quality of a dry pigment, place a small amount in a glass jar, add water, give it a stir and leave for a few days. The solid particles of the dry pigment should float down to the bottom leaving the water clear. If it’s not clear, some form of dye has been added to enhance the colour. What are Pastels? Pastels are usually in stick form, similar to chalk. A pastel stick consists of pure powdered pigment and a binder, such as gum Arabic, gum tragacanth, or methyl cellulose. Pastels have a higher pigment concentration than any other artist medium (hence the rich, luminous colors that pastels can achieve). The powdered pigments used in pastels are similar to those found in oil paints. Pastels can be hard or soft. Soft pastels have more pigment and less binder, so they are easier to smudge and have brighter colours. Hard pastels have less pigment and more binder than soft pastels. Hard pastels can stay relatively sharp, so they are ideal for pastel artwork that requires tight detail. Some Pigment Colour Pointers: There are some confusing aspects to the names of pigments, keep these points in mind: Similar pigments are sold under different trade names. For example: Winsor & Newton’s Winsor Blue and Liquitex’s Phthalo Blue are both based on the same pigment: Phthalocyanine Blue. Don’t get confused by Hue The labeling on paints can be really confusing. ‘Hue’ in colour mixing land just means the colour of a paint, i.e. that yellow has a orangey hue to it. However, in paint labelling ‘Hue‘ means ‘fake’ or ‘imitation’. So a label that says: Cadmium Red Hue means that this isn’t a pure pigment made from Cadmium Red. Some of it might be Cadmium Red but it has been mixed with something else to give it a similar colour. This used to be a sign of inferior quality paints but now it’s because some natural pigments are no longer available, not as light fast or extremely costly. You can read about the 8 key differences between student & artist grade paints here. You might also like:	i don't know
If you were attending a 'local derby match' between HSV and St Pauli, in which city would you be?	Hamburg braces for fiery football derby - The Local Hamburg braces for fiery football derby The Local 17 September 2010 15:02 CEST+02:00 The northern port city of Hamburg is bracing for a heated football derby pitting HSV against FC St Pauli this weekend. Joseph Corcos reports on a potentially violent rivalry packed with ideology. Sometimes football is more than what 22 men do on the pitch for 90 minutes. The run-up to Hamburg’s first city derby in eight years on Sunday has highlighted the vast gulf in both resources and philosophy between the Hamburger Sport-Verein and FC St Pauli. “You can’t compare the two clubs, this is a neighbourhood club and always will be,” St Pauli manager Holger Stanislawski recently told The Local. The fans are also traditionally viewed in Hamburg as a distinct reflection of their respective clubs. Whereas HSV followers are generally more affluent with a more conservative bent, the St Pauli set is determinedly working class and at times militantly leftist. “It’s not everything to win for FC St Pauli fans, they want to have fun and insist on being extraordinary. They love to be underdogs,” said Rolf-Peter ‘Buttje’ Rosenfeld, 53, who played for St Pauli as a defensive midfielder in the 1970s. “Fans of HSV have a different history. They want titles.” Hamburger Sport-Verein is the city’s premier club, playing out of a 57,000-seat arena and boasting a roll call of honours to rival any football team in Europe: six-time German champions, twice German Cup winners, European Cup winners, European Cup Winners’ Cup winners, two-time UEFA Intertoto Cup winners. They are only founding member of the Bundesliga never to have been relegated from the first division. FC St Pauli, their diminutive neighbour and one of German footballs “cult” clubs play out of the 23,000-capacity Millerntor Stadium, located near the infamous red-light strip the Reeperbahn. Adored far beyond the confines of Hamburg, they have no real history of sporting glory. Back in the Bundesliga first division for the first time since the 2001/2001 season, it is now FC St Pauli’s task to avoid relegation while maintaining its identity and values, which are as important to the club as for as its performance on the pitch. “It’s always a balancing act. Of course it’s important for us to play successfully and to stay strong in the competition. But we must not ever lose sight of the culture of the neighbourhood and the club itself,” Stanislawski said. ‘Stani,’ as he is know, is an enormously popular ex-Pauli player loved by the fans for his casual style. Eschewing the customary attire of top-flight manager, he often prowls the touchline in jeans and a jersey. The club has recently decided to refuse the millions which could be garnered from selling the naming rights to its stadium to retain the beloved Millerntor moniker. And Rosenfeld calls it a “miracle” that the club was allowed to install its new VIP boxes in the stadium, a move not strictly in keeping with St Pauli’s club-of-the-masses identity. “It’s very important right now that they can combine tradition and modern times,” he said. “They have become a real professional club but can still retain their underdog tradition.” Going into Sunday’s match the self-styled ‘Buccaneers of the League’ will certainly have no trouble taking the pitch as underdogs. HSV, under new manager Armin Veh, can boast international-class talent such as in-form Dutch striker Ruud Van Nistelroy, Brazilian Ze Roberto and German national team player Piotr Trochowski. St Pauli feature far less established players, and will be relying on new signings Moritz Volz, the former Fulham fan favourite, and former German international Gerald Asamoah, to bolster a team almost unchanged since promotion. “They have a team spirit which is unbelievable, there are no superstars. That’s what makes them so strong,” said Buttje Rosenfeld said. Stanslawski said of the upcoming game: “The boys are motivated, have drive and their eyes on the prize. “We will try, as always, to put our stamp onto the match. Of course it will be a special one, particularly for the fans.” This could be true in more ways than one. Enmity between the fans is at an all time high following a violent clash last month when HSV fans set upon a group of Pauli supporters returning from the club’s opening game in Freiburg. HSV Chairman Bernd Hoffmann apologized and described the attack as “shameful.” Now Hamburg police are preparing for a “risky match” and a police spokesman described relations between the opposing sets of fans as “strained.” Police will be ramping up their presence in the St Pauli neighbourhood before the match officers who try to foster relations with the fan factions are already at work to prevent violence. But with FC St Pauli determined remain in the Bundesliga’s first division after this season, the city’s rival fans could face years of direct confrontation both on and off the pitch. “It’s bound to get worse,” the police spokesman admitted.	Hamburg
What are a series of short upright pillars supporting a coping or rail called?	Hamburg travel guide - Wikitravel Hamburg is a huge city with several district articles containing sightseeing, restaurant, nightlife and accommodation listings — have a look at each of them. Rathaus, Hamburg The city of Hamburg [1] has a well-deserved reputation as Germany 's Gateway to the World. It is the country's biggest port and the second-busiest in Europe, despite being located astride the River Elbe, some 100 kilometres from the North Sea. It is also Germany's second largest city with a population of over 1.8 million and the Greater Hamburg Metropolitan Region has a population of over four million. Hamburg is proud of its status as a "Free and Hanseatic City" and thus shares the same status as a province, making up one of Germany's 16 federal-states or Bundesländer. Understand[ edit ] It values its status as being as independent as possible of other states that have existed or currently exist in Germany. Over the centuries, Hamburg has always been an international city. This is not only because of its position in international trade, but also in political dimensions. One of the most important harbours in Europe and the world, Hamburg takes great pride in its mercantile background, which built the city's wealth in the past centuries. From 1241 on, it was member of the Hanseatic League, a medieval trade monopoly across Northern Europe. In the 19th and beginning of the 20th century, millions left Europe on their way to the new world through the Hamburg harbour. Today, the harbour ranks second in Europe and eleventh world-wide. Consequently, one of Hamburg's tag lines is "The Gateway to the World" (derived from the city’s coat of arms, showing a white city wall with a gate and crowned by three towers on a red background). Hamburg is known to be one of the richest metropolitan area in the European Union, in the company of Brussels and London . The harbour is the heart of the city, however, Hamburg is also one of the most important media hubs in Germany. Half of the nation's newspapers and magazines have their roots in Hamburg. And, unknown even to some locals, is the fact that, with one of the Airbus aircraft assembly plants, Hamburg is a major location of the world's aerospace industry, right after Seattle (USA) and Toulouse (France). The mercantile background reflects in the city's architecture. The most notable palace in Hamburg is the town hall, which houses the citizen's parliament and the senate. The only other palace of the city is located in the urban district of Bergedorf. Apart from that, the city has a few impressive mansions in public parks and still has large quarters with expensive houses and villas. These residences were home to merchants and captains, surrounded by lots of greenery. Large parts of the city were destroyed during the devastating air raids of World War II, particularly the port and some residential areas, killing tens of thousands and leaving more than a million homeless, yet much of historic value has been preserved, although not as much as people would have wished for, as like many German cities,it's cursed by horrible post war buildings and disgusting office blocks. Hamburg still keeps its tradition of being an open, yet discreet city. Citizens of Hamburg, just like most Northern Germans, may appear to be quite reserved at first. Once they get to know with whom they are dealing, they'll be as warm and friendly as you'd wish. The people of Hamburg are known as "Hamburger" (pronounce the a like you're saying "ah", and it won't sound as silly). The beef patties on a bun were named after this city, where presumably they were invented. See also "frankfurter" ( Frankfurt ) and "wiener" (Wien, aka Vienna ). Airport Hamburg-Fuhlsbüttel ( IATA : HAM) ( ICAO : EDDH)[ edit ] Hamburg [2] has the fifth-largest international airport in Germany, so arrival by plane is an obvious choice for those visiting from far away. There are plenty of connections within Europe, although only a few intercontinental direct services are offered. [3] Low cost carriers Ryanair & Wizzair, as of autumn 2016, operate flights to a host of european destinations including (but not limited to) London Stansted (England), Shannon and Dublin (Ireland), Glasgow Prestwick (Scotland), Stockholm Skavsta (Sweden), Milan Bergamo (Italy), Pisa (Italy), Kiev (Ukraine), Skopje (Macedonia) and Gdansk (Poland). The airport has been thoroughly modernized with new terminals, airport hotel, streamlined infrastructure, and facilities that are by and large adequate, so you won't get lost. Depending on the gate your flight arrives at or leaves from, walking longer distances might be necessary as on any other airport too. Hamburg Airport is connected to the city by the S-Bahn S1 commuter train line, which connects to the Central Station (Hauptbahnhof) and the city centre in about 30 minutes. There are trains every 10-20 minutes, and a single fare is €3.20. Beware on the way back from the city centre to the airport: All trains are divided at Ohlsdorf, with only the first three cars going to the airport, and the rest going to the suburb of Poppenbüttel. There are no trains between midnight and 4 AM, but a bus runs along the same route. As there aren't any flights between 11PM and 6AM this may not affect your journey at all. Train timetable S1: [4] The airport, which is hugely popular with plane-spotters, is surrounded by Schrebergärten (meticulously maintained allotments), park lands, and open green spaces, crisscrossed by bicycle and walking trails. The popularity of this area is not only due to the many viewpoints, but also because Lufthansa Technik (Lufthansa's maintenance service) operates some large hangars on the airport, which means that the site is visited by a variety of rare and interesting aircraft (including VVIP). Airport Lübeck-Blankensee aka "Hamburg-Lübeck" ( IATA : LBC) ( ICAO : EDHL)[ edit ] Not really in use anymore by scheduled flights; low cost carrier Ryanair used to fly into Lübeck-Blankensee airport [5] (not to confuse with Hamburg's quarter Blankenese), which is 65 km from Hamburg via motorway A1 until it first did move operations to nearby Bremen and eventually initiated flying into the main airport, Fuhlsbüttel, in autumn 2016. The same did Wizz Air [6] . Buses connecting to the airport go from Hamburg's central bus station ("ZOB", adjacent to the main train station). They cost €12 for single way and take about one hour and 10 minutes. The buses departed about two hours and 50 minutes before every Ryanair departure, met every arrival, and waited for delayed flights. Hamburg-Finkenwerder Airport ( IATA : XFW) ( ICAO : EDHI)[ edit ] Situated just across the Elbe river, Finkenwerder Airport would undeniably be the most convenient airport for travellers visiting Hamburg. But unfortunately, due to being associated with an Airbus aircraft plant, for security concerns, usage is restricted to Airbus employees only. For them, two daily flights are available to/from Toulouse , but most of the time the runway is used for freight (up to complete sections of passenger planes using the Beluga aircraft [7] ) or the delivery of new planes. The runway, as well as the aircraft parking lot, can be observed from the public street Neß-Hauptdeich. The parking lot is on the other side of the street, so a few times a day planes actually cross the street, including the world's largest passenger aircraft A380. There are public tours of the Finkenwerder plant [8] of about 2½ hours. Tickets cost € 13, reservations are required at least four weeks in advance, payment has to arrive 14 days in advance. You must bring your passport, leave cameras and mobiles at your hotel. Visitors have to be at least 14 years old. Be warned, security is tight, strictly follow the rules. The plant is located not far from the centre, however, it's on the other side of the Elbe. Using public transport, Airbus is accessible by harbour ferry 68 from Teufelsbrück. Ferry 62 from Landungsbrücken 3 will bring you to the town of Finkenwerder, from there take the number 150 bus to the Airbus bus stop. Bus 150 starts at Altona's train station and uses the Elbe tunnel (not spectacular, but still one of the longest river tunnels in the world), that would be your third option. To observe the runway, exit bus 150 at stop Neuenfelde, Rosengarten (next one after stop Airbus). Hamburg-Uetersen Airport ( ICAO : EDHE)[ edit ] Air Hamburg [9] serves several German islands from this airport. The only way to reach it is by taxi, the nearest railway station being Tornesch. By train[ edit ] Hauptbahnhof, Central railway station Hamburg has five major stations: Hauptbahnhof (central station), Altona, Dammtor, Harburg, Bergedorf. Various types of train service are available. ICE (Inter City Express) high speed train service to or from most major German cities, including Berlin , Cologne (Köln), Dusseldorf , Frankfurt , Munich also to Basel and Zurich (Zürich) Switzerland . There are usually hourly service to most destinations during the daytime. DB Autozug also operates car transport and sleeper trains to several European destinations. They can be a convenient -if a bit expensive- way of travelling within Europe while still keeping your car around. Use the German railway's online trip planner [10] to find connections to/from Hamburg and buy tickets. By car[ edit ] via the Autobahn: A24 to/from Berlin . Be prepared to pay for parking. Hamburg has a wide selection of P+R (Park+Ride) parking areas outside the city centre, where you can park for free and very easily use public transport to get into the city. By bus[ edit ] Buses serving other cities (regional, national, and European destinations) arrive at or depart from Hamburg's central bus station ("ZOB") [11] , which is located near the central railway station (Hauptbahnhof) (two minute walk). Destinations include Berlin (several times a day). Buses to Lübeck depart from Wandsbek. Buses to Bosnia are eg. run by Salinea, [12] By carpooling[ edit ] Throughout Germany and Europe, there is a broad culture of carpooling. Drivers save on fuel costs by sharing the ride with passengers who usually pay around 5€/100km. Several hundred thousand direct lifts to/from Hamburg and other European cities are offered on carpooling platforms like carpooling.com [13] at any time. By boat[ edit ] Lübeck , about an hour away by train, is a major Baltic ferry port. Ferries are available to Denmark and Sweden . Occasionally also longer trips to Finland , Lithuania and Russia are offered. Hamburg is also a major cruise port. Mostly during the summer months trips to Nordic countries are offered. However, there are also transatlantic services mostly to New York City . Hitchhike[ edit ] You can leave Hamburg to the south (A7-Hannover/Frankfurt/Munich) and southwest (A1-Bremen/Cologne/Netherlands) from the filling station known as "HH-Stillhorn" you can get there with the number 13 bus from suburbanstation S-Wilhelmsburg. To Berlin you can start at the "Horner-Kreisel" and take the number 161 bus from S-Berliner Tor or walk from U2-Rauhes Haus. You can find cars [14] driving to most German cities for €10-20. From the UK, it may be an idea to take a ferry to Denmark and then hitch down rather than going via Holland. Generally, try and have a cardboard sign which reads the local number plates of the place you wish to travel to, i.e. B for Berlin, HL for Luebeck, LN for Lueneburg and so on. Hamburg metro at Baumwall Hamburg metro at Hauptbahnhof Nord Hamburg has a well-developed public transport system. Buses go around the clock. At night, a special "Nachtbus" (night bus) service connects the outlying districts and the city center. The buses depart and arrive at "Rathausmarkt", near the town hall and operate all through the night. The S-Bahn and U-Bahn (metro) train services (underground and overground) run from approximately 5AM until 1AM in the central city, but there is often no service past 11PM in outlying districts. On weekends, it runs all night. Vending machines in the rail stations (and at some bus stops) sell short distance, single ride, and day tickets. Group tickets are also available. On the buses, the driver will sell you what you need. To buy week or longer tickets, go to Hauptbanhof or Bahnof Altona, get passport photos in the automated photo booth, and buy your pass in the information office. You can also buy a Hamburg Card, which includes the public transport system, museums, and other things. You can get the Hamburg Card at all ticket offices and from the bus drivers. Hamburg's public transit operates on a proof-of-payment system. Officials in red waistcoats make spot checks, but aside from that, you simply get on and off as you wish with no turnstiles or gates. From 2012 on you are required to show your ticket while entering a bus to the driver. The exception are the crowded bus lines 4, 5 and 6, except after 21h and on Sundays. Try to avoid rush-hour before 9AM and between 4-7PM. If you start your travel after 9AM, buy a "9 Uhr Tageskarte". You are not allowed to take bicycles into subways before 9AM and between 4-6PM, unless it is a folding bike like a Dahon, Brompton, Bike Friday, etc. Folders are allowed on Hamburg public transit at any time of the day. Six ferry services operate in the harbour and along the River Elbe as part of the regular public transport system. (Tip: take ferry line 62 from Landungsbrücken to Finkenwerder and back to enjoy a scenic trip through the harbour on a day ticket.) On the two Alster lakes, a ferry boat travels once every hour from Jungfernstieg in the city centre to Winterhuder Fährhaus. These boats are not in the general HVV ticket system, thus more expensive, however, they offer a splendid view to some of the wealthiest neighborhoods of Hamburg. If you are traveling to Hamburg using a Niedersachsen ticket or Schleswig Holstein ticket, you have access to all the HVV lines. By taxi[ edit ] There is a good supply of taxis in Hamburg 24 hours a day, both at taxi stands and in the streets. You can identify a taxi rank by a green box on a post somewhat like an over-sized parking meter or alarm post. You will have to wait there or phone one of the numbers below, since the boxes can not be used to call a cab. Almost all vehicles are still in the traditional ivory white colour, but even if not, a yellow and black sign on the roof reading "Taxi" indicates a licensed cab. As usual, the sign is switched on to indicate vacancies. The meter starts at €2.80. A trip in the city area will be between €6-12. For a trip from the city to the airport, expect to pay roughly €25. Most taxis accept credit card payments. By rail[ edit ] Hamburg has six S-Bahn (commuter railway) lines and four U-Bahn (subway) lines, including the line U4. This line has been introduced in 2012 and it links the Jungfernstieg and Main Station (the city centre) with the new developments in the Hafencity. All lines run partly over and underground, in the city, and in the outskirts. The only difference is that these are two companies, but there is a unified fare system. All train platforms have signs showing the next train, where it is headed, and how many minutes until it arrives. Trains are described by a number and the final station. Note that the final station may vary. For example, half of the S1 trains heading west go all the way to Wedel, but the other half go only as far as Blankenese. Also, all S-Bahn trains with one-digit numbers go via Landungsbrücken and Jungfernstieg and all S-Bahn trains with two-digit numbers go via Dammtor. Note that train doors do not open automatically. You have to press a button or pull a handle on the door. Wait for the passengers to get off first before you enter. In the cold season, close the door after getting on the train if it looks like a longer stop. Either push the handle or press the closing buttons on the inside until the door is closed. All signs and notifications at stations and in trains are shown in at least two languages (German and English). By bike[ edit ] Hamburg is an extremely bicycle-friendly city and during the warmer months, many of the cities residents will use bicycles as their normal form of transportation. Several hotels within Hamburg provide residents with access to hotel bicycles. The city itself also offers bike rental services. This service is called StadtRad [15] , and there are several kiosks located around the city. To use this service, customers must register On the Stadtrad website and create an account with a credit card or e-mail and telephone. Once the account has been created, you can go to any one of these terminals and use one of their bikes as long as you want. The first 30 minutes are free, the next time coast 8 Cent/min. and the maximum charge is € 12 per day. Note that one can even take two bicycles at the same time with just one account. Moreover, it is possible to take out a bicycle and return it after 29 minutes, only to rent another right away. By doing so, you could ride the whole day without paying anything, as the '30 minutes free' rule applies over and over. Alternatively, Hamburg City Cycles [16] (working with the bicycle store next door) rents bicycles for €23 for 2 days and €7 for each additional day. Hourly rates are also available. The bicycles are large "cruiser" style bikes and the rental includes a lock, air pump, and toolkit if desired. Parking[ edit ] There are generally 2 options: Parking in the city centre: most likely, you will have to pay for parking. However, the maximum fee is €12 for 24 hours. This is a viable option if you would like to walk around the central area and you/your friends will not use the public transport. Parking in HVV P+R [17] (Park & Ride): HVV offers free parking lots outside of the city centre. The idea is that you leave your car there and use the public transport to get around. If you and/or your company merely would like to travel around the city centre on foot, the first option is cheaper and makes more sense. Around Mönckebergstraße[ edit ] Hamburg Mönckebergstraße The area west of Hamburg's central railway station is mainly a shopping area with the streets Spitaler Straße and Mönckebergstraße, leading to Hamburg's town hall. Close to the Mönckebergstraße you find the churches St. Jacobi (at road Jakobikirchhof) and St. Petri (at road Bergstraße), two of Hamburg's five main churches. Directly beside St. Petri there is the Hulbe-Haus, originally built as an arts and crafts house and dating from the beginning of the 20th century as most buildings around, but looking much older. Behind the Hulbe-Haus, under the building of "Radio Hamburg", you can visit the remains of the bishops tower, from the 11th century. On the other side of the road, you can currently see excavations in progress, seeking the remains of the small fortress Hammaburg, which was erected in the 9th century giving Hamburg its name. Around city hall[ edit ] Hamburg Rathaus (Town Hall) The Mönckebergstraße ends at Hamburg's impressive city hall ("Rathaus"). It was built in 1897 out of sandstone in Neo-Renaissance style, including a 112 m tower. Inside there are several magnificent halls used for representative purposes and sittings of government and parliament. These can be visited in guided tours (M-Th 10AM-3:15PM, F-Su 10AM-1:15PM, half-hourly in German, hourly in English and French. Closed during official events. Admission is €4 for adults, €3 for Hamburg Card holders and free for children under 14 years of age). The building behind the city hall is Hamburg's House of Commerce ("Börse"). Between the buildings, there is a little place called Rathaushof with its fountain Hygieia-Brunnen. The place in front of the city hall is the Rathausmarkt, hosting many events especially in summer. Binnenalster on a sunny day North of the Rathausmarkt, you find white arches at a canal called Alsterarkaden. The whole area behind is full of indoor shopping arcades. The most well-known one is the Hanse Viertel. Following the canal to the right and crossing the traditional shopping road, Jungfernstieg, you quickly get to the artificial lake Binnenalster. Boat tours take you to the even bigger artificial lake, Außenalster, directly behind the Binnenalster with lots of sailing boats in summer. Around St. Nikolai[ edit ] Hamburg Mahnmal St. Nikolai (Saint Nikolai Memorial) From the House of Commerce into the road Börsenbrücke, you get to the house of the Patriotische Gesellschaft. Behind the building to the right, you'll find the bridge Trostbrücke with the statues of Graf Adolf III and Bishop Ansgar on both sides. Following the water to left, there is Hamburg's oldest remaining bridge, Zollenbrücke, from the 17th century. At the other side of the Trostbrücke, there is the ruin of the church, St. Nikolai. All five main churches of Hamburg were damaged in World War II. But in contrast to the other four, St. Nikolai has not been re-erected making it a memorial against war. The steeple is still standing and visitors can take an elevator to the top for a view of the city. The price to take the elevator is €3.70. At the side of St. Nikolai, there is the hop market ("Hopfenmarkt") with its fountain Vierländerinbrunnen. Following the bridge over the huge street Willy-Brandt-Straße and keeping right takes you into the road "Alte Deichstraße" with its ensemble of traditional half timbered merchant houses and the canal Nicolai Fleet at the rear. This is the site where Hamburg's harbour was some centuries ago. HafenCity[ edit ] Hamburg Speicherstadt At the southern end of the Alte Deichstraße, you see where the harbour moved afterwards. There is a canal called Zollkanal. Looking to the left, you see the Speicherstadt, a large district of warehouses from around 1900. Some are still in use, but others have been converted to apartments. It's a 'typical' location and worth a visit. It houses museums (International Maritime Museum, Speicherstadtmuseum, Spice Museum, Automuseum Prototyp) and also attractions, such as the "Hamburg Dungeon" and the "Miniatur Wunderland". The Hamburg Dungeon [18] is a live-action presentation of the "darker times" of Hamburg. It is probably mostly suited for a younger, easily impressed audience. But it might not be suitable for young children. Tickets: 23 €. The Miniatur Wunderland [19] is the world's largest model railway layout. The panoramas include parts of Hamburg, the Alps, the American west, and a Scandinavian exhibit which features automated ships on a body of water. It also has an airport exhibit with automated planes which taxi and fly. Tickets Adults: 12 €, kids <16: 6 €. Behind the warehouse district Speicherstadt a totally new quarter, the HafenCity [20] , is being shaped and erected on unused industrial ground, nerved by channel, docks and basins. It is Europe's largest project of city development, creating a whole new quarter from scratch in a former harbour region. Outstanding architecture of, among others, shipyard museum, concert hall - the Elbphilharmonie, new 'architectural lighthouse' of Hamburg by 2012. On the top of a huge old warehouse a 110 metres tall modern philharmonic hall with glass facade and wave-shaped roof is being built. [21] You can find information about the new buildings and whole district in the HafenCity Kesselhaus InfoCenter [22] (Sandtorkai 30, open Tu-Su 10AM-6PM they provide free guided tours), Elbphilharmonie Information Pavilion [23] (guided tours around 5 EUR, 3 EUR discounted) and look at the erecting process from an orange observation tower called HafenCity View Point, which allows nice views on the HafenCity, the harbour, and the river (free admission). Also The Hamburg Cruise Centre [24] [25] , where cruise lines land in Hamburg, is in the HafenCity. Its terminal building is constructed out of 40 sea containers. Looking from Alte Deichstraße over the Zollkanal to the right, you can see the modern buildings belonging to the Hanseatic Trade Centre ending to the right at the Kehrwiederspitze. Looking further right, you already see the modern harbour. Harbour Area[ edit ] Dock "Elbe 17" in Hamburg harbour Walking in this direction takes you to the river, Elbe. At the opposite of the metro station "Baumwall", there's Hamburg's city and yacht harbour ("City und Sportboothafen"). The big red lighthouse ship ("Feuerschiff") hosts a restaurant today. Some yards further down the Elbe, you get to the Überseebrücke where formerly big cruise liners docked when coming to Hamburg. Permanently docked is the museum ship Cap San Diego, which is said to be last classic cargo ship. Leaving the water, passing by the hyper-modern building of the Gruner + Jahr publishers, you get to the church St. Michaelis (called "Michel", from the tower you'll have a great view over the city), Hamburg's well-known landmark. Close to the Michel off the road Krayenkamp the shopkeeper-office-flats ("Krameramtswohnungen") are the last example of a typical 17th century housing estate. Continuing down the river Elbe, you get to Landungsbrücken ("landing bridges"), the most touristy part of Hamburg's harbour, close to the metro station with the same name. Piers connected with several bridges swim on the water adapting to the tide. There tourism boats land and you will find tourist shops, restaurants, and snack bars. The sailing ship Rickmer Rickmers can be visited. Hafenrundfahrt just started From Landungsbrücken, you can make boat tours into the harbour. These Hafenrundfahrten are available from various companies and take around an hour. Big ships provide more comfort, but smaller ships also go through the Speicherstadt. Both are well worth the money. Inquire about English language tours. As a low-budget alternative for a boat tour on the river Elbe take a HADAG Ferry that is part of Hamburg's public transport system (HVV, see "Get around"). If you have already bought a HVV day ticket, the ride is free. Most tourists take the number 62 to Finkenwerder, via the museum harbour Oevelgönne. The whole ride to Finkenwerder and return takes about an hour. In Finkenwerder, you can continue with another ferry to Teufelsbrück (Line 64 which is also part of the HVV). You can also walk through the tunnel Alter Elbtunnel from 1911 to the other side of the river Elbe and have great views from there. A lift or stairs bring you the 24 metres down into the tunnel. You then walk through one of its two 427 metre long pipes having 12 metres of water over your head. The tunnel is decorated with ceramic arts of maritime motifs (e.g. fish, mussels, seals, old boots). At the other side, you again walk up the stairs or take a lift. Go out and back to the river to "Aussichtspunkt Steinwerder" for great views on Landungsbrücken and the sights behind. Even cars can pass though the tunnel (only M-F, 5:30AM-8PM for €2) being brought down with four lifts. You find the tunnel at Landungsbrücken in the building having the biggest green dome. Signs to "Aussichtspunkt Steinwerder" also point to it. For pedestrians and bicycles it is free and open all day and night, every day. Walking from Landungsbrücken down the river Elbe takes you to St. Pauli Fischmarkt, walking further you'll reach Övelgönne and Blankenese. Landmark of Hamburg: The Michel Sankt Pauli[ edit ] Another Hamburg landmark is the Reeperbahn in Sankt Pauli. It's probably one of the most famous red-light districts in the world. From vaudeville to prostitutes, from bars to sex-shops, you can find an assortment of attractions. Plus, it is frequently visited by a lot of travelers to go shopping for a huge variety of sex-related articles and toys. This is probably one of very few places worldwide where all shopkeepers give you serious and open advice on all kinds of sex-related articles. Commonsense and caution are advised here, as in any such area. It's relatively safe and a definite touristy place to see. A lot of people go there for dinner, live music, theatre, musicals or other non-sex related activities. It is worth pointing out however, that one is likely to be accosted by prostitutes offering "certain services". Three times a year (Mar, Aug, and Nov), there is an enormous fair in this part of town called Dom [26] . It features rides, enormous numbers of food vendors, and a broad range of tacky animatronics. Take the U-Bahn to Feldstraße or Sankt Pauli. In a park across the street is an enormous statue of Bismarck. The "Hafenstraße" (Harbour street) is between Landungsbrücken, the most tourist crowded place in the city, and the fish market, which is open only on Sunday morning from 4:30AM-9:30AM. The street between was a place for squatters in the 1980s and was well known by the media when there were "battles" between the Autonomous movement and the police. Some houses still exist there, though the "80s-Myth" is dead. You can go to the Punksbar "onkel otto" or eat at the "vokü". During the time of squatting, the well known football club "F.C. St.Pauli" obtained an antifascist-fan-crowd, in opposition to right wing hooligans. The team plays in the 2nd Bundesliga, and is one of the most popular teams in Germany. The outstanding character of the area, its inhabitants and also the football club can best be pointed out by the person of the ex-club-president who is also the director of two non sex-related theatres on the Reeperbahn and a well-known figure in Hamburg's and even Germany's gay community. If you get the chance for a ticket of a match, don't miss it. Sankt Pauli is one of the most populous district in Europe and a melting pot of all different people, thousands of stories and interesting histories. As of 18 July 2009, glass bottles are banned in the neighborhood from Friday night until Monday morning. Violating the ban can apparently result in a fine up to 5000 eur. Alcohol is still permitted on the street and vendors can still sell drinks in cans or plastic bottles. Also in the Reeperbahn area are clubs where the Beatles played at various times from 1960-1962, including the Indra club and Star Club. At the corner of Reeperbahn and Grosse Freiheit, also called Beatles-platz, there is a sculpture honoring the Beatles. Schanzenviertel[ edit ] Schulterblatt Street in Schanzenviertel This neighbourhood is situated right in between Sankt Pauli, Eimsbüttel, and Altona. Get out Sternschanze station and walk down Schanzenstraße southward to reach the vivid centre of Schanzenviertel. Students and immigrants from all around the world and young creatives give this quarter a unique and urban flair. During the last few years, Schanzenviertel became very popular among even wealthy people. This led to rising living costs on the one hand and a variety of exquisite boutiques on the other. The Schulterblatt street with the Rote Flora building and its galore of bars and restaurants represents the centre of Schanzenviertel. The Rote Flora used to be the last squatted house in Hamburg, it's now left to the squatters for free by the owner. During the week, it is turned into a café, concerts of various styles or other events may also take place. On some days there is cheap (mostly vegan) food available. You can sometimes find fantastic parties for small prices on Friday and Saturday. Sankt Georg[ edit ] Hamburg St. Georg Kirche Situated northeast of Central Station and city centre, Sankt Georg is the lively, trendy centre of Hamburg's gay scene. Rainbow flags flutter from the balconies in summer. The streets are crowded with people shopping, having a chat, drinking coffee, or going to one of the many art exhibitions around the Lange Reihe street. Ottensen[ edit ] Zeißstraße in Ottensen The former Danish village Ottensen, bordered by the River Elbe in the south and the Altona Central Station in the east, is not unlike Schanzenviertel, a very hip place to live. In the 1970s and 1980s, Ottensen was mainly populated by Turks, working class people, and political activists. Nowadays, it is one of the most expensive neighborhoods. Its situation and the architecture let many inhabitants even today speak of Ottensen as a village. The Fabrik, an alternative concert hall, is situated at Barnerstrasse. Only a few blocks away lies Zeisehallen, a formerly occupied fabric hall, nowadays home to a movie theatre, a gallery, a restaurant, and a bookshop. Ottenser Hauptstrasse and Bahrenfelder Strasse, crossing at the Spritzenplatz, offers a huge variety of small shops and bistros. Karolinenviertel[ edit ] The Karolienenviertel (also known as Karoviertel) can be compared to the Schanzenviertel. Locals claim that the Schanzenviertel became too popular (and thus crowded). The Karoviertel is far from quiet, but populated by locals. The main attractions are unique clothing stores some of which are second hand. To get there take the HVV to either Feldstrasse (Heiligengeistfeld) or Messehallen subway station. Blankenese[ edit ] Blankenese was a fishing village on the Elbe to the southwest of Hamburg. It lies in a valley between two of the only ridges in the area that runs straight down to the river. This upbeat suburb of Hamburg has more millionaires than any other German city. On pretty weekends, the place will be full of Hamburgers there to enjoy the tiny beaches, the winding streets, and the charming houses. Blankenese is among the most picturesque parts of Hamburg. To get there, take the S1 to Wedel or the S11 to Blankenese. The train station lies at the top of the valley, on Bahnhofstraße. Go straight across Bahnhofstraße and your will find the banks, an Italian gelateria and café, the market square (markets open early and close at 1PM on W, F, and Sa), the bakeries, grocery store, and post office. Bergedorf[ edit ] Bergedorf once was an independent town, but now is a quarter of Hamburg. It is situated in the south-eastern side of Hamburg. Bergedorf borders with the quarters of Lohbrügge, Billwerder, Allermöhe, Curslack and Altengamme. Sometimes it is called the "garden of Hamburg". This is because the Vier- und Marschlande are part of the quarter of Bergedorf, which consists mostly of farmland. Touristic Attractions are the Bergedorf Castle, which is the only castle still intact within the borders of Hamburg, the shopping arcade, starting at Lohbrügges Alte Holstenstraße, continuing on Bergedorfs Sachsentor (lots of frame houses can be seen here) and ending on Mohnhof, where the "city center" of Bergedorf is located. Another attraction is the observatory, which was build in 1912 and is still in use today. It is owned by the University of Hamburg. In the past few years Bergedorf underwent a heavy reconstruction, with a new main bus terminal and a new commercial center. To get there, take the S2 or S21 to Bergedorf/Aumühle. Another possibility is to take the Regional Train R20, which also stops in Bergedorf and can be used with a regular HVV ticket. The train station lies on the border of Lohbrügge and Bergedorf. Exit the station to the left hand side (facing the direction the train travelled coming from Hauptbahnhof) and you will end up in Lohbrügge. Right hand side is Bergedorf with the newly build commercial center. U 434 — One of the biggest non-nuclear Soviet submarines. Church St. Katharinen — One of the five main churches of Hamburg. The Chilehaus, depicting the form of a ship, is probably the best example of the 1920s style of "Kontorhaus" architecture. Large office buildings are displayed in the typical, northern red brick style. Parks[ edit ] Elephant feeding in the Hagenbeck Zoo Planten un Blomen is a park in the city with an emphasis on flower displays. Subway station Dammtor. Alter Botanischer Garten with Tropenhaus (Schaugewächshäuser) in the Area of Planten un Blomen. Admission free. Neuer Botanischer Garten in Klein Flottbek. Admission free. Alstervorland, at the Außenalster. The Stadtpark (city park) — Has a pretty good Planetarium situated in an old water tower in the middle of the park (closed for refurbishing until end of 2016). Ohlsdorfer Friedhof — One of the world's biggest graveyards. Jenischpark, Baurs Park, and Garten der Alma l'Aigles, down the river Elbe close to Teufelsbrück. Hagenbecks Tierpark — Hamburg's Zoo. Beaches[ edit ] There are a number of small beaches on the North side of the Elbe river between Övelgönne and Blankenese. Even though not common, it is safe to swim in the Elbe there (if you don't swim out too far). You may have a barbecue there in the evenings, as long as you bring a grill and clean up after yourself. Watch out for surprisingly large waves created by large ships passing by and stay clear at least 50m of any structure in or reaching into the water! See Stay Safe below! In addition, there are a usually number of commercial beach clubs during the summer, usually between Fischmarkt and Övelgönne. Other than the name might indicate, these are bars open to the public. The best way to come to the most popular beach is to take the harbour-ferry bus from the Landungsbrücken station to Neumühlen/Övelgönne. Museums[ edit ] Hamburg publishes a thick, detailed booklet of local museums called "Museumswelt Hamburg". You can find the Museumswelt Hamburg at the information desk at any of the museums. Night of Museums [27] in April is big in Hamburg. Over fifty places take part and are open till 2AM. Entrance to museums is not free, but the cost is symbolic, ticket everywhere (plus public transportation) costs 12 € (discounted 8 €). Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe (Museum of Arts and Crafts), Steintorplatz, just to the southeast of Hauptbahnhof, Tel: 489 133-200, Fax: 426 136-29 32, Open Tu-Su 11AM-6PM, Th 11AM-9PM, Admission: € 10, reduced: € 7, children unter 18 years free, family: 17 €. The museum is a leading centre for art, applied art, and design. Its collections of work from Europe and the Middle and the Far East are of the finest-quality and span all epochs from the Ancient World to the present day. They also have many activities and concerts (see the Classical Music section). The museum is housed in an 18th century palace, which has the original roofs and ceilings. Kunsthalle, baroque building Hamburg Kunsthalle Kunsthalle (art museum), Glockengießerwall, north of Hauptbahnhof, Tel: 428 131-200, Fax: 428 54-3409 [28] . Open Tu-Su 10AM-6PM, Th 10AM-9PM. Adults 12 €, Concessions 6 €, Family Day Ticket 18 €, under 18 free admission. The museum houses an important collection of paintings from the 19th century with works from Max Liebermann, Lovis Corinth, Philipp Otto Runge, Caspar David Friedrich, Adolf Menzel, and modern arts. It rises on both sides of a paved court. The Baroque building on one side has the older works. The areas under the courtyard and the other, modern looking building house an extensive collection of very modern art. There are some extremely fine pieces, but the quality is uneven and the curacy curious at times. For instance, in a far back corner with minimal climate control and no observation are four or five gorgeous French Impressionist paintings which are among the finest in the museum. Deichtorhallen [29] — The Deichtorhallen is one of the best known exhibition galleries worldwide. The historical buildings are divided into an exhibition hall for contemporary art and the "House of Photography". Together the two buildings organize a highly diverse program of changing exhibitions. Hamburg Museum [30] (former: Museum für Hamburgische Geschichte), Holstenwall, close to Underground station "St. Pauli". This is the museum of city history, bringing the past to life with a lot of models showing the development of the harbour and the city. The club "MEHEV" is showing a 40-year old and one of the largest scale model railroads here. BallinStadt Auswanderwelt Hamburg (BallinStadt — History of Emigration), Veddeler Bogen 2, ☎ +49/ (0)40/ 3197916-0 ( [email protected] , fax: +49/ (0)40/ 3197916-20), [31] . Originally built in 1892 under the guidance of Albert Ballin, the complex was built to provide medical care and accommodation to migrants, who were emigrating to the United States on HAPAG ships. The complex was converted into a museum, though its original design and layout is not the same because parts of the complex were destroyed. The museum is dedicated to the five million persons who emigrated via Hamburg. It has a computer terminal where visitors can look up information on their emigrant ancestors. At €12, it's pricey, and the English translations can be sparse and superficial. Unless they can read the German documents, American visitors who have been to museums such as Ellis Island will find much of the content familiar. edit International Maritime Museum – Privately owned museum in HafenCity district houses a collection of thousands model ships, construction plans, uniforms and photographs on ten floors in the oldest preserved warehouse in Hamburg (from 1879). Opening Hours: Tue - Sun 10.00 - 18.00 h, Normal ticket € 12.50, family € 24.50, Audio-Guide € 3,50, Koreastraße 1, Tel. +49 (0)40 300 92 30–0. Hamburg Dockland Speicherstadtmuseum (Dockland Museum), branch of Museum of Labour located in docklands warehouse. History of the district and tea and coffee trade. Entrance: 3.60 €, discounts apply. Am Sandtorkai 36, Tel. 040 / 32 11 91 Automuseum Prototyp [32] HafenCity, Shanghaiallee 7. Museum of car prototypes, nice shop inside. Open 10AM - 6PM, Mondays closed. Tickets 9 EUR, kids <14 4,50 EUR. Museumshafen Oevelgönne [33] — historical boats (admission free). MS Cap San Diego [34] museum cargo ship moored at the port of Hamburg. Hosts temporary exhibitions. Accommodation in cabins is possible. museum sailing ship Rickmer-Rickmers Rickmer Rickmers [35] museum sailing ship (three masted bark) from 1896 moored at the port of Hamburg. Altonaer Museum [36] — Dedicated to Altona's, Hamburg's and northern Germany's cultural history. Museum für Völkerkunde, Museum of Ethnology [37] Rothenbaumchaussee 64. Deutsches Zollmuseum — (admission €2). Bucerius Kunst Forum [38] , Rathausmarkt 2. Spicey's Gewürzmuseum [39] , (Spice Museum) located in the Speicherstadt. They claim to be the world's only spice museum. Houses of worship[ edit ] Hamburg Hauptkirche St. Michaelis Hamburg is traditionally a Lutheran evangelic town. But due to the large number of different ethnic groups who settled in the harbour town, one is most certainly going to find a suitable temple of any religion. Almost all synagogues have been destroyed during the time of Nazi-government. St. Michaeliskirche Protestant baroque church, the building as it is known today was built in 1786. Synagoge Hamburg, situated in the traditionally Jewish Grindel neighbourhood. Christianskirche, Baroque church in Ottensen. Dreieinigkeitskirche St. Georg, Post-war church with Baroque steeple in Sankt Georg. St.-Marien-Dom St. Georg — Since 1995, this neo-romanesque church is the cathedral of the youngest Roman Catholic archbishop of Germany. Though the church has not the splendor one might expect, next to it you may find the first statue world wide of the late pope, John-Paul II. Flussschifferkirche, Germany's only floating church next to the Speicherstadt [40] . Imam-Ali-Mosque — Biggest of all mosques in Hamburg. Centre of the religious and cultural life of the huge Iranian community. The Imams of Hamburg happen to have played important roles in Iran's religious and political everyday life since their installation in the 1950s. International Baptist Church (IBC-Hamburg) — Biggest English-speaking church in Hamburg. Meets 12:30-2pm on Sundays. Large Young Adult Group that meets Tuesdays as well. St. Thomas Becket Anglican Church — First non-Lutheran parish permitted in Hamburg after reformation. The classical building from 1831 is close to St. Michaeliskirche. Boat trips[ edit ] The best way to explore Hamburg's extensive waterways (Hamburg has more bridges than Amsterdam, Venice and London combined) is on a ferry or pleasure boat. A variety of boat tours lasting from 50 minutes to 3 hours depart regularly from the Jungfernstieg on the Inner Alster lake. The exact offer varies depending on the season, so do check in advance or at the landing stage to see what's available. The simplest and shortest tour is the Alsterrundfahrt or Alster tour that lasts 50 minutes and takes in the Inner and Outer Alster lakes (adults: €15). The small cruise boats are often hired for weddings. One is an old steamer. Contact Alster Touristik on 35 74 24-0 or check out the website at www.alstertouristik.de . Theatre, Opera and Musicals[ edit ] Hamburg is home to the Hamburg State Opera House (Staatsoper Hamburg [41] ), one of the leading opera houses in Germany. It holds great historical significance, as in 1678 the first public opera house in Germany was built in Hamburg at Gänsemarkt Square, which is where the opera house is still located today. The In 2011 the Staatsoper celebrated 333 years of opera at Gänsemarkt. Hamburg also has many theaters, and is known to host a number of different musicals, as well as other music events. Classical Music[ edit ] The Laeiszhalle [42] is the main classical music hall in Hamburg, with two halls: the klein Saal and großer Saal. You can see the schedule on their website. For online ticket purchases, use Ticket Online [43] . The Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe Hamburg has many smaller concerts — something almost every day — and is much cheaper than the Laeiszhalle. The programs range from the curator of their early keyboard instrument collection playing them and giving a spiel on the music and the instruments (in German only!) to formal concerts of renditions of Schubert's Die Winterreise. Pick up a schedule at the desk of the museum (down the street from Hamburg Hauptbanhof). Theatres[ edit ] Deutsches Schauspielhaus — The biggest German speech theatre looks back on a famous tradition. Gustav Gründgens, Ivan Nagel, and Peter Zadek staged highlights in German theatre history here. Ernst-Deutsch-Theater — The Ernst-Deutsch-Theater has been an established part of the Hamburg theatre scene since 1951. Today, it is the largest privately operated playhouse in Germany. Thalia-Theater — New directors and the continuing cooperation with young important writers based on the confidence in a strong and vital company lead to international acknowledgment. The English Theatre of Hamburg [44] — The English Theatre of Hamburg performs from September through June, giving eight performances per week. Schmidt-Theater — Theatre, variety, cabaret, concerts, and satirical revues. Schmidts Tivoli — Avant garde shows and high-class musicals. The world famous musical "Cabaret" and the successful musical compendium "Fifty Fifty" were staged here. The Rover Rep Theatre, at the Irish Rover, Großneumarkt 8, Tel. (040) 317 31 41, [45] . English language pub theatre under the Irish Rover at the Großneumarkt. High class professional productions in a special atmosphere. The Hamburg Players, (040) 713 13 99, [46] . Hamburgs oldest English language theatre group giving three shows a year at the Theater in der Marschnerstraße. Tarzan produced by Disney with music from Phil Collins. Rocky by Stage Entertainment, Sylvester Stallone and the Klitschko brothers (from November 2012). Lion King produced by Disney. Note that all musicals are in German language, regardless of their origin. If you're still interested, make sure to buy tickets early, many shows are sold-out. But, midweek there is a good chance that you will be able to buy last minute tickets at a highly discounted price of €40 regardless of price category, age, or occupation. Sports[ edit ] The Imtech-Arena (formerly The HSH-Nordbank-Arena, and AOL-Arena, commonly known as Volksparkstadion) is the stadium of the local Bundesliga football/soccer club HSV. Newly constructed and reopened in 2000, it is arguably the prettiest stadium in Germany with a great atmosphere. In addition to guided tours, it also features a museum presenting the history of the club. See also the HSV website [47] . The Millerntor-Stadion is the home of the famous Bundesliga football/soccer club FC St. Pauli [48] . It lacks the modernity and prettiness of the Volksparkstadion, yet its atmosphere during games is unique and well worth a visit. The Millerntor-Stadion is located at the east end of the Reeperbahn. Nearest station is St. Pauli on the underground line U3. Hamburg Blue Devils — Fourfold German American Football Champion (German Football League). Hamburg Stealers HSV-aligned baseball club, with field located near Hamburg Airport. HSV Handball is the local handball team, playing their matches at the modern o2 World Hamburg (formerly Colorline-Arena), right next to the Volksparkstadion. Hamburg Freezers share the Colorline-Arena with HSV Handball. The premier-league ice hockey team features many international top class players. The German Open in Men's Tennis are held at the Rothenbaum in Hamburg. The tournament is one of nine ATP Masters Series tournaments. Deutsche Bank Players’ Championship, at the Gut Kaden Golf and Land Club. Golf tournament of world class, prize money €600,000. Vattenfall Cyclassics — World Cup and public bike race. Holsten City Man — The only German Triathlon World Cup. Conergy Marathon Hamburg — Usually in spring, open to the public. Events[ edit ] Fish Market. Fischmarkt (Fish Market) — Every Sunday morning vendors praise wares of virtually every type at Hamburg's oldest open-air market, dating back to 1703. The market takes place at the foot of the century-old Fish Auction Hall, where live-bands perform jazz, skiffle, country, or western music. Open every Sunday from 5AM-9:30AM, in winter from 7AM-9:30AM. Hafengeburtstag (Harbour Birthday) — Every year in May the harbour birthday attracts millions of people. Dozens of stands and stages, a ship parade, and changing events are organized to celebrate the cities spring of wealth. The harbour filled 800 years in 1989. Since then, the Harbour Birthday grew the greatest harbour party in the world. It is generally in early May. Kirschblütenfest (Japanese Cherry Blossom Festival) — On May 19th, the Japanese community of Hamburg celebrates the Japanese Cherry Blossom Festival by the Lake Alster. Enormous fireworks and a peaceful atmosphere are characteristics of this event. Hamburger Dom (Fair) — The Dom is one of the largest fairs in Germany. The streets of the fairground, lined on both sides with stalls and rides, are some 3.3 km long. It takes place in spring, summer, and early winter for the duration of one month each. See the Dom's website [49] . Street Parties — Watch out for neighbourhood and street parties during summertime. Some of the biggest are: Altonale, in Ottensen. Spas[ edit ] Club Olympus Spa & Fitness, Park Hyatt Hamburg Hotel, Bugenhagenstrasse 8, ☎ +49 40 3332 1234 ( [email protected] ), [53] . edit There are 11 universities in Hamburg, the biggest of which is the University of Hamburg [54] . Many courses and programmes are held in English. Hamburg is home to schools from countries such as Japan, Sweden, France, Britain and more, where the pupils are taught in their native language. The International School Hamburg [55] opened in 1957 as the first of its kind in Germany. Work[ edit ] The harbour is the fastest growing job sector in Hamburg. Numerous minor and major companies work in that area. You should be able to speak German because due to the high unemployment rate in Germany's jobseekers are attracted by the relative lower unemployment rate in Hamburg. This results in high numbers of applications. Hospitality and media are the two main other industries. Note that living costs in Hamburg may be significantly higher than in other big cities in Germany depending on your demands. Due to heavy destruction during World War II, especially apartments, older victorian style homes built at the beginning of the 20th century are rare but highly demanded. Be prepared to compete for apartments in attractive areas in town with well-paid media professionals, freelancers and spoiled kids with unlimited resources in their parents' bank account. Inner city areas have become quite popular among doctors, lawyers and architects as well in the last years. Buy[ edit ][ add listing ] Full shopping tour starts at central station, down to town hall, then Poststrasse towards Gaensemarkt square and back on Jungfernstieg at the Alter lake side. The main shopping area of Hamburg is the Mönckebergstraße in the centre of the city. Take the subway to either central station, Rathaus (town hall), or Mönckebergstraße. Also check the side-street Spitalerstraße. West of town hall towards Gaensemarkt are the more pricey shops like Hugo Boss. Shops are mostly open daily 10AM—8PM and on Thursday and Friday until 10PM. The latest must-see is the newly built shopping complex Europa Passage, near the town hall at the Alster lake. Europa Passage A good and not-overpriced souvenir shop is directly located on the town hall square under the glass roofage. Typical souvenirs are statues of the Michel Church or the town hall, the water-carrying dogsbody Hummel hummel Mors mors, blue road signs like Reeperbahn, and a post card of the red light district. The Schanzenviertel is also getting more popular nowadays for unique designer boutiques. Younger people especially enjoy being here. Subway "Sternschanze"/"Feldstraße". Hamburg has quite many shops which claim "Second Hand", but are more of an outlet. It's still worth a visit though. Best assorted true vintage and deadstock clothing of the past 15 to 90 years you will be able to find at Hot Dogs Marktstrasse 38 ,U-bahn Feldstrasse/ U-bahn Messehallen New and second hand Kleidermarkt Max-Brauer-Allee 174, S-bahn Holstenstraße. Vintage and Rags, Kurze Mühren 6, U-bahn: Mönckebergstraße. Cuisine[ edit ] Original Hamburg dishes are Birnen, Bohnen und Speck (Low Saxon Birn, Bohn un Speck, green runner beans cooked with pears and bacon), Aalsuppe (Low Saxon Oolsupp, often mistaken to be German for “eel soup“ (Aal/Ool translated ‘eel’), however the name probably comes from the Low Saxon allns [ʔaˑlns], meaning “all”, “everything and the kitchen sink”, not necessarily eel. Today eel is often included to meet the expectations of unsuspecting diners.), Bratkartoffeln (Low Saxon Brootkartüffeln, pan-fried potato slices), Finkenwerder Scholle (Low Saxon Finkwarder Scholl, pan-fried plaice), Pannfisch (pan-fried fish), Rote Grütze (Low Saxon Rode Grütt, related to Danish rødgrød, a type of summer pudding made mostly from berries and usually served with cream, like Danish rødgrød med fløde) and Labskaus (a mixture of corned beef, mashed potatoes and beetroot, a cousin of the Norwegian lapskaus and Liverpool 's Scouse (food), all offshoots off an old-time one-pot meal that used to be the main component of the common sailor's humdrum diet on the high seas). Alsterwasser in Hamburg (a reference to the city's river Alster with two lake-like bodies in the city centre thanks to damming), a type of, a concoction of equal parts of beer and carbonated lemonade (Zitronenlimonade), the lemonade being added to the beer. Hamburg is also home to a curious regional dessert pastry called Franzbrötchen. Looking rather like a flattened croissant, the Franzbrötchen is somewhat similar in preparation, but includes a cinnamon and sugar filling, often with raisins or brown sugar. The name may also reflect to the roll's croissant-like appearance – franz appears to be a shortening of französisch, meaning "French", which would make a Franzbrötchen a “French roll.” Being a Hamburg regional food, the Franzbrötchen becomes quite scarce outside the borders of the city; as near as Lunenburg ( Lüneburg ) it can only be found as a Hamburger and is not available in Bremen at all. Ordinary bread rolls tend to be oval-shaped and of the French bread variety. The local name is Rundstück (“round piece” rather than mainstream German Brötchen, diminutive form of Brot “bread”), a relative of Denmark's rundstykke. In fact, while by no means identical, the cuisines of Hamburg and Denmark, especially of Copenhagen have a lot in common. This also includes a predilection for open-faced sandwiches of all sorts, especially topped with cold-smoked or pickled fish. The American hamburger seems to have developed from Hamburg's Frikadelle: a pan-fried patty (usually larger and thicker than the American counterpart) made from a mixture of ground beef, soaked stale bread, egg, chopped onion, salt and pepper, usually served with potatoes and vegetables like any other piece of meat, not usually on a bun. Many Hamburgers consider their Frikadelle and the American hamburger different, virtually unrelated. The Oxford Dictionary defined a Hamburger steak in 1802: a sometimes-smoked and -salted piece of meat, that, according to some sources, came from Hamburg to America. Budget[ edit ] Joker, Reeperbahn 153. Excellent food at very low prices. Great for a quick bite before going out in the area. Try the Oriental Chicken! Cafe Piya, Susannenstraße 8. Excellent burgers for reasonable prices, in the heart of Schanzenviertel. Geelhaus, Koppel 76 (St. Georg), [56] . Daily 6PM-11PM, some meals until midnight. Menu changes frequently, fresh food, creativity. Lühmanns Teestube, Blankeneser Landstraße 29, (take the S-Bahn to Blankenese, and walk west on Blankeneser Landstraße from the station), phone 040 / [57] M-F 9AM-11PM, Sa 9AM-6PM, Su 10AM-11PM. Friendly local café. Light fare and local specialties, wonderful pies, and baked goods. Their Cornish tea with fresh scones is worth trying. €5-15. Murphy's Roadhouse, Saseler Markt 1 (S-Bahn station Poppenbüttel, then take the Bus to Saseler Markt). M-Th Noon-1AM, F Sa Noon-2AM, Su 10AM-midnight. Serves a variety of American type food. Good quality and portions at decent prices. Located in the northern suburbs, so it's a bit of a trip unless you are in the area. Typical meal should run about €10-17. Teufels Küche, Ottenser Hauptstraße 4, M-Sa 11AM-11PM, Su Noon-10PM. Serves International "freestyle" food. Ristorante Borsalino, Sternstraße 125, Schanzenviertel, [58] , just three minutes from train station Sternschanze in the trendy neighbourhood of Schanzenviertel. This little Italian gem serves great and very affordable Italian food at even better prices. Pizzas start from €6, fresh pasta is around €7-10 (Pasta Mista is highly recommended), the meat dishes are delicious (it is right next to the "Schlachthof"-Slaughterhouse) and the four course menu is unbeatable at €19.50. From noon-3PM they serve a lunch menu for €6,50. Opening hours M-F noon-3PM and 6PM-midnight, Sa 6PM-midnight, Sundays closed. Reservations recommended. In central station, you can get all kinds of snacks, including the fast food chains. But also fresh fish — Hamburg or Sushi style. Vegetarian/vegan food. Every day, you can get vegetarian food for donation (€1.50) in different places check out on this site: [59] . In the Hauptbahnhof (Central Station), there are a lot of snack bars to have a quick meal. While there are probably not many vegetarian snack bars, there is a fairly decent selection of veggie food to be found, such as croissants with brie cheese and meat-free pizza slices. Mid-range[ edit ] Restaurant Kalliopea, Neue Wöhr 14 (close to S1 station Neue Wöhr), ☎ ''+49 40'' 6310596 ( [email protected] , fax: ''+49 40'' 18055240), [60] . Traditional greece food mains ca €15. edit Parlament, Rathausmarkt 1 (in the basement of the city hall), ☎ ''+49 40'' 70383399 ( [email protected] , fax: ''+49 40'' 70383398), [61] . Traditional local food in the amazing basement of the Rathaus mains ca €20. edit La Mirabelle, Bundesstraße 15. French cuisine, fresh four or five course meal, changing daily, including wine at approximately €55. edit Restaurant Cox, Greifswalder Str. 43 (St. Georg), ☎ ''+49 40'' 249422, [62] . Trendy restaurant with consistently good international cuisine, often local German dishes. It has a very good value lunch deal (two course menu for €11), close to the Central Station. Dinner including wine is approximately €30-40.. edit Vasco da Gama, Lange Reihe 67 (close to the central station), ☎ ''+49 40'' 2803305‎. 11.30AM to 11PM. Good portugese and German food lunch €10, dinner €20. edit Nido, Cremon 35-36 (close to the central station), ☎ ''+49 40''51310317, [63] . 11.30AM to 11:00PM. Famous for their great Schnitzel. This place was found by this text author via Tripadvisors guide to the best Schnitzel in Hamburg. The large Schnitzet is ridiculously large. dinner €20. edit Vapiano, (Three locations within Hamburg,), [64] . Sensational Italian food, in a trendy, friendly atmosphere. By the entrance you will get a "credit card", you show when you order food in the different kitchens. You pay when you leave. Fill your boots for around €20. edit Delta Bistro, Lagerstrasse 11 (Located on an intermediate floor within the wholesale storehouse of a large restaurant supplier), [65] . this restaurant provides a surprisingly cozy atmosphere. It is a must visit for all lovers of high quality meat and fish, but the menu offers some vegetarian dishes, too. For beef and fish, it is probably the best value for money you can find in Hamburg. Dishes are huge and the preparation quality comes close to star-awarded locations. It is advisable to reserve a table in advance, especially on Fridays and Saturdays in the autumn and winter months. Main dishes are from €12 to 20.. edit Elbfisch Restaurant, Bahrenfelder Straße 88 (In the Altona neighbourhood, an easy walk from Hamburg-Altona train station), ☎ (040)39 909 277, [66] . Tue-Sat: 12:00-23:00 Sun:17:00-23:00. This restaurant is a must see for local seafood specialties. It is nestled in an architecturally beautiful and very characteristic hall in Altona. The decor is cozy, low lit and very comfortable. The entrance is through a sea food shop where all ingredients are laid out and the open kitchen is visible. Incredibly friendly(and English-speaking)staff will recommend the daily specials and freshest catches. Not to be missed for an authentic and delicious Hamburg seafood experience. Main dishes are from €14 to 20. A dinner for two with starters and wine will land under €50.. edit Splurge[ edit ] Fischereihafen-Restaurant, Große Elbstraße 143, 22767 Hamburg, phone +49 40 381816. [67] . Excellent view of parts of the port and the river Elbe. Many celebs have dined here, including English royals. Cafe[ edit ] Cafe Gnosa, Lange Reihe 93, St. Georg-area. Coffeehouse with wide range of delicious self-made cakes and pastries, also good for breakfast. Gay-owned. Customers mixed by straight and gay people of any age. May not be easy to catch a table during rush-hours. Highly recommended for sugar- and caffeine-addicts. Cafe Klatsch, Glashüttenstraße 17, 20357 Hamburg. A small cafe serving delicious breakfast and other tidbits in a very cozy environment with friendly staff. If you want to relax and drink a coffee in some coffee Bars go to: MarYSol ("Ottenser Hauptstraße"), Café Schmidt , König (both Bahrenfelder Straße) or some other Cafés in the Ottensen area. Piazza, in the "Schulterblatt" (Schanze). You will find a high number of bars and cafés here, many of portuguese or spanish background. Lange Reihe Many Bars, Cafes and Restaurants all along the street. Although the Lange Reihe is the heart of the gay community, most places are jointly visited by straight and gay people of any age. All places are gay-friendly, many are gay-owned or gay-run, but not all of them. Especially restaurants of ethnic background are mostly not gay-owned. Döner[ edit ] Batman Döner, Steinstraße, St. Georg. Köz Urfa, Paul-Nevermann-Platz 2-4 (just outside of the Altona train station.), ☎ +49-40-30035826, [68] . 8am-3am. good and cheap food. edit Pamukkale Grill and Restaurant, Susannenstraße 34-35, 20357 Hamburg; Opposite Lokma. One of the oldest Doener stores in Hamburg. Operates a takeaway bistro and a restaurant. Lokma, Susannenstr. 16, 20357 Hamburg. One of the best places to treat yourself with a nice Doener. It is not without reason that a lot of Turkish people love this place. Take the S11 subway and get out at Sternschanze. From there Lokma can be found within a seven minute walking distance. Falafel[ edit ] Falafel factory, next to S-Sternschanze, price €2.60-3.10. Azeitona, Beckstraße (Schanze), price €2.50, you can get there also other great oriental food and smoke a shisha. Aladin, on the other side of the "Fabrik" in the Bahrenfelderstraße (Ottensen/Altona). Drink[ edit ][ add listing ] Christiansen's Fine Drinks & Cocktails, Pinnasberg 60, 20359 Hamburg, phone +49 40 3172863, fax +49 40 3172863, [email protected], [69] . Award winning bar (Playboy Bar of the Year 1998, Best Bartender 2000, Marcellinos Top 10, etc.), open M-Sa at 8PM. Down Under, Grindellallee 1, 20146 Hamburg, phone +49 40 457017, [70] . Australian-themed bar with lots of cocktails (€5-10), burgers (chicken burger €6, beef burger €8, ostrich burger €9.50), chicken wings (also all you can eat on Tuesdays). ZaZa-Bar, Mühlenkamp 10, Hamburg-Winterhude, phone +40 40 27880135, [71] . Small Bar in the trendy Winterhude neighbourhood that serves consistently good drinks and has an interesting crowd of customers: some shoppers that celebrate their latest fashions, office workers that cool down, night owls that warm up, and quite few people who live in the area and just drop in for a drink. Has chairs outside. Happy Hour from 5PM-9PM and all night on Mondays. Brauhaus Joh. Albrecht, Adolphsbrücke 7 (at the Alster canal), ☎ ''+49 40'' 367740, [72] . Cosy brewpub with good beers and food beers €4. edit Sternchanze For barhopping and pre-night-club warm-up the neighbourghood Sternschanze is the ideal place, with its endless amount of good bars. It is easy to get to and close to St. Pauli, where most of the night clubs are located. BP1 A tiny bar that houses many different DJs. The atmosphere is very friendly and good music is played. It's opposite the house that is occupied by various leftist fractions. (The yellow building with all the graffiti, named 'rote Flora', see above) GLBT[ edit ] G-Bar [73] , Lange Reihe 81. The New Generation. Open 6PM-2AM. Cafe Gnosa [74] , Lange Reihe 93, phone +49 40 243034. Open 10AM-1AM, Fridays and Saturdays until 2AM, famous for its cake buffet, also a great place to have breakfast or lunch. kir [75] Barnerstr. 16, Altona. Gay party called "Love Pop" on Wednesdays and every 2nd Friday in the month from 11PM; Information on parties and other news from the gay scene of Hamburg [76] Party[ edit ] On Fridays and Saturdays there is huge number of parties. You have to go to the Reeperbahn, but it will cost a lot and often the parties there are not more than "normal". There are different subcultures and good underground parties you should look for. In the summertime, you can get a free open-air goa. Lots of electronic stuff, like Drum'N'Bass. Look for a "Drumbule" soundsystem party. Hamburg used to have a great Hip-Hop culture, but it is declining. If you are interested in electro parties here are some good clubs to go to: The "Waagenbau" and the "Fundbureau" are both 2 smaller clubs in Altona, close to the Max-Brauer-Allee. Admission is normaly between 5-10 Euros, depending on the night. Check [77] and [78] for more information. Parties usually don't start before 11-12 p.m. The "Uebel und Gefaehrlich" is in a former bunker from WWII and can be found near St. Pauli in Feldstrasse. Easy to reach with the metro U3. Music used to be more hard house and electro but is changing nowadays from day to day. Check the schedule on uebelundgefaehrlich.de [79] For upscale clubbing check out the club "Moondoo", located right in the middle of the Reeperbahn. The door policy is strict, but the DJs are usually excellent (especially Saturdays). check out upcoming parties on moondoo.de [80] . Directly located in St. Pauli is the club "Baalsaal" which is usually playing (Deep)House and Techno. It is next to the Spielbudenplatz. Check baalsaal.com [81] for more information. If you are more into Trance, Techno and Schranz the "Tunnel" might be a good location. Located in the old Elbtunnel. Check tunnel.de [82] Opens Fridays and Saturdays from 11 a.m. Admission is around 10 Euro. Most parties don't end until the early hours on weekends. Some of the clubs are having an open end, depending on the party. Sometimes it is helpful to check out the monthly magazine "Prinz" which is available online. Open Air[ edit ] There are some OpenAir Festivals located around Hamburg. One which might be especially interesting for you if you like rock music is the Wutzrock Festival. It is free of charge and near to the city, so you might check it out if youhappen to visit Hamburg in laute August. It takes place at the "Eichbaumsee" next to the Trainstation "Mittlerer Landweg" (via S-Bahn 21 to Aumuehle/Bergedorf) usually the last weekend of August. Visit their page for more Information and pictures. [83] Around Hamburg are also a lot of other annual Festivals, (which will cost some money) like Wacken Open Air [84] . Budget[ edit ] On the floor[ edit ] There is a Church mission on the West side of the main train station, mainly for homeless people and people with problems. But it's very clean, people are friendly, and if one is humble and polite, there is a good chance you can enter to chat (even in English) and sleep there on the floor in your sleeping bag. The night shift opens the place at midnight and everyone has to leave before seven in the morning. Nevertheless, as a traveller, you should contribute some money to run the volunteer's service or at the very least offer some help. Remember: This is not a place for the unprepared traveller and definitely not a hotel! Youth Hostels[ edit ] Jugendherberge Hamburg - Auf dem Stintfang, [85] , Alfred-Wegener-Weg 5, phone +49 40 313488, fax +49 40 315407, [email protected]. Priceless river/harbour view and in walking distance to the Reeperbahn. Jugendherberge Hamburg - Horner Rennbahn, [86] , Rennbahnstraße 100, phone +49 40 6511671, fax +49 40 6556516, [email protected] Schanzenstern, [87] , Bartelsstraße 12, phone +49 40/4398441. In the middle of the trendy quarter of Schanzenviertel, 50 beds. Meininger Hotel , Goetheallee 11 (S-Bahn: Hamburg Altona), tel. +49 40 414 314 008 (fax: +49 30 666 36 222, [email protected]). Double rooms start at €45 per person, dormitory starts at €18. Distances: 0,5 km Bahnhof Altona. AO Hostel, [88] , Amsinckstr. 6-10, phone +49 40 6442104. Near the main train station. Schanzenstern Altona, [89] , Kleine Rainstraße 24-26, phone +49 40/39919191, fax +49 40/39919192, [email protected], 70 beds. Instant Sleep Backpacker Hostel, [90] , Max-Brauer-Allee 277, phone +49 40/43182310, fax +49 40/43182311, [email protected]. 45 beds, provides a kitchen. Also in Schanzenviertel. Backpackers St. Pauli, [91] Bernstorffstr.98, phone +49 40/23517043. Backpacker hostel in St. Pauli. Kogge, [92] , Bernhard Nocht Straße 59, phone +49 40 312872, [email protected]. Rock n'Roll Hotel. Superbude, [93] Spaldingstraße 152, phone +49 40 3808780, [email protected], skype: superbude Kiezbude, [94] Lincolnstraße 2, tel. +49 40 74214269, [email protected] Peter, the owner has done a tremendous job of turning an old brothel into a very unique hostel. The rooms might remind you of their former purpose but are very clean and convenient. Mid-range[ edit ] Courtyard Hamburg Airport, Flughafenstrasse 47, ☎ 49 40 5310 20, [98] . The traditional country manor style Courtyard located close the airport. edit Hotels Near Hamburg FC, Lindner Park Hotel Hagenbeck, Hagenbeckstr. 150, [99] . A 4-star hotel less than 3km from the Hamburger Sportveiren. A comfortable hotel, convenient for football fans, featuring a fitness room and sauna. edit NH Hamburg City, Feldstrasse 53-58, ☎ +49.40.432320, [100] . 119 suites available in a modern style. Rooms from €99. edit MEININGER Hotel Hamburg City Center, Goetheallee 11, ☎ +49.40. 2846 4388, [101] . The MEININGER Hotel Hamburg City Center is located directly by Altona railway station. It is the ideal starting place if you want to explore the tourist attractions of the Hanseatic city. The 116 low-cost, well-equipped rooms all have a TV and telephone. edit Splurge[ edit ] The Westin Hamburg, ☎ +49(0)40 800 010 1400 ( [email protected] ), [102] . The Westin Hamburg is seated in the Elbphilharmonie and is open as of 04.11.2016. The Hotel features 244 modern rooms & suites, most of them with an unspoilt view of Hamburg. Find more information on http://www.westinhamburg.com/en . edit The Atlantic and the Vier Jahreszeiten share the prize of Hamburg's best hotels over the last one hundred years. Emperors and movie stars have stayed there, including James Bond (Tomorrow never dies, 1997). Marriott, ABC Strasse 52, ☎ +49 40 3505 0, [103] . checkin: 3 pm; checkout: 12 pm. 4-Star hotel with 270 guest rooms and 8 suites, also has a Body Care Centre with indoor pool and whirlpool as well as 416-sqm conference facilities. edit Le Méridien Hamburg (Design Hotel Hamburg City Center), An der Alster 52-56 (near Hauptbahnhof), ☎ +49 40 2100 0, [104] . One of the best hotels overlooking the Alster lake. Each of the 275 rooms + suites is designed in the "Art & Tech" design. HERITAGE Restaurant provides a fantastic view of the Aussenalster lake. See also the hotel's web cam: http://www.lemeridienhamburg.com/de/webcam-hamburg-alster edit East Hotel, Simon-von-Utrecht Str. 31, [105] . Designer hotel with one of the best lounges/bars in town. Very trendy and stylish. edit Empire Riverside Hotel, Bernhard-Nocht-Straße 97 (tramway S1 in direction Wedel or Blankenese and get off at Reeperbahn), ☎ +49 40 31 1190, [106] . A David Chipperfield designed hotel located in the St. Pauli district near Reeperbahn and the harbour. Each rooms is designed with a floor-length panoramic window that allow for a great view from any point in the room. edit Radisson Blu Hotel, Hamburg Airport, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 3 D-10178 Berlin, Germany, ☎ +49 (0) 40 300 300 0, [107] . 100 metre walk from terminals 1 and 2. edit Sofitel Hamburg Alter Wall, Alter Wall 40, [108] . checkin: 15.00; checkout: 12.00. edit Contact[ edit ] Internetcafe Hamburg Winterhude, hudtwalckerstrasse, 22299 Hamburg. Contact Number +49 (0)4025482039 or email [email protected]. Open Mon-Fri 1000-2300 and Sat/Sun 1200-2300. The computers in this internet cafe come fully kitted out and capable of internet browsing, MS Office, gaming and photo editing. Standard flat rate deal available of 2 hours + 1 drink at a cost of 3.5 Eur. Hamburg is part of the worldwide Global Greeter Network (free sightseeing tours given by local volunteers). Stay safe[ edit ] Hamburg is generally a safe city. Watch out for pickpockets, especially in the area around the Mönckebergstrasse, Central Station, on the Reeperbahn, in buses and trains, but also on crowded escalators and any other crowded places. If you're not used to be confronted by prostitutes, beware when walking along Reeperbahn after dark. They sometimes walk in groups and might try to pickpocket you while trying to get away from them. Be very careful when entering a table dance bar at the Reeperbahn. Many of the clubs have the reputation of ripping off the tourists with the bills. The most common trick is that a girl in the bars asks if she could order something to drink. If positive answer is given (and a positive answer could be even the slightest movement, without even saying it), she is most likely to order a bottle of champagne of up to 500 Euro or more. If the customer is unwilling or incapable of paying the bill, he/she will be escorted to the nearby ATM to withdraw the cash. If you happen to be in such a situation, try to attract the attention of the police, in the end you could get out with smaller bill. Also be very careful, especially in the weekends, at the S-Bahn Station Reeperbahn, as this is the place where the party-goers board in/out of the trains, and very often conflicts between drunk teenagers or groups arise. There is a high security and police presence on the platform itself, as in the trains as well, but still keep an eye on the groups and, when possible, stay out of conflicts. Keep your distance from demonstrations unless you wish to get involved: both leftist groups and the Hamburg police are known for their heavy reactions in such situations. Bathing in the River Elbe is possible but, of course, you must keep out of the way of ships. Swimmers can be thrown about and even totally swamped by the wake from ocean liners. Swimmers should also stay away from structures in the river and strictly avoid an area about 50 m around those extending into the river. Strong underwater swirls going down as deep as 10-15 m and even close to the beach may pull the strongest swimmers under water. When relaxing on one of the beaches along the riverside, keep several metres away from the water's edge and keep an eye on children playing in or near the water. Container ships passing by sometimes create surprisingly large waves that won't just get your feet wet on the beach, but may also drag you into the Elbe. Swimming in the Outer Alster lake is possible, though swimmers are rarely seen. The water is fairly clean. The lake is only about 2-3 metres deep. Tap water is very clean and you can drink it without any exception, even use it to provide baby food. Important phone numbers in emergency (dial without any local prefix all over Germany/always free of charge): 112 = Medical emergency and fire department 110 = Police Consulates[ edit ] Spain, Mittelweg 37, ☎ +49 (0) 40 414 64 60 ( [email protected] , fax: +49 (0) 40 417 449), [109] . edit Venezuela, Johnsallee 30, ☎ +49 (0) 40 4101241 ( [email protected] , fax: +49 (0) 40 4108103), [110] . edit Religious services[ edit ] St. Marien, Domkirche (catholic cathedral), Danziger Str. 60 (St. Georg, near to central station). [111] . Holy Mass Su 8:30AM, 10AM, noon (Portuguese), 3PM (Croatian), 6:15PM, M-Sa 6:15PM; Th 9:30PM. St. Elisabeth, Oberstr. 65 (district Harvestehude). [112] Holy Mass Sa 6PM, Su 10AM, noon (English), 5:30PM (Spanish), 7:30PM (3rd Su only), Tu, Th, F: 7PM, W 3PM. St. Ansgar (kleiner Michel), Michaelisstr. 5 (district Neustadt). [113] . Holy Mass Su 9:30AM, 11:30AM, 3:30PM (Tagalog), 7:30PM. M F 6:30PM, W 9:30, 7PM (Tagalog). Index of all Catholic churches in the archdioceses of Hamburg [114] Get out[ edit ] Both North Sea and Baltic Sea beaches are reachable within an hour by car, railway, or bus.	i don't know
From which Disney animated picture does the song 'I Wonder' come?	Walt Disney Animation Studios THE HISTORY OF DISNEY ANIMATION In 1937, the Walt Disney Studios released its first fully animated feature film, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, and pioneered a new form of family entertainment. More than seven decades later, Walt Disney Animation Studios continues to honor its heritage through animated films that combine beautiful artistry, masterful storytelling and ground-breaking technology. CLICK TO ENTER San Fransokyo, the fictional metropolis in which the film is set, is actually based on a caricature of property data collected from maps obtained from San Francisco's Assessor-Recorder's office. Three times as complex as any setting from previous Disney animated films, San Fransokyo features 83,000 buildings, 216,000 street lights, and hundreds of thousands of residents. The setting is so large, in fact, that the environments from all three of Disney's previous animated films (Tangled, Wreck-It Ralph and Frozen) can fit into the city of San Fransokyo. BH6 clocked 199,000,000 render hours. By comparison, Tangled clocked 11,500,000 render hours, Wreck-It Ralph clocked 21,900,000 render hours, and Frozen clocked 62,800,000 render hours. Director Patrick Osborne had been shooting one-second videos of his meals for a couple months when he noticed patterns forming — his life reflected in the food he ate. "I wanted to tell a story through the different meals a person eats," says Osborne. "I was interested in how the food alone could reveal that someone's life situation has changed. There's something cool about that." In order to capture the look of production designer Jeff Turley's concept art, the filmmakers developed new techniques, including a way to break up the edges of shapes on screen. "Jeff used certain paper textures throughout his artwork that made the edges feel less harsh," says director Patrick Osborne. "It looks like ripped paper—but it's challenging to do it in 3D animation because the texture doesn't automatically move with the shape." Filmmakers invited a real-life reindeer into the Walt Disney Animation Studios, observing the animal's physical makeup and mannerisms, which were later caricatured in the making of Kristoff's reindeer buddy Sven. The reindeer showcased an unexpected technique for taking care of an itch on his ear: he used his back legs—like a dog might do. Sven later adopted the technique. The character of Kristoff was largely influenced by the Sami people, who are indigenous to parts of northern Norway. The Sami are known for herding reindeer, which may explain why Kristoff's best buddy is a reindeer named Sven. Filmmakers visited a Sami-owned reindeer husbandry business in Roros, Norway. "I loved the idea of making a Mickey film that felt like a newly discovered 1928 short," says director Lauren MacMullan. "I decided not to have Mickey talk much, because he didn't in those early shorts. We used Walt's voice initially as scratch, but it sounded so perfect. It put us right in that era. Our assistant editor Danya Joseph started to hunt within existing Walt recordings for lines that would fit our story needs, and we were able to tailor our dialogue to reflect what we had." To create new model sheets for each of the characters, 2D animator Eric Goldberg studied the early Mickey films and pulled frame grabs to find the poses he liked best. For each model sheet he created, he would give the character what he called "a uniform Ub Iwerks pass," and make sure that they looked authentic to the 1928 period. As the CG rigs and models began to take shape, Goldberg played a key supervisory role, doing draw-overs to help achieve the look that director Lauren MacMullan wanted. In order to visually identify the three unique video game worlds that the movie primarily takes place in, Art Directors Mike Gabriel and Ian Gooding created a unique shape language for Fix-It Felix Jr., Hero's Duty, and Sugar Rush. Fix-It Felix Jr. was comprised of squares, Hero's Duty was constructed with triangles, and Sugar Rush was inspired by circular shapes. The filmmaking team used different animation techniques for characters within Fix-It Felix Jr., Hero's Duty, and Sugar Rush as an addition to distinguish between the different game worlds. The Fix-It Felix Jr. characters had an 8-bit, staccato influence, the Hero's Duty characters were intended to have hyper-realistic movements, and the Sugar Rush characters had an exaggerated, cartoon-like feel to how they moved. The film features over 180 unique characters that were created for the film. In comparison, Tangled had 64. Nominated for an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature. Paperman won the Oscar in 2013 for "Best Animated Short Film." This is the first win in this category for the studio since the 1969 short "It's Tough to Be a Bird." Looking back at other digital techniques that were created to combine 2D and CG animation like Tarzan's "Deep Canvas," Software Engineer Brian Whited designed a new program called "Meander" which allowed the filmmakers to create the film's unique hand-drawn look in a computer-generated environment. Won an Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film. Tangled marks Walt Disney Animation Studios' 50th full-length animated feature. A CG animated feature, which raised the bar for human animation in the CG world. Special software had to be created to simulate movement for the hair since no one had ever animated that much hair before. Her 70 feet of golden hair contained more than 100,000 individual strands. Nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song for “I See the Light.” Bolt's original title was ‘American Dog.’ Bolt was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature Film of the Year. Bolt was Disney’s first animated feature to be conceived and designed for 3D. The Princess and the Frog was nominated for 3 Academy Awards for Best Original Song for “Almost There” and “Down in New Orleans,” and Best Animated Feature Film of the Year. The Princess and the Frog was based on an original story by Ron Clements and John Musker. Chicken Little was Disney's first complete CG-animated feature film. Chicken Little was the first to be presented in Disney Digital 3-D. Meet the Robinsons is based on the book by William Joyce. Brother Bear's working title was ‘Bears.’ Brother Bear was created at the Disney Feature Animation Studio in Florida at Walt Disney World. An early version of Home on the Range was titled ‘Sweating Bullets.’ Home on the Range's voice talent Ann Richards was formerly the Governor of Texas. This was the first animated feature where the backgrounds were all painted by computer. The "Deep Canvas" technology that was developed for Tarzan was used to create a new process called "Virtual Sets" that allowed the production team to create 360-degree sets for animated environments. This enabled them to use live-action cinematography techniques in an animated world. Primarily produced at Disney’s Feature Animation studio in Walt Disney World. Nominated for an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature. Emperor's New Groove was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song, “My Funny Friend and Me.” The original title for Emperor's New Groove was ‘Kingdom of the Sun.’ Atlantis: The Lost Empire directors based the design on the style of cult comic book artist Mike Mignola who served as an artistic consultant. Atlantis: The Lost Empire Atlantean's had an original readable, speakable language that was created by linguistics expert Marc Okrand. The Chicago Symphony Orchestra conducted by James Levine provided the soundtrack for Fantasia 2000. Fantasia 2000 was a longtime pet project of Roy E. Disney, receiving his personal supervision. Dinosaur composited CG-animated dinosaurs against live-action backgrounds for its unique look. The production team developed a 3D painting/rendering technique dubed “Deep Canvas” to produce 3D backgrounds. The software was able to track brushstrokes applied in 3D space and allowed the computer-generated backgrounds to retain a traditional animation aesthetic. Animator Glen Keane designed the character of Tarzan, drawing inspiration for Tarzan’s persona from his teenage son, Max, who loved performing fearless skateboarding stunts and watching extreme sports, such as snowboarding. Thus, Tarzan seemed to ‘surf’ through the trees. Nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture. This film won an Academy Award and Golden Globe for Best Original Song, (“You’ll Be in My Heart”.) Nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Score. In order to create the 1,800+ Hun soldiers, the production team developed a new computer software tool called Attila which allowed them to have each of the Huns move independently of one another without having to meticulously animate each of them. The is the first film to be primarily produced at the Disney Feature Animation Studio at the Walt Disney World Resort in Florida The film features the first use in animation of the process of morphing, wherein an object is made to smoothly transform into another, utilizing computer technology. A field trip to Greece and Turkey in the summer of 1994 gave artists a firsthand look at landscapes, ancient sides, and an opportunity to hear expert accounts of classic Greek mythology. Nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song for “Go the Distance” written by composer, Alan Menken and lyricist David Zippel. At various stages of the production, the creative team for Pocahontas consulted with Native American scholars and storytellers to incorporate authentic aspects of the Powhatan culture into the film. The look and style of Pocahontas was inspired by the filmmakers’ numerous visits to Jamestown, Virginia, as well as by extensive research into the Colonial period. Pocahontas won two Academy Award for Beset Original Score and Best Original Song for “Color of the Wind.” In Pocahontas, the use of strong vertical and horizontal imagery in the design springs from the tall, vertical shapes of the Virginia pine forests and the vast horizontal landscapes. The Huntchback of Notre Dame was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Score. The Hunchback of Notre Dame is from the Victor Hugo epic novel, first published in 1831. Won two Academy Awards for Best Original Score and Best Original Song for “Can You Feel the Love Tonight.” Also nominated for two additional Academy Awards for Best Original Song for both “Circle of Life” and “Hakuna Matata.” The main locations for the film, including Pride Rock and the Gorge, are modeled after Hell's Gate National Park in Kenya. The project originated a number of years earlier under the title, ‘King of the Jungle.’ Actual live lions were brought to the studio, for the animators to study. Computer-generated imagery enabled the filmmakers to create the amazing magic carpet ride through the Cave of Wonders, the intricately patterned flying carpet, and the stunning tiger head cave. Won two Academy Award for Best Original Score and Best Original Song for “A Whole New World.” Also nominated for 3 Academy Awards for Best Effects, Best Original Song for “Friend Like Me,” and Best Sound. Eric Goldberg, the Genie’s supervising animator, was heavily influenced by the curved, fluid caricature style of artist Al Hirschfeld. The art directors were inspired by Persian miniatures and Arabian calligraphy. Art Directors traveled to the Loire valley in France, and studied great French romantic painters, Fragonard and Bouchard for inspiration. The ‘Be Our Guest’ sequence used Computer-generated imagery, along with the creation of a striking three-dimensional ballroom background, allowing dramatic camera moves on the animated characters as they danced. The film won two Academy Awards: one for Best Original Song (“Beauty and the Beast”) and the other for Best Original Score. This was the first animated feature to receive an Academy Award nomination for Best Picture. Portions of the film were animated at Disney-MGM Studios in Lake Buena Vista, Florida. The first Disney animated classic essentially to be a sequel. Five key members of the creative team traveled to the Australian outback to observe for themselves its unique beauty. The used photos from Ayers Rock, Katherine Gorge, and Kakadu National Park. This was the first animated feature completely produced with CAPS (computer animation production system) which allowed the film to be created entirely using computers. First feature done all in CAPS. Also since Jim Jordan, who had voiced the albatross Orville in the original ‘The Rescuers,’ had passed away it was Roy E. Disney who suggested the character of Wilbur, Orville’s brother, as a replacement. The names of course, were a play on the Wright Brothers. First Disney animated feature based on a classic fairy tale in three decades (since Sleeping Beauty). This film turned to the famous story by Hans Christian Andersen. This was the last Disney feature film to utilize hand-painted cel animation. It was also the first to use the newly-developed CAPS process (computer animation production system) to generate artwork for a few sequences. This was essentially a digital ink and paint system that allowed artists to create and catalogue their work using computers. In 1992, the Disney/Pixar team that developed CAPS won an Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences Scientific and Engineering Award. Won an Academy Award for Best Original Score and Best Original Song for “Under the Sea.” Nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song for “Kiss the Girl.” Disney artists had considered an animated film of ‘The Little Mermaid’ in the late 1930s and illustrator Kay Nielsen prepared a number of striking story sketches in pastels and watercolors. Kay Nielsen received a ‘Visual Development’ credit on the 1989 film. The Great Mouse Detective animation took just over one year to complete. This remarkably short production span was possible due to new efficiencies in the production process (such as video tests and computer assisted layouts and graphics), and an increased emphasis on story development prior to the start of production. The climatic scene in The Great Mouse Detective where Basil faces Ratigan in a final confrontation inside the turning and thrashing gear works of Big Ben. The 54 moving gears winches, ratchets, beams and pulleys were literally drawn by the computer. The Great Mouse Detective is based on Eve Titus’s book, Basil of Baker Street. The Great Mouse Detective capitalized on the CGI (computer-generated imagery) techniques used for producing The Black Cauldron as layouts were done on computers and the climactic sequence within the interior of Big Ben relies heavily on computer-generated animation. Oliver & Company designers went to New York and photographed street scenes from a dog’s perspective -18 inches off the ground- getting stares from passerby but providing excellent reference material for the lay out artist. Oliver & Company is Howard Ashman’s first Disney Feature film. Oliver & Company was the first film to have its own department set up expressly for the purpose of generating computer animation. The Fox and the Hound marked the premier effort of a new generation of Disney animators who would, in a few years create ‘The Little Mermaid,’ and ‘Beauty and the Beast.’ The Fox and the Hound featured the song, ‘Best of Friends,’ by Richard O. Johnston, son of animator Ollie Johnston. Fox and the Hound was based on a story by Daniel P. Mannix. The Black Cauldron won an Academy Award for the Development of the Animation Photo Transfer Process. The Black Cauldron was the first film to use the new technological breakthrough - APT (Animation Photo Transfer) process. This was the first major change in the Studio’s method of transferring the artist’s drawings to a cel since photocopying. The Black Cauldron was 12 years in the making. The Black Cauldron was the first Disney animated feature to utilize CGI (computer-generated imagery) for creating such elements as the cauldron, bubbles, and a boat in the film. Based on the original books by A.A Milne. The film’s animators produced approximately 330,000 drawings, 14 sequences with 1,039 separate scenes and 750 backgrounds. The film was based on two books by Margery Sharp, The Rescuers and Miss Bianca. Nominated for an Oscar.	Sleeping Beauty (disambiguation)
.uk (dot uk) is the network identifier for the United Kingdom, which country uses the identifier .br (dot br)?	Walt Disney Animation Studios THE HISTORY OF DISNEY ANIMATION In 1937, the Walt Disney Studios released its first fully animated feature film, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, and pioneered a new form of family entertainment. More than seven decades later, Walt Disney Animation Studios continues to honor its heritage through animated films that combine beautiful artistry, masterful storytelling and ground-breaking technology. CLICK TO ENTER San Fransokyo, the fictional metropolis in which the film is set, is actually based on a caricature of property data collected from maps obtained from San Francisco's Assessor-Recorder's office. Three times as complex as any setting from previous Disney animated films, San Fransokyo features 83,000 buildings, 216,000 street lights, and hundreds of thousands of residents. The setting is so large, in fact, that the environments from all three of Disney's previous animated films (Tangled, Wreck-It Ralph and Frozen) can fit into the city of San Fransokyo. BH6 clocked 199,000,000 render hours. By comparison, Tangled clocked 11,500,000 render hours, Wreck-It Ralph clocked 21,900,000 render hours, and Frozen clocked 62,800,000 render hours. Director Patrick Osborne had been shooting one-second videos of his meals for a couple months when he noticed patterns forming — his life reflected in the food he ate. "I wanted to tell a story through the different meals a person eats," says Osborne. "I was interested in how the food alone could reveal that someone's life situation has changed. There's something cool about that." In order to capture the look of production designer Jeff Turley's concept art, the filmmakers developed new techniques, including a way to break up the edges of shapes on screen. "Jeff used certain paper textures throughout his artwork that made the edges feel less harsh," says director Patrick Osborne. "It looks like ripped paper—but it's challenging to do it in 3D animation because the texture doesn't automatically move with the shape." Filmmakers invited a real-life reindeer into the Walt Disney Animation Studios, observing the animal's physical makeup and mannerisms, which were later caricatured in the making of Kristoff's reindeer buddy Sven. The reindeer showcased an unexpected technique for taking care of an itch on his ear: he used his back legs—like a dog might do. Sven later adopted the technique. The character of Kristoff was largely influenced by the Sami people, who are indigenous to parts of northern Norway. The Sami are known for herding reindeer, which may explain why Kristoff's best buddy is a reindeer named Sven. Filmmakers visited a Sami-owned reindeer husbandry business in Roros, Norway. "I loved the idea of making a Mickey film that felt like a newly discovered 1928 short," says director Lauren MacMullan. "I decided not to have Mickey talk much, because he didn't in those early shorts. We used Walt's voice initially as scratch, but it sounded so perfect. It put us right in that era. Our assistant editor Danya Joseph started to hunt within existing Walt recordings for lines that would fit our story needs, and we were able to tailor our dialogue to reflect what we had." To create new model sheets for each of the characters, 2D animator Eric Goldberg studied the early Mickey films and pulled frame grabs to find the poses he liked best. For each model sheet he created, he would give the character what he called "a uniform Ub Iwerks pass," and make sure that they looked authentic to the 1928 period. As the CG rigs and models began to take shape, Goldberg played a key supervisory role, doing draw-overs to help achieve the look that director Lauren MacMullan wanted. In order to visually identify the three unique video game worlds that the movie primarily takes place in, Art Directors Mike Gabriel and Ian Gooding created a unique shape language for Fix-It Felix Jr., Hero's Duty, and Sugar Rush. Fix-It Felix Jr. was comprised of squares, Hero's Duty was constructed with triangles, and Sugar Rush was inspired by circular shapes. The filmmaking team used different animation techniques for characters within Fix-It Felix Jr., Hero's Duty, and Sugar Rush as an addition to distinguish between the different game worlds. The Fix-It Felix Jr. characters had an 8-bit, staccato influence, the Hero's Duty characters were intended to have hyper-realistic movements, and the Sugar Rush characters had an exaggerated, cartoon-like feel to how they moved. The film features over 180 unique characters that were created for the film. In comparison, Tangled had 64. Nominated for an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature. Paperman won the Oscar in 2013 for "Best Animated Short Film." This is the first win in this category for the studio since the 1969 short "It's Tough to Be a Bird." Looking back at other digital techniques that were created to combine 2D and CG animation like Tarzan's "Deep Canvas," Software Engineer Brian Whited designed a new program called "Meander" which allowed the filmmakers to create the film's unique hand-drawn look in a computer-generated environment. Won an Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film. Tangled marks Walt Disney Animation Studios' 50th full-length animated feature. A CG animated feature, which raised the bar for human animation in the CG world. Special software had to be created to simulate movement for the hair since no one had ever animated that much hair before. Her 70 feet of golden hair contained more than 100,000 individual strands. Nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song for “I See the Light.” Bolt's original title was ‘American Dog.’ Bolt was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature Film of the Year. Bolt was Disney’s first animated feature to be conceived and designed for 3D. The Princess and the Frog was nominated for 3 Academy Awards for Best Original Song for “Almost There” and “Down in New Orleans,” and Best Animated Feature Film of the Year. The Princess and the Frog was based on an original story by Ron Clements and John Musker. Chicken Little was Disney's first complete CG-animated feature film. Chicken Little was the first to be presented in Disney Digital 3-D. Meet the Robinsons is based on the book by William Joyce. Brother Bear's working title was ‘Bears.’ Brother Bear was created at the Disney Feature Animation Studio in Florida at Walt Disney World. An early version of Home on the Range was titled ‘Sweating Bullets.’ Home on the Range's voice talent Ann Richards was formerly the Governor of Texas. This was the first animated feature where the backgrounds were all painted by computer. The "Deep Canvas" technology that was developed for Tarzan was used to create a new process called "Virtual Sets" that allowed the production team to create 360-degree sets for animated environments. This enabled them to use live-action cinematography techniques in an animated world. Primarily produced at Disney’s Feature Animation studio in Walt Disney World. Nominated for an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature. Emperor's New Groove was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song, “My Funny Friend and Me.” The original title for Emperor's New Groove was ‘Kingdom of the Sun.’ Atlantis: The Lost Empire directors based the design on the style of cult comic book artist Mike Mignola who served as an artistic consultant. Atlantis: The Lost Empire Atlantean's had an original readable, speakable language that was created by linguistics expert Marc Okrand. The Chicago Symphony Orchestra conducted by James Levine provided the soundtrack for Fantasia 2000. Fantasia 2000 was a longtime pet project of Roy E. Disney, receiving his personal supervision. Dinosaur composited CG-animated dinosaurs against live-action backgrounds for its unique look. The production team developed a 3D painting/rendering technique dubed “Deep Canvas” to produce 3D backgrounds. The software was able to track brushstrokes applied in 3D space and allowed the computer-generated backgrounds to retain a traditional animation aesthetic. Animator Glen Keane designed the character of Tarzan, drawing inspiration for Tarzan’s persona from his teenage son, Max, who loved performing fearless skateboarding stunts and watching extreme sports, such as snowboarding. Thus, Tarzan seemed to ‘surf’ through the trees. Nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture. This film won an Academy Award and Golden Globe for Best Original Song, (“You’ll Be in My Heart”.) Nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Score. In order to create the 1,800+ Hun soldiers, the production team developed a new computer software tool called Attila which allowed them to have each of the Huns move independently of one another without having to meticulously animate each of them. The is the first film to be primarily produced at the Disney Feature Animation Studio at the Walt Disney World Resort in Florida The film features the first use in animation of the process of morphing, wherein an object is made to smoothly transform into another, utilizing computer technology. A field trip to Greece and Turkey in the summer of 1994 gave artists a firsthand look at landscapes, ancient sides, and an opportunity to hear expert accounts of classic Greek mythology. Nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song for “Go the Distance” written by composer, Alan Menken and lyricist David Zippel. At various stages of the production, the creative team for Pocahontas consulted with Native American scholars and storytellers to incorporate authentic aspects of the Powhatan culture into the film. The look and style of Pocahontas was inspired by the filmmakers’ numerous visits to Jamestown, Virginia, as well as by extensive research into the Colonial period. Pocahontas won two Academy Award for Beset Original Score and Best Original Song for “Color of the Wind.” In Pocahontas, the use of strong vertical and horizontal imagery in the design springs from the tall, vertical shapes of the Virginia pine forests and the vast horizontal landscapes. The Huntchback of Notre Dame was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Score. The Hunchback of Notre Dame is from the Victor Hugo epic novel, first published in 1831. Won two Academy Awards for Best Original Score and Best Original Song for “Can You Feel the Love Tonight.” Also nominated for two additional Academy Awards for Best Original Song for both “Circle of Life” and “Hakuna Matata.” The main locations for the film, including Pride Rock and the Gorge, are modeled after Hell's Gate National Park in Kenya. The project originated a number of years earlier under the title, ‘King of the Jungle.’ Actual live lions were brought to the studio, for the animators to study. Computer-generated imagery enabled the filmmakers to create the amazing magic carpet ride through the Cave of Wonders, the intricately patterned flying carpet, and the stunning tiger head cave. Won two Academy Award for Best Original Score and Best Original Song for “A Whole New World.” Also nominated for 3 Academy Awards for Best Effects, Best Original Song for “Friend Like Me,” and Best Sound. Eric Goldberg, the Genie’s supervising animator, was heavily influenced by the curved, fluid caricature style of artist Al Hirschfeld. The art directors were inspired by Persian miniatures and Arabian calligraphy. Art Directors traveled to the Loire valley in France, and studied great French romantic painters, Fragonard and Bouchard for inspiration. The ‘Be Our Guest’ sequence used Computer-generated imagery, along with the creation of a striking three-dimensional ballroom background, allowing dramatic camera moves on the animated characters as they danced. The film won two Academy Awards: one for Best Original Song (“Beauty and the Beast”) and the other for Best Original Score. This was the first animated feature to receive an Academy Award nomination for Best Picture. Portions of the film were animated at Disney-MGM Studios in Lake Buena Vista, Florida. The first Disney animated classic essentially to be a sequel. Five key members of the creative team traveled to the Australian outback to observe for themselves its unique beauty. The used photos from Ayers Rock, Katherine Gorge, and Kakadu National Park. This was the first animated feature completely produced with CAPS (computer animation production system) which allowed the film to be created entirely using computers. First feature done all in CAPS. Also since Jim Jordan, who had voiced the albatross Orville in the original ‘The Rescuers,’ had passed away it was Roy E. Disney who suggested the character of Wilbur, Orville’s brother, as a replacement. The names of course, were a play on the Wright Brothers. First Disney animated feature based on a classic fairy tale in three decades (since Sleeping Beauty). This film turned to the famous story by Hans Christian Andersen. This was the last Disney feature film to utilize hand-painted cel animation. It was also the first to use the newly-developed CAPS process (computer animation production system) to generate artwork for a few sequences. This was essentially a digital ink and paint system that allowed artists to create and catalogue their work using computers. In 1992, the Disney/Pixar team that developed CAPS won an Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences Scientific and Engineering Award. Won an Academy Award for Best Original Score and Best Original Song for “Under the Sea.” Nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song for “Kiss the Girl.” Disney artists had considered an animated film of ‘The Little Mermaid’ in the late 1930s and illustrator Kay Nielsen prepared a number of striking story sketches in pastels and watercolors. Kay Nielsen received a ‘Visual Development’ credit on the 1989 film. The Great Mouse Detective animation took just over one year to complete. This remarkably short production span was possible due to new efficiencies in the production process (such as video tests and computer assisted layouts and graphics), and an increased emphasis on story development prior to the start of production. The climatic scene in The Great Mouse Detective where Basil faces Ratigan in a final confrontation inside the turning and thrashing gear works of Big Ben. The 54 moving gears winches, ratchets, beams and pulleys were literally drawn by the computer. The Great Mouse Detective is based on Eve Titus’s book, Basil of Baker Street. The Great Mouse Detective capitalized on the CGI (computer-generated imagery) techniques used for producing The Black Cauldron as layouts were done on computers and the climactic sequence within the interior of Big Ben relies heavily on computer-generated animation. Oliver & Company designers went to New York and photographed street scenes from a dog’s perspective -18 inches off the ground- getting stares from passerby but providing excellent reference material for the lay out artist. Oliver & Company is Howard Ashman’s first Disney Feature film. Oliver & Company was the first film to have its own department set up expressly for the purpose of generating computer animation. The Fox and the Hound marked the premier effort of a new generation of Disney animators who would, in a few years create ‘The Little Mermaid,’ and ‘Beauty and the Beast.’ The Fox and the Hound featured the song, ‘Best of Friends,’ by Richard O. Johnston, son of animator Ollie Johnston. Fox and the Hound was based on a story by Daniel P. Mannix. The Black Cauldron won an Academy Award for the Development of the Animation Photo Transfer Process. The Black Cauldron was the first film to use the new technological breakthrough - APT (Animation Photo Transfer) process. This was the first major change in the Studio’s method of transferring the artist’s drawings to a cel since photocopying. The Black Cauldron was 12 years in the making. The Black Cauldron was the first Disney animated feature to utilize CGI (computer-generated imagery) for creating such elements as the cauldron, bubbles, and a boat in the film. Based on the original books by A.A Milne. The film’s animators produced approximately 330,000 drawings, 14 sequences with 1,039 separate scenes and 750 backgrounds. The film was based on two books by Margery Sharp, The Rescuers and Miss Bianca. Nominated for an Oscar.	i don't know
.uk (dot uk) is the network identifier for the United Kingdom, which country uses the identifier .es (dot es)?	Internet Country Abbreviations Internet Country Abbreviations You can usually tell what country someone is in by looking at their email address. For instance, [email protected] is in the United Kingdom. The trick is to look at the last two letter of the email address. They will usually be a fairly obvious abbreviation of the country name In addition to explicit country codes, it is also helpful to know that ".com", ".net", ".edu", and ".org" are U.S. domains 99% of the time. COUNTRY CODES International Organization for Standardization (ISO) This is a list based on the lists of entities contained in the ISO 3166:1988 standard, Third edition 1988-08-15. ------------------------------------------------------- Codes from ISO 3166 Version: III-58, 1993-08-11 DOMAIN COUNTRY (short name in English) ------ ------------------------------- .ad ANDORRA .ae UNITED ARAB EMIRATES .af AFGHANISTAN .ag ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA .ai ANGUILLA .al ALBANIA .am ARMENIA .an NETHERLANDS ANTILLES .ao ANGOLA .aq ANTARCTICA .ar ARGENTINA .as AMERICAN SAMOA .at AUSTRIA .au AUSTRALIA .aw ARUBA .az AZERBAIJAN .ba BOSNIA AND HERZEGOWINA .bb BARBADOS .bd BANGLADESH .be BELGIUM .bf BURKINA FASO .bg BULGARIA .bh BAHRAIN .bi BURUNDI .bj BENIN .bm BERMUDA .bn BRUNEI DARUSSALAM .bo BOLIVIA .br BRAZIL .bs BAHAMAS .bt BHUTAN .bv BOUVET ISLAND .bw BOTSWANA .by BELARUS .bz BELIZE .ca CANADA .cc COCOS (KEELING) ISLANDS .cf CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC .cg CONGO .ch SWITZERLAND .ci COTE D'IVOIRE .ck COOK ISLANDS .cl CHILE .cm CAMEROON .cn CHINA .co COLOMBIA .com UNITED STATES (generally) .cr COSTA RICA .cu CUBA .cv CAPE VERDE .cx CHRISTMAS ISLAND .cy CYPRUS .cz CZECH REPUBLIC .de GERMANY .dj DJIBOUTI .dk DENMARK .dm DOMINICA .do DOMINICAN REPUBLIC .dz ALGERIA .ec ECUADOR .edu UNITED STATES (generally) .ee ESTONIA .eg EGYPT .eh WESTERN SAHARA .er ERITREA .es SPAIN .et ETHIOPIA .fi FINLAND .fj FIJI .fk FALKLAND ISLANDS (MALVINAS) .fm MICRONESIA (FEDERATED STATES OF) .fo FAROE ISLANDS .fr FRANCE .fx FRANCE, METROPOLITAN .ga GABON .gb UNITED KINGDOM .gd GRENADA .ge GEORGIA .gf FRENCH GUIANA .gh GHANA .gi GIBRALTAR .gl GREENLAND .gm GAMBIA .gn GUINEA .gp GUADELOUPE .gq EQUATORIAL GUINEA .gr GREECE .gs SOUTH GEORGIA AND THE SOUTH SANDWICH ISLANDS .gt GUATEMALA .gu GUAM .gw GUINEA-BISSAU .gy GUYANA .hk HONG KONG .hm HEARD AND MC DONALD ISLANDS .hn HONDURAS .hr CROATIA .ht HAITI .hu HUNGARY .id INDONESIA .ie IRELAND .il ISRAEL .in INDIA .io BRITISH INDIAN OCEAN TERRITORY .iq IRAQ .ir IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF) .is ICELAND .it ITALY .jm JAMAICA .jo JORDAN .jp JAPAN .ke KENYA .kg KYRGYZSTAN .kh CAMBODIA .ki KIRIBATI .km COMOROS .kn SAINT KITTS AND NEVIS .kp KOREA, DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF .kr KOREA, REPUBLIC OF .kw KUWAIT .ky CAYMAN ISLANDS .kz KAZAKHSTAN .la LAO PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC .lb LEBANON .lc SAINT LUCIA .li LIECHTENSTEIN .lk SRI LANKA .lr LIBERIA .ls LESOTHO .lt LITHUANIA .lu LUXEMBOURG .lv LATVIA .ly LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA .ma MOROCCO .mc MONACO .md MOLDOVA, REPUBLIC OF .mg MADAGASCAR .mh MARSHALL ISLANDS .mk MACEDONIA, THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF .ml MALI .mm MYANMAR .mn MONGOLIA .mo MACAU .mp NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS .mq MARTINIQUE .mr MAURITANIA .ms MONTSERRAT .mt MALTA .mu MAURITIUS .mv MALDIVES .mw MALAWI .mx MEXICO .my MALAYSIA .mz MOZAMBIQUE .na NAMIBIA .nc NEW CALEDONIA .ne NIGER .net UNITED STATES (generally) .nf NORFOLK ISLAND .ng NIGERIA .ni NICARAGUA .nl NETHERLANDS .no NORWAY .np NEPAL .nr NAURU .nu NIUE .nz NEW ZEALAND .om OMAN .org UNITED STATES (generally) .pa PANAMA .pe PERU .pf FRENCH POLYNESIA .pg PAPUA NEW GUINEA .ph PHILIPPINES .pk PAKISTAN .pl POLAND .pm ST. PIERRE AND MIQUELON .pn PITCAIRN .pr PUERTO RICO .pt PORTUGAL .pw PALAU .py PARAGUAY .qa QATAR .re REUNION .ro ROMANIA .ru RUSSIAN FEDERATION .rw RWANDA .sa SAUDI ARABIA .sb SOLOMON ISLANDS .sc SEYCHELLES .sd SUDAN .se SWEDEN .sg SINGAPORE .sh ST. HELENA .si SLOVENIA .sj SVALBARD AND JAN MAYEN ISLANDS .sk SLOVAKIA .sl SIERRA LEONE .sm SAN MARINO .sn SENEGAL .so SOMALIA .sr SURINAME .st SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE .sv EL SALVADOR .sy SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC .sz SWAZILAND .tc TURKS AND CAICOS ISLANDS .td CHAD .tf FRENCH SOUTHERN TERRITORIES .tg TOGO .th THAILAND .tj TAJIKISTAN .tk TOKELAU .tm TURKMENISTAN .tn TUNISIA .to TONGA .tp EAST TIMOR .tr TURKEY .tt TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO .tv TUVALU .tw TAIWAN, PROVINCE OF CHINA .tz TANZANIA, UNITED REPUBLIC OF .ua UKRAINE .ug UGANDA .um UNITED STATES MINOR OUTLYING ISLANDS .us UNITED STATES .uy URUGUAY .uz UZBEKISTAN .va VATICAN CITY STATE (HOLY SEE) .vc SAINT VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES .ve VENEZUELA .vg VIRGIN ISLANDS (BRITISH) .vi VIRGIN ISLANDS (U.S.) .vn VIET NAM .vu VANUATU .wf WALLIS AND FUTUNA ISLANDS .ws SAMOA .ye YEMEN .yt MAYOTTE .yu YUGOSLAVIA .za SOUTH AFRICA .zm ZAMBIA .zr ZAIRE .zw ZIMBABWE	Spain
From which Disney animated picture does the song 'Colours Of The Wind' come?	Internet Country Abbreviations Internet Country Abbreviations You can usually tell what country someone is in by looking at their email address. For instance, [email protected] is in the United Kingdom. The trick is to look at the last two letter of the email address. They will usually be a fairly obvious abbreviation of the country name In addition to explicit country codes, it is also helpful to know that ".com", ".net", ".edu", and ".org" are U.S. domains 99% of the time. COUNTRY CODES International Organization for Standardization (ISO) This is a list based on the lists of entities contained in the ISO 3166:1988 standard, Third edition 1988-08-15. ------------------------------------------------------- Codes from ISO 3166 Version: III-58, 1993-08-11 DOMAIN COUNTRY (short name in English) ------ ------------------------------- .ad ANDORRA .ae UNITED ARAB EMIRATES .af AFGHANISTAN .ag ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA .ai ANGUILLA .al ALBANIA .am ARMENIA .an NETHERLANDS ANTILLES .ao ANGOLA .aq ANTARCTICA .ar ARGENTINA .as AMERICAN SAMOA .at AUSTRIA .au AUSTRALIA .aw ARUBA .az AZERBAIJAN .ba BOSNIA AND HERZEGOWINA .bb BARBADOS .bd BANGLADESH .be BELGIUM .bf BURKINA FASO .bg BULGARIA .bh BAHRAIN .bi BURUNDI .bj BENIN .bm BERMUDA .bn BRUNEI DARUSSALAM .bo BOLIVIA .br BRAZIL .bs BAHAMAS .bt BHUTAN .bv BOUVET ISLAND .bw BOTSWANA .by BELARUS .bz BELIZE .ca CANADA .cc COCOS (KEELING) ISLANDS .cf CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC .cg CONGO .ch SWITZERLAND .ci COTE D'IVOIRE .ck COOK ISLANDS .cl CHILE .cm CAMEROON .cn CHINA .co COLOMBIA .com UNITED STATES (generally) .cr COSTA RICA .cu CUBA .cv CAPE VERDE .cx CHRISTMAS ISLAND .cy CYPRUS .cz CZECH REPUBLIC .de GERMANY .dj DJIBOUTI .dk DENMARK .dm DOMINICA .do DOMINICAN REPUBLIC .dz ALGERIA .ec ECUADOR .edu UNITED STATES (generally) .ee ESTONIA .eg EGYPT .eh WESTERN SAHARA .er ERITREA .es SPAIN .et ETHIOPIA .fi FINLAND .fj FIJI .fk FALKLAND ISLANDS (MALVINAS) .fm MICRONESIA (FEDERATED STATES OF) .fo FAROE ISLANDS .fr FRANCE .fx FRANCE, METROPOLITAN .ga GABON .gb UNITED KINGDOM .gd GRENADA .ge GEORGIA .gf FRENCH GUIANA .gh GHANA .gi GIBRALTAR .gl GREENLAND .gm GAMBIA .gn GUINEA .gp GUADELOUPE .gq EQUATORIAL GUINEA .gr GREECE .gs SOUTH GEORGIA AND THE SOUTH SANDWICH ISLANDS .gt GUATEMALA .gu GUAM .gw GUINEA-BISSAU .gy GUYANA .hk HONG KONG .hm HEARD AND MC DONALD ISLANDS .hn HONDURAS .hr CROATIA .ht HAITI .hu HUNGARY .id INDONESIA .ie IRELAND .il ISRAEL .in INDIA .io BRITISH INDIAN OCEAN TERRITORY .iq IRAQ .ir IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF) .is ICELAND .it ITALY .jm JAMAICA .jo JORDAN .jp JAPAN .ke KENYA .kg KYRGYZSTAN .kh CAMBODIA .ki KIRIBATI .km COMOROS .kn SAINT KITTS AND NEVIS .kp KOREA, DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF .kr KOREA, REPUBLIC OF .kw KUWAIT .ky CAYMAN ISLANDS .kz KAZAKHSTAN .la LAO PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC .lb LEBANON .lc SAINT LUCIA .li LIECHTENSTEIN .lk SRI LANKA .lr LIBERIA .ls LESOTHO .lt LITHUANIA .lu LUXEMBOURG .lv LATVIA .ly LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA .ma MOROCCO .mc MONACO .md MOLDOVA, REPUBLIC OF .mg MADAGASCAR .mh MARSHALL ISLANDS .mk MACEDONIA, THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF .ml MALI .mm MYANMAR .mn MONGOLIA .mo MACAU .mp NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS .mq MARTINIQUE .mr MAURITANIA .ms MONTSERRAT .mt MALTA .mu MAURITIUS .mv MALDIVES .mw MALAWI .mx MEXICO .my MALAYSIA .mz MOZAMBIQUE .na NAMIBIA .nc NEW CALEDONIA .ne NIGER .net UNITED STATES (generally) .nf NORFOLK ISLAND .ng NIGERIA .ni NICARAGUA .nl NETHERLANDS .no NORWAY .np NEPAL .nr NAURU .nu NIUE .nz NEW ZEALAND .om OMAN .org UNITED STATES (generally) .pa PANAMA .pe PERU .pf FRENCH POLYNESIA .pg PAPUA NEW GUINEA .ph PHILIPPINES .pk PAKISTAN .pl POLAND .pm ST. PIERRE AND MIQUELON .pn PITCAIRN .pr PUERTO RICO .pt PORTUGAL .pw PALAU .py PARAGUAY .qa QATAR .re REUNION .ro ROMANIA .ru RUSSIAN FEDERATION .rw RWANDA .sa SAUDI ARABIA .sb SOLOMON ISLANDS .sc SEYCHELLES .sd SUDAN .se SWEDEN .sg SINGAPORE .sh ST. HELENA .si SLOVENIA .sj SVALBARD AND JAN MAYEN ISLANDS .sk SLOVAKIA .sl SIERRA LEONE .sm SAN MARINO .sn SENEGAL .so SOMALIA .sr SURINAME .st SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE .sv EL SALVADOR .sy SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC .sz SWAZILAND .tc TURKS AND CAICOS ISLANDS .td CHAD .tf FRENCH SOUTHERN TERRITORIES .tg TOGO .th THAILAND .tj TAJIKISTAN .tk TOKELAU .tm TURKMENISTAN .tn TUNISIA .to TONGA .tp EAST TIMOR .tr TURKEY .tt TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO .tv TUVALU .tw TAIWAN, PROVINCE OF CHINA .tz TANZANIA, UNITED REPUBLIC OF .ua UKRAINE .ug UGANDA .um UNITED STATES MINOR OUTLYING ISLANDS .us UNITED STATES .uy URUGUAY .uz UZBEKISTAN .va VATICAN CITY STATE (HOLY SEE) .vc SAINT VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES .ve VENEZUELA .vg VIRGIN ISLANDS (BRITISH) .vi VIRGIN ISLANDS (U.S.) .vn VIET NAM .vu VANUATU .wf WALLIS AND FUTUNA ISLANDS .ws SAMOA .ye YEMEN .yt MAYOTTE .yu YUGOSLAVIA .za SOUTH AFRICA .zm ZAMBIA .zr ZAIRE .zw ZIMBABWE	i don't know
In which town or city would you find the headquarters of 'Everards Brewery'?	Everards Clock Tower - Leicester #MyHome - YouTube Everards Clock Tower - Leicester #MyHome Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Jan 8, 2015 The Clock Tower has stood proudly in Leicester city centre since 1868 and we are delighted to brew a special beer ‘Clock Tower’ in it's honour. A deep golden ale brewed with four types of hops to celebrate one of Leicester's most famous landmarks. The video features some great local heroes including, Leicester Tigers player Marcos Ayerza and Leicester Riders recent signing, Tyler Berdini as well as some of Leicester’s iconic Leicester landmarks. Tell us why you love your home town via twitter #MyHome - Cheers! Category	Leicester
Which precious stone is the birthstone for the month of April?	EVERARDS BREWERY LTD LEICESTER Home > LEICESTER > LE19 > EVERARDS BREWERY LTD EVERARDS BREWERY LTD EVERARDS BREWERY LTD is a haulage/transport company located at LEICESTER (LE19 1BY) They are a Registered Company and their Operator Licence Number is OF0202896. They are licensed to operate 2 vehicles under a National licence for goods transport. The transport manager is JOHN ALFRED BALL MILLWARD. Map of EVERARDS BREWERY LTD	i don't know
What is the name of the stick used by artists to support their brush hand while painting?	How to Use a Mahl Stick While Painting By Marion Boddy-Evans Updated September 07, 2016. Do you find that you need extra support under your arm while painting? The solution is a simple artist tool called a mahl stick. It is both easy to use and inexpensive to buy or make yourself. What is a Mahl Stick? A mahl stick is a stick or thin pole that is about 1 meter (3 feet) in length with a ball-shaped pad at one end. It is used as an aid in painting, particularly in oil painting because it takes so long to dry. The mahl stick has two primary purposes: To steady your hand while painting. Holding you arm away from a surface while painting can cause your arm to tire. This may cause your hand to shake and the mahl stick helps alleviate the problem. To give you a support to rest your hand on. Many people have a tendency to rest their hand on a piece of paper while drawing. When painting, this is not a good idea because you are working with wet paint and, often, a soft canvas with no support behind it. You will find that a mahl stick is useful when painting details and a steady hand is absolutely crucial. continue reading below our video 7 Steps to Organize Your Craft Room It is also handy when painting near wet paint that you want to avoid touching accidentally. How to Use a Mahl Stick There really is no magic trick to using a mahl stick: it is a support held in front of the canvas to use as a hand rest while painting. However, it does takes some time to get used to and you will want to know a few tips before starting. Rest the ball-end of the mahl stick on the edge of the canvas, on the easel, or on a spot of the painting that you're sure is dry. Hold the other end with your non-painting hand and steady your arm that is holding the brush on the stick while you paint. If you rest the mahl stick on the little finger and forearm of your non-painting arm, you can use the other fingers of that hand to hold your palette and extra brushes. It takes a bit of practice but is possible and very efficient. Buy vs. DIY: Your Options for a Mahl Stick A mahl stick is a very simple device and you can choose to buy one from an art store or make it yourself. It is a matter of personal preference and whether or not you already have a suitable stick available. If you consider purchasing one, it should cost less than $30. To make a mahl stick, you will need a piece of bamboo, a dowel, or a similar round stick: Simply tie a small piece of folded cloth to one end of the stick with a piece of string or an elastic band. Ideally, you want to choose a cloth that won't slip or scratch the canvas; a piece of chamois leather is ideal. A round stick is better than a square one. With a square stick, you will find yourself turning it often so your arm is not resting on a pointy edge. Other DIY options for a mahl stick include a walking stick (hook the handle over the edge of a canvas) or an old golf club. It doesn't have to be a thing of beauty, just stiff and not too heavy.	Maulstick
'Fiumicino Airport' serves which European city?	EZ Rest Painting Handrest - Jerry's Artarama Ez Rest Painting Handrest Off List The easiest way to steady your hand while painting! Artist, inventor and engineer Ray Givonetti's invented the EZ Rest, which measures 30¾" long, and brings you all the joy in painting without the limitation of a traditional Mahl Stick. EZ Rest's unique mounting cube allows you to clamp it virtually anywhere on your easel. Just slide in the EZ Rest into the clamp base and you're ready to use. Simply hold the EZ Rest with the last 3 fingers of your painting hand and pull back slightly to position your hand rest exactly where you want it. In seconds you can move it up or down and swivel to virtually anywhere you need it! Ingeniously, the forward pressure of you resting your hand on EZ Rest when you start to paint, will lock the shaft in place preventing it from sliding up or down. Its disk shape is designed to fit the palm of your hand making it very comfortable. Hold your palette with your other hand and paint with a new found freedom only EZ Rest can give you! ... Ez Rest Painting Handrest The easiest way to steady your hand while painting! Artist, inventor and engineer Ray Givonetti's invented the EZ Rest, which measures 30¾" long, and brings you all the joy in painting without the limitation of a traditional Mahl Stick. EZ Rest's unique mounting cube allows you to clamp it virtually anywhere on your easel. Just slide in the EZ Rest into the clamp base and you're ready to use. Simply hold the EZ Rest with the last 3 fingers of your painting hand and pull back slightly to position your hand rest exactly where you want it. In seconds you can move it up or down and swivel to virtually anywhere you need it! Ingeniously, the forward pressure of you resting your hand on EZ Rest when you start to paint, will lock the shaft in place preventing it from sliding up or down. Its disk shape is designed to fit the palm of your hand making it very comfortable. Hold your palette with your other hand and paint with a new found freedom only EZ Rest can give you! Ez Rest Painting Handrest is rated 4.5 out of 5 by 8. Rated 5 out of 5 by Anonymous from This is an amazing product! I purchased this product because I need the extra help to steady my hands. If you have a physical condition that might impair your ability to do detail work, I would strongly recommend this product. It took my husband minutes to set it up and has been a wonderful asset to my work. When it loosens up it is quite simple to tighten. Date published: 2013-11-15 Rated 5 out of 5 by Linda B. from It really works great. I'm an amateur artist and this product really helps to keep my paintings clean and to do fine detail. It's so easy to use. I wouldn't be with out one again. Date published: 2013-07-02 Rated 5 out of 5 by Anonymous from Fantastic Invention I gave it 4.9 stars because of its ingenious invention but lack of instructions. It's adjustable in every way, though. For those painting on larger canvases, you might have to add an extension arm to your easel to give this device something to clamp to. (Easy enough) You should know that it's made very well and won't move down to touch your wet canvas. It stays suspended above it. (Very cleaver design) It should be noted that it doesn't move easily when you want to cover your wet painting with its 'slide' movement. It only moves smoothly on the 'swing' but not the 'slide'. The 'slide' will have to be adjusted for each position around your painting. After using it for a couple weeks, now, only con I can think of is the lack of a 'user manual' of any kind nor any instructions. There is minor assembly required with nothing to tell you how to do it nor any instructions to tell you how to use it. (Although, it is rather self explanatory, but still...) YES, I recommend it for those wanting to keep your hand off of the wet paint. It does work quite well for that. It's actually a very ingenious utility tool for us oil painters. Enjoy your painting! Date published: 2011-11-25 Rated 5 out of 5 by Glaelle The Silk artist from "Made my days" I'm a silk artist. Frequently I work on very large areas. This tool has made my work easier. It brings support to my arm and my hands can be steady allowing me to have great results in my designs and details. love it Date published: 2011-09-08	i don't know
The Emerald is the birthstone for what month?	May Birthstone - Emerald - Birth Stones by Months You are here: Home Birthstones by Month May Birthstone – Emerald May Birthstone – Emerald May Birthstone Emerald The gemstone representing May, is the Emerald. As spring in the northern hemisphere occurs in May, the emerald stands for a time of rebirth and growth. The French refer to the emerald’s inclusions and fractures as “jardin’s”, translated as garden, resembling the color of spring foliage. For each stone of the Gregorian calendar, each month of the year brings in a new cycle. Each cycle represents a new season, has a renewed energy, and a new meaning. The month of May is one of abundance and life in it’s youthful beauty. Following the rainy month of April, the month of May is one that symbolizes fresh, new, green life. The emerald as a precious stone for the month of May. Beautiful, fertile valleys blessed with rain are symbolic of the Emerald in that both offer energy both in a spiritual and physical sense giving sustenance for one who might own an Emerald and for those living within the valleys. The emerald has been a symbol since the Egyptians engraved the stone with pictures of foliage. It would then be gifted to their deceased loved ones for their burials to represent eternal youth. It is the Egyptians who mined emeralds in the desert to the east over two-thousand years before the birth of Cleopatra. During her reign, this was her favorite stone, and even claimed one of the emerald mines as her own. She would bestow an emerald to a visiting dignitary on their departure. When the Spanish Conquistadors arrived in South America, they noticed that the natives were wearing some of the largest emeralds they had ever seen. They attempted to hide the mines from the Conquistadors, but were unsuccessful. Today, that area is known as Columbia, where some of the most prize emeralds are unearthed. There are sources of emeralds that have been found in Pakistan, Afghanistan, Nigeria, Brazil, Zimbabwe, and Russia. The Romans regarded the emerald representative to the goddess of love, Venus. They wore the gem to honor Aphrodite, their adopted goddess of love for fertility, beauty and love. Their emperor, Nero had eyeglasses that were made of emerald so that he might watch the gladiators battle and maintain his eyes’ health, and to ease the strain upon his eyes. These crystals grow slowly within the confines of metamorphic rock, making them rare and thus, very valuable and expensive, sometimes more so than diamonds. It represents wisdom, patience and growth. It often given as an anniversary gift, as these characteristics in a relationship are important. It also represents friendship, faithfulness and loyalty, and they have been utilized for the effective treatment of health issues related to fertility, eyes, spine and for headaches. The Emerald can prevent seizures, reduce fevers and stop bleeding. Some other interesting facts about the May Birthstone Emerald: -Mostly all Emeralds have been treated with an epoxy resin or oil to fill in surface cracks making them less visible -Some of the oils used to treat Emeralds are clear, however, some are tinted green in order to make them appear more vivid -Mummies were buried with emeralds -It is often times worn by travelers for luck and has legends of calming stormy seas Other symbols of May May Birth Flower: Lily of the Valley and the Hawthorn. Hawthorns flower in May and symbolizes the return of spring and summer. Maypoles were constructed of hawthorn. May Birth Tree:	May (disambiguation)
Which English king was believed murdered in Pontefract Castle in 1399?	May Birthstone - Emerald \| Birthstone Zodiac Birthstone Zodiac Discover Exquisite Emerald: The May Birthstone May Birthstone Meaning, Significance and Symbolism Of Emerald Emerald, often coveted by royalty since time immemorial, is the birthstone for those born in the month of May. Its shimmering hues of green symbolize renewal of life and revitalization, akin to the verdant hues of the Spring season that reaches its peak in the month of May. Emerald is also considered to represent loyalty, friendship and faithfulness. Since ancient times, it has been believed to bestow the wearer with prosperity, foresight and good health and increases ones’ intuitive capabilities. This regal May birthstone also signifies patience and wisdom. For those born in the month of May, wearing emeralds helps to enhance and balance their energies and this gemstone grants its wearer happiness. Interesting Facts About The Emerald The Queen of Egypt, Cleopatra had a deep admiration and fascination for the Emerald and it was her most adored gemstones. She in fact claimed ownership of all the Emerald mines in Egypt during her reign. Venus, the Roman goddess of Love was associated with this gemstone since ancient Romans believed that the Emerald embodied all the qualities of Venus; beauty, fertility and goodness. Similarly, ancient Greeks wore this green gem in honour of Aphrodite, the Greek goddess who represents fertility, love and beauty. Emeralds were used by Egyptian monarchs and these gemstones were buried with the dead in their tombs too. There is evidence of Emerald mines in Egypt dating back to 1300 BC, much before the birth of Cleopatra! The Muzo Indians of Columbia had well- hidden Emerald mines since 500 AD and the Spanish Conquistadors took close to twenty years to locate them. The healing power of Emerald was thought to ward off epileptic fits, cure fever and stomach ailments and put a stop to bleeding. Moreover, this stone is said to guard the one who wears it from panic. Etymology Of The May Birthstone The Emerald gets its name from the French ‘Esmeraude’ and the Middle English word of ‘Emeraude’. Both these words have their origin in ‘Smargadus’ a Latin word derived from the Greek ‘Smargados’ which means ‘green gem’. The Beauty Of Nature As Seen In The May Birthstone Scientific Make up – Composition of Emerald, the May Birthstone The May birthstone consists primarily of the mineral Beryl and is made up of Beryllium, Aluminum, Oxygen and Silicon. This is known in chemical terms as Beryllium Aluminum Silicate. The beautiful green hues of the Emerald are attributed to Chromium and Vanadium, present in trace amounts during the formation of this stone. The Emerald structure is a little fragile and chips easily while carving facets. Over the years, a special cut known as the ‘Emerald Cut’ was developed to maintain the integrity of the Emerald crystal and reduce any kind of stress that may cause chipping. This cut has a typical rectangular shape with facets to bring out the true beauty of this gemstone. Gemstones That Set The Eyes A Twinkling. Characteristics Of The May Birthstone Color The color of this gemstone ranges from a light green hues to gorgeous deep green ones. It is believed that Chromium and Vanadium replace Aluminum in some part of the crystal structure and this is what gives the Emerald its tint. Emeralds are sensitive and may lose their natural color is heated too strongly. Emeralds have natural inclusions, even the ones of superior quality. In fact, Emeralds without any inclusions are suspect and may even be artificial. Most people have known Emeralds in shades of green; however, naturally occurring red emeralds do exist and are considered to be extremely rare. Being difficult to find, jewelry made of red emeralds are very highly priced. Origin The best qualities of the May birthstone are found in the mines of Columbia, which also yield the highest quantity of Emerald. These green beauties are also mined in the Ural mountains of Russia, Zambia, India, Madagascar, Norway, Brazil, Pakistan, Australia and United States Of America. Healing Power Of The May Birthstone The May birthstone has excellent healing properties especially for health problems associated with the eyes, spine, and fertility. The soothing properties of this green gem are believed to have a stabilizing effect on the mind and used to dispel insomnia and unknown fears, avert nightmares and also combats mood swings and schizophrenia. Emerald is also used also to fortify the immune and circulatory system. The healing power of Emerald was thought to ward off epileptic fits, cure fever and stomach ailments and put a stop to bleeding. Moreover, this stone is said to guard the one who wears it from panic. Value Of The Emerald The 4 C’s: Color, Cut, Clarity and Crystal are the parameters used to grade and value the stunning Emerald. ‘Color’ is the most important parameter for emeralds and the next important one is ‘Crystal’, which implies the transparency. A superior quality Emerald has to possess not only a luxuriant green shade but also a high level of transparency. The exquisite green hues of the Emerald are a delight for the senses, and this precious gem gives the wearer a sense of well- being. This gem is also associated with the star sign of ‘Taurus’. The May birthstone is used extensively in fine jewelry and is an ideal gift to express faith and lasting love.	i don't know
Which world leader holds the record for the longest ever speech to the UN?	Longest Speeches in History Longest Speeches in History By etriplett 69k views 8 items tags f t p @ "Wait, wait there's more" Muamar al-Gaddafi and his long speech really made news. Since he spent 96 minutes talking to the UN General Assembly about everything from the UN Security Council to Swine Flu to his individual theories about Lost, I decided to compile a list of other lengthy orators. Enjoy. G Options B Comments & Embed 2rerank list 1 Photo: YouTube Muammar al-Gaddafi should have spent at least 20 minutes talking about his fashion trends, because that would have been more interesting. Seriously, have you seen the way this man dresses? (http://www.csmonitor.com/photosoftheday/index.php?image=1&date=specials/gaddafi_fashion/) I wonder if he just rambled on because no one would let him pitch his tent. Now, I speak about five phrases in Arabic, and I can't write or read it, but this picture of his notes ( http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/gallery/2009/sep/23/muammar-gaddafi-photos?picture=353360891 ) doesn't make it seem there was a lot there. So he's good at improvising. Still at 96 minutes, Gaddafi is about 3 hours behind Fidel Castro, who holds the record for longest speech given before the General Assembly. Photo: YouTube In Stalin's defense (wow I never thought I'd start a sentence with that phrase) he only spoke at length when delivering Central Committee reports at Congress. And in these reports he had to address economical, political, cultural and foreign policy developments and predictions of f*ture happenings for the next 10 to 20 years. So it's understandable that speeches would drag on and on. Oh if you wanted to leave during the speech, that's cool. You'd just be arrested the next day, even after one account of an 11 minute standing ovation. That's a lot of sore hands.	Fidel Castro
Which notable 19th century poet was a Jesuit priest?	The Top 10 Craziest Things Ever Said During a U.N. Speech \| Foreign Policy The Top 10 Craziest Things Ever Said During a U.N. Speech Joshua Keating was an associate editor at Foreign Policy September 25, 2009 From the impassioned to the provocative to the truly bizarre, here are the 10 most unforgettable remarks to come out of General Assembly speeches in the past seventy years. An Indian Diplomat Filibusters Himself to (Near) Death Year: 1957 Quote: “The Security Council regards this as a dispute. It is not a dispute for territory. There is only one problem before you… that problem is the problem of aggression.” Impact: With this epic filibuster during a debate on Kashmir, Indian U.N. envoy Krishna Menon holds the record for the longest speech in the history of the U.N. Security Council. In total, it lasted over eight hours. Menon actually collapsed from exhaustion partway through and had to be hospitalized. He returned later and continued for another hour while a doctor monitored his blood pressure. Castro Goes Long Year: 1960 Quote: ”Were Kennedy not a millionaire, illiterate, and ignorant, then he would obviously understand that you cannot revolt against the peasants.” Impact: He’s not quite in Menon’s league, but Cuban President Fidel Castro’s debut speech at the U.N. clocked in at four and a half hours, the longest ever in the General Assembly. Castro’s first visit to the United States in 1959 had been a bit friendlier, but by 1960 he was firmly in the Soviet camp and used his speech to blast U.S. imperialism and insult John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon, the U.S. presidential candidates at the time. Castro provided another bizarre memory from that year’s assembly by keeping live chickens in his hotel room. Krushchev Puts His Foot Down Year: 1960 Quote: “Mr. President, call that toady of American imperialism to order.” Impact: Soviet Premier Nikita Krushchev provided one of the Cold War’s most iconic moments when, in an attempt to silence a Filipino delegate who was railing against Soviet imperialism, he issued the above epithet, removed his shoe, and began banging it on the table. The gesture has become a classic example of overheated rhetoric, but it shouldn’t have been all that surprising coming from the man who famously warned, “We will bury you.” Lodge Spies a Bug Year: 1960 Quote: “It so happens that I have here today a concrete example of Soviet espionage so that you can see for yourself.” Impact: Colin Powell famously used a vial of “anthrax” while trying in vain to win Security Council support for military action in Iraq, but there are times when props have been used a bit more effectively. During a debate over the shooting down of an American U-2 spy plane over Soviet territory, U.S. Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge decided to go on the offensive. He took out a wooden seal that had been presented to the U.S. embassy in Moscow by the Soviet-American Friendship Society and then proceeded to extract a tiny microphone out of the eagle’s beak with a pair of tweezers. The Soviet resolution condemning the U.S. spy flights was defeated. Arafat Preps for Battle Year: 1974 Quote: “An old world order is crumbling before our eyes, as imperialism, colonialism, neocolonialism, and racism, whose chief form is Zionism, ineluctably perish.” Impact: The Palestine Liberation Organization Chairman was invited to address the General Assembly for the first time at the request of the non-aligned movement, a coalition of developing countries that has been historically critical of Israel in the U.N., Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat took the stage wearing fatigues and delivered a blistering attack on Zionism. One year later, the notorious “Zionism equals racism” was passed and Israel’s relations with the U.N. have been, at best, uneasy ever since. Ortega Goes Rambo on Reagan Year: 1987 Quote: “Before consulting the hotheads who present various military options such as a military invasion: remember, President Reagan, Rambo only exists in the movies.” Impact: Nicaraguan President Daniel Ortega used the platform of the U.N. to assail U.S policy in Central America, particularly the financing of the Contra rebels and supporting the Somoza dictatorship, which Ortega said “bled the Nicaraguan people dry.” The angry speech prompted a walkout from the U.S. delegation. “The people of Nicaragua may have to sit and listen to him, but I don’t,” said then U.S. Ambassador Vernon Walters. Chavez Sniffs out a Sinner Year: 2006 Quote: “The devil came here yesterday, and it smells of sulfur still.” Impact: Venezuela’s theatrical president, Hugo Chavez, has always loved the spotlight that the General Assembly provides and it was never more in evidence than when, with a flourish, he compared U.S. president, George W. Bush, to Satan. Chavez also began his regular habit of using his speeches to plug books by prominent leftists authors, when he held up a book by U.S. professor Noam Chomsky. Chavez referred to this famous moment in his speech this year, saying that it “no longer smells like sulfur” now that Barack Obama is president. Bashir Denies a Genocide Year: 2006 Quote: “The picture that volunteer organizations try to give in order to solicit more assistance and more aid, have given a negative result.” Impact: At the 2006 speech, Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir claimed that the ongoing slaughter in Darfur, which then President George W. Bush had recently referred to as “genocide,” was in fact a scheme cooked up by Western aid organizations to solicit funding. On the sidelines of the meeting, Bashir went further, blaming Israel and Zionist organizations for spreading lies in order to weaken the Sudanese government. Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad has made this claim as well. Ahmadinejad Hates on Zionists Year: 2008 Quote: “The dignity, integrity and rights of the American and European people are being played with by a small but deceitful number of people called Zionists. Although they are a minuscule minority, they have been dominating an important portion of the financial and monetary centers as well as the political decision-making centers of some European countries and the U.S. in a deceitful, complex and furtive manner.” Impact: Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad has regularly used the UN as a platform to rail against Western powers, particularly his arch-enemy Israel. In his 2008 speech he accused “the Zionist entity” of an array of crimes including causing the South Ossetia war. Another notable feature of Ahmadinejad’s speech is the heavy use of religious rhetoric and his use of Shiite religious teachings. What is Qaddafi Doing? Year: 2009 Quote: “It should not be called a security council, it should be called a terror council.” Impact: After 40 years in power, Libyan Leader Muammar al-Qaddafi spoke to the United Nations for the first time at this year’s general assembly and certainly made up for lost time. In his 100 minute speech, Qaddafi listed half a century’s worth of grievances and conspiracy theories including accusing the Untied States of developing swine flu and questioning the official record of the Kennedy assassination. Most of Qaddafi’s wrath was reserved for the U.N. Security Council, which he likened to al Qaeda. Qaddafi’s accommodations provided another sideshow at this year’s assembly, as the Libyan leader was rebuffed in his attempts to set up a Bedouin tent in several New York-area locations before finally making up camp in Donald Trump’s backyard. Photo Credit: VIEWpress/Corbis via Getty Images; Bettmann for Getty Images; Bettmann for Getty Images; Bettmann for Getty Images; Bettmann for Getty Images; Keystone-France/Gamma-Keystone via Getty Images; STEPHEN CHERNIN/Getty Images; SPENCER PLATT/Getty Images; TIMOTHY A. CLARY/AFP/Getty Images; STAN HONDA/AFP/Getty Images Share +	i don't know
In which country are the 'Great Bitter Lakes'?	Posts: 303 Great Bitter Lake Association During the 1967 Arab-Israeli Yon Kippur War, a number of ships were trapped in the Suez Canal. They remained at anchor in the Great Bitter Lake for many years before they were finally released and towed out. During this period, the crews on these ships formed themselves into the ï¿½Great Bitter Lake Associationï¿½, which organised sporting events and other social occasions and even operated their own post office, issuing their own stamps. Iï¿½m hoping to write an article on this association for ï¿½Fairplayï¿½. If any SN members have any recollections on this period, Iï¿½d love to hear them. Calm seas and blue sky to all. Cap'n Pete Posts: 282 Hi Peter, I was trapped in the Bitter Lakes aboard the Blue Funnel ship Melampus and then transferred to the other 'Bluey' Agapenor in '67. The '67 war was known as the 'six day war' while the Yom Kippur War was '73. Just being a tad pedantic there.!!! I was in the lakes for three months before being relieved and did not go back out at the completion of my leave as I found it too ruddy boring. The Bitter Lakes Assoc. was founded by the relieving crowd so I was never a member and to date have never come across anyone who was. I was in the UK recently for my mothers funeral and while there met up with two members of this site who were in the Melampus with me, Graham Mcmorine, 4th Engineer and John Hughes, Junior 'Lecky. I was Engineers Asst steward at the time. We met in a pub in Nantwich and spent a very pleasant couple of hours going over old times. Graham and John are in touch with other ex-members of the crew of Melampus being the 6th Engineer (I think) and the Chief Electrician. I don't think any of us were members of the Assoc but if you require any information about the 'Six Day War' from our perspective I would be only too happy to assist, as I'm quite sure would Graham and John. I have a few photos and letters from that period which I can make available to you if you wish. Good luck with your article. Regards Phil Saul Posts: 303 Hi Phil, Yes, I would be very interested to hear of your experiences in the Great Bitter Lake. While I was in Blue Star at the time, I escaped being appointed to Scottish Star. You might be interested to read of the experiences of a Blue Star engineer who was there at the time, which I've downloaded from the web: - I decided to return to Blue Star line and commenced 10 years of sailing to Australia, New Zealand and South America. I was homeward bound from Australia when the 1967 Arab-lsraeli war started and two of our ships got trapped in be Suez Canal. We were diverted away from the Canal and I never thought that it would affect me; however after being trapped for over two years it became the company's policy to relieve the crews every four months, paying everyone a bonus because of the conditions on the ships, so I was sent out as relief 2nd Engineer on Scottish Star and transferred to the Port of lnvercargill. We had a peculiar existence on the Canal. Two warring armies who regularly fired on each other surrounded us. One night the Egyptians tried to cross the Canal and were beaten off with many casualties, the bodies drifting around the ships for several days before they were retrieved. Despite the odd existence, we had a great social life. There were 14 ships trapped together in the Great Bitter Lake and we were out in the middle of it. The ships tied up in pairs in a circle, like a wild west wagon train, with the exception of the Bulgarian ship, Vassis Levsky, who would have nothing to do with the rest of us and was anchored well away from us. The other ships were Agapenor and Melampus (British), African Glen (USA), Sindh (French), Munsterland and Nordwind (German), Boleslaw Bierut and Jakarta (Polish), Nippon and Kilara (Swedish), and Lednice (Czechoslovakian). We worked from 6 a.m.. until noon Monday to Saturday and had a sailing regatta each Saturday afternoon. It was decidedly dangerous to go anywhere near the Polish ships as they would not let you leave until you had at least one drink, no matter what time of day it was nor your reason for boarding. I fell into my lifeboat engine one evening and had a suspected broken wrist. The Polish ships were the only ones with a doctor and at 9 am. the next morning I was taken over to see the doctor, but only after I had a drink. I ended up spending a week in Cairo having x-rays and other good things until finally it was decided that my wrist was only sprained. On the way back in the Agent's car we were bombed by the Israeli air force. The road ran down parallel to the Canal with minefields each side of the road. The driver and Agent jumped out of the car and ran across the minefields leaving me in the car with the doors open and a jet strafing the road towards me. I sat there sucking my thumb, wondering what the heck I could do, when the plane stopped firing and zoomed away. Cap'n Pete Great bitter lake assoc. Hi Capt. Pete, As Phil has already informed you, both John Hughes and myself were trapped in the"lake", on Mv Melampus , with Phil, during the "six day war " and I was indeed a member of the G.B.L.A., altho` I only had the members neck tie and never realized that such social events ever happened. It is great to hear from someone else who had similar times to those we had and should you need any further help in your mission , might I suggest that we correspond more easily thro` a private message. May I also suggest that you look up Ian Russel`s web site BLUE FUNNEL LINE on www.lairig.freeserve.co.uk/bluefunnel where you would find articles written by John Hughes and myself , on the subject. Best regards, My location Posts: 5,245 Trapped in the bitter lakes for nearly eight years, till June 1975, the Port Invercargill 10,463 gross tons, and the Scottish Star 10,174 gross tons, both of which had been abandoned to the underwriters and were placed in the ownership of seperate companies the Invercargill Shipping Co Ltd, and the Scottish Star Ltd respectively, Both were bought by a Greek shipping group and were towed to Piraeus where they arrived on September 6th 1975 for general refit, The Invercargill a Harland and Wolff-built ship, dates from 1958, and was renamed Kavo Kolones, and the Scottish Star completed at Fairfield, Glasgow end of 1950, became the Kavo Verakas, The name Kavo Kolones was also used on the Ellermans City of Karachi (1951) the name Kavo Verakas was the City of Manchester (1950) DICK SLOAN Posts: 1 Grand Order of Water Babies This is the name of the club which was formed (I Believe) by the originators of the GBLA. The club tie has as its emblem a pair of naked buttocks and two feat sticking out of the water. This was awarded only to those who fell into the lake completely inebriated, falling in or being pushed in did not qualify. I still have my tie; it was awarded when I fell down the gangway of the American ship. The ship was in ballast with a steeply angled gangway!! That was in 1968, I was a relieving Third Engineer on the mv Scottish Star. Gerald Sewell Quote: Originally Posted by TonyAllen Hi guys must read up on your experiences,bet it was quite hairy at times but tell me what happened to the cargoes,did you have to broach them for want of a better word I was on the pyrrhus in 56 when diverted around the cape nothing compared to yourselves I like to think you were heroes to stick it out Regards to you all Tony Allen Hi Tony, I can't recall cargo being broached, not on the Blue Flue boats anyway, as we weren't carrying anything edible. I think the Star boat and the Port boat were carrying eggs and apples but don't remember getting any of those either, but at that stage no one realised they were going to be there for eight years. I wasn't one of the heroes who stuck it out, I'm afraid, as I refused to go back after being relieved after three months, as once the fighting died down it was just too boring and I still had too much of the rest of the world to see. Regards Posts: 58 G.b.l.a. Hi you all. I was on the Port Invercargill twice in the Great Bitter Lakes, the first being 6th April - 14th July 1968, and 21st January - 26th April 1969. These times were a great experience, and I look back with good memories. I was a Asst/Stewd the first time, and Second Steward the second time, the first time was more dodgy with shells being shot over the ships and battles going on, but camaraderie was great, and we all were one family, very fond memories, and I would love to hear from any of the crews that were out there with me. Take care.....Terry. Terry Willcox Quote: Originally Posted by TonyAllen Thanks phil so what did happen to the cargoes I know that blue funnel carried there own insurance, was anything of any value and did the shippers receive any compo Regards Tony Hi Tony, I believe that the ships and cargoes were written off and the shipping companies received the insurance, although if I'm wrong on this then someone will let us know. Melampus was carrying the usual general cargo homeward bound from the far east, including the big Japanese reel to reel tape recorders, and a small amount of British Army equipment from Aden. Agapenor was fairly light, as most of her boot-topping was exposed but I never did know what she was carrying. (well I probably did, but have forgotten) I hate to think what happened to the perishable cargo the other ships were carrying as it doesn't bear thinking about after eight years. It would be interesting to find out what did happen to the cargo and whether any of it was salvageable after all that time. Regards Phil New Message - Meeting in Slovakia Quote: Originally Posted by Vaclav I send greetings for all crew member, who were on Great Bitter Lake in the years 1967 - 1969, in this time I was on the board of M/S Lednice. Vaclav On September was a meeting of seamen from Czechoslovak Danube Ship - M/S Lednice - from in this time non existing company of Slovakia Bratislava. The meeting was a nice country side about 50 km from Bratislava. The participants were about 50 members. There were old seamen and younger generation, who working on various ships company on the hole world. The meeting was very friendly with tipical Slovak open athmosfere and hospitable.The participant make a decisiom about annualy meeting each second weekend of September. Each of seamen can visit the meeting, who wants to recognize an old friends and new friends. Please contact me by PM Last edited by K urgess; 11th November 2008 at 23:43.. Reason: Email address removed as per site policy Vaclav Quote: Originally Posted by Terry Willcox Hi you all. I was on the Port Invercargill twice in the Great Bitter Lakes, the first being 6th April - 14th July 1968, and 21st January - 26th April 1969. These times were a great experience, and I look back with good memories. I was a Asst/Stewd the first time, and Second Steward the second time, the first time was more dodgy with shells being shot over the ships and battles going on, but camaraderie was great, and we all were one family, very fond memories, and I would love to hear from any of the crews that were out there with me. Take care.....Terry. Hi Terry, I have a very great collecting interest in the GBLA ships. I have many envelopes posted from and to the ships. Many have some of the special stamps on them. I would be very interested to know of any recollections you may have of the production and use of the specail GBLA stamps. Very much look forward to your reply,Chris Chrisskye	Egypt
Who wrote the novel 'From Here To Eternity'?	Great Bitter Lake \| lake, Egypt \| Britannica.com Great Bitter Lake THIS IS A DIRECTORY PAGE. Britannica does not currently have an article on this topic. Alternative Title: Buḥayrah al-Murrah al-Kubrā Learn about this topic in these articles: in Al-Ismāʿīliyyah ...delta, Lower Egypt. It is a square-shaped territory with a long, narrow extension northward along the Suez Canal, ending just south of Port Said. Its eastern boundary is the Suez Canal, including Great Bitter Lake (Buḥayra al-Murrah al-Kubrā), a shallow, marshy salt lake forming part of the Suez Canal. The governorate consists mainly of desert, except in the northern part.	i don't know
What type of creature is a 'Khaki Campbell'?	Khaki Campbell Duck Khaki Campbell Duck cosleyzoo 2016-11-30T16:09:58+00:00 Khaki Campbell Duck Anas platyrhynchos khaki campbell Description Khaki Campbell Ducks are medium-sized domestic ducks that are light brown in color. Males have darker brown heads, necks, backs, and tails. Females are uniformly light brown in color. Both the male and female have brown feet and a greenish-colored bill. Size Khaki Campbells weigh between 4 and 4.5 pounds. Adaptations One reason ducks are able to stay afloat in the water is because of air sacs in their bodies that increase their buoyancy. Ducks’ feathers trap air in between them, which is another adaptation that helps them to float. Their feathers are also covered with a waterproof substance that keeps the ducks warm and dry. Ducks’ webbed feet allow them to maneuver easily in the water. Many ducks are excellent fliers due to their streamlined bodies, powerful wings, and hollow bones that weigh much less than the solid bones of mammals. Although Khaki Campbell Ducks are poor fliers due to their large, heavy bodies, they do have the strong wings and hollow bones that are common to other types of ducks. Ducks do not have teeth, but they do have bumpy edges on their bills that help them to filter food out of the water. Food is then swallowed and ground up in the gizzard, a part of the stomach that contains small rocks for breaking down food. Diet The ducks at Cosley Zoo are fed commercially prepared duck food pellets. Reproduction Khaki Campbells lay white eggs, which weigh about 2.5 ounces each. Duck eggs incubate for 28 days before hatching. Shelter and Space Needs Bullfrogs prefer areas with warm, still, shallow water and are found near water sources such as lakes, ponds, or bogs. Life Expectancy Domestic ducks kept as pets live an average of 8-12 years. Importance to Man Khaki Campbells are prolific egg layers, and can lay up to 300 eggs per year. They are also raised for meat. They are excellent foragers and will consume a variety of invertebrate pests such as slugs and mosquitoes. Fun Facts Khaki Campbells are thought to lay more eggs per year than any other type of domestic duck. They can even lay more eggs than many chickens! The Khaki Campbell Duck got its name because its color reminded its developer, Mrs. Campbell, of the khaki-colored British military uniforms. The water in the Cosley Zoo duck pond often looks green, but that’s not because it’s dirty! The green dye that we put in there helps to block sunlight, which keeps algae from taking over the pond. A group of ducks is called a brace.	Duck
If an Indian recipe includes 'Lehsun', what ingredient would you use?	More eggs from Khaki Campbell ducks - Barza ScriptsBarza Scripts More eggs from Khaki Campbell ducks Tweet Script Did you know that there is a kind of duck that can provide you with as many eggs as the white leghorn chicken? It’s a breed called the Khaki Campbell duck. With proper care a Khaki Campbell duck can lay more than 300 eggs per year. And the Khaki Campbell duck has other advantages. These ducks are hardy and healthy. They don’t get sick often. They can find a lot of their own food. They eat slugs, snails, and other insects. They will clean algae, slime, and mosquito larva from ponds and puddles. They are colourful and in some areas their feathers get a good price. Finally, they provide high quality meat that is very healthy because it is low in fat. While Khaki Campbells forage well on their own, they will lay many more eggs if you also give them high protein feed. You can buy unmedicated chicken laying feed at a store. Or make your own mixture at home. Cooked soybean meal is good feed. Extra insects are also a good protein source, and the more insects the ducks eat the more eggs they will lay. The ducks do not need fancy shelters – just a place to get out of the cold wind or heavy rain. And something that will protect them from predators. A simple three‑sided shelter with a roof and a few nest boxes for laying eggs is all that they need. This will also protect them from predators such as wild dogs or cats at night. Since most ducks lay their eggs by ten o’clock in the morning, some farmers like to keep the ducks in a pen until that time so the eggs are easy to find and collect. The ducks like to lay their eggs in a nest box free of manure, with soft dried grass or similar material on the bottom. The ducks do not need a pond or stream to swim in, though they do like these things. What they do need is a shallow pan of drinking water. If you are feeding the ducks dry food, the pan of water should be next to their food so they can use the water to wash the food from their breathing holes if they get plugged up. Here’s an example of how people raising these ducks have been able to improve their lives. In a region of Honduras, Central America, there was a serious problem where children weren’t getting enough protein in their diet. So farmers started raising Khaki Campbell ducks. The ducks were a great success, doing well despite a rainy climate. The eggs and meat improved the health of the people. In addition they found that they were able to make good money by selling the eggs. Khaki Campbells already live in most countries of Central and South America, South Asia, the South Pacific, and Southern Africa, and Europe. For high egg production with little trouble, raise Khaki Campbell ducks. They are disease resistant, they forage well for their food, and provide high quality meat and eggs. Acknowledgements This script was written by Harvey Harman. Harvey is a farmer at Sustenance Farm, Route 2, Box 201, Bear Creek, North Carolina 27207, U.S.A. Information Sources “Waterfowl conservation”, AMBC News, March April 1990. “Khaki Campbell ducks” by Dave Holderread, Breed Bulletin #8611, 1986. The Duck Preservation Center, P.O. Box 492, Corvallis, Oregon 97339, U.S.A. Note: Ask about availability of Khaki Campbell ducks at a hatchery. If you can’t find a place to buy Khaki Campbell ducks locally, the following organizations may be able to help: Heifer Project International, P.O. Box 808, Little Rock, Arkansas 72203, U.S.A. (for participants in Asia) Holderread’s Waterfowl Farm and Preservation Center, P.O. Box 492, Corvallis, Oregon 97339, U.S.A. Proyecto Heifer, Apartado Postal 970A, Guatemala City, Guatemala (for participants in Central America).	i don't know
A high chest with seven or more drawers is called a 'Tallboy' in Britain. What is it called in the USA?	Antique Chest of Drawers For Sale - Victorian, Georgian, Edwardian → How Chests Developed throughout History The antique chest has changed dramatically over the centuries due to better tools, better cabinet makers and wealthier people leading to larger demand. The earliest form was a box with lid, known as the coffer. The antique coffer is the earliest type of furniture on record, seen as far back as the 13th century. It was made of six planks of wood joined by primitive old clout nails, called the six plank coffer. The coffer was designed to be portable, so some have handles on the sides and banded with iron for strength around the corners. The mule chest was a development of the coffer being impractical; it was difficult to reach items stored at the bottom of the chest so the coffer was fitted with a drawer in the base. In the 15th century, the first chests started to appear with drawers of simple panelled construction, with mortise and tenon joints, held by pegged dowels. Pine was used in many pieces of old county furniture and many pine chests would have a decorative paint finish which remarkably can still be seen on rare pieces today. By the 16th century drawers had become a common feature in furniture and the chest of drawers was becoming more popular. The Chest on Stand, also known as highboys was often seen from the William & Mary or Queen Anne period in beautifully figured burr walnut. They stand on cabriole legs with pad feet or turned stands with bobbin feet. Different designs started to appear, in the early 18th century, chests were still plain in shape and rectangular, but from the mid to late 18th century the serpentine shape was produced. The bow fronted chest did not emerge until the 1770s in the Georgian period. Georgian Chest of Drawers Georgian chests can be a wise investment, made in many different timbers with the lovely charm and character, seen in original period pieces from years of use and waxing. Georgian chests of drawers have brass, oval, swan neck or simple turned handles and bracket feet including splayed or ogee designs. Although they are simple in style they are quality pieces of furniture with a distinctive fine look and usually constructed using quality timbers. The Antique Oak Chest of Drawers is popular from this period as oak was readily available in Britain. These particular pieces can date from the early 18th century to the early 19th century when The three kings were in power from George the first, George the second and George the third. Drawers from these periods have hand cut dovetail joints and old clout nails in the back boards. Important furniture designers built chests in this period like Chippendale, Hepplewhite and Sheraton. Even though these pieces are over two hundred years old, many are still in good condition with a fine patina and would grace any home. The antique chest on chest, known as the tall boy is very tall with at least eight drawers and you often see Chippendale features like ogee bracket feet and a brushing slide. Earlier models are in walnut with feather banding, overlapping drawer mouldings and bun or bracket feet. Victorian Chest of Drawers After the Regency and William IV periods came the Victorian chest dating from the late 1830s to 1901. Early Victorian chests are simple in design with a square carcass and detailing like turned handles and solid timber construction. In the Mid Victorian era larger houses were built with larger rooms so tall chests with lots of storage were made. They had rounded curved corners; some intricately made with serpentine or bow front shapes and turned bun feet. They were highly French polished with Inlay depicting shells and floral designs. Carving and distinctive detailing like carved corbels, quarter columns or spiral shaped sides were seen along with String inlay or brass inlay on the drawer fronts. Finely figured antique mahogany chest of drawers were the main wood of choice during this period and they were built to such a high standard you still see them in very good condition with a beautiful patina. The Campaign or military chest was first seen in the Napoleonic wars, they were made to dismantle as an officer would have these pieces transported anywhere he was at camp so usually come with brass carrying handles. You can often see these pieces in camphor wood or teak. Some military chests have the makers stamp Army & Navy CSL, which stands for The Army and Navy Co-operative Society Ltd. This was formed in the late Victorian period by a group of army and navy officers as they wanted to supply good quality furniture and other items to its members at very low cost. They supplied items such as furniture, guns and golfing equipment. There stores was worldwide and was a huge success. The Wellington chest was named after the Duke of Wellingtons victory of 1815, they tall and narrow, usually with seven working drawers, one for every day of the week. They are English made and have a swinging locking arm that locks all the compartments with one key. This was also a campaign piece of furniture that was often in the officer’s tent whilst at war. Edwardian Chests The Edwardian Chest was produced between 1901 and 1910. These wooden chests used influences from earlier periods along with the French new Art Nouveau and Arts and Crafts designs. They were mass produced with machine cut dovetail joints, but still of good quality with oak linings and solid timbers. The Antique Walnut chest of drawers was most popular during this period and walnut was still used in the Art Deco vintage period of the 1930s as it displayed wonderful figuring. 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Which country principally administers the Andaman Islands?	Furniture Glossary × Amish Furniture Glossary Purchasing furniture should be a thoughtful decision and sometimes it can be stressful as well especially when you don't understand furniture jargon. At DutchCrafters we recognize that the furniture industry can have its own words to describe certain features. We decided to come up with our own furniture glossary based on the questions we often get from customers. We hope that by providing this furniture glossary we can help our customers feel more comfortable with their Amish furniture purchase and they can distinguish the quality and value as well in their investment. Bamboo Turnings Some of our hardwood chair and benches have a unique style of turnings that resembled a bamboo stalk such as our Amish birdcage Windsor chair and birdcage Windsor bench. These types of Windsor's are often called rod back Windsor chairs or Federal Windsor chairs. This bamboo-style turning brings an elegant and exotic look to a traditional Windsor chair. Bent Parts Some of our Amish chairs, benches and bar stools have steam bent parts. The wood is steam bent to create beautiful bow back designs. Breakfast Nooks Our Amish breakfast nooks can be customized to fit your space. The corner benches are actually three pieces; one large bench, one smaller bench and the corner piece. Call one of our Amish furniture specialists today with your kitchen corner dimensions and wood choice and they will be happy to quote a custom corner nook set to fit your space. The breakfast nook backs can also be finishes with raised panels if the breakfast nook set will not be used in a corner. Butterfly Leaf Some of our Amish tables offer a Butterfly leaf option. Butterfly leafs have “wings” that fold up on each side and store inside the table for easy storage. Cabriole Legs and Feet Cabriole legs and feet are known for their beautiful curves. This furniture feature is often found on Chippendale furniture and Queen Anne furniture. Care Light Our Keystone Collection bedroom furniture comes with the option of a care light. This is a light that will automatically active by motion. This light is operated by batteries and will provide safety and security for those dark evenings. Cherry Wood Furniture The cherry wood fruit tree is part of the botanical rose family or Rosaceae family which is also known as prunus serotina. The beautiful visual grain pattern, smooth texture and rich patina of cherry wood make it the ideal choice for fine furniture. Decorating with cherry wood furniture is sure to bring a timeless and formal look to your home or business. Chifforobe (Also spelled Chifferobe, Chifrobe and Shifferobe) chifforobe is a basically a large armoire with a combination of a chest of drawers or wardrobe typically used for hanging clothes. This is a popular Amish furniture item for someone that doesn't have much closet space. Convertible Crib At DutchCrafters we offer a wide variety of convertible cribs. These safe and durable cribs will grow with your child. Purchase one of our convertible cribs and accessories and you get three beds in one; crib, daybed and full bed. Our Amish handcrafted cribs are tested and certified to strict federal standards. Made in America, with organic finishes available, this Amish crib is sure to become a treasured family heirloom. Corner Braces Corner braces are often used in the corner of tables or frame chairs to create a corner triangle for added strength. These corner braces are sometimes grooved and glued as well. Custom Furniture Almost all of our furniture can be customized! Please call one of our Amish furniture specialists today for a custom quote. Dentil Moldings Dentil moldings are marks in a vertical row along the molding of the furniture. They have the look of a teethy smile which is where the name dentil originated from. Distressed Amish Furniture A popular finishing feature on our Amish furniture is distressing. We offer a wide variety of distressing options from light distressing to heavy distressing. With a light distressed finish package you can expect to receive slightly eased edges, nicks and extensive pinholes in the furniture. We also offer just a rubbed distressed finishing where the paint is rubbed to create a time worn look. With our heavy distressed finish package your furniture will have the look of an aged antique. Rub-through, extensive nicks, pin holes, eased edges, simulated cracks and other distressing techniques are used to bring about the transformation from new to old looking. Dovetails Most of our furniture drawers are dovetailed joints. The dovetails are important for joining the front, side and back for a tight and securely built drawer. Dovetailed Bed Slats Dovetailed bed slats are a feature offered by some of our Amish bedroom furniture craftsmen. The wood bed slats fit snugly into metal holders to prevent bowing. Fabrics and Leathers We work with a wide variety of fabric and leather manufacturers. We are happy to send out samples to assist you with making your own selection. Customers can also provide their own fabric or leather. We offer American made and environmentally friendly fabric options. Please inquire with assistance in locating these options. Finials Finials are a popular addition to some of our Amish furniture. Shaker ladder back chairs often have the option of a long finial such as product 986 as well as our beautiful pencil post beds. Gateleg Table Our Amish gate leg dining room tables are perfect for kitchens or small dining rooms. The gate leg table features legs that swing out to support and level side extensions. This table is sometimes called a swing leg table. Geared Slides Most of our pedestal dining room tables and trestle tables comes come with our heavy duty, easy to use double equalizer geared slides. Only one person is needed to open both sides of a dining room table with geared slides. These double equalized hidden geared slides are non-sagging and will hold up to everyday use. Glazed Finishing Glazing is an optional finish option that helps to create a time-worn aged look. The glaze is applied over the finish and then hand rubbed to make the Amish furniture look old and antique. Glaze is often used with other finishing techniques such as heavy distressing. The finished look is a beautiful patina on the furniture. (use the Jackson painted picture http://www.keystonecollections.com/estatejackson_painted.asp) Hand-Hewn Finishing Our hand-hewn finishing is a multi-step finishing process. When furniture is hand-hewn it will be hand-planed, hand-pegged as well as distressed. The wood is then glazed by hand to create a true wood of art. Floating Panel Construction DutchCraftres paneled doors will have floating panel construction. The inside panel will float inside the frame and be held in place by soft rubber balls. This construction technique lessens the chance of cracks and splits that often occur with temperature changes. Furniture Feet Our furniture comes with a wide variety of feet styles such as claw feet, empire feet, cabriole feet, mission feet and more. Full Extension Drawer Slides Most of our Amish made case good such as hutches or dressers comes with full extension drawer slides. These full extension drawer slides can be either under mounted or side mounted. The drawer will extend all the way out offering ease of getting in and out of drawers. These full extension drawer slides have at least a one hundred pound load rating. Full Extension Soft Closing Drawer Slides Our full extension soft closing drawer slides extend all the way out but also come with the popular feature of closing on their own. Just give the drawers a gentle push and they easily self-close. These full extension soft closing drawer slides have over a one hundred pound load rating. Hand Planed Furniture On some of our Amish dining room tables, buffet tops, chairs and accent tables we have a hand-planed option. The furniture is planned by hand the way it was done in the colonial days with a furniture plane. Highboy Dresser (Also called Tallboy Dresser or Flattop Highboy Dresser) A highboy dresser is basically a high chest of drawers on four elegant turned cabriole legs with a decorative bonnet top and finials. Highboy dressers, also called tallboy dressers stand over seven feet high and can have anywhere from six to eight drawers. This style of dresser is generally built in cherry wood, mahogany wood or walnut wood with a dark finish. Highboy dressers are true representations of American furniture! Highboy dressers generally come in three styles Queen Anne highboy dresser, William and Mary highboy dresser and Chippendale highboy dresser. The top can often be flat on some highboy dressers. Leg Levelers Leg levelers are often options on our dining room chairs and tables. These are a popular options for customers that live in older homes with uneven wood floors. The leg levelers can be adjusted to prevent wobble on uneven floors. Mattress Support On our larger bed sizes a center leg is added to ensure that your mattress has the support that it needs. Mortise and Tenon Construction This simple construction technique has been around for thousands of years providing a solid, sturdy furniture assembly. The tenon or wood piece is wedged into the mortise or hole cut into the wood to join the two together. Glue can sometimes be used for additional strength but isn't often necessary. Painted Furniture All of our furniture is available with a painted finish. If the option is not shown, please call one of our Amish furniture specialists for pricing. You can have straight painting, hand rubbed painting or painting with one of our heavy distressed finish packages. We offer a wide variety of paint colors from our popular black to a fun, bright red. Custom paint colors are available upon request. Many customers choose to do a two tone paint and stain combination as well. Some of our furniture also offers hand painted design options. Pedestal Tables Our hardwood pedestal tables come in a wide variety of size, shapes and styles with many options to choose from. We even offer a large 60” round pedestal table and a 72” round pedestal table! You can choose to have one pedestal, two pedestals or our huge triple pedestal table. We even have a split pedestal dining room table. Claw feet, empire feet, cabriole feet, mission feet are some of the choices for customizing the look of our Amish handcrafted pedestal tables. Pie Safes Our Amish handcrafted pie safes are not used to store pies and baked goods anymore but they are just as popular. A pie safe is a cabinet or cupboard with doors. The door panels are often punched tin or raised panel wood. Some of our pie safe cabinets come with handpainted designs on the doors. Plate Grooves All of the glass shelves inside of our china cabinets and hutches come with plate grooves. These plate grooves are a convenient way to display your heirloom china or collectibles. Some wood shelves also have plate grooves please call one of our Amish furniture specialists with questions on this feature. Fiber Seats Some of our Shaker chairs come with the option of woven fiber seats bring to mind a French provincial feel. Scooped Seats Some of our Amish dining room chairs and kitchen chairs have carved out scooped seat for added comfort. Self-Storing Table Leaves Some of our Amish dining room tables and kitchen tables have the option of self-storing the leaves inside of the table. This feature should be noted in the product quick specs. Please call one of our Amish furniture specialists regarding having the table leaves store inside of the table. Shade in Finishing The stain tone or color fades in to create unique stained finish on the wood. Silverware Insert Some of our hutches, buffets, sideboards and hunt boards come with the option for adding one or two silverware inserts to the drawers. Please call if the hutch you are interested in doesn't offer this option. Skirt or Apron The underside of the table top or extension that wraps around the table. Some of our tables have options for different styles or types of skirts. Arm chairs will often not fit under the skirts on tables. Stowleaf Table or Draw Extension Table The leaves on our stowleaf tables or draw extension tables pull out and store underneath the side of the table. The table's draw extensions operate on hinges and wooden slides. The table's end extensions normally rest underneath the table. When the extensions are pulled outward from the table, they slide over the center of the hinge and are raised upward. You then drawn back against the edge of the table for a very solid and sturdy fitting. Stow away your leaves with ease in our stowleaf dining room tables. The leaves are very stable, sturdy and strong. Authentic breadboard ends and pull-out leaves are standard on our stowleaf dining room table. Sustainable Furniture DutchCrafters furniture is sustainable furniture due to the fact that 1) we use local lumber as much as possible and suppliers that use sustainable forestry ethics 2) leftover wood scraps are used for animal bedding or heating 3) its heirloom quality ensures it will be passed on for generations. We also offer environmentally friendly finishing and shipping options. Some of our furniture is handcrafted from reclaimed barn wood as well as lyptus wood or bamboo. Touch Lighting Many of our Amish hutches have touch lighting. By simply touching the hinge on the hutch the light comes on! Touch the hinge again and the hutch will go off! Our customers love this feature on their hardwood hutches, china cabinets and corner hutches. Check the quick specs field to see if this feature is included with the hutch you are inquiring about. Tongue-and-Groove Furniture Backs Most of our Amish hutches and china cabinets come with a solid wood tongue and groove back. Some bookcases, desks hutch top and other items also offer this quality feature. This solid wood hutch back offers a beautiful and durable choice for your Amish furniture.	i don't know
The most visited city in the western hemisphere stands on Guanabara Bay. What is it?	WPS - Port of Rio de Janeiro review Home >> World Map >> South America >> Brazil >> Port of Rio de Janeiro Port of Rio de Janeiro Cruising and Travel The City of Rio de Janeiro (Portuguese) is famous around the world and one of the most popular tourist destinations in the Western Hemisphere. Blessed with natural beauty and long crowded beaches, its annual Carnaval invites people from all over the world to join the celebrations. Almost anyone will recognize the beaches of Copacabana and Ipanema, the breathtaking Cristo Redentor statue, and the famous stadium of Maracana. Unfortunately, the Port of Rio de Janeiro is also well-known for crime and the favelas of the ultra-poor. Yet Rio remains a favorite destination for world travelers. Christ the Redeemer Photo by Welch14 Most of the Port of Rio de Janeiro’s landmarks lie in the South Zone of the city, many of them within walking distance of each other. This area also contains most of the hotels and hostels. Cariocas, the name for the Port of Rio de Janeiro’s residents, are friendly and relaxed, and informal dress is appropriate everywhere except the business and religious communities. The Port of Rio de Janeiro boasts a unique beach culture which can be easily misunderstood. There are no topless beaches in the Port of Rio de Janeiro, though the ladies do wear tiny bikinis, and it is considered impolite to stare. Surfers can find great waves in Recreio, and the beaches at Leme, Copacabana, Arpoador, Ipanema, and Leblon offer a unique way of riding the waves. Rio’s beaches swarm with vendors that shout out their wares. Copacabana Beach Photo by Hank LeClair Copacabana in the South Zone attracts tourists, lower-class bathers, and even prostitutes. Ipanema is popular with the middle classes, intellectuals, artists, journalists, and celebrities. Surfers and hang-gliders gathered at the beaches in Recreio and Barra until the 1980s when they were taken over by the nouveau riche and favela residents. Rio de Janeiro and Guanabara Bay from Corcovado Mountain Photo by Cafezinho There are sights visitors to the Port of Rio de Janeiro should not miss. They include tram rides up Corcovado, the mountain that supports the famous Cristo Redentor statue, and Pao de Acucar ( Sugar Loaf mountains). The Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas is a large lagoon in the South Zone where visitors enjoy skating, jogging, and glorious views of the local beaches. Maracana is the biggest stadium in the Port of Rio de Janeiro, and it was once the largest on the planet. The Jardim Botanico, created in the 1800s, is a park and a scientific laboratory. It contains beautiful well-kept gardens and is home to small monkeys that swing the trees near the café. Paco Imperial Photo by Carlos Luis M C da Cruz The Port of Rio de Janeiro is home to many fantastic buildings that tell the city’s historic story. The 1743 Paco Imperial (Portuguese) was the empire’s palace. The Casa Franca Brasil was built in 1820 to educate about French culture. The 1906 Centro Cultural Banco de Brasil, where major traveling exhibitions are housed, contains a gallery, movie theater, library, and performance stages. The 1750 Arcos da Lapa is an aqueduct that brought water to downtown, although it supports a suspended tramway track today. The Palacio do Catete was the presidential palace from 1893 to 1960, and it hosts lovely gardens and a museum of recent history today. The most popular reason for visiting the Port of Rio de Janeiro is, of course, Carnaval . This two-week city-wide party includes the escolas de samba parading Centro on the giant Sambodromo and hundreds of street samba blocks in almost every neighborhood. You may meet some very famous people in the streets of the Port of Rio de Janeiro during Carnaval. Carnival in Rio de Janeiro Photo by Sergio Luiz Samba shows are popular all year, though, and can be found at many locations. The best place to find them are the samba schools that hold classes in the months prior to Carnaval. They last late into the night. Tourists are recommended to seek out Salqueiro or Mangueira rather than falling prey to more expensive tourist traps like Plataforma or Scala. The Port of Rio de Janeiro was the birthplace of three important music genres: samba , choro , and bossa nova . Many clubs feature these in the downtown district of Lapa where visitors can find some of the country’s best musicians and a fun, cheap nightlife. The Port of Rio de Janeiro is full of small clubs that offer any type of music, and the underground scene offers rock-n-roll, rap, and electronic music. Cablecar going to the Sugarloaf Mountain Photo by Wutzofant The Port of Rio de Janeiro has Brazil’s biggest and best New Year’s Eve celebrations. Gigantic fireworks shows and free national and international concerts bring millions of people to the Copacabana every year. If you plan to go, wear white for good luck. In the 1970s, hang-gliding and para-gliding became popular here, as the steep mountains meet the Atlantic Ocean to make great take-off points and smooth landing zones. You can hire air taxis to get a panoramic view of the Port of Rio de Janeiro. You can also tour the favelas (shantytowns), but do not go there alone. The Port of Rio de Janeiro has some of the best clubs around. Nightlife is divided between “mainstream” and “underground.” The mainstream includes raves, electronic festivals, and clubs with pop music like Bombar, Baronetti, and Melt. Fights tend to break out often in these expensive clubs, so be prepared. Rio de Janeiro Photo by Lima Andruska Tourists who want to stay safe should stay in the “Zona Sul” (containing Copacabana, Ipanema, Leblon, Gavea, Jardim Botanica, Flamengo, Laranjeiras, Botafogo, and Orca) or the western suburbs (Barra and Recreio). Outside these areas, the Port of Rio de Janeiro can be a dangerous place, especially at night. Having been warned, the Port of Rio de Janeiro is one of the most exciting cities on Earth, and your time traveling there will be a life-long memory that you’ll treasure. Travelers wanting to visit the Port of Rio de Janeiro by sea will find a long list of cruises on the Cruise Compete website.	Rio de Janeiro
The 'Urchins' are/were a gang of football hooligans who supported which North West club?	Zika Won't Pose Risks at the Olympics: Health Experts \| Henry Ford Allegiance Health \| Jackson, Michigan (MI) Zika Won't Pose Risks at the Olympics: Health Experts Zika Won't Pose Risks at the Olympics: Health Experts For starters, Rio has had little exposure to the mosquito-borne illness By Dennis Thompson HealthDay Reporter THURSDAY, Aug. 4, 2016 (HealthDay News) -- The 2016 Olympic Games in Brazil won't trigger a global spread of Zika virus, with little risk of potentially infected competitors and spectators sparking widespread local transmissions back in their home countries, public health experts say. Fear of the mosquito-borne virus has led some athletes to skip the games, which start Friday in Rio de Janeiro. The Zika virus can cause the brain-related birth defect microcephaly if an expectant mother becomes infected. Pregnant women are being advised not to visit the city. But millions of people already visit Rio each year as part of the city's booming tourism trade. And that continues to be the case this year, without causing a global Zika pandemic, said Matthew Aliota, a research scientist with the University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine. "Rio is one of the most visited cities on the planet and the estimated 500,000 visitors that are there specifically because of the Olympics is not a significant increase in the number of travelers that have visited the city during the duration of the Zika epidemic," said Aliota, an expert in mosquito-transmitted diseases. Rio has not suffered significantly from Brazil's Zika epidemic, which began last year. And that may be why the city itself should not contribute to a global threat, said Dabney Evans, an assistant professor of global health with Emory University's Rollins School of Public Health in Atlanta. Brazil has been the country in the Western Hemisphere hit hardest by the Zika epidemic, but most of the infections and cases of microcephaly have occurred in the northeast part of the country, Evans said. Northeastern Brazil lies closer to the equator, so it experiences a longer summer and a more extended mosquito breeding season than the country's more temperate southern region, where Rio is located, Evans said. What's more, the Olympics are taking place during Brazil's winter, which means the mosquito season in Rio will have wound down for the games, she added. "Rio has experienced relatively few cases, relative to the northern part of Brazil," Evans said. "Given that it is winter and it is not so close to the equator, we think it's very unlikely we're going to see a big explosion of Zika thanks to the mass influx of people traveling to the Olympics in Rio." U.S. cyclist Tejay van Garderen withdrew from Olympic consideration because of the potential effect that Zika infection could have on his pregnant wife. And a number of golf stars -- including Jason Day, Dustin Johnson, Rory McIlroy, Adam Scott, Jordan Spieth and Vijay Singh -- have also declined to participate. Both the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization have issued reports downplaying the potential threat of the Olympic Games causing Zika to spread to other countries. In addition, reports published in the medical journals Annals of Internal Medicine and The Lancet have argued that there's little risk of the Olympic Games causing a pandemic. The CDC analysis found that of 206 countries participating in the games, only 19 countries are currently Zika-free but do maintain a mosquito population that could support active transmission of the virus if an infected person came back from Rio, said Dr. Pritish Tosh, an infectious diseases expert with the Mayo Clinic. However, the CDC found that 15 of the 19 countries at risk already have extensive travel back and forth from Brazil, with the Olympics increasing that travel only as much as 3.25 percent, Tosh said. Only four countries -- Chad, Djibouti, Eritrea, and Yemen -- will have a large enough increase in air travel from Rio this month to warrant concern regarding Zika, the CDC found. "Their conclusion is that the Olympics are not going to substantially increase the risk of transmission elsewhere in the world, and I agree with that," Tosh said. In the Annals of Internal Medicine, Yale University researchers listed a set of factors that the researchers said should minimize the risk of Zika's spread from the Olympics: It's currently winter in Brazil, which means mosquito activity has subsided for the year. Most travelers will be staying in screened and air-conditioned lodgings, further reducing their potential exposure to mosquitoes. A Zika infection typically clears the human body within 10 days, meaning that people who are infected probably won't be contagious by the time they head home. More than half of Olympic visitors are expected to return to prosperous first-world countries where there's little risk of establishing local transmission of Zika. About another third of Olympic visitors will return to Latin American countries where Zika transmission is already established, and so won't contribute to the epidemic. Overall, the Yale experts estimate anywhere from six to 80 total Zika infections in travelers to the Olympic Games, with between one and 16 of those people experiencing any symptoms. Out of 500,000 expected travelers to Rio for the Olympic Games, only a maximum of 37 people are predicted to contract Zika and return home while still contagious, said study co-author Gregg Gonsalves, a lecturer at Yale Law School and co-director of the Global Health Justice Partnership. Water contaminated with raw sewage and harmful pathogens pose a more immediate concern to the health of Olympic athletes. Recreational water around Rio is polluted with untreated sewage from outflows, posing a risk to competitors in boating or open-water swimming events at Guanabara Bay or the Lagoa de Freitas, the World Health Organization has said. Even though the Olympics pose no additional Zika threat to the United States, public health officials warn that America still needs to improve its response to the virus. President Barack Obama has asked Congress to allocate $1.9 billion to combat the Zika threat, but federal lawmakers have yet to act on the request. At the same time, Zika has reached epidemic levels in the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico, and the continental U.S. is currently experiencing its first local outbreak of the virus in a north Miami neighborhood. The CDC on Monday issued an unprecedented travel warning that advised pregnant women and their partners to avoid the Wynwood area in Miami -- the first time the agency has warned people against traveling to an American neighborhood for fear of infection. "We're kind of tempting fate by not taking action, because this disease is spreading and it's coming north and it's coming to the U.S.," Emory's Evans said. "It's knocking at our door, first in Puerto Rico and now in Florida." More information To read possible reasons why Brazil has been Ground Zero in the Western Hemisphere's Zika outbreak, click here (https://consumer.healthday.com/diseases-and-conditions-information-37/zika-1007/why-brazil-became-the-epicenter-of-the-zika-outbreak-713523.html ). The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention provides more information on mosquito-borne diseases (http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/outdoor/mosquito-borne/default.html ). This Q & A will tell you what you need to know about Zika (http://consumer.healthday.com/infectious-disease-information-21/misc-infections-news-411/zika-q-a-710397.html ). To see the CDC list of sites where Zika virus is active and may pose a threat to pregnant women, click here (http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/zika-travel-information ). SOURCES: Matthew Aliota, Ph.D., associate scientist, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine; Dabney Evans, Ph.D., MPH, assistant professor of global health, Emory University's Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta; Pritish Tosh, M.D., infectious diseases expert, the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn.; Gregg Gonsalves, B.S., lecturer at Yale Law School, New Haven, Conn., and co-director of the Global Health Justice Partnership Please note, not all procedures included in this resource library are available at Henry Ford Allegiance Health or performed by Henry Ford Allegiance Health physicians. All EBSCO Publishing proprietary, consumer health and medical information found on this site is accredited by URAC. URAC's Health Web Site Accreditation Program requires compliance with 53 rigorous standards of quality and accountability, verified by independent audits. To send comments or feedback to our Editorial Team regarding the content please email us at [email protected] . This content is reviewed regularly and is updated when new and relevant evidence is made available. This information is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with questions regarding a medical condition.	i don't know
Which bird was extinct in Scotland at the end of the 18th century but was re-introduced at Taymouth in 1837?	Full text of "The capercaillie in Scotland [with some account of the extension of its range since its restoration at Taymouth in 1837 and 1838]" See other formats j FOR THE PEOPLE FOR EDVCATION FORSCIENCE : LIBRARY OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY IV'I THE CAPEEOAILLIE IN SCOTLAND WITH SOME ACCOUNT OF THE EXTENSION OF ITS RANGE SINCE ITS RESTORATION AT TAYMOUTH IN 1837 AND 1838. ?i \y ^ THE CAPEKCAILLIE IN SCOTLAND By J. A. HARVIE-BEOWN, F.Z.S. MEMBER OF THE BRITISH ORXITHOLOGISTS UNION, ETC. '^I'tAi- V ^ii^M And from the pine's high top brought down The Giant Grous, while boastful he display'd His breast of varying green, and crow'd and clapp'd His glossy wings." GiSBORNE : ' Walks in a Forest. EDikBUEGH: DAVID DOUGLAS MDCCCLXXIX DuNiPACE House, 20th April 1879. My deae Professor Newton, As you first drew my attention to the subject treated of in the following pages, and while my inquiries were proceeding, kindly assisted me by continued advice, I desire to inscribe to you this little volume, and to remain yours very truly and obliged, THE AUTHOR To A. Newton, Esq., MA., F.R.S., Professor of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy in the University of Cambridge. CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION. PAET I. Chapter I. — Derivation of tlie name " Capercaillie " „ II. — Orthograpliy PAGE 1 PART II. Chapter III. — Antiquity of tlie Species, as shown in Bone-Caves . . . .13 „ IV. — History of the Species in Scotland prior to Extinction, and causes of Extinction . 1 5 PART III. Chapter V. — Restoration . . . .37 PART IV. {With a Map.) Chapter VL- —Increase and Extension of Range . {Copy of Aidhor^s Circular to face.) 55 „ VII.- —In Perthshire 57 „ VIIL- —In Forfarshire 71 IX.- —In Fifeshire 76 X.- —In Kinross-shire . 79 XI- —In Clackmannanshire 81 >; XII.- —In Stirlingshire . 82 Vm CONTENTS. Increase and Exten>ion of Ran^'e — Continued. Chapter XIIL— In Outlying,' Counties: — Linlithgowshire 88 Mid-Lothian 89 DumbartonHhire 89 Argyleshire 90 Inverness-shire 93 Aberdeenshire 94 „ XIV. — In Kincardineshire 95 „ XV. — In Ross, Elgin, and Counties of the Moray Firth .... 98 „ XVI. — In Sutherlandshire 99 „ XVII.— In the South of Scotland :— Ayrshire 101 Galloway and "VVigton 102 Lanark 102 Kirkcudbright 102 Dumfries 102 XVIII.— In Arran . 103 PART V. Chapter XIX. — Laws of Extension of Range . .107 „ XX. — A few RcJiiarks on Ilybridisiu . . llo „ XXI. — Increase of Capercaillies . . .118 „ XXII.— On the Decrease of Black Game . 120 „ XXIIL — Relations between Capercaillies and Phoa- .siints . . . .127 PART VI Chapter XXIV. — Damage to Forests „ XXV. — Damage to Grain XXVI. — Conclusion 131 148 ir)0 CONTENTS. IX APPENDIX. 1. Addition to note, page 4, Chap, i., on Derivation of ' Caper caillie ' . . . 2. Addendum to Chap, iii., page 14 . 3. Do. to Chap. iv. 4. Do. to end of Chap, iv., page 33 5. Do. to end of Chap, v., page 51 6. Do. to Chap. xiii. Outlying Counties, Extension in Inverness-shire, page 93 . PAGE 153 153 154 154 154 155 INTEODUCTION. In the autumn of 1877, Professor Newton of Cambridge intimated to me that he desired to have some account of the increase and extension of range of the Capercaillie in Scot- land. Although possessing a fairly accurate conception of its general distribution, and the lines of its advance outwards from Taymouth, where it was restored in 1837-8, I found that I was wanting in the more minute details which it would be necessary for me to possess before I could furnish a suitable reply. Accordingly, I began inquiries; at first simply with a view to furnishing Professor Newton with a short summary for his new edition of Yarrell's ''British Birds'.' But information of such valuable, suggestive, and interesting kind came to hand, that I soon conceived the project of treating the subject more exhaustively. I reflected, more- over, that, besides being of general interest to the naturahst in this country, the subject might be made illustrative of a great natural law, and of the causes and process of distribu- tion, and the increase in population of a species. I found also that while interesting to the naturahst and sportsman, it might also develop questions of economic value to Scottish or other landed proprietors, and be made to contain many xii INTRODUCTION. local references interesting to individuals who own Caper- caillie-haunted woods and forests. With tliis view, therefore, I caused to be printed a series of queries toucliing the points I specially desired statistics and information upon, and by the beginning of 1878, I was engaged in sending out the circulars, receiving answers, and, as far as possible, arranging the results. The final results have far exceeded in interest my most sanguine expectations ; though whether I have succeeded in conveying these results successfully and practically to my readers in the following pages it is for them to judge, not me. In the treatment of the subject I cannot lay any claim to originality, nor am I aware that any previously unknown facts are recorded. The treatment has been forced upon me by the large accumulation of data kindly put at my disposal by my many correspondents in this connection. The general remarks are the outcome of the statistics, and contain, I believe, little or nothing that is not known or believed by some of the landed proprietors and sportsmen in the area of the country inhabited by the species. I liiive not attempted to give my authority for every state- ment, where such a large amount of statistics came to hand. Errors no doubt must have crept in in such a compilation, for various reasons, but I believe that I have an authority for every statistic recorded. I desire in this place to tliunk tliose wlio have so liberally assisted me. Had it nut been for their interest in the subject, tlieir never-wearying and hearty co-operation, and their courteous replies to my inquiries, it is needless to say this Essay could not have laid claim to the minuteness of detail which I tnist it will be found to possess. Where all have assisted so liberally it might seem invidious to particularise ; INTEODUCTION. Xlll but I cannot neglect to record my special tlianks to a few . who have apparently spared no trouble in assisting to gather materials, often from comparatively large areas, thus saving me an infinitude of time and labour, and a vast amount of personal investigation. I am also indebted to many others for assistance in the searches through old books in tracing the early history of the species in Scotland, and to several Gaehc scholars for assistance as regards the origin and etymology of the word " Capercaillie!' To Sir Eobert Menzies, Bart., I am obliged for some interesting notes of the earlier movements of the birds at Taymouth, and for other information. Colonel Drummond Hay of Seggieden ; Sir Thomas Moncrieffe, Bart. ; C. T. C. Grant, Esq. of Kilgraston ; Dr. Macintosh of Murthly ; Mr. E. Baton of Berth; and Mr. E. Anderson, Dunkeld, have greatly assisted me in their various districts. James Haldane, Esq. of Cloanden, A. Burn -Murdoch, Esq., and J. Buchanan Hamilton, Esq. of Leny, have also collected materials for me between Berth and Callander. J. J. Dal- gleish, Esq. of West Grange, has assisted me in the south of Berthshire; James Stirling, Esq. of Garden, and others, in the south-west; Mr. Dayton of Lochearnhead Hotel, and David Carnegie, Esq. of Stronvar, in the west and in Glen Dochart. My friend, W. Horn, Esq., has collected statistics from various parts of the Tay Valley, and also from other counties. Besides the above there are many others, repre- senting over 150 estates in Berthshire alone, from whom I have received returned and filled circulars. To all I desire to express my best thanks. In Forfarshire I am indebted to various correspondents. Especially I should mention W. Scott-Elliott, Esq. of Eother- XIV INTRODUCTION. ingliani and Tealing ; W. Horn, Esij^., for the Brechin and Stracathro district ; and many others too numerous to men- tion, representing some 20-30 estates in the county. In Fifeshire my thanks are specially due to J. Purvis, Esq. of Kinaldy, Charles Kinnear, Esq. of Kinloch, William Baillie Skene, Esq. of Pitlour, J. J. Dalgleish, Esq. of West Grange, J. Home, Esq. of Thomanean, Eobert Tullis, Esq., and others. In Kmross-shire I am obliged to David S3ane, Esq., Sheriff of Kinross, and to Messrs. Bethune, Henderson, and Burns Begg, for very full particulars; also to Harry Young, Esq. of Cleish. In Stirlingshire, James Stirling, Esq. of Garden, T. G. Dundas, Esq. of Torwood, Sir James Gibson-Maitland, Bart, of Sauchie, T. Bolton, Esq. of Carbrook, and others, represent- ing all the more important localities in the county, have assisted me. In the south of Scotland I am indel)ted to several correspondents, amongst whom I may mention the Kev. James Porteous of Ballantrae. In AiTan I received a very full account of the restoration there from Mr. George Croll. In Argylesliire, amongst others, I would mention the Rev. Alexander Stewart of Nether Lochaber, for much interest- ing matter. Ill tin; iiortli of Scotland my friend Thomas Mackenzie, Es([., Sherilf of Dornoch, has materially assisted me in Suther- landshire ; and tlie Pev. George Gordon of Birnie, and Captain Dunbar lirandcr of Pitgaveny, in Elgin and Banff. To the Factors, Foresters, Gamekeepers, and many others wlin liave sent me returns from single estates or localities, I INTRODUCTION. XV desire to express my best thanks. It was upon these single returns that I depended in great measure for assistance in tracing out the steps of advance ; and from the letters of my many obliging correspondents I often culled interesting additional facts. I may mention that I have distributed more than 450 circulars to parties situated in all parts of the area at present occupied or visited by the species. By far the larger portion of these have been returned with the answers filled in, more or less fully, according to the amount of information my vari- ous correspondents had to impart. Finally, Eobert Warren, Esq. of Moyview, Sligo, Colonel Edward H. Cooper, of Markree Castle, Sligo, and A. G. More, Esq., Dublin, have rendered me valuable assistance, some of the results of which will be found in the Appendix, as they arrived somewhat too late for insertion in the text : and to my friend Mr. Eobert Currie I am indebted for the careful and beautiful execution of his subjects, in illustrating the text, mth the frontispiece, vignette, and other pieces. PART I. DEEIVATION OF THE WORD " CAPEECAILLIE." CHAPTER I. DERIVATION. There can scarcely be any doubt that the word Capercaillie or Capercailzie, with all the many variations in spelling,^ comes direct from the Gaelic. The opinions of authorities, nevertheless, seem to differ in no small degree as to the correct Gaelic origin of the word, and much confusion exists as to the true meaning,^ This paper would perhaps scarcely be considered complete under its title if some notice of these different opinions were not taken, but the present writer having no knowledge what- ever of the Gaelic language, must be satisfied with simply stating these views, without committing himself to any one of them. The Eev. Dr. T. Maclauchlan, in a letter to Eev. G. MacArthur, 25th March 1876, holds the following views, ^ See further on, p. 2. 2 The old Scandinavian name of the Capercaillie, as I am informed by Dr. Meves of Stockholm— ^c^c Dr. T. W. Lindblad, editor of the ' Swedish Hunting Journal' (Nija Yagore Forbimdets Tidskrift ; Stockholm) — "is thiddur (in English spelling, chaiditr), often with the appendix tu2)p, denoting the cock, the he-bird. That, again, has a great many provincial and local variations, such as tjddar, tedur, tjdhtr, tjuder, tjdddicr, in Dalecarlia — tidder, sometimes in Upland — and so on. In Vermland sometimes tjiir-lian, denoting the rich plumage or feather-garb of the cock. The Norwegian name is tiur. This word is supposed to be an onomatopoetic word, imitating as far as possible the peculiar 'playing' sound of the Capercaillie" {in lit.) B 2 THE CAPERCAILLIE. and his reputation as a Gaelic scholar and voluminous Graelic author entitles tliese views to the highest considera- tion : — Al>out the second i>art of tlie word Dr. ]\raclauchlan con- siders there can he little room lor (loul)t, and most Gaelic scholars appear to agree in this ; but the first part of the word, he acknowledges, is more difficult. He says — " ' CabharJ pronounced ' Cavar,' means, according to our dic- tionaries, a hairk or old hird. It is not at all unlikely that it is the word spelled * Caper.' There is a similar word used in the name for a snipe, * Gahhar-athar,' thought by some to mean th^^ goat of the air, from its bleating note. But," Dr. ^laclauchlan continues, " it is a masculine noun, and ' gahliar' a g<»at, is feminine. I therefore lean to the idea that both in Cabhar-athar and Cahhar-coille — the one being the hird of the air, and the other the hird of the v:oods — the original term is Cabhar." Dr. Maclauchlan considers that " Caher-coille" is the orthography wliich comes nearest to the original. In a later letter tf> Professor Newton — who at that time w^as pre- paring an article on the Capercaillie for the Encyclopaedia Britannica, and who lias kindly put the above correspond- ence at my disposal — Dr. Maclauchlan states that the w^ord CahJutr is not one in common use, and tliat " we are indebted for its meaning to our dictionaries, except in so far as it may enter into the formation of words like Capercoille. The Latin Hciux, so far as I ajiprehend, comes nearest to the meaning of * old* in ca]»har, ' not antiquus! There is a ])layful way of applying sucli words to the formation of names in Gaelic. For example : — Bodach is an old man, and Bodach-ruadh, the red old man, is the rock-cod. Cailleach is an old iroman, and Caillcavh-ftidhchr, tlie old looman of the night, is tlie owl. I think the Cal>har in tliis case is similarly ai)j»licd.'' Professor Newton {Encyc. Brit, art. " Capercally ") says : — " rMl.l.'.r „,. nfd man, liy mctnjilior an old hird, wliich is tlie DERIVATIOiS'. 3 acceptation of Dr. Maclauclilan's meaning = the old hircl of the wood, the Capercaillie." -^ ^ On the other hand, not a few Gaelic scholars consider that Capercaillie is derived from ^' Capull, a horse" see capel, cainll, caples — Chaucer, line 170, 13-4 — vide Bayley's ' Didionarium Brifannicicm' = caballus — "or, more correctly, a mare. Capull is a masculine noun, but at the present day is limited in its application to a marc, and Coille, a icood. " This reading gives ^^ Horse of the tvoods." In Argyleshire and Lochaber the bird is still knowii by the name Capullcoille. So also it is considered by several correspondents who are good Gaelic scholars. Amongst others, the Rev. Alexander Stewart of Nether Lochaber says : — "It is called 'Horse of the woods,' because of its size, strength, and beauty, as compared with other wood birds" {in lit.) ; and he further mentions that the name Capullcoille is found in Gaelic songs of the beginning of this century. The Rev. Lachlan Shaw, in his ^History of file Province of Moray'' (1775), also assigns this derivation: "properly, in Erse, Capal coile, i.e. The Wood Horse, being the chief fowl of the woods," {op. cit. p. 207). In Strathearn, in the south of Perthshire, where native Gaelic is now almost extinct, the name still lingers in this form. The first author of a Gaelic dictionary — M 'Donald, an Argyle man — thus renders it, and all subsequent authors of Gaelic dictionaries do so likewise. Mr. D. Mackinnon, who has most kindly taken great trouble in this connection, looked up all the Gaelic dictionaries accessible, and informs me that all, without exception, give Capull coille. " None have caper, cabar, or cabher.'^ . . . " The first Gaelic dictionary," Mr. Mackinnon informs me, "was written by M 'Donald, an Argyle man, in 1741. Shaw, a native of Arran, prepared the next dictionary, and published it in 1780. Two small dictionaries were published in the latter part of the century by two Macfarlanes. In this century our two standard dictionaries — Armstrong's, a Saxon domiciled in Perth, and the Highland Society's, prepared by scholars from all parts of the country — were published in 1825 and 1828 respectively. There followed them M'Leod and Dewar's, two clergymen from different parts of the country ; M 'Alpine's, an Islay man ; and M'Eachan's, a Roman Catholic priest, who spent his life, or the greater part of it, in Braemar. The only Irish dictionary I turned up has Cajpullcoille, quoted from Shaw. In the Scoto-Irish Dictionary, given in Llliuyd's ^ Archceologia Britannica,' the word does not appear. " Besides the above opinion, we have other derivations given. Jamieson, in his ^Dictionary of the Scottish Language' — Supplement, 1825, — has as follows: — "Capercailye — yeane." A literary friend in the North of Scotland views Capercailye as compounded of Gael., Cabar, a branch, and Caolach, acock. [Jamieson quotes the Scotch translator of Boece — Bellenden — here : " Gaelic, Caolach; C. B., Kelliog ; Com., Kulliog ; Arm., Kiliog ; Irish, Kyleach, a cock;" by which another element of confusion is introduced.] Cabar also means an eminence, or the mountain, which may have led writers astray in talking of the Capercaillie as specially "inhabiting mountains" {v. Burt, Ray, and others). Jenyns gets out of tlie difficulty by saying " mountainous •! THE CAPERCAILLIE. forests." (1 presume he used "forests" in tlie usual sense, and not in that of "a forest or clmsc.") We nro not yet done witli combinations, as we have Capullcaolach, Horse- cot^k ; an»l Yam-l, 'Jiritish Jiirds' (1st edition), seems inclined to entertain Uiis view, and finds i>andltls in "Horsc-mackerell," "Horse-fly," (?) "Horse- leech." Or in German, "Auerhan;" Dutch, "Oucrhan;" or the Latin, 'urugalhi3" (urus, a wild bull). Thus, again, Bull-finch, Bull-trout, etc., but some of the.sc names can be traced to other sources than pre-eminence in size or strength ; at all events the origins of such compounds are not by any means always clear enough to admit of generalisation. Tliere are other combinations, but the above -given — along with Dr. Maclauchlan's — appear to be the most important. In order to obtain the correct translations of Gaelic names, we must not, I believe, go to the Gaelic scholar alone, but first to the shepherd or crofter, whose family has for genera- tions livetl ui>on the same land, and whose father or grandfather was very likely the jx-rson who first applied the names, and which, being handed down from father to son, would preserve their purity of pronunciation, intonation, and significance, as well as, probably, a relation of the circumstances under which they were so named. CHAPTER 11. ORTHOGRAPHY. We now come to consider the Orthography of the presently accepted word — Capercaillie, Capercailzie, or Gapercally — with all the minor variations in the spelling of the terminal half — caillie. We may accept it as coming from the Gaelic coille} ^ Some of these variations are (a) Capercailye ; first used by Bellenden in his translation of Hector Boetius in 1553. Bellenden has always been looked upon as one of the best — if not tlie very best — authorities on the subject of good old Scotch. He is followed, as late as 1808, by Dr. Jamieson in his Scottish Dictionary, and also in the Supplement in 1825, with Capercalye and Capercalyeane. {h) Capercailles. — This is used by John Graham Dalyell in his edition (1813) of ' Tlie Chronicles of Scotland,' compiled from the original manuscripts, going back as far as 1436 — from which date the chroniclers continued the accounts of the Latin author — Hector Boece — and his subsequent translator ; and Mr. Dalyell is careful to "preserve the old spellings" used in these manuscripts, which cannot be said to have been the case in preceding editions. In the second edition, however (1749), we find the spelling Caper- caillie. This last is also used by King James VI. in 1617 (see ' Old Stat. Acct. of Scotland,' xx. 473), and has been adopted by later ^vrite^s, as Hewitson — 'JEggs of British Birds' (1856), p. 277. (c) Capcreaile {v. Foster, ' Synoptical Gat. of Brit. Birds' (1817), p. 19. (cZ) Capcrcaly — Blaine, '■ Encyc. Rural SjJorts,' p. 82 ; and Ca2Jercallie. (c) Capercali — Lloyd's ' Game Birds of Sweden.' (/) Gapercally and Caperkally — Newton, ^ Encyc. Brit.,' ninth edition, quoting Pennant ; and A. G. More, ' Ibis ' (1865). I cannot find Pennant's authority in the old law books for the use of this spelling, but old scribes sometimes spell a prox)er name two or three different ways in the same page, {g) Capercalzc is first used by Bishop Leslie (Ed. of 1675, and also in the earlier edition of 1578), and was again used in Scots Acts, James VI., 1621, XXX., with the variation, Caperkailzcis ; and this is followed by other G THE CAPERCAILLIE. To he<^'u\ at lliL" beginning. — Some people assert tliat to spell it with ji z is the best Scotch, but I am of opinion that, tliere bting no // nor z in Gaelic, and the word being distinctly of (Jaelic origin, it is best to adliere in form as closely as possible to that origin. But granting, in the meantime, the admission of y or z, then I think if the z be used it ought to be silent, as in many other Highland, or, I should say Scotch, names taken originally from the Gaelic, such as Menzies, Monzie, Colqulialzie (pronounced Co-why-lie), Eohalzion, Dalrulzion, Dalziell (also still spelt Dalyell), and others, mostly proper names.^ Because, in old printing, a z was con- stantly used instead of a y, in proof of which, in the old Scots Acts of Parliament (see James VI., 1C21, Act xxx.), the word " years'' is spelt "zeiris" In the self-same Act occur the words " cajjerkailzeis" and " quailzies." Tliis originated doubtless in a printer's eiTor in reading the MS., or if not an eri'or, then because y and z in old type were generally used as the same writers, with other slight variations— r. Sibbald, 'Scot. Illu^.,' p. 16. Forster, {(^. ciL) Blaine, {op. cit.) MacGillivray, Capercailzie. {Ji) Burt 'Letters from, N. of Scotland,' 1754, vol. ii. p. 173, uses Cobbcr-kcly, pointing to a derivation from Cabar — as will bo seen further on, or resulting from com- plications of local Gaelic dialects, (i) Capcrcalcg is used by Sir Robert Gordon in his ' History of the Earldom of Sutherland,' (1630, published in 1813). {k) Sibbald, • Scot. IlluM.,' {Tahlrs 14, 18), Latinizes the word thus— Cajrricalca, following no doubt an earlier author, Robert Edward, {'A Descrip- tion if Augu.s,'' translated from the original Latin of P'dward, minister of Murroes : Dundee, j)rinted by T. Colvill, 1793), the word in the original being Capricalcis (ablative plural). For further notice of works quoted, see further on, p. 13. A very full list of the names it has received, and of the HlHjIlings uaed, will \|je found in the 'Penny Cyclopccdia,' in a very good article on the species, vol. vi., p. 260. Another \9.riQ.i\on—Capercayllie~\s found in a ' Treatise on Vic Game Laws of Scotland,' by A. Gregor, 1837, p. 9. ' There are other words which possess the z unpronouuced, .such as the Irtw-temis assoilzie, spuilzie, tailzie, and others. Jamieson's Dictionary, however, does not give the z in tailzie— hut ' taile, tailye, an entail ; tailyie, a piece of meat* The fact of Jamieson omitting the z and substituting y, I»oints to his kiu»wledgc that tlie z became inserttnl owing to the scarcity of tho letter y in former and older founts of type. For the derivation of Monzie, »ee ' Old Stat. Acet.qf Scotland,' vol. xv. 0795), p. 241. ORTHOGRAPHY. 7 letter ; or because, in default of y being sufficiently repre- sented in the fount of type, the z was commonly used to replace it, or vice versa. I may even go so far as to say that it was probably in this way that the z came to be introduced into all the above proper names, and into many others besides. There being no z in Gaelic, it has no right to appear in words of Gaelic origin : originating in error, it cannot be considered as good Scotch. Indeed, spelling the word with either a y or a 2; is perpetuating an error, arising from a misconception of a Gaelic word by a Lowlander. Even Bellenden — good autho- rity as he is justly considered as an author of Scotch writing — cannot be followed in his spelling of this word, viz., Caper- cailye. In Gaelic the II is liquid, like the French lie; and, as explained to me by a good Gaelic scholar — D. Mac- kinnon, Esq., of Edinburgh — when pronounced slowly, the sound might fairly be represented in Scotch by lyie. As the Eev. Mr. Macfadyen has pointed out to me (m lit.) this pronunciation can best be accomplished by dwelling on the second Z, and having the tip of the tongue " not touching the roof or palate, close behind the teeth, but about an inch far- ther back." This gives the ^/-sound in the Gaelic ; whence the insertion in MS. by a Lowlander of the y ; whence, sub- sequently, the substitution of a ;s by the old printers. Many Highlanders at the present day pronounce the last half of the word as in the French word " caille " — a quail ; and one individual, when saying it, added — " without the ' eh' which some give it." Mr. Macfadyen's name, as he himself shows me, is another good illustration of the insertion of the y and z. He says, "I spell it ' Macfadyen^ but others ' Macfad- zean ; ' but in old registers it is without the y or z, thus — ' Macfadean^ no doubt the original and correct spelling." Even the name Mackenzie in the old Gaelic name has no z. It was MacConnich — nn, like II, being liquid and pro- 8 THE CAPERCAILLIE. longed— Connich being the Gaelic name of Kenneth, and Mackenzie, as now used, being really the son of Kenneth. Jiut since the above was written, Professor Newton of Cambridge has called my attention to the fact that y and z were used, the one for the other, long before the days of printing ; " and old f:nglish MSS. have," he goes on to say, "a mysterious letter J or q, about the pronunciation of wliich some of the best old English scholars are in doubt ; for in some words it is modernised into gh, if I remember right, fre- quently into 7/ consonant, and less commonly into z." Tliough tins may appear at first to nullify my remarks on the interchange of y and z, still I tliink it cannot do away with them altogether, nor can it alter materially the fact that there being no y nor z in Gaelic, these letters should not occur in Cfrpereaillic, unless, as lrofessor Newlon suggests, as a ter- minal letter, thus — Caj)ercally or Ca'perhally (plural, ies), for the English method. A good illustration of the MS. use of the letter z is cnizt, knight. In the liannatync MS., written in 15G8 — as I am informed by Mr. J. li. Murdoch, Glasgow — there are many z characters, which, on the authority of Mr. Thomas Dickson, Curator of the Register House, Edinburgh, ought to be ren- dered as y. In the same MS. y is used invariably for th. "Therefore," :Mi. Min.lncli adds,"! tliink tliL' z had to be used for y where y was intended." According to some of the best authorities on old Jlnglish MS., however, the use of 2 seems to be variously and differently applied from the use of it in Scotch MS., — both as y, gh, or z, or .s, according to its position in tin; words. In French the use is for z alone. In some words in old English MS. it stood also for g, {vide Morris and Skeat — " Specimens of Early English'' New and revised edition. Part II. Oxford, 1 872). Cnprri'dlly or Cnpcrhill y may ]>('rh;ips l»c hxiUi'd upon as tin- (oiTiM I. KiiL'li^li \\\^A^' (jf spelling the word, if we take ORTHOGRAPHY. 9 Pennant as the first educated person who wrote it down. On this point Professor Newton writes {in lit), " Pennant, who seems to have been the first British (as opposed to Scottish or Irish only) naturalist who mentions it as a bird of this country, says that it was called ' in the old law books Caper- kallyy ... I have liitherto in vain searched for this reading. " I suppose," continues Professor Newton, " he intended the second a to be sounded broad ;" and if so, then, doubtless, the spelling will be the most correct Enghsh mode. We have seen, however, that Bellenden, as a good Scotch writer, spells it Capercailye. We have seen why the y should be dismissed. We find it dismissed by another excellent Scot- tish writer a little later, who compiles " from original manu- scripts," and is an authority upon Scottish writing ; and he writes " Capercailles'' which is again changed by King James VI. into " Capercaillies" which I think should be accepted as the most correct Scotch way of spelling it, and approaching, moreover, nearest to the Gaelic pronunciation, as already explained. PART II. PKE-HISTOEIC EEMAINS, AND ACCOUNT OF THE SPECIES IN SCOTLAND PRIOR TO ITS EXTINCTION. CHAPTEE III. ANTIQUITY OF THE SPECIES, AS SHOWN IN BONE CAVES. Of the antiquity of the Capercaillie we have evidence amongst the kitchen-middens of Denmark, where, as has been shown by Mr. Lubbock {^Nat. Hist. Beview' Oct. 1861, and Jan. 1862), and by Professor Newton {'On the Zoology of Ancient Euro'pel 1862, p. 10), some bones of this species were identified. It is shown also that these kitchen-middens must be of great age, as the present old beech-groves of Denmark must have been preceded by an epoch of oak forest, " extending over several generations of trees," and that this oak-epoch was preceded by the era of pine, wliich alone could have supported the Capercaillie. The discovery of these Capercaillie remains created almost as much interest as that of the bones of the Great Auk {Alca im]}ennis) in the same kitchen-middens. Remains were also found in the caves of Aquitaine {'Encyc. Brit!, 9th ed., vol. v. p. 53); {'Reliquice Aquitanicce'). Professor Newton has quoted for me the passage in fuU : — " The Capercaillie is rare in the caves. I first recognised its remains in the station of Sal^ve (near the shore of the Lake of Geneva), and at Verezzi (in Liguria). Afterwards I found this species at Bruniguel and Lacombe-Tayac ; but it is represented there by only a small number of bones." The fact is not to be passed by without remark that there 14 THE CAPERCAILLIE. appears to be no trace whatever of remains of Capercaillies in Scottisli kitclien-middens, nor amongst any pre-historic re- mains. r>ircls' bones are comparatively rare in these ash-pits, and this may be accounted for by their having been destroyed by dogs. Still, some birds' remains are found occasionally ; and possilily, if attention be especially directed to them, some pre-historic trace of the Capercaillie may yet be found in Scotland or Ireland. CHAPTEE lY. HISTORY OF THE SPECIES IN SCOTLAND PRIOR TO EXTINCTION ; AND CAUSES OF EXTINCTION. Of the occurrence of the Capercaillie in earlier historic times, and prior to the extinction of the species in Scotland, there is not much to relate which has not before been quoted by authors; but it may be desirable to place on record in a connected — and, as far as possible, a chronological — form, the more important notices. 1526. Hector Boetius first makes mention of the species {'Hist. Scotorum. Scot. Begn. Descrijpt.\ fol. xii. 47 ; and Bellen- den's Translation, 1553).^ To preserve the continuity of our account, I give it here in full. (It has been quoted before often. See MacGilhvray ; 'Hist, of Brit. Birds!) " Avium raptu viventium. Aquilge sunt, Falcones, Acci- pitres, et id genus aliae. Caeterum Aquatilium tam varius ingensque est numerus, ut pro miraculo notari hand ridiculum est. Sed medii inter eas qusedam generis preeter caetera re- periuntur aliis regionibus incognita. Unum magnitudine corvum paulo superans Auercalze, i. silvestris equi apelati, solius pinus arboris extremis flagellis victitantes." He then treats of Eed Grouse and Black Game, with scarcely so much ^ A later edition is "Scotorum Historite a prima gentis origine cum aliarum et rerum et gentium illustratione non vulgari, Libri xix. Accessit huic edi- tione continuatio, per Joannem Ferrerium. Fol., Paris, 1574." 16 THE CArEKCAILLlK. accuracy in his description, tliough MacGillivray's criticism is not quite correct cither (op. cit. p. 143, lines 3, 4, and 5, from foot of page). 1528-20. In The Chronicles of Scotland ' Mt is mentioned tliat Kin.L( James Y. " returned to Edinburgh," and the next summer {i.e. 1520) went to "Atholl to the huntis" (vol. ii. pp. 343-4). " The Earl of Atholl . . . maid great and gorgeous pro\isioun for him in all thingis pertaining to ane prince . . . . . . witli flesliis, beiff and mutton, lamb, veill, and vennison, goose, gr}'se, capon, cunning, cran, swan, pairtrick, plever, duik, drake, brissel, cock,^ and paunies, black-cock, and nniir- foull, capercaiUes," etc. {op. cit. p. 345). 1578. Bishop Lesly {'Desc. Reg. Scotia) ' — which is dedicated to Pope Gregory XIII. — 'Kal. Januar! 1578) fixes a locality for the Capercaillie. The following is quoted for me by Professor Xe^vton from the edition of 1675, Eoma, p. 24 :^ " In Rossia quoque Louquhabria {i.e. Lochaber) atque aliis montanis locis non desunt abietes, in quibus avis qua^dam rarissima Capercalze, id est Sylvester equus vulgo dictu, frequens sedit corvo ilia quidem minor, qua3 palatum edenti- cum, sapore longe gratissimo delinit. Victitat ex solis abietis extremis flagellis : AUa avis est etiam in his regionibus numerosa, superiore minor hirsutis pedibus palpebris ruljri- cantibus nostri gallum tesquorum dicunt." ' " T}ic Chronicles of Scotland, by Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie, Edin- burgh, 1814, by John Graham Dalyell." This is tlie best edition, as it was compiled direct from tlie ohl manuscripts, and retains the old spellings. In Dalyell's edition it is said to be a quotation from a later manuscript, and it is oiUled "This passage bears strong evidence of interjiolation." Mr. Thomas Dickson, Superintendent, Search Department, Register House, informs me that he 'Moes not think it is mentioned" — i.e. the Capercaillie — "in the household l>ooks of James V., in which most of the viands then in use arc inontioneil." Extracts from this record are published by the Bannatyne Club. mU«Hl " ExcrrpUi e libris DtnniciUi Jncohi F." ' " RrisHcl, cock " (i<;), probaldy for "brissel-cock," or cog de hrotissailcs, ns siiggrsted i« lit. by I'rof. Newton. » The cilition of 1578 has the above at p. 2.'5. HISTORY OF THE SPECIES IN SCOTLAND. 17 1617. In a letter written by King James VI. to the Earl of Tullibardine, ancestor of the Duke of Athole, in 1617, " Capercaillies " are mentioned. As the passage is interesting, we give it in full : — " James, Eight trustie and right well- beloved cosen and counsellor. We greet thee well. Albeit our knowledge of your dutiful affection to the good of our service and your countrie's credite doeth sufficientlie persuade us that you will earnestlie endeavour yourself to express the same be all means in your power; yet there being some things in that behalf requisite, which seem notwithstanding of so meane moment as in that regaird, both you and others might neglect the same, if our love and care of that our native kingdom made Us not the more to trie their nature and necessity, and accordingly to give order for preparation of every thing that may in any sort import the honour and credite thereof. Which consideration, and the known com- moditie yee have to provide, Capercallies and termigantis, have moved us very earnestlie to request you to employ both your oune paines and the travelles of your friendis for provision of each kind of the saidis foules, to be now and then sent to us be way of present, be means of our deputy-tresaurer ; and so as the first sent thereof may meet us on the 19 th of April at Durham, and the rest as we shall happen to meet and ran- counter them in other places on our way from thence to Berwick. The raritie of these foules will both make their estimation the more pretious, and confirm the good opinion conceaved of the good cheare to be had there. For which respectis, not doubting but that yee will so much the more earnestlie endeavour yourself to give us good satisfaction anent the premises, as yee will do us acceptable service. We bid you farewell.— At Whitehall the 14th Marche 1617." ( Old Stat Acct of Scotland' xx. 473. See also under Parish of Dowally, farther on, p. 25.) C 18 THE CAPERCATLLIE. ICIS. In Taylor's ' VM to tJic Brca of Marr; in 1(318/ lliure occurs the loUowin^j passage (p. 135) : — " Thus witli extri'iuii travi'll, ascending and descending, niountin;^ and alighting, I came straight to this place where I would he, in the Brea of Marr, which is a large county . . . " My good Lord of Marr having put me into that shape, I rode with him from his house, wliere I saw the mines of an n\i\ casth', called tlic Castle of Kindroghit. ... It was the last house I saw in those parts ; for I was the sj^ace of tw^elve daycs after, before I saw either house, cornefield, or habitation for any creature but deere, wilde horses, wolves, and such like creatures. . . . " Thus the first day wee traveld eight miles, where there were small cottages built on purpose to lodge in, wliich they call Lrjnquhards. I thanke my good Lord Erskin, hee com- iiiiiiidcd that I should ahvayes .be lodged in his lodging, the kitchen being alwayes on the side of a banke, many kettles and pots boyling, and many spits turning and winding, with great variety of cheere : as venison bak't, sodden, rost, and stu'de, beefe, mutton, goates, kid, hares, fresh salmon, pidgeon, hens, capons, chickens, partridge, moorecoots, heathcocks, capcrkcllics, and termagants. . . . " All these, and more than these, we had continually in superfluous abundance, caught by faulcons, fowlers, . . . to victuale our campe, which conseisteth of fourteen or fifteen hundred men and horses. . . . ' " All Oic Workcs of John Taylor, llu JVatcr-Pod, Beeing Sixty and thru in Number, Collected into One Volume by tJie Author : With Sundry new additiom, corrected, revised, and newly imjrrinted, 1630. At London, printed by J. B. for James Boler, at the fgurc of the Marigold in Paul's Churchyard, 1630. Folio." At page 122 it is mentioned he left London ' • The yeere of gnu;e, accounte<l (as I weene) One thousand, twice three hundred and eighteen, And, to relate all things in order <luly, Twa-s Tuesday hi-st, the foureteenthe day of July." I am indelited to Professor Newton for kindly transcribing this passag(i and title for nio at length. HISTORY OF THE SPECIES IN SCOTLAND. 19 " Thus having spent certaine dayes in hunting in the Brea of Marr, wee went to the next county, called Bagenoch, belonging to the Earle of ^Ti^ze. ..." 1621. The species is mentioned in ' Tlie, Old Ads of the Scottish Parliament' notably in the reign of James VI., a.d. 1621 (Act. XXX.), where provision was made against the buy- ing and selling of " wyld foulles," amongst which were in- cluded : — " termigantis, quailzeis, caperJcailzeis, etc.," under a penalty of a hundred pounds.^ 1630. Sir Eobert Gordon (' History of the Earldom of Sutherland, wp to the year 1630,' — not published, however, until 1818), mentions the species as at that time inhabiting the county. The passage containing the record is as fol- lows : — " All these forrests and schases are verie profitable for feiding of bestiall, and delectable for hunting. They are full of reid deir and roes, woulffs, foxes, wyld catts, brocks, skuyr- rells, whitrets, weasels, otters, martrixes, hares, and fumarts. In these forrests, and in all this province, ther is great store of partridges, pluivers, ca;percalegs, blackwaks, murefowls, heth-hens, swanes, bewters, turtle-doves, herons, dowes, steares or stirlings, lairigigh or knag (which is a foull lyk vnto a paroket or parret, which maks place for her nest with her beck, in the oak trie), duke, draig, widgeon, teale, wild- gouse, ringouse, routs, whaips, shot-whaips, woodcok, larked sparrowes, snyps, blackburds or osills, meweis, thrushes, ann all other kinds of wild foule and birds, which ar to be had is, any pairt of this kingdome." This passage has been quoted frequently before — see the * Nevj Stat. Ace. of the County ; ' also ' Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. of Glasgoiv^ January 3, 1871 ; Se;par ate- Revised, 1874, p. 69. 1651. In ' The Black Booh of Tay mouth' (Bannatyne Club Pubns., 1855), pp. 433-34, occurs the following passage, which 1 Also in Act 1600, c. 23 {fide Irvine, ' Game Laws of Scotland,' p. 5). 20 THE CAPERCAILLIE. is partly qiiotctl in Irvine's 'A Treatise on the Game Laws of Scotland; pp. 59-GO :— " To the Ei^^ht Worsliipfull, liis much honoured fremd the Laird of Glenorquhy, thes : — ]\Iuch hon- oured Sir, Immediatlie after the receat of your letter on Saturday, I went and shew your Capercailzie to the king in his bedchamber, who accepted it weel as a raretie, for he had never seen any of them before." Signed "Jo. Dickson. Perth, the 3. of Febniar. 1651." 1G78. In a small pamphlet entitled: — 'A Description of A7U/7CS, translated from the original Latin of Rohert Edvxird, Minister of Murroes — Dundee. Dundee : printed hy T. Colvill — 1793,'^ a passage occurs at p. 17, as follows: — "Angus is well stored with tame fowl and the larger kinds of birds, as hens of Brazil, peacocks, geese, and ducks. Pigeon-houses are frequent. The mountains and heaths abound with par- tridge, groiise* and plover, etc. etc." To this the translator adds the following /oo^no^e ; — " * The word in the original, here rendered 'grouse' — or moor-fowl — is Capricalcis (Ab- lative plural). The translator could not find this word in any dictionary to which he had access." The translator also takes notice in the same footnote, that the last one that was seen was about thirty years ago in Strathspey, and adds : — " It is still an inhabitant of Sweden and Norway, and also of some parts of Wales." Here there is probably again some confusion ; and as regards Wales, true grouse are no doubt intended. 1684. Sil)bald, in 'Scotia Illustrata; 1684, includes the " Capercalzc. " in his treatment of the subject: — ' De ani- ^ In the Preface, or, as it is styled, "Advertisement," it is stated: — " Tlie following description of Angus was originally written in Latin, by Robert K^lward, minister of Murroes, and imblishcd in the year 1678, along with a pretty large map of the county, executed by the same hand," The only copy <»f the original wjus found — it goes on to say — about ten or twelve years figo, at the House of Panmure among some loose papers, etc. Dr. J. A. Smith, of Edinburgh, to whom I am indebted for the above extracts, informs mo that the pamphlet is in the Signet Library. Kdinburgh. HISTOEY OF THE SPECIES IN SCOTLAND. 21 malihus Scotice' p. 16 ; and in Tables 14 and 18, figures male and female, ' Capricalea.' 1754. Burt (' Letters from the North of Scotland^ 1754, vol. ii. p. 169), says : — " Of the eatable part of tlie feathered kind peculiar to the mountains, is : — First, the Cobber-kely, which is sometimes caUed a wild turkey, but not like it otherwise than in size. This is very seldom to be met with, being an inhabitant of very high and unfrequented hills, and is therefore esteemed a great rarity for the table." This record brings us down close upon its extinction in Scotland. Jamieson, in his later edition of Burt's ' Letters,' adds a foot- note : — " The Capercaillie, capulcoilHe, avercailye, became extinct in Great Britain about this time, or shortly after," i.e. about the date of Burt's letter xxi. (1754 ?)— Edin. 1818, p. 71. 1775. In 'A History of the Province of Moray' (1775), by Eev. Lachlan Shaw, 2d edition, 1827, p. 207, occurs a somewhat full notice of the Capercaillie, as follows : — " The harmless wild fowls are the swan, Caperkylie (called also Cock of the Wood) ; in Latin, Capricalea, as if he infested the goats ; but properly, in Erse, Capal-coil — i.e., the Wood Horse, being the chief fowl in the woods. He resembles, and is of the size, of a turkey-cock, of a dark grey, and red about the eyes ; he lodges in bushy fir trees, and is very shy ; but the hen, which is much less in size, lays her eggs in the heather, where they are destroyed by foxes and wild cats, and thereby the Caperkylie is become rare. His flesh is tender and de- licious, though somewhat of a resinous fir taste." 1769. Pennant, in his ' Tour in Scotland; 1769, has an interesting passage regarding its occurrence prior to extinction in Inverness, which has been often quoted. He appears only to have seen one specimen, which " was killed in the woods of Mr. Chisholm, to the north [in err. for west. — J. A. H. B.] of Inverness." 22 THE CAPERCAILLIE. Mr. Harting (' Hand Book of British Birds' p. 38) says : — " One of the last native birds killed was shot at Chisholme Park, Inverness, and is l)elieved to be in tlie Museum at Newcastle-upon-Tyne;" but it would have been better liad the grounds for this belief been stated. Later, Professor Newton (^ Encyc. Brit* 9th ed., art. * Caper calhf) says : — "No Britisli specimen known to exist in any museum" — i.e., no specimen of tlie in(li<;enous stock (^. 54). In reply to in- quiries for further particulars. Professor Newton referred me to Fox's * Synopsis of the Newcastle Miiseum! p. 78. On re- ferring to the passage, I find that Fox was " unable to make out if the present specimen \i.e., the male specimen in the museum. — J. A. H. B.] be really of British capture." Pro- fessor Newton, commenting on this specimen, writes to me : — " All that seems certain is, that the specimen at Newcastle was once Tunstall's, and that Tunstall, who was aware of the increasing rarity of the species in Scotland, does not say that he had a Scottish example ; while he mentions one in his possession from Siberia, and also that he had had it from Denmark. Tliis last, by the way, was most likely of Swedish or Nonvegian origin, for the bird has been extinct in Den- mark so long, that Steenstrup's discovery of its bones in a kitchen -midden was looked upon with almost as much in- terest as liis finding the Garefowl's remains there" {vide antca,]). 115). Professor Newton furtlier remarks (in lit.): — " Fox, I believe, is mistaken in considering the female Wood Grouse in tlie British Museum to be a British specimen from Bullock's collection (/. c.). It is entered in the B. M. catalogue as from Montagu's collection. Now, Montagu never mentions a Scottisli specimen; and as in 1789 — when the species was almost or quite extinct in Scotland — he was only beginning a jtroviiicial collection, it is most unlikely that he coulil liave suppHed liimself with one. Tu Bullock's sale catalogue tliere is no evidence of his liaviug a Scotch specimen, and he HISTOKY OF THE SPECIES IN SCOTLAND. 23 would know how much the value of his pair would have been enhanced had he been able to say they — or one of them — were Scotch. As it was, they sold for only £7, which, as prices went at that sale, was very moderate." 1776. Pennant, in his 'British Zoologif^ (4th ed., 4to, London, 11776, vol. i. p. 223), says:— "This species is found in no other part of Great Britain than the Highlands of. Scotland north of Inverness, and is very rare even in these parts. It is there known (p. 224) by the names of Caper- calze, Auer-calze, and in the old law-books Caperkally." And in 'The Caledonian Zoology' in Lightfoot's 'Flora Scotica' (1777), p. 22, Pennant further states that it is "found in the forests north of Loch Ness, but rarely. Once frequent in most of the Highland fir- woods." 1783. Latham (^Symps: 11,^. 730) has as follows:— "The last bird of this kind found in Scotland was in the Chicholm's {sic) great forest of Strathglass ; r.nd I am weU informed that the nest was placed in a Scotch pine." In the text, however, he states that the eggs are laid on the ground.^ 'The Old Stat. Acct. of Scotland' has the parallel passage (vol. XX. 1798, p. 307):— "The Caper-coille, or Wild Turkey, was seen in Glenmoriston, and in the neighbouring district of Strathglass, about forty years ago; and it is not known that this bird has appeared since, or that it now exists in Britain." 1 There appears to be no third edition of Pennant's 'British Zoology,'' for, as I am informed, the first came out in 1766 (folio); the second was begun in 1768 (8yo) ; and in 1776 there were two issues, one in 4to and the other in 8vo; and both bear the words ''Fourth Edition''' on their title-pages. 2 That Latham's statement regarding the site of the nest may have been quite correct, is rendered possible by the following, which I extract from ' The Jounuil of Forestry' for October 1878, p. 443 : — ''Capercailzie's Nest in a Pine Tree.— In a wood adjoining Falkland House, on the Estate of Falkland, and at the northern base of the East Lomond Hill in Fifeshire, a Capercailzie has actually tenanted the old nest of a falcon in a pine tree, a considerable distance from the ground. The Capercailzie has laid ten Qg^% and the process of incubation has advanced successfully in this aciial retreat." — " Ornis,'' in 'Land and Water.' 24 THE CAPERCAILLIE. 1785. In Marty ii's ' DictioTiary of Natural History! 1785, it is said: — " The Cock of tlie Mountains is a native of various parts of Europe, and particidarly of Ireland and Wales ; but he is never seen in En<,dand except through mere accident." At another place he says : — " Capercalze — a provincial name for the Cock of the Wood." He describes the bird fairly well, " of the size of a peacock ; appears to be of the pheasant kind ! " 1802. Montagu (^Dictionary of British Birds! 1802) did not appear to have been aware of its extinction in Scotland at tlie time he wrote, but quotes the above passage of Latham's regarding the nest found "placed in a Scotch pine." In his supplement, however (1813), he says: — "This bird, we be- lieve, is now extinct in the British dominions." The Capercaillie continued in Strathspey until the year 1745. The last seen in Scotland was in the woods of Strath- glass, about thirty-two years ago (Rev. J. Grant in ' Old Stat. Acd. of Scotland ' — parish of Kirkmichael, Banffshire, vol. xii. p. 451). This would put the date of extinction about 17G2. The above account is very generally accepted and quoted by later ^Titers (see Fleming, 'Brit. Animals! p. 4G; Gray, 'Birds of West of Scotland! p. 229, and others). Sir Wm. Jardine {'Nat. Library: Orn.! vol. iv., 1834) puts the probable date later — between 1774 and 1784, — but we may accept the earlier record as being most probably correct. Professor Newton ( Encyc. Brit.! 9th edition, article ' Birds,' p. 736, part xii.) places the extinction in Ireland at about 1760, and in Scotland " not much later," after comparing the accounts of Boece (1526), Bisliop Lesly (1578), Pennant (1769), and all jirevious authorities which he had access to {op. cit., art. ' Caper cally! vol. v. p. 53). * 77i,c Old Statistical Account of Scotland ' — published be- tween 1791 and 1799 — contains other notices of the bird. Tims : — " The Caperkaily, or Iciiiy of tlie wood, said to be a HISTOKY OF THE SPECIES IN SCOTLAND. 25 species of wild turkey, was formerly a native of tliis parish (Kiltarlity), and bred in the woods of Strathglass. One of these bhds was killed about fifty or sixty years ago in the churchyard of Kiltarlity" (see 'Stat. Acct. of the Parish'). The Capercaillie appears also to have inhabited the parish of Dowally, Perthshire {op. cit.) See also the letter written by James VI. in 1617 to the earl of TuUibardine, before men- tioned {v. p. 17). Nearly all of the above records have already been compared and referred to by various authors ; and Mr. Eobert Gray (' Birds of West of Scotland ') says : — " All records agreeing in the fact of the bird being extremely rare between the years 1745 and 1760, when it apparently became extinct." In ' The New Statistical Account ' of Perth- shire (1841), it is mentioned as pre-existing in the parish of Fortingal (p. 543). Yarrell ('Brit. Birds,' 1st edition) says — " There is even reason to believe that it (i.e., the hybrid) formerly existed in Scotland, contemporary with the Capercaillie. Mr. G. T. Fox in his ' Synopsis of the Contents of the Neivcastle Museum! published in 1827, quotes the Tunstall MS. at p. 78, in the following words : — " I know some old Scotch gentlemen, who say they remember, when young, there were in Scotland, both the Cock of the Wood and also the hybrid ; and at p. 245, Mr. Fox has given a figure of this last-named bird, from a specimen in the Newcastle Museum . . ." But it is not said that this particular specimen was from Scotland. (Compare remarks under Harting — Newton, antea, p. 22.) Eyton {'Barer British Birds' 1836, p. 30, footnote) men- tions T. urugallus and T. medius, Meyer, as "formerly in- habitants of the British Isles, but are now extinct." The hybrid is noticed as a native of Scotland by Brisson, under the name of ' Ze coq de bruy&e piquete,' and, as we are informed by Fleming {'Brit. An.' p. 46). " A Scottish gentle- man told Dr. Tunstall, who informed Dr. Latham, that it existed in our woods." 26 THE CAPERCAILLIE. :\Ir. A. G. More ('This; 1865, p. 42G), whUe briefly aUud- ill'' to the statements of Pennant and the 'Historia Scot ovum* adds : — that the lie v. George Gordon told him that it also at one time inhabited the county of Elgin : also that Mr. Shearer " marked it as extinct in Caithness," implying thereby its former occurrence in that county. As we have seen, the final extinction of the species may be considered to have taken place about the year 1760. There are, however, several other records of a considerably later date, which are at least worthy of notice. The latest I find on record are two given in Graves's 'British Ornithology ^ vol. i. I)y tliis account we find that " one was killed by a gentleman, of the name of Henderson, near Fort- William, about six years ago, and sent to Dundee . . . The other specimen was shot by Captain Stanton near Borrowstownness, tiuo winters ago : they are l)oth males. Some few are said to be yet remaining in the pine forests of Scotland, and also in the mountainous parts of Ireland." Now, the date of Graves's second edition was 1821, and Mr. J. H. Gurney junior informs me that he has a note to the effect that his first edition was published in 1817. The plate of the Capercaillie bears date of 1813 {'Scot, Nat.' vol. i. p. 82). If we take the date of 1813, when he might have been expected to get his information, the Fort- William l)ird would be killed aljout 1807, and the Lo'ness l)ird in 1811. Witli regard to tlie Fort- William bird, the Itcv. A. Stew- art (" Nether Lochaber," of the Inverness Courier) writes to me as follows : — " The Mr. Henderson who killed the Capercaillie in the Camus-na-gaul woods, opposite to Fort-WiUiam, in or about the year 1807, was factor for MacLean of Ardgour, and tenant of the farm of Kiel, near Corran Ferry. At Ardgour House, a))0ut twenty years ago, the gardener was an old man of llir name of Harry Kennedy. This Harry Kennedy was HISTORY OF THE SPECIES IN SCOTLAND. 27 a man of superior intelligence, a naturalist and botanist of much and very exact knowledge in all that concerned these, his favourite studies. It was this old man Kennedy who first told me about the shooting of the Capercaillie by Mr. Henderson in 1807. Kennedy was then (1807) old enough to remember the circumstances perfectly. I am pretty sure that he said he saw and examined the bird after Henderson had brought it to Ardgour House, to show it as a curiosity to Colonel MacLean, the Laird." We cannot look upon this male bird as a remnant of the original stock, but probably as a wandered bird from some later attempt at restoration, notwithstanding the mention of the Capercaillie in old Gaelic songs of the beginning of the century, which Eev. A. Stewart has quoted for me as follows, though there does appear to be traditionary evidence of its having lingered in that part of the Highlands, and, as Mr. Stewart says, that it was at least not an unknown bird in 1794. I give Mr. Stewart's communication in full : — " In the year 1794, on the anniversary of the birthday of Campbell, Laird of Lochnell, near Oban, he gave a feast and ball to his tenantry and dependants. Present amongst others on the occasion was James Shaw, better known to Gaelic scholars as Bard Loch-nan-EaUr (the Lochnell bard). In the course of the evening, the bard having been called upon for a toast, repeated instead an extempore poem in laudation of his friend and patron the Laird of Lochnell, with which poem the Laird was so much pleased that he made Shaw a present of Five Guineas on the spot. The concluding line of one of the stanzas of this poem is this : — ' Bii tu Capullcoille na guibhsaich.' and the literal translation of the stanza is as follows : — ' Thou art the eagle amongst birds, Thou art the oak-tree not given to bending, 28 THE CAPERCAILLIE. Thou art the salmon of silver-clear streams, Tliou art the CapercaiUie of the fir-woods.' " It only livLul, I ])elieve, in the memory of the Lard. The tra- dition of iU former existence was indirectly perpetuated in his poem. There is good reason for believing that the Bo'ness record is so far genuine, and indeed that a bird, as recorded by Graves, was procured there ; but from the situation of Bo'ness, upon the shore of the Firth of Forth, and its being a sea-port town, carrying on a trade in deals and timber with Norwegian ports, the probability exists that the male bird shot there may have escaped from, or been let loose by, sailors. Accordingly, this record, as well as the Fort-William one, must be received with caution as regards their real value, and all the more so that such a long interval exists between these and all pre- vious records. Fleming, moreover, writing in 1828 (' British Animals! p. 46), after mentioning the occurrence of tlie last birds in Strathglass (1860) and Strathspey (1845), says : — " Kecent attempts have been made to recruit our forests {i.e., with Capercaillies. — J. A. H. B.] from Norway, where the species is still common;" which attempts failing, and tlie cocks wandering, would lie almost sufhcient to account for these stray occurrences. At aU events, in the absence of distinct data, it is safer to accept the date of 1760 as that of the extinction of the original stock in Scotland. * The Travdhrs Guide, or a Tojwr/i-ajyhical Description of Scotland! — Edinburgh, 1798 — still speaks of the ' Caper- ccilzie * as existing at that date in Scotland (p. 4), Ijut, as already seen, this is extremely unlikely. Sir Itobert ^lenzies informs me lie " has always under- stood " that the last killed in his district — i.e., along Loch Rannochside — was shot at Camagouran, by Gregor Macgregor, gamekeeper to the Laird of Stnian, alwuit llie l)eginning of this, or the end of last, century : Imt in absence of further HISTORY OF THE SPECIES IN SCOTLAND. 29 proof, I sliould be inclined to consider this an escaped bird from some one of the localities where the earlier attempts at reintroduction were made, as recorded by Fleming {'Brit. Animals' 1828). Mr. Charles Buxton, editor of the 'Memoirs of Sir Thomas Foiuell Buxton, Bart.,' writing in 1852 (fifth edition, p. 332), states that the last bird " was shot about a hundred years ago in Perthshire," but this is probably an error (though possibly enough he may have had a record of a bird killed in Perthshire at that time^), and the record reaUy most likely applies to the birds last seen in Strathspey or Strathglass. There is no other evidence of a satisfactory nature that I can discover of the occurrence of the Capercaillie in Suther- land beyond Sir Eobert Gordon's work already quoted ; but Captain Houstoun, of Kintradwell, Brora, writes to me that one, Donald Sutherland (or Donald Mhor), used to men- tion the Capercaillie as having belonged to this county ; but Donald Mhor, who died about twelve years ago, at the age of ninety — as the Eev. Dr. James M. Joass informs me — may have spoken from traditionary evidence, or of his father having seen it ; or he may even have been quoting from Sir Eobert Gordon's work.^ ^ Mr. Buxton may also have had in view the statements of its occurrence at Dowally in the ' Old Stat. Acct.' (loc. cit), or that of its former occurrence in Fortingall Parish, given in the 'New Stat. Acct. of Perthshire ' {loc. cit., p. 543), where it is stated that "we had at one time the Capercailzie (caper-coille), or great cock of the wood." 2 The oldest pine trees in Sutherland are at Invercassley, on the opposite side of the river Cassley from Eosehall, and are now veiy few in number, as I am informed by my friend JNIr. Thomas Mackenzie. " The Eosehall wood comes next, and dates from 1806. The Balblair wood, situated between Dor- noch and Golspie, was planted about 1809 — the same year that the small plantations of pine-woods about Kilcolmkill, in Strathbrora and Kintradwell, on the coast, were also put down in. These are the only standing woods in the county that have any pretensions to antiquity, the fir-woods on the Skibo estate being comparatively recent. " Mr. Mackenzie comes to the conclusion that there is not a standing pine tree in Sutherland which is a hundred years old» 30 THE UAPERCAILLIE. In Deno van's sale catalogue (1818) several passages occur, wliicli have been kindly ({uoted for me by Professor Newton and Mr. J. H. Giirney jun., but I consider that these should be received with extra caution, or indeed be rejected altogether. As Professor Newton suggests, in those days there were tricks of the trade as well as now. I quote these passages for what they are worth : — ''Lot G51. Hybrid grouse. The rarest of the grouse tribe; was shot in Scotland ; very fine ; Edinburgh Museum.^ " Lot 652. Wood grouse ; Highlands of Scotland. A hand- some glazed case, including both sexes of these truly rare birds, in the finest possible condition." To cap the above : — " Lot 832. Wolf, a noble animal, in large glazed case. The last wolf killed in Scotland by Sir E. Cameron." 1837. In a ' Treatise on the Game Laics of Scotlajidl by Alexr. Grigor, Edin. 1837, p. 9, " Capercayllies " are mentioned amongst pre-existing game birds. He did not, however, a}»pear to be aware of their restoration. IRELAND. 1357-87. CJinddu.s Canibrcnsis in liis ' Topograplda Hihcr- niae* (lib. ii. p. 47), says: — " Pavones silvestres hie abundant." It remains uncertain if he alluded to the " Capercaillie " or not. We find again, however, that Kanulphus Higden, the monk of Chester, whodif.Ml about 1 300 {v. Harting on ' TlicEjtind Brituh * In answer to inquiries as to wliether any specimen at present exists in the ^Minburgh Museum of a hybrid grouse or Capercaillie from Scotland that could have been referred to in the above lot, Mr. John Gibson assures me there is not. The olde^jt Capercaillie in the collection is a Norwegian one, pur- chased in 1814 by Dr. .Tamieson for £4 : 48. Mr. Gibson considers that had there l>een a British exnnii)le in the collection at that time, "uch a piece of extravagance would not have been perpetrated. HISTORY OF THE SPECIES IN IRELAND. 31 Wolf' ' Pop. Sc. Ecvieiv," 1878, p. 397), in his ' Polyclironicon' again makes mention of " pekokes " (pavonibus), which were probably Capercaillies (v. Translation, by John Trevisa, a.d. 1357-1387), quoted fully with remarks by Harting {pp. cit) 1676. Willughby (F.) (' OrnitJiologiae Lihri, etc.; recognovit Joanries Baius. London : 1676 '), mentions it as known in the country under the names " Cock of the Mountain or of the Wood," and " Urugcdlus foemina" as " The Hen of the Wood or Mountain," pp. 123, 124, and figs, on plate xxx. 1678. Eay, John C Ornithology; etc., p. 173), says :— " This bird is found on high mountains beyond seas, and, as we are told, in Ireland (where they call it ' Cock of the Wood '), but nowhere in England." 1684. OTlaherty (" West, or H.-Iar Connaught") mentions the species under the name " Cocks of the Wood." 1772. J. Eutty {; Nat. Hist, of the County of Dullin; 1772. vol. i. p. 302, footnote) says : — " Urugallus major, Gesneri : Tetras urugallus, Linnaei — ' The Cock of the Wood,' British Zoology. One of these was seen in the county of Leitrim about the year 1710. But they have entirely disappeared of late, by reason of the destruction of our woods." 1760. Pennant also states that about 1760 a few were to be found about Thomastown in Tipperary, and Professor Newton {pp. cit) informs us that no later evidence is forth- coming, and adds : — " Thus it would seem that the species was exterminated at nearly the same time both in Ireland and Scotland." Mr. Scoular, after quoting Giraldus and Act 11th Anne, adds that it " remained in the County of Cork till so late as 1750," on the authority of Mr. T. Whitla.^ f Journ. Geol. Soc. Ihiblin; I. p. 227.) ^ Other references to the species in Ireland will be found in the Irish Statutes, 11 Anne, ch. 7, which prohibits shooting of them for seven years. — Smith, 'History of Cork,' 1749. The "Wild Turkey" of Act George III. 27, may or may not apply to C'apercaillies, but the Rev. Dubourdieu's "Wild 32 THE CAPERCAILLTE. An additional notice will be found in an able article * On the Total aiul Partial Extermination of Animals,' by James Fennel, in Kennie's ' Tlic Field Naturalist; 1834, p. 194. This autlior says, tliat at that time the Wood Grouse or Cock of the Wood had been extinct in Ireland for nearly seventy years, and in Scotland for fifty years. ;Mr. A. G. More of Dublin, who has been making inquiries in my behalf for some time past, regarding Capercaillies in Iieland, writes to me that he has not been able to obtain any additional information to the above in that country. On the causes of the extinction of the species in Scotland I can say little. We can now, I believe, only speculate upon what changes of condition and what surrounding causes could have extirpated them. What appears to me to be the most likely factors were as follows : — The probable destruction of great forest tracts by fire,^ the cutting down of the same by man as late as the days of Cromwell, and the wasting away of the forests from natural causes, by the conversion of dry forests into bogs and morasses, and, resulting from this, the decrease of, and changes in, the food of the species. Mr. Col- quhoun (' Ferae Naturae of tJie British Isles; p. 41-42) is of tliis opinion, Init adds as a factor, the increased population. If we accept the above as the most probable causes, and come Turkies" were undoubtedly "of the true breed " of Turkey from the Ameri- can stock. For all the above references, see Thompson's 'Birds of Ireland,' vol. ii. p. 31, from which I have quoted freely. ^ Evidence of the destruction of great tracts of forest country are frequently to be met with in early history. Thus, to f^et rid of wolves, a large pine forest extending " from the western braes of Lochabcr to the Black "Water and mosses of Rannonh was burned to expel the wolves," and another "In the neighbourhood of Loch Sloi, a tract of woods, nearly twenty miles in extent, was consumed for the same purpose " {v. Notes to James Hay Allen's poem • Thr Last Deer of Beann Doran; London, 1822). Sir Walter Scott also, in his Essay 'On Planting Waste Landt' ('Miscellaneous Prose Works,' vol. xxi. p. 9), and other historians, afford evidence of a natural wasting away and decay of old forests, as well as their destmction by enemies, " there1)y to re- move a most important part of the national defence " {nji. cit., \\ 10). CAUSES OF EXTINCTION. 33 to examine into the details of the testimony, we find that it was not until the beginning of the 18th century that any large extent of young wood was planted/ nor until the end of the 18th century that arboriculture became general in Scotland. The latter would appear to have been too late to afford fresh sustenance to the indigenous Capercaillies, but it yielded an abundant supply by the date of the Restoration of the species in 1837-38, for the re-introduced birds. Rutty, as has been seen (antea, p. 31), accounts for their extirpation in Ireland " of late, by reason of the destruction of our woods." Smith (^History of Cork' 1749) does so likewise. 1 " It would seem that in Scotland, among the first Avho planted trees in large masses for profitable use was Thomas, Earl of Haddington. He began to plant extensively at his seat, Tynninghame, in East Lothian, in 1705. . . . . . A large amount of planting had been undertaken and performed be- twixt the years 1777 and 1817. ... In the latter part of the last century, and in the beginning of the present one, the chief planters in Scotland were the Duke of Athole, Lord Breadalbane, and Sir J. Grant of Strathspey. . . . . The plantations of any one of those just named far overbalanced those of any other private proprietor perhaps in Britain" {v. * The Forester,'' by James Brown, 4th edition, p. 3, et seq. Edinburgh, 1871). Thus, coincident with the Restoration, it will be seen that there was abundant supply of young thriving wood at Taymouth. In ' The Beauties of Scotland,' Edinburgh, 1805 (vol. i. p. 431), 1707, is given as the year in which planting was commenced at Tynninghame. A pretty full account of the operations is here given. D PAET III. EESTORATION. CHAPTEE V. KESTORATION. As has already been observed, Fleming, writing in 1828 {'Brit. Animals'), mentions that " recent attempts have been made to recruit our forests from Norway, where the species is still common." ^ It is probable that Fleming here alluded to the attempt made at Mar Lodge; as the previous year (1827), or the beginning of 1828, was the date of the first importation of these birds to Mar Lodge from Sweden {vide ' Udinr. New Phil. Journal,' July 1832). The account given (ojp. cit.) is very full and interesting, and I make no apology, therefore, for quoting it, as it will also serve to pre- serve the continuity of our account of the species in Scotland. Mr. Wilson writes as follows : — " I was wading down the Dee one fine afternoon, a little below Mar Lodge, and with a lighter pannier than usual, when I heard the cry of a bird to which I was unaccustomed, and my bad success in that day's angling induced me the more readily to diverge from the ' pure element of waters ' to ascertain what this might be. I made my way through the "^ In 1829 some of the members of the Highland Society of Scotland pro- posed that the Society's attention should be directed towards the Kestoration of the species, and mention is made of attempts having been made, " but," says the writer, " it is a difficult matter to alter the relations which naturally subsist betw^een the wild animals of a country and the state of its population and surface." — ' Prize Essays and Transactions of the Highland Soc. of Scot.,' New Series, vol. i. p. 5 (1829). 38 THE CAPERCAILLIE. overhanging wood for a liuiidred yards, and soon after reach- ing the road, which runs parallel with the river on its right side, I obsen'ed a wooden palisade or enclosure on the slop- ing bank above me. On reaching it, I found it so closely boarded up that I liad for a time some difficulty in descrying any inmates, but my eye soon fell upon a magnificent bird, wliich at first, from its bold and almost fierce expression of countenance, I took rather for some great bird of prey than for a Capercailzie. A few seconds, however, satisfied me that it was what I had never before seen, a fine living example of that noble bird. I now sought the company of Mr. Donald Mackenzie, Lord Fjrfe's gamekeeper, the occupant of the neighbouring cottage. He unlocked the door of the fortress, and introduced me to a more familiar acquaintance with its feathered inhabitants. These I found to consist of two fine Capercailzie cocks and one hen ; and the latter, I was de- lighted to perceive, accompanied by a thriving family of young birds, active and beautiful. " The first importation of these Capercailzies arrived from Sweden about the end of the year 1827, or early in January 1828. It consisted of a cock and hen, but the hen unfortu- nately died after reaching ^Montrose Bay. As the male bird alone arrived at Braemar, the experiment was judiciously tried of putting a common barn-door fowl into his apartment during the spring and summer of 1828. The result was that she laid several eggs, which were placed under other hens, but from these eggs only a single bird was hatched, and when it was first observed, it was found lying dead. It was, how- ever, an evident miUe or hybrid, and showed such unequivocal marks of the Capercailzie character as could not be mistaken. " The second importation likewise consisted of a cock and hen, and arrived safely in this country in January or February 1829. Tlie female began to lay in the ensuing April, and laying, in general, an egg every alternate day, she eventually RESTORATION. 39 deposited about a couple of dozen. She showed, however, so strong a disposition to break and eat them, that she re- quired to be narrowly watched at the time of laying, for the purpose of having them removed, for otherwise she would have destroyed the whole. In fact, she did succeed in break- ing most of them, but eight were obtained uninjured. These were set under a common hen, but only one bird was hatched, and it died soon after. In the spring of 1830 the hen Caper- cailzie laid eight eggs. Of these she broke only one, and settling in a motherly manner on the other seven, she sat steadily for five weeks. On examining the eggs, however, they were all found to be addle. " In the early part of 1831 three apartments were ingeni- ously formed adjoining one another. The hen was placed in the central chamber, between which and the enclosure on either side, each of which contained a male, there was an easy communication, so contrived, however, that the female could have access to both the males, whilst they, from their greater size, could neither approach each other nor disturb the female as long as she chose to remain in her own apartment. In May and June of that year she laid twelve eggs, seven of which were set under a common hen. Of these four were hatched in an apparently healthy state, one was addle, and the other two contained dead birds. Of those left with the Capercailzie hen she broke one, and sat upon the other four, of which two were hatched, and the other two were found to contain dead birds. Of the two hatched one soon died. Both the barn-door hen and the female Capercailzie sat twenty-nine days from the time the laying was completed till the young were hatched ; and Mr. Cumming calls my attention to the fact that there were birds in all the eggs of this year's laying except one. " My visit to Braemar took place about the first week of last August. I think all the five young were then alive, and 40 THE CAPERCAILLIE. althoiijj:h only a lew weeks old, they were by that time larger than the lar<,'est moor-game. I liad no ojiportunity of hand- ling them, or of examining them very minutely, but the general view which I had of them at the distance of a few feet did not enable me to distinguish the difference between the young males and females. They seemed precisely the same at that time, both in size and plumage, although I doubt not the male markings must have soon shown themselves on the young cocks. The single surviving bird of those hatched by the mother died of an accident, after li\'ing in a very healthy state for several weeks. Two of those hatched by the common hen died of some disease, the nature of which is not known, after lingering for a considerable time. It follows that there are only two young birds remaining. These are both females, and when I last heard of them, some months ago, were in a thriving condition. " The w^hole progeny were fed at first, and for some time, with young ants — that is, with those whitish grain-shaped bodies, which are the larv?e and chrysalids in their cocoons, of these industrious creatures, though commonly called ants* eggs. At that period they were also occasionally supplied with some tender grass, cut very short. As soon as they had acquired some strength they began to eat oats and pot barley, together with grass and the various kinds of moss. They are now fed like the three old birds, chiefly on grain and heather tops, with the young shoots and other tender portions of the Scotch fir. I am informed that the distinction between the sexes had become very obvious before the death of the young males. The plumage of the latter was much darker, tlieir general dimensions were greater, their bills larger and more hooked. These characters became very apparent during November and December. " Tlic old males have never yet had access to the young birds, so that it has not been ascertained whether they enter- RESTORATION. 41 tain any natural regard for their offspring or would manifest any enmity towards them. From the continued wildness of the old birds, especially the males, it was found difiicult to weigh them without incurring the risk of injuring their plumage. However, the male which arrived in 1829, and which then appeared to be a bird of the previous year, was lately weighed, and was found to be eleven pounds nine ounces avoirdupois. Judging from appearances, it is believed that the weight of the old hen would not much exceed one-half. There is, indeed, a striking disparity in the dimensions of the sexes in this species. " The intention is, as soon as some healthy broods have been reared in confinement, to liberate a few in the old pine woods of Braemar, and thus eventually to stock with the finest of feathered game the noblest of Scottish forests." Eegarding the above-mentioned attempt to restore the species, it may not be out of place to make a few remarks. Since the above was first penned by Mr. Wilson, we know that the attempt ended in failure and complete annihilation of the birds, old and young. But subsequent attempts have — as wiU be seen farther on — resulted in their complete Eestoration, and the experience thus obtained goes far to prove that the causes of failure in the Mar Lodge attempt were probably as follows : — 1st. The imported birds were too few in number, and the proportion of males and females not balanced as in nature, where the females of nearly all polygamous species exceed the males in population, and where, accordingly, one male is sufficient to serve a number of females. 2d. The confinement was probably against the complete health of the young birds, and, indeed, also of the old birds. Experience tells us that not one of the attempts made at Eestoration, in which the birds have been too long confined has succeeded. 42 THE CAPERCAILLIE. 3d. The food would appear to have been not altogether suitable, if we accept Mr. Lloyd's directions for feeding Caper- caillies in conhnement (' Game Birds and Wild Fowl of Sioeden ') ; and the general treatment in minor matters was probably deficient, from want of experience. The disease mentioned above by Mr. Wilson, of which one of the young birds died, and the deaths of tlie otlier young birds, were prob- ably caused by some slight hitch in the general management of food and shelter. Even the wild birds, when young, are stated to be subject to 'gapes,' by more than one of my correspondents. Further, birds reared under domestic hens have never succeeded well ; and we now know that the best way to treat the eggs is to place them out in the woods under wild grey hens, and to turn out the birds themselves to breed in a state of nature, after the woods have become par- tially stocked by the eggs hatched out under grey hens.^ It was a considerable time after the above attempt that any one earnestly took up the idea of re-introducing the species. •' Years ago," writes Mr. Lloyd {op. cit, p. 34), " I volunteered my services to -more than one influential proprietor in Scot- land. . . . For a long time no one would move in the matter, ]>ut at length, in the autumn of 1836, the late Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton, then recently returned from Taymouth Castle . . . took up the affair in good earnest." ..." Influenced by the desire, in which I am sure you will concur," — so Avrites Sir Thomas to Mr. Lloyd, — " to introduce these noble birds into Scotland, coupled with that of making Lord Breadalbane some return for his recent kindness to me,^ I request you to procure for his lordship, at whatever cost, the requisite mnnber." Sir Thomas also placed at Mr. Lloyd's disposal his head game- ' A further sliort account of the Capercaillies at Mar Lodge is given by Dick-Lauder in his * Account of Uic Orcat Floods of August 1829,' p. 358. a Vide * ifciTwirs of Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton, Bart.,' fifth edition, edited by his son Charles Buxton, Esq., B.A. London, 1852. Chap, xxiv p. 332. EESTORATION. 43 keeper, "Larry" Banvill; ".which," as Mr. Lloyd remarks, " was no slight sacrifice for a Norfolk game-preserver." Capercaillies were reintroduced at Taymouth in the autumn of 1837 and spring of 1838. In all, according to some accounts, forty-eight birds were obtained in Sweden, through the instrumentality of Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton, of Northrepps Hall and Cromer HaU, in Norfolk, and the energy of Mr. Lloyd, the well-known Swedish sportsman and naturalist, materially assisted by Mr. Lawrance BanviU, Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton's head gamekeeper in Norfolk, who went twice over to Sweden and brought over the birds to Taymouth, and by Mr. James Guthrie, head gamekeeper at Taymouth, who carefully tended the old, and successfully reared the young, birds. According to a letter from Mr. Edward Buxton, published in Blaine's ' Encyc. of Rural Sports' (p. 814), a previous attempt to rear the birds had been made in Norfolk by Sir Thomas. A hen bred there, but all the young ones died. Several hens and a cock had been kept at Cromer HaU, where Sir Fowell was then living. This must have been about the year 1823, a few years previous to the publication of Mr. Lloyd's first large work — ' The Field Sports of the North of Europe' (q. v., vol. i. p. 264).-^ Mr. J. H. Gurney informs me that there is a hen bird stuffed in the Norfolk Museum, which belonged to Sir Fowell Buxton, and which was doubtless one of these birds, or one of those brought over later by Larry. Mr. Henry Stevenson of Norwich gives me a further note from his journals, taken down by him from Larry's own oral communication, in the year 1857, to the effect that " a pair were turned off at Sir Fowell's place at Beeston, but soon died — he believes choked in some way. . . . Beeston, Cromer, and Northrepps, are all adjoining parishes, or within a mile or two of each other," so that it is not perhaps of great im- ^ Vide also Loudon's 'Mag. of Nat. Hist.y vol. iii. p. 157. 44 THE CAPERCAILLIE. portance to ascertain the fact exactly at which of the three places they were turned off. We may, however, accept " turned off at Bees ton " as most likely correct. Mr. Gurney also tells me that a journal left by Mr. LaNVTance Banvill was destroyed by his son. It doubtless contained full notes upon Capercaillies, and it is to be regretted that it was not preserved. In Blaine's ' Encyc. Rural Sports ' (1838), however, will be found a very full account of " Larry's " journey, in his own words, which is well worth perusal, but is too long for quotation in this place. A short abstract will, however, pre- serve the continuity of our account. By " Larry's " own journal it would appear that he left home on the 1st April 1837, and made the Swedish coast on the iVth April, and on the 20th reached Mr. Lloyd's house at Venersborg. There he remained, collecting and attending to the birds, which were kept in large coops, five feet by three and a half feet, or thereby. Besides CapercaiUies a few blackcock were procured, as weU as a few eggs of both species. These birds were often brought in from a considerable distance, the natives having been instructed by Mr. Lloyd how to capture tlie birds without hurting them. Larry then details the troubles he encountered in finally preparing the birds and their coops for the voyage down the river to Gottenburg; but finally, on the 8th June, the birds were safely got on board, and Larry took — what he then believed, was — the last look of the Swedish coast on Saturday the 10th June. On the 19th June Larry and the birds (in all tliirty-six birds, being 7 black game and 29 Capercaillies, of wliich latter there were 13 cocks and IG hens) landed at Hull. On the 21st he sailed for Dundee, where he arrived with all the birds well on the 23d. He left Dundee on the 24th, and appears U) have reached Taymouth tlie same evening — a long journey, part of which was effected with a horse and cart. The Ijirds RESTORATION. 45 were all well on tlie 25th, having reached Taymouth Castle in safety. Larry remained a short time at Taymouth, and got home again to Norfolk by the 20th July. Mr. E. Buxton, in his further account of the birds, sent to the proprietors of ' Tlie Encydopcedia of Rural Sports,' (continued, p. 816), gives an account of the successful hatching out of two broods in the woods, and the arrival of 16 more hens at Taymouth in the summer of 1838. Larry had again been over in Sweden assisting, as before, in their safe transmittal. In September 1839 Mr. James Guthrie, the head gamekeeper at Taymouth, wrote : — " With regard to the Capercaillies, I think we shall have between 60 and 70 young." Mr. E. Buxton also mentions the fact that already two strayed birds had been shot in the north of Scotland, and one hen had been offered for sale in a poulterer's shop in Princes Street, Edinburgh. I would recommend, however, to those interested in further particulars, to read the excellent account of the restoration in Blaine's work, of which the above is an extract. Mr. Lloyd informs us that there were 20 birds in the second lot sent off from Sweden. The balance, I believe, were sent to Cromer HaU, but I have been unable exactly to trace what became of them, unless, as Mr. D. Brown, lately naturalist in Perth, informs me, they were taken not to Cromer, but to JSTorthrepps, where young were reared ; but all died, owing, Mr. Brown writes, to the want of proper food. It would appear at all events, that, in all, 13 cocks and 29 hens arrived in safety at Taymouth in 1837 and 1838. Some accounts give 48 birds ; and Knox, in his ' Game Birds and WUd Fowl; p. 221, says, " 54 adult CapercaiUies in 1838-39 " {fide ' ZooVix. p. 3018-9). In September 1838 Sir FoweU saw eighteen of the birds at Taymouth in good health, and ten more had been turned down on the estate. The birds were carried out at night in large baskets, and placed about amongst the woods, principally 46 THE CAPEKCAILLIE. around the castle ; the lids were lifted, and the birds found their way out of their own accord. The actual rearing by hand was not so successful, but in 1841 favourable reports were received of the successful hatching of eggs under grey hens, principally in the woods of Drummond Hill. They soon became lirmly established, and about the year 1862 or 1863 the Marquis of Breadalbane estimated their numbers on the estates at over 1000 birds, while the head gamekeeper, James Guthrie, who tended the birds with the greatest possible care, estimated them to reach over 2000. It is greatly owing to the intelligent care bestowed upon them by Mr. Lawrance Banvill and Mr. James Guthrie that this perfect success had been attained. To Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton and to Mr. Lloyd thanks are in the first instance due, but Messrs. Banvill and Guthrie, the Irish and Scotch keepers, must not be forgotten for the active practical part they took in the matter.^ About the same time that they were introduced at Tay- mouth five hens and a cock were brought to Dunkeld House for the then Duchess Dowager of Athole, but shortly after- wards the cock bird killed himself, and the hens were sent up to Taymouth.- In 1843 a successful introduction was effected in Arran from birds sent from Taymouth; supplemented * Mr. Guthrie's "only delight or pleasure wjvs to look after the ' beasties and birdies, puir things,' for which he had a great affection; but woe betide the vermin. The affection and lunnanity was of a different kind for the ' dirty vermin.* I have seen him hang a wounded crow to die over a caged hen with a brood of young pheasants, caressing the one, while to the other he was absolutely cruel ; justifying the latter acts by the assertion that the one was 'vermin,' the others 'puir bonnie creaturs.' He came from Arbroath, when quite young, to Taymouth, and I believe the shooting interest in Perthshire owes his memory and zeal a debt, for he ' hooted ' hawks, foxes, eagles, most sincerely, and spent three nights a week for years on the hill." I am indebted for the above ' memory ' of an old friend, to one who knew him intimately, and who accompanied him in many of his long tramps o'er heath and hill and tangled knowe. 'Another account says, "three Vjirds in 1838." Yarrell — 'Brit. Birds.' First Edition. EESTORATION. 47 by a fresh relay of birds direct from Sweden (see details under Arran) in 1846. Concerning an alleged independent restoration of the species at Murthly by Sir William Stewaii;, Bart., about 1844, I have good reason for stating that there is no actual foundation for the report, the birds arriving there as early as 1842, and coming of their own accord from the Athole woods. Mr. Malcolm Dunn, who has given me so much assistance under another heading {infra, p. 131), informs me that he is not responsible for the statement to the effect that they were there re-introduced, as stated in the ' Zoolo- gist; 1875, p. 4338. Mr. John Colquhoun informs me that he inspected the " colony of nests " at Taymouth. " The nests were close to- gether, like rooks', and were thus more easily protected." In the fine autumn mornings he has often w^atched them feeding or disporting in full view of the w^ndow^s of the house ; and in spring, and again in autumn, this can be seen still in the quiet secluded parts of the forest, or even in more public parts of the estates. For further details of the rearing of the birds see Yarrell's ' History of Brit. Birds ' — first edition — and Knox's ' Game Birds and Wild Fowl; p. 221. In 1845 David Carnegie, Esq., of Stronvar, brought over two cocks and four hens, and kept them in confinement for some years, hoping to get eggs to place in grey hens' nests. The hens died in tw^o or three years, and the cocks were let loose. The latter were found not long after, both dead. It was believed they had fought and killed each other. They had been enemies when in confinement, only separated by an open wooden partition (D. Carnegie, Esq. in lit.) At Taymouth, and all along the Tay valley, as far as Dun- keld, Capercaillies, after becoming fairly established, increased in numbers rapidly for a number of years. The whole district was in everyway admirably adapted to their habits, the Duke of 48 THE CAPERCAILLIE. Athole and Lord Breadalbane having, as we have seen (antea, p. 33), planted considerable areas of their estates, in the latter part of the last century and in tlie beginning of the present one, with larch, Scots fir, and spruce, thus forming for the restored birds, the perfection of cover and food.^ Of late much of this wood has been cut down, and sheep- grazing has taken the place of forest growth. Consequently the birds find their domain restricted, and are more subject to disturbance. Mr. Anderson says : — " Within the last six or seven years they have been decidedly on the decrease, al- though still very abundant." All my correspondents agree in this, and one goes so far as to say that he " believes there are not half the birds upon the Athole estates that there were twenty years ago." I have statistics showing a similar de- crease in other localities. At present the birds are not much shot nor disturbed on the Breadalbane and Athole estates. Very shortly after their introduction at Taymouth they appeared at Craig-y-barns, near Dunkeld — viz. in 1840 — and a female was shot in 1843. They were then preserved up to 1848, Init had become firmly established there long prior to that date. In 1842 Prince Albert shot one at Taymouth as part of the game obtained when there w4th Her Majesty.^ Mr. Charles Buxton, in his * Memoirs of Sir Thomas Fowdl Bnxton, BarC (p. 333, footnote), claims to have shot, along with his brother, " the first of these birds that had been killed in Scot- land for a hinidred years." As has been related by Blaine, however, two were said to have been shot in the north of * To Mr. Roderick Anderson of Dunkeld, amongst many others, I am in- debted for a very succinct and admirable account of the reintroduction of the species ; to Mr. Dayton of Loch Earn Head Hotel also, for other notes and hints connected with the subject, and others having had personal acquaintance with Mr. James Guthrie and Mr. Banvill, and who well remember the first appearance of the birds at Taymouth. ^ Vide ' Jlcr Majesty's Journal." RESTORATION. 49 Scotland in 1839 ; wandered birds from Taymontli, probably, and one was offered for sale in Edinburgh. In 1843, as I am informed by Sir Eobert Menzies, " a large number of the birds," to use his own words, " came across the river to the Eock of Dull, on my property, where they bred very well, and were taken good care of for a number of years, as I did not allow them to be shot. The Eock of Dull is a large wood of old Scotch fir. It is well exposed, facing the south, and with plenty of water. The original plantation is about 300 acres, and there is as much again more recently planted close to it. With the exception of Drummond Hill, the woods at Taymouth face the north, and I presume that this was the reason why the birds, when turned out, came to my side of the valley, which was right opposite. At first they increased rapidly, having bred well the very first season ; but I never got them to increase beyond what they were as to numbers in the second or third year. They are very wander- ing birds, and very soon I heard of their being at Tullimet, Dunkeld, and Blair Athole; and thence they shortly after moved on to the plantations in Strathord, Strathearn, and the upper woods in the Carse of Gowrie. It is noteworthy that this migration was always to the lower plantations, and I have made several unsuccessful attempts to turn them out again in Eannoch, which is higher wood. There, there is a quantity of the indigenous Scotch fir, the remains of the for- mer Caledonian forest; and where I expected they would have done well and been well satisfied with their quarters, they remained a year or two and then disappeared, and, I think, migrated southward, preferring other places to Eannoch. I have also sent ecf^s on several occasions across the Gram- plans to Inverness-shire and to Beaufort Castle, but I think they have not succeeded as yet in introducing them there. I preserve the Capercaillie, as I do not think they do harm either to the grouse or black game ; in fact, they frequent E 50 THE CAPERCAILLIE. large well-grown Scotch fir plantations, where tliese are not usually found." In Arran they were separately introduced — partly from birds direct from Sweden, and partly by birds from Taymouth. Notwithstanding the mixture of fresh blood thus acquired, and the corresponding rapid increase of the species there, Arran, from its isolated position, cannot be held as an appre- ciable centre for any large extent of country. (For full parti- culars of this introduction, vide under ''Arran," p. 103.) 1 am obliged to Mr. Muirhead, of Edinburgh, for the following statistics, which may perhaps be considered to repre- sent the steady increase of the species since that time. He infonns me that he received for sale in 1855 not more than 10 brace of Scottish birds; in 18G5, from 15 to 20 brace; in 1875, from 20 to 25 brace during the season ; in 1876, fully 30 brace; but in 1877-78 scarcely any. "This wet season," he adds, " partridges, grouse, and plieasants have turned out a very small crop, in fact, the shortest supply on record." Many Scottish sportsmen can bear out this latter remark of Mr. Muirhead's. In 1852 Mr. Jolm Plant received a hybrid from Mr. Muirhead, shot near Breadalbane (' ZooL' 1852, p. 3710). In I'jigland also attempts have been made to introduce the species. Lord Kavensworth gives an account of his endea- vours to establish them at his seat at Eslington in Northum- berland, between 1872 and 1877, in the ' Nat. Hist. Trans, of Northumberland and Durham ' for 1877. At the latter date there were three males and two females in good health. In the south of Yorkshire, around Hebden Bridge, in the sum- mer of 1877, six strong chicks were hatclied out under tlie care of a Scottish gamekeeper, from eggs procured from the Highlands {vide ' Newcastle Chronicle,' January 1877).^ ^ Mr. David FyfTe, gamekeeper at Lindertis, Forfar, sent seven young birds to the Duke of Newcastle. One cock grew to the size of a moderately large turkey ; but through time they all died. EESTORATION. 51 At an earlier date (1842) an attempt was made at Tap- low Court, Buckingham (Thompson, 'Birds of Ireland^ ii. p. 33) ; and several birds were sent to the Earl of Derby at Knowsley in the same year ((9p. cit) The Zoological Society of London had a pair, but they did not long survive (' Penny Cydopcedia' vol. vi. p. 260). By the following extract from the ' Aiidion Catalogue (corrected) of the Menagerie and Aviary at Knowsley! August 1851, p. 37, — copy in Library Zool. Soc, London, — it would appear that there were four birds at Knowsley at the time of the sale, October 1851 : — Lot 517. ) ,^. . - ^ . (2 Capercaillie, male and female. (Divided mto > ^ \. ... ,^ ^ \ , ^ , 2 ditto. ditto. N. Europe. two lots.) ) The birds at Eslington all died off. The remaining male became too mischievous to be kept with safety, and had to be destroyed before the late lord's death. Mr. Webb did not — as stated in ' The Field ' of January 2, 1875 — turn out any Capercaillies at Newstead Abbey, Not- tingham, and the hybrid reported {op. cit) was a cross between a blackcock and a pheasant, not between a Capercaillie and black game (' Field! January 23, 1875). In Ireland, Lord Bantry attempted to introduce them at Glengariff. Three brace of birds were sent over by Mr. Lloyd, as related in Thompson's 'Birds of Ireland,' yo\. ii. p. 31. {Vide Appendix) PART IV. INCEEASE AND EXTENSION OF EANGE. (mth a Map.) COPY OF CIRCULAR. In re CajKrcailUc— Queries. Name of Estate .... County 1st. Do they occur on above estate ? 2d. If so, are they resident or occa sional ? . . . • 3d. Were they introduced, or did they arrive of their own accord ? 4th. If introduced, when ?— give year or (failing that), approximate date 5th. If introduced, where from and how — by eggs or by birds ? 6th. If arrived of own accord, when ? . 7th. And where inohahhj from ? . 8th. ^Vllen did they become fairly esta- blished on above estate ? . 9th. Are they "common," "abundant," or " rare " ? lOtli. How many have you seen in a day, or seen shot in a day ; and when was it you saw this ? , lllh. Give aj)proximate extent of woods suitable for their habits— pine or fir — upon the above est^ite ; in acres or square miles . 12tli. Are they preserved ? 13th. Are they increasing ? . 14th. Are Black Game decreasing since their arrival, or otherwise ? • . 15th. The names of .adjoining estates where they occur, with any par- ticulars you can furnish — in the above order .... In re Capercaillic — Answers. Name of Estate. County. 1st. 2d. 3d. 4th. 5th. 6th. 7th. 8th. 9th. 10th. nth. 12th. 13th. 14th. 15th. Sign Name and Address. P^ oPQ .1 I CHAPTER VI. INCREASE AND EXTENSION OF KANGE. In the following sketch of the increase and extension of range of the Capercaillie in Scotland nnder each county, I have given the distances in direct lines from Taymouth of each locality or group of localities mentioned. The actual lines of advance, however, must not always be understood to have followed these direct radii, because, as shall be further explamed, the natural courses of the luaves of distribution — if I may so term their acts of progress — follow, for the most part, the trend of the valleys up or down stream, or the wooded slopes of the hills, seldom reaching across hare hills of any altitude. The accompanying Map will, it is believed, greatly assist in indi- cating the lines of advance, and should be consulted whilst reading the text. Owing to the small scale of the map the names of many localities are necessarily omitted, but most of these places will be found upon Black's maps of Scotland, and, I believe, almost all upon the Ordnance Survey sheets, so far as published. Explanation of the Map. — The map is on the scale of one inch to ten miles. The map shows that portion of Scotland which may be said to contain the area at present occupied by the Caper- caillie, excepting the Island of Arran — which may be con- sidered as the seat of a separate introduction — and certain 56 THE CArERCAILLIE. otlier outlyinLj localities in the North, South, and West of Scotland, which I have treated of as fully as my materials admit of in the text, but which I have not thought it neces- sary to include in the map. This area comprises Perthshire — the head-quarters of the species — Forfar, Fife, Kinross, Clackmannan, Stirling, and Dumbarton; and also the neighbouring portions of Argyle, Inverness, Aberdeen, and Kincardine, in the west and north ; and the Lothians and south shore of the Firth of Forth in the south. Those portions coloured an uniform shade of red show the localities where I have ascertained that the species is perma- nently established, or where the bii'ds are at present resident. Those other portions, dotted red, show the localities where the species occurs occasionally, breeds sporadically, or only visits at certain seasons. Taymouth, the centre of iiestokation, is marked thus, • The concentric rings show the distances from the centre, on the scale of 1 inch to 10 miles, the scale of the map. The dates of arrival of the species at the various localities are ])rinted in black over the coloured portions. Where a ca])itiil E precedes the date, Estahlishment is recorded.^ Oilier localities where successful introductions have been effected — i.e. where Establishment has resulted — are also marked so, Q ; l)ut in the text Tajnnouth is always spoken of as THE CENTRE, wheucc all distances are measured. Localities where unsuccessful introductions have been made are indicated by a cross, tlius x . ^ While many of the dates given are exact, and have been in the first instance carefully recorded, many others must be accepted only as approxi- mate. 1 found it impossible in many cases to obtain exact statisticj? of Arrival or KsUiblishmrnt, and many of the returns 1 have received contained no dates whatever. Such, I think, can hardly be looked for in all cases, but 1 believe by far the larger number of the dates and statistics given can be relied upon for all practical purposes. ■ihiiu Tim .•JB«A./^ 1 u/itui B- AshroAX\i "'.TV OOTt ^s^ft^>^ Haven ai iiouslie r ^Tun fun AniUrws v'1/ y '/A ., J- :a-T-. ^v^ -i^fcp^-«^. rarrJi'" 1^- ///-."^ J->Kvi.l^Jij j,^) VS.lt I ^f ^ ^ y ij^' •< ' ^ \. I ^ 'V , ^"''"" lin.^Bot -too Lsle ot May MAP TO ILLUSTRATE Extension of range of the CAPERCAILLIE IN SCOTLAND Since its Restoration at Taymouth 1837 - 1838. Scale ofMOoF ( I CHAPTER VII. PERTHSHIRE. Perthshire continues to be the head-quarters of the species? and is not likely to lose its position in this respect for a long time to come, although Forfarshire is pressing hard to emu- late it. All the minute statistics I have been able to gather I have thought worthy of record, because there is no saying what changes of circumstance may affect the future census of the Capercaillie population, or what difficulties may arise at a later date, if the statistics of its earlier history since its restoration come to be desired. I will now proceed to arrange, as best I can, the statistics, starting from Taymouth as the centre, and following the birds as they advance outward in steady " waves of distribution^ 1837 and 1838. Date of Eestoration at Taymouth, marked O on map. 1840. Eeached the neighbourhood of Dunkeld, one having been seen at Craig-y-barns (15 miles from Q ), and a female at Langridge wood, near Scone (23 miles from O ). Now — 1877-78 — resident, and again increasing, though a decrease took place on the Athole estates for some years — preserved. This is part of a district on the Athole estates, stated roundly as containing 10,000 acres of suitable woods. 1841. The CapercaiUie at this time had become fully 58 THE capercaillip:. established at Tayiuouth. At present (18V8) said not to be so abundant as twenty years ago. Mark in this connection the migratory movement related by Sir Robert Menzies {antea, p. 49). 1842. Ariived at Murthly, down the Tay valley (23 miles from O » or 30 miles following the river). Were much more numerous here 15-20 years ago than they are at present, but are again on the increase now. They have 3000 acres of wood to thrive in. 1843.^ One, a female, shot at Craig-y-barns {ut snp.) 1844. Became established at Logierait (14 miles from©). 1845. Became established at Murthly (ut S2qj.) An at- tempt was made to introduce them at Stronvar in Balqui- hidder. Mr. David Carnegie brought over two cocks and four hens, and kept them for some years in confinement. (See under account of Restoration.) Stronvar is 24 miles in a direct line from © , or thereabouts. A male bird was caught alive at Blair Castle (13 miles © ), and was sent back to Taymouth. Became established between Dunkeld and Logierait. Supposed to be at Ochtertyre as early as tliis ; but it appears doubtful, as on Fowlis Wester, adjoining, we have no account of them before 1852. The dilference of dates of arrival may, however, be ac- counted for by difference in age of plantations on the estates. 1847. According to the proprietor's information, first seen at P'askally, at the junction of the Tummell and Garry, in 1847. Another account gives 1857 {q. v.) as date of first ap- pearance in the Tummell valley, l)ut judging from other evi- dence, and tlie continuity of the woods between FaskaUy and Dunkeld, as well as the comparatively short distance from the centre, (viz. 12 miles, or 18 miler. ])y river), tlie earlier 'date must be accepted. From that it reached up the Tummel ^ Birds sent from Taymouth to Arran, See also under "Arran," and antea, under " Restoration." Arrived at various localities between Dunkeld and Logierait, where they are now resident and abundant. EXTENSION IN PERTHSHIRE. 59 valley to Bonskeid, Bolially, and Dunalastair, which are respectively 12 miles, 10 miles, and 8 miles from Q • Also appeared at Lyndoch, near Strathord (18 miles from .) Now — 1877 — abundant. Area about 1000 acres. Established at Glenalmond (14 miles from O ), having bred regularly since in the " Small Glen," but almost always leaving for the more extensive and suitable woods on the south, or right, bank of the river Almond — one of the few instances in which we find the southern bank preferred. The exposure, however, lies well to the sun. Preserved. Perhaps 30 to 40 birds on the estate, taking all the season through. 1846. Is reported to have reached Gask on north, or left, bank of river Earn as early as this date ; but see under 1858. Gask is 21 miles from Q. [Birds were sent to Arran direct from Sweden. Ptestoration in Arran partly by Taymouth birds (1843), and partly by Swedish birds. (See under headings " Arran " and " Eestora- tion.") ] 1848. This is probably nearer the correct date of the first bird shot at West Dron on the Elcho estates, though 1844 has been assigned — a female. It was shot by Mr. Eobert Wood, who had it stuffed, and it is now in Lord Elcho's possession at Gosford. This must still be considered an early arrival, Tay- mouth being 28 miles distant, and the next earliest arrival in the district dating 1853. At present the birds are only occa- sional in the district, owing to the nature of the coverts. 1849. Arrived at Keillor Forest, near Methven (21 miles from O ). 17 birds have been shot here in one day at KeiUor Wood, and were on this occasion all cocks. (Auct. Mr. David Brown, naturalist, late of Perth, who saw them killed.) 1850. Arrived at Banff in the east of the county (27 miles from O). Area 2000 acres. Increasing very much now — 1877. 25 have been shot in a day. 60 THE CAPE RCA ILLIE. Appeared, l)ut mrely, as early as this at St. Martins, near Perth (24 miles from Q ). For establishment, see 18G0. Arrived at Gorthie, Crieff district (16 miles from O ) from Taymouth direction. Established 1856. First shot was a hybrid. After that they increased. Woods at that time about 25 years of age, and are now composed of spruce, Scotch fir, and larch ; about 400 acres in extent. Of late years Caper- caillies have decreased, owing to thinning of the woods to a considerable extent. Black game have now — 1878 — entirely disappeared, and it is believed that they have lieen extirpated by the Capercaillies.^ I am indebted to Mr. Frank Norgate, of Norwich, for obtaining for me the return from this locality, and to G. R. IMercer, Esq., for kindly filling in the circular. 1852. Hybrids were obtained at Logiealmond in Glen Almond (14 miles from©)* ^s related in the ' ZooL' 1860, p. 7325, and birds arrived, or were first shot, at Fowhs Wester and at Monzie (18 miles and 14 miles from© ). In 1859 12 were shot one day at Fowlis Wester. Not supposed to be in- creasing now at Fowlis Wester. Woods very extensive, join- uvj: witli Abercaimey, Tulchan, Balgowan, Gorthy, Cairnies, Keillor, i\lethven, and Glenalmond. On Monzie about 500 acres of wood. Arrived also at Balgowan — adjoining pro- perty — al)out 450 acres of Scots fir (see 1857 for establish- ment, and 1864 for increase). Also at Kinfauns, Carse of GowTie (27 miles from©), where there are miles of pine woods adjoining. Now abundant. 1853. Are reported as being present at Strathallan as early as 1853 (21 miles from© ). But see under 1857. Became established at Woodliill, Strathardlo (19 miles from © ). 200 acres of wood. ArriviMl in tlic T.ridge of Kaiii district, at Kilgraston, lial- nianno, Droii, Dumbaniey, Glenearn, Pitkeathly, and jiart of Ochil Hills (25-28 miles from©). At these localities, it is, ' But 8CC remarks under "Decrease of Black Game," p. 120. EXTENSION IN PERTHSHIRE. 61 however, for the most part sporadical — or occasionally breed- ing, but leaving again. The pine growth is not extensive, and is for the most part mixed with hard wood. Arrived and became established at Dnpphn Castle, north side of Earn Eiver (22 miles fromO). 16 were killed here one day in 1877. This property contains about 1800 acres of pine wood. Preserved and increasing. 1854. The first appearance at Tulliallan was a hybrid, and none were seen afterwards till the introduction took place in 1856 (^. V.) (38 miles from ©). Not established here until 1864 (^. V.) Arrived at Ardoch, Braco, near Auchterarder. (23 miles from O )• 150 acres of suitable wood. Now common and preserved. 1856. Became established about 1856 at Ardoch (ut sup?) Introduced at Tulliallan, but only hens (four in number) reared, resulting in hybrids. Not fairly introduced and estab- lished tm 1864 {q. v) First seen at Lanrick, Blairdrummond, and Gartencaber, near Doune. (2 7 J miles from © ). Not estabKshed till 1860 Arrived at Condie, in Ochil Hills, on the march of Kin- ross (30 miles from © ). Probably from Invermay and Dup- plin. Eesident now — 1877 ; not preserved ; not increasing. 1857. Another account gives arrival at Faskally in 1857 ; but see under 1847. First seen at Ballathie, near StobhaU (23 miles from©). Here the suitable acreage is isolated and limited, or an earlier arrival might have been looked for. Arrived at Ashmore and Pearsey, east of the county, in Strathardle (21-4 miles from © ), or earlier ? Vide also under 1867. First seen at Drummond Castle — v. ' Drummond Castle Game Book ' (17 miles from© ). Now abundant (see 1870). 62 THE CAPEFX'AILLIE. Arrived at Blackpark, in Cllenahnond (? miles from Q ), coming from the nortli. Became established at Balgowan, in tlie Methven and Glenalmond district, which property marches with Gorthy, Cairnies, and other properties, wliere there are great tracts of forest. For arrival, see under 1852 {antea, p. 60). For in- crease, see under 1864. (Balgowan is 19 miles from©). Is positively stated to have arrived for the first time at Strathallan, coming from the forests to the north (19 miles from O ). 2000 acres of Scots fir on Tullibardine Moor. Preserved. They increased rapidly until the number reached the limit the woods were able to support. Also became established the same season (1857). See, however, under 1853. 1858. Up to this time they were strictly preserved on the Athole properties, and scarcely any ever shot. Arrived, and became established at Methven (20 miles from©), from the direction of Birnam, and down the Tay valley by Strathord and Lyndoch. 300 acres fir. Not pre- served, not increasing. Arrived at Inchmartine, in the Carse of Gowrie (25-8 miles from © ). Probably from St. Martins, across the wooded Sidlaw HiUs. The properties adjoin. Said to have arrived at Strathord only this year (21 miles from © ), but probably earlier, as record is indefinite. Com- pare Lyndoch under 1847. Arrived at Trinity Gask, between Dupplin and Strath- allan, on nortli or left bank of river Earn, on the authority of Sir Thomas Moncrieffe, Bart., thougli one correspondent places it at 1846, speaking from memory, and another at 1863 ; but I take this date, as Sir Thomas Moncrieffe adds that liis in- foniiation is from memoranda in liis possession. (20 miles from © ), probably from Lyndoch direction. The first obtained at Loyal House, near Alyth, in the east EXTENSION IN PERTHSHIEE. G3 of the county (28 niiles from O ); by Major J. W. Wedderburn, was a hybrid (see ' Proc. Royal Phyl. Soc.,' voL ii. p. 44). See also under heading " Hybrids," farther on, p. 115. 1859. Established at Trinity Gask (ut sup) Area of wood on Trinity Gask 360 acres. Not increasing. As many as twelve were shot in one day at Wester Fowlis this season (20 miles from O ). About this time birds were on Abercairney, but I have no fixed date of arrival for this property. (See under 1861 and 1862.) 1860. Became established at Lanrick, Blairdrummond, and Gartincaber (see for arrival, 1856). Probably they reached this from the Drummond Castle direction. Hens, as usual, were seen first, but the remains of a cock were found also in 1856. Had it survived, probably an earlier establishment would have taken place. See " General Distribution," infra, p. 113. Became established at Banff (27 J miles fromO). See 1850. Arrived at Kindrogan, in Glen Brerachan, near Dunkeld (only 19 miles fromO). A late date, but the direction of their advance would not probably be across the hills from Dunkeld, but up the valley from Ashmore and Pearsey, in Strathardle. Became established on St. Martins, and were plentiful by that time (see 1850). On this and estates adjoining — viz. Dunsinnan, Scone, Stobhall, etc., there are large tracts of wood. On St. Martins two woods, of 1000 and 2000 acres, are in part shared with Dunsinnan and Lord Mansfield's. They are now as abundant as black game used to be, wliicli Mr. Macdonald Macdonald, of St. Martins, writes they have now quite driven out. Black game are now " entirely gone " from the estate. St. Martins also joins with Inchmartin estate in the Carse of Gowrie, across the wooded Sidlaw Hills. 64 THE CAPERCAILLIE. A hybrid was obtained in Perthshire, and a nest of nine eggs found at Logieabnond (; Zool,* 1860, p. 7235). 1861. First seen at Kinnoul, as far as I can gather {v. ' Scot. Nat.; vol. i. p. 114). (25 miles from Q ). First bird shot at Abercairney, near Crieff, on the 8th November, " but numbers were on the estate two or three years previously, but were not shot at." (James Eobertson, keeper, Abercairney.) 1862. About this time very abundant at Taymouth. Esti- mated at 1000 birds by Lord Breadalbane, and over 2000 by James Guthrie, the keeper, but I have no doubt they reached a maximum before this. 1862. First shot at Gleneagles, near Auchterarder (25 mUes from Q ). The wood here is small, and mostly mixed hard wood. Had Gleneagles been well planted with pine it would have formed a natural avenue of advance into Glen- devon, and across the Ochils into Kinross and West Fife. First shot at Stobhall (23 miles from Q ). ' Drummond Castle Game Book; First seen at Moncrieffe — a female, October 27. (Memorandum by Sir Thomas Moncrieffe.) Established about this date on Abercairney, near Crieff (19 miles from© )• Now as many as 12 seen in a day. Pre- served ; increasing slowly. 1862. About this date, "16 years ago," one was shot on Glengyle Hill (?), near Loch Katrine (28 miles from Q )• This date is a long way in advance of others in the neighbourhood, and I fancy there must be some mistake. 1863. For Gask, see 1858. Said to be becoming scarcer at IMurthly. Were much more numerous 15-20 years ago than now. One reason assigned is, that the late Mr. Condie killed them down for a few years in Tlolialzitju woods opposite. They are now again increasing. Established at Moncrieffe (26 J miles from Q ). Xow 50 EXTENSION IN PERTHSHIRE. 65. or 60 seen in a day. Preserved. 500 acres and upwards. Not increasing. Sir Thomas Moncrieffe notices that a number migrate every year. See Abercairney, Crieff district, under 1861 and 1862 ; and map. 1864 Established at Tulliallan, an introduction by eggs, procured by Lord Balfour of Burleigh from Freeland. For account of introduction, see under Chap. xx. p. 116. Now very abundant at FowUs Wester. Bred at Aberuthven wood, south side of river Earn, east of Auchterarder — an isolated clump of about 60 acres of fir (24 miles from Q ), and continued to do so sporadically, until 1869 or so, when they left altogether, the wood probably becoming too old. In 1861, I shot in this wood, and it was then of pretty old growth. First seen at Kippenross (2 7 J miles from O ). Woods on Sheriffmuir pretty extensive. Arrived at Balmyle, in Strathardle, and at Black Craig, Strathardle, "probably from Athole " (?) (21 and 20 miles from O respectively). About 40 acres of wood on Balmyle estate and 100 on Black Craig. Not abundant ; preserved ; increasing. Arrived at Glentarchy and Ayton, in the Bridge of Earn district (30 miles from Q). See 1856, where arrival is recorded at Condie, in the Ochils, still farther to the south. Discrepancy may be accounted for in the later growth of wood at Glentarchy. At Balgowan the keeper saw 100 birds in one place at one time in 1864 (see 1852 and 1857), and 13 have been shot in one day. 1865. First seen at Braes of Doune — Lord Moray's pro- perty (26 miles from O). Apparently a discrepancy, but various causes must be taken mto consideration. They appear to have arrived at Lani'ick and Gartencaber, coming from F 66 THE CAPERCAILLIE. Ardoch and Uiuiinnond Castle, before populatin^if Braes of Doune. ' But even now (1877) they are only uncertaiji in the woods there, and on Argaty adjoining. The woods are some- what isolated, and not very extensive. Appeared at Luib, Glendochart (25 miles from Q ). First seen at Pitcairlie, Fife march (33 miles from Q ). See under Fife, 18G5. Established at ^lonzie, Crieff district (15 miles from Q ) ; Ferntower (15 miles from Q ) ; Ochtertyre (15 miles from Q )• These are now quite parts of the stronghold of the species in the south of Perth. Established at Dalnaglar, Glen Shee, east of county (25 miles from Q ). For full notes on this locality, see under " .Decrease of Black Game," etc. Established at Tulliallan. See under "Hybrids" and " Eestoration." Arrived on Kincardine estate between this date and 1860, probably from StrathaUan or Drummond Castle. Kincardine, near Auchterarder (24 miles from Q ). 18GG. First seen at Aldie, near Crook of Devon, march of county Kinross (32 miles from Q ), and establishud same year. Not preserved formerly, l)ut present, tenant does preserve. At present rare, but likely to increase. Established at Glentarchy and Ay ton (see 1864). Not likely to become numerous. Glentarchy is reaUy iu Fife, q. V. under 1866. First seen at Invermay (26 miles from Q ), near Dunning. Occasional at present (1877). Common in autumn ; eight seen in a day. Abcnit 200 acres mixed wood. Increasing, but do not breed here. 1867. First shot at Airthrey, near Stirling, south of county (31 miles from Q ). Five seen at Bridge of Allan, Christmas 1877. [Said to be established only in 1867, at Ashmore and EXTENSION IN PEETHSHIRE. 67 Persey, east of county, but the other record is best authenti- cated. See under 1857.] Very abundant at Ochtertyre (see 1865). 1868. A female first seen at Cardross (32 miles from O ), S.W. of county (see under 1870). Arrived at Garvock from Gask or Dupplin. Garvock is near Dunning (27 miles from O ). 1869. Abundant at Dunsinnan, to the N.E. of Perth (27 miles from Q ). I saw at least thirty there one day when shooting in December. I have not received dates of arrival or establishment at this locality. 1870. First male seen at Cardross, near Lake of Menteith (see 1868 and 1871). Abundant at Drummond Castle, Earn valley, near Crieff. This is now a great stronghold of the birds in the south of the county (17 miles from O); strictly preserved now; in- creasing very much still. The adjoining estates are Strowan, Ardoch, Strathallan, Abercairney, etc., upon all of which there are considerable areas of suitable and continuous woods. Torlum ^ Hill, the highest in Scotland which is wooded to the summit (by last survey 1291 feet), is on the march between the Drummond estates and Strowan, and is considered to be more thickly populated by Capercaillies than any other locaKties in the Crieff- Comrie district. 1871. Established at Cardross. (This is a good illustra- tion of the succession and arrival of female and male, and establishment — see farther on, p. 113.) Arrived at Stronvar, Balquhidder. (For attempt at introduction see 1845). Only occasional at present, and rare (only 24 miles from Q ? ^>^^t across hills, in a direct line). * Torlum, from Gaelic Tor-lorn, or The bare hill. " This appearance is now changed, it having been planted in the end of the last century ; but draw- ings which exist of Drummond Castle show that the name was truly descrip- tive {vide Robertson's * Gaelic Topograi)hy of Scotland, and what it proves,' 1869, p. 457). 68 THE CAPEPX'AILLIE. Probably advanced from Connie and Crieff along Lochearn- side, or possibly from the Doune district, or possibly from Glen Dochart. The Doune district route is the least likely. 1872. Arrived at Leny, near Callander (25 miles from Q ). Probaldy from Lanrick and Doune (see 1874). Arrived and bred at AshintuUy, 15 miles north of Blair- gowrie (14 miles from Q ). 1873. Only occasional at Balquliidder still (24 miles from O ). Near Stronvar. Up to present time (1878) only occasional. 1874. Twenty-three shot one day at Dunkeld in 1874 (see 1843-4). Established at Leny. Ten to twelve birds on estate now (see 1877). In Glenartney, behind the hill from Leny, there are no Capercaillies. It is probable, therefore, they advanced to Leny via Doune and Lanrick. 1876. First shot in Dearry woods, 5 miles from Lochearn- head (about 15 miles from Q , across the hills). Very abundant at Moncriefl'e ; tliirty seen in a day (see 1863). A young retriever dog caught a young chick at Leny at tlie end of July. This is the first positive evidence of their having bred here. 1877. First seen at Kippendavie, near Stirling (28 miles from O ) ; woods scattered. First seen at Evelick, Carse of Gowrie (24 miles fi'oni Q ). First seen at Ardvorlich, south side of Loch Earn (18 miles from O )• Patch of isolated larch wood of considerable age. First seen at Loch Kennord, between Tay and Strath- braan district. Prol)ably came up the valley from Strath- lirajin, having reached round from Taymoutli almost in a circle; or jiossibly, as wond was jilaiitcd liinlui- up (lie slojte of the lull on llic n«»rtli sidtj of the Tay, or grew to a greater lu'iglit, th(^ birds may oidy at this late date liave attained an altitude sutVicieni In permit them to see the wooded banks of EXTENSION IN PERTHSHIRE. 69 Loch Kennord, at the back of the lower hills wliich are on the south side of the Tay. While all the way down the river from Dull, on the north bank, to Pitnacree, near Dunkeld, the birds occur, it is somewhat strange how almost unknown they are across the river at any locality below Taymouth ; the want of wood, however, sufficiently accounting for it. Increase in the growth of the trees at Loch Kennord also, of course, may have been the cause of attracting them. I think there can be little doubt that the bird's power of vision is great, and that this is a powerful factor in their distribution. They are often seen plunging from the wooded heights of Moncrieffe Hill, and making for the woods which lie scattered over the eastern spur of the Ochils, and which are situated upon the properties of Invermay, Condie, Kilgraston, and the neighbourhood of the Bridge of Earn — a distance of four or five miles at one flicfht, Thoudi never occurrin^^ on Sec^^uieden property, they are established close to it on Kinnoul, and Colonel Drummond Hay has often seen them passing high overhead, making for the wooded slopes of Evelick in the Carse of Gowrie. 1877. Had reached Tyndrum, at head of Glendochart, only 27 miles from Q , but locality far removed from suitable woods (see remarks farther on, under " General Eemarks," p. 105). 1878. At the present time Capercaillie are abundant at Dall, on Lochrannochside, as I am informed by Mr. George Galbraith, Skye, who knows the district well between that and Faskally, along the Tummel valley. He writes (m lit.) : — " At Dall they seem to be more numerous than in any other place — [i.e. on the Tummel above Faskally. — J. A. H. B.] The Black Wood of Eannoch seems to suit them. I liave seldom or ever gone trout-fishing on Eannoch without seeing several." They are resident. Two males were first observed in the Black Wood, and lived for two or three years in celibacy. A female was then introduced by the late Struan Eobertson, 70 THE CAPEKCAILLIE. Esq., and tnese three birds were the ancestors of all the Capercaillie now in the Black Wood, as I am informed by another correspondent resident on the spot. 1878. At Glen Queich (about 5 miles from Q), it has again been observed. Here there is only a small bit of young plantation and a few scattered large trees. Beyond Perthshire limits, the Capercaillie had reached Forfarshiic in 18.")!), and farthest in that county at Stracathro, near Brechin, in 1805 (54 miles from Q ). In Fife it was first seen in 1863, and reached farthest in that county in 1875, at Kinaldy (50 miles from ©). In west of Fife about 1871, but these biixls probably came from the separate Q at Tulliallan, and reached Pitreavie in 1877, near Dunfermline (43 miles from O). In Stirlingshire first appearance was in 1856, probably a strayed bird from Tulliallan, — a female shot on an open common at 8tenh(jusemuir, near Larbert (38 miles from Q)- Tlie next was about 1866, at Garden, near Kippen (35 miles from©). Thus it is seen they arrived here before they arrived at Cardross (1868). But this is accounted for by the fact that Oardc'n woods, which are frequented by them, stand on a lieight, and are visible from Doune, whence, doulitless, they came, whilst Cardross woods lie in a hollow, with rising ground int(;rv(!niiig. 11iey reached their farthest in Stirling- shire, at Duugalstone, Milngavie, near Glasgow (45 miles from O), in 1877, where they bred for the first time. In outlying counties, — they reached Linlithgow in 1872 ; Edinburgli in 1876 and 1877, the latter being probably one of two birds seen shortly V)efore at Pitreavie in Fife (vide map). Towards Loch Lomond, an occasional bird had been got as early as 1867, and one in 1878, at Iloss Priory. In Argyleshire at the Black Mount (an unsuccessful introduction). For particulars of advance, I refer readers to sepamte art'uunts of the counties. We now proceed to Forfarshire. CHAPTEK VIII. EXTENSION IN FORFARSHIRE. This county ranks next to Perthshire in its Capercaillie population, and, notwithstanding that the proprietors look upon the Capercaillie as rather a mischievous bird, it has succeeded in gaining good foot-hold. They are not, however, preserved in Forfar to the same extent as in Perthshire, and on several estates' they are killed at all opportunities. I still require, I believe, further data from the northern parts of Forfar, especially Glens Clova, Prosen, Upper Isla, and North Esk.'^ Avenues of advance into Aberdeenshire may occur in Glens Clova and North Esk, but on this head I will speak later. 1856. The earliest appearance of the birds in Forfarshire appears to have been in 1856. Arrived at Lindertis, near Kirriemuir (about 35 miles from © ). Eesident. In 1868 six brace were shot one day. There are 800 acres of Scots fir and blaeberry. " The cover in which we mostly find them is about 45 years of age." They do not increase here, being too much disturbed ; and being close to some of Lord Airlie's large wooded hills, the birds go there, where they are not disturbed. " There are about the same number as on arrival." [This points to an emigration of a large body of 1 The farthest north they go in Forfarshire is to Shelgreen and Benscreavie woods, about ten miles north of Kirriemuir. At Glenhead, twelve miles north of Alyth, they have also appeared, but orders have been given to shoot them down " on account of their destructiveness to black game." 72 THE CAPERCAILLTE. the birds at once.] I>lack game are now decreasing, " but not on account of Capercaillies." 1859. A male bird was shot on the 5th January 1859 in the united covers on the four estates of Aucharroch, Ascreavie, Kinchinc, and Airlic, on wliicli the wood is about two miles long by tliree-(iuarter mde wide, and consists of spruce, pine, and larch. "The bii'ds shift, accordingly, as they are dis- turbed." Probably arrived here from Bamff by Alyth, in lerthshire. " Hens are most numerous." Auct. Mr. Thomas riiillips, twenty years gamekeeper at Ascreavie (32 miles to 34 mdes from Q ). 1860. I have one record of the bird in Forfarshire as early as 18G0, but this must have been a thorouglily strayed bird, to reach as far as Easter Ogle (43 miles from O )> i^^ Glen Esk. A probable establishment took place at Airlie and Ascreavie, as establishment is found to take place usually immediately after tlic arrival of the male bird (see 1856 and 1859). 1862. The birds do not appear to have become established in south of Forfarshire before 1802, when they arrived and became resident at Fotheringham and Tealing (the properties of W. Scott Elliott, Esq.) The direction of their advance was probably from tlie N.E. spurs of tlie low-wooded range of tlie Sidlaw liills, and from tlie flatter country lying between these hills and the rivers Tay and Isla, as we find dates of arrival and establishment in the adjoining parts of Perthshire, as well as suitable country favouring this line. Fotheringham and Tealing iuv. rcsjx'ctively 38 iniles and 39 miles frnni Taymouth O ; 'i"^ there are alxnit 2500 acres ol' suilabh; wofxl u])on the two estates. The same year an impulse was given by a successful inlnjduction at Cortadiy by birds, where of late !<') have been seen in a day, and 8 shot. Not preserved. Increasing. Black game decreasing. EXTENSION IN FORFARSHIRE. 73 1863. In this year two male birds were shot at Kinnordy, and since then they have been resident, having plenty of scope to increase their numbers in large fir and larch woods, of between 400 and 500 acres in extent. These birds probably arrived from the direction of the Bamff estate on the borders of Perth, or it is also possible that they came northward from the Sidlaw hills, as we find them also at Glamis in 1863, though not established there till 1865 or 1866. The former advance, we think, is the more probable of the two, as correspondents agree that the first place visited by the birds in this part of Forfar was on Lord Airlie's gTounds, close to the county march. I do not, unfortunately, hold an exact date for their arrival at Airlie Castle, but I have a return from the united estates of Airlie, Ascreavie, Aucharroch, and Kincliine, which is sufficiently exact. 1864. Occasional birds appeared at Kincaldrum, probably wandered from Airlie Castle or Kinnordy. The woods are about 100 acres in extent, but the birds have never become resident. 1865. Arrived at Fearn; becoming established in 1868 {q.v.) (44 miles from © ). The area of wood is not great, only some 40 acres, but this appears to be sufficient to hold them. It was in this year also that Capercaillie reached Stracathro, the farthest point in Forfar, in the Brechin district. This is stiU the only locality in the immediate vicinity of Stracathro where they are resident and breeding, though stragglers are shot on most of the adjoining estates. In 1877 there were 3 or 4 broods, and my friend Mr. W. Horn saw 7 or 8 birds in one day's cover-shooting, though the proprietors do not protect, but try to keep their numbers from increasing. Stra- cathro is 54 miles from Q , and the direction of their advance to this point is almost in a straight line from Dunkeld. At Dalnaglar, a point in Glen Shee almost upon the Forfar and 74 THE CAPEPwCAILLIE. Perth march, they also arrived in 18G5 ; and tliis illustrates remarkably well, amongst many other statistics, the preference for following valleys, and their objection to crossing moun- tains, Dalnaglar being only 25 miles from Q in a straight line. 18GG. Arrived about this date, or a year or two earlier, at Auchterhouse, a locality considerably nearer to the Sidlaw hills tlian Tealing or Fotheringham. My local topogra})hical knowledge of this part of the country is not sufficient to allow me to oft'er a reason for this apparent discrepancy, unless it be found in the fact of the then age of the timber on the different estates, which was ready for cutting in 1877 on Auchterhouse. A large quantity was cut in 1877, and a con- sequent decrease in the numbers of Capercaillies is looked for. If aU old wood about 1866, and Tealmg had younger wood, the birds might pass over to the latter. Became established at Easter Ogle, where it is said to have appeared as early as 1860, and is now common, as many as 20 to 24 having been shot in a day, although the acreage of wood is only from 100 to 150 on Easter Ogle and Deuchar, principally pine and larch. They are preserved, but are not now increasing. 1868. Became established at Fearn, where tliey are not numerous, the acreage being smaU (see 1865). Arrived about 1868 at Olen Ogle, or possibly a little earlier, where they are not now increasing. Mr. James Robbie, head-keeper, has observed their tendency to migrate. Arrived at Panmure (45 miles from Q ), where, however, it is stiU only occasional, or where one or two may be seen in a day. Came from Fotheringliam. 1870. First appeared — a male — at Balnamoon, in tlie Stra- cathro district, north-east of the county. Now resident ; pre- served, and increasing in a fir wood of 300 acres (50 miles from O )• Occur also on Hunthill, Careston, Glen Ogle, etc. EXTENSION IN FOEFARSHIKE. 75 Arrived about 1870 at Ballintore, from Airlie, and estab- lished about 1872, in woods of about 80 acres, where they are preserved, but are not increasing at present. Occur also on neighbouring properties of Aucharroch and Ascreavie. 1871. Arrived from the west about 1871 at Auchnacree (32 miles from Q )• Established about 1873. Not pre- served, but still increasing, in a wood of 100 acres. As usual, in most cases, a female was first observed. Arrived about 1871 at Careston, Glen Esk (46 miles from O ). Not preserved, but still increasing. Acreage 150 of pine, and 90 of birch, etc. Probably came from Eearn or Balhall. 1877. Are stated to reach along the south slope of the Grampians, and may be expected to spread into Deeside, in Aberdeen, and through Kincardineshhe, probably via Glen- dye, which runs into the Feugh, and so joins the Dee at Ban- chory. Glen Dye is wooded far up into the dividing range of hiUs, but there is a considerable portion of moorland, which would require to be bridged by the birds' flight. Still this appears to me to be the probable outlet beyond the Gram- pians."^ Capercaillies occur also in Forfarshire at various other localities, from which, however, I have no dates of arrival or establishment. Amongst these I may mention : — Kinnaird, near Brechin ; Balnaboth, in Glen Prosen, a far north locality ; Lindertis, near Kirriemuir ; Noranside ; Bal- haU. ^ Vide Kincardineshire, Since the above was written they have followed this route. CHAPTEE IX. Permanently inhabited by the species, Fife can, however, hardly claim to be distinctively a Capercaillie country, as the woods are not, as a rule, of very great extent, as in Perth and Forfar. At one or two localities, however, they are increasing steadily in numbers, as, for instance, at Lathirsk, east of Auch- termuchty, where they were introduced a few years ago, and where, in 1877-8, there would be from 20 to 30 birds. 1863. The first Capercaillie seen in Fife, so far as I can learn, was shot fifteen or sixteen years ago at Eankeillor, to the west of Cupar (37 miles from Q ), after a long continued gale from the north — auct. Pobert Tullis, Esq. It is true, Captain 11. AV. Feildcn informs me that lie has an indistinct recollection of a Capercaillie having been kiUed at Falkland Castle, where there are extensive fir woods, as early as 1847, Ijut I have been unable to obtain more exact statistics. 18G4. Straggh-rs a])])('ar('d altout Colessie, near Auchter- muclity, and around tliat neiglibourhood, and at several locabtics along tlie Fife-Pertli march, but it was not until much later iliat the birds appeared to take a hold on tlie county. 1808. A great blank now occurs, and we hear nothing more of tlie Capercaillie in Fife until 18G8, when the birds arrived ' I find I have returns from at least twenty localities in Fife. EXTENSION IN FIFESHIRE. 77 at Pitlour (32 miles from O )> ^^ar Aiiclitermuclity, probably- coming from the direction of the Bridge of Earn district, where, as has been shown under Perthshire, the woods are not exten- sive, and are greatly mixed with hard wood. Nor did establish- ment take place at Pitlour or in Fife until 1871 or 1872. 1871-2. Established at Pitlour as above stated, and in 1873 from eight to ten were seen in a day, and six were shot in a season. They are not preserved, but are thought to be increasing in a wood of some 250 acres. About the same time stray bkds appeared at Nether Kinneddar, m the south-west corner of the county (37 miles from O J these having probably strayed from the separately- introduced stock at Tulliallan centre, in the detached part of Perthshire, near Kincardine-on-Eorth, as mentioned under the latter county. They have never become fairly established here ; although birds remain during the breeding season they do not stay throughout the year, but repair to larger covers on West Grange, Tulliallan, and Brucefield, the woods on Nether Kinneddar being, as yet, too young, and not of great extent — auct W. C. C. Erskine, Esq. 1873. Two birds appeared at Pitfirrane, near Dunfermline (40 miles from Q ), where there are some 200 acres of old fir and mixed wood. At present they are seen here every spring, but do not remain. An attempt was made to intro- duce them by eggs from Taymouth, but an unusually wet season (1877) killed the young birds — auct. Mr. Thompson, head gamekeeper, Pitfirrane. 1874. An introduction, which eventually proved success- ful, took place at Lathirsk (37 miles from O ), near Falkland, at which latter place, however, they are said to have appeared before they were introduced at Lathirsk. The introduction was from Monzie, in Perthshire. 1875. In the spring of 1874 or 1875 a male bird was seen at Lathockar, in the east of Fife, supposed to have wandered 78 THE CAPEIICAILLIE. from Falkland — the nearest place to Latliockar, where they breed, being 20 miles off — Lathockar is 50 miles from O at Taymouth, and about 38 miles from Q at Tulliallan ; but from the nature of the intervening country it is improbable that they came from the latter. There are only some 50 or 60 acres of suitable wood on Lathockar. Possibly also it may have come from Lathirsk, 15 miles off. 1877. The Capercaillie in 1877 appeared at quite a number of localities in Fife, but from the insufficient acreage or unsuitable character of most of the covers, I believe their attempts at advance in this direction cannot be successful in the immediate present. They appeared at Pitreavie, near Dunfermline. Mr. Paterson of Dalnaglar, in Perthshire, lessee of Pitreavie, writes that he saw two birds there about the last week in November 1877, and a few days afterwards Lord Eosebery shot a female at Dalmeny on the opposite side of the Firth of Forth, in all probability one of the same birds seen at Pitreavie, slwiciiuj that the birds will cross water if they can distinguish suitable forest land on the other side, as I have already mentioned in my concluding remarks under Perthshire. Otlier localities, where they appear fur the first time in 1877 in Fife, are Auchtermuchty, Markinch — female seen — Leven — female shot — Pitliver, and Scotscraig, and others. In the south-west part of Fife, as plantations increase in size and number, w^e may look for an advance from the somewhat isolated and fully-stocked districts of Tulliallan, West Grange, and Brucefield, but scarcely before then. Had CUen Eagles, in the Ochils, been a forest-clad glen, we might, with some certainty, liave looked for an advance througli it frniii IN'illisliire. CHAPTER X. EXTENSION IN KINEOSS-SHIEE.^ There are no extensive pine woods in Kinross. Consequently, the Capercaillie is a rare bird in the county, comparatively speaking. The only locality where they are resident in the county is at Cleish Castle. Aldie is really in Perthshire, near the Crook of Devon {y. Perthshire under 1866). As there are considerable woods upon Aldie, and the birds are likely to increase there now, Kinross will probably be supplied with occasional stragglers, but until more ground is planted it is not likely to become resident in any numbers. 1866. This is the earliest date I have for their appearance in Kinross — probably a stray bird from Aldie. This was at Craigow, Milnathort, where, at the present time, they only appear occasionally in autumn and winter, leaving in spring. The woods are small and old. Perhaps altogether two pairs may be seen in a season. A few birds have been seen from time to time in the Knock Wood in the Ochils. In 1873 one was seen at Thomanean, side of Loch Leven. It occurs occasionally at Portmoake, in the northern and eastern portions of the county, probably coming from the Perthshire side of the Ochils and from Fife. They have also been shot at Touchie, 1 My returns from Kinross are 12 in number, representing all the im- portant estates in the county. 80 THE CAPERCAILLIE. Craigfarg, and Athronliall, wliere five have been shot from time to time. Beyond the above there seem to be few — if any — statistics forthcoming from Kinross, and ^Mr. E. Burns Begg says I may rest assured that I liave received all that is obtainable, from Messrs. Bethune and Henderson, to whom I am in- debted for almost all my notes from tliis county, through the introduction of David Syme, Esq., sheriff of Kinross. r<^^ e CHAPTEE XL EXTENSION IN CLACKMANNANSHIRE. Although marching with a district — Tulliallan, Brucefield, and West Grange, in the south of Perthshire — thickly popu- lated by Capercaillies, Clackmannan cannot claim any appre- ciable share of them. There are few large woods suitable, although it is almost surrounded by them. Thus only occasional birds are seen, and these rarely. Two female birds were shot at Mixed Park about 1875. It has not occurred upon Kennet, the plantations not being large enough. Lord Balfour of Burleigh, however, took an active part in introducing them to Tulliallan. Mr. Eobert Gray, in " Ornithological Notes " in the ' Proc. Berivick Nat. Cluh' 1877, p. 354, mentions them as found in the woods of this county " in considerable numbers," but this can refer only to the Earl of Zetland's woods. CHAPTER XII.^ EXTENSION IN STIRLINGSHIRE. Stirlingshire, there can be little doubt, forms a natural link in the chain which wUl in time lead the Capercaillie into the southern counties of Scotland. The avenues of advance into the county are probably two in number; one leading from the separate introduction at Tulliallan in 1856 and 1864 (vide Perthshire) ; and the other, and perhaps less isolated, and more generally adopted route, from the south of Perth- shire — from Stirling westwards. The largest '' loavcs of distribution " seem to have pressed through the narrow pass near Stirlmg, rounding tlie spur of the Gargunnock hdls, and flooding the liill slopes and wooded uplands, reacliing as far, at the present time (1877), as Chasefield covers, near Denny, which are forty nules from Taymouth ; or even farther, as, in 1877, CapercaiUies bred for the first time at Dougalston, Milngavie, near Glasgow (46 miles from Q ), certamly the farthest south-westerly point at which we can record the arrival of birds bred from the origmal Taymouth stock. Their next steps of advance soutliward, in all probability, will be to the extensive woods of Callendar, near Falkirk, and thence eastward and southward. As mentioned under " Out- ' From Stirlingsliirc I liave 32 returns, whicli must fairly rfpresent all the estates of importance in the county which are suitable for the safe harbourage of the species. EXTENSION IN STIRLINGSHIRE. 83 lying Counties," p. 88, it will be seen that already there are indications of advance in this eastward direction in Linlith- gow and Edinburgh, though no doubt stream-waves from Stirlingshire and from TuUiallan centre will coalesce, as partially exemplified by the Dalmeny example, shot in 1877, which, as already shown, in all probability came "across seas " from Pitreavie {v. Fife). Another outlet into Stirlingshire from Perthshire may pos- sibly be found in the woods of Cardross, at the side of the Lake of Monteith ; but there is this against that line, that Cardross woods lie in a hollow, and at present — except isolated woods at Gartmore and Duchray (near Loch Ard), and on Garden, and stripes of wood on Eoss Priory, Loch Lomond side — there is little to lead them from it in a direction round the western spur of the central range of hills in Stirlingshire. It is per- haps uncertain at present whence the birds which bred at Milngavie came ; whether by this route, or from the eastward by Chasefield, near Denny ; but we think prohaUy from Cardross direction, as we find connecting links in Stirling- shire of occasional occurrences at Eoss Priory, Killearn, and Culcreuch, near Fintry. When the woods grow higher upon Ballikinrain estate, near Fintry, another natural 'forest stepping-stone' will be afforded, but that cannot weU take place for a number of years yet. * The principal distribution of wood in the county is on Meiklewood, near Stirling, and westward on Leckie and Gargunnock, to Boquhan, Arngomery, and Garden, along the north slope of the Gargunnock and Fintry hills. There are young plantations of considerable extent upon Ballikinrain. Again, southward from Stirling, is a range of wood from Meiklewood, through Touch, Sauchie, Auchinbowie, Dales- wood, Torwood, Quarter (where 60 acres of wood is just 34 years planted), and Chasefield — all more or less occupied at present by the birds. These latter properties and localities lie along the eastern slope of the Touch and Denny hills, a 84 THE CAPERCAILLIE. part of tlie great central mass of hills wliicli extend around the sources of the Carron and Endrick rivers. 185G. The earliest record of the occurrence of the species in this county was a bird — a female — shot upon Stenhouse- niuir, and for a long time afterwards in possession of Mr. Caddell of the Grange, Linlithgow. Stenhousemuir is an open, flat, grass common, used annually for tlie great autumn cattle and sheep markets, usually known by the name of " The Falkirk Trysts." Tliis bird, I believe, could only have come from Tulliallan, and must be looked upon as a very exceptional occurrence (compare under Perthshire, 1856). Tlie next nearest point was the Doune district in Perth, but there the birds only appeared for the first time this same year. 1863. In 1863, birds bred at Dunmore, which is only separated from Tulliallan by a narrow part of the river Forth. The Dunmore and Airth woods are not extensive, otherwise we might certainly have expected a larger irruption from Tulliallan by this channel. These eggs, however, were nut hatched out. [Vide ' ZooV 1867, p. 897.] 1866. First observed at Garden, and bred there in the " Kippen Firs " — a wood close to Loch Laggan (35 miles from O ). These birds probably came across the valley of the Forth, direct from tlie Doune district, from the wooded estates of Lanrick, P>lair-I )rummond, and Gartencaber. The Kippen Firs and neiglibouring woods of Arngomery would be visible to the birds from Doune. 1867. Appeared simultaneously on Torwood Estate and on Benovan, near Larbert and Denny (both about 38 miles from O ). On these estates together, and on Quarter — also adjoining — there is a considerable acreage of suital)le wood, and they have become firmly estabhshed. In 1867-68 a female was shot at Eoss Priory by Sir George Iveith-P)uchanan, I>art., who did not again meet with a bird there until 1877-78 (31st December 1877), when he again shot a female bird. EXTENSION IN STIRLINGSHIRE. 85 In 1868 Capercaillies bred in Torwood for the first time. " Three or four birds are seen frequently by the keeper, and it may be considered as established, as protection is afforded to these birds, and Torwood is in every way suitable for their increase. There can be little doubt they will increase, though perhaps by degrees and slowly." [' Extract from old Note Book on Birds of Stirlingshire; 1868. — J. A. H. B.] 1869. On Arngomery, close to Garden, the first — a female — was shot also in the " Firs of Kippen " before mentioned. 1870. First observed on Saucliie property, near Stirling, and became established (35 miles fromO ), probably from the Stirling direction, but also quite possibly from Tulliallan, as birds might be led there through the woods of Dunmore, Polmaise, and Carnock, in the Carse of Stirling. Now (1877) there are about 40 or 50 birds on Sauchie. The first birds seen were two females and one male, and the two hens had nests close to the avenue, and within 100 yards of the house. Became established at Torwood, coming doubtless from Saucliie or from Tulliallan direct, or through Sauchie from the Stirling direction.^ A female was seen several times on Dunipace by myself, and was afterwards shot on Denovan (38 miles from O ). 1871. The first seen at Boquhan — a female. Then no more till 1875, when a hen and brood (35 miles from© ). Either come from Garden, marching with it, or direct from Lanrick. Amount of wood limited. I have shot over both Boquhan and Garden, and do not think the birds are ever likely to become numerous. A female not unfrequently seen on Larbert House grounds in the autumn, marching on the east with Dunipace ; but the acreage of wood is limited, though possibly large enough to hold a few birds if not much disturbed. There is more of spruce than pine in the covers. 1 In April I myself saw a female in Torwoorl. {'Note Book,' 1870-71.) 86 THE CAPERCAILLIE. 1874. One stray bird was shot at Eowardennan, on Loch Lomond, about this date. One — a female — was shot at Quarter, near Denny, in the summer, and another in October of the same year. It is now established here in a wood of 60 acres of spruce, larch, and Scotch fir, which is just 34 years old. Birds here probably arrived from Torwood on the east, or from Auchenbowie and Sauchie on the north. Auchenbowie held birds at this time, though they did not become resident till the year after — 1875. 1875. Birds became established " not prior to 1875," on Duchray, near Loch Ard, just on the border of Perth and Stirling, and 33 miles from O . Tliese birds no doubt came from Cardross, through Gartmore (where, however, they are only as yet occasional). There are about 200 to 300 acres of suitable wood on Duchray and adjoining property, of which 100 to 150 are on Duchray.^ Occasionally seen on Carbrook, near Larbert, marching with Torwood ; but the covers are mixed, and not quite suitable. Occasional on Chasefield, when only hens were seen in tliis year and in 1876 (40 miles from Q ). iJecanie resident on Auchenbowie, marching on the north with Sauchie. Bred for the first time at Boquhan. In 1876 eight birds were seen, but the keeper at Arngomery shot four or five hens, and they did not breed in 1877. 1876. Two hens seen on Drum farm, Karl's Burn, up the Carron valley above Denny, in an isolated patch of firs in the midst of moorland (37 miles from O ). Tliese birds, no doubt, came from Quarter woods, being attracted by the view of old Scotch fir on the horizon at, Sheppytroutie, whence again they CQuld see the younger jtlaiitat inns on the hill slo})es at the * The lessee of the Dufliniy .shootings lias uevcr himself seen any Capcr- caillies on the ground. EXTENSION IN STIRLINGSHIRE. 87 Earl's Burn. There is not sufficiency of cover here to hold them permanently. 1877. Nine birds have been seen in all on Airthrey, but none remain from March to August. 1877. Males first seen in Chasefield (40 miles fromO ). 1877-78. Occasional on Gartmore within the last few years (34 miles from O ). A male seen at Carbeth, near Killearn, about 13th November 1877, and continued about till January 1878 (40 miles fromO). Bred at Dougalston, Milngavie (46 miles from Q ). Resident at Quarter (37 miles from©)- Wood 34 years old. Five seen at Bridge of AUan, 4th January 1878 (28 miles from O ). Only occasional still at Dunmore (35 miles from © ). Stray birds appeared on Carbrook, which, however, marches with Torwood, whence, doubtless, they came. As both sexes have been seen, sporadical or possibly permanent residence may here take place ; but the woods are not extensive, nor very suitable. In May 1878 I again saw a female on Dunipace, flushing it from the ground, amongst blackberry bushes, in oak coppice- wood. 1878. A bird was killed upon CaUendar estates about the middle of November this year, the first seen. As already noted, it would probably come from either the Chasefield coverts or from Torwood. We may expect their establishment here shortly. Woods extensive and suitable. At Buclianan, near Loch Lomond, a pair bred (aud. J. Lumsden, fide Sir George Leith-Buchanan, Bart.) CHAPTER XIIl. EXTENSION IX OUTLYIXG COUNTIES. LINLITHGOW. Linlithgow, marching with Stirlingshire, will, in course of time, probal)ly receive its supplies from the latter county, through Callendar woods, near Falkirk, where the species lias as yet only once been met with (1878), although these extensive woods, and others on Bonnymuir, are within sight of Chasefield and Torwood covers. It is also a possible line of advance, which has already been indicated by the advent of tlie female buxl shot at Dalmeny Park, near Queensferry (48 miles from Q ), by Lord Kosebery ; which bird was no doubt one of the two seen a few days before l)y ^Ir. Paterson at Pitreavie, near Dunfermline.^ But this line of approach is less likely, as it will be dependent upon the stocking of the woods of Pitreavie and Pitfirrane, on both of which estates the wood is rather old, or of too mixed a character, to afford j^ood harbourafije or make an increase likely. The advance of the Capercaillie from this direction will probaldy be dependent upon planting on the Fife side of the Firth. ' Since this was written I have been infonned l>y the keeper at Dalmeny Park that anntht-r feniah- l»ir<l had been .s«;en at Dahneny about six years Itefore, say 1871 ; and another has been seen on <'niiijie Hall since liord Kos»'bery shot tlie aU)Ve. EXTENSION IN OUTLYING COUNTIES. 89 In tlie account of the Caperccaillie prior to extinction, I have akeady noticed the birds shot by Captain Stanton near Bo'ness in 1811. In 1872 a male was seen by Captain Maynard in Kettle- stone plantations (44 miles from Q , and 5 miles from TuUi- allan, across sea). MID-LOTHIAN. 1876. One bird was distinctly identified in Mansion House Eoad, at the Grange, on the outskirts of Edinburgh, in May 1876. The bird — a female — flew past the gentleman who iden- tified it within 20 yards. It came from the south, and flew away due north, heading across the Meadows, directly for the space between St. Giles and the Tron Church towers. Pos- sibly this might be the bird shot at Dalmeny in November 1877, but I doubt if it would have remained there so long without being detected. My idea is that, wherever it came from, it headed for the church spires, mistaking them at the distance for tops of pine trees on the horizon. Edinburgh is 54 miles from Taymouth Q , and 18 miles in a direct line from TuUiallan O • It is rather a curious instance of the extreme wandering propensities of the species. It is reported as hav- ing come from the south. I have no statistics from any loca- lities to the south of Edinburgh to make me suppose that its origin was there. It must have been, I fancy, a truly wandered bird, like the earlier records in Fife and Stirlingshire. DUMBARTON. Birds have once or twice been shot in the Loch Lomond district, probably strayed birds from the direction of Cardross. They have been obtained at Eoss Priory by Sir George Leith- Buchanan, Bart, (see under Stirlingshire), and on the islands of Loch Lomond (' Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc.,' Glasgow, vol. iii. p. 68) ; also in Stirlingshire. 90 THE CAPERCAILLIE. The oiily one ever heard of actually witliiii tlie confines of tlie county, was Hushed at Kearnine (?) Wood, at the higher end of Loch Lomond — as Mr. John Colquhoun informs me — but he adds that he is rather sceptical about it. Mr. John Colqulioun offered to introduce them on Rossdhu estate, but his brotlier — tlie late Sir James Colquhoun, Bart. — did not wish to encourage them, as he considered that they give little sport, and are overbearing to all other game witliin their reach. If tliis record is correct — and I must say I see no reason why it should not — the bird probably found its way from that point on the west slope of Ben Laoigh, whence they found their way also into Argyleshire, at Ardkinglass {q. v.) Either route is open to pioneer birds from the said shoulder of Ben Laoigh, though that towards Glen Tyne to Ardkinglass, may, prove — and apparently has proved — the more enticing of the two, as will l)e seen under Argyleshire. ARGYLESHIRE. Of its former occurrence in the county w^e have the some- what vague record in the ' Neio Statistical Account ' of Ard- chattan, where it is said, " Nor have we reason to doubt that the stately Capercaillie once rejoiced amongst the fir woods of Glen Etive {op. cit. p. 481). Besides the above, we have indications of its having lin- gered in this part of Scotland ^6r^-«/?s as long as anywhere else, as we find the name — in the form of Capull-coillc ^ — in old Gaelic songs (see Part IL antea, pp. 3, 27). Eggs were sent to the Black Mount, by Mr. James Guthrie, at Lord Breadalbane's request, but none were hatched out. 1 am informed, however, that a bird was seen there about 1867 or 1868. ' This is the namo handed down, and still nsod in Lorhahpr and adjoining parts of Argyleshire, distrirts whirh— with liadenorh, Atholl, Hreadalbane, and Upper Braeinar — have retained in greatest purity the (Jaelir topography of Hcotland, as we are informed by Kobcrtson in his work before quoted. EXTENSION IN OUTLYING COUNTIES. 91 In 1870 two males seem to have done a good deal of pros- pecting in Argyleshire and adjoining parts of Inverness, having been first heard of and seen in Ardgour (about 46 miles from O ), at CaUaob, on Loch Leven, and a few days after- wards at Camus-na-gaiil, opposite Fort William. They were then seen — always supposing them to be the same birds, and we cannot fix a limit to the distances to which males will wander in search of mates — in. Glengarry (Inverness-shire, q. V.) The Eev. A. Stewart, Nether-Lochaber, considers that these birds probably entered Glengarry and Loch !N"ess by Kingussie, Loch Laggan, and the valley of the Spean, but I have failed to discover the localities whence they could have come by this route. The Eev. A. Stewart (who has written many excellent articles to the ' Inverness Courier ' under the ' nom de plume ' of " Nether-Lochaber,") proposes to suggest to " Locliiel " the propriety of introducing a pair or two to the woods of Loch Arkaig side, near his residence — Achnacary Castle. In 1875 birds arrived of their own accord at Ardkinglass, and are supposed to have come direct from Breadalbane, doubt- less through Glenfyne, having forced their way up Glen Dochart, and overflowed from the internal great pressure at Taymouth {see general remarks under Glen Dochart further on, p. 109). At Ardkinglass there are about 550 acres of suitable woods, and the birds are preserved and increasing. As many as twelve were seen one day this year (1878). A hybrid, killed in October 1878 at Ardkinglass, was forwarded to Mr. Robert Small, Edinburgh, for preservation. It was killed by the keeper, and is now in the possession of Mr. Brodie, Edinburgh, who leased Ardkinglass shootings. No difference is observable here in the numbers of black game, which are fairly abundant. This is an interesting example of the great pressure at a centre forcing birds over a bare and unfavourable country (see general remarks nt sup., and under Kincardineshire, ivfra, p. 95). 92 THE CAPERCAILLIE. It is considered by a correspondent who is personally acquainted with the lie of the valleys between Criaidarich, Tyndruni, and Loch Fyne, that the probable route taken by the birds was from Tyndruni, skirting the northern base of Ben Laoigh, w^here there are some fragments of old (indi- genous ?) Scotch fir, and then, on rounding the western base, a point is reached which looks down on Loch Fyne, and also through the Quurn — or Cairn — Pass into Glenfalloch. But the distance from the straggling old Scotch firs on Ben Laoigh to Loch Fyne is only between three and four miles, and this latter would be the country which would j^rs^ present itself to the gaze of the pioneer birds. I am also informed by another correspondent — W. Colquhoun, Esq. — that his brother thinks that there are no woods which would lead them from the old fir wood near Crianlarich by the Bhalloch into Glenfalloch, and thence by the latter and across into Glenfyne, so I think the route already indicated will prove to be the most likely. By tliis route also the bird reported at the head of Loch Lomond (v. Dumbarton, 1878) w^ould probably arrive. About 1876-77 they made their appearance at Inveraray. Two or three cocks and one hen were the first birds to arrive. The hen kiUed herself on the deer-park fence in April 1877. No more hens have made their appearance. The most seen in one day were four cocks together, but there are a good few hylmds; one of these latter was killed lately by flying against the telegraj)h wires. "Last season I got eggs from Arran, and put tlieni into grey hens' nests, and they hatched, but I am Sony to say I have never seen any of the birds. If all is well I shall try the same next year. The woods here arc quite adapted to the bird's habits ; and are four miles long by an average width of half a inilo. Tlie Duke is very anxious to get a few more. It is generally sup})ose(l tliat they came here from Tay mouth, but whether from Loch Awe side or by Glen Fyne will be difficult to say. Ardkinghuss is only five EXTENSION TN OUTLYING COUNTIES. 93 miles as the crow flies from here. They could haA^e crossed the head of Loch Tyne, which is only about half a mile wide at Ardkinglass, and thus they would have trees all the way down to Inveraray." For the above useful notes I am indebted to Mr. J. Thompson, head keeper, Inveraray. I think there can be little doubt about the route by which they have arrived — viz., by the Ardkinglass and Glen Fyne route from Glen Dochart. This overflow from Glen Dochart is made all the more worthy of attention by the apparent preponderance of males. The hybrid killed by flying against the telegraph wires — above-mentioned — is a male, indicathig the more unusual, in my opinion, ma/e parentage of Tetrao iiriigcdlus male, and Tetrao tetrix female. This goes far to prove the extreme wandering propensities of males, and to account for even more curious records than those at Fort- William in 1807, and at Bo'ness {v. Part II. p. 26), not to speak of the prospecting party of males which travelled over so much ground in Ardgour and Glengarry. INVERNESS. In Hartings' ' Scde Catalogue ' of his collection of eggs (Stevens', 6th June 1872, p. 20) occurs the entry " Capercaillie — Tetrao urugallus — two ; Guisachan, Inverness, May 1868. E. Hargitt." They were introduced about that time, young birds having been presented to Sir Dudley Marjoribanks by Mr. Mercer of Gorthy, near Methven, Perth ; and the year previous, eggs were sent from Perthshire to Guisachan. I learn from one correspondent that all the birds at Guisachan have died off. In 1873 birds were introduced at Invereshie, Inverness- shire, but were never fairly established. A cock was shot in 1875, and at present — 1878 — only one hen is to be seen. There is abundance of suitable cover, extending four miles in one 94 THE CAPERCAILLIE. direction, and half a mile broad ; and the present keeper has instructions to introduce them again next year — 1879 — by birds. Former occurrence of the species in this county is men- tioned under previous heads (antea, pp. 16, 20, 26). ABERDEEN. For an account of an unsuccessful attempt at introduction at Mar Lodge, see antea, pp. 37-42. The Capercaillie is not spoken of in MacGilli\Tay's ' List of the Birds of Deesidc and Bracmarl (1853.) For notice of its former occurrence on the " Brea of Marr," see under previous heading, p. 18. In 1873 eggs were hatched out at Inverernan, Strathdon; but some of the birds eventually found their destination in the Museum of the Marischal College of Aberdeen, having been sent to Mr. Eobb, the curator, for preservation. Any other statistics I hold from this county are strongly negative. I have elsewhere pointed out what I believe to be the most natural avenue into Aberdeenshire, but it is also possible that another route may be chosen by the birds, viz., by Glen Tilt from Blair Athole ; but at this point there are some 10 miles of unsuitable country intervening, and I rather incline to the route by Kincardineshire (^. ^\) CHAPTEE XIV. EXTENSION IN KINCARDINESHIRE. At present the only record. I have of its occurrence in the county is that of a hybrid, which was shot at Fetteresso on 26th October 1872 (' Scot. Nat! 1873-74, vol. ii. p. 57 ; and Mr. George Sim, in lit.) It is not easy to decide the source of this hybrid, or whence came the Capercaillie which pro- duced it. As far as I can learn at present, Stracathro is the locality nearest to Kincardineshire where Capercaillies are found (see Forfarshire, antea, p. 73). Since the above remarks under Kincardine and Aberdeen were penned, I am glad to be able to record that birds have occurred on Deeside, at the very spot where I anticipated they would first make their appearance. In August 1878 three Capercaillies — one old hen and two young — male and female — were shot in the pine woods on Scoltie Hill, near Banchory, and not far from the junction of the river Feugh — half of the waters of which come down the wooded strath of Glen Dye — with the river Dee. Mr. Charles Danford, who sends me the information, adds : " This is the first time I have heard of them in this district ; " and I have a negative return from the estates of Durris, lower down the Dee, in which my correspondent — Mr. C. M'Hardy, forester at Durris — states : " We have none of them in the north that I am aware of. ... I am aware of their having been tried in 9G THE CAPERCAILLIE. Strath Don, where I li\ed previous to coming here, but the attempt failed." I am particular in my record of this occurrence, because I am inclined to look upon it as the commencement of a new era in the liistory of the Capercaillie in Scotland, their future line of advance, probably rushing up the gi'eat wooded valley of the Dee as far as the pine woods reach — i.e. almost to the base of the Ben Muich-Dhu, and thence — if we pursue them farther — surmounting the confines of the valley, northvjarcl into Strath Don and the north of Aberdeen, into Banff and Inverness. I could even now point out the probable avenues of advance out of Aberdeenshire, but it would be, perhaps, pre- mature to do so until we see with what success they poj)ulate the Dee valley. I am particular in recording this occurrence for another reason also. I have failed to obtain evidence of the presence of the bird in any other localities in the county besides those mentioned, and I have received several negative returns, along with the general statement in most cases, that it appears to be almost unknown in the county. This is cm-ious, seeing that, since the year 1865, they have been present at Stracathro, just on the borders of Forfar and Kincardine. Thus, a distance of some 18 or 20 miles as the crow flies, has l)een bridged over (although at intermediate localities there is abundance of forest growth to act as stepx^^ng -stones), and a watershed has been crossed. This finds a parallel in the overflow from Glen Dochart into Argyleshire {q. v.), l»ut it is diflicult to say which instance is the more remarkable. In August or September 1878, one bird was shot near Inchmarlo House, the only one ever seen there. The woods are continuous and extensive between Bancliory and Inch- marlo, and the wliole parisli of Banchory Ternan is almost entirely covered with ]»ine woods, in every way suitable to the successful restoration of the liirds to Deeside. EXTENSION IN KINCARDINESHIRE. 97 In 1878. The first has also been killed upon Fasque estate, the property of Sir Thomas Gladstone, Bart. This forms 0. forest stejjping-stone to the advance into Deeside. In 1878 another has been shot at Fetteresso, and it has also been lately found on Inglismaldie. The dilatory advance in tliis direction is most remarkable when it is remembered that the country is well wooded on both sides of the water- shed. H CHAPTER XV. EXTENSION IN ROSS, ELGIN, AND COUNTIES OF THE MOEAY FIRTH. There is a vague idea that they existed about 100 years ago in Pioss-shire, but I can obtain no satisfactory statistics. I am not aware that any attempts at introduction have been made in Eoss-sliire, but Captain Dunbar Brander, of Pitgaveny, has informed the Eev. George Gordon that Lord Fyfte had obtained eggs of the Capercaillie for Lochnabo — a wood between Elgin and Fochabers — this last summer (1878), but tlic rcsuUs li(j luid not learned. CHAPTEE XVI. EXTENSION IN SUTHERLANDSHIRE. For the following account of the attempt at introduction in Sutherland I am indebted to Mr. Thomas Mackenzie, sheriff-substitute, Sutherland. " It may interest you to know the result of an attempt made in 1870 by Mr. Chirnside of Skibo to introduce Capercailzies into Sutherland. A setting of ten eggs was obtained, I think, from Perthshire, and these were all hatched out at Skibo. Five of the young birds were handed over to the care of the game- keeper of Mr. Gilchrist, of Ospisdale, the adjoining property, but all of these died within three weeks. Of the five left at Skibo, three arrived at maturity, when, unfortunately, a weasel attacked and killed one of them, and during the hubbub and confusion occasioned by this, the cock bird would appear to have flown into the kennel of dogs, where it was destroyed, for the feathers were afterwards found there. The remaining bird, a hen, frequented the woods about Skibo Castle for two years after this, and was last seen in the garden in July 1872, after which it finally disappeared. What its ultimate fate was I cannot learn with certainty, but there are no Capercailzies at present on either of the properties of Skibo or Ospisdale." Mr. Mackenzie furtlier remarks — " For an experiment on so smaU a scale the result was not unpromising, and the 100 THE CAPERCAILLIE. survival of a single Liixl for upwards of two years, would point to the general suitableness of the locality, and to the prospect of a renewed attempt being attended with better success. The great mortality which occurred immediately after hatching was owmg, I fear, to the eggs having l)een set under such an ignorant foster mother as the common barn- door hen, and I would suggest that, as a remedy, the experi- ment might be tried of placing three or four eggs in the nest of the wild grey hen, to which species the Capercailzie is so closely allied, and lea\dng her to bring up the young birds. From what I can learn, there is no antipathy between the two species." Mr. Mackenzie further informs me that there are some 1800 acres of suitable wood, principally fir, upon the Skibo and Ospisdale estates. Of its former occurrence in this county I have already spoken {vide pp. 19, 29). CHAPTER XYII. EXTENSION IN SOUTH OF SCOTLAND. AYESHIRE. An attempt to introduce tlie Capercaillie into Ayrshire was made in 1841 or 1842, both by birds and eggs, at the aviary at Glenapp, belonging to Lord Orkney. All the eggs were hatched out, and in 1843, in September, nine healthy birds were seen there by the author of ' Tlie Birds of Ireland ' {q. v. vol. ii. p. 33). But by the year 1848 they again became extinct, in which year the last of these introduced birds was found dead in the open on the farm of Downan. The birds and eggs brought to Glenapp came from Taymouth. The plantations on Glenapp were at that time too small and too scattered to keep them, and the birds either wandered and were shot down, or died, succumbing to the adverse conditions around them. It is thought that, now the plantations have increased and grown to a suitable size, if another introduction were attempted it would prove more successful. Lord Ailsa's gamekeeper at Culzean, obtained eggs from Arran, and got some of them hatched out, but none of the birds came to maturity. A bird was reported to have been killed on the 12 th August 1877, at Old Cumnock, by Captain E. M. Campbell, but I have failed to obtain proper authentication of the fact ; indeed, he himself cannot corroborate it. 102 THE CAPERCAILLIE. GALLOWAY AND WIGTON. In 18G9, at Newton Stewart, a female bird was shot {vide * Scot. Nat.,' vol i. p. 44). Probably a strayed bird from the Glenapp introduction in Ayrshire, or the Sanquhar intro- duction in Dumfries. (See also E. Gray — " On the present distribution of the Capercaillie in Scotland ;" ' Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc' Glasgow, vol. ii. p. 10 ; read December 28, 1869.) LANARK. In 18G8 a fine male was shot by Henry Lees, Esq., at Auchengray, near Airdrie. Probably wandered from some locality where attempts at introduction had been made. ( Vide It. Gray, op. cit.) KIRCUDBRIGHT. 1869. In November 1869 a female was killed at Auchen- caim. Probably a strayed bird from Glenapp or Sanquhar (' Scot. Nat.; vol. i. p. 44). DUMFRIES. Mr. Lindsay, the Duke of Buccleuch's gamekeeper at Sanquhar, tried to introduce tliem, but failed. {Auct. R Gray, op. cit.) CHAPTER XVIII. ARRAX. We now come to Arran, the centre of a separate introduction. Its isolated position, the fact of its being formerly frequented by the species prior to its extinction in Scotland, and of the successful re-introduction and self-stockmg, gives it a right to be considered apart from the other centres of introduction on the mainland. It is doubtful, I think, if any localities on the mainland can come to be populated naturally by Arran birds, i.e., from a natural outward pressure of population, so that, though a centre, it cannot be expected to exert an impulse of similar extent to what Taymouth has done. The Capercaillie formerly abounded in Arran, as we are informed by the Eev. J. Headrick (' Vieiu of Arran,' 1807), but had apparently become extinct at the time he wrote. It was re -introduced in 1843, and for some time the birds were kept in an enclosure near Brodick Castle. It became common, and spread to the limits of the fir planta- tions, while an odd bird occasionally wandered as far as Lamlash, by 1870. It became still more abundant in 1872 (E. Gray, ' The Birds of Arran; Glasgow, 1872), " when thirty to forty bu'ds might be seen in a day's walk, and twenty nests be found in a season." Mr. CroU was head keeper at the time of their introduc- 104 THE CAPEECAILLIE. tioii at Brodick, and liad charge of tliem. Mr. George Croll, liis son, has sui)i)lied me with tlie following account of the introduction : — " The first introduction came from Taymouth Castle in 1843. The birds numbered six hens and one cock. The second introduction came from Sweden to London in 1840, and I went there (London) to receive them, and brought them to AiTan. Tlie number of birds, eight hens and two cocks. The approximate estimate of birds in after years would be, in 1855, about 40, and in 1865, the year I left the island, about 65 or 70. I consider that the birds cannot increase to more than 80 or 90 birds, owing to the limited extent of wood and planting. Black game have decreased on the island of late years, not on account of the numbers of the Capercaillies, but solely through the want of cropping on the moor-edges, which have been turned into pasture. Tliere has been little or no planting of Scotch fir, larch, or spruce, since the year 1830." The birds are confined to the neighbourhood of Brodick, Arran, where there are about 600 acres of fir wood; only stragglers having been found in other parts of the island. PAET V. GENERAL EEMARKS ON THE DISTRIBUTION AND INCREASE OF THE SPECIES ; AND ON THE DECREASE OF BLACK GAME. CHAPTEK XIX. LAWS OF EXTENSION OF RANGE. The general distribution of the Capercaillie throughout the world is concisely given by Mr. H. E. Dresser in his great work * TJie Birds of Eurojpe' part xxi.^ He says : — " This mag- nificent grouse, the largest of its family, is found throughout Northern Europe, and is even met with in the forests on the mountain ranges in the southern or southern-central portions of the Western Palsearctic region." Perhaps the most southerly locality recorded in Europe is Acarnania in Greece {op. cit.) ^ To the east it extends far into Asia, and has been found to occur as far as the valley of the Irkut ; but in the extreme east of Siberia it becomes partially, if not wholly, replaced by a smaller species — Tetrao urugalloides of Midden- dorf. Beyond this, in the present connection, it is unneces- sary to enter into detail as regards its distribution outside the limits of Great Britain. Within the area of its present range in Scotland, suitable woods — e.g. woods of spruce, Scotch fir, or larch, or of these combined — of 100 acres, or even less in extent, and upwards, are usually inhabited by the species ; the smaller woods hold- 1 See also Lloyd's ' Game Birds a-nd Wild Fowl of Sweden,'' 1866, p. 2. 2 Pennant, ^Arctic Zoology,' 1792, vol. i. p. 365, seems to have traced it as far south as the Archipelago, in the islands of Crete and Milo, Hassel- guist is given as the authority for the bird shot in a palm tree in Milo, and Belon for Crete {^ Penny Cyclopcedia,' vol. vi. p. 260). 108 THE CAPERCAILLIE. ing oiily a few pairs, sometimes permauently, but often only for a few years consecutively;^ and the larger woods and continuous forests holding more in proportion according to their areas, as many as 3G, 25, 23, etc., having been shot in one day by shooting-parties upon certain estates in I'erthshire. But in districts inhabited hj them, where forests, once extensive, have been reduced in size, or entirely cut down and replaced l)y sheep-grazing on the cleared ground, a reduc- tion in numbers or entire disappearance naturally takes place. Change of residence or local migrations, such as are men- tioned by several writers — e.g. Lloyd, CoUett, etc. — I have myself observed also in Scotland, and many of my corre- spondents draw my attention to the fact in their letters. The birds often entirely quit one part of a forest or extensive wood for another, and this migration usually takes place from an older to a younger growth — i.e., to a growth which is of tliat age which is suitable to their requirements of feeding and shelter combined. There is also a decided preference shown by the birds for forest slopes facing the south, or at all events for those l}ing well to the sun, as I tliink can be traced by tlie general distribution of the birds at the present time. I find that in various localities they appear to thrive better and to increase more rapidly where they inhabit situations having a southerly exposure ; other amenities, such as the necessary amount of cover and absence of disturbing influ- ences, being of course taken into consideration. The above- ^ Tims, at Aberuthven wood, on the soutli side of the Earn vallc)-, or right bank of the river, a pair of Capercaillies bred regularly for four or five years, but, along with their young, always left after the latter could fly. Since about 1869 they have not returned to this locality — a wood of about 40-50 acres in extent. I could give many other instances of their breeding sporadically in this way, and also of their breeding regularly, but always leaving with their young for larger covers afterwards. Tliis is regularly the case at < )(ht('i-tyre, Crieff district, wliere, I am informed by Sir Patriek Kcitli Murray, Part., " nests are found all over the woods and copses, miles from the winter resort of the binls. " LAWS OF EXTENSION OF EANGE. 109 mentioned partial migration or change of residence may, in many cases, be induced by this preference. (See also, under " Eestoration," the account by Sir Eobert Menzies, Bart., of the preference shown to the woods of Dull, near Taymouth.)-"- In certain districts, as, for example, in Glendochart, in the west of Perthshire, Capercaillies are known to frequent coppices of hardwood (birch and oak), and even to occur regularly in autumn at some distance away from wood of any kind, being often shot by sportsmen as they rise out of long heather on the hill-sides.^ In the winter season, however, most of these latter repair to more suitable shelter. Their favourite haunts are spruce, Scotch fir, or larch forests, and their occurrence in hardwood coverts is com- paratively rare, except in the breeding season, or in the case of birds resting during a tour of inspection. The departure from their usual habitat, on comparatively rare occasions, may be accounted for by a natural impulse urging them to extend their range, notwithstanding unusual difficulties and unsuitable ground, combined with an unusually strong pres- sure outward from the nearest centre of population. An unusually strong pressure of this kind probably takes place outward from Taymouth ; and Glendochart being the direct 1 Correspondents inform me that the young birds do not like the sun, and that in the heat of summer they often shelter themselves under overhanging banks, apparently to escape from it. In the heat of summer even the old "birds sit more upon the ground than earlier or later in the season. In Glen- almond, in Perthshire, the bank of the river facing the north is preferred, but that is simply because the distribution of the pine woods favours them. On the south side of Loch Rannoch it has been found rather difficult successfully to rear and keep them. The young birds hatched out at Cromer Hall {vide under "Restoration "), supposed to have died from exposure to a scorching sun {'Penny Cyclopcedia,' vol. vi. p. 260), may, however, have perished from an insufficient supply of their natural food. 2 In Norway, Sweden, and Russia, the Capercaillie also occurs occasionally in hardwood coverts — oak, beech, birch, etc. — but is not usually stationary in such localities ; but, as remarked by several Scandinavian naturalists, seems fond of patches of such growth in the midst of pine forests. 110 THE CAPERCAILLIE. outlet towards tlie west, the wave of advance has been forced up the valley until it has reached l^eyond the limit of spruce, Scotch fir, and larcli. Tlie inevitable law exists that there is a distinct limit to the population of a species in any one locality, regulated by the size, capabilities, and amenities of the area, and when this limit is reached and exceeded the surplus population is forced to seek new ground. Further, as tlie internal pressure continues and increases, the greater diihculties will be faced and surmounted by the pioneers, in order to fulfil the destiny of the species, and the amount of success acliieved will depend upon the hardihood and " fitness" of the species in the struggle for existence. The easiest and most natural courses of advance foUow the valleys, up or down stream, or stretch along the wooded footliills and slopes, preferring, as already pointed out, the sunny ex])osures. Tliis is clearly illustrated by the fact, that Capercaillies in a comparatively short space of time reach and populate more remote localities in the directions whence the great valleys lead them, than they do in those directions where mountainous or treeless country intervenes.^ The beau-ideal of a safe harbourage and permanent home for tlie Capercaillie would then appear to be as follows : — A forest of spruce, Scotch fir, and larch, mixed, of, say 700 to 1(100 acres or more in extent, having a southern exposure, or lying well to the sun, of which forest certain portions — say a ' The coinparativo rate of advance by valleys and over mountains is illus- trated — to choose amongst a great mass of similar statistics — by the extreme limit reached by the Tay valley route in 1877 {vide Map), and the distance reached at Loch Kennord in the same year ; the former — ]\Iilngavie near Glas- gow — some 45 miles in a direct line from Taymouth, and the latter only 7A. Or, to select another example— the limit reache<l l)y the Tay valley route to Dunkeltl, and thence l»y Strathniore into Forfar in 1865 (Brechin district- over 50 miles in a direct line from Taymouth), as compared with that reached in (JliMishee in the same year (Dalnaglar, only about half that distance in a straight line from Taymouth). 1 am inclined to think, judging from a large mass of data, that t\\f birds rarely, or only under exceptionally strong pres- sure, cross mountain tracts, utUcss they can view forest-covered country beyond. LAWS OF EXTENSION OF RANGE. Ill fourth or a fifth — consists of old timber, and the remainder of a succession of growths in regular rotation; forested in fact like a German forest, thus offering abundance of food, shelter, and quiet. And further, there ought to be, so to speak, convenient natural avenues or wooded continuations — 'forest stepping-sto7ies ' — to other districts, either in valleys, or along the hill-slopes, to act as safety-valves for the escape of surplus population. The hen Capercaillies appear to be, in most cases, the pioneers, wliich lead to the extension of the range of the species ; and it is natural that they should act as the pioneers, as they are more numerous than the cocks, and increase in numbers more rapidly, as is the case with most poly- gamous species.'^ The birds, from some point of vantage on the outsldrts of their residence, view a large pine wood, even at some miles distance, and make direct for it. It is suggested and believed by several correspondents that the pioneers are entirely composed of young birds driven away from the lecking ground, and haunts of their native coverts. This is no doubt in great measure the case, and is only part of the mode in which the natural law is put in force, but I must certainly uphold that attraction does take place by the most likely coverts and woods, as all our statistics indeed go to 1 According to Lloyd — quoting the writings of others on the birds of Sweden — it would appear that the males are by many considered the most abundant, giving rise to the extraordinary migrations of the male birds from time to time, ' en raasse^ in the north of Europe ; and we also are told of the wandering habits of the males, which are said to ^forfiyga sig,' i.e., "to fly it knows not whither " — in the same way as I find the hens do in this country — and being shot in strange out-of-the-way localities. The author of ' Tidskrift for Jagare ' is quoted by Lloyd, as stating that from experience he " has found that both capercali and blackcock broods contain more males than females." Certainly this flocking together and wandering propensity of the males in Scandinavia is singular. I have utterly failed to obtain any statistics con- firmfvtoiy of this superabundance of males in Scotland ; indeed, our experience is quite opposed to that of continental naturalists, unless, indeed, the killing of 17 males in one day at Keillor wood, near Methven, can be said to point to a superabundance of males. 112 THE CAPERCAILLIE. prove ; and this, I think, will Ijecome patent to any one who studies their distribution. If, on the one hand, they oxo. forced to leave by the older and stronger birds, still they wiU leave in those directions which are most likely to meet the require- ments of the species, and, as I have already pointed out, I believe tliat the birds have great power of vision, and use tliis in an appreciable degree when on a pioneering journey. liirds, and especially females, are thus often shot or seen in locahties totally imsuited to their habits — no doubt resting, as I have already indicated, during their tour of inspection. Amongst such locahties may be instanced a bare moor or open common,-^ a patch of wood, of an acre or two in extent, in the middle of a bare mountain glen,^ or even in the crowded thoroughfares of a large town.^ There is evidence in some cases of these pioneers having been assisted in tlieir travels by long-continuing gales. Thus, about the first bird shot in Fife — in 1863 — at Rankeillor, near Cupar, arrived towards the end of a gale which had been blowing for some days from the north ; and several other instances could be cited. The females precede the males by from one to two years, and establishment of the species takes place very shortly after the arrival of the males, and from two to four years after the first appearance of the females — i.e., where establish- ment docs foUow {vide Tables given below). In the comparatively few instances in which males are first observed, it may be inferred, in most cases, that the females had arrived from one to two years previously, and had escaped observation, or that the males had wandered during llicir scinch Ini- tlicii' ]»i(»ii('('is. In certain districts, wlnic tluTc is (jnly ;i liniitijd \|>()j)tilation at tlie centre, a ^ Sii'iilntu.si'muir, Stiilin^shin', for example — a biiiv gnuss coiiiiiioii, with a few HcattenMl wliin huslies — used to hold inKrkots uiwii. - As Ok'ii Queuli, and many otliors in Perthshire and other counties. ^ In E^liuburgh {vide umler Midlotliian, aiitca, p. 89). LAWS OF EXTENSION OF RANGE. 113 natural impulse causes the males to go in search of the hens, and it is probably wliile so doing that they are said to ''for- flyga sig" or " fly they know not whither," in Sweden. Witness the occurrences of a male bird at Auchengray, in Lanarkshire, and (whether prior to extinction or not) of the male birds shot at Fort WiUiam in 1807, and at Bo'ness in 1811. The following table shows some of the above facts. The statistics are selected from a very large number in my possession, all going more or less to prove what I have above stated. Table showing Order of Arrival and Establishment OF THE Species. Name of Localities. Date of arrival of Females. Date of arrival of Males. Estab- lished. Time between first and last dates. Cardross, Perth . . 1868 1870 1871 3 years Chasefield, Stirling . 1875 1877 1877 Boquhan, do. 1871 Bred 1875 4 „ Lanrick, Perth . . 1856 18561 1859-60 3-4 „ Moncrieflfe, do. . . 1861 ? 1864 3 „ Kinnordy, Forfar . , ? 1863 1863 ? Fotheringhani, Forfar 1862 1862 1862 Same year Torwood, Stirling ? Birds arrived 1867 1870 3 years Auchengray, Lanark. ? 18682 Not esta iblished Rossie Priory, Stirling 1867-68 1877-78 No males^ Not esta hlished Rossie Priory, do. . 1 The remains of a male were also found in 1856 at Lanrick, or Gartencaber (adjoining). Its death, from unknown causes, very possibly delayed the establishment a year or two. Otherwise, judging from analogous cases, the establishment would probably have taken place in 1857. A separate inform- ant gives 1853 as the date of their first appearance at Lanrick ; but judging from parallel records at contiguous localities, I think this may be too early stated, though, of course, quite within the bounds of possibility. - This male, killed in 1868 at Auchengray, was doubtless a bird wandering in search of a mate from some one of the localities south of the Clyde, where several futile attempts at separate introductions were made. 3 A very sufficient reason here for the non-appearance of males is the insuf- ficiency of cover. Although the females twice attempted to extend the range of the species in this direction, they were not followed up by males ; or it may possibly have been because the hens were in both instances shot soon after their arrival. I 114 THE CAPERCAILLIE. The Capercaillie, tlien, lias populated the woods and forests of part of Scotland, principally by its own exertions, since the great restoration at Tapnouth ; but tliere are certain minor centres of introduction wliich have undoubtedly added some impulse to their advance, though, perhaps, not to any extent compared with the impulse from the great centre. Thus, we have the TulliaUan introductions in 1856 and 1864, and the Arran introduction, and that at Lathirsk, in Fife, besides others more or less successful or unsuccessful. The Arran introduction, perhaps, has done least to extend the bird's range, its isolated position naturally placing a bar to their spreading, although the introduction in itself has proved eminently successful, so far as the Hmited area of wood permitted. CHAPTEE XX. A FEW EEMAEKS ON HYBRIDISM. On first arrival and establishment of the Capercaillie at a new locality in an entirely new district, where black game are abundant or fairly plentiful, cases of hybridism are not unusual. If females arrive first — as we have shown they do — in a district populated by black game, the absence of their natural partners will induce coition with black game, and will result in hybrids. If the male Capercaillies are long of arriving, this hybridism will increase in frequency. But when their own lords at last make their advent, the hens undoubtedly, for the most part, return to their allegiance, and hybridism becomes rarer, though it may not altogether die out. But, as we have already seen, the males usually do arrive very shortly after the females — a scarcity of female birds at the centre, caused by the overflow, doubtless inducing the males to follow. Only in unusual cases of isolation, or unusual distance from the centre, do the males fail to find out the hens. Thus it is only rarely that hybridism attains to serious proportions. As the exceptions often prove the rule, I will instance a few statistics chosen from amongst a number of others. At Logiealmond, Perthshire, two hybrids were shot in 1852, the first obtained there. Also a hybrid was shot at Alyth, in the east of the same county, in 1857. At Tulliallan the first bird ever seen there was a hybrid in 1854. These IIG THE CArERCAILLIE. three localities are situated respectively about 17 J miles as the crow flies, 28 miles, and 38 miles, from the centre of restoration — Taymouth ; and these were amongst the birds wliich had reached to unusually great distances at these dates. I cannot befar'UTong in supposing that female Capercaillies first reached these unusually distant localities, it may have been assisted by gales of wind (as in the case of the first recorded Fifeshire bird (p. 76), and that male Capercaillies failed to follow them. Landing in a country inhabited by black game, hybridism resulted. Again, at Tulliallan, in 1856 (two years later), out of a setting of Capercaillies' eggs three birds were reared, but these turned out to be aU females, which " bred freely ^\dth black game, and hybrids were common in 1857. In 1864 more eggs were hatched out, some of which were males, and since then Capercaillies have increased rapidly, and now — 1877 — there wiU be from 200 to 300 birds on the estate. Hybrids are stiU to be met with, but not so numerously as before the Caper- caillies became plentiful." For information, so much to the point, I am indebted to Mr. Millar, head gamekeeper at Tulli- allan, who has been there since their earliest appearance. The eggs hatched out in 1864 were obtained from Freelands, near Perth, by Lord Balfour of Burleigh. Sabanaeff, in his account of the ' Ari Fauna of the Ural! says, under * Tdrao urogalloidcs [T. Mcclius) '; — " Taking this as a hybrid, it is easily explained, as a great number of the male T. urogallus are killed in spring, and therefore there exists a great predominance of females " (see translation of his paper in ' Froc. Nat. Hist. Sod Glasgow, 1877, p. 304). I am not sure, however, that this is entirely the reason of a ])re- dominance of females. Farther north, at Ust-Zilma, on the Petchora, Seobohm and I found that the natives only shot the hen CajKTcaillics, as the males were not considered fit for food. REMARKS ON HYBRIDISM. 117 As to the occurrence of females in whole or partial male dress in Scotland, I know of the following : — One in the pos- session of Lord Balfour of Burleigh, at Kennet, in Clack- mannan, shot on the 2d ISTovember 1862, near Dunkeld, at Mr. Hugh Bruce's residence. This specimen '' shows its tertiaries and scapulars tipped with white, and so far slightly resembles the plumage of the adult female." -^ This was the first example of the kind recorded in Scotland, but another has since been obtained, also shot at Dunkeld, which is now in the Museum of Science and Art. It was obtained at Dunkeld in 1866, and purchased from Mr. Eobert Small, naturalist, Edinburgh, for the Museum.^ Mr. J. H. Guinej jun., informs me that he has in his possession a dwarf Capercaillie in nearly full plum- age, bought in Leadenhall Market. This is probably of Scan- dinavian origin, however. Mr. Gurney adds : — " There is a similar dwarf in the British Museum, but larger than mine. It may, for aught I know, be a female in male plumage. It is labelled, ' Hybrid grouse, var.y but I do not believe in its being a hybrid." In our collection at Dunipace is a very diminutive Capercaillie in male plumage, shot at Dunira, and given to me by Mr. J. Hamilton Buchanan, which I believe to be a female in male plumage, but unfortunately the speci- men is not sexed.^ 1 Fide 'Proc. Ryl. Phyl. Soc.,' Edinr., vol. viii. 1862-63, pp. 25-27. 2 Op. cit. 1865-66, p. 408. 3 For full particulars regarding hybridism and varieties, etc. , see CoUett, * Birds of Nortliem Norvmy,'' quoted very fully by Dresser, ' Birds of Europe,' parts 20 and 21. In the Christiania Museum is a truly wonderful series of the lovely varieties found in this species, which will always well repay the atten- tion of visitors. I had the pleasure of examining these in 1871. For an account of an unusual hybrid between black grouse and hazel grouse, see Dresser in ' P, Z. S.,' 1876, p. 345. There are many other notices and accounts of hybrids scattered up and down, and a general reference to ornitho- logical works might suffice in this place. However, to those who feel curious on the subject, I may recommend an examination of Carus and Engelmann's ' Bibliotheca Historico-Naturalis ' (vol. ii. pp. 1263-54), which will supply a list of papers, British and Foreign, up to the date of 1861. CHAPTEE XXL ON THE INCREASE OF CAPERCAILLIES. My circular contained several queries, specially bearing upon this part of the subject (vide circular, p. 54, queries 9th to 13th). From the answers received, I have put together the following statistics, as they may be usefid for future com- parisons. Perhaps the districts where the Capercaillie is most abundant at present are as follows : — The Tay Valley from TayuKjuth to I'ertli, and the districts between Perth, Crieff, and Comrie, in Pertlishire ; Strathmore, in Forfarshire ; Tulli- allan, in south of Perthshire ; Sauchie, in Stirlingshire ; and Arran. The greatest number I have heard of killed in one day was 3G at LadyAvell plantation, Pitnacree, near Dunkeld, in 18G5. Tliis is part of the Atliole estates, upon wliich are at least 10,000 acres of suitable woods. At Bamft', in the east of Perthshu-e, 25 were shot one day in 1.S77 — area 2000 acres. At Dunkeld 23 were shot one day (vide ' Game-Book' belonging to Mr. Small of Dir-na-Nean). At FowHs Wester 12 were shot one day in October 1859; here the woods are extensive, as they join with Abercairney, Gorthy, Tulchan, and neigldjouring properties. At Methven 14 were shot one day — 300 acres. In Keillor wood, Methven, as I am informed by Mr. D. Brown, he once saw 17 cocks killed in one day. INCREASE OF CAPERCAILLIES. 119 At Ochtertyre great numbers were seen in 1870 or thereabouts. At Cardross, where they only arrived in 1868 and 1870, and became established in 1871, and where there are about 300 acres of suitable wood along the south shore of the lake of Menteith, 18 to 20 may be now seen in a day; and in November 1877, 4 males and 6 females were shot one day. On Murthly 12 were shot one day, and from 20 to 25 in four days — about 3000 acres of fir and larch. Here they became scarcer for a time after a certain date, and a correspondent assigns over-shooting on a neighbouring property as the cause. Now they are increasing again. On Tulliallan it is reckoned there are "from 200 to 300 birds," in woods of an area of at least 1500 acres. On the adjoining property of West Grange I have myself seen at least 16 birds in one day, and seen 4 shot. At Easter Ogle, in Forfarshire, 20 to 24 have been shot in one day — about 2000 acres. On Saucliie, in Stirling- shire, there are estimated to be from 50 to 60 birds. At Dunsinane, near Perth, in 1868 or 1869, I saw upwards of 30 birds in one day. At Dupplin 16 were shot one day. At Taymouth, about 1862, estimates reached between 1000 and 2000 birds.-^ At Torwood, in Stirlingshire, in 1878, about 14 were driven up to the guns in one beat, and 3 were shot. The above are only selections from a larger mass of materials, but they tstII, I think, fairly illustrate the districts in which the birds are most abundant. The farthest point reached towards Loch Earn is Dunira, except a stray bird or two on Loch Earn side at Ardvorlich and Dearry. ^ According to returns to Parliament in 1873, the total acreage of the Taymouth estates in Perthshire was 234,166 ; of this, of course, only a comparatively small proportion is under wood. CHAPTER XXII. ON THE DECREASE OF BLACK GAME. Black Game have become less plentiful, and in some cases even extinct, or nearly so, in certain districts where Caper- caillies have become plentiful, and there is an apparently striking connection between the advent of the latter and the departure of the former. This cannot be denied, and I have many statements from correspondents bearing out the truth of the assertion.^ From many others, however, I have also the statement that black game have not decreased in certain other districts whicli CapercaiUies have taken possession of, and where they have become plentiful ; and the latter group of correspondents are invariably of opinion that Capercaillies in no way inter- ^ And it does seem certain, moreover, tliat Capercaillies and black game do not invariably agree to live peaceably in one another's company. One correspondent, wlio a[)pears to have had considerable experience of their habits, and to have watched them closely, tells me that when black game and Caper- caillies do happen to frequent the same ground, the latter drive away the former in tlie spring time. As this, however, can only refer to somewhat unusual circumstances in the localities, and as the two can hardly be said generally to frequent similar country, this fact can only be held as of local application. The same correspondent adds that they drive away black game " by driving off the old birds and killing the young ;" and he states that he has seen battles between the species in ' clucking season.'' He also saw a Capercaillie and a grey hen with their broods coming in contact, when a terrible battle ensued. " The Capercaillie succeeded in driving away the grey hen, and then killed the most of her brood." DECREASE OF BLACK GAME. 121 fere with black game. From other sources I gather the fact that, in many districts remote from the area inhabited by Capercaillies, black game have become much scarcer, or have almost disappeared within the last few years; indeed, the complaint is no uncommon one, although in some cases a reason for the decrease cannot with certainty be assigned. This last fact proves, at all events, that there are other " environing causes " at work, modifying and restricting the numbers of black game, and that it is unfair to heap aU the blame, if indeed any of it, upon the Capercaillie : that, in fact, it would be judicious to pause before summarily condemning the panel. To endeavour to discover and make plain to my readers some of these other causes of the decrease of black game is the object of this section. At Dalnaglar, a property in Glenshee, Perthshire, as I am informed by the proprietor, black game were " extremely abundant fifteen years ago." Capercaillies arrived there about 1865, when black game were still plentiful, and rapidly iQcreased in numbers in a large pine wood of some 300 acres in extent, the largest suitable cover for the species in Glen- shee. For the last ten years (prior to 1878) drainage opera- tions have been carried on more or less : previous to that time no draining had been done for ten years. No young plantations have been formed, and all the wood on the property is now nearly, or quite, ready for cutting. Black game have decreased to such an extent that at one time they became almost extinct, and the proprietor had to re-introduce them by eggs from counties south of the Firth of Forth. I myseK will not be surprised to learn some day that even the Capercaillies will change their residence and remove to more eligible covers, unless young plantations be started on Dalaaglar. We have seen that attempts to introduce Capercaillies to 122 THE CAPERCAILLIE. the old Uliick Wood of Eannoch — the remains of the Cale- donian Forest — which has a northerly exposure, and where, until of late years, there has been but little fresh planting, have failed. If proprietors drain their moors and trench their forests upon the rapid system now so generally practised, I doubt if they can expect to have black game as plentifully as formerly. It is well known to naturalists that black game, especially when young and tender, are particularly fond of feeding in swampy rushy moor, or moist forest land, finding there abundance of insect food suited to their tender age. It is not until they reach a certain age that black game feed persistently upon larch, birch, and Scotch fir " sprits." Take away from them this rushy ground where their favourite, nay, necessary food is found, and black game will leave or die out, unless artificial feeding, perhaps, in some degree may avert the calamity; which, however, I doubt. Again, I have it from various correspondents that in cer- tain localities in the Tay valley and elsewhere, black game have in no ways decreased, although Capercaillies have become numerous ; and in several instances I have elicited the fur- ther information that at some of the said localities draining has not taken place to any extent for a number of years. At Arden, on Loch Lomond, as I am informed by my friend ^Ir. James Lumsden (who for some time back has been working at the distrilnition of black game in Scotland), there are no Capercaillies. Black game, nevertheless, have been decidedly on the decrease, even rapidly, during the last eight or nine years, which is the time which has elapsed since drain- ing operations on a considerable scale were conmienced upon the estate. There has also been a curtailing of the acreage of cropped land along the moor edges, croi)ping having ])een rephiced )>y grazijig. Cropping, I hold, of course, as an arti- ficial mode of feeding black game ; stdl this, at least, proves another " environing cause " for their decrease. Every year DECREASE OF BLACK GAME. 123 almost we hear of complaints of the decrease of black game contmuing from many estates in the west of Scotland and from other parts ; often, it is true, from causes at present diffi- cult to trace, but some of which I have little doubt will be found in drainage, land improvement, and consequent destiTic- tion of insect and vegetable food necessary to the wellbeing of black game. Mr. J. B. Hamilton, of Leny, has given me a strong instance of decrease of black game, owing to land improvement, from a district not inhabited by Capercaillies, which is so much to the point that I quote his communica- tion in full : " In Dumfriesshire I have for several years shot over the Corrie estate, which belongs to my friend Mr. Jardine, of Lanrick. It is a hilly grass country, with a deal of good strong land in it. It may extend to some 10,000 acres, and at one time he rented the shooting of adjoining land there to a somewhat similar extent. He has kno\\m- that district aU his life, and has shot over it for probably thirty years or more. The black game have diminished very largely in numbers during that period. His impression is that he does not see one bird now for ten that he used to do. There are no Caper- caillies there, or anywhere near there, though there are plenty of fir woods of all ages and sizes. He accounts for the dimi- nution of the black game from the improvement of the land. During the last twenty years there has been a large amount of drainage, both close and open, done on the Corrie property, and a very large amount of top dressing the hill land with lime, at the rate of from six to eight tons per acre. The result of all this is the destruction of the coarser grasses which pro- duced the seeds that were the food of the game, and the pro- duction of a finer type of herbage, which has probably doubled the rental of that property within the last twenty years. " Improvement of land, as a general rule, may, I think, be accepted as synonymous with injury to really wild game. Thus, I have known the size and weight of hares to have fallen off 124 THE CAPERCATLLIE. greatly on land after it has been improved; and the quality, probably, of beef and mutton, and certainly of milk, and its products — butter and cheese — is greatly deteriorated on im- proved land, while the quantity is largely increased." Water is in itself necessary for the health of black game, and, as Lloyd informs us, the want of it in certain seasons " visibly diminished their numbers" {op. cit. p. 74). On the other hand, trees are necessary to the welfare of Capercaillies. But drainage is necessary to the growth and health of forest trees, so that the interests of the Capercaillie and black game are really antagonistic in a considerable degree to one another, though it cannot, with justice, be said that the former are actually "driving out" — which is the expression generally used — the latter. Eather say the conditions favourable to the former are, in a measure, antagonistic to the latter.^ Indeed, I have evidence in at least one instance of a reaction, that is to say, of the black game actually increasing in a locality where CapercailUes have been on the decrease for twenty years, not simply because the Capercaillies have decreased, but because the same reasons which caused the Capercaillies to decrease, viz., the cutting of large extents of forest without a corresponding area being replanted, and little or no draining operations having been carried on — have bene- fited the black game, and caused them to increase again in numbers. To make perfectly sure of this fact, I was at some pains to obtain statistics from the locality in question regard- ^ Indeed, if we come to investigate the subject further, we find red grouse decreasing, and black game increasing, under similar or parallel conditions. Thus, in Buchanan parish, Stirlingshire, we find the red grouse "superseded by the black grouse (' New Slat. Accl. of the County,' p. 91) ; also a great de- crease of the former in Kirkcudbright {op. cit. p. 110)." "Scarcely a black cock to be seen in 1809 in Kirkgunzcon parish, Kirkcudbright, now outnum- bering the grouse" {op. cit. p. 219) ; and many more instances could be given. On the other hand, in certain districts, in localities where there is a suitable provision for both species — sufficient heather for the grouse and sufficient marshy ground and grass for black game, as, for instance, in parts of the high flat moors of Ayrshire — both species thrive and multiply. DECREASE OF BLACK GAME. 125 ing land improvements, etc., during the last twenty years, and to verify reports as to corresponding increase and decrease of the two species. In this neighbourhood also — parish of Dunipace, Stirling- shire — twenty years ago, black game were common at a locality only about a mile from this house. Drainage opera- tions were carried out to a considerable extent, and black game entirely disappeared. Capercaillies arrived and became fairly established about 1867 in the spruce and pine woods of Torwood and Denovan, which partially surround the moor- land locality in question. 'No drainage of any consequence has taken place for very many years. Black game returned to the locality of their own accord three years ago (1875), and have since then been increasing slowly but steadily. CapercaiUies at the same time are tolerably common. The nature of the land admits of both species thriving and in- creasing, for while the Torwood forest has been partly drained, old wood cut, and the ground replanted, the moorland haunt of the black game has almost returned to its normal state, the same as before it was drained at all. To open draining on estates in Scotland, and to other land improvements, injuring or destroying the natural grasses and drying up the land, is attributable, I believe, the marked decrease in black game which many proprietors lament. Mr. Eobert Collett writes me as follows : — " As to the decrease of the black game, effected by the spreading of the Capercaillie, I am sure that it must be on very rare occasions that these birds offend each other. They have in Norway their different localities, which they prefer to others, and their own breeding-grounds, and I have very seldom heard of any fighting between them. In Norway I never heard of any corresponding decrease and increase of the named species. Although certainly both tetrix (black game) and urugallus (Capercaillie) are stragghng birds, and may be found in num- 126 THE CAPERCAILLIE. bers one year in a place where they are totally absent the next." Dr. Meves \\Tites in similar terms from Sweden. Besides, increased population and wealth, producing a steadily increasing swarm of sportsmen year by year, together with the general use of the rapidly-loaded breechloader — has this nothing to do mth the decrease of black "ame ? I have many communications from parties well able to judge, that tliis is a fiictor, and a not unimportant one. Combine tliis with the above planting, and draining, and land improvement, and say : — Is it not more extraordinary that black game are still numerous, than that they have decreased in number during — we will say — the last thirty years ? I could bring forward much more evidence of a similar nature, clearing the Capercaillies from blame, but I think it needless further to enlarge upon this part of the subject. I will merely add in the words of an American naturalist (Prof. T. GiU, in ' The Nation; July 19, 1877, p. 44) :— " Birds are a highly specialised group, very liable to modifications, resulting from en\ironing causes, and ever susceptible to the changes of condition that may supervene;" and record my conviction that the increase of CapercaiUies is probably the very least important factor in the decrease of the black game, if, indeed, it is one at all. Further, I believe that too often too much importance is attached to casual and superficial remarks expressed by those who do not look beneath the surface of first impressions. Error or exaggeration in con- sequence gains credence, and becomes, in the minds of many, even as established facts. CHAPTEE XXIII. EELATIOXS BETWEEN CAPERCAILLIES AND PHEASANTS. Not only are Capercaillies accused of driving away black game, but in some localities (though not generally, as far as I can learn) they are said to drive away the pheasants from the feeding boxes and themselves feed upon the Indian corn. This is induced, no doubt, simply by the force of constant example set before them, and it only proves how easily our big friend can adapt himself to circumstances like a good colonist, as he undoubtedly is. Moreover, the Capercaillie, exercising his gifts still further, sometimes takes possession of a comfortably formed pheasant's nest — according to several correspondents — as, they say, three or four pheasant's eggs are found at times in nests occupied by Capercaillies. But I should doubt if in most cases such occupation by the Caper- caillie is premeditated, and I would not be surprised to learn that some day or other some observant naturalist will report the fact, that the hen pheasant is really the aggressor, and second occupier of the nest. Supposing, however, that the Capercaillie really is the aggressor, how often does it happen, and what amount of harm is done ? A Capercaillie hen, intent on preparing a summer home, we will suppose, wanders about in search of a suitable position, and stumbles upon a hollow in every way suited to her requirements. A hen pheasant having covered over her two or three eggs with 128 THE CAPERCAILLIE. leaves, had perhaps just left it shortly before. The Caper- caillie may give it an additional scrape, or she may not, but, at all events, she settles upon it and lays her eggs. Perhaps the hen pheasant deserts, perhaps they sit amicably on the eggs by turns. In either case the eggs are kept warm, unless indeed the Capercaillie ejects them. Perhaps a gamekeeper comes by that way. He sees the pheasant's eggs, and lifts them, and they are hatched out under a hen, but he is pretty sure to blame the Capercaillie for usurping the pheasant's nest, when perhaps really the pheasant is the bird which ought to bear the judgment ; in other words, the Capercaillie gets more blame than she really deserves. The number of pheasant's eggs lost in this way cannot surely be very great. When partridges and pheasants' eggs are found in the same nest — as they often are — tell me, wliich is the aggressor ? Other correspondents, but not many, believe that Caper- caillies drive away the old pheasants and kill the young in the same way as described in the former section with regard to black game. If, as I strongly suspect, the hen pheasant is the first aggressor — laying in the hen Capercaillie's nest, and claiming a part of the maternal duties — it is perhaps natural that the stronger bird should assert her rights, or suspect the pheasant's motives, and retaliate by driving her off, and even killing the young pheasants. But, for reasons above stated, I think this can only be in exceptional cases, and only in self- defence. There can be no doubt that the hen birds of the two species do fight at tlie feeding-places intended for the pheas- ants, and that sometimes a hen pheasant is killed or maimed in the battle ; but this wiU find its own cure in some other way than by extirpating the Capercaillies. PART VI. ON DAMAGE TO FORESTS AND CROPS ; AND CONCLUSION, ' Who shall decide when doctors disagree, And soundest casuists doubt ? " Note. — This Part is far from complete, but I have found great trouble in getting statistics, and crops, etc, for dissection during the summer months. Perhaps the only way to elicit further data will be to publish it as it at present stands. K CHAPTER XXIV. DAMAGE TO FOEESTS. Extensive damage done by Capercaillies to woods and forests is another sad tliorn in many proprietors' sides. To hear some speak of the awful destruction going on might almost lead one to suppose that in bygone days the evil deeds of the species brought its own punishment ; that, in fact, the Capercaillie exterminated the forest growth over large areas of Scotland, and that this extermination exterminated them in turn. In many parts of the area at present inhabited by the birds, on this account alone, they are shot down upon all occasions, in the endeavour to reduce their numbers ; or, at all events, no encouragement is given to them to increase. Twenty years ago, when Capercaillies appeared on an estate, the greatest care was taken to foster them. Now, it is usually different ; and, where at all plentiful, they are shot, both sexes indis- criminately ; and in some places, as we have seen in a former section, very heavy bags are often made. I have, however, sufficient faith in the robust character of the species to pre- vent my becoming anxious lest a second extermination should ever take place, if fair means only be used to keep its numbers in check. I have in this connection endeavoured to collect inde- pendent testimony from the best sources as to the nature and amount of the damage done. Mr. Malcolm Dunn (who has 132 THE CAPERCAILLIE. specially studied, and who read a paper upon the subject before the Botanical Society of Edinburgh (see ' Zool' 1875, p. 4338), ^\Tites to me as foUows : — " In reference to the damage done to plantations by both CapercaiUie and black game, the proof is too strong to admit of tlie slightest doubt. Wliere either exist in large numbers, in, or in the neighbour- hood of, young plantations of larch and Scots fir, they do a vast amount of injury to the young trees, by eating the young buds, leaves, and shoots of the trees ; and, in the case of the Scots fir especially, at a season of the year when there are no insects of any kind upon them — I here refer to beetles, cater- pillars, or Aphides — coccus or scale insects may be upon the trees, but not on the wood or leaves eaten hy the CapercaiUie. This is the opinion of all my correspondents who have paid any attention to the matter, corroborated by my own experi- ence. Of the very many crops ' of the CapercaiUie which I have dissected and carefully examined, none contained any traces of the bird having fed upon insects. In the winter the crops are usually entirely filled with the leaves, huds, and young shoots of the Scots fir. The contents of one ' crop ' of a male bird, which I examined in November 1873, were as follows : — 203 points of shoots of Scots fir, with the leading buds entire, some of the shoots being fuUy 3 inches long; 11 pieces of young wood, IJ to 2 J inches long, ha\dng leaves attached, but no terminal buds ; and 52 buds — making in all 26G shoots and hids, besides a larye handful of single leaves of the Scots fir, which the bird had devoured at one meal. The whole were quite fresh and green, were to all appearance selected from a very healthy tree, and showed no trace whatever of ever having been attacked by the pine beetle {Hylurgus piniperda) or any other insect ; and most certainly there were no insects in the crop. The contents of tins crop I presented to the Edin- burgh Botanical Society, and they can now be seen in the Museum of the Society in the Botanic Gardens. In another DAMAGE TO FORESTS. 133 crop, which I examined in April 1874, 1 found the contents to be wholly the young shoots, leaves, and huds of larch. I counted the extraordinary number of 918 buds alone in tliis ' crop,' besides the bits of shoots and leaves, which formed by far the hulkiest part of the whole. There were a few bits (three) of silvery lichen amongst the contents, but nothing else.-"- These are given as/a^> samples of many crops I have examined, received chiefly from Perthshire, Mr. Brown having sent me about a score from Perth in 1874. In none of them did I ever meet with a jpine beetle, or any other insect that would lead me to suppose that the bird preys upon insects, or had a pre- ference for shoots which were infected by them. In fact, I should maintain that the bird prefers clean, healthy, fresh food, and has no taste for damaged or decaying vegetation of any kind. I have never examined the crop of a young bird taken out of the nest; but I have analysed the crops of several birds of the same year in July and August, and failed in every instance, to find any insects, so that, although I am aware that it is said in books that they are ' fond of insects, especially when young,' I am unable to corroborate the assertion. The nature and habits of the bird do not in any way lead me even to suppose it feeds on insects ; but in other parts of the world — in Norway for instance — it may feed on different matter to what it does in Scotland. " Since I made my investigations anent the injury done by the Capercaillie, etc., to forest trees, I have also investi- gated the injury done by insects. The injury done by the pine beetle to the Scots fir is in no ways analogous. The beetle does its injury internally, by eating the pith of the shoots and heart of the buds ; the Capercaillie * lops ' the shoots, buds, and leaves clean off, and the one cannot by any possibility be mistaken for the other ; besides, the injury is ^ The pieces of lichen no doubt were picked up along with the other con- tents of the crop, and do not form a part of the regular food of the bird. — [J. A. H. B.] 134 THE CAPERCAILLIE. done by the beetle in the middle of summer, and the most serious injury is done by the bird in the winter, when the beetles are hybemating in, or on, dead wood on the ground. " The beetle attacks almost any pine tree, sick or healthy, any size or any age ; only, as it climbs from the ground to the branches, small trees, say under 25 years of age, are those commonly attacked. Capercaillies, on the other hand, attack only healthy trees of any size or age, and will, in some in- stances, return to the same tree for days eonti7iuously, tiU it is completely stripped of its buds or growing points, and, of course, most seriously injuring it, and rendering it perfectly useless for timber. If the bird is kept within due limits (in numbers), the injury they do is immaterial to the general welfare of our forests ; but if they become very numerous, they will cer- tainly play havoc with the pine and larch plantations in their neighbourhood, especially young plantations. Black game, at certain seasons, are just about as injurious to young pine and larch trees." The above remarks by Mr. Dunn were evoked by special queries which I put to him regarding the possibility existing of the buds aftected by the pine beetle being those chosen by the Capercaillie. As has been seen, Mr. Dunn is of the opinion that the bird prefers " clean, healthy, fresh food," and has " no taste for damaged or decaying vegetation of any kind." He does not consider that insects of any kind form part of their food, but he at the same time states that he " never examined the crop of a young bird taken out of the nest." In this connection Mr. D. Bmwn, formerly naturalist for many years in Perth, writes that he has" stuffed very nearly 700 Capercaillies during the last twenty-two years," and "not in one single instance have I observed any form of insect in the very many crops I have emptied for inflation, or which may have burst during the operation of skinning the birds." Mr. D. Brown's and Mr. Dunn's evidence, however, must only be DAMAGE TO FORESTS. 135 considered as negative, in opposition to the positive recorded testimony of a number of other naturalists. Mr. Eobert Collett of Christiania distinctly states that the young birds "are at first fed almost exclusively on small soft-bodied insects " {'Birds of Europe,' by Dresser, Part xxi.). Mr. Charles Ottley Groom Napier, who has specially devoted his attention to compiling an account of ' The food, use, and leauty of British Birds,' gives as the food of the Capercaillie in May, " insects, leaves," etc. (p. 69). Various other authors of repute state the same, such as Lloyd (' Game Birds of Sweden,' pp. 4, 5). Indeed, I should myself be more surprised to learn that they did not eat insects, as all game birds and gallinaceous birds feed more or less upon insects and larvae, especially when young ; but I have not on that account neglected specially to make observations and inquiries in this direction, as the sub- ject of the food of the Capercaillie is in itself of interest, all the more so when we find that a difference of opinion is ex- pressed, as we find above. Mr. Eobert Collett and Professor Easch of Norway like- wise have never found insects in the crops of many Caper- caillies they have dissected " in the season from autumn to spring." They are protected by law all the summer time. Mr. Collett adds that he believes they feed upon larvae. " I cannot understand why they are often seen in numbers in places in our forests where only the insect larvae are devour- ing the leaves of the birches or the blaeberry plants, if they do not feed upon these larvae. But, unfortunately, no specimen must be killed in the season when these larvae are present." Herr Dr. Meves, of Stockholm, writes to me : — " I believe that these birds (Capercaillies) sometimes do as much good as harm to forests. Travelling in Jemtland I found young woc>d grouse, from three to ten days' old, having their throats and crops filled with Tenthredo or Nemitus larvae, which an? found on pine trees. A couple of 'wood grouse shot in 136 THE CAPERCAILLIE. Dalerne about a month ago (his letter is dated IGth March 1878) had pine-needles (Pi;i2^ss?//iT5^m), juniper-berries {Juni- perus), and cranberries ( Vaccin. vitis4dcca) in their crops." Here is one little gleam of sunshine. They must destroy vast numbers of Tcnthrcdo and Ncmitus larva3, even during the at-prcscnt-supposed short period of their insect-feeding age. But a question of interest is : — How long does this insect- feeding age continue ? And another question of interest is : — How much good do they do in that time against the harm they do at others ? These are questions the solution of which, I tliink, cannot fail to prove of economic interest to proprietors of forests, and wliich, if thoroughly investigated, may more than likely induce many to modify their wholesale condemnation of the Capercaillie. The rook, against which species Acts of the old Scottish Parliament were passed, now increases, and even with many farmers lives upon altogether a different footing than formerly. Many farmers know now that it would be a dangerous experiment to rid the country of rooks altogether. There are two sides to every question, and I have strong faith that if all the good the Capercaillie does were as thorougldy investigated as the evil has been, there would not be quite such a hue and cry against it. A correspondent in Perthshire writes as follows :■ — " From the first of November up to the end of May the Capercaillie lives principally on Scotch fir ' sprigs.' Then, from tlie first of June to the end of October, he lives greatly upon insects, digs deep into ants* mounds ^ in search of food, and strips the l)ark off rotten trees in search of worms and beetles." Fancy liundreds, yes and thousands, of Capercadlies thus employed. Do they do no good ? I have quoted Mr. Dunn's letter fully, as it is perhaps tlie letter, amongst many others I liave received, wliicli ]ilar(\s t]je ^ Lloyd directs tliat auts' cg{,'.s be provided for the young binls when rearing them by hand {ojh cit. p. 32). DAMAGE TO FORESTS. 137 damage done in the strongest light. I am still of opinion, however, that the final results exhibited in certain young trees are just as Kkely to have been caused by beetles as by the Capercaillies. If the buds are destroyed, whether by beetles internally or by Capercaillies, whether in summer or in winter, I beheve the results will be the same, viz., as will be seen farther on — the trees becoming bushy, branchy, and stunted. My friend Mr. J. J. Dalgleish — owning an estate in Perthshire, and having between 400 and 500 acres of pine, larch, and spruce plantations of different ages inhabited by Capercaillies — informed me that old trees are not so much damaged, because the birds cannot reach the terminal shoots. Whenever the trees get old enough, and the birds cannot any longer reach the top bud, the trees are safe. But on wood of a certain age they and black game together inflict serious injury. The result, in his opinion, is, that the trees become stunted and bushy, and unless a new upward growth takes place, soon become useless. Becoming interested in the subject of destruction to forest plants and trees, I visited, in January 1878, a piece of ground of fourteen acres in extent, or thereabouts, situated in the midst of old pine wood of different ages, and which had been planted six years previously with pine seedlings on the above- mentioned estate. In one corner, facing the sun and the south, and protected on the north and west by older growth, the damage which the young trees had suffered was perhaps most apparent. Upon this estate Capercaillies are tolerably abundant, as many as four having been shot in one day by a party in 1877, and I have myself estimated the numbers seen in one day at least sixteen. Black game are scarce, and have been so for a number of years ; but I have seen black game driven out of the adjoining covers, and once rising out of the above enclosure. The stunted, bushy, 138 THE CAPERCAILLIE. or tufty young trees were pointed out to me, and I clearly saw where the central buds of the " leaders " had been picked out — or had dropped off! — resulting in side shoots taking the place of tlie leaders, and tlius deforming the trees. This was afln-med to be the damage done solely by the Capercaillie, which birds were stated to stand upon tlie ground and pick out the buds from the leading shoots, when the trees were perliaps four or five years old, and had been planted perhaps three years. After reaching this age the trees are considered safe, as they are too high for the birds to reach the terminal shoot from the gi^ound, and the young upper branches and leader are too young and tender to bear the weight of the bird. Becoming older still, the terminal shoot lengthens beyond the reach of the Capercaillie when it stands upon the upper branches, and the birds are then obliged to feed upon the side shoots. It was further stated that the trees, in con- sequence of this treatment when young, were delayed in their growth, and that many were destroyed and rendered useless. Notwithstanding all this apparently strong evidence against the Capercaillie, I reserved the right of agent for the defence, with the hope of being able to pick holes stiU in the evidence ; or, at all events, to mitigate his sentence. I saw a tree on the same property at least forty years old (on the authority of the proprietor), which was standing close to the young plantation, and with the same exposure, which was stunted in exactly the same way. It is needless to point out that that deformity could scarcely have been caused by Capercaillies, unless they attack old trees also, as Capercaillies were not introduced successfully into that district until 1864, when the trees would he thirty yeai-s of age ; or, taking the im])erfect introduction resulting in hybrids in IS;")!), and sup- posing the few birds there at that time capable of doing any damage, which is too unlikely, still the trees woidd be twenty-two years of age. DAMAGE TO FORESTS. 139 Mr. J. B. Hamilton, of Leny, amongst others, informs me that he has seen abundant evidence of their work and mis- chief, and adds : — " on Scotch firs of twenty to thirty years old. My own impression is that they are not so injurious to young Scotch fir plants of a foot or two in height as black game, which are very fond of the leading bud in these, and are one of the causes of that tufty appearance in these that you allude to." There seems to be considerable diversity of opinion amongst those inimical to the Capercaillie as to the ages of the wood attacked. On the other hand, I have the following opinion from Sir Eobert Menzies, which I quote in full : — " Neither do I blame them for being destructive to the plantations, a fault that is frequently found with them, and in consequence of which they are shot down. So far as my experience goes, they do not injure newly planted young trees in the same way that black game do, as they will not go to a plantation where there are no trees they can roost upon ; they will not pick out the tops while standing on the ground,^ and it is not till the trees in a plantation are somewhat grown that the Capercaillies settle in it, and then, as they are heavy birds, it is only the side shoots they can get at, as the top shoot is not strong enough to carry them. I am of opinion that it is no fault of the Capercaillies that plantations of Scotch fir are found not to do well, but that a very bad sort of that tree is now sold out of the nurseries that will never become trees ; plants that do not make a leader like the true Scotch fir, but, on the contrary, have no stem, and abound in branches, both above and below. This sort of Scotch fir is an importation from the Continent, now of some years' standing, and young plants are now sold as 'true natives' that are seedlings taken from trees originally grown from this imported seed. When 1 This opinion from Sir Robert Menzies was received quite independently of any suggestions of mine, or mention of other people's remarks. 140 THE CAPERCAILLIE. these are not found to he doing well the CapercaiUie is hlamed ; Init I think it is the seedsman who is at fault, and more care sliouhl l)e taken to see that the young Scotch fir plants are of the right sort, when the plantation will be found to do well enough, though there are a good many CapercaUlies in it." — (Sir E. Menzies, Bart., in lit.) Further, Mr. Eobert Collett of Christiania, in reply to inquiries I made of him regarding destruction done to forests in Norway and Sweden, WTites : — " In Norway there is not any trace of destruction to the forests done by the CapercaiUie. Certainly they do live in mnter almost exclusively on the leaves of the fir (Pinus sylvcstris), but they only take some shoots here and some there ; for the most part from old — o?- at least not young — trees. We find here (as well as in much other correspondence I have had on the subject) great discrepancy between the accounts of different authorities as regards the age of the wood at the time it is affirmed to be destroyed by Caper- caillies. One affirms that it is only the young plants that are injured, and tliat the birds stand on the ground and pick out tlie " sprits," or leading buds ; another states his convic- tion to be that they " will not pick out the tops while stand- ing on the ground," and that they cannot reach the top shoots when the tree is grown, owing to these top shoots not being strong enough to bear their weight.^ I cannot say if it is positively correct to state that they wiU not feed whQe standing on the ground ; but it has been sho^\^l or recorded that they do sit upon the topmost shoots of smaller trees at " lek " time, in such localities as are destitute of larger trees. Dresser tells us (' Birds of Furojye' part xxi.), ' Tliey used some of tlie smaller trees for their lek;' and it wiis easy to dis- * If th»'y fiiiinot readi tlie top shoots, then they must be content witli side shoots, and thus hoeonie, to a certain extent, nature's pruners, as shown by the opinion of several naturalists. DAMAGE TO FORESTS. 141 tinguish those which had been used for that purpose, as the tops were bent down by the weight of the birds." If the bird does so at " lek," there is a probability that it will also do so at feeding-time. The general impression seems to be that it is only older wood that is attacked, and quite a num- ber of my correspondents seem to be of this opinion, the dam- age done to young plants being not infrequently put to the charge of black game. The editor of the Swedish hunting journal, ' Nya Yagore Forhundets Tidskrift' Stockholm, expresses his opinion in a letter to Herr Dr. Meves, that " there is certainly a local damage observed and complained of " in Sweden, " viz., in young plantations, where the plants are a foot or two in height. The havoc then done by the old male Capercailhe is some- times considerable." Dr. Meves writes to me that his son — "The Inspector of Forests" — told him that there "is very rarely any complaint about damage done to young plantations by wood grouse." I read and studied a Little book ' The Larch Disease! by Charles Macintosh (Edinburgh, 1860), with a view to obtaining parallel hints as to the natural history of the Scots fir. Eeading this book rather strengthened my sus- picions, and the statements of several correspondents (pp. cit. p. 15, et seqq.) regarding imported seed, unhealthy seed- lings, southerly exposures, hot suns, and late frosts, having something to do with the stunted appearance of some plantations. Accordingly, I wrote to Mr. John Hancock, of Newcastle, who being both a good ornithologist and experi- enced arboriculturist, would be likely to afford me good and unbiassed information. The facts I have gathered from a correspondence with Mr. Hancock, and later correspondence, are as follows : — There is a stunted form of iir supplied by nurserymen, which never makes a tree, but remains a dwarf, and bears 142 THE CAPERCAILLIE. cones. Mr. Hancock considers that these plants are generally reared from slips and not from seed. It has been the fashion of late years to plant this for cover for game. Mr. Hancock considers the work of the Capercaillie as a natural state of pruning, wliich, in forests or woods of con- siderable extent, would result in little or no harm to the trees. In this Mr. Collett of Christiania would appear to agree in his remarks quoted above ; and, indeed, I think all who con- sider at all that the balance of nature should be respected will have a similar opinion. If the population is too great for the extent of wood, no doubt damage must ensue ; but, as pomted out by several correspondents, not to speak of my own inexperienced observations, this balance of nature could be preserved, or at least the evil remedied, if — as Mr. Hancock says — " all landed proprietors would plant two trees for every one cut down ;" then the food supply would soon be in excess of the requirements of the birds." I have elsewhere shown that an increase of the population beyond what the balance of nature can stand results in the emigration of the surplus birds, and that an over-stock of birds cannot last for any length of time ; a natural law proved by the very fact of the distribution and extension of range of species. If artificial feeding, or great excess of young wood be planted, the birds wiU increase in number accordingly ; but this, too, wiU have its limit. The whole question appears to me to resolve itself into the question of the balance of nature and natural laws. If man, on the one side, infringes these laws by making two trees grow where nature only grew one, he must expect to see perhaps double the number of Capercaillies, because double the amount of food for them is supplied. But, on the other hand, in many parts of Scotland, the balance of nature has been disturbed by reckless cutting of forests without rcj)lant- inrj. Till' consequence here is that the birds become propor- tionately scarcer, after no doubt dnintr a certain damage to DAMAGE TO FORESTS. 143 the remaining trees. Man shoots them down on all occasions, forgetting or ignoring the fact that he himself was the first disturber of nature's laws. Mr. Hancock considers that the stunted and bushy trees which I described to him will prove, in all probability, to be the work of a small beetle or weevil (before mentioned) which eats into the buds. Its work cannot be confounded (as already shown by Mr. Dunn) ^dth what the Capercaillies do : " The latter cut the bud quite off, whilst the former leaves the dead buds attached to the stems." " There seems to be no doubt but that the usual planta- tion plant is decidedly inferior to the native, and it is sup- posed that the seed is not pure — according to some authorities I have consulted — having been taken from plantation-trees which are not true Scots fir, but hybrids between the latter and some other of the family, or else that it is foreign seed of an inferior strain. "It is certain that the Scots fir of modern plantations is an inferior plant. How much this may be due to uncongenial soil and injudicious treatment, not being an adept in forestry, I know not." (Dr. Buchanan White in lit.) Although Capercaillies are said by Mr. Dunn only to attack healthy trees, I am not sure that leetles of the Hylurgus tribes may not be induced to confine their operations to the inferior strain of trees above mentioned. It is notorious that many parasitical insects are more apt to attack bodies which are in an unhealthy state than those which are healthy, and we have no stronger proof of this than in the presence of certain parasites in the human body. "Whether these insects attack all trees alike, healthy and unhealthy, native or imported, sound strain or unsound strain, indigenous old Scotch pine, as at Eannoch, or the younger growths, is more a question for the arboriculturist and ento- mologist than for an ornithologist, though other questions 144 THE CAPERCAILLIE. hinging upon the answers, from an ornithologist's point of view, may, or may not, prove of value. Now, although the actual work of the beetle cannot be confounded with what the CapercaiUies do, is it not quite possible that in many cases — I will not say in all — the results — viz. the stunting and deforming of the young trees — may have often been caused by the beetle, and the blame have been laid on the Capercaillie ? But before quitting this part of our subject — in which, let me say, there remains still a vast deal of investigation before we can consider it exhausted — I would shortly draw the attention of my readers to some other facts wliich must be considered in the connection of " damage done to forests." In the course of an examination into the " damage done to forests " by another animal — the squirrel — at the distribu- tion and increase of wliich, in Scotland, I am also working, I find that a favourite food of the squirrel, amongst a very extensive selection, consists of the shoots of fir, larch, and a variety of other trees. It seems to me difficult to account for the wide differences of opinion regarding the age of the trees attacked by the Capercaillie, otherwise than by supposing that there must be inaccuracy of observation either upon the one hand or upon the other, or by supposing that both sides of the question are more or less right or more or less wrong. I do not wish to cast a deeper shade over the already dis- rei)utal)le character which the squirrel bears amongst the foresters and woodmen of Scotland — its burden is perhaps already greater than it can bear — but I tliink it is quite pos- sible, indeed more than likely, that the difference of opinion already taken notice of is traceable to the more regular attacks of the nimble little quadruped, whose weight is not so great as that of the Capercaillie, and would not prevent it from reacliing the leading shoots at almost any age of the trees. Mimy will say at once that the traces of squirrel's DAMAGE TO FORESTS. 145 work are visible upon the ground under the trees attacked, and can be at once identified, but I doubt if this is always the case. I fancy it would not always be easy to pick up the rejected husks cast down by the squirrel amongst under- growth, or the long heather amongst which young fir seed- lings are often planted. In the West Highlands, in localities where squirrels are not, how often do we find the ground underneath the birch-trees strewed with the fresh green shoots, and under the hazels with the " nut-bobbins ; " and have we not watched the black game busy picking them off and letting them drop? Many a West Highland road by the margin of a lake or arm of the sea, at certain seasons of the year, are thus thickly strewn, but there are no squirrels there. It is true the Capercaillie swallows the buds whole, and differs in its form of food thus far from the squirrel, but I think it unfair to the bird to put all the blame upon it for the " stunting " and " bushing " of the trees, old or young, without taking into consideration the other causes of the damage done. How much damage, done really by the squirrel, is laid to the charge of the Capercaillie ? How much easier is it to see a Capercaillie in a young fir planta- tion, in which the plants are a foot or two in height, than to see the squirrel ! The Capercaillie rises a hundred yards off, and seeks shelter in the higher woods, thus proclaim- ing his presence. The squirrel may, or may not, make for the higher woods, but at all events he more easily evades detection. Yet another cause of damage to fir-plantations has been pointed out lately by Mr. J. Hardy, viz. :— the massing of wood-pigeons upon the top-shoots of young spruces and firs {in lit) ; but I merely indicate these here to show that a much more exhaustive inquiry into the causes of damage to L 140 THE CAPERCAILLIE. forests is necessary, before the amount due to each agent in it can be assigned with justice and impartiality. Finally, on the subject of food. According to authors and correspondents : — In summer the food of the Capercaillie con- sists of various plants, fern-shoots, and buds of trees, such as alder, birch, and hazel, and acorns, where procurable ; almost aU sorts of berries, such as cranberries, cowberries, blaeber- ries, wild strawbeiTies and raspberries, juniper-berries, and of insects. It also feeds on the leaves of the larch and Scotch fir, and sparingly of the spruce. A correspondent states that from 1st of November to end of May, or thereabouts, they feed upon vegetable food, and principally on fir-shoots ; but in summer — i.e. from beginning of June to end of October — " they live greatly upon insects, digging deep into ants' moimds in search of food, and stripping off the bark of rotten prostrate trees, looking for worms or beetles." So also do its congeners black game and grouse. " During spring and summer the black cock, as Mr. Lloyd informs us, feeds upon birch buds, tender leaves . . . berries, etc., and on insects and larvae." I wiU be glad if what I have said above will lead to a more thorough investigation of the statistics of damages done to forests, 1st, solely by Capercaillie ; 2d, solely by squirrels ; Zd, solely by insects ; A.th, solely by wood pigeons ; and bth, solely by black game. Each of these subjects might well deserve separate and exhaustive treatment, but in such an investigation it is needless to say every separate act of destruction or damage should be distinctly and clearly brought home to one of the agents, and every side of the question be critically examinjed. Until actual, positive, unquestionable, and distinct evidence, and a large mass of carefully collected statistics be brought together, and viewed from every possible aspect, we cannot, I consider, with justice assign the amount of damage done to any one of these agents in particular. DAMAGE TO FORESTS. 147 Deeply aware of the imperfections of this part of the subject, I still hope it may lead to a more perfect treat- ment of it.^ ^ Since the above was written I have received a report upon the contents of four crops of Capercaillies from Dr. Buchanan White, but as these are, except in one case, unaccompanied by dates, they are not of much service. Three contained fir-needles, and a few buds and small stones. The fourth (7th October 1878) " a very little reddish grumous matter." As already seen, we want reports upon crops of birds killed in summer, and both of old birds and young, and without dates these reports are next to useless. CHAPTER XXV. DAMAGE TO GRAIN. As to the damage done to grain, it certainly appears to be con- siderable where they frequent standing fields of corn. In the Crieff and Comrie district I have it from a reliable eye- witness that numbers of these birds alight in standing corn- fields, beating down the stalks with their wings each time they alight, and doing incalculable damage. On the other hand, in almost aU other districts from which I have data, I am told that they are either " seldom if ever," or " never," seen in corn-fields. I am bound to say, however, that these latter reports do not emanate in most cases from parties who might take an impartial view of tlie matter, or from agricul- turists who might not be blind to their shortcomings ; and upon this point I stLQ require data before arriving at conclu- sions. Meanwhile, I think it is safe to consider that any such damage is extremely local, and not general. A corre- spondent in Glenalmond informs me that the taste for grain has only lately been developed there. He says they are now heginning to feed upon the stooks on Balgowan estate (1877), and lie adds with natural gladness, being a person interested in their welfare, " It wiU then be easier to rear them." ^ Never have we heard that Capercadlies in a wild native ' The gamekeeper on TJalfjowan, however, has never seen them on arable ground, nor has he ever found grain in tlnir crops. DAMAGE TO GRAIN. 149 state — as in Norway, Sweden, or Eussia — have ever done damage to crops at any time, and I am borne out in this by several letters from Norwegian and Swedish naturalists. Naturally the Capercaillie is a tame bird, at least in Scotland, since the restoration of the species, but where much disturbed or shot at, they soon learn to take care of themselves, and do so very effectually on the whole. In the nesting sea- son they become often very tame, allowing passers-by to stand still and inspect them at a distance of a few paces.^ It is usually, however, most difficult in an ordinary day's walk through the old fir woods to obtain a shot at them, and it is by driving the covers that they are usually killed in greatest numbers. I am not aware that the method — in practice in Norway and the north of Europe — of hunting them with a dog, and approaching after the birds are " treed," is much in practice anjnvhere in Scotland, although occasionally sports- men stalk them with pea-rifle in hand. Mr. E. Anderson, of Dunkeld, gives me an amusing account of the squirrel-like actions of a hen Capercaillie when caught napping in a thick fir, dodging round the tree stem, and preferring this method to that of escaping by flight. It is under such circumstances sufficiently exciting and interesting sport, and worthy of a good marksman. 1 On Sauchie property, in Stirlingshire, a cock bird — one of the first that arrived there — used boldly to attack any girl or woman passing along the avenue, close to which, and within 100 yards of the house, two hen birds were at the time sitting on eggs, and several times allowed himself to get caught. CHAPTER XXVI. CONCLUSION. I HAVE now brought together all the information I have been able to collect upon these points in the history of the Capercaillie, which presented themselves to my mind as most worthy of attention in this country. I am, I trust, aware of my own imperfections in arranging these materials, and planning the form in which to lay them before my readers. I am aware especially of the unfinished state of the last two chapters — perhaps tlic most interesting to the landed proprietor and forester — but as I waited long after the other portions were brought up to the date of my latest items of information for fuller and more minute data regarding the destruction doiie to forests, but ^^dthout re- ceiving any additional statistics, and the summer having passed without my having the opportunity of examining a single Capercaillie's crop, I decided upon placing my MS. in the printer's hands, leaving till a future opportunity the more thorough investigation and treatment of tliis part of the subject. I have not entered into the subject of the habits of the species for two reasons. First, that has already been most amply treated of by abler jiens than mine; and second, having had comparatively few opportunities of narrowly watching the species, I am unable to add anything of sufficient novelty to this portion of its history, and I feel that were I to extend this CONCLUSION. 151 essay to any further treatment than I have already done, I would be entering upon the dangerous habit called book- making. I therefore conclude, hoping that some interest may be found in the foregoing pages ; and if the information given is not new, at least it is carefully sifted, and, I believe, in all the more important passages, will be found to be reliable. I shall be glad to receive further notes on the advance of the species, from those who may be sufficiently interested in the subject, in order to keep on record its further history; and, as already mentioned, I will be glad if the subjects treated of in the last chapter attract interest and further discussion. CtNTRAL PARK, "^ NEW YORK, :^v APPENDIX. DERIVATION OF ' CAPERCAILLIE. ' CHAP. I. Addition to Footnote at page 3. Since the first cliapter of this Essay passed through the press, I have come upon the following passage in Joyce's ' Irish Names of Places,' which appears to me to have peculiar signi- ficance in the connection. In his chapter upon Animals [chap. vii. p. 452, third edition, 1871], after telling us that "the transfer of a name from one species of animals or plants to another is a curious phenomenon, and not unfrequently met with," [i.e. in the Erse] — ojJ. c'lt. p. 456, — he shows further on how this comes to be exemplified under The Goat and The Horse. He says " The word gahhar (gower), a goat, is common to the Celtic, Latin, and Teutonic languages : the old Irish form is gahar, which corresponds with Welsh, gafar ; Corn., gavar ; Latin, CAPER; Ang.-Sax., haefer. . . . The word gahar, accord- ing to the best authorities, was anciently applied to a horse as well as to a goat. In Cormac's ' Glossary ' it is stated that gabur is a goat, and gohur a horse. Colgan remarks that gahhur is an ancient Irish and British word for a horse," &c. (p. 459). ANTIQUITY OF THE SPECIES. f^^, , \|Vy.<. Vide CHAP. III. page 14. Professor Newton informs me that remains of Capercaillie ^rv^ have been found in a Roman layer at Settle, but up to date of n^^- going to press I have not learnt anything further than the ' statement. . M 154 APPENDIX. FORMER HISTORY OF THE CAPERCAILLIE. Fide CHAP. IV. page 15. We have evidence of the prior history of the Capercaillie in the fact, that it was recognised by name by the ancient Britains, whose name for it Avas Celliog Coed. {v. ' Enr/. Cyclop.') ADDENDUM TO CHAP. IV. page 33. Longfield, in his Treatise on the ^ Game Laws in Ireland,' says that the " Wild Turkeys " of Act George III. must have been Capercaillies, and adds that they were not extinct so late as 1787. The earlier authors seem to have been sorely exer- cised as to what was the correct place the Capercaillie should take in the Class Aves. Thus, while, as we have seen, it received the names of ' pekokes ' and ' Pavones sylvestris ' and 'Wild Turkey,' Merrett, in his 'Finax' (16G7, p. 179), puts "the Capricalca, Capricalze Scotis," among the u4quaticce Palmipedes, and Charleton places it still further away in the company of the members of the genus Anser.^ RESTORATION IN IRELAND. Vide CHAP. V. page 51. Col. Edward H. Cooper of Markree Castle, Co. Sligo, has made attempts to introduce Capercaillies into that county. He writes — IGth Feb, 1879 — "My experience is so far not very hopeful. Three years ago I turned out a hen bird. She was not seen again. The following spring I got a sitting of eggs from Scotland ; four hatched out, and lived for about six weeks ; but I believe it is im])0ssible to rear them by hand. This last autumn and winter I have turned out seven birds, but only one 1 [Vide .—ONOMASTICON ZOICON, Pleroruiiique Ammalii'M Diffcr- entias <k Nomina Proj)ria pluribus Linguis exponens. Cui accodunt MAN- TISSA ANATOMIC A; et qua;dam De Variis FOSSILIUM generibus. Autore Gwdtcro Charlctono, M.D. CAROLl II. ^lagna Britannia. Regis Medico ordinario, & Collcgii Mediconim Londinensiinn Socio. LONDINI, apud Jrt<:o&M7/i .^//cj/ry llegalis Societatis Typographuni. mdclxviii. (4to.) p. 98.] APPENDIX. 155 cock. A hen or hens are constantly seen about, but the cock has not been heard of, so I am afraid there is very little chance that they mil breed this spring, unless they cross with a black- cock. I have also turned out a good many fine healthy black game this autumn, and several, I know, are still about here. I also put a sitting of eggs under a pheasant last spring : they all hatched out but one egg : none of the young birds were ever seen : there were some heavy storms at the time, so the young chicks may have perished." It is hoped and expected that Col. Cooper will eventually succeed in restoring the Capercaillie to Ireland. EXTENSION IN INVERNESS. Fide CHAP. XIII. page 9 3. Mr. Peter — Lord Lovat's factor at Beauly — informs me that " one of the old native breed of Capercaillies was trapped at Struy (?), about 50 or 60 years ago. None have been seen since that time." This date would be placed at from 1819 to 1829. 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Who directed the 1969 film 'Easy Rider'?	Western Capercaillie - Tetrao urogallus - Details - Encyclopedia of Life T. urogallus uralensis— Ural Mts. , western Siberia The races show increasing amounts of white on the underparts of males from west to east, almost wholly black with only a few white spots underneath in western and central Europe to nearly pure white in Siberia, where the black-billed capercaillie occurs. Variation in females is much less. The native Scottish population, which became extinct between 1770 and 1785, was probably also a distinct race, though it was never formally described as such; the same is also likely of the extinct Irish population. Hybrids[ edit ] Western capercaillies are known to hybridise occasionally with black grouse (these hybrids being known by the German name Rackelhahn ) and the closely related black-billed capercaillie. Cock singing during courting season, in Spanish Pyrenees Male and female Tetrao urogallus Male and female western capercaillie—the cocks and the hens—can easily be differentiated by their size and colouration. The male bird (or cock) is much bigger than the female (or hen). It is one of the most sexual dimorphic in size of living bird species, dimorphism only exceed by the larger types of bustards and a select few members of the pheasant family. Cocks typically range from 74 to 85 cm (29 to 35 in) in length with wingspan of 90 to 125 cm (34–49 in) and an average weight of 4.1 kg (9.0 lb). [3] [4] [5] The largest wild cocks can attain a length of 100 cm (39 in) and weight of 6.7 kg (15 lb). [6] The largest specimen ever recorded in captivity had a weight of 7.2 kg. (15.9 lbs). The weight range of 75 wild cocks was found to range from 3.6 to 5.05 kg (7.9 to 11.1 lb). [5] The body feathers are coloured dark grey to dark brown, while the breast feathers are dark metallic green. The belly and undertail coverts vary from black to white depending on race (see below). The hen is much smaller, weighing about half as much as the cock. The capercaillie hen's body from beak to tail is approximately 54–64 cm (21–25 in) long, the wingspan is 70 cm (28 in) and weighs 1.5–2.5 kg (3.3–5.5 lbs), with an average of 1.8 kg (4.0 lb). [5] Feathers on the upper parts are brown with black and silver barring, on the underside they are more light and buffish-yellow. Both sexes have a white spot on the wing bow. They have feathered legs, especially in the cold season for protection against cold. Their toe rows of small, elongated horn tacks provide a snowshoe effect that led to the German family name "Rauhfußhühner", literally translated as "rough feet chickens". These so-called "courting tacks" make a clear track in the snow in winter. Both sexes can be distinguished very easily by the size of their footprints. There is a bright red spot of naked skin above each eye. In German hunters' language, these are the so-called "roses". The small chicks resemble the hen in their cryptic colouration, which is a passive protection against predators. Additionally, they wear black crown feathers. At an age of about three months, in late summer, they moult gradually towards the adult plumage of cocks and hens. The eggs are about the same size and form as chicken eggs, but are more speckled with brown spots. Distribution and habitat[ edit ] Male capercaillie displaying It is a sedentary species, breeding across northern parts of Europe and western and central Asia in mature conifer forests with diverse species composition and a relatively open canopy structure. At one time it could be found in all the taiga forests of northern and northeastern Eurasia within the cold temperate latitudes and the coniferous forest belt in the mountain ranges of warm temperate Europe. The Scottish population became extinct , but has been reintroduced from the Swedish population; in Germany it is on the "Red list" as a species threatened by extinction, and is no longer found in the lower mountainous areas of Bavaria ; in the Bavarian Forest , the Black Forest and the Harz mountains numbers of surviving western capercaillie decline even under massive efforts to breed them in captivity and release them into the wild; in Switzerland , in the Swiss Alps , in the Jura , in the Austrian and Italian Alps . The species is extinct in Belgium . In Ireland it was common until the seventeenth century, but died out in the eighteenth. In Norway , Sweden , Finland , Russia and Romania populations are quite big, and it is quite a common bird to see in the forested regions of these countries. The most serious threats to the species are habitat degradation, particularly conversion of diverse native forest into often single-species timber plantations , and to birds colliding with fences erected to keep deer out of young plantations. Increased numbers of small predators that prey on capercaillies (e.g. red fox ) due to the loss of large predators who control smaller carnivores (e.g. gray wolf , brown bear ) also cause problems in some areas. Status and conservation[ edit ] Foot prints of western capercaillie in Czech national nature reserve Kladské rašeliny This species has an estimated range of 1–10 million square kilometers (0.38–3.8 million sq mi.) and a population of between 1.5 and 2 million individuals in Europe alone. There is some evidence of a population decline, but the species is not believed to approach the IUCN Red List thresholds of a population decline of more than 30% in ten years or three generations, and is therefore is evaluated as Least Concern. [1] As reported by the Spanish researcher Félix Rodríguez de la Fuente in his "Fauna" series, the NW Spanish subspecies Tetrao urogallus cantabricus —an Ice Age remnant—was threatened in the 1960s by commercial gathering of holly fruit-bearing branches for sale as Christmas ornaments—a practice imported from Anglo-Saxon or Germanic countries. In Scotland , the population has declined greatly since the 1960s because of deer fencing, predation and lack of suitable habitat ( Caledonian Forest ). The population plummeted from a high of 10,000 pairs in the 1960s to less than 1000 birds in 1999. It was even named as the bird most likely to become extinct in the UK by 2015. However, due to the hard work of the RSPB and other organisations it may now be making a modest recovery. In mountainous skiing areas, poorly marked cables for ski-lifts have also contributed to mortality. Their effects can be mitigated by proper coloring, sighting and height alterations. Behaviour and ecology[ edit ] The western capercaillie is adapted to its original habitats—old coniferous forests with a rich interior structure and dense ground vegetation of Vaccinium species under a light canopy. They mainly feed on Vaccinium species, especially blueberry , find cover in young tree growth, and use the open spaces when flying. As habitat specialists, they hardly use any other forest types. Mammalian predators known to take capercaillie include Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) and gray wolf (Canis lupus), although both prefer slightly larger prey. Meanwhile, pine martens (Martes martes), stone martens (Martes foina), brown bears (Ursus arctos), wild boars (Sus scrofa) and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) take mostly eggs and chicks but can attack some adults if they manage to ambush the often weary birds. [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] In Sweden , Western capercaillies are the primary prey of the golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos). [12] Large numbers are also taken by northern goshawks (Accipiter gentilis), including adults but usually young ones, and Eurasian eagle-owls (Bubo bubo) will occasionally pick off a capercaillie of any age or size, but normally prefer mammalian foods. [13] [14] White-tailed eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) are more likely to take water birds than upland-type birds, but have also been recorded preying on capercaillie around the White Sea . [15] In some areas, declines are due to excessive hunting, though game laws in many areas have stopped this. It has not been hunted in Scotland or Germany for over 30 years. Western capercaillies are not elegant fliers due to their body weight and short, rounded wings. While taking off they produce a sudden thundering noise that deters predators. Because of their body size and wing span they avoid young and dense forests when flying. While flying they rest in short gliding phases. Their feathers produce a whistling sound. Western capercaillie, especially the hens with young chicks, require a set of particular resources which should occur as parts of a small-scaled patchy mosaic: these are food plants, small insects for the chicks, cover in dense young trees or high ground vegetation, old trees with horizontal branches for sleeping. These criteria are met best in old forest stands with spruce and pine, dense ground vegetation and local tree regrowth on dry slopes in southern to western expositions. These open stands allow flights downslope and the tree regrowth offers cover. In the lowlands such forest structures developed over centuries by heavy exploitation, especially by the use of litter and grazing livestock . In the highlands and along the ridges of mountain areas in temperate Europe as well as in the taiga region from Fennoscandia to Siberia the boreal forests show this open structure due to the harsh climate, hence offering optimal habitats for capercaillie without human influence. Dense and young forests are avoided as there is neither cover nor food and flight of these large birds is greatly impaired. Diet[ edit ] The western capercaillie lives on a variety of food types, including buds, leaves, berries , insects , grasses and in the winter mostly conifer needles; you can see the food remains in their droppings, which are about 1 cm in diameter and 5–6 cm in length. Most of the year the droppings are of solid consistency, but with the ripening of blueberries , these dominate the diet and the faeces become formless and bluish-black. The western capercaillie is a highly specialized herbivore , which feeds almost exclusively on blueberry leaves and berries along with some grass seeds and fresh shoots of sedges in summertime. The young chicks are dependent on protein -rich food in their first weeks and thus mainly prey on insects. Available insect supply is strongly influenced by weather—dry and warm conditions allow a fast growth of the chicks, cold and rainy weather leads to a high mortality among them. During winter, when a high snow cover prevents access to ground vegetation, the western capercaillie spends almost day and night on trees, feeding now on coniferous needles of spruce , pine and fir as well as on buds from beech and rowan . In order to digest this coarse winter food the birds need grit, small stones or gastroliths which they actively search for and devour. Together with their very muscular stomach , these gizzard stones function like a mill and break needles and buds into small particles. Additionally western capercaillie have two appendixes which grow very long in winter. With the aid of symbiotic bacteria , the plant material is digested there. During the short winter days the western capercaillie feeds almost constantly and produces a pellet nearly every 10 minutes. The abundance of western capercaillie depends—like in most other species—on habitat quality, it is highest in sun-flooded open, old mixed forests with spruce, pine, fir and some beech with a rich ground cover of Vaccinium species. Spring territories are about 25 hectares per bird. Comparable abundances are found in taiga forests. Thus, the western capercaillie never had particularly high densities, despite the legends that hunters like to speculate about. Adult cocks are strongly territorial and occupy a range of 50 to 60 hectares optimal habitat. Hen territories are about 40 hectares. The annual range can be several square kilometers (hundreds of hectares) when storms and heavy snowfall force the birds to winter at lower altitudes. Territories of cocks and hens may overlap. Western capercaillie are diurnal game, i.e. their activity is limited to the daylight hours. They spend the night time in old trees with horizontal branches. These sleeping trees are used for several nights, they can be mapped easily as the ground under them is covered by pellets. The hens are ground breeders and spend the night on the nest. As long as the young chicks cannot fly the hen spends the night with them in dense cover on the ground. During winter the hens rarely go down to the ground and most tracks in the snow are from cocks. Courting and reproduction[ edit ] Female in Bavarian Forest , Germany Tetrao urogallus urogallus—eggs The courting season of the western capercaillie starts according to spring weather progress, vegetation development and altitude between March and April and lasts until May or June. Three-quarters of this long courting season is mere territorial competition between neighbouring cocks or cocks on the same courting ground. At the very beginning of dawn, the tree courting begins on a thick branch of a lookout tree. The cock postures himself with raised and fanned tail feathers, erect neck, beak pointed skywards, wings held out and drooped and starts his typical aria to impress the females. The typical song given in this display is a series of double-clicks like a dropping ping-pong ball, which gradually accelerate into a popping sound like a cork coming of a champagne bottle, which is followed by scraping sounds. It is only towards the end of the courting season that the hens arrive on the courting grounds, also called leks , meaning play in Norwegian . Now the cocks continue courting on the ground, this is the main courting season. The cock flies from his courting tree to an open space nearby and continues his display. The hens, ready to get mounted, crouch and utter a begging sound. If there is more than one cock on the lek, it is mainly the alpha-cock who copulates with the hens present. In this phase western capercaillies are most sensitive against disturbances and even single human observers may cause the hens to fly off and prevent copulation in this very short time span where they are ready for conception. As traditionally known by hunters, on the other hand, cocks are particularly refractory to otherwise alarming signs during their courting display. This originated a well-known reference to the species in popular culture: in one of the famous films starring Romy Schneider , young Empress Sissi goes hunting with her father. When he pauses to shoot a male western capercaillie taking advantage of his apparent numbness, she manages to scare away the bird. This is used as a metaphor for the changes brought about by her womanhood: being herself in love, her newfound awareness of the associated sense of rapture enables her to empathize with the hapless bird (as a younger girl she would have been simply excited by the prospect of a fine hunting trophy). There is a smaller courting peak in autumn, which serves to delineate the territories for the winter months and the next season. About three days after copulation the hen starts laying eggs. Within 10 days the clutch is full, the average clutch size is eight eggs but may amount up to 12, rarely only four or five eggs. The subsequent breeding lasts about 26–28 days according to weather and altitude. At the beginning of the breeding season the hens are very sensitive towards disturbances and leave the nest quickly. Towards the end they tolerate disturbances to a certain degree, crouch on their nest which is usually hidden under low branches of a young tree or a broken tree crown . As hatching nears hens sit tighter on the nest and will only flush from the nest if disturbed in very close proximity. Nesting hens rarely spend more than an hour a day off of the nest feeding and as such become somewhat constipated. The presence of a nest nearby is often indicated by distinctively enlarged and malformed droppings known as "clocker droppings". All eggs hatch in close proximity after which the hen and clutch abandon the nest where they are at their most vulnerable. Abandoned nests often contain "caeacal" droppings'; the discharge from the hens appendixes built up over the incubation period. After hatching the chicks are dependent on getting warmed by the hen. Like all precocial birds the young are fully covered by down feathers at hatching but are not yet able to maintain their body temperature which is 41°C in birds. In cold and rainy weather the chicks need to get warmed by the hen every few minutes and all the night. They seek food independently and prey mainly on insects, like butterfly caterpillars and pupae (there is a specialised butterfly species whose caterpillars develop only on Vaccinium myrtillus), ants , myriapodae , ground beetles and the like. They grow rapidly and most of the energy intake is transformed into the protein of the flight musculature (the white flesh around the breast in chickens). At an age of 3–4 weeks they are able to perform their first short flights, from this time on they start to sleep in trees in warm nights. At an age of about 6 weeks they are fully able to maintain their body temperature. The down feathers have been moulted into the immature plumage and at an age of 3 months another moult brings them in their subadult plumage and now the two sexes can be easily distinguished. From the beginning of September the families start to dissolve. First the young cocks disperse, then the young hens, both sexes may form loose foraging groups over the winter. Etymology[ edit ] The word capercaillie is a corruption of the Scottish Gaelic capull coille, meaning "horse of the woods". The Scots spelling is capercailzie (the "z" letter representing a yogh ). [16] The current spelling was standardised by William Yarrell in 1843. [16] The species name, urogallus, comes from Modern Latin meaning mountain cock. [17] Feathers as decoration[ edit ] The Italian Bersaglieri light infantry regiments wear a distinctive wide brimmed hat decorated with black capercaillie feathers. Today they only wear the hat when in parade dress.	i don't know
Which desert straddles the border between the USA and Mexico?	Deserts of Mexico \| eHow Deserts of Mexico Mexico's deserts are situated in the north of the country and extend into the southern United States. Unlike the tropical jungle and rainforest climates found in southern Mexico, the northern deserts have typically hot and arid climates. Chihuahuan Desert The Chihuahuan Desert covers the northernmost part of the state of Chihuahua and smaller parts of other Mexican states, and also extends across the border into the southern United States. With an area of 139,769 square miles, the desert is the second largest in North America. Sonoran Desert The Sonoran desert covers 120,000 square miles and is one of the largest and hottest North American deserts. It straddles the border between Mexico and the United States, stretching into parts of California and Arizona from northwestern Mexico. Baja California Desert The Baja California desert is situated on Mexico's west coast and features a varied landscape including coastal dunes, mountains, and plains. The Pacific Ocean to the west provides some humidity to the desert's climate.	Sonoran Desert
Who directed the 1968 film 'Finnian's Rainbow'?	Migrants Dying on the U.S.-Mexico Border - The New York Times The New York Times The Opinion Pages \|Death in the Desert Search Continue reading the main story Watertown, Mass. NO matter how the Supreme Court rules this month in Arizona v. United States, which will determine the fate of Arizona’s aggressive illegal immigration law, the national conversation about illegal immigration has shifted. As recent data from the Pew Hispanic Center and the United States Border Patrol indicate, illegal immigration is on the wane, with arrests of migrants trying to cross the United States-Mexico border at a 40-year low and with net migration to the United States at a standstill — and perhaps even reversing direction. In the eyes of many, this is cause for celebration: no more straining the resources of border states while migrants risk life and limb for a shot at a better life. But this rosy image of “success” ignores the larger, sobering picture of which migrant death and suffering is still very much a part. To see this, all you need to do is visit the southwest desert of Arizona, where migrants crossing into the United States continue to perish in tragic numbers. While it’s true that illegal immigration numbers are down overall, migrants are dying in the desert at the same rate that they have been for years (roughly between 150 and 250 deaths a year), according to statistics compiled by the Arizona Recovered Human Remains Project and the human rights group No More Deaths . In the past 10 years alone, some 2,000 migrants — men, women, children and the elderly — have died this way. Why does this number remain so disturbingly high? Because of the “funnel effect” created by the militarization of the United States-Mexico border: hundreds of miles of physical barriers, high-tech infrastructure, highway checkpoints and other security enhancements have combined to reroute migrants away from highly trafficked and relatively safe urban crossing zones and into remote and perilous stretches of scorching, waterless desert. Fewer migrants may be crossing, but those that do face more treacherous journeys. During months of research about immigration in southern Arizona, I heard many tales of death and suffering in the desert. Continue reading the main story Consider the all-too-typical story of Josue Ernesto Oliva-Serrano. A Honduran illegal immigrant living in Oklahoma with his American wife and their two children, Mr. Serrano was deported last year following his involvement in a minor traffic accident. (An illegal immigrant does not automatically become a United States citizen when he marries an American.) In September, he perished in Arizona in a desperate attempt to be reunited with his family. He had paid a coyote, or smuggler, to take him from Honduras to the United States-Mexico border, where he joined up with a group of roughly 20 other migrants to enter the United States through the desolate and searing terrain of the Tohono O’odham American Indian reservation in southern Arizona. Please verify you're not a robot by clicking the box. Invalid email address. Please re-enter. You must select a newsletter to subscribe to. Sign Up Privacy Policy According to accounts from the other migrants, the coyote told Mr. Serrano that Phoenix was only a day’s walk away (when in fact it was four days under the best of conditions) and that the two gallons of water he was carrying would suffice. The temperatures soared to triple digits the day the group set out. They ran out of water within hours and resorted to drinking water from cattle ponds. Mr. Serrano soon fell ill. He succumbed to the heat, a victim of hyperthermia and dehydration, the most common causes of migrant death. His mummified remains were found many days later by Tohono O’odham tribal members whom Mr. Serrano’s wife had contacted to help locate her husband. Advertisement Continue reading the main story Or consider the plight of female migrants. Many suffer atrocious abuses at the hands of their smugglers: they are robbed, sexually assaulted or simply abandoned in the desert. When I was in Arizona, I spoke with a man known as Sundog, the caretaker (and sole resident) of a ghost town named Ruby located in the mountainous area northwest of the city of Nogales. One afternoon, Sundog said, he saw a woman fleeing down a hilltop in his direction, screaming wildly. Close on her heels was the woman’s smuggler, who had already raped her friend and was coming after her. Another story: On Christmas Day last year, several volunteers from one of Tucson’s humanitarian aid groups came across a woman with broken ribs and a punctured lung during one of their desert runs. She was still alive; she had managed to fight off her coyote when he tried to rape her. “The question is not if a female migrant will be raped,” Shura Wallin , an aid worker in Arizona, told me, “but when and how often. Things are getting so much worse here.” When it comes to illegal immigration, low numbers are one way to measure success. Another is in terms of death and human heartbreak. If you spend even just a day in southern Arizona talking to aid workers, or across the border at a migrant shelter in Mexico teeming with recent deportees, or with Border Patrol agents (who have their own sad tales to tell), the numbers begin to look different. They look different in light of the corpses on gurneys, the empty water jugs littering the desert, the children who have lost their fathers, the crosses hanging on the United States-Mexico border wall that bear the names of the dead — or the crosses that simply say desconocido: “unknown.” Ananda Rose is the author of “Showdown in the Sonoran Desert: Religion, Law, and the Immigration Controversy.” A version of this op-ed appears in print on June 22, 2012, on Page A25 of the New York edition with the headline: Death in the Desert. Today's Paper \| Subscribe	i don't know
The world's heaviest flying bird has bred successfully in Britain (2009) for the first time since 1832. What is the bird?	Return of the Great Bustard: World¿s heaviest flying bird is back in Britain after an absence of 170 years \| Daily Mail Online comments With his chest puffed out and plumage proudly on display, this fine specimen of a bird once wiped off the British Isles appears to prove the species is thriving on our shores again. The great bustard - the heaviest flying bird in the world - has been gradually re-introduced to Britain using chicks from Russia. Over the last two years the first baby bustards have successfully hatched for the first time in this country in 170 years, helping the species to re-establish itself. Lucky bustard: This great bustard is full of the joys of spring after the glorious weather has provided perfect conditions for the enormous birds to thrive after their re-introduction to the grasslands of Salisbury plain Looking fit and healthy ahead of their breeding season, this young male specimen was captured on camera on Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire. David Waters, of the Great Bustard Project, said: 'Seeing these birds showing off in all their finery is an unforgettable experience. 'The males have to be about four-years-old before they are fertile and can start breeding with females, so this is probably the first year of breeding for this one. RELATED ARTICLES Share this article Share 'At this time of year they want to look their best to the females because it is they who chose the males and they want to fittest and healthiest. 'It is great to see these birds are surviving through to breeding age and that has got to be a good thing for the future status of the great bustard in this country.' The birds, which can grow to 3.5ft tall and have an eight-foot wingspan, used to be widely distributed across lowland Europe, but went into decline in the 18th century. They were finally eliminated from Britain in 1832. Shake your tail feathers: The male bird puts on an elaborate display of feather shaking in an attempt to attract a mate to increase the handful of breeding birds in the 6 year Great Bustard project In 2004 the Great Bustard Group formed and set about re-introducing them to Salisbury Plain. Chicks hatched in Saratov, Russia, have been brought to Britain every year, tagged and released onto the plain. The first nesting occurred in 2007 but the eggs from these clutches were infertile. It wasn't until 2009 that they successfully bred and the first chicks were hatched. Experts believe there are up to 20 great bustards in the wild now. They hope the birds will be able to form self-sustaining population again by the middle the decade. Conservation effort: The great bustard - Otis tardais in Latin - is a globally threatened species that is listed in the highest category for endangered species of the European Commission Birds Directive Mr Waters said: 'Spring is the busiest time of year for us. I've recently been in Saratov to work with Russian ornithologists to bring this year's batch of young bustards to Wiltshire. 'Meanwhile we are working hard to monitor the bustards that have previously released on Salisbury Plain. 'Those birds that are already out on the plain will be on eggs soon and we hope to see the first wild youngsters by the end of the month.' Male bustards can weigh up to 44lbs - making it the heaviest flying bird in the world - and live into their 20s. The great bustard - Otis tardais in Latin - is a globally threatened species that is listed in the highest category for endangered species of the European Commission Birds Directive. The photos of the young male were taken by Dave Kjaer, the official photographer for the Great Bustard Project, which is made up of the RSPB, Natural England and Bath University.	Great bustard
Which country principally administers the Society Islands?	SproutWorks Digg Archive Zombie Outfit Too Realistic; Lands Man in Handcuffs A man dressed in police-type garb and carrying a fake machine gun showed up at a Capitol Hill clothing store for an evening zombie crawl to promote an upcoming horror convention. But his costume was too realistic, and someone thought a masked gunman was walking into the store, and called police. 335 diggs World’s Largest Laser to Attempt Nuclear Fusion When it goes online the facility will focus 192 laser beams on a 2 millimeter ball of frozen hydrogen gas in an attempt to create nuclear fusion - the holy grail of clean energy. 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Please Hollywood, don’t do it. 218 diggs If you've ever been sorting through your various weapons of death and thought, 'You know, I should really combine some of these to make one SUPER WEAPON' You're not alone. 196 diggs Some famous historic moments would have been worse if modern technology had existed at the time. 111 diggs NASA's YouTube UFO clips renew conspiracy theories Battle lines appear to have been drawn between those in the UFO conspiracy camp, who believe YouTube clips recently released by NASA prove the U.S. space administration has knowledge of UFOs and is covering it up, and those who dismiss such claims as nonsense. 79 diggs Amazingly, the guy in this pic was not seriously injured, and even raced to eighth place on his spare machine after the race was restarted. here you can watch more amazing motorcycle crashes. 200 diggs What a non-neutral 'Net looks like, UK-style One UK ISP throttles P2P traffic, uses bandwidth caps, throttles streaming online video, and throttles "heavy users" of the network. The BBC is upset about the effect this has on its iPlayer streaming video service, but really, there are no surprises here. This is what a non-neutral network is allowed to look like. 36 diggs Kevin Garnett to be ready for start of season next year. Kevin Garnetts injury proved to be very costly for the Celtics. Could they be in the finals if Garnett was back in the middle. Garnett being injured in the playoffs is like Kobe not in the Lakers line-up...Celtics will be back stronger than before. 216 diggs If you are unlucky enough to find yourself at ground zero on Z-Day, the following strategies may increase your chances of survival (well, at least until the sequel anyway). 168 diggs 12 of the best... mice {Slideshow} Round-up Mice are probably the most common peripheral in the computing world and any old one should perform the basic function required of it with a reasonable degree of competency. But which is the best? Which takes the concept of the mouse just that little bit further and pushes the proverbial envelope? 201 diggs Apple has squandered the gift that was Vista While it’s true that Apple has significantly grown its share of the desktop operating system market since the release of Windows Vista in November of 2006, the company’s market share remains below 10 percent, and it actually dropped in the first quarter of 2009, according to Gartner’s Worldwide PC Shipment report. 106 diggs Coldstone is about to release ice cream that doesn't melt. No, this sweet wonder simply transforms into JELL-O pudding...My life is complete 78 diggs Only Money is Guaranteed in the MLB Ben McDonald, among the greatest college pitching prospects ever, was the Stephen Strasburg of 20 years ago. Injuries (including 3 rotator-cuff surgeries) ultimately derailed his career. Initial player resentment (of McDonald's record setting rookie contract) and pressure of expectations made it that much more challenging. 235 diggs Monticello, MN beats the phone company; Internet a "utility" Monticello, Minnesota hoped to set state precedent by building its own fiber-to-the-home link for every resident in town. The phone company sued, but after a year in litigation, the state Court of Appeals has ruled that Internet is indeed a "utility" that can be provided by local communities and funded by city bonds. 69 diggs Understanding how rats move around may aid efforts to eradicate them, said lead researcher Gregory Glass, an infectious disease biologist at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. The mangy rodents spread diseases, damage buildings, and cause psychological stress. 160 diggs Reading the Surface of the Brain A technology currently used to monitor epilepsy is being adapted into a neural interface for people who are paralyzed or have motor impairments from neurodegenerative disease. Neurolutions, a startup based in St. Louis, is developing a small, implanted device that translates signals recorded from the surface of the brain into computer commands. 112 diggs E.T., Why Don't You Just Call? Could we find E.T. within 2 dozen years? At least one scientist thinks so. An innovative new radio telescope has given new life to the search for extraterrestrial intelligence, leading one of the leaders of the search to make a bold prediction. 101 diggs Opera now includes the ability to update itself automatically when new releases become available 262 diggs 60 Beautiful Hand-Drawn Web Design [PICS] Most web designs starts off with a pen and paper before its taken over by Photoshop. However, we’ve noticed a new trend (probably not too new) where designers are bringing back sketches as a form of design. Without a doubt, hand-drawn art is one of the popular styles adopted into web designs. 116 diggs From the original price of the Apple I, to the original 3 founders of Apple, to the astronomer who sued Apple TWICE, here are 10 things you probably didn't know about Apple. 129 diggs Is Hedo Turkoglu the Michael Jordan of Turkey? Chris Webber calls him “The Michael Jordan of Turkey,” which in itself is pure hilarity, because anything, or anyone, being compared to Jordan in any field will get anyone’s attention, but after you look past his words, you see how nice and complete Hedo’s game is, how far he’s come along, and why he’s the most important player on this Orlando team 129 diggs New Prince of Persia Movie Footage (Video & Pics) Our first extensive look at the Prince of Persia movie has come via ABC, in a feature that interviews PoP producer Jerry Bruckheimer. The footage, which bears the text ‘this film is not yet rated’, could be the snippets of an unfinished trailer; it appears to be edited in a fashion that matches a trailer. 202 diggs Meteorite, Meteorwrong Or Is It Just Dine-E-mite…? If a rock that falls from space is a meteorite, then one that’s misidentified is a meteorwrong. And I am sure that’s what we have in Texas. A land owner there claims to have found a long ditch with a large teardrop-shaped rock at one end. 120 diggs Washington Nationals' captcha tells more than you need to know about your seats 193 diggs As long as the American taxpayers are buying companies like GM, is there any way they could grab a couple of them that make money? 143 diggs How to remove Fox News from your Dish Network program guide Most digital cable and direct broadcast satellite systems offer interactive program guides. Even DirecTV, which is owned by News Corporation, the parent company of Fox News, offers the ability to create a customized version of the program guide that includes only the channels you care about. It's not quite as user-friendly as Dish Network, but... 127 diggs The list includes head coach Tony Granato, assistant coaches Jacques Cloutier and Dave Barr, goaltending coach Jeff Hackett, Assistant to the General Manager Michel Goulet and video coordinator PJ DeLuca. 222 diggs Larry David: Seinfeld 'Curse' Is So Annoying Over a bowl of soup with another older Jewish man, David discusses the Seinfeld curse, how daunting it is to act for Woody Allen and hitting his peak ("no one wants to see this old man on TV"). He also has a bad limp. 174 diggs Chefs Give Latinos a Cooking Class in Using Canned Foods Patricia Moreno, who emigrated from Colombia decades ago, knows her fellow Latinos. "We are not used to cooking with canned food,"..While cooking, chef Javier Quiroga dispenses advice on kitchen hygiene and calories. Latinos should get away from the same old meat, rice, beans and pupusas, he says. A more diverse diet can be healthier 63 diggs Miyamoto teases new Zelda Wii title, dishes on Natal Shigeru Miyamoto hosted an intimate Q&A session at E3, and talked about a new Zelda, gave his thoughts on Microsoft's motion-sensing technology, and discussed how he doesn't want you to leave the house without your DS. A glimpse inside the mind of genius. 87 diggs Great piece on Big Papi from a guy who loves him, speculates his demise may be more about his age -- maybe he's older than he claims -- and talks about how, despite Ortiz's ongoing collapse, Boston fans continue to love him. 115 diggs When it comes to machines, it's hard to make love (or any emotion). A real prank by comedian Gil Ozeri, animated by Dan Meth. Doesn't compute. 117 diggs Soon, you'll have to pay for Hulu Don't get too attached to all that free, high-quality video on Hulu. It just might disappear behind a pay wall before too long. Speaking last night at an Internet Week event sponsored by The Hollywood Reporter, Jonathan Miller, News Corp.'s newly-installed chief digital officer, said he envisions a future where at least some of the TV shows and ... 171 diggs Pyramid Farm: Vertical Agriculture for 2060 The Pyramid Farm is an incredible concept for the future of agriculture envisioned by professors Eric Ellingsen and Dickson Despommier. The design is based on the growing belief (is it fact yet?) that vertical farming will soon become a necessary lifeline in cities throughout the world. 49 diggs The exact focus of the inquiry is unclear, but the people familiar with it said Justice Department lawyers appeared to be looking into whether the companies involved agreed to not actively recruit employees from each other. 230 diggs For the next issue that hits newsstands on June 8, Comedy Central funnyman Stephen Colbert will be Newsweek’s guest editor. It’s the first guest editor for Newsweek in its 76-year history. 98 diggs Vuze: Torrent users are Hollywood's best customers Vuze, which sells high-def videos through torrents, has spent much of the past 2 years trying to persuade Hollywood that its users are customers, not thieves. So far, however, the major studios have entrusted little to Vuze beyond movie trailers. Now, Vuze has a study to prove it. 188 diggs Now that we know Windows 7 will go on sale October 22nd and the feature-complete release candidate is available as a free download, it's time to put it through its paces: as compared to the current state of the Mac. 86 diggs Francis Ford Coppola says 'Godfather' didn't need sequels "It was not a serial, it was a drama," the director told Movieline. "The first movie wrapped up everything. To make more than one Godfather was just greed. Basically, making a movie costs so much money that they want it to be like Coca-Cola: you just make the same thing over and over again to make money, which is what they’re doing now." 66 diggs There are several kinds of scenes that we’ve come to expect from the movies. But let’s not forget the most important kind of scene any movie can have: the Bear Fight. 196 diggs A Wine Success Story & Test Suite Passing on Windows Machine This is the 358 issue of the World Wine News publication. Its main goal is to begin covering some of the many excitng stories that have transpired during the winter and spring. It also serves to inform you of what's going on around Wine. Wine is an open source implementation of the Windows API on top of X and Unix. 138 diggs Cigarette Butts Killing Fish Cigarette butts are not biodegradable. The filters are made up of 12,000 plastic-like cellulose acetate fibers that trap nicotine and tar. There’s enough nicotine trapped in 200 used cigarette filters to kill a human! An estimated 1.69 billion pounds of butts are littered each year worldwide, so you can imagine the negative effects they have... 96 diggs f the global recession has made companies focus on business plans with solid financial returns, the Internet remains its own autonomous trade zone, free from the reach of the standard rules. 87 diggs Meet the Funemployed: Young, Jobless and Living It Up Funemployment is described as a period of joblessness that you actually enjoy — maybe you get to lay out, sleep in, work out, read up. We're hearing this word used more and more, especially as people realize they may not be able to find a new job right away, so they might as well try to enjoy the time off. 105 diggs NFL team of the decade for the 2000s It may have slipped up on us all, but when training camps begin late next month, this decade's final NFL season will be at hand. Could there be a more natural starting point for the debate about which franchise deserves the league's team of the decade designation? 207 diggs Former Vice President Dick Cheney says that former President George W. Bush did not want to be the one who “pulled the plug” on General Motors and instead decided to pass on the issue to President Barack Obama. 227 diggs Classic 80's Hits... Interpreted for Ragtime Piano Ever wonder what your favorite 80's jams would sound like if they were written around the turn of the century, at the height of the ragtime piano era? Wonder no more. Besides, it's just a hell of a lot of fun. 199 diggs Host Jon Stewart and correspondent Stephen Colbert talk about material that cannot be used. Colbert tells the story of how he got sued over a piece. 68 diggs Google has inked deals with three more cable networks 121 diggs Although multiculturalism is wonderful in things like fashion and the arts, some differences are more difficult to embrace than others, especially when it comes to food. 147 diggs About $155 billion was invested in 2008 in clean energy companies and projects worldwide, according to a new report out today. That's four times a much as the 2004 investment. 127 diggs A visit to the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, CA has Maximum PC feeling all nostalgic about the history of the personal computer. 78 diggs Insert Greg Kihn Reference Here: My Jeopardy Tryout Day Add to that the fact that a successful run on the show can generate more income than an honest man—or, in my case, a lazy man—can earn in a year’s toil, and “Jeopardy! contestant” ranks somewhere between “inheritor of family fortune” and “taste tester of new strains of marijuana” on my list of dream jobs. 246 diggs America's Best Christian takes time to explain to less informed Christians the curious details of the Lord's concept of marriage. 177 diggs Photo gallery of 20 geeks getting arrested while playing out their favorite game fantasies. 90 diggs Engadget's Project Natal video hands-on and impressions We had a chance to go one-on-one with Project Natal -- as well as its steward, Kudo Tsunoda -- and we wanted to give you a little insight on Microsoft's next big play. Plus, how could we pass up an opportunity to show off a video of us essentially flailing around like teenagers on a coffee high? 115 diggs The remaining Beatles introduced the game at the E3 2009. Expensive...worth it for hardcore fans? 100 diggs Ballmer: Microsoft Will Move Jobs Out of US If Taxes Rise Microsoft CEO Steven Ballmer said the company would respond to higher taxes on U.S. companies’ foreign profits by moving employees offshore. “It makes U.S. jobs more expensive...We’re better off taking lots of people and moving them out of the U.S. as opposed to keeping them inside the U.S.” 210 diggs Bruno Sued For "Paralyzing" a Lady at Bingo Hall Richelle Olson has sued Cohen, NBC Universal and others claiming they told her Brüno was a celeb and would appear and call numbers at the charity bingo game she ran for the elderly in Palmdale, CA. Olson was none too happy when she saw Brüno, whom she describes as an “... offensive caricature of a gay man dressed in sexually revealing clothing..." 122 diggs Amidst predictions of global warming-driven global extinctions, a dietary analysis of ancient teeth suggests that animals may prove more adaptable than 90 diggs If you're rich and famous and have nothing better to do, why not start your own line of power tools or eyelash-enhancing mascara? But sometimes these celebrity side projects go horribly, horribly wrong. 84 diggs 50 Beautiful Website Designs varying in style from hand-drawn, grunge, big backgrounds, clean, corporate etc.., 72 diggs NILFS: A File System to Make SSD Scream It’s difficult to write storage articles at this time and not focus on the upcoming 2.6.30 kernel. Why? This kernel is loaded with a number of new file systems — some of which we’ve already covered, like ext4 and btrfs. Another of the hot new file systems that is in 2.6.30 is NILFS. This file system is definitely one that you should be testing. 175 diggs This is one way to lose regulars ... 97 diggs US in nuclear disclosure blunder [News] A document providing confidential details of US civilian nuclear sites was accidentally posted on the internet, the government has admitted.The 266-page document included the precise location of stockpiles of fuel for nuclear weapons, the Obama administration said.The Government Printing Office website took down the posting on Tuesday..... 221 diggs A glorious collection of Ghostbusters stills and set pics have been released, showing the painstaking care that went into crafting the movie's devil-dogs and ghouls. Plus a few adorable Ray and Venkman moments. Check out the full gallery. 191 diggs Sadly, there will be no bailout if anything goes wrong.. 128 diggs Here's something that people with poor or no vision will be excited about: three patients had their sight restored in less than a month by contact lenses cultured with stem cells. 168 diggs 4 Very Light Alternatives to Adobe Reader For some reason the Adobe Reader seemed to become bloatware. It went from a download size of 2 MB to as high as 32 MB, with version 9.0. The installed size of the program is around 133 MB and it can seem to take forever to load. Have you ever clicked on a PDF link just to give yourself time to get some coffee? 192 diggs Court Says Starbucks Baristas Must Share Tips w/Supervisors A California court has ruled against Starbucks "baristas" in their class action suit to recover tips they had claimed were wrongfully shared with Starbucks "shift supervisors". This overturns a previous judgment requiring Starbucks to repay the baristas $85 million in allegedly unpaid tips to baristas. 125 diggs (Or, five reason that Palm may become the Netscape of computer hardware. Either way, it will be bloody.) 184 diggs Can You Please Balance Our Budget? Love, California Hello, Digg. The L.A. Times has a favor to ask you. You see, California's state budget is practically in a state of disrepair. The government is taking too long to agree on a plan to save us, so we put together this Flash widget. How would you balance our budget? 95 diggs Senator Grassley Tries To Gut The Bill To Audit the Fed This man is a tool of the bankers that have looted trillions over the last year and now want more. These bankers do not want us to look at the books and they have influenced Grassley behind the scenes to kill Ron Paul's attempt to bring transparency to the Federal Reserve. Grassley needs to know that we are watching. He needs to know that this may 118 diggs The top ten best conspiracy theories Conspiracy theories have been around for generations but the internet has been a catalyst for thousands of theories about the world we live in, who is running it and why. From alien landing cover-ups to murder plots and tin foil hats, here are ten historical conspiracy theories still advocated today. 463 diggs The hot-pink portion of this pie chart is the percentage of listed American business assets that have recently been nationalized by the American government (ie, General Motors). Obama's version of socialism is so sneaky you can hardly see it! 246 diggs 10 Things NOT to Do While in New York City If you're planning a trip to New York City, you need travel advice from someone who knows her way around. Because while there's a lot to do in New York City—plenty of iconic places to eat and drink and see—there are also a lot of things not to do... 88 diggs This Little League coach was just trying to help this kid out with a nice fat pitch that he could drive up the middle. He was successful, as the kid drilled a line drive right back at his head. 158 diggs A group of religious protesters gathered outside the E3 Expo at the Los Angeles Convention Center to rally against the EA-helmed game Dante's Inferno. The protesters' message was simple: Play Dante's Inferno and go to Hell. 157 diggs Journalist claims story suppressed on Bush/Iraq in 1999 The journalist and author, Russ Baker, says he had a taped interview of Bush’s onetime biographer in which he says Bush told him he intended to invade Iraq as early as 1999, during his presidential campaign. The interview with former Bush ghostwriter Mickey Herskowitz took place before the 2004 election. 109 diggs Someone should contact Neil Young and tell him to stop making albums about electric cars and start writing songs about the Amazon. 92 diggs Enter the Dragonfly [PICS] With those kempt whiskers and that smile – not to mention those baby blue eyes – the dragonfly seems to be asking sweetly to be anthropomorphised. Anthropo-what? Anthropomorphised. You know, that thing we do practically every time we look at animals – bestow them with human traits in an effort to understand what is essentially alien to us. 116 diggs Why buying a new computer can be bad for your heart 153 diggs The end of free content on the Web? Facebook is rolling out a new payments system. Hulu may start charging for videos. And some newspapers want people to pay to read articles online.Is this the end of free content on the Web? The business models were heading in this direction, but the economic downturn has perhaps sped it along a bit. 225 diggs A few days ago I posted a foxy little preview of Megan Fox’s upcoming GQ UK photoshoot, and today we’re lucky enough to get the full shebang. 82 diggs The 10 Greatest Movie Death Scenes Dying in the movies isn’t what it used to be. A movie death scene that aspires to greatness requires foreknowledge, and the more of it the better. When a character knows he or she’s done for they become an active participant in the drama of their own extinction. 108 diggs From Twitter: "thats right i am saying it today and today only, i want kobe bryant to get number 4, spread da word" 118 diggs BREAKING: Gay Marriage Passes New Hampshire! 198-176 Bill Moves To Governor, Who Has Promised To Sign It. Today, after many votes and many revisions, New Hampshire will become the sixth state in the Union to offer marriage equality to all couples. After many rounds of votes, including full passage in both Houses of the Legislature May 6, then a vote on Governor Lynch's required language that passed t 85 diggs Artist James Cauty imagines through sculptures and images what it would be like if Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, and other Loony Toons and cartoon characters turned into killers. 72 diggs What can you do to recall your dreams more often and interpret them more clearly? Here are some great tips.... 145 diggs Diddy poppin' bottles to rule them all. 110 diggs (VIDEO) Comedian Dana Carvey recounts his odd talk with former President George H.W. Bush after a benefit. 63 diggs If you take all the Linux netbook announcements from the Computex trade show and add them up, they equal good times ahead for the Linux desktop. Here's how it works out. 98 diggs Eat a dog, catch rabies? There are a million moral and ethical arguments against eating dogs. Westerners like to make these arguments, while Chinese who enjoy the meal refute them with a polite scoff. But a growing body of evidence could make everyone think twice, as new studies indicate that putting Fido on a plate is potentially harmful and even deadly to humans. 82 diggs At Google’s Searchology event in May, Google announced the impending arrival of Google Squared, a Labs project that would return search results in spreadsheet form. 225 diggs Beijing blocks Internet social networking sites and rips pages out of foreign newspapers before the 20th anniversary of the crackdown against pro-democracy demonstrations in Tiananmen Square that culminated into the "June 4th incident". 87 diggs Dudes flying 100 miles an hour just inches away from a cliff, dropping 186 feet down a waterfall, and ollieing over the Great Wall of China. . . all part of the progression. 131 diggs According to this site, LA will have an earthquake ranging between 5.1 and 6.3 by Friday. 87 diggs Demon Attack: Can You Survive the Lawsuit from Atari? What’s great about this 1982 advert for Demon Attack is that the commercial seems to have absolutely nothing to do with the content of the videogame that’s being advertised. Although that disconnect wasn’t too uncommon in that era as the games were rather abstract looking and the box art often told a different (and more detailed) story: 179 diggs Questions pertaining to marijuana law reform are among the most popular public policy issues, as voted on by the public, in a new White House online poll. 83 diggs The Future American Worker (Can Organized Labor Survive?) With the U.S. economy continuing to shed jobs—532,000 were lost in May, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, which on Friday is expected to release similar numbers for May—unions are getting hammered. In Detroit, the UAW agreed to steep concessions as part of the GM's bankruptcy negotiations with the federal government. 112 diggs Linux : Android port to MIPS completed. Embedded Alley (EA) announced it is has completed its port of the Linux/Java-based Android platform to the MIPS architecture. The Embedded Alley Development System for Android-based Devices initially targets devices ranging from set-top boxes (STBs) to industrial equipment running the MIPS-based RMI Au1250 processor. 58 diggs Three weeks ago Google demonstrated a new product in Labs called Google Squared; it's a search engine that creates structured data from big piles of information and lets ... 150 diggs Left 4 Dead 2 Gameplay Videos and Screenshots from E3 The crew over at Valve revealed that a sequel to their hit game Left 4 Dead will be receiving a zombie-infested sequel in Left 4 Dead 2. We have a few screenshots, the box art, the logo, a trailer and a few gameplay videos from E3 2009 that we've lumped together for your viewing enjoyment. 49 diggs According to major-league sources, the Braves released Glavine on Wednesday, just a day after the two-time Cy Young Award winner threw six scoreless innings in his latest rehab start. 96 diggs This article goes over the user interface designs of social media and social networking sites. It discusses important features, techniques and concepts behind these designs and explains why they are important. 52 diggs 9 reasons 'Terminator Salvation' was terrible Terminator Salvation has been the biggest let down of this summer’s blockbuster season. Wolverine wasn’t great either but at least my hopes weren’t set that high for it. I went into Salvation thinking it was going to be the rebirth of a franchise that I so desperately wanted to see come back to life. 210 diggs A teaser poster image for SPIDER-MAN 4! I don't think it gives anything at all away! 134 diggs Unaired Prison Break Finale a Hit On BitTorrent Two weeks ago, Prison Break season 4 ended in the US, and many fans were left in the dark about what happened to Scofield. Even though episode 23 and 24 of Prison Break never aired on US television they are available on BitTorrent, and that didn’t go unnoticed to the millions of of dedicated followers of the show. 100 diggs Amarok 2.1 "Let There Be Light" released After 5 months of hard work, the Amarok team is proud to present the next major version of Amarok, 2.1. Vast improvements have been made to the playlist, context view, bookmarking system, Last.fm functionalities, Media Device support, and artist Compilation support. New features include Amarok URLs, ReplayGain support and a bunch of polish added. 180 diggs No offense to the guys who actually sired us, but having these movie characters as father figures would have made growing up a lot more entertaining. And potentially less psyche-scarring. 198 diggs Twitter would have to consider selling itself, if it is best for the company, co-founder and Chairman Jack Dorsey told DailyFinance. 146 diggs Robber "cries like a baby" so shop owner gives him $40 and agrees to convert him to Islam. 195 diggs Digg announced Digg Ads today. 150 diggs Millions of years ago, rivers ran in Antarctica through craggy mountain valleys that were strangely similar to the modern European Alps, Chinese and British scientists reported on Wednesday. 101 diggs The Palm Pre may not yet have Apple's well-stocked App Store, but it does already have a leg up over the competition: A lower monthly bill. 203 diggs Here's a list of 14 iconic directors and the games we wish they'd adapt onto the big screen. 254 diggs Reliving some old school gamer nostalgia with Will Wheaton Anyone who remembers real arcade games will appreciate this: "Arcade games - the actual cabinets that took actual quarters - were ubiquitous throughout my childhood. After about 1978, you couldn't walk into a fast food restaurant or convenience store and not find one." 168 diggs Digg Applying The User Voting Model To Advertising New Digg ads will appear directly in the news stream and will be clearly marked as sponsored. The more people click on the ads, the lower the price the advertiser will pay. Ads that are buried too often will be priced “out of the system.” 101 diggs London's magical history uncorked from 'witch bottle' A rare insight into the folk beliefs of 17th-century Britons has been gleaned from the analysis of a sealed "witch bottle" unearthed in Greenwich, London, in 2004.Witch bottles were commonly buried to ward off spells during the late 16th and 17th centuries, but it is very rare to find one still sealed. 115 diggs Armstrong's 'Poetic' Slip on the Moon (w/VIDEO) Neil Armstrong missed out an "a" and did not say "one small step for a man" when he set foot on the Moon in 1969, a linguistic analysis has confirmed. The researchers show for the first time that he intended to say "a man" and that the "a" may have been lost because he was under pressure. 164 diggs Credit or debit? The answer can be a little complicated. It depends on a few things, namely, your spending habits, your ability to pay your bills on time, and the total dollar amount that you pay with debit and credit. 73 diggs Second Life is hosting the commencement ceremony for online students graduating from Bryant & Stratton College. The college had chosen to offer its online curriculum through Second Life's education community with virtual campuses, conferences, and even course registration. 105 diggs Palm Pre Review It's here. One last effort. A slow, but firm, shove of the chips. All in. Palm's only hope to save a company once synonymous with smart handheld devices: the Pre. Their eyebrow raised, daring you to call. They flip. Full house. Respectable. Decent. Impressive even. But not the highest hand. 84 diggs Who should play the vampire slayer in the recently announced movie? 79 diggs The Palm Pre. It's not just a phone, it's a myth, an idea, possibly a legacy... 672 diggs The design behind Conan O'Brien during the monologue is looking all Mushroom Kingdom. 46 diggs What's it like hitting against the Big Unit? Hitters share their often terrifying moments. 186 diggs The 10 Hardest Jobs To Fill In America For the second year in a row, engineer is the hardest job to fill in America. Why are engineers so hard to find? "We have whole generations of people loving liberal arts, not going into science and math," says Larry Jacobson, executive director of the National Society of Professional Engineers. 93 diggs A Deep Dive Look At The Asus Eee PC 1008HA Seashell Netbook Without question, this is the most beautifully designed Eee PC to date. It's just one inch thick, it's elegant, and even the paint selected for this model is of higher quality than what we've seen on competing devices. It's still a netbook at heart, but you can definitely tell this one was designed for those who care about style... 118 diggs Atheist nations are more peaceful The 2009 Global Peace Index has just been released, put it together by assessing 23 criteria, including foreign wars, internal conflicts, respect for human rights, the number of murders, the number of people in jail, the arms trade, and degrees of democracy. Secular nations score the highest. 291 diggs A state fire official said it was arson. "I really liked it here," waitress Krista Macentyre said after learning the cause of the fire. "We weren't hurting anyone. I don't know why someone would do something like this." 117 diggs The device drops on June 6, but this ad is pretty breathtaking. "It was inspired by the phone's ability to let you effortlessly flow among all your life's diverse dimensions." 67 diggs First came Nintendo thumb. Then, Guitar Hero wrist. Now, for the latest affliction of the wired age, it’s cell phone elbow.... 158 diggs No More Nukes, Kim Jong-il, or We'll Sanction Your Diet The first time North Korea tested a nuclear device, the United Nations tried to hit the reclusive nation's leader where it really hurts -- in the stomach; a sanction on luxury goods. Kim, a notorious foodie was not pleased. The U.N. is after Kim Again. - There is also some weird stuff in here about the dude who made pizzas for the 'Dear Leader' 164 diggs Man's death ruled suicide, even though he was shot by police According to police, when officers responded to the complex on a welfare call, they found a man bleeding and holding a knife. Police said when the officers ordered the man to freeze, he didn't, causing them to open fire. Some neighbors said the man never had a knife but the Milwaukie Police Department stands by their account of what happened... 322 diggs Tracy Morgan, you are awesome. 222 diggs Warrantless surveillance lawsuit thrown out A federal district judge has dismissed a lawsuit over warrantless surveillance that the EFF and ACLU filed against prominent telecommunications companies on behalf of the Al-Haramain Islamic Foundation. The judge affirmed that the telecom companies are protected by the immunity provisions added to FISA by Congress. 298 diggs As reported in the Hartford Courant, Hal Turner has been arrested for asking his audience to kill two elected officials and an official from a regulatory agency.Finally, someone is treating the advocates for domestic terrorism the right way. 197 diggs E3 2009: The Best and Worst of E3 So how did the big three stack up side by side? GamePro takes a look at Microsoft, Nintendo and Sony, analyzing what we did see, what wasn't shown, and most importantly, who brought their "A" game to the show floor. Everyone's had their big E3 Keynotes and the gaming world is still picking up the pieces from Microsoft's Natal Project, Nintendo's 138 diggs Palm Pre Weighed, Measured & You'll Definitely Want It Palm is back with one of the most anticipated phones probably since we first heard about the iPhone. The Palm Pre has the same exhilarating sense of possibility as the iPhone. Moreover it brings something fresh to the table, Palm's webOS. 109 diggs Barack Obama was greeted with an elaborate welcoming ceremony and given an ornate gold necklace by King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia on his first visit to the country. 119 diggs Who were the original Americans? It depends on which anthropologists you ask: the skull people or the DNA guys. 132 diggs It delivers big at E3. 91 diggs Skin Cells Provide New Knowledge About Brain Functions Until now diseases like schizophrenia and bipolar disorder have been difficult to study biologically, since this would entail taking samples from the patient’s brain. But new research findings from Örebro University in Sweden show that it is just as good to study a certain type of skin cells. 193 diggs Eminem 'Thrilled' About Bruno Stunt Eminem says he knew full well what he was about to face at the MTV Movie Awards _ including Sacha Baron Cohen's bare butt. Enimem told the Web site RapRadar.com that the much-talked about stunt was all rehearsed, right down to Eminem's mock disgust. Says the rapper: "I'm thrilled that we pulled this off better than we rehearsed it." 166 diggs The world's heaviest flying bird, the globally-threatened great bustard, has bred successfully in Britain for the first time since 1832. 62 diggs	i don't know
What is the 'Dunnock' more commonly known as?	British Garden Birds - Dunnock Dunnock Wing Span: 19-21 cm (7-8") Weight: 16-25 g (½-1 oz) Breeding Pairs: 2 000 000 Present: All Year Description At first glance the Dunnock, also known as Hedge Sparrow or Hedge Accentor, looks like a dull sleek sparrow. On closer inspection it is quite attractive with its blue-grey head and breast, light and dark brown streaky back, brown streaked flanks and pink legs. The black bill is finer than that of a sparrow, because it feeds mainly on insects and not seed. The sexes are very alike, though the female is a little drabber. Juveniles lack the grey on head and chest, instead they have brown streaks. Another Juvenile The Dunnock seems nervous and agitated, constantly flicking its tail and wings. They are the only Accentor to live in lowland areas, all others live in upland and mountainous regions. The Dunnock's song is a pleasant surprise also; an unhurried sweet warble which can be confused with the Wren or Robin , but lacks the Wren's intensity and the Robin's sweetness. The main call is shrill, persistent "tseep", which often betrays its otherwise inconspicuous presence. Feeding The Dunnock is predominantly a ground feeder and feeds on insects, such as beetles and ants, and spiders, which it gleans from leaf litter, among plant roots, etc. In the autumn and winter they will eat seeds and berries. Occasionally, especially in the winter months, Dunnocks have taken small seeds, such as peanut granules, and suet off or around the ground feeder table. The Robin and Dunnock have similar diets. Consequently, in the winter when food is in short supply and Robins are defending their feeding territories, the Robin often chases the Dunnock away. The nest is built by the female in dense shrubs and hedges. The cup-shaped nest is lined with moss and hair, and built from twigs and moss. Dunnock nests are often parasitized by Cuckoos . The female lays and incubates bright blue, smooth and glossy eggs that are about 19 mm by 14 mm. Both adults feed the newly-hatched young, but are often assisted by other male birds. The Dunnock's sex life is remarkable; few are monogamous and most are either polyandrous (females have more than one male mate) or polygynous (males have more than one female mate). Breeding Data Conservation The Dunnock is on the Amber List of birds of medium conservation concern because after a serious decline in numbers during the 1980's, indications are that the population is recovering, but may be struggling in its "natural habitat" owing to changes in woodland management practices. My Garden The chart shows that there is usually only one or two Dunnocks present in the garden for much of the time. Towards the end of the winter there can be up to four Dunnocks, though only a couple of them visit the garden at once. This corresponds with the time of year that they establish their complex mating systems. At the beginning of July 1998, four Dunnocks visited. These could have been adult birds with one or more young, but it's difficult to tell them apart. A fortnight later an impressive group of 14 birds visited, could this have been a crèche, or the result of infidelity? In the winter of 2003/4, a Dunnock visiting our garden had knobbly warts, or papillomas, growing on its claws. This is caused by a virus, which is more common in finches, and though most birds recover it can cause lameness.	Dunnock
The 'Suicide Squad' are/were a gang of football hooligans who supported which North West club?	British Garden Birds - Dunnock Dunnock Wing Span: 19-21 cm (7-8") Weight: 16-25 g (½-1 oz) Breeding Pairs: 2 000 000 Present: All Year Description At first glance the Dunnock, also known as Hedge Sparrow or Hedge Accentor, looks like a dull sleek sparrow. On closer inspection it is quite attractive with its blue-grey head and breast, light and dark brown streaky back, brown streaked flanks and pink legs. The black bill is finer than that of a sparrow, because it feeds mainly on insects and not seed. The sexes are very alike, though the female is a little drabber. Juveniles lack the grey on head and chest, instead they have brown streaks. Another Juvenile The Dunnock seems nervous and agitated, constantly flicking its tail and wings. They are the only Accentor to live in lowland areas, all others live in upland and mountainous regions. The Dunnock's song is a pleasant surprise also; an unhurried sweet warble which can be confused with the Wren or Robin , but lacks the Wren's intensity and the Robin's sweetness. The main call is shrill, persistent "tseep", which often betrays its otherwise inconspicuous presence. Feeding The Dunnock is predominantly a ground feeder and feeds on insects, such as beetles and ants, and spiders, which it gleans from leaf litter, among plant roots, etc. In the autumn and winter they will eat seeds and berries. Occasionally, especially in the winter months, Dunnocks have taken small seeds, such as peanut granules, and suet off or around the ground feeder table. The Robin and Dunnock have similar diets. Consequently, in the winter when food is in short supply and Robins are defending their feeding territories, the Robin often chases the Dunnock away. The nest is built by the female in dense shrubs and hedges. The cup-shaped nest is lined with moss and hair, and built from twigs and moss. Dunnock nests are often parasitized by Cuckoos . The female lays and incubates bright blue, smooth and glossy eggs that are about 19 mm by 14 mm. Both adults feed the newly-hatched young, but are often assisted by other male birds. The Dunnock's sex life is remarkable; few are monogamous and most are either polyandrous (females have more than one male mate) or polygynous (males have more than one female mate). Breeding Data Conservation The Dunnock is on the Amber List of birds of medium conservation concern because after a serious decline in numbers during the 1980's, indications are that the population is recovering, but may be struggling in its "natural habitat" owing to changes in woodland management practices. My Garden The chart shows that there is usually only one or two Dunnocks present in the garden for much of the time. Towards the end of the winter there can be up to four Dunnocks, though only a couple of them visit the garden at once. This corresponds with the time of year that they establish their complex mating systems. At the beginning of July 1998, four Dunnocks visited. These could have been adult birds with one or more young, but it's difficult to tell them apart. A fortnight later an impressive group of 14 birds visited, could this have been a crèche, or the result of infidelity? In the winter of 2003/4, a Dunnock visiting our garden had knobbly warts, or papillomas, growing on its claws. This is caused by a virus, which is more common in finches, and though most birds recover it can cause lameness.	i don't know
Who composed the piece 'Four Minutes and Thirty Three Seconds' which is 44 minutes and 33 seconds of silence?	4'33" John Cage and 4'33" copyright � 1998, rev 2002 by Larry J Solomon ABSTRACT: The purpose of this essay is to examine the aesthetic behind Cage's "silent" composition, 4'33", to trace its history, and to show that it marked a significant change in John Cage's musical thought -- specifically how it forms a point-of-no-return from the conventional communicative, self-expressive and intentional purpose of music to a radical new aesthetic that informs the field of unintentional sound, interpenetration, chance, and indeterminacy. The compositional process is described, both the writing of 4'33" and its evolution from past thought. Implications for performance are examined, and recommendations are made. Contents translation into Romanian by Alexander Ovsov 1. Brief Description and the Historic First Performance "Good people of Woodstock, let's run these people out of town" (artist at the premiere performance of 4'33") 1. The first performance of John Cage's 4'33" created a scandal. Written in 1952, it is Cage's most notorious composition, his so-called "silent piece". The piece consists of four minutes and thirty-three seconds in which the performer plays nothing. At the premiere some listeners were unaware that they had heard anything at all. It was first performed by the young pianist David Tudor at Woodstock, New York, on August 29, 1952, for an audience supporting the Benefit Artists Welfare Fund -- an audience that supported contemporary art. Tudor placed the hand-written score, which was in conventional notation with blank measures, on the piano and sat motionless as he used a stopwatch to measure the time of each movement. The score indicated three silent movements, each of a different length, but when added together totalled four minutes and thirty-three seconds. Tudor signaled its commencement by lowering the keyboard lid of the piano. The sound of the wind in the trees entered the first movement. After thirty seconds of no action, he raised the lid to signal the end of the first movement. It was then lowered for the second movement, during which raindrops pattered on the roof. The score was in several pages, so he turned the pages as time passed, yet playing nothing at all. The keyboard lid was raised and lowered again for the final movement, during which the audience whispered and muttered. 2 Cage said, "People began whispering to one another, and some people began to walk out. They didn't laugh -- they were just irritated when they realized nothing was going to happen, and they haven't fogotten it 30 years later: they're still angry." 3 Maverick Concert Hall, the site of the first performance, was ideal in allowing the sounds of the environment to enter, because the back of the hall was open to the surrounding forest. When Tudor finished, raising the keyboard lid and himself from the piano, the audience burst into an uproar -- "infuriated and dismayed," according to the reports.4 Even in the midst of an avant garde concert attended by modern artists, 4'33" was considered "going too far"5. Note that 4'33" is incorrectly listed as "4 pieces" on the printed program. It is easy to see how the original list of timings, listed under the heading 4'33", would have been confused by someone who typed the program as being four pieces with their timings as titles. Nevertheless, the timings of the movements are a crucial record. History and Philosophy Before writing 4'33" Cage had written many musical compositions in the 1930s and 1940s. Most of these had evocative, romantic titles, like Amores, Daughters of the Lonesome Isle, and The Perilous Night. Many of these early works were for prepared piano, a Cage invention that made the piano into a kind of miniature gamelan orchestra. He had already become well known as a musical innovator, one on the cutting edge of the American avant garde. Cage was one of the first composers to write electronic music, with his "Imaginary Landscapes". And in 1937 he predicted the future of electronic music in his lecture, "The Future of Music, Credo". He was also one of the first Western composers to compose music solely on the basis of rhythm, using what were previously regarded as noises. Here, suddenly, in 1952, was a piece whose title was just a number from a clock and in which the performer played nothing. It was an historic turning point for the composer, one from which he would never turn back. 4'33", pronounced "four minutes, thirty-three seconds", (Cage himself referred to it as "four, thirty-three") is often mistakenly referred to as Cage's "silent piece". He made it clear that he believed there is no such thing as silence, defined as a total absence of sound. In 1951, he visited an anechoic chamber at Harvard University in order to hear silence. "I literally expected to hear nothing," he said. Instead, he heard two sounds, one high and one low. He was told that the first was his nervous system and the other his blood circulating. This was a major revelation that was to affect his compositional philosophy from that time on. It was from this experience that he decided that silence defined as a total absence of sound did not exist. "Try as we may to make a silence, we cannot," he wrote. "One need not fear for the future of music." 6 To Cage, silence had to be redefined if the concept was to remain viable. He recognized that there was no objective dichotomy between sound and silence, but only between the intent of hearing and that of diverting one's attention to sounds. "The essential meaning of silence is the giving up of intention," he said. 7 This idea marks the most important turning point in his compositional philosophy. He redefined silence as simply the absence of intended sounds, or the turning off of our awareness. "Silence is not acoustic," he said, "It is a change of mind. A turning around." 8 He was later to identify this with Eastern thought. "In India they say that music is continuous; it only stops when we turn away and stop paying attention."9 In 1988, in a conversation with William Duckworth, Cage affirmed the connection of this idea with 4'33". "No day goes by without my making use of that piece in my life and in my work. I listen to it every day. . . . I don't sit down to do it. I turn my attention toward it. I realize that it's going on continuously. More than anything, it is the source of my enjoyment of life. . . . Music is continuous. It is only we who turn away."10 Cage often referred to it as his most important piece, and it was his favorite. "I always think of it before I write the next piece." 11 The first reference to 4'33" came about in a talk that Cage gave at Vassar College in 1947 or 1948. It was part of an interdisciplinary conference, coming at the time when he was beginning his study of oriental philosophy. He said that there ought to be a piece that had no sounds in it. 12 Although the germ of an idea was there, it would be five years before he would actually write it. The next year Cage wrote that he wanted to "compose a piece of uninterrupted silence and sell it to Muzak Co. It will be three or four and a half minutes in length -- those being the standard lengths of 'canned music' -- and its title will be Silent Prayer."13 This statement is particularly interesting in light of what Cage later said about the composition of 4'33", which I will return to shortly. The origin of the concept of 4'33", i.e., a silent frame filled with non-intentional environmental sounds, is debatable. But when Cage was a Fellow at Wesleyan's Center of Advanced Studies (1960-61), he was asked to compile a list of books having the greatest influence on his thought. One of these was Luigi Russolo's , the Italian Futurist, The Art of Noises (1916). Cage referred to The Art of Noises in his 1948 lecture at Vassar. In this book there is a chapter that presages 4'33", i.e.,"The Noises of Nature and Life". Russolo begins by poetically describing many of the sounds of nature. Then comes a remarkable statement: And here it can be demonstrated that the much poeticized silences with which the country restores nerves shaken by city life are made up of an infinity of noises, and that these noises have their own timbres, their own rhythms, and a scale that is very delicately enharmonic in its pitches. It has been neither said nor proven that these noises are not a very important part (or in many cases the most important part) of the emotions that accompany the beauty of certain panoramas, the smile of certain countrysides! But let us leave nature and the country (which would be a tomb without noises) and enter a noisy modern city. Here, with machines, life has created the most immense, the most varied sources of noise. But if the noises of the country are few, small, and pleasing, then those of the city ... Oh! To have to listen to noises from dawn to dusk, eternal noise! 14 An even earlier predecessor of 4'33" harks back to fin de si�cle Paris (1882-1896), at Montmartre's le Chat Noir, where Erik Satie, an idol of Cage's, performed. Satie was a friend of the artist/humorist Alphonse Allais (1854-1905); both performed late at night at the legendary Paris cabaret. For an 1884-85 exhibit of Expositions des Arts Incoh�rents, organized by Jules L�vy "for people who did not know how to draw", Allais did a totally white painting titled "Anaemic Young Girls Going to Their First Communion through a Blizzard". He also did a totally black painting entitled "Negroes Fighting in a Cave at Night". These paintings predate the famous completely white and black abstract paintings of Robert Rauschenberg by nearly seventy years. More relevant here is Allais' "Funeral March" for the last rites of a deaf man, consisting of 24 measures of entirely blank music manuscript, except for a whimsical tempo mark of "Lento rigolando" 14b. This score is probably very similar to the original manuscript for 4'33" (now lost), yet precedes it by more than half a century. In the notes, Allais explains that the composition must be concerned entirely with measurements, rather than with sounds, adding to its remarkable precedence of 4'33". But the similarities of this funeral march to 4'33" are only superficial. The intent and concept of Allais' Funeral March was entirely different from 4'33". For one, Allais the humorist intended his work to be a joke. Cage was very serious about 4'33" and was careful to specify that it was not a joke. Secondly and more importantly, Allais' composition was really meant to be silent, being for a deaf man. Cage's work is not silent at all. It embraces the whole world of unintentional sound; i.e., it is full of sounds. Why would anyone write music in which nothing is performed? Some people assume that Cage did it to shock. Others have regarded it as a deliberate affront or insult, either to the audience or as an attack on music as an art form. Still others thought it was the act of a fool, a charlatan, or that it was too easy. But, with a thoughtful examination of Cage's motives, one finds that none of these is correct. We can quickly dispose with the last objection, because 4'33" wasn't at all easy for Cage to write. Although it was initially conceived in 1947, the piece wasn't written until 1952, and then only after long and careful deliberation. He said, "I knew it would be taken as a joke and a renunciation of work, whereas, I also knew that if it was done it would be the highest form of work."12 It wasn't until 1951 that Cage was inspired to proceed by seeing the white, empty paintings freshly done by his friend, Robert Rauschenberg. "I responded immediately," he said, "not as objects, but as ways of seeing. I've said before that they were airports for shadows and for dust, but you could also say that they were mirrors of the air."15 "When I saw those, I said, 'Oh yes, I must; otherwise I'm lagging, otherwise music is lagging.'"16 Cage felt that Rauschenberg's painting gave him "permission" to proceed with the composition of the "silent piece". 17 Interestingly, he created an elaborate way to make the piece by using charts and chance operations, building it up note by note. It seems that he deliberately made writing it difficult in order not to appear foolish even to himself. It was, indeed, a courageous act, especially in 1952. Cage repeatedly stated that he was not interested in shocking or insulting audiences. "I have never gratuitously done anything for shock." 18 Cage was hardly a fool. He was the valedictorian of his class at Los Angeles High School, and was constantly lauded thereafter for his intelligence. The sculptor, Richard Lippold remarked, "John has the most brilliant intellect of any man I've ever met, and for years he's been trying to do away with it."19 "I love John's mind," Pierre Boulez said, "but I don't like what it thinks."20 Cage was reluctant to write 4'33", because "I didn't want to appear foolish". So, we can safely discard the notion that Cage's motivations were foolish. The reasons for writing 4'33" lie elsewhere and are quite serious. The Turning Point "My work became an exploration of non-intention." 21 In 1932, Cage met Henry Cowell whom he showed some of his experiments with a twenty-five tone row technique he had developed himself. Cowell urged him to study with Arnold Schoenberg, which he did in 1935-36 22. Schoenberg was not encouraging about Cage's compositional talent. When Cage told him that he had no feeling for harmony, Schoenberg replied that because of this he would always confront a wall through which he could not pass.23 Since Cage had already promised Schoenberg that he would devote himself to music, he decided that he would devote his life to "beating my head against that wall." 24 This was a subtle pun, for it was then that Cage tried to reject harmony as an important structural aspect in his music and turned instead to rhythm. Shortly thereafter, Cage worked with Otto Fischinger on one of his abstract films. Fischinger told Cage that "Everything in the world has its own spirit, and this spirit becomes audible by setting it into vibration."25 Cage was very excited by this notion and began tapping, scraping, and rubbing things in his environment. This led to his first percussion orchestra and a number of new percussion works. From this Cage concluded that noises were just as musical as so-called "musical sounds", i.e., sounds made by conventional musical instruments. "John was writing many percussion works and performing them in the Bay area in the late 1930s".26 Although today we have come to accept the idea that noises can be included in music, at the time it was radical. During the 1940s, when Cage was writing percussion and prepared piano pieces, he became concerned with a new change. He noticed that although he had been taught that music was a matter of communication, when he wrote a sad piece people laughed, and when he wrote a funny one they started crying. From this he concluded that "music doesn't really communicate to people. Or if it does, it does it in very, very different ways from one person to the next."27 He said, " No one was understanding anybody else. It was clearly pointless to continue that way, so I determined to stop writing music until I found a better reason than 'self expression' for doing it."28 He had determined that the purpose of music could not be communication or self-expression. What then, was its purpose? The answer came about 1946, when an Indian student, Gita Sarabhai, arrived to study Western counterpoint with Cage in exchange for lessons on Indian music. He asked her what the purpose of music was in India. She replied that her teacher thought that the purpose of music was to quiet the mind, thus making it susceptible to divine influences. Cage was tremendously struck by this. His friend, the composer Lou Harrison, found a similar statement in a seventeenth-century treatise on English music by Thomas Mace. "I also came to see that all art before the Renaissance, both Oriental and Western, had shared this same basis, that Oriental art had continued to do so right along, and that the Renaissance idea of self-expressive art was therefore heretical."29 He then determined to find out what was a "quiet mind" and what were "divine influences". For eighteen months he immersed himself in the philosophy of East and West, and began studying Zen Buddhism with Daisetz T. Suzuki. "I had the impression that I was changing -- you might say growing up. I realized that my previous understanding was that of a child."30 A quiet mind, he determined, was one free of dislikes; but, since dislikes require likes, it must be free of both likes and dislikes. "You can become narrow minded, literally, by only liking certain things and disliking others, but you can become open-minded, literally, by giving up your likes and dislikes and becoming interested in things."31 The "divine influences" were the sounds and events that were free to everyone, i.e., those of nature. Cage's study of Buddhism also led him to the conclusion that "Sounds should be honored rather than enslaved. Every creature, whether sentient (such as animals) or nonsentient (such as stones and air), is the Buddha. Each being is at the center of the universe."32 So, the function of music is not to entertain or communicate, but to be a process of discovery, to become aware and sensitized to the environmental sounds that are all around us, and to be free from personal taste and manipulation. The following statement by Cage summarizes this point of view: Art may be practiced in one way or another, so that it reinforces the ego in its likes and dislikes, or so that it opens that mind to the world outside, and outside inside. Since the forties and through the study with D.T. Suzuki of the philosophy of Zen Buddhism, I've thought of music as a means of changing the mind. I saw art not as something that consisted of a communication from the artist to an audience but rather as an activity of sounds in which the artist found a way to let the sounds be themselves. And, in being themselves, to open the minds of people who made them or listened to them to other possibilities than they had previously considered.33 Thus, music lost its purpose of communication and expression. This traditional Eastern idea of living in harmony with nature contrasts sharply with the Western practice of control and manipulation of the environment, which an increasing opinion today sees as the cause of the deterioration of the planet and the quality of modern life. But, how is this harmony with nature to be manifested in music? Cage found the answer to this question from the works of Ananda Coomaraswamy: "Art is to imitate nature in her manner of operation." This is not to be confused with imitating nature's appearance. How does nature operate? According to one current scientific theory, natural phenomena, at least on a microcosmic scale, are not based upon a mechanical, deterministic model, but one based on indeterminacy and chance, such as in quantum mechanics and chaos theory. Cage did refer to art following the lead of science, and the convergence is an interesting one, especially since he chose to use indeterminacy and chance in making his music from the time of 4'33" on. Another step toward this aesthetic was taken with Cage's dictum that art and life should no longer be separate, but one and the same. "Art is not an escape from life, but rather an introduction to it."34 He said that "it is time to turn the environment into art."35 This led to his concept of interpenetration. According to Cage, music could no longer be considered new or "experimental" unless it incorporated interpenetration. Previously, sounds that were outside the composer intentions were considered alien intrusions, unwelcome "noises". But works that welcome and include sounds outside of the composer's and performers' intentions are those that include interpenetration. This concept was first introduced by Erik Satie in his musique d'ameublement, or "furniture music" and was later taken up commercially by Muzak. 4'33" is the ultimate example of interpenetration. With these things in mind, 4'33" can more easily be comprehended as a serious artwork. Chance was used to free the composer from controlling sounds and exercising his personal tastes and choices, his memories, his likes and dislikes. Using chance was literally an imitation of nature's manner of operation. The "silence" of 4'33" opened the field of "divine influences," i.e., the sounds that are not made intentionally, but are already there around us, free to be heard and free to penetrate the art. Thus, nature and life literally become the art. As such, they are direct analogs to Rauschenberg's white paintings. 4'33" is an airport for sounds rather than for shadows. Further, "The performance should make clear to the listener that the hearing of the piece is his own action -- that the music, so to speak is his, rather than the composer's."36 The composer's responsibility shifts from self-expression to opening a window for the sounds of the environment. Cage was asked why it was necessary to create such music when it is already there? His answer indicates his didactic purpose: "Many people taking a walk would have their heads so full of preconceptions that it would be a long time before they were capable of hearing or seeing. Most people are blinded by themselves."37 Thus, the goal of the composer is revealed to be primarily that of the missionary. "Music is about changing the mind -- not to understand, but to be aware."38 Many people in our society now go around the streets and in the buses and so forth playing radios with earphones on and they don't hear the world around them. They hear only what they have chosen to hear. I can't understand why they cut themselves off from that rich experience which is free. I think this is the beginning of music, and I think that the end of music may very well be in those record collections.39 However, there is also an artistic and personal reason for writing music of this aesthetic, which is revealed in Cage's astonishing confession: Not having, as most musicians do, an ear for music, I don't hear music when I write it. I hear it only when it is played. If I heard it when I was writing it, I would write what I've already heard; whereas since I can't hear it while I'm writing it, I'm able to write something that I've never heard before.40 . . . . And if I did hear something before it was audible, I would have had to take solfege, which would have trained me to accept certain pitches and not others. I would then have found the environmental sounds off tune, lacking tonality. Therefore, I pay no attention to solfege.41 It is worth dwelling on this for a moment, because the significance of this statement is not normally understood. It represents a truly radical break with all traditional ways of making music. Normally, a composer hears something and then writes it, or at least works with the sound of some basic ideas, developing them into a composition. Solfege and ear training in general are considered requirements for a training musician in music curricula around the world. Cage said here that it is not just unnecessary, but undesirable. He confessed here that he could not hear what he was writing. This would normally be considered a handicap to a composer, to say the least. He did not hear music before, during, or even after he wrote it. He wrote the music in order to hear how it (the notation) sounded, and which he did not hear until it was performed. Thus, Cage was not working compositionally with sound itself, but with mathematical structures that would embody and animate sounds. He was working out intellectual conceptions of which he had no idea of how they would sound. The sensory, then, was a product of this intellection. Cage also cited his inability to determine and control the preparations used in his prepared piano pieces as a point that helped to turn him toward the use of chance. He said that he discovered that, because every piano is different, the sounds of the preparations could not entirely be determined no matter how much one would try to control them, and that this was not such a bad thing. A final aspect of Cage's philosophy that bears on 4'33" concerns his determination to use music as a metaphor for the way a society should behave. "I was intent on making something that didn't tell people what to do."42 To Cage, the incessant beat that keeps much of our conventional music together was analogous to a kind of military organization, and tonality itself, the dominance of a central tone, was like a dictatorship. So was the conductor of an orchestra. Thus, his late music tends to avoid these things. Cage even attributed ecological significance to 4'33": We, as a human species, have endangered nature. We acted against it, we have rebelled against its existence. So, our concern today must be to reconstitute it for what it is. And nature is not a separation of water from air, or of the sky from the earth, etc., but a "working together", or a "playing together" of those elements. That is what we call ecology. Music, as I conceive it, is ecological. You could go further and say that it IS ecology.43 In 1962, Cage wrote a 4'33" No. 2, which is also titled 0'00", "to be performed in any way by anyone". It is a completely different piece. The score, entirely verbal, states, "In a situation provided with maximum amplification (no feedback), perform a disciplined action, with any interruptions, fulfilling in whole, or in part, an obligation to others. No two performances are to be of the same action, nor may any action be the performance of a 'musical composition'. No attention is to be given to the situation (electronic, musical theatrical)." This is a quasi-theatrical work, and its primary distinction in sound is the provision of maximum amplification and an indefinite length. The title 0'00" refers to unmeasured time. "I'm trying to find a way to make music that does not depend on time . . . . [It's] nothing but the continuation of one's daily work . . . . What the piece is trying to say is that everything we do is music, or can become music through the use of microphones, so that everything I'm doing apart from what I'm saying, produces sound."44 The Music of Changes (1951), written using the I Ching or Book of Changes, is often cited as the turning point in Cage's aesthetic and method, namely to that using chance. Cage said that it was written contemporaneously with 4'33", but the Music of Changes is a more conventional work and one that is certainly easier to take seriously. Although composed with chance operations, it is scored and played in a conventional way by conventional instruments. 4'33", however, opens the world of environmental sound, and Cage invented a new notational system for its notation. It is not played in a conventional way, and it is not played by conventional instruments, but rather its "instruments" are the sounds of the environment. 4'33" uses the whole field of completely unintentional sounds, of interpenetration, of which the Music of Changes uses none. 4'33" is indeterminate, but the Music of Changes is not (see "Composition"). Thus, 4'33" embraces Cage's radical new aesthetic more completely than any of his other works, and, as such, it is the true pivotal point of his aesthetic change. Cage's work prior to 4'33" is based on a radically different aesthetic from those that came after it. Thus, 4'33" marks a change in musical philosophy that is unprecedented during his lifetime, and possibly unprecedented in the history of music. Composition I think perhaps my own best piece, at least the one I like the most, is the silent piece. It has three movements and in all of the movements there are no (intentional) sounds. I wanted my work to be free of my own likes and dislikes, because I think music should be free of the feelings and ideas of the composer. I have felt and hoped to have led other people to feel that the sounds of their environment constitute a music which is more interesting than the music which they would hear if they went into a concert hall.45 They (the audience) missed the point. There's no such thing as silence. What they thought was silence (in 4'33"), because they didn't know how to listen, was full of accidental sounds. You could hear the wind stirring outside during the first movement. During the second, raindrops began pattering the roof, and during the third the people themselves made all kinds of interesting sounds as they talked or walked out.46 4'33" was written in the summer of 1952 just after Cage returned to New York City from Black Mountain College, where he had been invited to participate as a teacher and composer in this rural, private-school environment, and worked with other important figures in the art world. It was here that Rauschenberg did his White Paintings (1951) and Cage first saw them, provoking 4'33". It was here that the first multimedia "happening" occurred, Cage's Theater Piece No. 1, in which many of the faculty participated. It was also here that Cage planned work on Williams Mix and first used the time bracket notation that became so prevalent in his later music. 4'33" is written for any instrument or combination of instruments. It is, however, usually done as a piano piece. This is probably because of the precedent set by the premiere performance, since the score does not specify a piano or any other instrument. The score is in three movements. Curiously, it has existed in at least six different versions (two different manuscripts and four different editions), although only two of these are different in performance. The original Woodstock manuscript, dated August 1952, is now lost and was written in conventional grand staff notation, containing measures of silence. It is here referred to as the Woodstock ms. It was this score that David Tudor used for the premiere performance. Tudor made at least two reconstructions of this score for his own performances. The original was on music paper, with staffs, and it was laid out in measures like the Music of Changes except there were no notes. But the time was there, notated exactly like the Music of Changes except that the tempo never changed, and there were no occurrences -- just blank measures, no rests -- and the time was easy to compute. The tempo was 60.47 The second manuscript (1953) was a birthday gift to Cage's friend, Irwin Kremen, and is here referred to as the Kremen ms (Kremen manuscript). It was written in graphic, space-time notation, where each movement was drawn as a time line in which each second is equal to an eighth of an inch. This is one of Cage's earliest graphic scores. It specifies the movement lengths as: 30", 2'23", and 1'40". In 1993, it was reproduced in Peters edition 6777a. A third version, here designated First Tacet Edition, is the one that is most well known and used by performers and is now out of print, Peters No. 6777 (1960). The author has not seen a manuscript version of this edition. It is a typewritten score that simply lists the three movements with Roman numbers with the word "TACET" (silent) below each. Below that is the following statement: NOTE: The title of this work is the total length in minutes and seconds of its performance. At Woodstock, N.Y., August 29, 1952, the title was 4'33" and the three parts were 33", 2'40", and 1'20". It was performed by David Tudor, pianist, who indicated the beginnings of parts by closing, the endings by opening, the keyboard lid. However, the work may be performed by (any) instrumentalist or combination of instrumentalists and last any length of time. FOR IRWIN KREMEN JOHN CAGE This statement is very curious. The timings Cage gave here for the Woodstock performance are not correct, because the original printed program shows that the timings were not 33", 2'40", and 1'20", but 30", 2'23", and 1'40". This raises an important question: Why would he give incorrect timings for the Woodstock performance? (A proposition is given below.) A fourth version was a facsimile of the Kremen ms, but reduced in size, and was printed in Source in July, 1967. In performance it is the same as the original Kremen ms. It is here referred to as the Source Edition. A fifth version, published by Henmar Press in 1986 curiously carries the same Peters listing (No. 6777). Here referred to as the Second Tacet Edition, it is nearly the same as the first, with the important exception that it was printed in Cage's own calligraphy, with the following statement added before the last sentence of the above: After the Woodstock performance, a copy in proportional notation was made for Irwin Kremen. In it the timelengths of the movements were 30", 2'23", and 1'40". This is a puzzling statement. How could one have been a copy of the other when the timings were different? (The timings are the essence of the piece.) Of what is the Kremen edition a copy? It could not have been a copy of the original, since the original was lost. Additionally, the original timings were not 33", 2'40", and 1'20" but the ones Cage made for the Kremen ms. It is also significant that Cage does not state that the piece was recomposed. One possible hypothesis is that the Tacet Editions were secondary, and that they were made in error. A sixth version is Peters No. 6777a (1993), which is an exact reproduction of the Kremen ms. It is referred to here as the Kremen Edition. The following table shows the movement lengths for the two different timings represented in the various versions. The proportions shown are the percentages of the total length. 4'33" 58% 29% Why do the timings differ? Why are the movement lengths different in the Tacet Editions? The Woodstock ms was lost sometime after the first performance at Woodstock. (It remains lost to this day.) Either Cage apparently then felt the need to reconstruct a score for 4'33", by the methods he used before, perhaps rebuilding the whole composition again note by note, using chance operations, or he was simply remembering the timings of the original edition and performance incorrectly. David Tudor seemed to have corroborated the first conjecture in an interview with Reinhard Oehlsch�gel: (R.O.:) It is dedicated to an Irwin Kremen. (D.T.:) No, no, that is a very complicated story. The first score of the piece was dedicated to me. Some years later [actually only months later -- author comment], John Cage decided to compose a piece for Irwin Kremen. So he asked me for my copy (of the score) because that was the only one in which the rhythmic structure had been notated. (R.O.:) That means the lengths of the three movements with headlines. (D.T.:) Later, he lost my copy. Then, I had just been asked to perform the piece in its original form. That was 1982 in a concert with the title ''Wall to Wall John Cage''. (R.O.:) In Symphony Space in New York. (D.T.:) Then I looked through my programs and found that I had played the piece in Darmstadt at least once. I had a list of the durations, and there I discovered that the durations did not agree with those that are published in the Irwin Kremen draft. I attempted to find out what had happened. It is clear that he had composed the piece again with the same rhythmic structure, but with different durations. And then I made a new score with the original durations. And to make the story even more complex: in the first version published by John Cage, there is a page with instructions about the original durations, and further stating that the piece can have any duration. 48 But, is it "clear" that Cage recomposed the piece with chance operations? How, then, could the movements come out to be so similar in length? And, how does it happen, by chance, that the total length came out to be exactly the same with the two different timings? Cage himself never said that he recomposed the piece. What is now clear is that the Kremen Edition faithfully represents the original version, and the Tacet Editions are secondary. It is no wonder that Tudor made his own versions of the original, rather than using the Tacet Edition timings. There are so many problems with the interpretation that Cage recomposed 4'33" using chance operations, that one must conclude that Cage did not use chance for the timings of the Tacet Editions, but that they were his mistaken recollection of the original timings. Concerning the original composition Tudor then continued: I then did some detective work and discovered that as part of the compositional process he had asked the I Ching about the relationship between even and uneven numbers. Through coin tosses, he received the answer that exclusively even numbers should appear. Since the composition process was identical to that in Music of Changes, even numbers meant: no tones. At the beginning, he said: ''I don't know about this piece . . . .'' And I asked him if I could perform it.49 But, how can all even numbers add up to an odd number like 4'33"? It seems unlikely that the piece turned out to be 4'33" by chance, because Cage, in 1948, as cited earlier, referred to his desire to compose a silent piece that was four and a half minutes in length, and sell it to Muzak. It seems that the 4.5 minute length was already in Cage's mind, possibly subconsciously, before he rolled the metaphorical dice. It was a standard length for Muzak's commercial pieces. This seems to call the whole process into question. A pertinent statement about this came from the David Tudor/Reinhard Oehlsch�gel interview: (R.O.:) Did you ask John how he made it? (D.T.:) Yes. (R.O.:) Aha. That is naturally a paradox, a beautiful one perhaps. Cage indicates in his book Silence that he made this piece after the ''white paintings'' of Robert Rauschenberg. That sounds as if it was not a pure chance throw of the dice, where nothing resulted, rather that it was already an idea. Perhaps the memory was very beautiful - John's memory of the first throw of the dice or coins?50 In Cage's account of the compositional process for 4'33", he said, "I didn't know I was writing 4'33". When I wrote 4'33", I was in the process of writing the Music of Changes. That was done in an elaborate way. There are many tables for pitches and durations, and for amplitudes. All the work was done with chance operations. I built it up very gradually, and it came out to be 4'33" -- and I just may have made a mistake in addition."51 . The specific details of process that were used to construct the Music of Changes (and 4'33") have been reconstructed by James Pritchett52, and Cage described aspects of the process in Silence. He said that the process was complicated for the Music of Changes, involving 26 different charts for pitches, tempi, durations, superpositions, dynamics, and sounds, but for 4'33" he only used the eight durations charts. This would rule out tempi changes that would complicate the temporal durations for 4'33". In the charts for durations there are sixty-four elements (since silence also has length). Through the use of fractions (e.g., 1/3; 1/3 + 3/5 + 1/2) measured following a standard scale (2.5 cm equals a crotchet), these durations are, for the purposes of musical composition, practically infinite in number. The note stem appears in space at a point corresponding to the appearance of the sound in time, that is if one reads at the tempo, or changing tempo indicated. Given fractions of a quarter, half, dotted half and whole note up to 1/8, simple additions of fractions is the method employed for the generating of durations. 53 From this we can tell that a simple toss of coins was not sufficient to determine the durations, but that these were somehow correlated with fractions and that the charted durations were summations of these fractions (hence "segmented"). The rhythmic structure for the Music of Changes (and presumably also for 4'33") was 3, 5, 6.75, 6.75, 6.75, 5, 3.12554 . When added, these numbers total 29.625, a number very close to the 30" used for the first movement of 4'33". The chance operations used in the Music of Changes sometimes yielded "impossible requirements, in which case the player is to use his or her own discretion, so that chance generates conditions in which choice must be exercised. Cage was charged by Henry Cowell with not fully liberating himself from his tastes."55 Music of Changes is a chance composition, but it is not indeterminate. It was notated using chance operations, but once the score was completed, the notation was to be played as written. Thus, the performance of Music of Changes is completely determined by the chance operations used to write it, as were the other chance works composed before 4'33". Chance music is here defined as music in which chance operations are used to determine its notation and the score determines the greater part of how the music is to be performed. Indeterminacy is defined as music in which the composer and/or performer cannot foresee the greater part of the result of a performance, which is made up of non-intentional sounds. (Cage often used the word "experimental" interchangibly with "indeterminate".) Chance was used by Cage to free the composer from controlling sounds, to free him of his likes and dislikes. Indeterminacy opened the field of music to non-intentional sounds -- the concepts of non-intention and interpenetration are most critical. By Cage's standard, improvisation does not involve either chance or indeterminacy, since improvisors continuously make choices that are determined by their likes and dislikes, i.e., their tastes and memories, and they intentionally make sounds. Cage wrote in his lecture on "Indeterminacy", printed in Silence: This is a lecture on music which is indeterminate with regard to its performance. The Intersection 3 by Morton Feldman is an example. The Music of Changes is not an example. In the Music of Changes, structure, which is the division of the whole into parts; method, which is the note-to-note procedure; form, which is the expressive content, the morphology of the continuity; and materials, the sounds and silences of the composition, are all determined. Though no two performances of the Music of Changes will be identical . . ., two performances will resemble one another closely. Though chance operations brought about the determination of the composition, these operations are not available in its performance. . . . The Music of Changes is an object more inhuman than human. . . .The fact that these things that constitute it, though only sounds, have come together to control a human being, the performer, gives the work the alarming quality of a Frankenstein monster. This situation is of course characteristic of Western music, the masterpieces of which are its most frightening examples, which when concerned with human communication only move from Frankenstein monster to Dictator.56 This statement confirms that Cage placed the aesthetic conditions of the Music of Changes firmly in the Western tradition, because, although composed with chance operations, it is still very determined. It is indeterminacy, not chance, that Cage regarded as the radical departure from aesthetic tradition. 4'33" is also one of Cage's first chance works, but, more importantly, it was the first that was completely free of any intentional sounds, embracing interpenetration and indeterminacy, thus representing a radical change of aesthetics. "In the case of 4'33", I actually used the same method of working [as in the Music of Changes], and I built up the silence of each movement, and three movements add up to 4'33". It seems idiotic. But, that's what I did. I didn't have to bother with the pitch tables, or the amplitude tables. All I had to do was work with the durations."57He went on to explain that each movement was built up with short notes all of which were silent and determined by chance. Thus, the formal structure was determined by chance, but the content (unintentional environmental sounds) was indeterminate. How did Cage decide that there would be three movements, and how did he determine the length of each? Three movements seems unlikely to have been a toss of the dice. Three or four movement works are the norm, not the exception, and some believe that this is an allusion to the traditional sonata. William Fetterman helped Cage recollect that 4'33" was not written exclusively with the I Ching (which was probably used to determine the "note" durations) but also with the use of Tarot cards. I wrote it note by note, just like the Music of Changes [1951]. That's how I knew how long it was when I added the notes up. It was done like a piece of music, except there were no sounds -- but there were durations. It was dealing these -- shuffling them, on which there were durations, and then dealing them -- and using the Tarot to know how to use them. The card-spread was a complicated one, something big. [Question: Why did you use the Tarot rather than the I Ching?] Probably to balance East with West. I didn't use the [actual] Tarot cards, I was just using those ideas; and I was using the Tarot because it was Western, it was the most well-known chance thing known in the West of that oracular nature.58 Cage pointed to this particular Tarot card formation when shown a number of possible configurations: This is one of the most complex configurations and is arranged in three groups of concentric "horseshoes". Each of these horseshoes may have represented a movement, with the cards themselves each bearing a duration that could have been added to give the total length of each movement. This seems to answer many questions about the composition of 4'33". It could show how each movement was built up with short silent "notes", how Cage knew when a movement was finished, why there are three movements, and why the first stops at 30". In some ways these questions seem to carry more import than the chance process used to create the silences, and definitely have a greater impact on what we hear. However, there are problems with this interpretation. There is the matter of the two different timings; e.g., 30" versus 33" for the first movement. The odds of coming this close through the use of chance operations are remote unless the timing range on the cards was small, say .5" to 5". However, if the timing range was this small then the other movements could not have turned out to be as long as they are, considering the number of cards involved. For example, if the range was .5" to 5", an average of 2.75" per card, the second movement would have been only 50" long. If the range was much larger, then it is unlikely that the two different timings would have come out so closely in length. This would seem to corroborate the proposition that the Tacet Editions could not have been recomposed by chance operations, even with the use of Tarot cards. Thus, the Tacet Editions would seem to be bogus, unbeknownst to Cage. However, we can assume that the Tarot cards were used for the original composition and this explains the determination of three movements. Another interpretation comes from an examination of Robert Rauschenberg's White Paintings that inspired the execution of a score for 4'33". This will probably come as a shock to those who may have seen the Kremen Edition, but have not seen Rauschenberg's paintings, or to those who have seen neither. (a) (left) Robert Rauschenberg: White Painting, Three Panels, 72"x36" each, 72"x108" overall, (1951), in possession of the artist. Rauschenberg did a series of these white paintings, as well as some black ones, in 1951-52. They vary from one to seven or more panels, and all of the white paintings are of a uniform color and texture. He left instructions that they should be repainted from time to time to maintain their fresh, uniform, white color. (b) (right) The Kremen Edition (Peters No. 6777a, reduced in size) showing the first movement of 4'33". The original is 8.5"x11", copyright 1993 by Henmar Press Inc. The two works are placed side by side to show their visual resemblance. One is immediately struck by the resemblance of the above painting to Cage's graphical score, which if completely reproduced here would resemble the three panels, one for each movement. Cage drew vertical lines to demark the boundaries of the movements, and these resemble the vertical lines of the edges of Rauschenberg's canvas. The difference, in form, is that the equivalent "panels" in his score vary in width. Where Cage used the width as graphical representations of time lengths (1 page=7 inches=56 seconds), in the painting the temporal dimension is absent and irrelevant. Time here is measured horizontally across the page. This representation of the music may seem puzzling at first, because the long vertical lines seem unnecessary. They don't represent anything essential to the music since pitch is not involved. Cage could have used a notation like that of his "time bracket" type, which is more economical and has only a minimal vertical dimension. Why, then, the long vertical lines? It seems only reasonable that he was using this particular graphic representation as an analogue of Rauschenberg's paintings, where the large "panels" represent the "airports", or fields for sounds, like Rauschenberg's panels, which were "airports for shadows". Could it be that the length of the first movement of Cage's score (30" in the Kremen Edition) approximated the width of Rauschenberg's 36" panels, at the same time equating space (inches) with time (seconds)? In the late forties and early fifties it became clear that there is a correspondence between time and space. And music is not isolated from [space], because one second of sound is so many inches on tape. That means that the old meters of two, three, and four are no longer necessary, that space on a page is equivalent to time. Therefore, I began doing graphic notations, and those graphic notations led other people to invite me to make graphic works apart from music. And those led me in turn to make musical scores that were very graphic. 59 This could, indeed, be the origin of the title for 4'33". It is the first of Cage's works to bear a title of minutes and seconds. Many others followed. It seems reasonable that, through the use of chance operations, Cage continued constructing the movement until he came to a length that approximated the width of one of Rauschenberg's panels, thereby creating a musical space-time analogue of the paintings, while being faithful to the use of chance operations. David Tudor remarked, "He was, in a certain way, proud to have composed the piece, because it was similar to the paintings."60 This method would also make sense with the total length, 4'33", being an approximation of the length of Muzak's commercial pieces (four and a half minutes) projected by Cage in the "Silent Prayer" predecessor of 4'33", and which would otherwise seem to be an unlikely coincidence. That is, Cage simply ended the piece when he came to a total length (the small parts of which were determined by chance operations) that approximated the 4.5 minutes that he already had in mind. Another remarkable correlation between Rauschenberg's painting and the 4'33" concerns their overall proportions. The width of the first two panels of Rauschenberg's panels comprise 66.7%, or two-thirds, of the the total width. The first two movements of the Kremen ms total 63% of the total length, quite close to Rauschenberg's proportions. The first two movements of the Tacet editions total 70% of the total length, also close to the painting's proportions. If the Kremen and Tacet proportions are averaged, the result is 66.5%, almost exactly the proportion found in the painting. It seems unlikely that this correlation between Rauschenberg's painting and 4'33" could be a coincidence, especially considering the other relations mentioned. The Kremen ms proportion is also close to that of the Golden Section, or �, approximately 61.8%, which is found in many works of art and is found as an approximation in the Fibonacci series of numbers. The proportion was used consciously by other composers of Cage's acquaintance, e.g., Karlheinz Stockhausen. The Kremen ms proportion is closest to an ideal �, within a 2% error. John Cage not only knew of �, but he used it in his music. In Composition in Retrospect he stated "Concerning symmetry horizontal or vertical, what I thought of was a rhythmic structure in which the small parts had the same proportion to each other that the groups of units, the large parts, had to the whole." 61 This is the precise definition of �, although he does not name it. Continuing, he stated "For instance 64, since it equals eight eights, permits division of both sixty-four and each eight into three, two, and three." 62 These are the Fibonacci numbers 2 and 3 combined to make 5 and 8, and are part of the Fibonacci series 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, etc., in which each consecutive pair of numbers is summed to get the next number and in which each pair is an increasingly more precise approximation of �. Why weren't chance operations used to obtain one number for each movement, rather than laboriously "building it up" with short silences, leaving the movement lengths undetermined in the process? It seems that Cage had not completely divorced himself from thinking of composition conventionally when he wrote 4'33", building the composition note by note. Thus, by adding enough notes together, a totality was created that conformed, at least in one way, to what he learned from Schoenberg and the Western tradition. The Kremen ms, in graphic notation, shows a more radical vision, as Irwin Kremen has pointed out: The score that John dedicated to me in 1953 was a thunderclap. It was not a copy of the Woodstock score. In a very real sense it was conceptually a radically new piece. It separated the old from the new. Whereas David used a score at the 1952 Woodstock concert that was, as he told me in 1994, conventionally notated and included all the measures, the score John gave me completely blotted that out. The time notation eliminated the discrete point (the note) as a time indicator and made time a function of linear space. Both together, this new way of indicating time and the emptiness of the score, i.e., the complete elimination of Western Musical notation, made the 1953 score, although titled the same, no mere variant of 1952. Whatever the score was that David used, it was still in the old musical tradition, however remarkable the concert may have been as an experience. The 1953 score, as a musical event, was the boldest possible, the most radical in the best sense of that often misapplied word. It was the further growth of his idea after Woodstock and constituted a Herculean blow to the musical past.63 Later, Cage did not regard the length of the movements as important. "It can be any length," he said, "so that we can listen at any time to what there is to hear."64 "I think what we need in the field of music is a very long performance of that work." 65 If the length is insignificant, then why spend "several days to write it"? And, why have specific lengths at all? -- It was most likely because Cage later realized that a fixed temporal frame was not necessary for this work. Perhaps he realized the mistake of the two different timings and decided that it really didn't matter after all. (Perhaps this was the "mistake" he referred to in I-VI.) This, in itself, points to another change in compositional philosophy after writing 4'33", which may have been the cause of it. Performance of 4'33" David Tudor gave us an important insight into the performance conditions of 4'33": John Cage had been recently asked about the piece and that he had said that it was very important to understand that every note of the piece had been composed. It is, in philosophical hindsight, very important to understand that he had completed a compositional process in order to produce this piece . . . . It is very important to read the notation. It presents the impression that time is passing.66 This suggests that both Tudor and Cage felt that a score is essential to the performance of 4'33" (including page turning), that it is, in part, a theater piece. The act of the performer reading a score serves to alert and sensitize the performer and audience to the fact that something is happening. William Fetterman recounts a number of performances of 4'33" in John Cage's Theater Pieces (see bibliography). These include a wide variety of performance practices. Of these, Tudor's performances are the most reserved and faithful to the aesthetics and score instructions. Liberties are sometimes taken with the music, from performing it as one movement (or as several) to choreographing it as theater. During a performance at the North Carolina School of the Arts in Winston-Salem, in the summer of 1970, students threw paper airplanes and deliberately made noises. In Stuttgart, Germany, June 1979, The-Ge-ano Ensemble used piano, oboe, and a female vocalist in which the players mimed playing their instruments during the performance. At William Petterson College in Wayne, New Jersey, in April 1985, Jeffry Kresky choreographed an elaborate drama with costumes (a red-haired girl in purple dress), props (bright orange chair), page turner, handkerchief wipes of the brow, adjustments of stop-watch, etc.67 Such productions are clear violations of the Cage's aesthetic intentions. Instead of focusing attention on the environmental and unintentional sounds, distractions are created that focus attention on the performers, intentional sounds, and extraneous actions. I don't mean by the silent piece, or any other, that I accept all the intentional self-expressive actions and works of people as suitable interruptions of this other activity. I don't believe that a bad, thoughtless, undevoted performance of one of my works is a performance of it.68 When asked about the disparity in time lengths of the scores, Cage replied that it could be of any length. This does not mean, however, that the formal structure of 4'33" can be violated. He said that it would still be titled 4'33", that the durations of the movements must be determined by some type of chance procedure, and that it must be in three movements.69 Performance Recomendations • Avoid all distracting, extraneous actions, choreography, intentional sounds, etc., that could detract from focusing attention upon the environmental, unintentional sounds. • The performers' demeanor and part in the music should be passive, static, and reserved, yet serious, focused, attentive, and respectful. • Either the prescribed timings of the Kremen edition should be used or timings should be constructed for three movements using chance operations. These need not total 4'33". I do not recommend the spurious timings of the Tacet Editions. • A score should be used, preferably the Kremen Edition, with page turns (but not a separate page-turner). • A stopwatch should be used to keep track of the movement lengths. • Some simple, non-obtrusive action should be taken to mark the separate movements. For example, a performer could display three large cards on a music stand, each of which would announce the movement number. • The three separate movements, with their respective timings, should be listed in the printed program. • 4'33" is not a piano piece, but a piece for any instrument or instruments. It's reputation as strictly a piano piece needs to be overcome by more performances on other instruments. 4'33" can be a very effective and evocative work in a concert setting. I premiered it in Tucson in 1973, where the piece was virtually unknown. The reactions of the audience and the sounds of the environment became the music. I used the Source Edition, along with a stop-watch, turning pages as I went. The piano was the medium, but opposite of Tudor, I lifted the keyboard lid when each movement began and closed it when it ended. The piece was played in the middle of an otherwise conventional music program, along with Mozart and Beethoven. It was listed in the printed program as 4'33" by John Cage along with a list of the separate movements and their timings. At the outset of the first movement, as I sat in silence, the hall was very quiet. The audience, of course, was expecting the usual performance ritual. I was supposed to play something, make sounds. But when this didn't happen, one could actually feel the tension building in the hall. It was like a long silence during a phone conversation. The first movement is the shortest, only about a half minute, but it seemed much longer. I would say that the first movement had a defined shape and content. It was very quiet -- "silent" some would say, with increasing tension and a climax near the end. I closed the keyboard lid and turned the page to the second movement, evoking a few chuckles. On opening the lid to begin the second movement, the mood changed. The crowd was now more relaxed, and aware that it was meant to be this way. The tension curve dropped dramatically. This movement was calm, quiet, with occasional sounds from the audience -- a giggle here, a whisper there. Conversations were punctuated by quiet moments. Sounds were heard from outside the hall. This movement is the longest, about 2.5 minutes, but it actually seemed shorter than the first, and definitely more relaxed, now that people knew what to expect. The lid was closed again, and another page was turned. Lid open -- third movement. This movement had its own character as well. People were now participating freely, with contrapuntal conversations, giggles, whispers, coughs, and other sounds. No one left the hall. They were clearly enjoying it. The movement seemed to be of a light, airy character, the fastest of the three. Close the lid -- end of 4'33". There was a tremendous burst of applause from the audience, which was completely unexpected, a standing ovation. What was greeted with "a hell of an uproar, infuriating most of the audience" in 1952 was then, in 1973, greeted with resounding approval. Even Cage's mother remarked to Earle Brown, at the 1954 New York City premiere, "Now Earle, don't you think that John has gone too far this time?"70 Cage said that he lost friends because of this piece71. Cage's aversion to recordings is well known. Although several recordings of 4'33" now exist, it is unlikely that he would have approved of them, even in this "silent piece". He said, "What really pleases me in that silent piece is that it can be played any time, but only comes alive when you play it. And each time you do, it is an experience of being very, very much alive."72 Conclusion 4'33" continues to baffle and confound people today. It has become an icon of the modern era, at once synonymous with Cage in the popular imagination, and Cage with it. This probably would have pleased him. It is music that is completely free of intentional sounds, and, in this sense, it is like a tabula rasa, a blank slate upon which the world of unintended sounds writes its music. But, it is a tabula rasa in which not everything is permitted. Intentional sounds and egocentric actions have no place here. 4'33" requires a serious, reverent, focused, and open mind that is willing to put aside preconceptions and embrace the universe of sound as music. It is easy to fall victim to the error that anything goes in this piece. Cage was clear that this is not the case. He was quite critical of "bad performances" of his music, and 4'33" was no exception. Ego and guile have no place here. The performer is dispensible and so is the audience. Only a singular, devoted listener is needed. 4'33" has no precedent in the history of music and it is probably history's most radical break with aesthetic tradition. Since it is "continuous", it is eternal, without beginning or end, boundless in time. It begs for our attention upon the preciousness of our environment. It is music that attempts to express nothing and to communicate nothing and yet expresses and communicates everything. Notes 3. Cage conversation with Michael John White (1982), in Kostelanetz 1988, 66 4. Revill 1992, 166 6. Cage, "Experimental Music" (1957) in Cage 1961, 8 7. Cage at the University of Cincinnati (1968), in Kostelanetz 1988, 189 8. Cage, in Revill 1992, 164; see also Cage "Experimental Music" (1957) in Cage 1961, 14 9. Cage conversation with Michael Zwerin (1982), in Kostelanetz 1988, 44 10. Cage conversation with William Duckworth, in Duckworth 1995, 13-15 11. Cage conversation with Stephen Montague (1982), in Kostelanetz 1988, 66 12. Cage, "A Composer's Confessions (1948) in Kostelanetz, 1993, 43 13. Cage 1981, 43 14. Russolo 1916, 43 14b. Gillmor 1988, 66. Originally published in Alphonse Allais, Oeuvres posthumes, v.2, Paris, La Table Ronde, 1966, 376-381 15. Cage 1990, 26 16. Cage conversation with Alan Gillmor & Roger Shattuck (1973), in Kostelanetz 1988, 67 17. Revill 1992, 164 18. Cage, in letter to P.H. Lang, in Kostelanetz 1971, 117 19. Tomkins 1965, 74 21. Cage, "An Autobiographical Statement" in Kostelanetz, 1993, 241 22. Cage "A Composer's Confessions" (1948), in Kostelanetz 1993, 31 23. Cage, in conversation with Jeff Goldberg (1976), in Kostelanetz 1988, 5 24. Cage conversation with Jeff Goldberg (1976), in Kostelanetz 1988, 5 25. Cage, in Revill 1992, 52 26. Dick Higgins 1998 27. Cage conversation with Cole Gagny & Tracy Caras (1980), in Kostelanetz 1988, 120 28. Cage conversation with Maureen Furman (1979), in Kostelanetz 1988, 215 29. Cage, in Tomkins 1965, 99 30. Cage, in Tomkins 1965, 100 31. Cage conversation with Ev Grimes (1984), in Kostelanetz 1988, 231 32. Cage conversation with Joseph H. Mazo (1983), in Kostelanetz 1988, 232 33. Cage conversation with Bill Womack (1979), in Kostelanetz 1988, 42 34. Cage conversation with Stanley Kaufman (1966), in Kostelanetz 1988, 211 35. Cage conversation with Robin White (1978), in Kostelanetz 1988, 212 36. Cage, in Gena 1982, 22 37. Cage conversation with Lisa Low (1985), in Kostelanetz 1988, 45 38. Cage conversation with Michael John White (1978), in Kostelanetz 1988, 212 39. Cage conversation with Ev Grimes (1984), in Kostelanetz 1988, 235 40. Cage conversation with David Cope (1980), in Kostelanetz 1988, 85 41. Cage conversation with Don Finegan (1969), in Kostelanetz 1988, 227 42. Cage conversation with Alan Gillmor (1976), in Kostelanetz 1988, 74\| 43. Cage 1981, 229 44. Cage conversation with Lars Gunnar Bodin & Bengt Emil Johnson, in Kostelanetz 1988, 69-70 45. Cage conversation with Jeff Goldberg (1974), in Kostelanetz 1982, 65 46. Cage conversation with John Kobler (1968), in Kostelanetz 1982, 69-70 47. David Tudor in a telephone interview with William Fetterman (1989), in Fetterman 1996, 72 48. MusikTexte Ap 1997, 69-72 49. MusikTexte Ap 1997, 69-72 50. MusikTexte Ap 1997, 69-72 51. Cage 1990, 20-21 Cage, John, 1961. Silence, Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press. Cage, John, 1981. For the Birds, in Conversation with Daniel Charles, Boston: Marion Boyars. Cage, John. 1982. Composition in Retrospect, Cambridge: Exact Change. Cage, John, 1990. The Charles Eliot Norton Lectures, in I-VI, Cambridge: Harvard. Duckworth, William, 1995. Talking Music, New York: Schirmer Fetterman, William, 1996. John Cage's Theater Pieces, Notations and Performances, Amsterdam: Harwood. Gena, Peter and Jonathan Brent, 1982. A John Cage Reader, New York: C.F. Peters.Higgins, Dick, 1998. personal E-mail correspondence with the author Gillmor, Alan M. , 1988, Erik Satie, NY:Norton. Kostelanetz, Richard, 1988, ed., Conversing with Cage, New York: Limelight. Kostelanetz, Richard, 1971, ed. John Cage, UK: Allen Lane The Penguin Press. Kostelanetz, Richard, 1993, ed. John Cage: Writer, New York: Limelight. Kremen, Irwin, 1997. personal E-mail correspondence with the author. Music Educators Journal Nov 1986, "Ev Grimes Interviews John Cage". MusikTexte Ap 1997, Heft 69/70, "�ber John Cage", 69-72. (translated by Daniel Wolf.) Pritchett, James, 1993, The Music of John Cage, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Revill, David, 1992. The Roaring Silence, New York: Arcade. Russolo, Luigi, 1916. The Art of Noises, in Monographs in Musicology No. 6, translated by Barclay Brown, Pendragon Press, 1986. Tomkins, Calvin, 1965. The Bride & the Bachelors New York: Penguin/Viking, 1965.	John Cage
Which composer wrote the symphonies with the nicknames 'The Schoolmaster', 'The Farewell' and 'The Miracle'?	News of Jazz Music Click here for the Jazz News of 2011 December 2010: Free Fall, Ken Vandermark's trio formed in 2001 with pianist Håvard Wiik and bassist Ingebrigt Håker Flaten, released his fourth album for Smalltown SuperJazz: Grey Scale. Here, Ken is on clarinets, and features 9 new tracks for the first time completely improvised. Recorded in september 2008. Cam Jazz released In Stride, the new Oregon album, on which we can listen to the standard quartet (Paul McCandless: oboe, English horn, soprano saxophone, flutes; Ralph Towner: classical, 12-string and synth guitar, piano; Glen Moore: double-bass; Mark Walker: drums, hand percussion) performing 11 tracks (for quite 1 hour), new but also old and rivisited, recorded in february 2010. 6 of them are new Towner compositions. Tzadik released Fred Frith's Eye To Ear III, the third volume of his film soundtrack music, that includes studio work from the past six years, 16 tracks (52 minutes), whose first 11 were recorded in july 2004, and the other in june and november 2003. Fred is on guitar, bass, keyboards and home-made instruments in a nonet with Ada Gosling (violin), Tilman Muller (trumpet, flugelhorn), Bernd Settelmeyer (percussion, waterphone), Sheela Bringi (bansuri), Wu Fei (guzheng), Heather Heise (piano, melodica), Carla Kihlstedt (violin, nyckelharpa) and Gino Robair (percussion). Also from Tzadik, the new monthly John Zorn album: Interzone, his tribute to William S. Burroughs, largely improvised; recorded in June and July 2010, this CD features John on saxophone, in a lineup with Mark Ribot (guitars, banjo, sinatir and cumbus), Cyro Baptista (percussion), Ikue Mori (electronics), Kenny Wollesen (drums, vibes, chimes, tympani, wollesonics, percussion), John Medeski (keyboards) and Trevor Dunn (basses). Interzone is a 3-mouvement suite, for 50 minutes. World Saxophone Quartet. The lineup formed by founders reedists David Murray and Hamiet Bluiett has just released his 22nd album in 34 years: Yes, We Can (for the label Jazzwerkstatt). Performed with saxophonist Kidd Jordan and sax-tenorist James Carter (but for the first time without Oliver Lake), this is a live set from Berlin in 2009, that celebrates the election of Barack Obama. 8 tracks. Lullaby for Lali is the new Ferran Fages album, a long suite recorded at the end of 2009 and now released by Etude as ltd edition vinyl (300 copies), that features a new musical approach for Ferran, far from improvisation and quite melodic (sidea A is Lullaby Electric, whereas side B is Lullaby Acoustic), on which he plays guitars (electric and acoustic), melodica and electronic, in the company of Lali Barrière (guitaret, metallophone and electronics). Also on Etude, Aura is the new work by Alfredo Costa Monteiro, composed by a series of recorded sounds, all produced by percussion instruments, played though by Pilar Subira. All the sounds are acoustic without electronics or processing. Some sounds result from acoustic combinations of other sounds. Recorded between 2008 and 2009. Ltd edition (300 copies). Meta released the until now unreleased 10-track The Blue Mountain's Sun Drummer, credited to the duo of Wadada Leo Smith, here on trumpet, flugelhorn, mbira (an african thumb piano), flute and voice, and Ed Blackwell (drums), recorded live at Brandeis University in 1986. From the Telarc label comes Have You Ever Been...?, a curious string-arranged Turtle Island Quartet's foray in rock music. Jimi's compositions collated as suites of songs inspired lengthy improvisations from the quartet. Recorded in february 2010, the album includes Tree Of Life, an original Balakrishnan composition that was largely influenced by Hendrix, a solo string quartet version in four movements, adapted from the large form version which included dance, theater and spoken word. Let's remember the most recent lineup: Mads Tolling and David Balakrishnan on violin, Mark Summer on cello and Jeremy Kittel on viola. As Summer said, «we've chosen music that really shows Jimi Hendrix as a composer; you know, people think of him as a guitar god, and David's whole take (in the violinist's arrangements) is to show how Hendrix was thinking compositionally. Our aim is to make this sound elegant yet ferocious». Since 2006, the label Widow's Taste released several posthumes albums (studio and live) by legendary altoist Art Pepper, who died in 1982, all named Unreleased Art, and containing performances never (legally) released. Vol. 1 features a Japan concert recorded in November 1981 with pianist George Cables, bassist David Williams and drummer Carl Burnett. This is a two CD set. Vol. 2 is entitled The Last Concert, and features 5 long tracks performed by same lineup, plus pianist and composer Roger Kellaway, on 30 may 1982: his last live performance. Vol. 3 is another 2 CD set, for more than 2 hour of music, a concert recorded in may 1981 by the altoist with Milcho Leviev on piano, Bob Magnusson on upright bass and Carl Burnett on drums. Vol. 4 features instead, as title says, The Art History Project, and is a 3 CD set; in these unreleased studio tracks played a very large ensemble. First CD, Pure Art, is performed with «Stan Kenton Innovations in Modern Music» orchestra. CD 2, Hard Art, contains first six rehearsal tracks, all previously unissued, with a newly-formed quartet, apparently all that has been uncovered from the studio to date from a brief gap in between incarcerations in 1964. Other tracks date back to 1968. CD 3, Consummate Art, documents the last Pepper's period. And just now is out Vol. 5: Stuttgart May 25, 1981, another concert gathered in 2 CDs. Pepper played alto saxophone and clarinet with pianist Milcho Leviev, bassist Bob Magnusson and Carl Burnett on drums. Black Swan is the new Cristian Vogel work, recorded for the choreographer Gilles Jobin, a ltd edition (1000 copies) released by Sub Rosa, a dance piece for four performers composed in 2009 and containing 3 tracks, for 49 minuts. After recording for Not On Label their ltd ed. Live In Finland in december 2006 (400 copie with no distribution), the Scorch Trio releases now for Rune Grammofon Melaza, the new «live studio» album, 8 new tracks recorded quite without overdubs, on which the leader, Nilssen-Love, was succeeded by Chicagoan drummer Frank Rosaly. This is the fifth album: indeed, the trio, formed in late 1998, debuted discographically in january 2002 recording 7 tracks live in studio in just two days with no overdub or editing, as a self-titled, released by Rune Grammofon. Luggumt was recorded in january 2004 and Brolt in october 2007. Intakt released For A Little Dancin', credited to the trio Oliver Lake (on alto sax)/Christian Weber (on bass)/Dieter Ulrich (on drums), an album composed all but title-track by Oliver Lake, recorded in march and april 2009, that gathers 10 (mostly brief) tracks. The label Vinyl Lovers restores as a DoLP the old and unfindable Sun Ra Arkestra�s Live At Praxis '84 3 LPs, released by Praxis in 1984, that documented a live performance recorded in Athens on february 1984. Largely improvised, the concert featured a lineup with the leader on keyboards, the reed section Ronnie Brown/Marshall Allen/Eloe Omoe/John Gilmore/Danny Ray Thompson/James Jacson, and the rhythm section Rollo Radford /Matthew Brown/Don Mumford/Salah Ragab, plus dancers Myriam Broche and Greg Pratt. A Night At Cafe Bohemia/The Pithecanthropus Erectus Sessions is a Charles Mingus' 2 CD set Giant Steps reissue that collects well-known 1956 masterpiece and a little known live session (originally released by Debut as A Night at Cafe Bohemia), recorded on december 1955, i.e. 1 month before Pithecanthropus' sessions. The live 1955 session was played by a quintet on which Charles was accompanied by drummer Max Roach, pianist Mal Waldron, trombonist Eddie Bert and saxophonist George Barrow. The performance gathered standards as well as three Mingus originals. Baden-Baden �75 is a Globe Unity Orchestra 2CD set, a reissue of their old Jahrmarkt/Local, recorded with guests in 2 sessions: november 1975, when was performed composition Jahrmarkt, and june 1976 (when was played Local). Only first composition was released as LP; Local, instead, was unissued till now. Both of pieces gathered a «stellar» lineup, with trumpet-trio Enrico Rava, Manfred Schoof and Kenny Wheeler, Anthony Braxton and Peter Brötzmann on saxes and clarinets, Rüdiger Carl (alto & tenor sax), Gerd Dudek (saxes and flute), Evan Parker (soprano & tenor saxes), Michel Pilz (bass clarinet), the trombone-trio Günter Christmann, Albert Mangelsdorff and Paul Rutherford, Alexander von Schlippenbach on piano, bassists Peter Kowald and Buschi Niebergall, and drummer Paul Lovens. 21st Century V-Bop is a new project by a quartet consisting of drummer Mark Anderson, tenors&sopranoist Paul Dunmall, guitarist Philip Gibbs and keyboardist Tony Hymas, that debuted with a self-titled CD released by SLAM. Recorded live in studio without overdubs in august 2009, this album features 7 tracks for more than 1 hour. Still as for Dunmall, it's worth to mention his MANU, released by FMR, in a trio with guitarist Philip Gibbs and drummer Miles Levin. 2 tracks, for quite 30 minutes, recorded in january 2010; and Boundless, another FMR release recorded in january 2008 in a quartet with guitarists Barry Edwards and again Philip Gibbs, guitar, and Marks Sanders on drums. After having released in 2005, after his death, his until then unreleased Abstractions Of The Industrial North, the Trunk label releases now, as vinyl and as CD, other two unissued Basil Kirchin's recordings: the album Primitive London collects these soundtracks, the first (that's the first ever) from namesake 1965 score, notorious as the UK's first and most important "Mondo" movie, that presents music jazz and drone-oriented; the other from 1971 The Freelance, that sports a more free form sound. After having recorded Premonitions on july 1989, Paul Rutherford's project Free Jazz Quartet, that featured the trombonist with reedist Harrison Smith, celloist Tony Moore and drummer Eddier Prévost, recorded in 1992 Memories For The Future, an unissued album released now by Matchless, that collects 8 tracks, for quite 1 hour. 2 Seconds/B Minor/Wave is an Erstwhile album composed and recorded separately, the last summer, by the guitar-duo Michael Pisaro and Taku Sugimoto, that gathers those three tracks (each of them 20 minutes). Pisaro, say liner notes «has spent much of the last decade making field recordings, and occasionally using them in his work. Much of his recent composition, and especially the work with his primary collaborator, percussionist Greg Stuart, has concerned the massing and then the spatialization of sound to create 'homemade' environments. Pisaro lives in Southern California, teaching at the California Institute of the Arts, running the Experimental Music Workshop, and curating his own recently launched recording imprint, Gravity Wave». Inclusion Principle is a new Martin Archer project, a duo with Hervé Perez. They have recorded for Discus in september 2009 The Leaf Factory Fallback, a software-electronics performance, on which Martin plays software instruments, organ, sopranino & baritone saxes; Perez, instead, is on field recordings, sound design, laptop and soprano sax. 8 tracks, for 52 minutes. November 2010: Floored By Four, released by Chimera, is credited to an unusual quartet: Nels Cline (here on electric guitar and effects), Yuka Honda (keyboards and vibes), Mike Watt (the cofounder of Minutemen and ex-fIREHOSE, who wrote all of tracks, sings and plays bass) and drummer Dougie Bowne (who worked with John Cale, Iggy Pop and Lounge Lizards). 43 minutes and 4 tracks, named each one a member of the quartet, i.e. Nels, Miss Yuka, Watt and Dougie. Recorded in july 2009. Credited to Tony Malaby, Tamarindo Live is a Clean Feed live album, recorded in june 2010, on which the trio founded by the sax-tenorist with bassist William Parker and drummer Nasheet Waits is joined by trumpeter Wadada Leo Smith as special guest. 4 tracks, for almost 1 hour. Candid restores Chico Freeman's Lord Riff And Me, a studio album recorded in october 1987, and originally released in 1988 by Not Two, but too much soon forgotten and till now rare, that sees father and son both on soprano and tenor saxes in a very notable quintet, with pianist George Cables and rhythm section Cecil McBee (bass)/Billy Hart (drums). 9 tracks for 1 hour of music. D'Autres Cordes releases Abstraction Distraction, the latest chapter in Elliott Sharp's Tectonics saga, recorded in august 2008, on which the New Yorker focuses entirely on soprano and tenor saxes, elaborated by analogue and digital electronics, with the drum programming and computer processing by Joseph Trump, Sim Cain and Tony Lewis. 7 tracks Still by Sharp, Octal: Book Two is the second volume of his project realized on the 8-string guitarbass prototype built for him by Saul Koll. As Sharp's liner notes indicate, it's a solo album of purely digital music "in that my digits are the sole method of sound-production: no plectra are used, only ?ngers". Cardew Works 1960-70 Brot & Honig , new album by Evan Parker and Ton Art Ensemble, the lineup founded by Wener Dafeldecker. Here, the sopranoist is in a large and very eclectic ensemble, with guitarist A. Dannullis; H.-E. Gödecke on trombone and didgeridoo, M. Haase on banjo, O. Hoffmann and P. N. Wilson on bass, G. Ch. Hoppe on guitar and clarinet, R. Klammer on percussion, Nicola Kruse and U. Levens on violin, H. Metzger on clarinet, alto sax and synthesizer, C. Molter on flute and piccolo, H. Nitz on vibes and H. Wienert on soprano sax. The CD gathers two pieces: the calm title-track (36 minutes, composed by Evan) and Syrah & Papidoux (37 minutes, composed by Nicola Kruse), with many and individual improvisations. Recorded live in concert (direct to digital two-track) on October 30, 1999. Matchless releases Uncovered Correspondence, a concert with pianist John Tilbury and percussionist Eddie Prévost, recorded on 15th May 2010. Tilbury uses also prepared piano; mostly improvised, the performance alternates collective and loud moments to other of calm and silence. Visions: Live at Vision Festival (United One) is a Ganelin Trio's live performance , recorded in june 2007 at Vision Festival in New York2. The lineup (let's remember: Vyacheslav Ganelin, her on piano, synthesizer and percussion; Petras Vysniauskas, here on soprano sax; and the drummer Klaus Kugel) performed a concert as a suite in 8 parts, for 45 minutes. October 2010: Rune Grammofon releases Supersilent's 10, a 12-piece CD for 42 minutes (their shortest release till now), the second album as a trio after 9: Arve Henriksen (trumpet and laptop), Ståle Storløkken (piano and keyboards) and Helge Sten ( guitar, keyboa and laptop) present some tracks recorded from 8's sessions (2005), but other pieces from an early 2009 session, and feature all a different approach, largely improvised and quite completely acoustic, dominated by trumpet and piano. Still for Rune Grammofon, Supersilent will release soon also 11, their first vinyl-only release, with material from the 8's same sessions. The Neos label presents Carl Ludwig Hubsc's The Creators Bend A Master Plan, an album that marks drummer Gerry Hemingway�s first appearance on disc with the Hübsch-Schubert-Wierbos brass trio, who have recorded together for more than a decade. A drummer himself, Hübsch plays here his tuba with Matthias Schubert (tenor sax) and Wolter Wierbos (trombone). 5 pieces for 65 minutes, particularly the 32-minute Module Modulations. From PI, This Brings Us To, vol. 2 is the follow-up of vol. 1 by Henry Threadgill, that features 5 new pieces (44 minutes), recorded in the same vol. 1 session (november 2008). Henry plays his flute alto sax with his quintet Zooid: Jose Davila on trombone and tuba, Liberty Ellman on acoustic guitar, Elliot Humberto Kavee on drums and Stomu Takeishi on acoustic bass. Let's remember that Zooid's mebers have been together for ten years, and that these compositions, as for vol. 1, are organized along a series of interval blocks, each of which is assigned to a musician who is free to move around within these intervals, improvising melodies and creating counterpoint to one another. The system provides the framework for open dialogue within the group while encouraging the musicians to seek new ways to improvise, away from a reliance on chord changes, scales or any of the clichés of certain �free� jazz. To pull it all off, Threadgill demands that his musicians dedicate themselves fully to mastering this new language. Incus releases More 74, a Derek Bailey 1-hour solo improvisations album that gathers previously unissued solos from 1974. Derek played stereo electrtic guitar and string acoustic guitar. In these 13 tracks, notable are particularly the first and second version, under a different title, of the may 1974 Lot 74, here performed along a 20-minute and a 25-minute version, respectively. Many releases, this month, from Hat-Hut, that represents old unfindable recordings, and other old unissued performances. 1) The 1-hour CD Annette, restored from his first 1992 edition, is credited to a trio with Paul Bley (piano), Gary Peacock (double bass) and Franz Koglmann (flugelhorn and trumpet), and gathers 12 pieces recorded in april 1992, all written by Annette Peacock (that, let's remember, was married first with Gary Peacock and later with Paul Bley), but one, the title-track, composed by the trio. All arrangements are by Franz Koglmann. 2) Are You Going To Stop... In Bern? (49 minutes) is a duo-collaboration between guitarists Loren Connors and Jim O'Rourke, that present 4 compositions recorded in december 1997, largely improvised and minimalism-oriented. 3) That Certain Feeling is credited to Ran Blake, and sees the pianist in a trio with Ricky Ford (tenor sax) and Steve Lacy on soprano sax; they recorded 19 pieces (66 minutes) in july 1990, inspired by George Gershwin compositions. 4) Different But The Same is credited to the tenorist-duo David Liebman/Ellery Eskelin, that lead a quartet with rhythm section of bassist Tony Marino and drummer Jim Black. Recorded in may 2004, is a 1-hour CD that gathers 8 compositions (4 are covers by Tadd Dameron, Lee Konitz, Wayne Shorter and Cole Porter). Liebman's sax was recorded on the left channel, and Eskelin's on the right. 5) At WBAI's Free Music Store, a tape broadcast till now available as a very limited 1996 edition for collectors, and recorded in october 1971, is credited to Joe McPhee & Survival Unit II, and sees Joe on trumpet and tenor sax leading a quintet with Byron Morris (soprano and alto saxes), pianist Mike Kull, percussionist Harold E. Smith, and the collaboration of Clifford Thorton on baritone horn, whose memory Joe dedicated the first edition to. 6 long pieces all by Joe, for quite 80 minutes; among them, the well-known Black Magic Man. 6) The Distance Runner is a David Liebman-solo CD (55 minutes), on which he plays soprano and tenor saxes and wooden flute, and presents 6 his compositions (particularly the 16-minute Time Immemorial: Before, Then, Now, After), plus a version of John Coltrane's Peace On Earth. This was the very first Dave's concert of unaccompanied solos (but he made 4 studio solo-albums), recorded at Jazzfestival Willisau on august 2004; the CD was ltd-released first in 2005. 7) At The New Jazz Meeting Baden-Baden 2002 is credited to Steve Lacy and was recorded in december 2002. The sopranoist leads a sextet with a trio rhythm section (bassist Peter Herbert, and drummers Wolfgang Reisinger and Philip Jeck), and the duo Christof Kurzmann/Bernhard Lang on electronics; indeed, this is a rare Lacy's foray in electronic music: 6 tracks for 1 hour, first ltd-edited in 2006. 8) Finally, the 2CD set The Long March restores a Max Roach/Archie Shepp august 1979 concert recorded it too at Jazzfestival Willisau, on which the duo plays his old compositions and vary famous covers (Sophisticated Lady and Giant Steps). Contact is a collaboration between guitarist Keith Rowe (here on electronics too) and sampler player Sachiko M (that uses sine wave and contact microphone), released by Erstwhile, a 2-CD set (68 and 51 minutes, respectively) that features 4 long, abstract and concrete-oriented pieces recorded in september 2008 at Tokyo Amplify festival. Domino restores an unissued John Coltrane's concert as a 2CD set. Complete Live in Stuttgart 1963 gathers for the first time in a single set 8 tracks (previously rereleased separately in various CD reissues), recorded live in november 1963 with the classic John's lineup, i.e. McCoy Tyner-Jimmy Garrison-Elvin Jones. Stand out, from the others, Impressions and Mr. P.C. for their lenght (28 and 35 minutes, respectively); but it's worth remembering also My Favorite Things (19 minutes). After 2005's Alchemia, Not Two releases The Horse Jumps And The Ship Is Gone, the new Vandermark 5's album, a 2CD set for 2 hours of music, 10 tracks mostly composed by Ken, that plays his clarinet and tenor sax in a septet with Dave Rempis (alto and baritone saxes), Kent Kessler (bass), Fred Lonbeerg-Holm (cello), Tim Daisy (drums), Havard Wilk (piano) and Magnus Broo (trumpet). All recorded in concert on june 2009, this performances mixed free and hard bop. Metallic Spheres is the new Columbia album by Orb, that contains two 25-minute tracks (Metallic and Spheres), with Dave Gilmour as guest star on electric and lap steel guitar. Alex Paterson is on keyboards, turntables and digital sound manipulation, and Youth is on bass and keyboards. Recorded mostly in june 2009 by ex-Orb Martin Glover in 3D60 sound (a method that enhances stereo effects), this album is quite exclusively instrumental. But critic is already divided; many admitted disappointing after listening to it. Dirty Baby is new Nels Cline's album by Cryptogramophone, a 2CD set for quite 100 minutes (first CD a long suite, second CD 33 very short pieces), commissioned by producer and poet David Breskin to sonically accompany two collections of Los Angeles artist Ed Ruscha's 66 images from the '80s and '90s. Cline played his acoustic guitar with Jeremy Drake (but employs also cigarbox guitar and his mysterious quintronics drum buddy) and with Bill Barrett (harmonica), Jon Brion (repetitive synth patterns), Wayne Peet (organ), Glenn Taylor (pedal steel guitar) Devon Hoff (contrabass and percussion), Scott Amendola, Vinny Golia (fluts and woodwinds), Dan Clucas (trumpet), Jeff Gauthier (violin), Jessica Catron (cello), Brda Dutz (vibraphone) and his brother Alex (percussion). Sessions was recorded in january 2008. Ectopic released two Foetus new albums. The first, though, contains old, but unissued material. Limb, a CD+DVD+ Book set is indeed an archival release of experimental and minimalist compositions recorded from 1980-1983, even if some of the pieces have been previously released on the compilation albums. Some were excavated and some of it was reconstructed or re-edited from compositions on cassette. One piece is constructed from an organ part written in 1982, which Foetus took the liberty of finishing in 2008. These pieces were made before the introduction of MIDI and sampling technology. It shows the lineage and genesis of some of the methods that JG is working in today. The CD contains 12 tracks at 50+ minutes with an additional 20 minute bonus mp3 track. The DVD includes a 2005 documentary about Foetus, with interviews and 45 minutes of bonus extras, comprised of Steroid Maximus 18 piece ensemble live in France, Foetus live in Hannover, Manorexia live at The Stone NYC and a snippet of Lemur commission at 3 Legged Dog in NYC. Instead, the very new Foetus album is Hide, that features ten new compositions, presented by Foetus as a «neo-symphonic avant-psychedelic concept album informed by the culture of fear». Recorded with the collaboration of the guest vocal opera singer Abby Fischer, Steven Bernstein on trumpet, Leyna Marika Papach from Thirlwell's Manorexia ensemble on violin, Elliot Hoffman of Carbomb on drums, and several appearances: Ed Pastorini, Jeff Davidson & Christian Gibbs (Lucinda Blackbear), etc. Absolutely Great! is a Sergey Kuryokhin's 7CD box set released by Leo, that collects a «three nights concert» performed in october 1988 in the Bay Area. Every night he played two sets, starting with long solo introductions. Some 15-20-30 minutes later he was joined by many American musicians: the first night by the Club Foot Orchestra (8 musicians), the second night by Andrew Voight and Henry Kaiser and eight special guests plus two dancers; the third night in Santa Cruz he played again with Andrew Voight and Ut Gret, consisting of seven musicians. These three nights, two sets each, constitute 6 CDs. The seventh is a re-release recorded with Henry Kaiser: Kamni Sankt-Peterburga, Popular Science, unavailable for a long time. Ltd ed. of 500 copies. Emanem releases Success With Your Dog, a duo collaboration between Lol Coxhill (on soprano sax) and Roger Turner (on drum set and percussion). This CD gathers 4 pieces for i hour, first three (particularly the 25-minute Paying Through The Nose) recorded on 8 May 2003; the track 4 was instead recorded in London on 12 August 2010. A Tale Of Three Cities is a Barefoot CD credited to Peter Brötzmann, on which the leader (here on alto and baritone saxes) played with rhythm section Adam Melbye (bass)/Håkon Berre (drums). The trio recorded three pieces for more than 1 hour in May 2007. Kadima released Triangulation II, a collaboration between the trio Bertram Turetzky (on double bass), Vinny Golia (on woodwinds) and trombonist George Lewis. They recorded 8 tracks for quite 50 minutes on December 2003 at the Warren Music Center Studio in Los Angeles. A new label from Poland, Monotype, released Intervals, a duo collaboration between percussionists Z'ev and Jason Kahn (here also on analogue synthesizer). The CD contains two tracks, recorded as per track names: Lausanne/April 13 2009 (25 minutes) and Zürich/April 14 2009 (23 minutes). September 2010: Composer and sax-altoist Marion Brown, that worked with jazz giants as Shepp and Coltrane in 60's, died in Hollywood on october 10, at 79. With Complete Novus/Columbia Recordings, Mosaic presents a 10 CD box set (ltd ed. 5000 copies) that gathers all of Henry Threadgill's albums recorded with Arista/Novus and Columbia labels , and whose chief interest consists in Disc 3, that contains X-75, Volume 2, i.e the follow-up of project X-75 Vol. 1, a session recorded three days after (january 1979), and never issued till now. The lineup was quite the same: Douglas Ewart (piccolo, bass clarinet), Joseph Jarman (alto flute, bass clarinet), Henry Threadgill (bass flute, baritone sax), Wallace McMillan (flute, baritone sax), Brian Smith (octobass, piccolo bass), Leonard Smith, Rufus Reid and Fred Hopkins (basses). The Domino label restores old and unissued performances by jazz giants. The 2CD set of Reunion 1990 is an Ornette Coleman�s live concert recorded in Italy on april 1990, when he, on alto sax, presented for the last time the historical Shape Of Jazz To Come�s quartet, with Don Cherry (cornet), Charlie Haden (bass) and Billy Higgins (drums). 12 tracks for more than 100 minutes, with pieces from the last quartet recordings (in 1987), covers and also new tracks, never studio-recorded. In 1961, 1962 and 1963 John Coltrane played in Copenaghen three live concerts. The first, The Complete Copenaghen Concert, in november 1961, was a radio broadcast in a quintet with Eric Dolphy, McCoy Tyner, and rhythm section Elvin Jones/Reggie Workman. The third, known as a self-titled, was recorded in october 1963, another radio broadcast with his classical quartet: McCoy Tyner, Jimmy Garrison and Elvin Jones. Domino restores now the second concert, recorded in november 1962 and known as The Copenaghen Concerts, again a radio broadcast with his classical lineup, here presented for the first time in its entirety, a 2CD set for more than 2 hours. Several months ago, Polygram restored Last Date, the last known recording from Eric Dolphy, performed in 2 june 1964 before is death, the 29 june. Domino represents it in a 2CD set, The Complete Last Recordings: In Hilversum & Paris 1964, on which we can listen to another performance never issued till now, recorded in Paris the 11 june. This music (on the CD 2) was made after Dolphy left Charles Mingus in april. It consists of Dolphy�s two extended sessions, with a particular version of Naima, and two very rare sessions taken from radio broadcasts. Dolphy played with Donald Byrd (trumpet), Nathan Davis (tenor sax), pianist Jacques Dieval, Jacques Hess (bass), Franco Manzecchi (drums) and Jacky Bambou (percussion). Quite 80 minutes of music. The Horse Jumps & The Ship Is Gone is a Not Two 2CD set by Ken VanDermark, that features two live concerts recorded in june 2009 in Chicago, in a quintet that sees Ken on tenor sax and Bb clarinet with drummer Tim Daisy, bassist Kent Kessler, celloist Fred Lonberg-Holm, and Dave Rempis on alto and baritone saxes. 5 tracks for each CD, with old and new pieces, almost 2 hours of music. Disbanded in 1998 after their Live In Spain, Jazz Passengers come back on stage under the aegis of Justin Time, that releases their first album in 12 years, whose title says all: Reunited. The lineup is quite the same: Roy Nathanson (saxes), Curtis Fowlkes (trombone), Marc Ribot (guitars), Brad Jones (bass), Sam Bardfeld: (violin) E.J. Rodriguez (drums), Elvis Costello and Debbie Harry are on vocals, but all of musicians sing too. Nine new pieces for quite 50 minutes, recorded in several sessions in the latest 12 months. Released by Marge, Nightwork is a collaboration between the trio Evan Parker (on soprano and tenor saxes)/Barry Guy (on double bass)/Paul Lytton (drums and percussion), recorded live at Sunset, Paris on 30 January 2010. The CD features two tracks: Cohobation (39 minutes) and Cupellation (22 minutes). Songlines releases The Point of It All (Jewl), credited to Robin Holcomb & Talking Pictures, i.e. well known singer and pianist with guitarist Ron Samworth�s quartet, that features also Wayne Horvitz (organ and piano), Bill Clark (trumpet, flugelhorn), Peggy Lee (cello) and Dylan van der Schyff (drums). Mostly instrumental and improvised, and recorded through august and september 2009, this CD comes with 13 tracks (among them, Neil Young�s After the Goldrush), for 66 minutes. NoBusiness presents the DoLP ltd edition Earth�s Orbit, credited to drummer William Hooker, that recorded live two sessions, Bliss (east) and Bliss (west), respectively in march 2007 (New York), with 5 tracks, and in july 2009 (San Francisco), as a 2-part suite , the first in a trio with altoist Darius Jones and bassist Adam Lane, and the second in a quartet with Aaron Bennett (tenor sax), Weasel Walter (guitar) and Damon Smith (-bass). Original Jazz Classic restores 2 forgotten studio sessions by John Coltrane. The first, recorded in august 1957, when he was joined by the Red Garland Trio, with the pianist and rhythm section Paul Chambers/Art Taylor. The title is Traneing In, from an original track by John, rarely live performed eventually. The second, Kenny Burrell & John Coltrane, was recorded in march 1958, i.e. 1 month after Soultrane. John played with Burrell on guitar, Tommy Flanagan on piano, and Paul Chambers and Jimmy Cobb on basses. Alga Marghen releases Charlemagne Palestine�s Illuminations, born from a meeting between the composer and Simone Forti with LaMonte Young, who asked them to arrange a California concert for Pandit Pran Nath. They decided to try an improvisation session together and Charlemagne invited Simone the first time to the electronic music studio where he worked regularly. The three tracks of these sessions were performed between october and december 1971. The title-track is for two voices moving in the space with small bells and crystal glasses while Simone Forti plays the molimo, a corrugated tube meant for connecting the gas stove. The second, Wed Oct 13th 1971, has Simone and Charlemagne in a song dialogue as animals do. It was also at Cal Arts that Charlemagne Palestine first encountered a Bosendorfer Imperial Piano of Vienna. Piano Piece For Simone, instead, is a song sang in falsetto while playing the Bosendorfer Imperial in an arpeggiated style, that predates the 'strummings'. Edition limited to 365 copies. Delphian released The Church Closest To The Sea, an album credited to Gavin Bryars, who composed music for Mr. McFall's Chamber, a small string ensemble led by violinist Robert McFall with Rich Standley (double bass), Susan Hamilton (soprano) and Nicholas Mulroy (tenor), with pianist John Cameron as guest. It collects Eight Irish Madrigals, composed in 2004, Epilogue From Wonderlawn, composed in 1994, and the title-track (15 minutes), composed and premiered in 2007. These tracks have been studio-recorded in january 2009. Oto is a Bo Weavil release born from a collaboration between Joe McPhee and british trio Decoy, i.e. Alexander Hawkins (on Hammond B3 organ; Hawkins leads also his own 6-piece Ensemble, featuring Orphy Robinson, Otto Fischer, Hannah Marshall, Dominic Lash, and Javier Carmona, that released their debut record No Now Is So), John Edwards (double bassist that played with Spring Heel Jack, Lol Coxhill, John Butcher, Evan Parker, etc.) and Steve Noble (drummer that played with Coxhill and Derek Bailey). Decoy released already their Vol. 1: Spirit, out always by Bo Weaveil. For Oto, McPhee played tenor and soprano sax in a session recorded in december 2009 just at Café Oto in Dalston (North London): a brief introduction and two very long pieces, for 80 minutes. Cuneiform releases Metal/Crystal, a 2 CD set by French experimental guitarist and electronic musician Richard Pinhas, assisted by noise artists Merzbow (Masami Akita) from Japan and Wolf Eyes from USA. Metal/Crystal, recorded during 2009 and 2010, is Pinhas� second collaboration with Merzbow, the originator of Japanese noise music, and Pinhas� first release with Michigan's Wolf Eyes, whom he�s worked with since 2007. In addition to Merzbow and Wolf Eyes, Metal/Crystal features several of Pinhas� longtime collaborators: ex members of Heldon and/or Magma Antoine Paganotti (drums), Didier Batard (bass) and Patrick Gauthier (mini-Moog); Jerome Schmidt (electronics), whom Pinhas has recorded and toured extensively with for 2 decades, and his son Duncan on electronics. 6 lengthy tracks. From Downtown, is out the first CD release of Cluster�s Live In Vienna 1980, a 2 CD set that restores a performance till now known only as a solo-cassette ltd edition by the label British York House. Recorded on june 1980, that live concert is the first and only Cluster�s collaboration with Joshi Farnbauer, and features, say liner notes, «music highly experimental and discordant and very reminiscent of Moebius and Rodelius' early work with Conrad Schnitzler in Kluster, albeit with updated electronic instrumentation». Hands is the new Dave Holland�s experience, recorded in march 2009 and now released by Dare2, with flamenco andalou guitarist José Antonio Carmona Carmona, aka Pepe Habichuela (born in 1944, he worked in 80�s with Don Cherry and Jaco Pastorius) and his family quartet: Josemi and Carlos Carmona (both on guitars), Israel "Pirana" Porrina and Juan Carmona (both on cajón, palmas and percussion). Holland approached very seriously flamenco music, and with Habichuela prepared the session after three years spent in performances and concerts together. 10 original tracks flamenco-jazz oriented, for 56 minutes. Catch My Shoe is the new Ex� studio album released just now by their own homonymous label, the first in 6 years since Turn, that features a new singer and guitarist: Arnold De Boer. The lineup sees also: Andy Moor (guitar, baritone guitar), Terrie Hessels (guitar, baritone guitar), Katherina Bornefeld (drums, vocals), and special guest Roy Paci (trumpet). Recorded by Steve Albini in march 2010, the CD/LP comes with 9 brand new songs. After Varianter Av Døde Trær (out from SOFA in 2008), recorded in december 2007 with the young norwegian improvisers Martin Taxt (tuba), Eivind Lønning (trumpet) and Espen Reinertsen (tenor sax and flute), that featured 15 brief tracks, Japan guitarist Tetuzi Akiyama releases now Selektiv Hogst, recorded in late 2008, that presents the same quartet as project Koboku Senjû, joined by well known Toshimaru Nakamura on no-input mixing board. 7 tracks, for 45 minutes. From Clean Feed, is out Scenes In the House Of Music, a quartet collaboration between Evan Parker (tenor and soprano saxes), Peter Evans (trumpet), Barry Guy (bass) and Paul Lytton (drums). Recorded in september 2009, it features 5 tracks (plus 1 very brief introduction), for more than 1 hour. Sun Quartet is the new project by Paul Dunmall, created with Tony Malaby (both are on tenor sax, but Dunmall also on bagpipes), and rhythm section of Kevin Norton (drums and vibraphone)/Mark Helias (bass). Clean Feed releases their Ancient and Future Airs, recorded in june 2008, the day after his presentation in New York, with Henry Grimes and Andrew Cyrille, at the 2008 edition of the Vision Festival. Still Clean Feed restores a long desappeared and rare CD from Konnex, 10 Compositions (Duet) 1995, that documents a duo collaboration between Anthony Braxton (here on various saxes, clarinet and flute) and bassist Joe Fonda. Recorded in august 1995, it features 8 tracks (2 covers: the 9-minute Cole Porter�s All Of You and the 10-minute Vernon Duke�s Autumn In New York), for more that 70 minutes. Again Clean Feed presents the 4CD-set 4 Improvisations (Duo) 2007, another Braxton�s duo performance, this time with guitarist Joe Morris, the first collaboration between the two, recorded in july 2007, on which they performed 4 pieces completely improvised, each of them for quite 1 hour. Greenleaf releases Expand, the second part of a trilogy dedicated to Bill Morrison�s film Spark of Being, the follow-up of Soundtrack, released this summer, waiting for the third part, Burst, that will come at the end of the year. Credited to Dave Douglas & Keystone, his film-oriented project, that was whole premiered the last april, features the core of previous 2005�s Keystone, with Dave on trumpet and laptop, Marcus Strickland on tenor sax, Adam Benjamin on Fender Rhodes, DJ Olive on turntables and laptop, Brad Jones on bass and Gene Lake on drums. All of trilogy will be 30 tracks, for 160 minutes. 1,2,4,3 is an Innova 2CD set (60 and 70 minutes, respectively) that documents, as says title, solos, duets, quartets and trios live and studio recorded principally by Anne Le Baron (harp, flute and live electronics), whom the CDs are credited to, Wolfgang Fuchs (contrabass clarinet), violinist Leroy Jenkins and trombonist Paul Rutherford. They performed many improvisations during 2002 to 2008, with other musicians: bassists Torsten Müller and John Lindberg, violinist Ronit Kirchman, Chris Heenan on alto sax and bass clarinet, pianist George Graewe, Earl Howard on electronics, and others. Projekt released 10 Neurotics, the tenth studio album by Black Tape For A Blue Girl. Sam Rosenthal�s band presents his new member, Brian Viglione of The Dresden Dolls & The Cliks, and features drum kit, bass and acoustic guitar (the first time in all of group history that Rosenthal plays it), and recorded in january 2009 14 new songs (all under 5 minutes), with vocalists Athan Maroulis (ex-Spahn Ranch), Laurie Reade (ex-Attrition) & Nicki Jaine. In an interview, Sam said: «This is my 10th album, I wanted to do things differently from the past. I decided to challenge myself to write on the guitar rather than the electronics. It is interesting that the result of "doing something different" was to approach songwriting in a more traditional way. But why not? For somebody who usually works outside the normal methods, following the traditional way is the challenge». Disingenuity b/w Disingenuousness is new Keith Fullerton Whitman�s album in four years, presented by Pan as vinyl ltd ed. of 500 copies. Keith used live and studio recordings of the past two years as source material, and produced two tape-collage pieces of electronic music into the analogue sound, for an hour-long improvisation. Bold As Light is Stephan Micus�s nineteenth album for ECM, recorded during 2007-2010 as a 10-part suite, a solo-performance on which Stephan, while sings using many male voices, plays a set of oriental instruments: raj nplaim (a free-reed pipe made of bamboo), bass, chord, and bavarian zithers, nohkan (a japan bamboo flute), shô, kalimba, shakuhachi and sinding. August 2010: Abbey Lincoln, legendary jazz vocalist, died on august 14 in Manhattan at 80. In may 2007, Verve released her last album, Abbey Sings Abbey. The three improvisations of All The Notes, released by Cadence in 2004 as a soundtrack for a documentary film, performed by Cecil Taylor with Dominic Duval on bass and Jackson Krall on drums, are the last known studio session by the pianist, recorded in february 2000. From then, he released his new creations as live sessions only. Starting with 2 Ts For A Lovely T, when the pianist recorded in august and september 1990 (released in 2002 by Condanza), with bassist William Parker and drummer Tony Oxley, a monumental performance that came as a 10CD box set, for more that 7 hours of music. In the same year Intakt released the Willisau Concert, a solo performance in 5 parts recorded live in september 2000. In 2004 FMP released Almeda, a suite for 76 minutes recorded live in november 1996 with cellist Tristan Honsinger, Dominic Duval on double bass, Jackson Krall on drums, the sax-trio (alto, soprano and tenor) Chris Jonas/Harri Sjöström/Elliot Levin (also on flute), Jeff Hoyer on trombone and Chris Matthay on trumpet. CT: The Dance Project was releasaed in 2008 for FMP, and documents a live performance recorded on july 1990 as a trio with bassist William Parker and Masashi Harada on percussions. Finally, just now is out Ailanthus/Altissima (Bilateral Dimensions Of 2 Root Songs), performed with drummer Tony Oxley for the label Triple Point as a 2LP, that documents a live performance recorded by the pianist at Village Vanguard in 2008, as a suite in seven parts, for more than 80 minutes. Under the title: At Temple University 1966, Free Factory restores three previously unissued John Coltrane's live performances recorded in Japan on november 1966 (but other sources say july 1966), in a quintet that featured Pharoah Sanders on tenor sax, his wife Alice on piano, and rhythm section Jimmy Garrison/Rashied Ali. From two live concerts, were taken his famous works Naima (17 minutes), Crescent (26 minutes) and Leo (21 minutes). Live/As Always is the new Dave Liebman's album, released now by MAMA, that features 6 original compositions by Dave, on soprano sax and wooden flute with a 18-piece band directed by Gunnar Mossblad, with five different arrangers. The album was recorded live in october 2005 and in april 2007. Clean Feed releases Twine, a collaboration between saxophonists Urs Leimgruber and Evan Parker, both on soprano and tenor, recorded in february 2007, that features three tracks for 65 minutes (particularly the 25-minute title-track). From Tzadik is out Haborym, i. e. chapter 16 of Book of Angels' saga by John Zorn, that features the first studio recording from Masada String Trio in five years. Recorded in march 2010, Haborym gathers 11 tracks for 46 minutes. The Trio conducted by Zorn, let's remember, is composed by Greg Cohen on bass, Mark Feldman on violin and Erik Friedlander on cello. Recorded on April 2008, Identical Sunsets is an ESP-Disk release that gathers the duo Paul Dunmall (here on tenor sax and border pipes) and drummer Chris Corsano. They recorded 4 tracks (2 brief and 2 long), live improvised. The Rub And Spare Change is the ECM debut Michael Formanek's recording, on which the old Mingus' bassist plays in a quartet with Tim Berne on alto sax, Craig Taborn on piano and Gerald Cleaver on drums. Recorded in june 2009, the CD features 6 tracks for quite 1 hour (particularly the 17-minute Tonal Suite), all written by Formanek. Cuneiform releases Friday The 13th: The Micros Play Monk, new album from The Microscopic Septet, recorded the last may, on which co-founders Joel Forrester and Phillip Johnston present a personally rearranged Thelonius Monk's music: 5 Monk's arrangements from "back in the day" and 7 brand new arrangements. Old Stuff, by New York Art Quartet is a Cuneiform album that collects 11 tracks recorded in october 1965 and that gathers all previously unheard and unreleased recordings; at that time, the lineup was the same that, 1 month later, recorded the trombonist' self-titled (on which were re-presented some of these pieces), i.e. Rudd, Tchicai, Von Eyben and Moholo. Among the tracks, also a reinterpretation of Th. Monk's Pannonica. Random Touch released the last may their new album. Through The Lens Of The Other Dimension, released by Token Boy, is a quite 1 hour CD on which the trio, with Matthew Ebbin's collaboration, features 16 compositions (almost under 3 minutes), drone and noise-jazz oriented, largely improvised. After his live performance of Saturnian, David Ware came back in studio on december 2009 for a new totally improvised session. The result is the CD Onecept, that features 9 tracks, for 65 minutes; Ware plays tenor sax, saxello and stritch with bassist William Parker and Warren Smith on drums, tympani and percussion. Beautiful Dreamers is new Bill Frisell' project, created in 2008 as a trio in which the guitarist plays with Eyvind Kang on viola and Rudy Royston on drums. The three have spent their time in concerts and festivals, but the last march and april they entered studio for two recording sessions, released just now by Savoy as their self-titled debut CD. The 16 tracks (almost brief, none of them is over 6 minutes) are all of Bill, several are old and newly arranged. On october, Bill will enter again studio with his string-driven 858 Quartet, to record a follow-up to 2005's Richter 858, that will be released in 2011. Fables is new Marty Ehrlich's album, his second recording, after Sojourn, for the Radical Jewish Culture series, released this month by Tzadik, and recorded by Marty (here on clarinet, bass clarinet, flute, alto & soprano sax) in january 2010, in a quartet with Marcus Rojas (tuba), Jerome Harris (bass) and Hankus Netsky (piano and accordion). The CD features 10 tracks for 45 minutes. Re-released just now by FMR, Let's Just Keep Going documents the last studio recording by Spontaneous Music Ensemble's John Stevens, before is death. This is a duo collaboration, on which John played drums and cornet with sax-altoist Frode Gjerstad. Recorded at the end of april 1994, it features the self-titled suite in 5 parts, for 46 minutes. Released just now by ECM, Officium Novum is the Jan Garbarek's follow-up to his 1993's Officium. Garbarek plays soprano and tenor sax with his Hilliard Ensemble, a quintet that gathers vocalists David James (countertenor), Gordon Jones (baritone) and tenors Rogers Covey-Crump and Steven Harrold. Recorded june and july 2009 in the St Gerold monastery, these tracks feature «music of Armenia based on the adaptations of Komitas Vardapet, pieces which draw upon both medieval sacred music and the bardic tradition of the Caucasus», say liner notes, but also Arvo Pärt's Most Holy Mother Of God in an a cappella reading, Byzantine chant, two pieces by Garbarek, and finally a new account of Perotin's Alleluia, Nativitas. Cosmologic's sax-tenorist Jason Robinson releases 3 new interesting works. By Cuneiform, his solo album The Two Faces Of Janus, that features 10 tracks recorded in december 2009 in a notable sextet: he plays tenor & soprano saxes and flute with altoists Marty Ehrlich and Rudresh Mahanthappa, Liberty Ellman on guitar, Drew Gress on bass and George Schuller on drums. Cerulean Landscape (released by Clean Feed) is instead a duo collaboration with non less than pianist and composer Anthony Davis, recorded in late 2008 (but the two, let's remember, played already together in 2002 Robinson's Tandem, with trombonist George Lewis and bassist Peter Kowald. All original compositions, largely improvised. From Accretions is out Cerberus Reigning, the follow-up of 2009 Cerberus Rising (a solo tenor sax performance released by Circumvention, the label that Robinson founded in 1998), in a trilogy of solo releases, 16 tracks with Robinson on electronics, soprano and tenor saxophones, and alto flute, but he use also software-based electroacoustic processing, here agains with a lot of improvisation. Remember again that Anthony Davis and Jason Robinson played together in Robinson-credited Fingerprint, released by Circumvention in 2008, in a 10-piece ensemble with Kamau Kenyatta (piano and sop sax), Rob Thorsen (bass), Nathan Hubbard (drums), Michael Dessen (trombone), Ellen Weller , Adnan Marquez-Borbon and Andrew Geib (all on flute), Gabriel Sundy (bass clarinet), conducted by Scott Walton. 6 tracks. To learn more about Robinson's recordings, check his website here . July 2010: After a very long illness, Willem Breuker, saxophonist and clarinetist, composer, arranger and founder, with Han Bennink and Misha Mengerberg, of Instant Composer Pool, died on july 23, at 66. Trumpeter and flugelhornist Harry Beckett, great english `70 jazz-rock protagonist (who played with Graham Collier, Ian Carr, Chris McGregor, Elton Dean, Keith Tippett, etc., but also in All Night Long film with Charles Mingus), died of a stroke on 22 July, at 75. Salutes The Chicago Blues Tradition is an Art Ensemble of Chicago's self-produced 2CD set that features a performance recorded in July 1993 in Switzerland, until now never officially issued. Core unit, formed by Lester Bowie (trumpet), Joseph Jarman and Roscoe Mitchell (saxophones) and Malachi Favors Maghostut (bass), with the return of Chicago Beau (harmonica, vocal), is expanded by Famoudou Don Moye (drums, percussion), guest star Amina Claudine Myers (organ, vocals), Frank Lacy (trombone), James Carter (tenor saxophone) and Herb Walker (guitar). 8 tracks, for 100 minutes. Delmark restores The New York Contemporary Five, credited to Archie Shepp as leader, even if this live performance, originally released as 2LP set by Sonet (here, only volume 1 has been restored), and recorded at Jazzhus Montmartre in Copenhagen on november 1963, was a collective. Notable the lineup: with Archie on his tenor sax, played Don Cherry on cornet, John Tchicai on alto sax and rhythm section Don Moore (bass)/J.C. Moses (drums). A very rare occasion for Shepp and Don Cherry to play together. 10 tracks, quite 70 minutes; among the pieces, Thelonius Monk's Crepuscule With Nellie and Mood. When they were recording, at the end of the 1960s, the LP Oliv, Spontaneous Music Ensemble's drummer John Stevens, altoist Trevor Watts and bassist Barry Guy met bassist Jeff Clyne (that later collaborated in several british jazz-rock groups, and died in 2009), and created the lineup Amalgam. In may 1969, for the label Transatlantic they recorded their first and only album: Prayer For Peace (an overworked title...), an LP that featured 5 tracks for 50 minutes, now reissued by NoBusiness as ltd edition (500 copies). Emanem released Frameworks, a CD that gathers three old unissued Spontaneous Music Ensemble's performances. The first, Familie Sequence (32 minutes), was recorded in july 1968 and featured John Stevens (percussion), Norma Winstone (voice), Kenny Wheeler (fluegelhorn), Paul Rutherford (trombone) and Trevor Watts (bass clarinet); the second, Quartet Sequence (29 minutes), was recorded in april 1971 as a quartet with Stevens (percussion & voice), Julie Tippett (voice & guitar), Watts (soprano sax) and Ron Herman (double bass); third track is minimalism-inspired Flower (9 minutes), recorded in october 1973 by the duo Stevens (percussion)/Watts (soprano sax). Another old performance, from Sun Ra's Arkestra this time, has been restored by Hat Hut. Sunrise In Different Dimensions was recorded live on february 1980 with classic Sun Ra's core unit. He played piano with brass section gathering Marshall Allen, John Gilmore, Nöel Scott, Danny Thompson, Kenneth Williams and Michael Ray, completed by drummers Chris Henderson and Eric Walker. 15 tracks, for 70 minutes, but only few are composed by Sun Ra, and there are also famous covers, as Monk's Round Midnight, Duke Ellington's Lightin' and Jelly Roll Morton's King Porter Stomp. German label Die Schachtel releases Under the Fig Tree, a ltd LP that collects two Alvin Curran's compositions, both of 20 minutes: the title track, composed in 1972, and The Magic Carpet, composed in 1970, on which Alvin plays VCS3 live electronics and uses environmental sounds to create minimalistic approachs. Says Alvin in liner notes: «Under The Fig Tree is, in fact, the realization of one monophonic piece contained in my early collection of compositions entitled Music For Every Occasion. The version I present here was originally made for a performance of trombonist Giancarlo Schiaffini, playing against the recording... The Magic Carpet is my first sound installation, inspired by a project of my dear friend and sculptor Paul Klerr... he filled a gallery with steel and gut wires, to which I suggested that he was actually building a fantastic musical instrument which could even be played by the visiting public - so I amplified this jungle of long steel wires with simple contact microphones placed at various connecting points; and further adding a 'vertical' element of sounding glass chimes plus aluminum and brass tubing and occasionally placed metal chimes». 4 Tet is a Tobias Delius' project that sees the tenor saxophonist playing in a quartet with celloist Tristan Honsinger, bassist Joe Williamson and drummer Han Bennink. For ICP, they released Luftlucht, 8 tracks for 50 minutes, recorded on April 2009. Another ICP release with the same quartet is simply titled ICP Orchestra, that was extended by other notable musicians: Misha Mengelberg (piano), Ab Baars and Michael Moore (both on saxes and clarinet) Mary Oliver (violin and viola), Ernst Glerum (bass), Thomas Heberer (trumpet) and Wolter Wierbos (trombone). They recorded 12 tracks (quite 1 hour) on june 2009. Again this second lineup, and still for ICP, recorded on the same session and later in september 2009 the album !ICP! 50. 7 tracks for 38 minutes. Seven Things released, in MP3 format, Mass, a 1 hour-track credited to Spring Heel Jack, on which play Mark Sanders and Tony Marsh on percussion, and organist Kevin Bowyer. They recorded in 2007 in a scottish chapel this piece, that combines free form drummings with an horror an drone-oriented organ. In november 2008 drummer Han Bennink recorded Let's Go, in a trio with Brodie West (alto sax) and Terrie Ex ( guitar) for the label Terp. Two tracks, each quite 20 minutes. Released by Psi, Psalms is a duet between Evan Parker on tenor sax and Sten Sandell on church organ. 6 tracks for 55 minutes, recorded on september 2009. Old Dogs is a 4CD box set released by Mode, that collects 4 studio inventions (1 for each CD) improvised by Anthony Braxton (here on Eb Sopranino, Bb Soprano, Eb Alto, C Melody, Eb Baritone, Bb Bass and Bb Contrabass saxes) and Gerry Hemingway (that sings and plays drums, marimba, vibraphone, samplers, and harmonica). The two gathered after 12 years to celebrate 65th Anthony's birthday, and recorded on august 2007 at Connecticut University, where Braxton is professor. Still Braxton. From Spool, is out Creative Orchestra 2007, credited to the saxophonist with AIM Toronto Orchestra, on which Anthony presents his works No. 306, 307 and 91, recorded in september 2007. The saxophonist plays and leads an orchestra of 18 elements: 1 violin, 1 cello, 2 guitars, a 7-brass section, 1 pianist, and rhythm section. Tzadik releases Goddess: Music For The Ancient Of Days, the monthly John Zorn's album, recorded in december 2009, on which John is the composer and arranger. Music (7 tracks for 48 minutes) was performed by Rob Burger (piano), Trevor Dunn (bass), Carol Emanuel (harp), Ben Perowsky (drums), Kenny Wollesen (vibes) and Mark Ribot (guitar). Winter&Winter released Twelve Caprices, new Uri Caine's album composed and digitally recorded by the pianist on june 2009 and january 2010 with well known classical quartet of Irvine Arditti, that had already recorded music by fred Frith for the same label. Uri wrote parts for the string quartet, then has completely improvised his piano parts. The label Dog With A Bone released Christian Marclay's Graffiti Composition, 6 pieces created by the turntablist in 1996, when he plastered thousands of posters of blank sheet music during a month-long sound festival. Public was invitated to scribble musical notes, then photographed by Marclay and compiled into a portfolio intended to be interpreted and performed by a guitarists lineup: Melvin Gibbs, Mary Halvorson, Lee Ranaldo, Vernon Reid, and Elliot Sharp as leader. All of them used also electronics. In september 2006 was performed the live recording at the Museum of Modern Art, in New York (40 minutes). Charming Hostess premiered on last july 11 at San Francisco's Yerba Buena Gardens, for 25th jewish music festival, The Bowl's Project. With core unit (Jewlia Eisenberg on vocals, dulcimer and harmonium; Marika Hughes on vocals, and cello; Cynthia Taylor on vocals; Jason Ditzian on clarinets; Shahzad Ismaily on bass, percussion, and guitar; Ches Smith on drums and electronics), collaborate also singers Nils Frykdahl, Dawn McCarthy and Ganda Suthivarakom, Marc Ribot (guitar), Jenny Scheinman and Megan Gould (violins), Aaron Kierbel: (tar), Boris Martzinovsky (accordion), Jessica Troy (viola) and Nir Waxman (beatbox). CD is out just now by Tzadik: 17 tracks, for 55 minutes. After a 5 years hiatus, Klaxon Gueule comes back with Infininiment, released the last december by Ambiances Magnétiques. The core trio Michel Côté, Bernard Falaise and Alexandre St-Onge plays this time accompanied by a wind trio (Jean Derome, Philippe Lauzier and Gordon Allen). They recorded 13 brief and acoustic-oriented tracks, for 51 minutes. From 429 label, is out Tribal, a 2LP-set Dr. John's album, follow-up for City That Care Forgot, dedicated to Louisiana singer and songwriter Bobby Charles, died the last january. Rebennack plays with his Lower 911 quartet: Herman Ernest III (drums), David Barard (bass), John Fohl (guitar) and Kenneth Williams (percussion). The lineup is extended by saxophonists Alonzo Bowens, Carl Blouin and Donald Harrison, Charlie Miller on trumpet, Marcel Richardson on piano and organ, Mark Mullins (trombone), and others. Recorded in New Orleans the last february, Tribal comes with 16 tracks for 1 hour, mostly written by the night tripper (2 are from Allen Toussaint). Coptic Cat released 1 month ago Baalstorm, Sing Omega, new Current 93 album, that features 9 tracks for 50 minutes, recorded between august 2009 and march 2010. The lineup for this performance sees Eliot Bates (oud, erbane and daf), James Blackshaw (12-string, slide and electric guitars, glockenspiel and voice), John Contreras (cello), Baby Dee (piano and Hammond organ), Andrew Liles (guitar, bass and electronics), Alex Nielson (drums and percussion), and Melon Liles, Bea Taylor, Isabel Taylor, voice and David Tibet (now at his 50th birthday) on vocals. June 2010: After a two-year illness, composer, educator and trumpetist Bill Dixon, that recorded since '60s a lot of albums and collaborated with many jazz giants, as Archie Shepp and Cecil Taylor, died at his home in North Bennington, Vermont, on June 15, at 84. Fred Anderson, Chicago legend tenor saxophonist, founding member of AACM and owner of tavern Velvet Lounge, died on june 24, at 81, of a heart attack. Southport releases Black Horn Long Gone, an old, unissued performance by Fred Anderson. 8 tracks for 1 hour, mostly improvised; recorded direct-to-digital in January 1993, when Fred was at 64. With Fred on tenor sax, played Malachi Favors Maghoustut (dead in 2004 at 76) on acoustic bass, and Ajaramu (aka AJ Shelton, dead in 2006 at 80) on drums. News from Ivo Perelman. The Apple In The Dark, released by Leo, is a collaboration between Ivo Perelman and Gerry Hemingway recorded in february 2010. On several pieces Ivo plays also piano. The Stream of Life, by Ivo Perelman and Brian Willson, is another recording with New York drummer Brian Willson with whom Ivo recorded on the same session (november 2008) Mind Games. From Clean Feed, Soulstorm is a 2CD set that features the tenorist playing with cellist Daniel Levin and double bassist Torbjorn Zetterberg. Recorded in april 2009, Soulstorm comes with 11 tracks (particularly 24-minute Plaza Maua), for more than 2 hours. Finally, Not Two releases Near To The Wild Heart, that features a trio with the tenorist, bassist Dominic Duval and violinist Rosie Hertlein. The only piece is a 8-part suite, Utwory, for 1 hour, recorded on March 2009. Vineyard presents Dewey Redman's The Key Of Life, a 2-sessions album that features 6 tracks for 80 minutes, recorded in 2005, the last performance before his death. The saxophonist played with Marshall Allen and David Bond (they too on saxes), Ed Blackwell (drums) and Andrew White (bass). Steve Tibbetts' Natural Causes is an ECM all-acoustic album recorded in 2008, his first ECM recording since 2001's Man About A Horse. Natural Causes features Steve on guitars, piano, kalimba and bouzouki with Marc Anderson (percussion, steel drum, gongs). The Tum label released Billy Bang's Prayer for Peace, a studio album recorded on August 2005 in New York City, on which the violinist plays with James Zollar (trumpet, flugelhorn), Andrew Bemkey (piano), Todd Nicholson (bass) and Newman Taylor-Baker (drums). 7 tracks (particularly the 20-minute title-track), for 70 minutes. Recorded in 2009, Ten, released now by Blue Note, is the new Jason Moran's album in 4 years, the second as Bandwagon trio, with bassist Tarus Mateen and drummer Nasheet Waits. The pianist released in 2006 Artist In Residence, again with Blue Note, after having recorded in 2005 seven tracks commissioned by fine-arts institutions, that featured piano solos, spoken word, operatic vocals, minimalism and stylistic collages, performed in a lineup with Marvin Sewell (guitar), Ralph Alessi (trumpet), Tarus Mateen (bass), Nasheet Waits (drums) and Abdou M'Boup (percussion). Even before that, Jason recorded in may 2004, still for Blue Note, Same Mother, again with same rhythmic section plus Marvin Sewell on acoustic guitar and electric guitar, an experience mostly blues-oriented. Now, with Ten, he presents eclectic compositions as Gangsterism Over 10 Years, other gospel-oriented, or Feedback Pt. 2, commissioned by the Monterey Jazz Festival and inspired by Jimi Hendrix, and jazz covers, as Thelonius Monk's Crepuscule With Nellie and In My Mind. Intakt releases November, the last Steve Lacy's solo performance on soprano sax before his death, recorded on November 2003 at at the "Unerhört" Festival in Zurich. This CD features 10 tracks, among which The Crust, Blues For Aida, The New Duck and Reflections. Still from Intakt, Bauhaus Dessau is an album from Schlippenbach Trio, i.e. pianist Alexander with Evan Parker on tenor sax and Paul Lovens on drums, recorded live on november 2009. Crime Scene is new Terje Rypdal's ECM album, on which norwegian plays his electric guitar in a sextet with Palle Mikkelborg (trumpet), Ståle Storløkken (Hammond B-3 organ), Paolo Vinaccia (drums and sampling), and the 17-piece Bergen Big Band conducted by Olav Dale. 14 tracks, recorded in May 2009 and commissioned for the 2009 Bergen Festival. Contact is the new project that gathers for the first time a notable lineup with David Liebman (on tenor and soprano saxes), guitarist Joh Abercrombie, pianist Marc Copland and rhythmic section of Drew Gress (bass) and Billy Hart (drums). A studio work recorded on january 2010: 9 tracks for almost 1 hour. Abstract Logix releases To The One, the first official studio album by John McLaughlin & The 4th Dimension, that features 6 original tracks for 40 minutes, recorded in november 2009. With John on guitars, play Gary Husband on keyboards (mostly piano), Etienne M'Bappé on electric bass and the drummer Mark Mondesir. The 4th Dimension is a group created by John as experiment in 2004, that released last year a DVD for a live concert in Belgrad. Precipice is a Denny Zeitlin's solo piano album released by Sunnyside, that documents a concert recorded in January 2008 in Santa Barbara, California. These 10 tracks (67 minutes) are Zeitlin's originals, but also cover, as John Coltrane's Fifth House and Sonny Rollins' Oleo. Poll Winners restores The High And Mighty Hawk, two old and very rare Coleman Hawkins' sessions, both recorded in february 1958 and from which the label presents these 10 originals tracks. With the tenorist, played trumpetists Buck Clayton and Roy Eldridge, Hank Jones on piano (we can listen to his two solos), bassists Ray Brown and George Duvivier, and Mickey Sheen on drums. May 2010: Released on Passin' Thru, Plan is the new Oliver Lake's album. 8 tracks, recorded in february and april 2009 with this lineup: Oliver on alto sax, Freddie Hendrix on trumpet, Jared Gold on Hammond B3 organ, and Johnathan Blake on drums. The Ex - Lean Left, Vol. 1 is a quartet album credited to Ken Vandermark and Paal Nilssen-Love, released by Smalltown Superjazz. Recorded in Amsterdam on March 2008, this album sees Ken on tenor sax and Bb clarinet, and Paal on drums, playing with Ex guitars Andy Moor (right guitar) and Terrie Ex (left guitar). Jasmine is an ECM album that features a collaboration between pianist Keith Jarrett and double-bassist Charlie Haden. 8 tracks, recorded in march 2007, released for Jarrett's 65th birthday, these are his first studio recordings in 12 years. that come 33 years after the break-up of the American Quartet; quite obviously, though, these tracks take also an occasion to revisite old classics: Body And Soul, For All We Know, Where Can I Go Without You, and Don't Ever Leave Me. Still ECM releases One Dark Night I Left My Silent House, another duo collaboration, between Marilyn Crispell (on piano, soundboard and percussion) and David Rothenberg (on clarinet and bass clarinet). 13 tracks, mostly improvised, recorded in march 2008. Wire And Brass (from Okka) is the second production by The Engines, 5 tracks recorded live in april 2008, after their first self-titled album, always recorded for Okka in july 2006. The trio, composed by saxophonist Dave Rempis, drummer Tim Daisy and bassist Nate McBride, has been joined for the second CD by trombonist Jeb Bishop. Pi releases Steve Coleman's Harvesting Semblances And Affinities, new studio album in 4 years from the altoist, that features 7 tracks, recorded in 2006 with Five Elements lineup, i.e. Jonathan Finlayson on trumpet, Tim Albright on trombone, the singer Jen Shyu, Thomas Morgan on bass, and drummers Tyshawn Sorey, Marcus Gilmore and Ramon Garcia Perez. Sun Ra. College Tour Volume One: The Complete Nothing Is... is a 2CD set from ESP, that restores, after 44 years, the missing parts from the session of May 1966, now available on the first CD (70 minutes). On the second CD, we can listen to a partial second set from the same session, plus «some rare rehearsal footage recorded during a sound check before the concert», say the liner notes. Let's remember the lineup: Sun Ra on piano, John Gilmore on tenor sax, Marshall Allen on alto sax, Pat Patrick on baritone sax, Robert Cummings on baritone clarinet, Teddy Nance and Ali Hassan on trombone, Clifford Jarvis on drums, Ronnie Boykins on bass and tuba, James Jackson on log drum and flute, Carl Nimrod on sun horn and gong. Necro Acoustic, released from Pica, is a box set that collects new and unreleased Kevin Drumm's electronic recordings (but he plays guitars too). First CD, Lights Out, presentes new material from 2006-2008 sessions, 4 tracks for 30 minutes; second CD, Malaise, reissues a cassette previously released by Hospital, 11 untitled tracks for 52 minutes; third CD, Decrepit, collects 13 unreleased tracks for more than 1 hour, from 1998-1999 and 2008 sessions, plus reissue of split LP with 2673 + the ltd ed. one-sided LP from Dilemma; fourth CD, No Edit, presents 2 long tracks (23 and 34 minutes) recorded in 2009; the fifth CD, Organ, is the first full lenght release of this classic track heard in edited form on Comedy. This is the full 55 minute version as recorded by Jim O'Rourke in 1996, believed lost for years, but recently discovered. Limmat, from the trio Jason Kahn/Günter Müller/Christian Wolfarth, here on analog synthesizer, electronics and percussion respectively, is their second CD, following their first Drumming, released in 2005 on Creative Sources. Recorded during one afternoon in Kahn's Zürich studio in march 2009, Limmat features three unedited improvisations melding microsounds, percussive mastery and swaths of noise and static into a mesmerizing whole. 3 tracks, 50 minutes. In 2003, Anthony Braxton Quartet went on a European tour with his quartet (Kevin O'Neil on guitar, Kevin Norton on percussion and Andy Eulau on bass), to perform over 60 jazz standards. The results were two 4-CD sets entitled 23 Standards(Quartet) 2003 and 20 Standards (Quartet) 2003 released by Leo, that now has just released 19 Standards (Quartet) 2003, i.e. the remaining 19 standards (no repeats) for 4,5 hours of music. Limited edition of 500 copies. For GTM series, Leo releases also: GTM (OUTPOST) 2003 Composition 255 & 265 (Anthony Braxton/Chris Jonas/Molly Sturges ). Composition 255 (disc 1) is performed as a saxophone duo by Braxton and Jonas. On Composition 265 (disc 2) the voice of Molly Sturges is added to the duo; and GTM (SYNTAX) 2003 Composition 339 & 340 (Anthony Braxton/Ann Rhodes). Ann Rhodes is a classically trained soprano specialising in experimental music, improvisation, and collaboration with composers. These recoredings, though, actually date back to 2007 and not 2003. With a bonus track, ESP reissues Clarity, an old album recorded in august 1976, credited to Michael Gregory Jackson (here on acoustic guitar, vocal, electric guitar, electric mandolin, bamboo flute, timpani, marimba and percussion), that leads an interesting trio: David Murray on tenor sax, Oliver Lake on flute, soprano and alto sax, and talking drum, and Wadada Leo Smith on trumpet, soprano trumpet, flugelhorn and Indian flute. After having released her Flying Toward the Sound, Motema presents now another Geri Allen's album, Timeline Live, recorded in 2009 at the Oberlin Conservatory of Music in Ohio and Reed College in Portland, Oregon. This is her first «live studio» recording. 7 tracks, particularly her 17-minute The Western Wall/Soul Eyes and McCoy Tyner's Four By Five. Geri, on piano, plays with Kenny Davis (bass), Kassa Overall (drums) and Maurice Chestnut (tap percussion). Ftarri released just now Carliol, the second duo John Butcher/Rhodri Davies' experience, after their Vortices And Angels recorded live in 2000. Carliol collects 7 tracks for 44 minutes, recorded between august 2007 and april 2009. John plays tenor and soprano sax; Rhodri Davies is on several harps, acoustic and electric. April 2010: The monthly John Zorn album... this is the turn for In Search Of The Miraculous, as always from Tzadik, recorded in september and october 2009 by John, here as arranger for the Alhambra Trio, i.e Rob Burger on piano, Greg Cohen on acoustic bass, Ben Perowsky on drums, accompanied by guests Kelly Wollesen (vibraphone), Carol Emanuel on harp and Shanir Ezra Blumenkranz (electric bass). Recorded and filmed on september 2008, Live In Berlin is a DVD released by Jazzwerkstatt and credited to Alexander von Schlippenbach, on which the pianist plays 4 tracks of solo piano (for 36 min.), 4 tracks in a trio with Evan Parker (reeds) and drummer Paul Lovens (again 36 min.), and one 47 minute-track with Globe Unity, the famous lineup in which the pianist plays this time with Evan Parker, Ernst-Ludwig Petrowsky, Gerd Dudek, Henrik Walsdorff (all on reeds), Axel Dorner, Jean-Luc Cappozzo, Manfred Schoof (all on trumpets), Nils Wogram, Johannes Bauer, Rudi Mahall (all on bass clarinet) and drummers Paul Lovens and Paul Lytton. UgExplode releases Invasion, an album by Weasel Walter Septet, recorded in january 2009 with Henry Kaiser (guitar), Vinny Golia (reeds), Damon Smith (bass), Liz Allbee (trumpet), John Lindberg (bass), William Winant (drums) and the leader on drums. 80 minutes, particularly the opening 33-minute Nautilus Rising. Lost In A Dream (ECM), recorded live at New York's Village Vanguard on february 2009, features the trio Paul Motian (drums), Chris Potter (tenor sax) and Jason Moran (piano). 1 hour-long performance for 10 tracks, all written by Motian, with the exception of the Irving Berlin's Be Careful, It's My Heart. After a forced kidney transplant the last may, David S. Ware is back on stage with a showcase: Saturnian (Solo Saxophones, Volume 1), his new AUM Fidelity album «solo», recorded live in october 2009. 3 tracks for quite 40 minutes, on which David plays not only his tenor sax, but for the first time saxello and stritch. Released by Not Two, SAMA is a collaboration between Sabir Mateen (reeds) and Matthew Shipp (piano), recorded in march 2009. 8 tracks, for 50 minutes. After many albums dedicated to reinterpretation of various classical jazz composers, Jessica Williams recovered in the last two years his musical inspiration as solo composer and pianist: in january 2008 she recorded Songs For A New Century, 9 tracks for 1 hour (with Sonny Rollins' Blessing in Disguise), and in may 2009 The Art Of The Piano, another solo piano album with 8 tracks (2 are «classic»: John Coltrane's Lonnie's Lament and Erik Satie's First Gymnopedie). Both albums was released by Origin. After a long hiatus, comes back the jazz-rock band Om's core unit with an album credited to Urs Leimgruber: Willisau, soon released by Intakt, was recorded live at Jazzfestival Willisau, Switzerland, on august 2008, and features Leimgruber on soprano and tenor saxes, Christy Doran on electric guitar and devices, and rhythmic section of Bobby Burri (double bass and devices)/Fredy Studer (drums and percussion). The Shirley Jangle is a ltd-edition (500 copies) double LP 3-sided, released from the label K RAA K the last december, credited to Afternoon Saints, a lineup that gathers famous jazz and rock musicians: guitarist Lee Ranaldo, composer David Watson, here on bagpipes and guitar, turntablist Christian Marclay, and percussionist Günter Müller, here also on electronics. The Shirley Jangle collects 6 tracks, for more than 1 hour, and was recorded in may 2001. Released by Nonesuch, Highway Rider is the latest 2CD set Brad Mehldau's album, recorded in february and may 2009. Brian plays piano, pump organ, Yamaha CS-80 and orchestral bells. He orchestrated and arranged the album's 15 pieces (110 minutes), featuring performances by his trio (with drummer Jeff Ballard and bassist Larry Grenadier), another lineup with Matt Chamberlain (drums), Joshua Redman (soprano and tenor sax), and a chamber orchestra led by Dan Coleman. Magic, a 2CD set released from Not Two, is the second Joe McPhee's collaboration with saxophonist Mikolaj Trzaska after Intimate Conversations (released from the same label in 2007 and that featured an 80-minute performance recorded in november 2006 with Jay Rosen on drums). This new album presents the same lineup, and was recorded an year after (november 2007). Joe plays here pocket trumpet, alto sax and clarinet; Trazaska plays alto sax and bass clarinet; and rhythmic section, with Rosen on drums, features this time also Dominic Duval on bass. Again from Not Two, Goosetalks is a Peter Brötzmann-credited album, on which Peter (on tenor & alto sax, tarogato and clarinet) plays again with Mikolaj Trzaska (here on alto sax, bass clarinet and c-melody sax) and Johannes Bauer on trombone. The trio recorded his performance in february 2008. Woodcuts, released from Smalltown Superjazz, is the second album from the duo Peter Brötzmann/Paal Nilssen-Love. Woodcuts was recorded live in concert on october 2008, with Peter on alto & tenor sax, bass clarinet and Bb clarinet; Paal Nilssen-Love is on drums and percussion. 6 tracks for more than 50 minutes. Let's remember that the first duo collaboration was Sweetsweat (again from Smalltown Superjazz): 4 tracks for more than 1 hour (particularly the 34-minute Burnt Sugar), recorded on may 2006. As anticipated last april, Geri Allen has performed the world premiere of her new solo piano work: Refractions, Flying Toward The Sound on february 2009. CD release from Motema label is now out: 8 tracks, whose studio recording dates back to december 2008. In the summer of 1964, altoist John Tchicai and trombonist Roswell Rudd formed the New York Art Quartet, a lineup that consisted also of bassist Don Moore and drummer Milford Graves. They recorded a self-titled for ESP and a second LP, Mohawk, released by Fontana. Tchicai went back to Denmark to scout out work for the group, joined by Rudd and another rhythmic section: the bassist Finn von Eyben and the drummer Louis Moholo. This lineup, again as New York Art Quartet, performed two concerts in Copenhagen in october 1965, restored now for the first time by Cuneiform as Old Stuff. Both concerts featured also famous tracks, as Thelonious Monk's Pannonica. The Quartet, let's remember, disbanded after these concerts at the end of 1965, even if they reformed 11 years ago, just to record for DIW, in june 1999, 35th Reunion (with Reggie Workman on bass and Milford Graves on drums). Sunnyside releases Absolute Zawinul, Joe Zawinul's last studio recording before his death on september 2007. Premiered in september 2006 and then recorded in early 2007, this album sees the collaboration of Estonian-born conductor/composer Kristjan Järvi and the large group Absolute Ensemble, a project that was conceived in 2004, and that in summer 2006 recorded My People. Absolute Zawinul features 8 tracks for 1 hour. With Zawinul and Järvi, plays an ensemble of 30 musicians, with brass, strings, keyboards, percussions and guitars. Dave Holland. Pathways (released by Dare2) is the first Dave's Octet album (over 40 minutes), recorded live at New York City's Birdland in january 2009, that features a lineup with Antonio Hart (alto sax, flute), Chris Potter (tenor sax, soprano sax), Gary Smulyan (baritone sax), Alex Sipiagin (trumpet, flugelhorn), Robin Eubanks (trombone), Steve Nelson (vibraphone, marimba), Nate Smith (drums) and Dave on bass. 7 tracks, for 75 minutes. Indie released just now Blackjazz, the new Shining's album; 9 tracks for quite 1 hour, recorded in 2008 and 2009 by his leader Munkeby (here on vocals, guitars, saxophone, additional keyboards, winds, synths, effects and programming) with a lineup that sees also Lofthus (drums), Kreken (bass), Moen (keyboards and synths), Hermansen (guitars) and vocalist Gentle Kjellson. For his Lost Reel Collection, Transparency released vol. 6: The Road To Destiny, a never issued Sun Ra's performance with his Arkestra, recorded live in Paris, on october 1973. Among his 6 tracks, this album features a vocal duet between Sun Ra and June Tyson, while the Arkestra (with, particularly, Marshall Allen and Danny Davis on oboe, flute and sax) plays behind them. Whitstable Solo, released just now by psi, is an «eight soprano saxophone solos» concerto recorded in july 2008 by Evan Parker, his first solo album in 7 years. Foghorn releases Boom Boom Cat, credited to the trio composed by Sunny Murray (drums), John Edwards (double bass) and Tony Bevan (soprano, tenor and bass saxes), that features two long tracks totally free improvised, recorded live in London, the 1st september 2009. From Matchless, Sounding Music, a new AMM's album that features again a new lineup from this historical group: John Butcher (on tenor & soprano saxes), Ute Kanngiesser (on cello), the veteran Eddie Prévost (percussion), John Tilbury (on piano) and Christian Wolff (on piano, bass guitar and melodica). They recorded in London on may 2009. March 2010: Jazz Lips restores two long unavailable concerts. The first by John Coltrane: The 1962 Graz Concert, a 2CD set recorded on November 28, 1962 on which we can listen to his only known version of Miles Davis' Autumn Leaves. John played his tenor sax with his classic lineup: McCoy Tyner (piano), Jimmy Garrison (bass) and Elvin Jones (drums). Second restored concert is from duo Sonny Rollins/Don Cherry: The Complete 1963 Copenhagen Concert, another 2CD set on which played a piano-less quartet, recorded live on January 15, 1963. The lineup: Sonny on tenor, Don on trumpet, and rhythmic section Henry Grimes (bass)/Billy Higgins (drums). The performance featured improvised medleys and famous tracks, among which an extended version of Thelonious Monk's 52nd Street Theme. Warner Jazz restores (as part of Atlantic Masters series) first Joe Zawinul's album credited to the late lamented pianist (the second was, let's remember, The Rise and Fall Of The Third Stream): Money In The Pocket (not to be confused with the Cannonball Adderley's homonymous album recorded live later), recorded in february 1966, with this lineup: Zawinul: piano; Blue Mitchell: trumpet; Joe Henderson and Clifford Jordan: tenor sax; Pepper Adams: baritone sax; Sam Jones and Bob Cranshaw: bass; Louis Hayes and Roy McCurdy: drums. This album features 3 Zawinul's originals and other famous songs: Midnight Mood, My One And Only Love (by Guy Woods and Robert Mellin), played as solo piano by Joe, and Sharon's Waltz, by Rudy Stephenson, played with Jones and Hayes. Maya releases Some Other Place, an album credited to the duo Agusti Fernandez (piano)/Barry Guy (double bass), recorded in Barcelona in May 2008 and April 2009. 10 tracks for 54 minutes. Delmark releases Fred Anderson's 21st Century Chase, recorded at the end of a week of concerts in march 2009, celebrating Fred's 80th birthday. 3 tracks for 70 minutes. Fred plays with Kidd Jordan (both on tenor sax), Jeff Parker (guitar) Harrison Bankhead (bass and cello) Henry Grimes (bass) and Chad Taylor (drums). Relevance, released by Red Toucan, is a CD credited to a trio formed by Dave Liebman, Evan Parker (both on soprano and tenor sax) and drummer Tony Bianco, recorded in London on January 2008 as a 4-part suite, for more than 1 hour. Trio Ned Rothenberg-Catherine Jauniaux-Barre Phillips plays in While You Were Out, released by Kadima. These 8 tracks (1 hour) were recorded live in november 2008. Ned plays clarinet, bass clarinet, shakuhachi, alto sax, with Catherine on vocals and Barre on bass. By Another Timbre, Lost Daylight, album credited to the duo John Tilbury/Sebastian Lexer, whose first 30 minutes consist of 5 John's «solo piano», recorded in november 2007, of works by the minimalist Terry Jennings; followed by a 40-minute recording, performed on september 2009 by Tilbury and Lexer (on electronics), of John Cage's Electronic Music for Piano, a work from 1964 that was written for David Tudor. Intransitive released Ommatidia, the new Nmperign's album, on which duo Bhob Rainey (soprano sax)/Greg Kelley (trumpet) plays for the first time unaccompanied. Ltd edition (500) that features 6 tracks for 38 minutes. Again Intransitive releases just now another ltd edition (300): Selected Occasions Of Handsome Deceit, an 1-side LP cut to 45. These 14 minutes are the very first recording by Nmperign, on which the duo played with drummer Jake Meginski. Ninja Tune releases One-Armed Bandit, the new album by Jaga Jazzist in 5 years, recorded in december 2008, whose sound, as states the band in her website , can be defined as «Richard Wagner that meets Fela Kuti». The lineup features 2 new members: keyboardist Øystein Moen and Stian Westerhus, back from his solo LP Galore. 9 tracks, with a large ensemble that sees, among others: Andreas Mjøs: vibraphone, guitar; Martin Horntveth: drums and piano; Lars Horntveth: guitars, clarinet, tenor, soprano and baritone sax, flute, keyboards, piano; Line Horntveth: tuba, flute, percussion, glockenspiel, vocals; Ingebrigt Haker Flaten: upright bass; Even Ormestad: bass, keyboards, glockenspiel; Erik Johannessen: trombone; Mathias Eick: trumpet, upright bass, keyboards, piano, French horn; and guest stars Mats Gustafsson (baritone sax) and Paal Nilssen-Love (drums). Latest news from Abdullah Ibrahim, a.k.a. Dollar Brand. He switched to Intuition label, and recorded for it in april 2008 a new solo piano, Senzo, that features 22 tracks, mostly brief. Now, by Sunnyside, is out Bombella, a live performance recorded again in april 2008, this time with the WDR Big Band Cologne. 10 tracks, for 70 minutes. Intakt has just released Ragged Atlas by Cosa Brava, the new Fred Frith's project, formed in march 2008, whose lineup sees, with Fred on guitar, bass and vocals, Carla Kihlstedt (violin, nyckelharpa, bass harmonica and vocals), Zeena Parkins (accordion, keyboards, foley objects and vocals) and Matthias Bossi (drums, percussion, sruti box and vocals). Ragged Atlas features 13 tracks (words and music all by Frith), for 55 minutes, and was recorded in december 2008. Idiolect released Volda, an album credited to the trio Paal/Michiyo/Broe, i.e. Peter Brötzmann (on clarinet and alto & tenor sax), Michiyo Yagi (on 21 and 17 string-koto) and drummer Paal Nilssen-Love. Volda is a 43-minute three-part suite, recorded on 12 April 2008. Amirani is a new italian label that released in 10 months 20 recordings. Among them, a 6CD-set, Standards (Brussels) 2006, an Anthony Braxton quartet where the saxophonist plays with an italian trio: pianist Alessandro Giachero, bassist Antonio Borghini, and drummer Cristiano Calcagnile. Recorded live in Brussels on 23-26 November 2006. Townhouse Orchestra is an Evan Parker's project on which the tenorist gathered pianist Sten Sandell, bassist Håker Flaten and drummer Paal Nilssen-Love. This lineup recorded on february 2007 Belle Ville, a 2CD set (90 minutes) released now from Clean Feed. New World releases The Celestial Septet, an album that gathers Rova Saxophone Quartet's saxophonists Bruce Ackley (here on soprano and tenor), Steve Adams (on alto and sopranino), Larry Ochs (tenor and sopranino) and Jon Raskin (baritone, alto and sopranino) to play with guitarist Nels Cline, drummer Scott Amendola and bassist Devin Hoff. The album collects 5 tracks, one recorded live on may 2008, and four (particularly Ochs' 25-minute Whose to Know - for Albert Ayler) recorded in studio on november 2008. February 2010: Mutable released Spectrum, on which we can listen to Muhal Richard Abrams on piano, Roscoe Mitchell on saxophone and Thomas Buckner as baritone. Spectrum gathers 3 compositions: Romu, an improvisation by Abrams and Mitchell, Mergertone (composed by Abrams), premiered at the opening concert of the Ostrava Days 2007 festival by the Janåcek Philharmonic (conducted by Petr Kotik), and Mitchell's Non-Cognitive Aspects of the City, composed in 2002 and premiered at the Willow Place Auditorium in February 2003. News from Myra Melford. Be Bread is her new project, formed in 2002 to play music based on her harmonium studies in India, an electro-acoustic band whose core unit sees trumpeter Cuong Vu, guitarist Brandon Ross and bassist Stomu Takeishi. First work, The Image of Your Body (recorded on december 2003), features 10 tracks, with Myra on piano and harmonium, Stomu Takeishi on electric & acoustic bass guitar and electronics, Elliot Humberto Kavee on drums, Brandon Ross on electric guitar, banjo & voice, and Cuong Vu on trumpet and electronics. Firehouse 12 has just released now The Whole Tree Gone, with 8 original pieces written as part of a suite in the fall of 2004, with support of a Chamber Music America grant. Others tracks have been written in 2005, and the whole has been recorded in december 2008. The lineup: Myra on piano, Cuong Vu on trumpet, Ben Goldberg on clarinets, Brandon Ross on guitars, Stomu Takeishi on acoustic bass guitar, and Matt Wilson on drums. The label 2062 released in december William Basinski's Vivian & Ondine, an album lenght-composition that consists of tape loops (45 min.) recorded with microphones and two tape decks, live in Los Angeles in 1 take in September 2008. This is the second CD by Basinski released in 2009 from the same label, following 92982, an old and unissued 4-part suite of more than 1 hour recorded live at New York in September 1982. Nuscope will release this month Under the Roof, the new disc by saxophonist John Butcher and pianist Claudia Ulla Binder. Recorded on August 2008, features Butcher on tenor and soprano saxophones and Binder on Hamburg Steinway D concert grand piano. Spire Artists released Charlie Hunter's Gentlemen, I Neglected To Inform You You Will Not Be Getting Paid, his new work recorded at Brooklyn on August 2009. 9 tracks, with the following lineup: Charlie Hunter on 7-string guitar; Eric Kalb on drums; Alan Ferber and Curtis Fowlkes on trombone; Eric Biondo on trumpet. Nonesuch released Orchestrion, that marks the switching to music-software for Pat Metheny. His new project, recorded in october 2009, features 5 tracks digitally composed, with Pat as «solo» performer, on a true guitar and with his orchestrionics, i.e., digital simulation of pianos, marimba, vibraphone, orchestra bells, basses, guitarbots, percussion, cymbals and drums, blown bottles, custom-fabricated acoustic mechanical instruments, keyboards. Metheny gave recently journalists a sneak preview of the instrument in Manhattan's Legacy Studios, and will be taking these pre-programmed arrangements on the road: an European tour in February and March will be followed by a North American tour in April and May. New live album for Allan Holdsworth. Released by Moonjune, Blues For Tony is a double CD that collects live sessions from an european tour in may 2007. The title's Tony refers to 70's Tony Williams Lifetime. The jazz-rock guitarist gathered keyboardist Alan Pasqua, Yellowjackets' bassist Jimmy Haslip and drummer Chad Wackerman for material originally recorded as a DVD at Oakland's Yoshi in 2006. Naturally, we can listen to classics from the performers: Fred by Allan, Protocosmos by Pasqua and Red Alert (from Believe It), Looking Glass (from Atavachron), Pud Wud (from Sand), etc. Grosse Abfahrt (in german, «great departure») is the project created by trumpetist Tom Djll, that debuted for Emanem in 2007 with Everything That Desappears. The lineup sees, with Tom, Matt Ingalls on clarinet, Frédéric Blondy on piano (worked with Urs Leimgruber and Paul Lovens), John Shiurba on electric guitar, George Cremaschi (that worked with Mats Gustaffson, Greg Goodman, Toshi Makihara, and Evan Parker) on double bass and electronics, Lê Quan Ninh on surrounded bass drum, John Bischoff and Tim Perkis on electronics, with the contribute by Gino Robair, as «energised surfaces & voltage made audible». The group recorded the album on march 2007: 4 tracks for 75 min., quite totally improvised. Now, always by Emanem, is out the second album: Vanity, recorded in april 2008, that adds to lineup Matthieu Werchowski (violin and viola), Theresa Wong (cello) and David Chiesa (double bass). 10 tracks, for 1 hour. After 5 years of silence, Cibo Matto's Yuka Honda released Heart Chamber Phantoms, recorded on june 2009, released by Tzadik. 10 tracks, for 45 minutes, on which she presents her new musical approach, mostly instrumental this time: Yuka not only sings, but plays pro-tools, keyboards, sampler, bass, guitars, tenorion, percussion, an ensemble that sees also drummers Sean Lennon and Dougie Browne, Michael Leonhart (trumpet, flugelhorn, mellophone, vibraphone, bass, keyboards, percussion), Shimmy Hirotaka Shimizu (guitar), Erik Friedlander (cello), Pete Drungle (piano), Jeff Hill (bass) and vocalists Courtney Kaiser and Scott Seader. Still by Tzadik, for John Zorn is now out his umpteenth Book of Angels' saga chapter (the 13th). Mycale, on which, needless to say, John vents his eclecticism, this time conducting a «solo cappella» setting: 4 well known voices, i.e. Basya Schecter, Ayelet Rose Gottlieb, Malika Zarra and Sofia Rei Koutsovitis, who interpret 11 Zorn's songs with lyrics in Hebrew, Yiddish, Ladino, French and Arabic drawn from Rumi, Fernando Pessoa, The Hebrew Bible, etc. Recorded in october 2009, this is the first of 12 CDs promised by John for 2010: one for each month... Tzadik again. Twilight Of The Gods is the new work by Noah Creshevsky, 8 tracks for 50 minutes. The lineup gathers: Susann Watts (vocals, trumpet), Alex Kontorovich (clarinet, alto sax), Amy Zakar (violin, vocals), Heather Chriscaden Versace (bass, vocals), Audrey Betsy Welber (tenor & alto sax), Ben Holmes (trumpet), Adrian Banner (piano), Gregg Mervine, Ray Marchica (drums), Thomas Buckner, Ellen Band (vocal sampler), Teodros Avery (tenor sax), Rodney Jones (guitar) and Lonnie Plaxico (bass). Boogie In The Breeze Rocks is the first ESP album from the Talibam!'s duo Matthew Mottel (here on piano, mini moog, banjo, organ and synth)/Kevin Shea (drums, objects, roland spd-s, voice), that features 12 tracks recorded in 2008 with an ensemble featuring Tim Dahl and Moppa Elliott (bass), Michael Evans (percussion), Sparks' Peter Evans (trumpet), Jon Irabagon (sax), Sam Kulik (trombone), Robbie Lee (renaissance instruments), Peeesseye's Chris Forsyth, Jeremy Wilms and Anders Nilsson (guitars). 4D is the new solo piano album by Matthew Shipp, released on Thirsty Ear. It features 16 tracks (5 of which are jazz covers, though), mostly less than 4 minutes, for 1 hour, recorded in may 2009 live in his studio, in front of a few of personally invited friends. David Darling. Wind Over The Earth released last january Prayer For Compassion, on which he worked 10 years, till 2008, on his cello with pianist Mickey Houlihan to produce 12 tracks that, says David on his website, «represent one of the deepest and most creative experiences of my life». Prayer For Compassion comes after other «duo collaborations»: The Darling Conversations (released in 2007), a 3-CD set with pianist, composer and electronic musician Julie Weber, and The Return Of Desire: Improvisations (recorded in may 2008), with pianist Eve Kodiak, mostly improvised. Marilyn Crispell. Ambiances Magnetiques released in 2008 her Geggie Project, a session recorded in october 2006 on which the pianist played with double-bassist John Geggie and drummer Nick Fraser, for 7 tracks, with solos and group improvisations. The Armored label presents Berg-und Talfahrt, i.e. duo Peter Brötzmann/Michael Zerang with a live recording that dates back to december 2004: A Night In Sana'a, a performance on which the saxophonist, here on tenor sax and clarinet, and the drummer play with a quintet of traditional yemen musicians: Abdul-Aziz Mokrid (violin), Khalid Barkosch (cello), Achmed Al-Khalidy (kanun), Ali Saleh (ney) and Yasir Al-Absi (darbuka). 7 tracks, that open and close with two traditionals, the others being Peter's compositions. The sound isn't near to Peter's standard, being influenced by arabic music. Poor quality registration, though. The Spekk label releases Semi-Impressionism, a live recording that gathers guitarist Tetuzi Akiyama and Toshimaru Nakamura with his no-input mixing board; they recorded these 3 long improvisations during concerts in Sweden and Austria in may 2008. January 2010: News from Joe McPhee. After Volumes 1 and 2 of American Landscapes, that collect two long tracks recorded live in 2006, and on which Joe, on trumpet and alto sax, gathered a notable ensemble (Peter Brötzmann on clarinet and alto sax, Mats Gustafsson on baritone sax, Ken Vandermark on clarinet and tenor sax, Fred Lonberg-Holm on cello, William Parker on bass, Paal Nilsse-Love and Michael Zerang on drums, among others), from Roaratorio label is now out his «solo» vinyl-only Alto, recorded live at a Lower East Side Bar in 2009, on which Joe plays alto and tenor sax and alto clarinet. Ltd edition of 524 copies. From Greenleaf, A Single Sky, a 9-part suite by Dave Douglas. The trumpetist plays with Frankfurt Radio Big Band conducted by Jim McNeely. Among the members, Oliver Leicht: alto & soprano saxes, flute, alto flute, clarinet; Stefan Pfeifer-Galilea: alto & soprano saxes, flute, clarinet; Tony Lakotos: tenor sax, flute; Steffen Weber: tenor sax, flute, clarinet; Rainer Heute: baritone sax, bass clarinet; Chad Shoopman, Axel Schlosserand and Thomas Vogel: trumpet; Martin Auer: trumpet, flugelhorn; Gunter Bollmann, Peter Feil and Christian Jakso: trombone; Manfred Honetschlager: bass trombone; Martin Scales: guitar; Peter Reiter: piano; Thomas Heidepriem: bass; Jean Paul Hochstadter: drums. 7 tracks, for more than 1 hour of music. Atavistic reissues Calling Down The Flevo Spirit, an old performance by Han Bennink (on banjo, violin, clarinet, tenor saxophone, trombone, drums) and Kees Hazevoet (on violin, accordion, clarinet, trumpet, piano and percussion). 8 tracks, recorded in september 1978. Kees Hazevoet is a dutch pianist and clarinetist that began his musical career in the early `60s, playing with several european freejazzmen: William Breuker, Han Bennink, Louis Moholo, Peter Brotzmann, etc. In 1980 he retired though from music, and became one of the most worldwide known zoologists. By composer and arranger Hans Tammen, Innova has released his Third Eye Orchestra's project, a 2-parts performance (80 minutes) quite totally improvised, recorded live in december 2006, that gathers a notable lineup: Mari Kimura and Mark Feldman on violin; Stephanie Griffin on viola; Tomas Ulrich on cello; Briggan Krauss on alto and baritone saxes; Marty Ehrlich on bass clarinet, alto sax and flute; Robert Dick on flute; Detlef Landeck on tuba; Dafna Naphtali on voice, live sound processing; Ursel Schmidt and Denman Maroney on piano and keyboards; Stomu Takeishi on bass; Satoshi Takeishi on percussion. After Relaps, out the last january, that collects previously unreleased live recordings from march 1984 to february 1986, Cuneiform releases now Clivages, the new studio album by the avantgard jazz-rock band Univers Zero. Recorded in may 2009, it features 10 tracks (2 of them over 10 minutes), for more than 1 hour of music. The lineup sees, as always, Daniel Denis on drums, with Michel Berckmans on bassoon, oboe and english horn, Kurt Budé on clarinet and alto sax, Pierre Chevalier on keyboards, Dimitri Evers on bass, Andy Kirk (guitar) and Martin Lauwers (violin). ECM releases Chiaroscuro, a collaboration between Ralph Towner (that plays classical, 12-string and baritone guitars) and Sardinia-born trumptetist and flugelhornist Paolo Fresu. Recorded in october 2008, Chiaroscuro features 8 tracks, all composed (and mostly improvised) by Towner, and one famous cover: Blue In Green, from Kind Of Blue. Tzadik releases House Full Of Floors, an Evan Parker's work that sees him on soprano and tenor saxes, with John Edwards (bass), John Russell (guitar) and Aleks Kolkowski on viola and other instruments. Recorded on June 2009, this CD features 9 tracks, for more than 1 hour of music. News from Elliott Sharp and his Carbon lineup. Intakt releases Void Coordinates, recorded in July 2009, on which Elliott, on 8-string guitarbass, guitar and soprano sax, plays with Zeena Parkins (electric harp), Marc Sloan (electric and prepared bass), Joseph Trump (drums) and David Weinstein (sampler and synthesizer). From liner notes by Elliott: «Void Coordinates was recorded `live' with a minimum of edits and overdubs: essentially, this is what Carbon sounds like in performance, operating in the service of groove and psycho-acoustic chemical change». 8 tracks, more than 1 hour. Adrift: 3 compositions 2007/8 (from psi label) is credited to Furt's Richard Barrett, that plays electronics and directs 3 differents lineups: on Codex IX (37 min., recorded on october 2008), he directs the lineup Elision, an eclectic ensemble with Peter Veale (oboes), Richard Haynes (clarinets), Tristam Williams (trumpets), Benjamin Marks (trombone), Peter Neville (percussion, melodica), Erkki Veltheim (viola), Daryl Buckley (electric guitar, electronics), Joel Stern (electronics) and Michael Hewes (sound projection). On Adrift (22 minutes, recorded november 2007) he plays electronics with Sarah Nicholls on piano. On Codex VII (20 minutes recorded in may 2007) Barrett directs a Champs d'Action and students of the Antwerp and Gent Conservatoria (16 musicians, with 1 flute, 1 violin, 1 cello, 2 clarinets, 3 trombones, 2 percussionists, 3 pianists and 3 guitarists). Recorded live in Oslo on 6 April 2006 for Clean Feed, Strokes is credited to John Butcher (here on tenor and soprano saxes) with Sten Sandell Trio (with Sandell on piano, voice, electronics; Johan Berthling on double bass; Paal Nilssen-Love on drums). 3 tracks, for 1 hour. Kadima releases The San Diego Session, credited to Vinny Golia (on several woodwinds) and Bertram Turetzky (double bass and voice). Recorded 27 January 2009 in San Diego, it collects 8 tracks, for 48 minutes. Olof Bright restores Up And Down The Lion - Revised, an old performance by a trio with Peter Brötzmann (on saxes), Alexander Von Schlippenbach (on piano) and Sven-Åke Johansson (on drums). Recorded in Sweden on september 1979, with 5 tracks for quite 1 hour. For Discus, Ghosts Of Gold is a work by the duo Julie Tippetts/Martin Archer, on which the former sings and plays thumb pianos, seed pod shaker and balinese xylophone; the latter is on laptop, Bb and bass clarinets, sopranino, alto and baritone saxes, recorders, keyboards, harmonium, violin, guitar, bass and drums. Recorded 2007-2008, gathers 12 tracks, for 50 minutes of music.	i don't know
Who was the Roman equivalent of the Greek goddess of youth, Hebe?	HEBE - Greek Goddess of Youth, Cupbearer of the Gods (Roman Juventas) Hebe Translation Youth (hêbê) Wedding of Heracles and Hebe, Athenian red-figure pyxis C5th B.C., University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology HEBE was the goddess of youth and the cupbearer of the gods who served ambrosia at the heavenly feast. She was also the patron goddess of the young bride and an attendant of the goddess Aphrodite . Herakles (Heracles) received Hebe in marriage upon his ascension to Olympos, a wedding which reconciled the hero with Hebe's mother Hera. In Greek vase painting Hebe was depicted either as the bride of Herakles, or the cupbearer of the gods, pouring ambrosia from a pitcher. Sometimes she had wings like the goddesses Iris and Nike . Hebe's male counterpart was the boy Ganymedes and her opposite number was Geras (Old Age). She may have been equated with Selene's daughter Pandeia . Her Roman name was Juventas. FAMILY OF HEBE PARENTS ZEUS & HERA (Hesiod Theogony 921, Homer Odyssey 11. 601, Pindar Isthmian Ode 4, Apollodorus 1.13, Pausanias 2.13.3, Aelian On Animals 17.46, Hyginus Preface) OFFSPRING ALEXIARES , ANIKETOS (by Herakles) (Apollodorus 2.158) ENCYCLOPEDIA HEBE (Hêbê), the personification of youth, is described as a daughter of Zeus and Hera (Apollod. i. 3. § 1.), and is, according to the Iliad (iv. 2), the minister of the gods, who fills their cups with nectar; she assists Hera in putting the horses to her chariot (v. 722); and she bathes and dresses her brother Ares (v. 905). According to the Odyssey (xi. 603; comp. Hes. Theog. 950), she was married to Heracles after his apotheosis. Later traditions, however, describe her as having become by Heracles the mother of two sons, Alexiares and Anticetus (Apollod. ii. 7. § 7), and as a divinity who had it in her power to make persons of an advanced age young again. (Ov. Met. ix. 400, &c.) She was worshipped at Athens, where she had an altar in the Cynosarges, near one of Heracles. (Paus. i. 19. § 3.) Under the name of the female Ganymedes (Ganymeda) or Dia, she was worshipped in a sacred grove at Sicyon and Phlius. (Paus. ii. 13. § 3; Strab. viii. p. 382.) At Rome the goddess was worshipped under the corresponding name of Juventas, and that at a very early time, for her chapel on the Capitol existed before the temple of Jupiter was built there; and she, as well as Terminus, is said to have opposed the consecration of the temple of Jupiter. (Liv. v. 54.) Another temple of Juventas, in the Circus Maximus, was vowed by the consul M. Livius, after the defeat of Hasdrubal, in B. C. 207, and was consecrated 16 years afterwards. (Liv. xxxvi. 36 ; comp. xxi. 62; Dionys. iv. 15, where a temple of Juventas is mentioned as early as the reign of Servius Tullius; August. de Civ. Dei, iv. 23; Plin. H. N. xxix. 4, 14, xxxv. 36, 22.) Source: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. CLASSICAL LITERATURE QUOTES Hebe and the feast of the gods, Athenian red-figure kylix C5th B.C., Antikensammlung Berlin Hesiod, Theogony 921 ff (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C8th or C7th B.C.) : "Lastly, he [Zeus] made Hera his blooming wife: and she was joined in love with the king of gods and men, and brought forth Hebe and Ares and Eileithyia." Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 1. 13 (trans. Aldrich) (Greek mythographer C2nd A.D.) : "Zeus married Hera and fathered Hebe, Eileithyia." Callimachus, Iambi Fragment 202 (trans. Trypanis) (Greek poet C3rd B.C.) : "Mousa (Muse), I will sing for the little maid . . ((lacuna)) once when Hera was celebrating the feast of the seventh day of her daughter's birth [Hebe], the gods sitting on Olympos (Olympus) quarrelled, who would honour the child with the most beautiful gift . . ((lacuna)) Tritonis [Athena] brought many toys of cunning workmanship shrewdly carved, and many came from the guardian of the Apian Isthmos (Isthmus) [Poseidon], toys more precious than gold. The gods in amicable rivalry vied with one another in offering gifts. But you, Delian Apollon . . you said the following ‘Phoibos (Phoebus), you must try your skilful art [music] which will surpass the masterpieces of Hephaistos (Hephaestus).’" Pausanias, Description of Greece 2. 13. 3 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.) : "Olen [legendary Greek poet], in his hymn to Hera, says that Hera was reared by the Horai (Horae, Seasons), and that her children were Ares and Hebe." Pseudo-Hyginus, Preface (trans. Grant) (Roman mythographer C2nd A.D.) : "Again from Jove [Zeus] and Juno [Hera] [were born] : Juventus (Youth) [Hebe], Libertas (Freedom) [Eileithyia]." HEBE CUPBEARER OF THE GODS Homer, Iliad 4. 1 ff (trans. Lattimore) (Greek epic C8th B.C.) : "Now the gods at the side of Zeus were sitting in council over the golden floor, and among them the goddess Hebe (Youth) poured them nectar as wine, while they in the golden drinking-cups drank to each other, gazing down on the city of the Trojans." Euphronius, Fragment (from Scholiast on Aristophanes) (trans. Campbell, Vol Greek Lyric IV Bacchylides, Frag 41) : "According to Euphronios (Euphronius), this is because Basileia (Princess) is a daughter of Zeus; and she seems to look after business connected with immortality, the responsibility of Athena in Bakkhylides (Bacchylides), where she intends to give immortality to Tydeus." [N.B. Basileia "the Princess" is Hebe. As youth personified and the cup-bearer of the gods she was naturally responsible for immortality.] Pausanias, Description of Greece 2. 13. 3 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.) : "Hebe (Youth), whom Homer mentions in the duel between Menelaos (Menelaus) and Alexandros (Alexander) [Paris], saying that she was the cup-bearer of the gods." Philostratus the Elder, Imagines 2. 20 (trans. Fairbanks) (Greek rhetorician C3rd A.D.) : "Beautiful Hebe (Youth) . . . the youngest of the gods and the one most revered by them, since it is through her that they also are young." Cicero, De Natura Deorum 1. 40 (trans. Rackham) (Roman rhetorician C1st B.C.) : "What viands and beverages, what harmonies of music and flowers of various hue, what delights of touch and smell will you assign to the gods, so as to keep them steeped in pleasure? The poets array banquets or nectar and ambrosia, with Juventas (Youth) [Hebe] or Ganymede in attendance as cup-bearer." Statius, Silvae 3. 1. 27 (trans. Mozley) (Roman poetry C1st A.D.) : "The throne of thy father Jove [Zeus] and the stars thy valour won thee are thy abode, and Hebe with robe upgirt, more charming than the banished Phrygian lad [Ganymedes], hands thee the draught of blissful nectar." Nonnus, Dionysiaca 8. 93 ff (trans. Rouse) (Greek epic C5th A.D.) : "I see Ganymedes come here to pour the wine, that long-haired cowdrover, first in Pergamos then domiciled in Olympos (Olympus), usurping the untouched cup of heavenly Hebe." Nonnus, Dionysiaca 14. 430 ff : "Hebe come this way! Take up your pitcher, and bring your Trojan cupbearer who serves with cups the divine company--let Ganymedes draw honeyed drops from this river and fill all the mixing-bowls of Zeus! . . . that nectar of Olympos (Olympus) which they say is the drink of Zeus." Nonnus, Dionysiaca 19. 158 ff : "[The Seilen (Silen) Maron performs a mime :] He depicted with wordless art the cupbearer [Ganymedes] of Kronides (Cronides) [Zeus], or pouring the dew divine to fill up the bowl, and the other immortals in company ever enjoying cup after cup. His poet's theme was the sweet potion. Aye, he danced also the maiden Hebe herself drawing the nectar; when he looked at the Satyroi (Satyrs), with voiceless hands he acted Ganymedes, or when he saw the Bakkhante (Bacchante) women, he showed them goldenshoe Hebe in a picture having sense without words." Nonnus, Dionysiaca 25. 430 ff : "Ganymedes walked among the stars to pour out their [the gods'] wine, the sweet nectar of Olympos (Olympus), and there he was handing the cups which were the lot of virgin Hebe." [N.B. By the "lot of virgin Hebe" he means it was her task before her marriage to Herakles (Heracles).] Nonnus, Dionysiaca 27. 241 ff : "All the inhabitants of Olympos (Olympus) were sitting with Zeus in his godwelcoming hall, gathered in full company on golden thrones. As they feasted, fairhair Ganymedes drew delicious nectar from the mixing-bowl and carried it round. For then there was no noise of Akhaian (Achaean) war for the Trojans as once there was, that Hebe with her lovely hair might again mix the cups, and the Trojan cupbearer might be kept apart from the immortals, so as not to hear the fate of his country." [N.B. During the Trojan War, Ganymedes became distressed, and so Zeus had Hebe temporarily resume her former station as cup-bearer of the gods.] Nonnus, Dionysiaca 33. 74 ff : "[The godlings Eros and Hymenaios (Hymenaeus) were playing a game of cottabus in which wine was thrown from cups at a mark :] [Eros] on the golden top of Olympos (Olympus), shooting the nectar-drops from a cup. Beside him stood Hymenaios , his fair-haired playfellow in the dainty game . . . A large silver basin stood for their game, and the shooting mark before them was a statue of Hebe shown in the middle pouring the wine. The umpire in the game was Ganymedes, cupbearer of Kronides (Cronides) [Zeus], holding the garland." HEBE HANDMAIDEN OF HERA Hera and Hebe, Athenian red-figure pelike C5th B.C., Private Collection, Lucerne Hebe (Youth) and Eileithyia (Birth) were handmaidens of their mother Hera, goddess of marriage. Homer describes her performing various tasks assigned to the "princess" of the house in a typical Homeric palace (cf. Nausikaa (Nausicaa) and Hermione in the Odyssey.) Homer, Iliad 5. 720 ff (trans. Lattimore) (Greek epic C8th B.C.) : "Hera, high goddess, daughter of Kronos the mighty, went away to harness the gold-bridled horses. Then Hebe in speed set about the chariot the curved wheels eight-spoked and brazen, with an axle or iron both ways. Golden is the wheel's felly imperishable, and outside it is joined, a wonder to look upon, the brazen running-rim, and the silver naves revolve on either side of the chariot, whereas the car itself is lashed fast with plaiting of gold and silver, with double chariot rails that circle about it, and the pole of the chariot is of silver, to whose extremity Hebe made fast the golden and splendid yoke, and fastened the harness, golden and splendid, and underneath the yoke Hera, furious for hate and battle, led the swift-running horses." Homer, Iliad 5. 905 ff : "Hebe washed him [Ares returning from battle] clean and put delicate clothing upon him." Pindar, Nemean Ode 10. 17 ff : "Beside her mother [Hera], guardian of marriage, Hebe (Youth) fairest of all the goddesses." Pausanias, Description of Greece 8. 9. 2 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.) : "Praxiteles made the images [in a temple of Hera at Mantinea]; Hera is sitting, while Athene and Hera's daughter Hebe are standing by her side." HEBE BRIDE OF HERACLES Hebe married Herakles (Heracles) after the hero ascended to Olympos as a god. Homer, Odyssey 11. 601 ff (trans. Murray) (Greek epic C8th B.C.) : "[Odysseus in the Underworld :] I marked the mighty Herakles (Heracles)--his phantom; for he himself among the immortal gods takes his joy in the feast, and has to wife Hebe, of the fair ankles, daughter of great Zeus and of Hera, of the golden sandals." [N.B. This passage about Hebe in the Odyssey is a later interpolation.] Hesiod, Theogony 950 ff (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C8th or C7th B.C.) : "And mighty Herakles (Heracles) . . . made Hebe the child of great Zeus and gold-shod Hera his shy wife in snowy Olympos. Happy he! For he has finished his great works and lives amongst the dying gods, untroubled and unaging all his days." Homeric Hymn 15 to Heracles (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C7th - 4th B.C.) : "He [Herakles] lives happily in the glorious home of snowy Olympos, and has neat-ankled Hebe for his wife." Pindar, Olympian 6. 57 ff (trans. Conway) (Greek lyric C5th B.C.) : "And when he [Herakles] won Youth's [Hebe's] joyous fruit, fair Hebe's gleaming crown." [N.B. "Youth's joyous fruit" is immortality, and Hebe, youth personified, is his bride.] Pindar, Nemean Ode 1. 61 ff : "[After the infant Herakles strangled the serpents, his stepfather Tyndareos (Tyndareus) summoned the seer Teiresias (TIresias) who prophesied the child's future :] Teiresias who then declared to him [Tyndareos] and all the gathered host, what chance of fortunes Herakles should encounter; of monsters merciless how many on the dry land, how many of the sea he should destroy; and of mankind, whom bent upon the path of pride and treachery he should consign to an accursed death. This too he told : . . . He [Herakles] in peace for all time shall enjoy, in the home of the blessed, leisure unbroken, a recompense most choice for his great deeds of toil; and winning the lovely Hebe for his bride, and sharing his marriage feast beside Zeus, son of Kronos (Cronus), shall live to grace his august law." Pindar, Nemean Ode 10. 17 ff : "[Herakles] who now upon Olympos dwelling, has to his wedded wife, beside her mother [Hera], guardian of marriage, Hebe fairest of all the goddesses." Pindar, Isthmian Ode 4. 73 ff : "That hero [Herakles] it was, Alkmene's (Alcmena's) mighty son, who came at last to high Olympos; he who, searching out all the far lands of earth and rock-walled stretches of the foaming seas, tempered the rough straits for the seamen's sails. Now at the side of Zeus the Aigis-bearer he dwells, enjoying happiness most fair, of the immortal gods a friend held in high honour, lord of the golden halls, husband of Hebe, son-in-law of Hera." Bacchylides, Fragment 41 (trans. Campbell, Vol. Greek Lyric IV) (C5th B.C.) : "Unless Zeus gives you Basileia (Princess) for your wife." [I.e. To receive Basileia "the Princess" of heaven, is a metaphor for winning immortality.] Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 2. 158 (trans. Aldrich) (Greek mythographer C2nd A.D.) : "[Herakles] achieved immortality, and when Hera's enmity changed to friendship, he married her daughter Hebe, who bore him sons Alexiares and Aniketos (Anicetus)." Diodorus Siculus, Library of History 4. 39. 3 (trans. Oldfather) (Greek historian C1st B.C.) : "Hera, the myths relate, after she had adopted Herakles in this fashion, joined him in marriage to Hebe, regarding whom the poet [Homer] speaks in the Nekyia (Necyia) : ‘I saw the shade of Herakles, but for himself he takes delight of feasts among the immortal gods and for his wife he hath the shapely-ankled Hebe.’" Pausanias, Description of Greece 1. 19. 3 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.) : "Hebe, who they think is the daughter of Zeus and wife to Herakles." Pausanias, Description of Greece 2. 17. 5 - 6 : "By this side of Hera [in her main Argive temple] stands what is said to be an image of Hebe fashioned by Naukydes (Naucydes); it, too, is of ivory and gold . . . There is an altar upon which is wrought in relief the fabled marriage of Hebe and Herakles." Aelian, On Animals 17. 46 (trans. Scholfield) (Greek natural history C2nd A.D.) : "Herakles and his spouse [Hebe] whom poets celebrate as the daughter of Hera." Philostratus the Elder, Imagines 2. 20 (trans. Fairbanks) (Greek rhetorician C3rd A.D.) : "Before long you [Herakles] will live with them in the sky, drinking, and embracing the beautiful Hebe (Youth); for you are to marry the youngest of the gods and the one most revered by them, since it is through her that they also are young." Ovid, Metamorphoses 9. 396 ff (trans. Melville) (Roman epic C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) : "[Iolaos (Iolaus) was rejuvenated by Hebe :] This guerdon was the gift of Hebe Junonia [daughter of Juno-Hera], to gratify her husband's [Herakles'] wish." Propertius, Elegies 1. 13 (trans. Goold) (Roman elegy C1st B.C.) : "The passion of Hercules [Herakles], all afire for divine Hebe, tasted its first raptures after he had burned on an Oetean pyre." Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica 8. 230 ff (trans. Mozley) (Roman epic C1st A.D.) : "When Alcides [Herakles] has leisure at last to visit the heavenly banquet, and Hebe, child of Juno [Hera], sustains his weary form." Nonnus, Dionysiaca 35. 333 ff (trans. Rouse) (Greek epic C5th A.D.) : "[After Dionysos was reconciled with Hera in heaven :] She [Hera] wished him in heaven as Hebe's bridegroom, had not Zeus our Lord on High ordained that in days to come twelvelabour Herakles was fated to be her husband." HEBE & THE REJUVENATION OF IOLAUS Poseidon, Amphitrite and Hebe, Athenian red-figure stamnos C5th B.C., Toledo Museum of Art Ovid, Metamorphoses 9. 396 ff (trans. Melville) (Roman epic C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) : "Alcmena [mother of Herakles (Heracles)] was arrested by a strange surprise. In the high doorway stood a youth, almost a boy, his cheeks it seemed still downy, Iolaus, now restored in form and features to his early prime. This guerdon was the gift of Hebe Junonia [daughter of Juno, i.e. of Hera], to gratify her husband's [tHerakles'] wish. She meant to swear not to bestow such gifts on any man thereafter, but was stopped by Themis. ‘Civil war,’ she said, ‘embroils Thebae now and save by Jove's [Zeus'] might Capaneus shall not be conquered . . . the prophet [Amphiaraus] yet alive shall see his ghost as earth gapes open; and his son [Alkmaion (Alcmaeon)] parent on parent shall avenge, a deed of loving duty and a deed of crime. Distraught with troubles, driven from his mind and home, the Eumenides [Erinyes, Furies] and his mother's [Eriphyle's] ghost (umbrae) shall hound him till his consort shall demand the fatal golden necklace, and the sword of Phegeus drain the blood of kith and kin. And then at last Callirhoe Acheloia [daughter of Akhelous], for her infant sons shall beg those years [removed from Iolaos] from Jove [Zeus] on bended knee, to speed their vengeance for the victor's death. And, at her suit, Jove [Zeus] shall foreclaim that gift of his stepdaughter [Hebe], and her sons shall be transformed from their infancy.’ As Themis, who foreknew the future, spoke these prophecies, a rumbling argument arose in heaven, the gods all grumbling why others should not be allowed to grant such gifts [rejuvenated youth]." HEBE GODDESS OF YOUTH & BRIDES Hebe was the goddess of youth and of the youthful bride. She was a companion of the wedding gods Hera, Aphrodite, the Kharites (Charites, Graces) and Harmonia (Marital Harmony). Hesiod, Theogony 5 ff (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C8th or C7th B.C.) : "[The Mousai (Muses)] utter their song with lovely voice, praising Zeus the aigis-holder, and queenly Hera . . . Aphrodite, and Hebe with the crown of gold, and fair Dione, Leto." Homeric Hymn 3 to Pythian Apollo 186 ff (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C7th - 4th B.C.) : "[As Apollon plays the lyre and the Mousai (Muses) sing on Olympos :] Meanwhile the rich-tressed Kharites (Charites, Graces) and cheerful Horai (Horae, Seasons) dance with Harmonia (Harmony) and Hebe (Youth) and Aphrodite, daughter of Zeus, holding each other by the wrist." Pindar, Nemean Ode 7. 1 ff (trans. Conway) (Greek lyric C5th B.C.) : "Goddess of childbirth, Eileithyia, maid to the throne of the deep-thinking Moirai (Moirae, Fates), child of all-powerful Hera, hear my song. For without thee should we see neither the light of day, nor know the kindly dark, nor win the gift of Hebe (Youth), thy sister, the glorious limbs of youth." Pindar, Nemean Ode 8. 1 ff : "O sovereign Hebe (Youth), herald of Aphrodite and her sweet passions born of heaven." Ovid, Metamorphoses 7. 241 ff (trans. Melville) (Roman epic C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) : "[Medea uses her magic to restore the youth of Aeson, father of Iason (Jason) :] Two turf altars she built [for the ritual], the right to Hecate, the left to Juventas (Youth) [Hebe], wreathed with the forest's mystic foliage, and dug two trenches [to the gods of the Underworld] in the ground beside and then performed her rites [applying her magic potions to the body of the man] . . . and Aeson woke and marvelled as he saw his prime restored of forty years before." Ovid, Fasti 6. 65 ff (trans.Boyle) (Roman poetry C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) : "Hercules' wife [Hebe] stood there; life's bloom shimmered in her face." For MYTHS of Hebe as the goddess of youth see : Zeus, Hera and Hebe, Athenian red-figure amphora C5th B.C., Staatliche Antikensammlungen I. ATHENS Chief City of Attica (Attika) (Southern Greece) Pausanias, Description of Greece 1. 19. 3 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.) : "There [at Athens] are altars of Herakles and Hebe, who they think is the daughter of Zeus and wife to Herakles." II. PHLIUS (PHLIOS) Town of Sicyon (Sikyonia) (Southern Greece) Strabo, Geography 8. 6. 24 (trans. Jones) (Greek geographer C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) : "In Phlios (Phlius) and Sikyon (Sicyon) the temple of Dia is held in honor; and Dia is their name for Hebe." Pausanias, Description of Greece 2. 12. 4 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.) : "A second hill on which the Phliasians [of Phlios in Argolis] have their citadel and their sanctuary of Hebe." Pausanias, Description of Greece 2. 13. 3 : "On the Phliasian citadel [at Phlios in Argolis] is a grove of cypress trees and a sanctuary which from ancient times has been held to be peculiarly holy. The earliest Phliasians named the goddess to whom the sanctuary belongs Ganymeda; but later authorites call her Hebe, whom Homer mentions in the duel between Menelaos (Menelaus) and Alexandros (Alexander), saying that she was the cup-bearer of the gods; and again he says, in the descent of Odysseus to Haides, that she was the wife of Herakles. Olen [a legendary Greek poet], in his hymn to Hera, says that Hera was reared by the Horai (Horae, Seasons), and that her children were Ares and Hebe. Of the honours that the Phliasians pay to this goddess the greatest is the pardoning of suppliants. All those who seek sanctuary here receive full forgiveness, and prisoners, when set free, dedicate their fetters on the trees in the grove. The Phliasians also celebrate a yearly festival which they call Kissotomoi (Ivy-cutters). There is no image, either kept in secret of openly displayed, and the reason for this is set forth in a sacred legend of theirs though on the left as you go out is a temple of Hera with an image of Parian marble." III. MANTINEA Town in Arcadia (Arkadia) (Southern Greece) Pausanias, Description of Greece 8. 9. 2 : "A temple of Hera [at Mantinea in Arkadia], Praxiteles made the images; Hera is sitting, while Athene and Hera's daughter Hebe are standing by her side." IV. UNKNOWN LOCATION Aelian, On Animals 17. 46 (trans. Scholfield) (Greek natural history C2nd A.D.) : "Mnaseas in his work On Europe [Greek writer C3rd B.C.] says that there is a temple to Herakles (Heracles) and to his spouse [Hebe] whom poets celebrate as the daughter of Hera. Now they say that in the precincts of these temples a large number of tame birds are kept, adding that these birds are cockerels and hens. They feed and consort together according to their sex, are fed at the public expense, and are consecrated to the aforesaid gods. The hens feed in the temple of Hebe while their mates feed in the temple of Herakles. And a never-failing channel of clear water flows between them. Now on the one hand not a single hen ever appears in the temple of Herakles. On the other hand at the season of mating the cockerels fly across the channel and after consorting with the hens return to their own quarters at the side of the god whom they serve, cleansed by the water that separates the sexes. And so to begin with, as a natural result of this union eggs are laid; later on when the hens have warmed them and hatched the chicks, the cockerels carry off the male birds to rear them, while the hens make it their business to rear their daughters." JUVENTAS & THE MONTH OF JUNE Ovid, Fasti 6. 65 ff (trans.Boyle) (Roman poetry C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) : "Hercules' [Herakles'] wife [Juventas-Hebe] stood there; life's bloom shimmered in her face. ‘If my mother [Juno-Hera] told me,’ she says, ‘to leave all heaven I would not stay against my mother's will. So now I will not fight her over this time's name [i.e. in a dispute over which goddess gave her name to the month of June], but coax and almost play petitioner. I'd rather keep my rights of possession by pleading, and perhaps my case might win your favour. Mother owns the golden Capitol [of Rome] with her joint shrine, and rightly holds the summit with Jove [Zeus]. But my whole glory comes from a month's origin; I am anxious for my only honour. Does it matter, Roman, that you gave Hercules' wife the month's name, and posterity remembers? This land owes me something, too, on my great husband's [Herakles'] account. He drove the captured cattle here, where Cacus found no defence in his father's [Hephaistos' (Hephaestus')] gift of flame and dyed Aventine dirt with blood. I pass to more recent times. Romulus divided the people by years into two sections: one was readier to give counsel, one to fight, one age advises war, one wages it. So he decreed and marked the months with the same token: June's for JUNiors, the seniors' month precedes.’ She spoke. They would have hotly disputed the claim and cloaked family piety with wrath : Concordia (Harmony) [Harmonia] arrived [to settle the dispute]." TITLES & EPITHETS	Juventas
Which newly-formed African nation became the 193rd. member state of the United Nations in July 2011?	Hebe \| Greek Mythology Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Hebe (Ancient Greek: Ἡβη) is the daughter of Zeus and Hera , as well as the Goddess of Youth. She served as the Cupbearer of the Gods, and was later married to Herakles , the protector of Olympus . Contents Reign Hebe is the Goddess of Eternal Youth as well as the Keeper of the Fountain of Youth. In some myths, she was the Cupbearer of the Gods. She was also sometimes said to be the Patron of Brides as well as the Goddess of Pardon and Forgiveness. Mythology The most prominent myth about Hebe would be Euripides' play, Heracleidae. In this play, Iolaus prayed to Hebe to make him young again for a day in order to fight Eurystheus. While she was reluctant to do so at first, after Themis assured her that it would be just, Hebe granted Iolaus' wish, and he enjoyed one more day of youth in his old age - he charged into battle as a strong and healthy young man, and came out victorious. Another story would be when Hebe lost her job as the Cupbearer of the Gods: once, she slipped and fell while serving nectar and her dress came undone, exposing her breasts. Apollo immediately fired her for this indecency. Ganymede , the beautiful young man who charmed all the Gods, became her replacement. Family Alexiares and Aniketos (Sons with Herakles ) Depiction Because Hebe was the Goddess (and sometimes the very personification) of Youth, Hebe was always portrayed by artists as a charming young girl. In most depictions, she either wore a sleeveless dress or was semi-nude. In other portrayals, she was dressed in light garments adorned with roses, on her head was a wreath of flowers, in one hand she carried the amphora of nectar, and in the other is the cup of eternal youthfulness. She is also sometimes shown with wings. Sacred Symbols Hebe had four symbols: Chalice: One of Hebe's symbols was a decorated cup as she was responsible for filling all the chalices of the gods with nectar. Fountain of Youth: In Greek mythology, the Fountain of Youth is a special fountain the waters of which could either preserve one's youth eternally or restore youth to one who had lost it. Due to her status as the Goddess of Youth, this fountain could only be summoned and used by Hebe. Lettuce: It was sometimes said that Hera became pregnant with Hebe only by eating lettuce. Ivy Add a photo to this gallery Trivia Apart from serving nectar to the Gods of Olympus , Hebe was also said to be the one who helped her mother, Hera , enter her chariot, and she drew baths for her brother, Ares , as well. Hebe was usually seen as a companion of Aphrodite . Her male counterpart was Ganymede . Her opposite number was Geras . She may have been equated with Pandia. Some say that she gave up her cup-bearing position to Ganymede after she married Herakles A statue of Hebe can be found on the Temperance Fountain in Tompkins Square Park. Hebe had temples in Athens, Sicyon, and Phlius. Freed prisoners would hang their chains in the sacred grove of her Phlius sanctuary. Her Roman name was Juventas, the Latin word for "Youth". Gallery of Images of Hebe Bust of Hebe	i don't know
Which is the tallest twin-towered building in the world?	The world's tallest twin towers planned for Dubai - Telegraph The world's tallest twin towers planned for Dubai Dubai's newest audacious landmark is to be twin towers that will soar over a newly built district Enlarge Dubai is already home to the world’s tallest building, the 829.8-metre (2,722ft) tall Burj Khalifa. Now local developers Emaar Properties have signalled their intention to build the world’s tallest twin towers in the emirate. As reported by the Abu Dhabi-based newspaper The National , the firm is to build a vast leisure and residential area that will be three times bigger than Dubai’s Downtown district (where the Burj Khalifa is found) and include the towers as its centrepiece. Named Dubai Creek Harbour, the new landmark development and tourist attraction will include 39,000 homes alongside 22 hotels, multiple retail outlets, fountains and various other tourist attractions. Further details about the project remain vague, with Emaar Properties and its construction partner Dubai Holdings yet to provide confirmation of when the development will be complete or the total height of the torpedo-shaped towers. Currently the world’s tallest twin towers are Malaysia’s Petronas Twin Towers, which measure 452 metres (1,483ft). London-based designers Chetwoods Architects released proposals this summer for the development of the one-kilometre-tall Phoenix Towers in Wuhan, China . Among the latter’s more unconventional features would be hovering restaurants suspended in vast globes and the world’s tallest kaleidoscope. Visitors to Dubai, meanwhile, can already admire, or question, a number of unusual structures and attractions. Opened last year, the Dubai Miracle Garden is a vibrantly coloured oasis in the middle of the desert, which features over 45 million flowerbeds and the world’s tallest twisted tower is found at Dubai Marina . Billed as a “city within a city”, Dubai’s forthcoming Mall of the World will feature a theatre district modelled on Broadway and the West End alongside scores of hotels. In 2020, Dubai will host the World Expo on a 1,082-acre site by Al Maktoum International Airport.	Petronas Towers
Who composed the theme music for the film 'Jaws'?	Tallest twin buildings \| Guinness World Records Tallest twin buildings Where Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Although no longer the world's tallest buildings, the 451.9-m (1,482-ft 7-in) Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, remain noteworthy as the world's tallest matching pair of buildings. The 88-storey towers opened in March 1996. All records listed on our website are current and up-to-date. For a full list of record titles, please use our Record Application Search. (You will be need to register / login for access)	i don't know
"Who first said or wrote ""A little learning is a dangerous thing""?"	'A little knowledge is a dangerous thing' - the meaning and origin of this phrase Famous Last Words Browse phrases beginning with: A little knowledge is a dangerous thing more like this... Proverbs Meaning A small amount of knowledge can mislead people into thinking that they are more expert than they really are. Origin 'A little knowledge is a dangerous thing' and 'a little learning is a dangerous thing' have been used synonymously since the 18th century. The version 'a little learning' is widely attributed to Alexander Pope (1688 - 1744). It is found in An Essay on Criticism, 1709, and I can find no earlier example of the expression in print: A little learning is a dangerous thing; drink deep, or taste not the Pierian spring: there shallow draughts intoxicate the brain, and drinking largely sobers us again. The similarity of the two phrases is demonstrated by what appears to be an impromptu coining of 'a little knowledge is a dangerous thing' in a piece in The monthly miscellany; or Gentleman and Lady's Complete Magazine, Vol II, 1774, in which the writer misquoted Pope: Mr. Pope says, very truly, "A little knowledge is a dangerous thing." Both Pope's original verse and the misquotation of it were predated by an anonymous author, signing himself 'A B', in the collection of letters published in 1698 as The mystery of phanaticism: "Twas well observed by my Lord Bacon, That a little knowledge is apt to puff up, and make men giddy, but a greater share of it will set them right, and bring them to low and humble thoughts of themselves. Again, there is a degree of misquotation here; what 'my Lord Bacon', the English politician and philosopher Francis Bacon, Viscount St Alban, actually said, in The Essays: Of Atheism, 1601, was: "A little philosophy inclineth man’s mind to atheism; but depth in philosophy bringeth men’s minds about to religion." So, who coined the phrase? It appears to have been a group effort. Bacon can be credited with the idea, Pope with the 'learning' version and the mysterious 'A B' with the 'knowledge' version.	Alexander Pope
Apart from Hammersmith, which other Thames bridge does the Boat Race course pass under?	Teach Yourself Programming in Ten Years Teach Yourself Programming in Ten Years Peter Norvig Why is everyone in such a rush? Walk into any bookstore, and you'll see how to Teach Yourself Java in 24 Hours alongside endless variations offering to teach C, SQL, Ruby, Algorithms, and so on in a few days or hours. The Amazon advanced search for [ title: teach, yourself, hours, since: 2000 and found 512 such books. Of the top ten, nine are programming books (the other is about bookkeeping). Similar results come from replacing "teach yourself" with "learn" or "hours" with "days." The conclusion is that either people are in a big rush to learn about programming, or that programming is somehow fabulously easier to learn than anything else. Felleisen et al. give a nod to this trend in their book How to Design Programs , when they say "Bad programming is easy. Idiots can learn it in 21 days, even if they are dummies." The Abtruse Goose comic also had their take . Let's analyze what a title like Teach Yourself C++ in 24 Hours could mean: Teach Yourself: In 24 hours you won't have time to write several significant programs, and learn from your successes and failures with them. You won't have time to work with an experienced programmer and understand what it is like to live in a C++ environment. In short, you won't have time to learn much. So the book can only be talking about a superficial familiarity, not a deep understanding. As Alexander Pope said, a little learning is a dangerous thing. C++: In 24 hours you might be able to learn some of the syntax of C++ (if you already know another language), but you couldn't learn much about how to use the language. In short, if you were, say, a Basic programmer, you could learn to write programs in the style of Basic using C++ syntax, but you couldn't learn what C++ is actually good (and bad) for. So what's the point? Alan Perlis once said: "A language that doesn't affect the way you think about programming, is not worth knowing". One possible point is that you have to learn a tiny bit of C++ (or more likely, something like JavaScript or Processing) because you need to interface with an existing tool to accomplish a specific task. But then you're not learning how to program; you're learning to accomplish that task. in 24 Hours: Unfortunately, this is not enough, as the next section shows. Teach Yourself Programming in Ten Years Researchers ( Bloom (1985) , Bryan & Harter (1899) , Hayes (1989) , Simmon & Chase (1973) ) have shown it takes about ten years to develop expertise in any of a wide variety of areas, including chess playing, music composition, telegraph operation, painting, piano playing, swimming, tennis, and research in neuropsychology and topology. The key is deliberative practice: not just doing it again and again, but challenging yourself with a task that is just beyond your current ability, trying it, analyzing your performance while and after doing it, and correcting any mistakes. Then repeat. And repeat again. There appear to be no real shortcuts: even Mozart, who was a musical prodigy at age 4, took 13 more years before he began to produce world-class music. In another genre, the Beatles seemed to burst onto the scene with a string of #1 hits and an appearance on the Ed Sullivan show in 1964. But they had been playing small clubs in Liverpool and Hamburg since 1957, and while they had mass appeal early on, their first great critical success, Sgt. Peppers, was released in 1967. Malcolm Gladwell has popularized the idea, although he concentrates on 10,000 hours, not 10 years. Henri Cartier-Bresson (1908-2004) had another metric: "Your first 10,000 photographs are your worst." (He didn't anticipate that with digital cameras, some people can reach that mark in a week.) True expertise may take a lifetime: Samuel Johnson (1709-1784) said "Excellence in any department can be attained only by the labor of a lifetime; it is not to be purchased at a lesser price." And Chaucer (1340-1400) complained "the lyf so short, the craft so long to lerne." Hippocrates (c. 400BC) is known for the excerpt "ars longa, vita brevis", which is part of the longer quotation "Ars longa, vita brevis, occasio praeceps, experimentum periculosum, iudicium difficile", which in English renders as "Life is short, [the] craft long, opportunity fleeting, experiment treacherous, judgment difficult." Of course, no single number can be the final answer: it doesn't seem reasonable to assume that all skills (e.g., programming, chess playing, checkers playing, and music playing) could all require exactly the same amount of time to master, nor that all people will take exactly the same amount of time. As Prof. K. Anders Ericsson puts it, "In most domains it's remarkable how much time even the most talented individuals need in order to reach the highest levels of performance. The 10,000 hour number just gives you a sense that we're talking years of 10 to 20 hours a week which those who some people would argue are the most innately talented individuals still need to get to the highest level." So You Want to be a Programmer Here's my recipe for programming success: Get interested in programming, and do some because it is fun. Make sure that it keeps being enough fun so that you will be willing to put in your ten years/10,000 hours. Program. The best kind of learning is learning by doing . To put it more technically, "the maximal level of performance for individuals in a given domain is not attained automatically as a function of extended experience, but the level of performance can be increased even by highly experienced individuals as a result of deliberate efforts to improve." (p. 366) and "the most effective learning requires a well-defined task with an appropriate difficulty level for the particular individual, informative feedback, and opportunities for repetition and corrections of errors." (p. 20-21) The book Cognition in Practice: Mind, Mathematics, and Culture in Everyday Life is an interesting reference for this viewpoint. Talk with other programmers; read other programs. This is more important than any book or training course. If you want, put in four years at a college (or more at a graduate school). This will give you access to some jobs that require credentials, and it will give you a deeper understanding of the field, but if you don't enjoy school, you can (with some dedication) get similar experience on your own or on the job. In any case, book learning alone won't be enough. "Computer science education cannot make anybody an expert programmer any more than studying brushes and pigment can make somebody an expert painter" says Eric Raymond, author of The New Hacker's Dictionary. One of the best programmers I ever hired had only a High School degree; he's produced a lot of great software , has his own news group , and made enough in stock options to buy his own nightclub . Work on projects with other programmers. Be the best programmer on some projects; be the worst on some others. When you're the best, you get to test your abilities to lead a project, and to inspire others with your vision. When you're the worst, you learn what the masters do, and you learn what they don't like to do (because they make you do it for them). Work on projects after other programmers. Understand a program written by someone else. See what it takes to understand and fix it when the original programmers are not around. Think about how to design your programs to make it easier for those who will maintain them after you. Learn at least a half dozen programming languages. Include one language that emphasizes class abstractions (like Java or C++), one that emphasizes functional abstraction (like Lisp or ML or Haskell), one that supports syntactic abstraction (like Lisp), one that supports declarative specifications (like Prolog or C++ templates), and one that emphasizes parallelism (like Clojure or Go). Remember that there is a "computer" in "computer science". Know how long it takes your computer to execute an instruction, fetch a word from memory (with and without a cache miss), read consecutive words from disk, and seek to a new location on disk. ( Answers here. ) Get involved in a language standardization effort. It could be the ANSI C++ committee, or it could be deciding if your local coding style will have 2 or 4 space indentation levels. Either way, you learn about what other people like in a language, how deeply they feel so, and perhaps even a little about why they feel so. Have the good sense to get off the language standardization effort as quickly as possible. With all that in mind, its questionable how far you can get just by book learning. Before my first child was born, I read all the How To books, and still felt like a clueless novice. 30 Months later, when my second child was due, did I go back to the books for a refresher? No. Instead, I relied on my personal experience, which turned out to be far more useful and reassuring to me than the thousands of pages written by experts. Fred Brooks, in his essay No Silver Bullet identified a three-part plan for finding great software designers: Systematically identify top designers as early as possible. Assign a career mentor to be responsible for the development of the prospect and carefully keep a career file. Provide opportunities for growing designers to interact and stimulate each other. This assumes that some people already have the qualities necessary for being a great designer; the job is to properly coax them along. Alan Perlis put it more succinctly: "Everyone can be taught to sculpt: Michelangelo would have had to be taught how not to. So it is with the great programmers". Perlis is saying that the greats have some internal quality that transcends their training. But where does the quality come from? Is it innate? Or do they develop it through diligence? As Auguste Gusteau (the fictional chef in Ratatouille) puts it, "anyone can cook, but only the fearless can be great." I think of it more as willingness to devote a large portion of one's life to deliberative practice. But maybe fearless is a way to summarize that. Or, as Gusteau's critic, Anton Ego, says: "Not everyone can become a great artist, but a great artist can come from anywhere." So go ahead and buy that Java/Ruby/Javascript/PHP book; you'll probably get some use out of it. But you won't change your life, or your real overall expertise as a programmer in 24 hours or 21 days. How about working hard to continually improve over 24 months? Well, now you're starting to get somewhere... References send packet US to Europe and back 150 milliseconds = 150,000,000 nanosec Appendix: Language Choice Several people have asked what programming language they should learn first. There is no one answer, but consider these points: Use your friends. When asked "what operating system should I use, Windows, Unix, or Mac?", my answer is usually: "use whatever your friends use." The advantage you get from learning from your friends will offset any intrinsic difference between OS, or between programming languages. Also consider your future friends: the community of programmers that you will be a part of if you continue. Does your chosen language have a large growing community or a small dying one? Are there books, web sites, and online forums to get answers from? Do you like the people in those forums? Keep it simple. Programming languages such as C++ and Java are designed for professional development by large teams of experienced programmers who are concerned about the run-time efficiency of their code. As a result, these languages have complicated parts designed for these circumstances. You're concerned with learning to program. You don't need that complication. You want a language that was designed to be easy to learn and remember by a single new programmer. Play. Which way would you rather learn to play the piano: the normal, interactive way, in which you hear each note as soon as you hit a key, or "batch" mode, in which you only hear the notes after you finish a whole song? Clearly, interactive mode makes learning easier for the piano, and also for programming. Insist on a language with an interactive mode and use it. Given these criteria, my recommendations for a first programming language would be Python or Scheme . Another choice is Javascript, not because it is perfectly well-designed for beginners, but because there are so many online tutorials for it, such as Khan Academy's tutorial . But your circumstances may vary, and there are other good choices. If your age is a single-digit, you might prefer Alice or Squeak or Blockly (older learners might also enjoy these). The important thing is that you choose and get started. Appendix: Books and Other Resources Several people have asked what books and web pages they should learn from. I repeat that "book learning alone won't be enough" but I can recommend the following: Scheme: Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs (Abelson & Sussman) is probably the best introduction to computer science, and it does teach programming as a way of understanding the computer science. You can see online videos of lectures on this book, as well as the complete text online . The book is challenging and will weed out some people who perhaps could be successful with another approach. Scheme: How to Design Programs (Felleisen et al.) is one of the best books on how to actually design programs in an elegant and functional way.	i don't know
In which t.v. series did the dogs 'Zeus' and 'Apollo' appear?	Famous TV Dog Names Famous TV Dog Names Naming Ideas From Television Our Famous TV Dog Names list will not only get you thinking in a different puppy naming direction than the rest of our lists, it could also stir up a few memories from TV programs you used to watch years ago! When coming up with our pups on TV list, we were reminded of the famous Mr. Peabody from our favorite TV cartoon…The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show which we loved when we were kids. Astro, the family pup from the TV cartoon The Jetsons was a favorite too! When coming up with our pups on TV list, we were reminded of Mr. Peabody from our favorite TV cartoon…The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show which we loved when we were kids. Astro, the family pup from the TV cartoon The Jetsons was a favorite too! No doubt you’ll see some of your own favorite TV puppy names listed below which you might want give to your own pal. Giving a title that you find endearing to a pup you find endearing is a great way to start your puppies life! Our List Of Famous Dogs On TV Allen: Made famous from the show King of Queens Apollo: Doberman Pinschers from Magnum, PI Arnold: The name of the Rottweiler in Entourage Blacktoe: Starred in Star Trek Next Generation Blue: From Blue's Clues, great for the canine that likes to dig up things Bob: Canine from the hood of Mr. Rogers Neighborhood Boomer: From the TV show Here's Boomer Bouncer: A lab in the show Neighbors, for a high energy quadruped Bpo Bpo: Sun's furry pal on Lost Brandon: The famous pup in Punky Brewster Buck: Made it's acting debut in Married With Children Buddy: From Veronica's Closet, the perfect name for man’s best friend Buster: Name of Hurley's canine pal on Lost Cam: A beagle from the show Turbo Dogs Chester: Famous pup from The Nanny Celine: The Chihuahua in Summer Heights High Claude: The name of the pooch from Beverly Hillbillies Cleo: Staring in the show The People's Choice Colin: Starred in the series Spaced Comet: Golden retriever on Full House, for a pup that runs fast Cynthia: The Famous basset hound in Green Acres Dash: From Turbo Dogs, perfect name for an energetic pooch Dief: The canine star in Due South Digby: Name of the golden retriever in Pushing Daisies Digger: Starred in Big Barn Farm, does your pooch likes to bury things? Doc: Famous TV dog name, stars on Grey's Anatomy Dog: Columbo's Basset Hound Duke: Name of the pooch from Beverly Hillbillies Duke: In Back at the Barnyard, perfect for a sheepdog Dukey: Famous canine star from Johnny Quest Earl: The retriever on The Flash Eddie: The terrier on Frasier Five: Another canine star from Turbo Dogs Flash: Dukes of Hazards basset hound, perfect for a fast canine Foo-Foo: Miss Piggy's pup on the Muppet Show. Pigs have dogs? Fred: The pooch in I Love Lucy Freeway: The canine star of Hart to Hart Gromit: The sidekick to Wallace in the Wallace and Gromit movies GT: From Turbo Dogs, had bad agent so never heard from again Guffer: Also from Turbo Dogs, had same agent as GT Hobo: Pup in The Littlest Hobo TV show, good for a pound rescue Holden: Name of Tracy's pup on Lost Ivanna: Starred in the show The Suite Life of Zack and Cody Jake: Lab in the soap Neighbours Jimi: A famous terrier in The Chris Isaak Show Jimmy: Name of the pooch in South Park Joe: German Shepherd from Run, Joe, Run Kiwi: From Code Lyoko, cute for a little breed Krypto: Starred in Smallville, great for a strong dog Ladadog: From the show Please Don't Eat the Daisies Lassie: Long running TV show, the ultimate famous TV dog name Liquidator: The canine from Darkwing Duck Lojack: Made famous from the TV show Eureka Lucky: The pooch in Married with Children Mags: Famous TV dog name from Turbo Dogs Marlene: Starred in Turbo Dogs, this show has too many dogs Maximillian: The bionic canine from The Bionic Woman, ideal for a strong pooch McGruff: The crime canine, great choice for a police K-9 dog Mignong: Name of Yorkie from Green Acres Mr. Mittens: From Grounded for Life Mr. Muggles: Name of the pup on Heroes Murray: The pooch on Mad About You Old Pap: Starred in Big Bam Farm Oscar: The puppy from Curb Your Enthusiasm Pal: Famous canine in the kid's TV program Arthur Paul Anka: Name of the family pup in Gilmore Girls Peanut Butter: Starred in Mr. Show...loved jelly Ratchet: From Turbo Dogs, does this show go thru dogs or what? Reckless: From the Waltons, perfect for the high strung pup Rin Tin Tin: Loooong running TV show Rodney: From the Chris Isaak Hour Roly: Starred in BBC's EastEnders Roosevelt: From Pee Wee's Playhouse, not sure we'd wish that place on any pooch Rowlf: From the Muppet Show Schotzie: Famous star in That 70's Show Scruffy: The famous terrier from The Ghost and Mrs. Muir Sedge: From Stargate Atlantis Serena: Starred in the Australian soap Number 96 Seymore: Famous TV dog name from Futurama Skits: From Marta Speaks, high energy famous TV dog name Smiley: From the old show Hazel, perfect for a happy pooch Spike: Made his illustrious debut on the show Rug Rats Squeakers: Pooch on The Cosby Show, cute for talkative dawg Stinkbert: From Turbo Dogs, long on love, short on hygiene Tax: The border collie on Skins Tet: Name of the canine star from Airwolf Tiger: The Brady family pup on The Brady Bunch Tramp: Sheepdog from My Three Sons Ump: A German Shepherd from the show Turbo Dogs Vincenet: Pooch found on the TV show Lost Wellard: Four legged talent on BBC's EastEnders Willy: His Mom said he was as talented as Wellard on BBC's EastEnders Wishbone: From the Wishbone TV show Zeus: Doberman Pinschers from Magnum, PI – good for a large breed Home › Famous Dog Names › Famous TV Dog Names Search This Site For More Names	Magnum, P.I.
Which building did the Empire State Building succeed as the world's highest building?	Famous Dog Names from TV, Movies, Politics, Books and Comic Strips Psychotic asthma-hound character in Nickelodeon animated show, Ren & Stimpy. Ace Canine movie star from 1938 to 1946. Ace Hart Featured in the animated series Dog City from 1992 to 1995. Adam Fink The robot accompanion of Jack in the comic strip The Adventures of Captain Jack. Adjutant Labrador This gun dog as per The Guiness Book of World Records, Revised Ed., 1966, this was the oldest dog ever. Adolph Dachshund A famous character in the comic strip Dinglehoofer and His Dog Adolph by Harold Knerr between 1926 and 1949. The name of the dog was changed once Adolf Hitler came into power. Adolph Doberman Featured in 1986 movie Ruthless People. Was Sam’s dog which was bought to eat Muffy. Adonis This famous dog received the AKC registration #1. Agent 11 Featured in 2001 movie See Spot Run. The dog is also known as Spot. Aibe Wolfhound History says that King Connacht of Ireland paid 6,000 cows for the dog in the 1100s. Al Character in 1993 movie Hocus Pocus. Alan Appeared in Babe 2: Pig in the City in 1998. Albie Ellie Mae’s dog in the first season of popular TV show The Beverly Hillbillies. Alex Golden Retriver The mascot for Stoh’s Beer, this character earned the viewers love by its deft fetching and opening of the beer bottle. The real name for the dog was Banjo. Algonquin Left to Elvira by her grandmother in the 1988 movie Elvira, Mistress of the Dark. Ambrosius Canine movie star from the 1986 fantasy movie Labyrinth. Voiced by Percy Edwards. Andretti The junkyard dog in the 1993 movie Leprochaun. Andromeda The dog in the 1961 movie The Parent Trap. Angus Character of 1997 movie Mr. Magoo. Andy From the comic strip Mark Trail, this character is the faithful companion of Mark Trail. Antonio Mimi’s dog in The Drew Carey Show from 1995 to 1999. Apollo and Zeus Doberman Pinschers The highly trained dogs that gourd “Robin’s Nest,” the home of Thomas Magnum, the hero of the hit 1980 TV series, Magnum, P.I. One of my favorite shows on the famous dog names list. Magnum drove a Ferrari 308 GTS. Loved that car. Argus Irish Red and White Setter Famous for the movie Familiar Strangers in 2007. Arlo Found in several works of Erma Bombeck. Ashley The champion Frisbee catching dog in half-time shows. Won three Canine Frisbee Disc World Championships. Asta (aka “Skippy”) Wire Haired Terrier Canine movie star in the 1930s; starred in The Thin Man movies and TV series in 1950s. Astro This pet of Jetsons originally debuted in Hanna-Barbera TV series gained more success in 1980s. Augie Doggie Dachshund Hanna-Barbera cartoon character; son of “Doggy Daddy,” Augie’s father; starred in The Quick Draw McGraw Show . Axelrod Appeared in advertisments for Flying “A” Service Station in 1960s. Famous Dog Names – B Famous for the 1972 movie The Doberman Gang. Balto Found in the animated movie Balto based on a true story. Bandit Border Collie The second dog from the TV series Little House on the Prairie that ran from 1977 to 1983. Barfy The first family dog of comic strip Family Circus by Bill Keene. Barkley Played the title role of the TV show Meego in 1997. Barky Marky Bull Dog The dog in the park in Warner Bros animated TV show Tiny Toons. The dog liked to play ball all the time. Barnard’s Tom The very early ancestor of the Boston Terrier breed. Barney Scottish Terrier This male Scottish Terrier was referred as “First Dog,”owned by former U.S. President George W. Bush. Barry St. Bernard This highly trained mountain rescue dog was world wide famous and earned fame for saving more than 40 lives in his lifetime. Bascomb (“Mr. Bascomb”) Great Dane The dog belonging to the character Malcom Smith in the comedy movie Holywood or Bust with stars Jerry Lewis and Dean Martin. Baskerville Hound The nameless dog that haunts the Baskervilles in Arthur Conan Doyle’s famous Sherlock Holmes mystery The Hound of the Baskervilles. Bat Hound The alter ego of the dog Ace in the famous comic strip Batman. Batty Pet of photographer William Wegman in Sesame Street, the TV Show. Baxter Bull Terrier The dog who played the title role in the black comedy film, Baxter. The white bull terrier with a human persona can do everything to get what he wants. Weird movie. Bear Part of the movie Crimson Tide released in 1995. Beaseley The dog that played the role of Hooch in Turner and Hooch. Beau Gus, the lead dog of Will Stoneman in Iron Will. Beauregard Bloodhound This dog is famous as the dog in Pogo, a daily comic strip by Walt Kelly that ran during the period 1948-1975. Beagle Name of one of the dogs owned by 36th U.S. President, Lyndon B. Johnson. Beautiful Joe A famous character in the novel, Beautiful Joe: The True Story of a Brave Dog. Blanco Another dog of U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson. Boston Beans One of the dogs owned by the 30th U.S. President, Calvin Coolidge. Beauty Afghan Hound Barbie Doll’s pet. One of the most famous characters on the famous dog names list. No, Barbie is not a real person. Beethoven St. Bernard This dog earned fame for an animated Television series from 1994-95 which was aired for one season. Beethoven Featured in Beethoven movies produced in the 1990s and 2000s. Bella Arguably, the oldest dog that ever lived on the earth. Belka One of the space dogs abroad Sputnik 5 who returned safely to Earth. Belvedere Generic The famous cartoon character created by Nat Greenwood and George Crenshaw. The Belvedere comic strip was published between 1962 and 1995. Benji Terrier mix This was a reputed dog actor during 1960-1970s.He is highly remembered for his 14 years in show business.Certainly one of the most famous amoung famous dog names. Big Ben One of the favorite pets of Herbert Hoover, the 31st U.S. President. Big Mo Appearning in the advertisment for Alpo dog food from the year 2005. Bingo The cool dog in the movie Bingo. Bingo Cracker Jacks model shares its name with the famous movie character Bingo. Bitsy The dog in the comic strip Marvin created by Tom Armstrong. Black Jack Mixed Breed Pet of legendary U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt. One of my favorite people on the famous dog names list. Blood Mixed breed The role played by the dog named Tiger in the movie A Boy and His Dog. Blue Generic The blue colored dog in the Nickelodeon series Blue Clues. One of my kids’ favorite shows on the famous dog names list. Bo The pet of the first family of United States, the President Barack Obama family. Bobbie This dog travled 2,800 miles to Oregon to get back to its master. Bobby Skye Terrier The dog featured in the movie and book of the same name, Greyfriars Bobby, was the pet of John Gray, a policeman in Edinburgh. Bodger Bull Terrier This is a famous character in childern’s book The Incredible Journey written by Sheila Burnford in 1961. Bolivar St. Bernard The dog in the famous Disney comic strip Donald Duck. No, I don’t have a famous duck names list, only famous dog names. Bolt The title character of the 2008 animation, Bolt. Boomer Mixed breed Terrier The mixed breed terrier is a famous character in TV adventure drama series, Here’s Boomer. First aired in 1980. Boomer Poncho’s best friend in the Paul Gilligan comic strip Pooch Cafe. Brandon A regular member of the TV series Punky Brewster in the 1980s. Brian The dog in the animation TV show Family Guy. Brinkley The pet we find in the romantic film, You’ve Got Mail. Bruno Large generic hound The large dog in the animated movie Les Triplettes de Belleville or The Triplets of Belleville. Bruno The dog in the 1950 animated Cinderella movie. Brutus Featured in the movie, The Ugly Dachshund. Buck St. Bernard Found in Jack London’s book Call of the Wild which was later made into a film. Buck Alaskan Malamute One of the dogs in the movie Eight Below based on the disastrous Antartic expedetion from Japan in 1950s. This is one of my favorite movies on the famous dog names list. Buckles The title role in the comic strip Buckles created by David Gilbert Buddy German Shepherd This female dog was the first trained guide dog who accompanied Morris Frank, founder of The Seeing Eye guide dog school and the first owner of a seeing eye dog in the U.S. Buddy Labrador Retriever Pet of another U.S. President family. This pet of the Clinton family died in a car accident. Bullet German Shepherd This highly trained German Shepherd was star in The Roy Rogers Show, an American TV series in 1951-1957. Bullseye Bull Terrier Pet in the 1938 novel Oliver Twist. Also found in the movie based on the same novel.	i don't know
Although better known by his surname what was the first name of the fictional Italian detective 'Zen'?	"Zen" Reviews & Ratings - IMDb IMDb trailers and videos full cast and crew trivia official sites memorable quotes Overview 51 out of 56 people found the following review useful: Absolutely Brilliant from Detroit 12 January 2011 I have to say, I have really been taken by surprise by this series. I really enjoyed the first episode but, it was the 2nd episode, Cabal, that really got me hooked. First and foremost I absolutely love the extended running time. At 1:30 minutes, without commercials, its literally double the average running time for drama's and ultimately it gives the show the ability to be far more character driven. I honestly don't think I have ever seen a series before that had this kind of running time and ultimately I think it speaks to the kind of show its trying to be. Zen is really a throwback to old school TV. No funky cinematography, no shaky cameras, no funky camera angles, no high tech police gadgetry etc. In fact, I don't think I even remember seeing a single computer. Cell phones are about as high tech as this show has gotten thus far. The locations are simply stunning and that is no surprise given that it takes place in Rome. I openly admit that was initially one of the things that I was most excited about as I absolutely love Rome. Its hands down one of my favorite cities in the world and its a perfect setting for this series, especially with the approach that they have taken. Of course if your going to have a show in Rome then fashion simply must play a role and the show certainly doesn't disappoint in this regard. The wardrobe choices are impeccable especially in regards to Rufus Sewell's suits. He looks outstanding in practically every scene. Then you have Caterina Murino and she looks absolutely fabulous as well. Her outfits are classy and while there is definitely a very sexy edge to her look, its not overtly sexy. She just looks stunning and they look absolutely dynamite together. As for the stories, thus far its definitely been one of the weaker aspects of the show but they have still been entertaining and in regards to story, the 2nd episode was definitely an improvement over the first episode. I love the whole Cabal storyline and hopefully it will be a reoccurring theme with this show. It fits perfectly with the shows setting in Rome and while these types of detective shows always have different stories with each episode, there is usually a main storyline that takes place alongside the solving of individual cases. I think The Cabal would be a great choice in this regard. Overall I have really enjoyed the first 2 episodes and cant wait for more. This show is just such a breath of fresh air compared to the usual detective riff raff that is practically everywhere you look. Hopefully Zen can pull in enough viewers as it would be a real shame to see this show end prematurely. Definitely a solid 9 out of 10 thus far. Was the above review useful to you? 47 out of 55 people found the following review useful: Terrific smooth drama... from Thailand 9 January 2011 The idea of taking a team of British actors and placing them in a crime fighting scenario in another European country can have mixed results. It worked with Maigret and it didn't work with Wallander. It DOES work with Zen. Whether or not it adheres to Michael Dibdin's novels I don't know because I haven't read them. Visually this series is a treat. The men are impeccably dressed and all look like James Bond! The stories themselves aren't going to win any awards but the journey is nonetheless an enjoyable and satisfactory one. If you're worn down by the usual shaky-cam stupidity of most modern trashy UK drama featuring the hyper-melodramatic plot lines and scripts with the usual, overly used actors and you need a reassuringly glossy and understated look into a world of low key drama then Zen is for you. Not masterfully intelligent but neither is it insultingly cringe-worthy. ZEN is a thoroughly enjoyable drama and a refreshing change of pace. Was the above review useful to you? 37 out of 39 people found the following review useful: I was expecting something good, but not this good! from United Kingdom 23 January 2011 When I first tuned into Zen I was expecting something interesting. Not only did it achieve that, but I wasn't expecting something this good so early on in the year. Zen is just terrific, I loved the concept and I think the programme lived up to this concept. The writing is witty, fresh and thought-provoking, the soundtrack is good, the episodes are all well paced and I think the perfect length too, the stories were both perplexing and interesting- the first was the best in terms of plot construction- and the whole series is very well directed. The characters are also credible, I just love how charismatic, brooding and cool Aurelio Zen is. The acting is very good, Rufus Sewell is just perfect in the lead meeting his character traits with aplomb. Plus Caterina Murino is stunning beyond words. The real revelation was the production values, as good as the photography, lighting and costumes are the scenery and colours are just breathtaking. Overall, Zen was brilliant, I had high hopes and got more than I expected and I mean that in a good way. I don't know about anyone else but I also thought it was a very refreshing change of pace, however it is deserving of more episodes if and when it comes back, the three episodes while wholly satisfying still left me wanting more. 10/10 Bethany Cox Was the above review useful to you? 41 out of 50 people found the following review useful: Love it from Amsterdam, The netherlands 10 January 2011 Wow, a treat for the eye and brain. Beautiful locations, la bella figura, good soundtrack, a 70-ish leader and colors that remind of The American (the one with Clooney's buttocks). Full of not obvious clichés as the mama and the 'damn-the-rules' driving. Rufus Sewell plays Aurelio Zen with an understated coolness that is nearly Bond-like. Although uncorrectable there is always a twist in the end. The suits are sharp, one hand never leaves his pocket and he strikes a pose when entering a room. Not when there are women in the room who he has to zip up, then he is the fumbling schoolboy. Caterina Murino as Tania Moretti, the office secretary all the men drool about, has a nearly chique appearance. But, the cleavages are to low, the skirts to tight and the top button with to much tension. The comparison between Kenneth Brannaugh's Wallander end Sewell's Zen is has to be made. Both play a foreign detective in the original setting. But in Wallander they cut back on the office lightning to create suspense and a gloomy, Swedish atmosphere. In Zen everything is vibrating with sunlight and warmth. Love it, we want more, we want more. Was the above review useful to you? 32 out of 36 people found the following review useful: A very good approximation of Italy. 12 January 2011 * This review may contain spoilers * I'm Italian, so I was curious to see the show because it claimed to portray "real" Italy, not the oh-it's-so-lovely-in-Tuscany crap. Pretty accurate. I won't go into the detective plots, which are average at best and full of implausibilities (also, the reality of Italy in 2010, with Berlusconi in charge and all that it implies, surpasses any fiction... :-/ ); I won't complain if a guy throws himself from a balcony of a prostitute in full daylight and it doesn't make the news or cause a new investigation: the show thrives on visuals, on quirky dialogue and on its actors. And Rome itself looks like the most beautiful place in the known universe - which it basically is. Some scenes are so lovingly shot in golden light that you nearly feel the heat in those narrow alleys, in the eternal Italian early Summer that Zen probably inhabits. Rufus Sewell is absolutely Italian, totally rocking the suit-and-sunglasses look (if you think he looks pretentious walking around like that, try walking through central Rome any day; guys like that are a dime a dozen here). He also nails the body language - in CABAL, the face he makes when Arianna tells him she is "a lady of the night" is really "in a different language" compared to how British actors would ever react, and the scenes with his Mom (who by the way is a French actress but nobody apparently noticed the different accent) perfectly express the way Italians feel forever 12 when under the scrutiny of their Mamma. I didn't mind that each character spoke in their own accent, it doesn't distract much; however Caterina Murino is really unintelligible, heck, I have much less of an accent and I'm not even in showbiz. However she just needs to be there, look beautiful and wear improbable garish blouses (THOSE are really fictional, no Italian woman in an official environment like a police department would wear them; definitely some male fantasy of what a desirable Mediterranean woman must look like). She doesn't seem to have much personality yet, we'll see if it gets better later. I wonder what is the point of Francesco Quinn's character, but I also guess they're just introducing him for the next stories. Zen (yes it's a real Venetian name, it sounds more like Tzenn) is no hero and is actually often rather "sfigato", which is a refreshing change from all those heroic American cops or the tortured musings of a Wallander. It will be really funny when this show - a co-production - gets dubbed into Italian and shown on our TV. People will find all kinds of faults with it. But you see? I'm being really Italian! I already see the worst-case scenario! People like me are the kind of world Zen lives in, and he's perfect in it. Was the above review useful to you? 25 out of 28 people found the following review useful: Great BBC series about an Italian cop from United Kingdom 16 January 2011 After the success of the BBC version of the Swedish police drama 'Wallander' it appears that they decided to make another police show set on the continent, this time trading Scandinavia for the warmth of Italy. Set in Rome this series follows three cases for Detective Aurelio Zen. It quickly becomes apparent that he is one of the few honest cops but that doesn't stop politicians leaning on him to solve cases that serve them whether or not justice prevails. Zen isn't perfect though; he is having an illicit affair with a woman he works with for starters. The stories themselves are gripping and there are plenty of suspects for Zen and the viewer to wonder who did it. This series is very different to Wallander, he isn't full of angst or suffering family problems; he just gets on with the job while enjoying life and being dressed in a very sharp suit; Rufus Sewell is great in the role. The series is filmed in a way that conveys the heat of the setting so that even though most of the actors speak with English accents nobody would think they were meant to be British. The decision not to have non-Italian cast members speaking in mock Italian accents was wise; ever since 'Allo 'Allo false foreign accents have seemed humorous rather than clever. It is just a pity that the series was only three episodes long; I hope it will be successful enough to warrant further series in the future. Was the above review useful to you? 23 out of 26 people found the following review useful: Outstanding: writing and acting from United States 3 August 2011 This is a wonderful series, and I am very sad that it is axed. Very well written, with great charm and wit, but also a serious purpose. It shows how, even in one of the most corrupt social / political orders in the world, someone with integrity can manage to weave through it all with his dignity, intellect and conscience intact, without being the least bit priggish, moralistic, or overly obedient to the rules and regulations. A marvelous balancing act: it was a pleasure to watch. Rufus Sewell plays it just right, never giving away his intentions but somehow letting us know that he is thinking of how to get out of whatever impossible situation he is in. Catarina Murino is both beautiful and witty. How could anyone halt such a wonderful series??? Was the above review useful to you? 24 out of 28 people found the following review useful: The BBC get it right for once 11 May 2011 And then they go and axe it. Typical. ZEN was a three-part miniseries adaptation of of the literary detective Aurelio Zen. The BBC took the decision to shoot in English and not bother with dodgy accents, which works well. I found all three episodes to be smart, stylish and above average thrillers. Each episode contains danger, intrigue, political machinations, romance and humour. Rufus Sewell is perfectly cast and plays Zen to the hilt, and he's supported by an excellent list of actors headed by the lovely Caterina Munro. Add in some classy music and beautiful locations and you have a winning series. Of the three episodes, the first, VENDETTA, is the strongest, featuring a murderous assassin; the second, CABAL, gets tied up in government conspiracies and shady suited figures; the third and weakest, RANSOM, features Zen thrown into the middle of a kidnapping where nothing is what it seems. It's a shame we'll never find out who was at the other end of the phone but nonetheless, ZEN made for great viewing. Was the above review useful to you? 20 out of 22 people found the following review useful: Rufus Sewell's Zen worth another round of episodes... from ATL, USA 27 July 2011 Underrated leading man Rufus Sewell gets his best role in years as Italian police detective Aurelio Zen in this summer's Masterpiece Mystery series: ZEN - now in rotation in the U.S. [ >>>>>See note on how to save this series at end of review<<<<< ] Going against the grain of playing to younger audiences - and beautifully produced on location in Italy - this is a series for adults, lovingly crafted by a spot-on cast and shot with verve by cinematographer Tony Miller (INFINITE JUSTICE). Calling it a "detective series" seems to miss he point entirely, for it is really about watching Sewell establish an ultra-cool, post-modern anti-hero with the quiet confidence of a Raymond Chandler gumshoe and the personal flair of a '70s Alain Delon film noir protagonist. Playing off an accomplished Italian/English cast ( see the office love interest embodied by the mesmerizing Caterina Murino), Sewell is a study in understated reserve that can turn testy when high-placed superiors want favors and cover-ups that are just not in Zen's wheelhouse. One of the fascinating things about Aurelio Zen is he must deal with a reputation for honesty that most of his cynical peers assume is just a pose, hiding a more crooked set of values closer to their own. It is too Sewell's great credit that he plays with this, sometimes showing Zen's more devious side, but then steering back to safer shores of a muted integrity that stays pretty dinged-up from episode to episode. While there are satisfying moments of action and rather robust plot twists, still it is the face and expressions of Rufus Sewell that lock down this fresh, interesting series; his staying alive goes way beyond being able to think on his feet - for Zen must continuously side-step the dark expectations of his suspects and superiors, walking a tightrope between the half-truths and dangerous lies that make up his professional world. In a TV universe of ever-falling standards, we should support this rare, intelligent portrait of a complex man trying to outsmart a world that grows more ruthless everyday. Those wishing to sound-off to the PBS execs that can perhaps reverse the BBC's initial decision to not buy more episodes can try contacting the American Executive Producer of PBS MYSTERY based at Boston's WGBH - Ms. Rebecca Eaton. In the past, she has been instrumental in saving several series that were not immediately picked up for a second season.-Brian H. Shaw b l o g "F.I.L.M.interpretation" at opera.com Was the above review useful to you? 22 out of 26 people found the following review useful: Italian panache made with English subtlety. from United Kingdom 16 January 2011 There's always a risk when adapting the written word to a screenplay; the risk that the nuances of the one will be lost when rendered to the other. Fortunately the BBC has a fine pedigree when transferring both book & play to the screen (from 'The Hitch-Hiker's Guide to the Galaxy' to Charles Dickens, & any number of Shakespeare's plays), as well as when working in collaboration with international broadcasters (who could forget the excellent 'Rome'?). Their vast experience in this field has really paid off with 'Zen', a detective series based on the novels of English crime writer Michael Dibdin. Although there are some differences between the novels & the television series, they are minor & serve to facilitate the adaptation from the written to the visual. The television characters are perhaps slightly softer than their written counterparts, a necessity of economy when one considers that each episode is only ninety minutes long. Despite that the characters are well-rounded, with Rufus Sewell doing more than enough to cement his place in what is bound to be remembered as a modern classic of television. In addition to Sewell's excellent suitability for the role, he is surrounded by an equally impressive international cast. The direction, lighting & shot composition all contribute to producing a superb whole, & it would be remiss not to mention the wardrobe, who do a fine job of catching that Italian verve. In essence 'Zen' is a hugely enjoyable series of tasteful whodunnits, which never reveal who really did do it until the end. At the time of writing, the real mystery is whether all eleven of Dibdin's novels will be televised - it would be a crime if they weren't. Altogether a stylish series with a sophistication brought about by understated subtlety. Was the above review useful to you? Page 1 of 3:	Aurelio
To which animal species does the Meerkat belong?	"Zen" Reviews & Ratings - IMDb IMDb trailers and videos full cast and crew trivia official sites memorable quotes Overview 51 out of 56 people found the following review useful: Absolutely Brilliant from Detroit 12 January 2011 I have to say, I have really been taken by surprise by this series. I really enjoyed the first episode but, it was the 2nd episode, Cabal, that really got me hooked. First and foremost I absolutely love the extended running time. At 1:30 minutes, without commercials, its literally double the average running time for drama's and ultimately it gives the show the ability to be far more character driven. I honestly don't think I have ever seen a series before that had this kind of running time and ultimately I think it speaks to the kind of show its trying to be. Zen is really a throwback to old school TV. No funky cinematography, no shaky cameras, no funky camera angles, no high tech police gadgetry etc. In fact, I don't think I even remember seeing a single computer. Cell phones are about as high tech as this show has gotten thus far. The locations are simply stunning and that is no surprise given that it takes place in Rome. I openly admit that was initially one of the things that I was most excited about as I absolutely love Rome. Its hands down one of my favorite cities in the world and its a perfect setting for this series, especially with the approach that they have taken. Of course if your going to have a show in Rome then fashion simply must play a role and the show certainly doesn't disappoint in this regard. The wardrobe choices are impeccable especially in regards to Rufus Sewell's suits. He looks outstanding in practically every scene. Then you have Caterina Murino and she looks absolutely fabulous as well. Her outfits are classy and while there is definitely a very sexy edge to her look, its not overtly sexy. She just looks stunning and they look absolutely dynamite together. As for the stories, thus far its definitely been one of the weaker aspects of the show but they have still been entertaining and in regards to story, the 2nd episode was definitely an improvement over the first episode. I love the whole Cabal storyline and hopefully it will be a reoccurring theme with this show. It fits perfectly with the shows setting in Rome and while these types of detective shows always have different stories with each episode, there is usually a main storyline that takes place alongside the solving of individual cases. I think The Cabal would be a great choice in this regard. Overall I have really enjoyed the first 2 episodes and cant wait for more. This show is just such a breath of fresh air compared to the usual detective riff raff that is practically everywhere you look. Hopefully Zen can pull in enough viewers as it would be a real shame to see this show end prematurely. Definitely a solid 9 out of 10 thus far. Was the above review useful to you? 47 out of 55 people found the following review useful: Terrific smooth drama... from Thailand 9 January 2011 The idea of taking a team of British actors and placing them in a crime fighting scenario in another European country can have mixed results. It worked with Maigret and it didn't work with Wallander. It DOES work with Zen. Whether or not it adheres to Michael Dibdin's novels I don't know because I haven't read them. Visually this series is a treat. The men are impeccably dressed and all look like James Bond! The stories themselves aren't going to win any awards but the journey is nonetheless an enjoyable and satisfactory one. If you're worn down by the usual shaky-cam stupidity of most modern trashy UK drama featuring the hyper-melodramatic plot lines and scripts with the usual, overly used actors and you need a reassuringly glossy and understated look into a world of low key drama then Zen is for you. Not masterfully intelligent but neither is it insultingly cringe-worthy. ZEN is a thoroughly enjoyable drama and a refreshing change of pace. Was the above review useful to you? 37 out of 39 people found the following review useful: I was expecting something good, but not this good! from United Kingdom 23 January 2011 When I first tuned into Zen I was expecting something interesting. Not only did it achieve that, but I wasn't expecting something this good so early on in the year. Zen is just terrific, I loved the concept and I think the programme lived up to this concept. The writing is witty, fresh and thought-provoking, the soundtrack is good, the episodes are all well paced and I think the perfect length too, the stories were both perplexing and interesting- the first was the best in terms of plot construction- and the whole series is very well directed. The characters are also credible, I just love how charismatic, brooding and cool Aurelio Zen is. The acting is very good, Rufus Sewell is just perfect in the lead meeting his character traits with aplomb. Plus Caterina Murino is stunning beyond words. The real revelation was the production values, as good as the photography, lighting and costumes are the scenery and colours are just breathtaking. Overall, Zen was brilliant, I had high hopes and got more than I expected and I mean that in a good way. I don't know about anyone else but I also thought it was a very refreshing change of pace, however it is deserving of more episodes if and when it comes back, the three episodes while wholly satisfying still left me wanting more. 10/10 Bethany Cox Was the above review useful to you? 41 out of 50 people found the following review useful: Love it from Amsterdam, The netherlands 10 January 2011 Wow, a treat for the eye and brain. Beautiful locations, la bella figura, good soundtrack, a 70-ish leader and colors that remind of The American (the one with Clooney's buttocks). Full of not obvious clichés as the mama and the 'damn-the-rules' driving. Rufus Sewell plays Aurelio Zen with an understated coolness that is nearly Bond-like. Although uncorrectable there is always a twist in the end. The suits are sharp, one hand never leaves his pocket and he strikes a pose when entering a room. Not when there are women in the room who he has to zip up, then he is the fumbling schoolboy. Caterina Murino as Tania Moretti, the office secretary all the men drool about, has a nearly chique appearance. But, the cleavages are to low, the skirts to tight and the top button with to much tension. The comparison between Kenneth Brannaugh's Wallander end Sewell's Zen is has to be made. Both play a foreign detective in the original setting. But in Wallander they cut back on the office lightning to create suspense and a gloomy, Swedish atmosphere. In Zen everything is vibrating with sunlight and warmth. Love it, we want more, we want more. Was the above review useful to you? 32 out of 36 people found the following review useful: A very good approximation of Italy. 12 January 2011 * This review may contain spoilers * I'm Italian, so I was curious to see the show because it claimed to portray "real" Italy, not the oh-it's-so-lovely-in-Tuscany crap. Pretty accurate. I won't go into the detective plots, which are average at best and full of implausibilities (also, the reality of Italy in 2010, with Berlusconi in charge and all that it implies, surpasses any fiction... :-/ ); I won't complain if a guy throws himself from a balcony of a prostitute in full daylight and it doesn't make the news or cause a new investigation: the show thrives on visuals, on quirky dialogue and on its actors. And Rome itself looks like the most beautiful place in the known universe - which it basically is. Some scenes are so lovingly shot in golden light that you nearly feel the heat in those narrow alleys, in the eternal Italian early Summer that Zen probably inhabits. Rufus Sewell is absolutely Italian, totally rocking the suit-and-sunglasses look (if you think he looks pretentious walking around like that, try walking through central Rome any day; guys like that are a dime a dozen here). He also nails the body language - in CABAL, the face he makes when Arianna tells him she is "a lady of the night" is really "in a different language" compared to how British actors would ever react, and the scenes with his Mom (who by the way is a French actress but nobody apparently noticed the different accent) perfectly express the way Italians feel forever 12 when under the scrutiny of their Mamma. I didn't mind that each character spoke in their own accent, it doesn't distract much; however Caterina Murino is really unintelligible, heck, I have much less of an accent and I'm not even in showbiz. However she just needs to be there, look beautiful and wear improbable garish blouses (THOSE are really fictional, no Italian woman in an official environment like a police department would wear them; definitely some male fantasy of what a desirable Mediterranean woman must look like). She doesn't seem to have much personality yet, we'll see if it gets better later. I wonder what is the point of Francesco Quinn's character, but I also guess they're just introducing him for the next stories. Zen (yes it's a real Venetian name, it sounds more like Tzenn) is no hero and is actually often rather "sfigato", which is a refreshing change from all those heroic American cops or the tortured musings of a Wallander. It will be really funny when this show - a co-production - gets dubbed into Italian and shown on our TV. People will find all kinds of faults with it. But you see? I'm being really Italian! I already see the worst-case scenario! People like me are the kind of world Zen lives in, and he's perfect in it. Was the above review useful to you? 25 out of 28 people found the following review useful: Great BBC series about an Italian cop from United Kingdom 16 January 2011 After the success of the BBC version of the Swedish police drama 'Wallander' it appears that they decided to make another police show set on the continent, this time trading Scandinavia for the warmth of Italy. Set in Rome this series follows three cases for Detective Aurelio Zen. It quickly becomes apparent that he is one of the few honest cops but that doesn't stop politicians leaning on him to solve cases that serve them whether or not justice prevails. Zen isn't perfect though; he is having an illicit affair with a woman he works with for starters. The stories themselves are gripping and there are plenty of suspects for Zen and the viewer to wonder who did it. This series is very different to Wallander, he isn't full of angst or suffering family problems; he just gets on with the job while enjoying life and being dressed in a very sharp suit; Rufus Sewell is great in the role. The series is filmed in a way that conveys the heat of the setting so that even though most of the actors speak with English accents nobody would think they were meant to be British. The decision not to have non-Italian cast members speaking in mock Italian accents was wise; ever since 'Allo 'Allo false foreign accents have seemed humorous rather than clever. It is just a pity that the series was only three episodes long; I hope it will be successful enough to warrant further series in the future. Was the above review useful to you? 23 out of 26 people found the following review useful: Outstanding: writing and acting from United States 3 August 2011 This is a wonderful series, and I am very sad that it is axed. Very well written, with great charm and wit, but also a serious purpose. It shows how, even in one of the most corrupt social / political orders in the world, someone with integrity can manage to weave through it all with his dignity, intellect and conscience intact, without being the least bit priggish, moralistic, or overly obedient to the rules and regulations. A marvelous balancing act: it was a pleasure to watch. Rufus Sewell plays it just right, never giving away his intentions but somehow letting us know that he is thinking of how to get out of whatever impossible situation he is in. Catarina Murino is both beautiful and witty. How could anyone halt such a wonderful series??? Was the above review useful to you? 24 out of 28 people found the following review useful: The BBC get it right for once 11 May 2011 And then they go and axe it. Typical. ZEN was a three-part miniseries adaptation of of the literary detective Aurelio Zen. The BBC took the decision to shoot in English and not bother with dodgy accents, which works well. I found all three episodes to be smart, stylish and above average thrillers. Each episode contains danger, intrigue, political machinations, romance and humour. Rufus Sewell is perfectly cast and plays Zen to the hilt, and he's supported by an excellent list of actors headed by the lovely Caterina Munro. Add in some classy music and beautiful locations and you have a winning series. Of the three episodes, the first, VENDETTA, is the strongest, featuring a murderous assassin; the second, CABAL, gets tied up in government conspiracies and shady suited figures; the third and weakest, RANSOM, features Zen thrown into the middle of a kidnapping where nothing is what it seems. It's a shame we'll never find out who was at the other end of the phone but nonetheless, ZEN made for great viewing. Was the above review useful to you? 20 out of 22 people found the following review useful: Rufus Sewell's Zen worth another round of episodes... from ATL, USA 27 July 2011 Underrated leading man Rufus Sewell gets his best role in years as Italian police detective Aurelio Zen in this summer's Masterpiece Mystery series: ZEN - now in rotation in the U.S. [ >>>>>See note on how to save this series at end of review<<<<< ] Going against the grain of playing to younger audiences - and beautifully produced on location in Italy - this is a series for adults, lovingly crafted by a spot-on cast and shot with verve by cinematographer Tony Miller (INFINITE JUSTICE). Calling it a "detective series" seems to miss he point entirely, for it is really about watching Sewell establish an ultra-cool, post-modern anti-hero with the quiet confidence of a Raymond Chandler gumshoe and the personal flair of a '70s Alain Delon film noir protagonist. Playing off an accomplished Italian/English cast ( see the office love interest embodied by the mesmerizing Caterina Murino), Sewell is a study in understated reserve that can turn testy when high-placed superiors want favors and cover-ups that are just not in Zen's wheelhouse. One of the fascinating things about Aurelio Zen is he must deal with a reputation for honesty that most of his cynical peers assume is just a pose, hiding a more crooked set of values closer to their own. It is too Sewell's great credit that he plays with this, sometimes showing Zen's more devious side, but then steering back to safer shores of a muted integrity that stays pretty dinged-up from episode to episode. While there are satisfying moments of action and rather robust plot twists, still it is the face and expressions of Rufus Sewell that lock down this fresh, interesting series; his staying alive goes way beyond being able to think on his feet - for Zen must continuously side-step the dark expectations of his suspects and superiors, walking a tightrope between the half-truths and dangerous lies that make up his professional world. In a TV universe of ever-falling standards, we should support this rare, intelligent portrait of a complex man trying to outsmart a world that grows more ruthless everyday. Those wishing to sound-off to the PBS execs that can perhaps reverse the BBC's initial decision to not buy more episodes can try contacting the American Executive Producer of PBS MYSTERY based at Boston's WGBH - Ms. Rebecca Eaton. In the past, she has been instrumental in saving several series that were not immediately picked up for a second season.-Brian H. Shaw b l o g "F.I.L.M.interpretation" at opera.com Was the above review useful to you? 22 out of 26 people found the following review useful: Italian panache made with English subtlety. from United Kingdom 16 January 2011 There's always a risk when adapting the written word to a screenplay; the risk that the nuances of the one will be lost when rendered to the other. Fortunately the BBC has a fine pedigree when transferring both book & play to the screen (from 'The Hitch-Hiker's Guide to the Galaxy' to Charles Dickens, & any number of Shakespeare's plays), as well as when working in collaboration with international broadcasters (who could forget the excellent 'Rome'?). Their vast experience in this field has really paid off with 'Zen', a detective series based on the novels of English crime writer Michael Dibdin. Although there are some differences between the novels & the television series, they are minor & serve to facilitate the adaptation from the written to the visual. The television characters are perhaps slightly softer than their written counterparts, a necessity of economy when one considers that each episode is only ninety minutes long. Despite that the characters are well-rounded, with Rufus Sewell doing more than enough to cement his place in what is bound to be remembered as a modern classic of television. In addition to Sewell's excellent suitability for the role, he is surrounded by an equally impressive international cast. The direction, lighting & shot composition all contribute to producing a superb whole, & it would be remiss not to mention the wardrobe, who do a fine job of catching that Italian verve. In essence 'Zen' is a hugely enjoyable series of tasteful whodunnits, which never reveal who really did do it until the end. At the time of writing, the real mystery is whether all eleven of Dibdin's novels will be televised - it would be a crime if they weren't. Altogether a stylish series with a sophistication brought about by understated subtlety. Was the above review useful to you? Page 1 of 3:	i don't know
Which explorer, together with his partner Speke, explored the lakes of Africa for the source of the Nile and translated the '1001 Arabian Nights' and the 'Kama Sutra'?	Amazon.com: Customer Reviews: The Collector of Worlds: A Novel of Sir Richard Francis Burton 11 people found this helpful 4.0 out of 5 starsScenes from a remarkable life ByRalph Blumenauon March 24, 2009 This novel is about three episodes in the life of that fascinating 19th century character, Sir Richard Burton (1821 to 1890), soldier, amateur anthropologist and explorer. The first, which takes up about half the book, covers his life as a soldier in India (1842 to 1859). Thoroughly bored by the routine and by the narrow vision of his fellow officers, he first began learning several of India's native languages, and then took pride in his ability to disguise himself as an Indian so as to be able to mingle with them and get closer to understanding their way of life. Initially, when he was stationed in Baroda, he studied the Hindus; but when he was moved to Muslim Sindh, he became particularly fascinated by Islam. The conqueror of Sindh, General Napier, got Burton to use his skills to gather intelligence for him; but Burton thought the General's wish to impose British values on the natives wrong and counter-productive. This made him unreliable in the opinion of the army and would block any promotion. He left India and the Army. The second part covers his pilgrimage to Mecca in 1853, disguised as Sheikh Abdullah and having made himself so perfectly familiar with the theory and practice of Islam that nobody penetrated his disguise; and the Muslim world was duly shocked when on his return he published an account of this experience. This part of the story gives a vivid account of such a pilgrimage - the dangers of attacks by plunderers, the fulfilment when the goal has been finally reached, but also the sickness and death that was the fate of so many exhausted pilgrims. The third part covers Burton's expedition of 1857, together with his colleague and rival, John Hanning Speke, to find the source of the Nile. Again the many ordeals of the expedition are well described: the terrible terrain, frightful diseases, tribute to be paid to the chief of every village through which they passed, encounters with brutal Arab slavers. The narrative alternates, in part 1 with comments of his Hindu servant; in part 2, rather tediously, with the attempts of Ottoman officials to find out, after Burton had published his account of his journey to Mecca, what his purpose might have been: they suspect it was gathering information for Britain's imperialist purposes; and in part 3, with an African guide who recounts to his friends his memories of the expedition, and who is the most interesting of the three. This device enables Troyanov to show Burton as he might have been seen by others, but I found it somewhat distracting, especially as you have to read some of the dialogue between several characters more than once to make sure who is speaking. Altogether, I was a little disappointed by this book. Burton's personality did not come out as vividly as I think it might have done; the prose is sometimes striking, but at others it goes, I think, a little over the top (the book has been translated from the German by William Hobson); and the three episodes represent only a fraction (though a large one) of Burton's life. After a decent interval, I may return to him again, this time through a proper biography like Fawn Brodie's The Devil Drives. 25 people found this helpful 3.0 out of 5 starsDecent, but not equal to Burton ByBen Farkashon May 5, 2009 Troyanov's novel is an entertaining read. The incredible scope of Burton's life makes that almost a given. I do not recommend this novel to anybody who has read Burton's own accounts of his journeys in life, as they are spellbinding and unbeatable coming from the source himself. If you're willing to spend the time, Edward Rice's biography of Captain Sir Richard Francis Burton is the best of many good ones. Fawn Brodie's The Devil Drives is also good, if too dependent on psychoanalysis. But for a survey of Burton's remarkable life, The Collector of Worlds is both informative and good fun.	Richard Burton
Who played 'Juliet' opposite Leonardo Di Caprio in the 1996 film 'Romeo And Juliet'?	The Collector of Worlds: Amazon.es: Iliya Troyanov: Libros en idiomas extranjeros Libros en idiomas extranjeros EUR 20,80 Precio final del producto Elige envÃos GRATIS mÃ¡s rÃ¡pidos con Amazon Premium o elige envÃo GRATIS en 4-5 dÃas SÃ³lo queda(n) 1 en stock (hay mÃ¡s unidades en camino). Vendido y enviado por Amazon. Se puede envolver para regalo. Cantidad: Para ver las direcciones, por favor Iniciar sesiÃ³n Usar esta ubicaciÃ³n: Actualizar Introduce un cÃ³digo postal vÃ¡lido. Introduce un cÃ³digo postal vÃ¡lido. O + EUR 2,99 de gastos de envÃo De 2Âª mano: Como nuevo \| Detalles Estado: De 2Âª mano: Como nuevo Comentario: Â¡Parece nuevo! Entrega estimada entre 2 a 4 semanas. AÃ±adir a la cesta AÃ±adir a la Lista de deseos Â¿Tienes uno para vender? Volver atrÃ¡s Ir adelante Escuchar Reproduciendo... Interrumpido EstÃ¡s escuchando una muestra de la ediciÃ³n de audio Audible. 4,3 de un mÃ¡ximo de 5 estrellas 5 estrellas DescripciÃ³n del producto Reseña del editor The Collector of Worlds is a meditation on the extraordinary life of infamous explorer Sir Richard Burton. The first westerner to make the hajj to Mecca, he also discovered the source of the Nile with Speke. His translation of the Arabian Nights is one of the great moments in the encounter between Islam and the West, that scandalised his contemporaries with its salty eroticism. Troyanov's novel does full justice to this great, controversial mediator between cultures. The book imagines his encounter with India as a young officer, and brings to life his trials and travels through the eyes of his Indian servant, the Sharif of Mecca and the former slave who guided Burton to the Nile. Biografía del autor Iliya Troyanov was born in Bulgaria. His family fled to West Germany to escape persecution and he grew up speaking German and English in Kenya. He is the author of Mumbai to Mecca, an account of his own pilgrimage to Islam's holiest site. His work has won the Leipzig Book Fair, the Berliner Literaturpreis and other major German prizes. No es necesario ningÃºn dispositivo Kindle. DescÃ¡rgate una de las apps de Kindle gratuitas para comenzar a leer libros Kindle en tu smartphone, tablet u ordenador. Apple ObtÃ©n la app gratuita: o Â¿No tienes un Kindle? Consigue un Kindle aquÃ o descarga una aplicaciÃ³n de lectura Kindle GRATUITA. Detalles del producto Tapa dura: 464 pÃ¡ginas Editor: Faber & Faber; EdiciÃ³n: Main (5 de junio de 2008) Idioma: InglÃ©s Â¿Quieres actualizar la informaciÃ³n sobre un producto o dar tu opiniÃ³n sobre las imÃ¡genes ? Amazon Premium: EnvÃo 1 dÃa GRATIS y mucho mÃ¡s Los clientes Premium disfrutan de EnvÃo 1 dÃa GRATIS en mÃ¡s de un millÃ³n de productos, Acceso Prioritario a Amazon BuyVIP y Ofertas flash, Almacenamiento de fotos gratis e ilimitado y acceso a las series Amazon Originals, entre otras pelÃculas y series. TodavÃa no hay opiniones de clientes en Amazon.es 5 estrellas Amazon.com: 4.3 de un mÃ¡ximo de 5 estrellas 18 opiniones 3 de 3 personas piensan que la opiniÃ³n es Ãºtil 3.0 de un mÃ¡ximo de 5 estrellas Read THE DEVIL DRIVES instead 7 de julio de 2009 Por Dave Schwinghammer - Publicado en Amazon.com Formato: Tapa dura Compra verificada In a note prior to beginning his novel, Iliya Troyanov makes the following disclaimer about THE COLLECTOR OF WORLDS: "Despite occasional direct quotations, its characters and plot are predominately the product of the author's imagination and make no claim to be measured against biographical fact." Rather then focus on Richard Burton, for some reason Troyanov let's us see him through the eyes of minor characters. Troyanov divides the novel into three parts: Burton's exploits in India as a young army captain; his infiltration of Medina and Mecca; and his efforts to find the source of the Nile. For the first segment, Troynanov relies on the point of view of Naukaram, Burton's servant. Most of this is about Naukaram's efforts to get a letter of recommendation written by a lahiya (a sort of scribe) by telling him of his time with Burton after he had been dismissed for getting into a fight with a chef. As a result we don't learn much about Burton's exploits as a spy. However, we do see him begin to wear Arab clothes and begin to learn several languages. The second part, Burton's penetration of the Moslem holy cities, mostly deals with various Islamic officials investigating how Burton was able to overcome their defenses. We hear from The Sharif of Mecca among others. They interrogate the innocent pilgrims who accompanied Burton on his Hajj. Most have nothing but good things to say about Burton. Burton assumes the disguise of a Persian doctor and dervisher who likes to drink. This doesn't surprise the pilgrims much. Meanwhile we're introduced to some curious Islamic activities, such as circumambulating anti-clockwise the Kaaba, the supposed Rock of Abraham, seven times along with hundreds of other pilgrims who try to touch it. The third segment deals with Burton's attempt to find the source of the Nile. Burton sets out, with fellow explorer John Speke, on a caravan led by African guide and former slave, Sidi Mubarek Bombay, to find the two mysterious lakes, one of which Speke names Lake Victoria. Burton is sick with malaria most to the time. As a result, Speke gets the jump on him with the help of Bombay. Bombay likes to tell stories. Unfortunately his wife has heard most of them; their humorous interaction is the highlight of this part of the book. Troyanov skips over the debate with Speke about the true source of the Nile. He doesn't even cover Speke's suicide (or hunting accident) on the eve of a debate with Burton. Instead we see Burton on his death bed and the priest who administers extreme unction is worried that Burton was not a Christian. Luckily the bishop has a somewhat more magnanimous interpretation of the term. There is a glossary at the back of the book, but it seemed that every time I looked for a word, it was missing. Personally I think a writer should think twice before he/she choses a historical character as the inspiration for a novel. It almost never works, especially when the author approaches the task from such an oblique angle. The reader would be better off reading Burton's own accounts or THE DEVIL DRIVES by Fawn Brodie. 5.0 de un mÃ¡ximo de 5 estrellas Makes it all so real. 20 de marzo de 2011 Por C. Gallardo - Publicado en Amazon.com Formato: Tapa blanda Compra verificada An amazing man who led an amazing life, and this book brings it all to life for the reader. Years ago the BBC produced a wonderful series on the search for the source of the Nile, and so that part of Burton's story can be SEEN, but such a brilliant life that was full of such high adventure could never be shown without a VERY VERY long series made at terrible expense. This book, while covering only certain exciting phases of his career, comes as close as anything can to making it all real for you, short of giving you malaria. 5.0 de un mÃ¡ximo de 5 estrellas The Collector of Worlds: A Novel of Sir Richard Burton 16 de marzo de 2010 Por Ted B. - Publicado en Amazon.com Formato: Tapa blanda Compra verificada This was an excellent selection! Burton was truly a universal man, and the book read like the wind! Great book! Burton is known for his exotic travel adventures all over the world in the 19th century, and was a linguist who spoke 29 languages! He also wrote a great quantity of books, which have been read by interested people everywhere.	i don't know
Which British explorer was the first westerner to have recorded seeing the River Niger?	Niger \| Article about Niger by The Free Dictionary Niger \| Article about Niger by The Free Dictionary http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Niger Related to Niger: Niger River , Nigeria Niger (nī`jər), in the Bible: see Simeon Simeon or Symeon , in the Bible. 1 Second son of Jacob and Leah and ancestor of the southernmost tribe of Israel. He and his tribe are seldom mentioned individually. 2 Devout man who blessed Jesus when He was presented in the Temple. ..... Click the link for more information. (3.) Niger (nī`jər, nēzhâr`), officially Republic of Niger, republic (2005 est. pop. 11,666,000), 489,189 sq mi (1,267,000 sq km), W Africa. It borders on Burkina Faso and Mali in the west, on Algeria and Libya in the north, on Chad in the east, and on Nigeria and Benin in the south. Niamey Niamey , city (1988 pop. 398,265), capital of Niger and Tillabéry dept., SW Niger, a port on the Niger River. Niamey is Niger's largest city and its administrative and economic center. ..... Click the link for more information. is the country's capital and its largest city. Land and People Niger is extremely arid except along the Niger River in the southwest and near the border with Nigeria in the south, where there are strips of savanna. Most of the rest of the country is either semidesert (part of the Sahel Sahel , name applied to the semiarid region of Africa between the Sahara to the north and the savannas to the south, extending from Senegal and Mauritania on the west, through Mali, N Burkina Faso, Niger, N Nigeria, and Chad, to Sudan and Eritrea on the east. ..... Click the link for more information. ) or part of the Sahara Sahara [Arab.,=desert], world's largest desert, c.3,500,000 sq mi (9,065,000 sq km), N Africa; the western part of a great arid zone that continues into SW Asia. Extending more than 3,000 mi (4,830 km), from the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea, the Sahara is bounded on the N by ..... Click the link for more information. . In N central Niger is the Aïr Massif (average elevation: 3,000 ft/910 m; maximum elevation: c.5,900 ft/1,800 m), which receives slightly more rainfall than the surrounding desert. In addition to Niamey, other cities include Maradi Maradi , town (1988 pop. 112,965), S Niger, near the border with Nigeria. It is the administrative and commercial center for an agricultural region that specializes in peanut growing and goat raising. A major road connects Maradi with Kano, Nigeria. ..... Click the link for more information. , Tahoua Tahoua , town (1988 pop. 51,607), SW Niger. A major administrative center, it is a farming community and trade center frequented by Tuareg and Fulani pastoral nomads. Gypsum and phosphates are mined. The city was a refugee center during droughts in the 1970s. ..... Click the link for more information. , and Zinder Zinder , city (1988 pop. 120,892), S Niger. It is the trade center for an agricultural region where grains, manioc, and peanuts are grown, and cattle and sheep are raised. Manufactures include millet flour, beverages, and tanned goods. ..... Click the link for more information. . The main ethnic groups are the Hausa Hausa or Haussa , black African ethnic group, numbering about 23 million, chiefly in N Nigeria and S Niger. The Hausa are almost exclusively Muslim and practice agriculture. ..... Click the link for more information. , the Songhai and Djerma (Zarma), the Fulani Fulani , people of W Africa, numbering approximately 14 million. They are of mixed sub-Saharan African and Berber origin. First recorded as living in the Senegambia region, they are now scattered throughout the area of the Sudan from Senegal to Cameroon. ..... Click the link for more information. , the Tuareg Tuareg or Touareg , Berbers of the Sahara, numbering c.2 million. They have preserved their ancient alphabet, which is related to that used by ancient Libyans. ..... Click the link for more information. , and the Kanuri. The great majority of the population is rural and lives in the south. There is a significant migration of seasonal labor to Ghana, Nigeria, and Chad. About 80% of the population is Muslim; most of the rest adhere to traditional religious beliefs, except for a small Christian minority in the cities. The country's official language is French; Hausa, Djerma, and other indigenous languages as well as Arabic are also spoken. Economy The economy of Niger is overwhelmingly agricultural, with about 90% of the workforce engaged in farming (largely of a subsistence type). The Hausa, Kanuri, and Songhai are mainly sedentary farmers, and the Fulani and Tuareg are principally nomadic and seminomadic pastoralists. The leading crops are cowpeas, cotton, peanuts, millet, sorghum, cassava, and rice. Cattle, sheep, goats, camels, donkeys, horses, and poultry are raised. Niger's agricultural production is subject to climatic changes, and there are recurring food shortages due to inadequate harvests resulting from too little rain. Most of the country's few industries produce basic consumer goods such as processed food and beverages, soap, and textiles. In addition, chemicals, construction materials, peanut oil, and ginned cotton are produced. Niger has some of the world's largest uranium deposits, and the mining of high-grade uranium ore began in the 1970s at Arlit in the Aïr Massif. Small quantities of cassiterite (tin ore), low-grade iron ore, gypsum, phosphates, coal, natron, and salt also are extracted. Gold and petroleum deposits are being explored. There is a fishing industry in the Niger River and Lake Chad. Niger has a very limited transportation network; there is no railroad, and most of the country's all-weather roads are confined to the south and southwest. A major road also runs N from Zinder, through Agadez (in the Aïr Massif), and into Algeria. Niger is landlocked and has only poor access to the sea. The annual cost of Niger's imports usually is considerably higher than the value of its exports. The leading imports are foodstuffs, machinery, vehicles and parts, petroleum, and cereals; the chief exports are uranium ore, livestock products, cowpeas, onions, and cotton. The principal trade partners are France, the United States, and Nigeria. Government Niger is governed under the constitution of 2010. The executive branch is headed by a president, who is popularly elected for a five-year term and may be reelected to a second term. The prime minister is appointed by the president. The unicameral National Assembly has 113 members who are popularly elected for five-year terms. Administratively, the country is divided into eight regions, including the capital district. History Early History and Colonialism Numerous Neolithic remains of early pastoralism have been found in the desert areas of Niger. Ptolemy wrote of Roman expeditions to the Aïr Massif. In the 11th cent. A.D., Tuareg migrated from the desert to the Aïr region, where they later (c.1300) established a state centered at Agadez. Agadez was situated on a major trans-Saharan caravan route that connected N Africa with present-day N Nigeria. In E Niger, Bilma, a salt-mining center, was on another important trans-Saharan route that linked N Africa with the state of Bornu Bornu , former Muslim state, mostly in NE Nigeria, extending S and W of Lake Chad. It began its existence as a separate state in the late 14th cent. From the 14th to the 18th cent. Bornu exported slaves, eunuchs, fabrics dyed with saffron, and other goods to N Africa. ..... Click the link for more information. (located in present-day NE Nigeria). In the 14th cent. the Hausa (most of whom lived in what is now N Nigeria) founded several city-states in S Niger. In the early 16th cent. much of W and central Niger came under the Songhai Songhai or Songhay , largest of the former empires in the western Sudan region of N Africa. The state was founded (c.700) by Berbers on the Middle Niger, in what is now central Mali. The rulers accepted Islam c.1000. ..... Click the link for more information. empire (centered at Gao on the Niger River in present-day Mali), and after the fall of Songhai at the end of the 16th cent. E and central Niger passed to Bornu. In the 17th cent. the Djerma people settled in SW Niger near the Niger River. In the early 19th cent. Fulani gained control of S Niger as a result of the holy war waged against the Hausa by the Muslim reformer Usuman dan Fodio. At the Conference of Berlin (1884–85) the territory of Niger was placed within the French sphere of influence. The French established several military posts in S Niger in the late 1890s, but did not occupy Agadez until 1904 because of concerted Tuareg resistance. In 1900, Niger was made a military territory within Upper Senegal–Niger, and in 1922 it was constituted a separate colony within French West Africa French West Africa, former federation of eight French overseas territories. The constituent territories were Dahomey (now Benin), French Guinea (now Guinea), French Sudan (now Mali), Côte d'Ivoire, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, and Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso). ..... Click the link for more information. . Zinder was the colony's capital until 1926, when it was replaced by Niamey. The French generally governed through existing political structures and did not alter substantially the institutions of the country; they undertook little economic development and provided few new educational opportunities. Independence and Its Aftermath National political activity began when Niger received its own assembly under the French constitution of 1946, which established the French Union French Union, 1946–58, political entity established by the French constitution of 1946. It comprised metropolitan France (the 90 departments of continental France and Corsica); French overseas departments, territories, settlements, and United Nations trusteeships; French ..... Click the link for more information. . The first important political organization was the Niger Progressive party (PPN), a part of the Rassemblement Démocratique Africain (which had branches in most French West African territories). In the mid-1950s a leftist party (later called Sawaba) headed by Bakary Djibo became predominant in the colony. However, when it unsuccessfully campaigned for complete independence in a 1958 referendum, the PPN (which favored autonomy for Niger within the French Community French Community, established in 1958 by the constitution of the Fifth French Republic to replace the French Union. Its members consisted of the French Republic, which included metropolitan France (continental France, Corsica, Algeria and the Sahara), the overseas territories ..... Click the link for more information. ) regained power. Niger achieved full independence on Aug. 3, 1960, and Hamani Diori, the leader of the PPN, became its first president; he was reelected in 1965 and 1970. In the early 1960s, sporadic campaigns of rebel warfare were waged by the outlawed Sawaba party (most of whose members lived in exile). Otherwise, Niger enjoyed political stability, despite its weak economy and occasional ethnic conflicts; the PPN maintained firm control of the government. Close ties were retained with France, which gave Niger considerable aid. The country was severely affected by the Sahelian drought of 1968–75; much of its livestock died and crop production fell drastically. In 1974, Diori was overthrown in a military coup led by Lt. Col. Seyni Kountché, who cultivated ties with members of the European Community, neighboring African nations, and Arab nations. The uranium boom of the early 1980s caused disparities in wealth that led to civil unrest. A coup attempt was quickly put down by the government in 1983, and fear of opposition prompted frequent cabinet changes to ensure that officials were loyal. Kountché died in 1987 and was succeeded by Gen. Ali Seybou as head of state. Seybou vowed to dismantle the ruling Supreme Military Council and introduce civilian rule. In 1991, a 1,204-member national conference suspended the constitution and dissolved the government. A transitional civilian government ruled until 1993, when Mahamane Ousmane was elected president in free elections. However, an opposition coalition subsequently won control of the legislature, leading to a protracted stalemate. Conflict between the government and the Tuareg in the early 1990s, in part over uranium mining on traditional Tuareg lands, subsided with the signing of a peace accord in 1995. Some Tuaregs, however, continued sporadic attacks into the 21st cent. By 2007 a more serious uprising broke out, but two of the three rebel groups agreed to a cease-fire in 2009. In Jan., 1996, the government was ousted in a coup led by Col. Ibrahim Baré Mainassara. Presidential elections held in July, 1996, were won by Mainassara, who replaced the independent electoral commission with a handpicked one during the two-day poll. Mainassara was assassinated by members of his presidential guard in Apr., 1999, and Maj. Daouda Malam Wanké became head of state. France, the country's major aid donor, suspended aid following the coup. In Nov., 1999, elections were held for a new president and parliament; a retired colonel, Mamadou Tandja, was elected president. There were tensions in 2000 with neighboring Benin over some long-disputed islands in the Niger River; their ownership was finally settled in 2005 by the International Court of Justice. Tandja, whose first term was marked by relative stability, was reelected in Dec., 2004. Niger's agriculture was hurt by a major locust outbreak and drought in 2004, leading to famine and a need for international food aid in 2005. In Oct., 2006, the government began expelling Mahamid Arabs who had emigrated from Chad mainly during the 1970s and 80s; although the move, which was soon suspended after neighboring nations requested it be halted, was ostensibly for security reasons, observers believed that political, racial, and economic rivalries lay behind the explusion. In 2009 the president, who had said he would step down at the end of his second term, sought to hold a referendum on allowing him to run for a third term, but the constitutional court ruled (May) that it was illegal. The vote was also opposed by parliament, but Tandja dismissed parliament and assumed executive powers, and subsequently announced he would hold a referendum. When the court again ruled in June that the referendum was illegal, Tandja dismissed the court, provoking oppositions protests and leading to government crackdown. In the August vote Tandja claimed an overwhelming victory, but the opposition charged the president with hugely inflating the number of voters. The referendum approved constitutional changes that increased the president's powers, extended his current term by three years, and ended term limits. The opposition subsequently boycotted the October elections for a new parliament, in which two thirds of the seats were won by Tandja's party, and Tandja mounted a crackdown on opposition politicians. In Feb., 2010, the military ousted Tandja, but the coup leaders asserted they would restore civilian rule as soon as possible. Major Salou Djibo was named head of the junta (the Supreme Council for the Restoration of Democracy), and Mahamadou Danda, a civilian and former communications minister, was named prime minister. In Oct., 2010, a number of junta officers, including the deputy military leader, were dismissed or arrested in association with an alleged coup plot, and a new constitution was approved in a referendum at the end of the month. The following month the Economic Community of West African States court called for Tandja to be released, but he remained in custody until May, 2011. In Mar., 2011, Mahamadou Issoufou, an opposition leader, was elected president after a runoff. By 2013, the spillover from terrorist operations by Islamist groups in neighboring Algeria, Mali, and Nigeria had led as well to significant confrontations in Niger. In 2015 Niger and Benin, Cameroon, Chad, and Nigeria agreed to form an African Union–authorized regional force to combat the Nigeria-based Boko Haram Boko Haram [Western education is sinful], Nigerian Islamic fundamentalist militia, officially Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati Wal-Jihad [people committed to the propagation of the Prophet's teachings and jihad]. It arose (c. ..... Click the link for more information. , but its formation was stalled by disagreements among those nations. In Dec., 2015, the government arrested several military officers and said it had foiled a planned coup. The 2016 presidential election was marred by the arrest of the main challenger, Hama Amadou, on baby-trafficking charges, which forced him to campaign from prison (until he was flown to France for medical treatment). The opposition boycotted the runoff, and Issoufou won easily. Bibliography See P. Donaint and F. Lancrenon, Le Niger (1972); S. Baier, An Economic History of Central Niger (1980); F. Fugelstad, A History of Niger, 1850–1960 (1984). Niger (nī`jər), great river of W Africa, c.2,600 mi (4,180 km) long, rising on the Fouta Djallon plateau, SW Guinea, and flowing NE through Guinea and into Mali. In central Mali the Niger forms its vast inland delta (c.30,000 sq mi/77,700 sq km), a maze of channels and shallow lakes. An irrigation project in the delta, begun by the French in the 1930s and including a large dam at Sansanding (1941), has since opened some 250,000 acres (100,000 hectares) to farming, especially rice cultivation. Downstream from Timbuktu, Mali, the Niger begins a great bend, flowing first E and then SE out of Mali, through the Republic of Niger (where it forms part of the border with Benin), and into Nigeria; the river also becomes increasingly polluted. A hydroelectric and irrigation project, centered around the Kainji dam (1968), is located on the Niger near Jebba in E Nigeria. At Lokoja Lokoja , town (1987 est. pop. 45,600), central Nigeria, at the junction of the Niger and Benue rivers. Lokoja is the trade and distribution center for an agricultural (chiefly cotton) region and has food-processing industries. Iron ore deposits serve the nearby Ajaokuta mill. ..... Click the link for more information. , central Nigeria, the Benue Benue , river, W Africa, chief tributary of the Niger. It flows c.880 mi (1,416 km) W from Cameroon into the Niger River at Lokoja, Nigeria. The Benue, which carries much commercial traffic, is almost entirely navigable by power-driven boats in August and September, the height ..... Click the link for more information. , its chief tributary, joins the Niger, which then flows south, emptying through a great delta into the Gulf of Guinea. The delta (c.14,000 sq mi/36,260 sq km)—the largest in Africa—is characterized by swamps, lagoons, and navigable channels. The region is a major source of palm oil and petroleum; the exploitation of the latter has led to significant pollution of the water and land in some areas of the delta. Major towns in the delta are Port Harcourt Port Harcourt , city (1991 est. pop. 362,000), SE Nigeria, a deepwater port on the Bonny River in the Niger delta. It is an industrial and commercial center where steel and aluminum products, pressed concrete, glass, tires, paint, footwear, furniture, and cigarettes are ..... Click the link for more information. and Bonny Bonny , town, SE Nigeria, in the Niger River delta, on the Bight of Biafra. In the 18th and 19th cent., Bonny was the center of a powerful trading state, and in the 19th cent. it became the leading site for slave exportation in W Africa. ..... Click the link for more information. . Much of the Niger is seasonally navigable, and below Lokoja it is open to ships virtually all year. The Niger is a major source of fish, especially perch and tiger fish. The upper Niger region was an important part of the former empires of Mali Mali , officially Republic of Mali, independent republic (2005 est. pop. 12,292,000), 478,764 sq mi (1,240,000 sq km), the largest country in W Africa. Mali is bordered on the north by Algeria, on the east and southeast by Niger, on the south by Burkina Faso and Côte ..... Click the link for more information. and Songhai Songhai or Songhay , largest of the former empires in the western Sudan region of N Africa. The state was founded (c.700) by Berbers on the Middle Niger, in what is now central Mali. The rulers accepted Islam c.1000. ..... Click the link for more information. . The course of the Niger long puzzled European geographers; only from 1795 to 1797 did Mungo Park Park, Mungo, 1771–1806, British explorer in Africa, b. Selkirk, Scotland. After serving as a surgeon with the East India Company, he was employed by the African Association to explore the course of the Niger River. ..... Click the link for more information. , the Scots explorer, correctly establish the eastern flow of the upper Niger, and it was not until 1830 that Richard and John Lander Lander, Richard Lemon, 1804–34, English explorer. He accompanied Clapperton to the Niger River in 1827 and brought back Clapperton's journal, which was published (1829) with an account of Lander's return to the coast. ..... Click the link for more information. , English explorers, found that the river emptied into the Gulf of Guinea. Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea, Mali, Niger, and Nigeria are members of the Niger Basin Authority, which was founded in 1960 and given its present name in 1984. It promotes the cooperative development and management of the Niger River and its basin. The water level of the Niger has been substantially lowered as a result of the long-term W African drought in the late 1960s, 70s, and 80s; in 1985 and 1990 sections of the river dried up. Niger (pen name of Ivan Vasil’evich Dzhanaev). Born Oct. 21 (Nov. 2), 1896, in the village of Sindzisar in the former Nar District, Ossetia; died May 3, 1947, in Ordzhonikidze. Soviet Ossetian poet and literary scholar. Niger graduated from the department of literature of the Gori Pedagogical Institute in 1930. From 1936 he was head of the department of history of Ossetian literature at the Severnaia Osetiia Scientific Research Institute. His poetry from the Soviet period is suffused with the fervor of revolutionary struggle and enthusiasm for the building of socialism. Niger introduced new forms into Ossetian poetry. He is the author of the narrative poems Gytstsi (1934), On the Bank of the Terek (1939), and The Red Army Soldier Will Tell All About It (1945). He wrote narrative poems based on themes from folk songs and legends, for example, Uakhatag’s Son, the Daring Guiman (1935) and Badeliata’s Dance (1935). Together with T. Epkhiev, Niger coauthored the drama Kosta (1939) about the fate of K. Khetagurov. He is also the author of studies on the works of Ossetian writers. WORKS Marzoev, S. Problema polozhitel’nogo geroia v poezii Nigera. Ordzhonikidze, 1956. Ardasentï, X. “Kurdiatjïn stïr poët.” Tsardamä poëzii. Ordzhonikidze, 1962. Niger a river in West Africa (Guinea, Mali, Niger, and Nigeria); it is the third longest river with the third largest basin area in Africa (after the Nile and the Congo). It is 4,160 km long and drains an area of 2,092,000 sq km. The Niger originates as the Djoliba River on the slopes of the Leone-Liberian Upland and empties into the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean, forming a delta. Its main tributaries on the right bank are the Milo and the Bani; its main left bank tributaries are the Sokoto, the Kaduna, and the Benue. From its source to approximately 10° N lat., the Niger flows northeastward through mountains, mostly in a narrow valley, and then flows through the plains of the Sudan. From Kouroussa to Bamako and below the city of Ségou, the river valley widens. There the volume of water increases as a result of the influx of tributaries and the river becomes navigable. Between the cities of Ké Macina and Tombouctou (Timbuktu), the Niger divides into many branches and flows through a wide, very marshy valley with an abundance of creeks, lakes, and dried-up riverbeds. This region is an inland delta of the Niger; at one time here the river discharged into a large lake without an outlet. In the vicinity of Tombouctou, the branches unite into a single channel. The river then flows east for about 300 km along the southern border of the Sahara, without receiving important tributaries. From the village of Bourem the river turns southeast and below the town of Yelwa crosses the Northern Guinean Upland, where it receives many small tributaries. Further on, all the way to the mouth (about 750 km), the river flows through a wide valley and becomes navigable. At the town of Lokoja the Niger receives its principal tributary, the Benue, and becomes a mighty stream up to 3 km wide and 20 m and more deep. The Niger Delta (24,000 sq km) begins 180 km from the ocean near the town of Aba. The longest branch is the Nun, but the deeper Forcados branch is used for navigation. Sea tides cover a large part of the delta and fall short of its summit by only 35 km; tides on the Forcados reach approximately 1.2 m. The Niger is fed by summer monsoon rains and is characterized by a complex water regime. In its upper course, high water resulting from rains begins in June and at Bamako reaches a maximum in September and October. In the lower course, the water begins to rise in June from local rains, in September it reaches a maximum, after which the level drops, but in February it rises again as a result of floodwaters coming from the upper part of the basin. The Niger’s mean annual flow rate at its mouth is 8,630 cu m per sec, the annual water flow is 378 cu km, and discharges during high-water periods can reach 30,000 to 35,000 cu m per sec. The river’s inland delta and estuarine delta contain considerable accumulations of alluvial deposits. The Niger carries 67 million tons of silt a year. Dams have been built on the river—the Egrett (at Bamako) and the Sansanding (at the settlement of the same name)—to raise the water level in order to feed irrigation canals. The Niger’s hydroelectric resources amount to about 30 million gigawatts but are greatly underutilized. In the 1960’s, the Kainji Dam (designed capacity, 960,000 kW), with a reservoir of about 600 sq km in area, was built in Nigeria. The Niger is navigable from Kouroussa to Bamako, from the Sotuba waterfall to Ansongo, and from Niamey to the mouth. Fishing is an important industry (carp, perch, barbel). The most important cities on the Niger are Kouroussa, Bamako, Tombouctou, and Jebba. Port Harcourt is a seaport on the Niger Delta. REFERENCES	Mungo Park
Which was the first Confederate state to secede from the Union?	The Ancient Egyptian City of ON along the River Niger: The History and Culture of Onicha Mmili (Onitsha) – by – Onwa Onyebuchi Amene Esq. \| Rasta Livewire The Ancient Egyptian City of ON along the River Niger: The History and Culture of Onicha Mmili (Onitsha) – by – Onwa Onyebuchi Amene Esq. From, Ugonabo Onwa Amene Esq. an Attorney who practices mostly in the International Court of Trade. INTRODUCTION: Our history as a people should neither be a mystery nor a guess work. It must be written by us for us based on our knowledge of what was, what is and what will forever be as children of Onicha: a divine town of assured prospects; a town that was oriented and aligned to sacred stars of the immortal galaxies; a town, that was divinely inspired and strategically founded on the sacred banks of God’s own river, the Niger. Onicha, the sacred abode, uniquely ordained to soar and tower above all obstacles; a town, where the immortal flame of God’s own love will forever glow. Onicha-Ado n’ Idu! Atulukpa Ose! Onicha, oke Ebo na eri agu! Eke nwe ovia! (The royal python that reigns in the the sacred forest!) Oke Nnunu Mmuo n’ ebe n’ oku!(The mystical bird Phoenix who is immune from the inferno!) Onicha; my Onicha, our Onicha, the divine breasts whose nourishing milk has sustained all from the misty dawn of times! The word “Onitsha” is an alienization of the proper spelling of our correct name “Onicha”. From my research, this word was first used by Mungo Park in his reports of his expedition amongst the Niger people and this was continued by other Europeans. The compound term “tsha” is non-existent in any African or Igbo syntax. We should abandon the perpetuation of this anomaly and revert to the correct form of our name: Onicha. The ancestral name of our beloved town is “Onicha-Mmili”.This was to distinguish it from our other kinsmen at other Onicha settlements on the West of the Niger, like “Onicha-Ugbo”; “Onicha-Olona”; “Onicha-Ukwu”; and other blood relatives that branched out from the major migrational group to develop those settlements on the West of the Niger or “Enu Ani”. It is really sad that these days, our interactions and dynamics with these our blood relatives at Enu Ani have become almost extinct. My immortalized and legendary kinsman, Chief Philip Okonkwo Anatogu, the Onowu Iyasele of Onitsha, once explained that the word “Onicha-Ado N’ Idu” referred to the Nation of all Onicha stock that made the exodus from the Idu land. Idu was one of the names for ancient Egypt. “Idu” or “Edo” was later corrupted to Edo and was usurped by the Benin nation. The Iyasele explained that the towns of Onicha-Mmili, Onicha-Ugbo, Onicha-Olona, Onicha-Ukwu, Issele-Ukwu, Issele Mkpitima, Ezzi, Obamkpa and other towns of Benin migrational orientation were all collectively referred to as “Onicha Ado n’ Idu” by the Edos! Over the years when Onicha-Mmili became very accomplished, the usage of the name “Onitsha Ado n’ Idu” appeared to have been narrowed down to her. Many of our brethren at Enu Ani had criticized this as what they perceived as an attempt by Onicha-Mmili to solely assume what was a national identity of all Onicha children. Who are Ndi Onicha? Onye ka anyi bu? Ebe ka anyi sii? Anyi abu ndi Edo/Idu/Benin? BACKGROUND OF OUR ANCIENT ROOTS: Just like many ancient kingdoms that are now scattered in the Southern part of the Sahara, the Onicha history is rooted in Ancient Egypt. From linguistics, cultural, cosmological, anthropological, pictorial, traditional and spiritual analyses and comparisons, Onicha people and their Yoruba and Edo relatives are from Ancient Egypt, known then to our ancestors as Kemet. The word “Egypt” was a hellenised (from the Greeks) name for Kemet. (I have always wondered the psycho-social motivation for the European’s fixation for alteration of names and identities of the indigenous people that they conquer.) Our confusion and rejection of our Egyptian roots is premised upon years and years of colonial mis-education and doctrine that the Egyptian civilization was attributable to Europeans. The imperialist oppressors never taught our history from its remotest past but taught and narrowed the genesis of African history to the colonial era and advent. Most Europeans who made a good effort to conduct research on African history and anthropology, like Professor Richard Henderson, in his “The King in every man” did excellent works but their works were very prejudicially narrowed in time and scope. None ever attempted to conduct an indepth study to connect our history to the advanced ancient Egyptian roots. This was a deliberate omission, perhaps premised upon the colonial doctrine that “Africa was a race without a past” because it does not take a lot of studies for one to connect Onicha and closely related communities like the Edos and Yorubas to ancient Egypt. Words like “Yorubas”, “Benin”, “Igbos”, are relatively new terms and were never used by the ancestors of these people to identify them. We should also note that the Igbo, Yoruba, Edo, and many West African languages descended from one parent language and belong to the “KWA” language group. We must endeavor to write our history from its purest and ancient source and not be limiting our studies to events of 700 years ago. This is an insult to our ancestors whose eons and billions of ageless genes exist in us. ONITSHA DID NOT START WITH OUR ANCESTRAL ADVENT TO THE BANKS OF THE NIGER FEW HUNDRED YEARS AGO! OUR KEMETIC/EGYPTIAN ROOTS Marcus Aurlielus Garvey once opined that a people without a knowledge of their history is like a tree without roots. We must, for the sake of our children, approach the study of our history with fervency and zeal, otherwise, we deprive them of a foundation upon which they can stand to withstand the fierce battles of man’s unkindness to man as history keeps attesting. Just mentioning that we left Benin over a contest for a royal throne is a mockery of historical accuracy and a severe limitation of the true self knowledge of who we are, in terms of scope and time. Who and what were we before the tiny or microscopic phase of the Benin/Edo experience? How did we get to Benin? And from were did we get to Benin? Why did we migrate from where we were to Benin? Why does Onicha Igbo syllable contain more Yoruba words than Benin words? And why do our kingship and chieftaincy titles and arrangements resemble the Edos/Benin and not like the Yorubas? What was our original language? Do we still have its linguistic remnants in our chants, dirges, eulogies and dances? What is the meaning of the chants that we intone during the sacred Ido Ogbi gba (last funeral phase) of an ascended ancestor? Why did Onicha people readily and without any objection embrace and adopt the mystical rituals of the Igala Immigrants and their Muo-Avia/MmuoOgonogo/Egwugwu, placing the Muo-avia on a powerful position that almost paralleled and usurped the powers of the monarch? Did the Igalas have any Yoruba, Edo or Benin roots? Did Onicha, Edo and Igala have a common roots? Why are the Ulutus/Mgbelekekes, who are Igala immigrants, the custodian of the most powerful sacred shrine in Onitsha: Ani Onitsha? These and many others are the questions that we need to ask? Onitsha words like “Ogbadu”(corn), “Okwute” (rock/stone), “Ogede” (plaintain), “Ologbo” or Onogbo”, (cat), “Okpulukpu” (box or container”, “Erulu” (beads), “Ikpulu” (a specie of garden egg), “Inye Ori” by Muo Avia,(Ori means head or chi in Yoruba) and so many others are all Yoruba words, except “Ologbo” which is still used in Benin today. However, many of our traditional titles are the same with the Edos/Binis: Onicha titles like “Iyasele” is “Iyasere” in Bini; “Ogene Onira” is “Oliha” in Benin; “Odu Osodi” is “Osodin” in Benin; “Omodi Daike” in Onitsha is “Edaiken” in Benin; “Esagba” in Onitsha is “Esogban” in Benin; the “Isama” titles are the same in both towns amongst many others. The land of Kemet or ancient Egypt, also called Idu or Igodomigodo by our ancestors, now sadly inhabited by descendants of Arabic and Turkish (with other European) invaders, was before the invasion, the ancestral land of Onicha people and many other African nations. We were forced to make a southern migrational exodus to avoid annihilation by the constant invasion from foreign forces from Persia, Turkey, Albania, Macedonia and other parts of Europe. The land of Egypt was a very sophisticated and super advanced nation of civilized people. The foundation of ancient Egypt was laid by Africans who are now scattered in disorganized groups called tribes and clans; in total ignorance of their identities, contributions to world science, arts and their very advanced civilized roots in ancient Egypt. Now and then, it hurts a lot to see the ways that Turkish-Arabs have been desecrating the ancient tombs and graves of our African ancestors in Egypt. Our ancestral graves are being excavated on a daily basis in the name of “research”. If these were their ancestors would they be allowing these desecrations and digging up of their ancestors for studies and research? In the name of research and studies, they are destroying land marks and coded information left by our ancestors for us and our children. Six years ago, they conducted a melanin pigmentation/skin color test on the skins of 25 Pharoahs and ancient Egyptian mummies that they excavated and found that they were all Africans with very dark skins but this information is yet to be published in the bi-annual Egyptian Historical Society magazines. The Key is to keep the African in stupor and ignorance of his great past. OUR CONNECTION TO THE ANCIENT EGYPTIAN TOWN CALLED “ON” Everything that the world knows today in terms of religion, science, astrology, astronomy, medicine, laws and other branches of philosophical studies are from ancient Egypt. According to Herodotus, a very travelled Greek Historian, who kept records of his visit to ancient Egypt, Egypt was peopled by very disciplined and organized citizenry who were “very” black people with “wooly hair”. Everything revolved around the Pharoah, who was an incarnate of God on earth. The word “Pharoah” is the Greek translation of the Kemetic term, “Parah” meaning “Great house/home or abode”(compare this to the title of our King, “Obi” which is also a home or abode”.) The term alludes to the fact that the King or Pharoah is a great abode or temple that houses many forces, spirits or powers. The Gods and Goddesses dwell in his body making it “a great house or “Obi”. The “Obi” of modern Onitsha today is the continuation of the ancient Pharonic dynasty of ancient Kemet or Egypt. Onitsha must retrace the history of her monarchs from his imperial Majesty Obi Achebe back to the Ogiso Kings of Igodomigodo in Edo, then to Egypt; to Pharoah Tutankhamon, Pharoah Amenemhet, Pharoah Amenemes, Pharoah Amenkhuti Ra; Pharoah Khafara, and back to the first dynasty in Egypt. Enough of this tracing of our kingship to just Obi Oreze or his father Ohime(corrupted to “Chima”) by his later descendants. Did they not descend from somebody? We must take back our history to where it belongs. Do we have to wait for Professor Henderson to come and tell us? THE CITY OF ON Onicha got its name from the ancient Egyptian city of “ON”, unfortunately renamed as “Heliopolis” by the Greeks and now being called “El Minah” by the modern Egyptian government, which has changed the name of this city five times. The City of “On” was the citadel of spiritual excellence and was one of the most sacred cities of ancient Egypt. The priests of On were very mystical and were the repository of the ancient mysteries of Egypt. The priests of On guided their mysteries jealously and were the only priests that crowned the Pharoahs. No king of Egypt could be recognized without being consecrated by the priests of On. They were called the “Priests of the most high”. The Pharoh and his family traditionally resided in the city of On. “Onicha” means those that were sacked or cut off from the city of On. The word “cha” in ancient Egypt means to cut, descend or fall from. The Onitsha Igbo dialect term “chapu” like in “chapu ya isi” (cut off his head) still has the same root like the ancient Kemetic Egyptian language: “cha” : to cut off or make to fall. Onicha people were actually those that were cut off or fled from the sacred city of On. Literarily speaking, Onicha means “people of On that fled” from On. Some people had wrongly described the word Onicha as those who “despise others”, but that could not be correct because they were the ones who were charged with the responsibility of consecrating and annointing kings and priests. As a matter of fact, the names, “Tutankam-on” and “Solom-on” are rooted in the city of On. Solomon means he who was initiated into the mysteries of On. In Onicha today, we see the term “On” reflecting in many of our names and traditional titles. The term “On” is found in some of the following Onitsha traditional chieftaincy titles: “On-owu”, “On-i-ra”, meaning “On” dedicated to the ancient Egyptian God called “Ra”, “Onika” meaning the Ka of On; the word “ka” in Kemetic language means “the soul”, therefore, “Onika”means the soul of On. We also see the word “On” in “Onya”, “Onoli” and “Onwolu” all chieftaincy titles in Onicha. In their roles as priests, ON-icha people after being cut off from Egypt, continued to play their roles as priests and in that capacity sojourned with different closely related communities that were scattered in Africa, especially in West Africa, where their services as priests were still needed. They dwelt amongst other fellow Egyptians and Punis (Cannanites) who had fled/migrated from ancient Egypt to avoid foreign invasions. They were in Ile Ife, today in Ile Ife, some Yorubas of ON-icha stock are still residing there. Till date, an ancient ritual of the battle of Moremi, an Ile Ife Princess’ conflict with Onicha inhabitants are still enacted on a yearly basis. Onicha priests were also in Benin kingdom or Edo land. They were also in Igbo land. I suspect that the Priests of Nri were distantly connected to the city of On. That is why till date an Nri King upon consecration must bring certain sacrifial items (tributes) to the Obi of Onicha and must sleep over in Onicha before assuming the Nri throne. Why would the very traditional Nri people who were (and still are) known all over the Igbo land as a holy people and the spiritual custodian of all Igbo lands, accord these rights to Onicha Kings? All these indicate that Onicha and many other tribes had had prior interactions and established certain traditional precedence which had been ongoing before the Onicha town was founded just around 700 hundred years ago. No Nri man would just concede to subject his divine King to some unknown immigrants who just crossed over from the Niger River, if that were to be the case. Times have really changed. It should be noted that I am referring to an era when we had no tribal or linguistical differenciation as we have now. Many of the modern African tribes and languages were non-existent in the past. We were all one group and spoke one language, different languages developed after our exodus from Egypt and sojourn with other different populations that were in other parts of Africa when we migrated. These priests of On made sure to plant the concept and importance of establishing an independent nation like the ancient city of On where Onicha people would assume their prime and primordial roles as divine priests amongst men, once again. Onicha-Mmili was an attempt to recreate the ancient city of On for Onicha people after years and years of persecution and oppression for their priestcraft at the hands of many hosting relatives who over the years forgot who and what Onicha stood for. BENIN EMIGRATION OR EXODUS: The migration of Onicha people from Benin happened in phases over many years and did not happen once. The Ohime/Obi Ezechima’s exodus was one of the last ones that occurred but it should be noted that not all Onicha people left with Obi Eze Chima or Ohime. Some stayed back and are still in Benin today. Some took a different migrationary route towards Ile Ife and Ado Ekiti. Some went to establish Ondo. Some made a northern migrational journey towards the north to establish the Igala Kingdom. The Attah of Igala and a substantial part of the Igala kingdom were Onicha people who immigrated into Igala from Benin. According to oral traditions, the first Attah of Igala was a Priestly-Prince of the Edo/Benin Kingdom. Now it can be understood why the Onicha people were ferried across the Niger and greatly assisted by their Igala kinsmen when they reached the banks of the Niger river. It can also be understood why Onicha people easily incorporated many Igala rituals and traditions into their own concepts. They were of the same roots but different branches. Onicha people left Benin to establish Igala; that was the secret behind the easy adoption of and exchange of different tenets amongst Onicha and Igala people. Some Onicha people, before Eze Chima’s exodus, had left Benin to establish other towns like Issele Ukwu, Ebu, Kwale, Ezzi, Onicha-Ukwu, Okpanam, Asaba(originally called “Araba”) and some other towns of Benin orientation that had been established before the Ezechima’s exodus from Benin.. It was these settlements that habored Obi Ohime/Ezechima when he and his family fled from Benin. The migration from Benin to Onicha Mmili took many years, towns of Onicha-Olona and Onicha-Ugbo were established by Onicha people who felt reluctant to continue and follow Obi Ohime to Onicha-mmili. ESTABLISHMENT OF ONICHA-MMILI AND HER RULING DYNASTY: Obi Ohime or Eze Chima, having been told that he could not enter Onicha, stayed for a long time in Obio (a town across the Niger from Onicha) with his family and relatives before he died. After he died, his relatives decided to continue with their migration to establish Onicha. The qualification for whom shall be crowned king was conditioned upon who shall sound ancient rhythms on a wooden Ufie. Traditionally, Ufie cannot be owned or be sounded/beaten by a person whose father is still alive. The contestants to the throne having just lost their father, had no ufie, however, Oreze Obi, had carved one which he hid under the boat and sounded first upon getting to Onicha whilst his siblings were busy looking for the appropriate wood to cut for the Ufie. The contestants to the throne were Oreze, Ukpali, Agbor Chima, Ekensu (Aboh Chima), Obio, Obamkpa and Isele. All these men were all children of Eze Chima. This is very important because I have read some articles being written about “non-royal and royal” Onitsha families by people who are very ignorant of our history. Dei Ogbuevi was uterine brother of Eze Chima and was therefore not excluded from Onicha kingship unlike the children of Eze Chima outlined above. That is why any Dei descendant can still aspire to the Oncha throne, unlike the descendants of the children of Eze Chima that contested the throne. Rather than contest the election of their sibling, they resolved to emigrate from Onicha and go back to “Enu Ani” to establish their own clans. Thus Obamkpa, left to establish Obamkpa town. Umuasele, Iyiawu and Umu Odimegwu Gbuagwu villages are all descended from Obamkpa. Ukpali went to found Agbor and Ekensu went to found Aboh. After, Ojedi’s sacrifice of her life to save Onicha, her father Dei, left Umudei village to reside with his nephew Ukpali who had founded Aboh town (because then, it was a taboo for a child to die before the parents.) Whilst at Aboh, Dei had more children, who just like their Aboh relatives, became very wealthy by fishermen and traders. These children of Dei in Aboh, whenever they came to Onicha to trade and market their wares, would spend some days with their relatives at Umudei village. Some later settled at Umudei after exchanging marital vows with other Onicha people and founded the “Ogbe Onira” clan in Umudei village, a very spiritual, mystical and tough clan. The term “Aboh Rika” is now being erroneously applied to all Umu Dei people, but this is historically incorrect. It was originally used for Ogbe Onira clan because of their “Dei-Aboh” roots. Till date, our relatives from Aboh town are saluted with “Abohrika”. It literarily means Aboh predominates! One always sees that pride wherever children of Eze Chima are founded. When Dei later left Aboh, he went and founded Oguta town in Imo State and till date, only descendants of Dei can assume the throne of Oguta town. In Oguta today, the Umudei Village exists. Traditionally, whenever, the Obi of Oguta visited Onicha-Mmili, he would first go to the Diokpa of Umudei village who would then accompany him to the Obi of Onicha. THE NINE CLANS OF ONICHA:EBO ITENANI: Onicha is made up of nine clans: the Umu-Ezechima Clan, Ugwu na Obamkpa Clan; Awada Clan; Ubulu na Ikem Clan;Ulutu Clan;Ubene Clan(Umu Okwulinye);Ogbolieke Clan; Obior Clan; and Agbanute Clan. ONICHA TRADITIONAL CONCEPTS OF SPIRITUALITY: Onicha people traditionally beleive in one omnipotent God whom we call”Ose Ebuluwa” or “Osa Ebuluwa” ( “Olisa Ebuluwa”.) One of the original ancient Egyptian, Kemetic names of God, was “Osa”. The Greeks changed it to “Osiris”. Another name of God in ancient Egypt was “Ra”. In Onicha today we bear the names “Chukwu Ra” etymologically it alluded to “Ra”, the high spirit. It was this aspect of God that the Jews worshipped that is why the term”RA” is reflected in many Jewish and Isreali names. Terms like (Abraham);Ab “Ra” ham, (Israel): Is “Ra” el, {Sarah};Sa “Ra” h, (Raphael);”Ra” phael, (Gabriel);Gab “Ra” el, (Ariel); A “Ra” el, (Mount Ararat);A,ra “Ra” t, and so many others. Could these be “just” coincidental? In Benin, God is called “Osa No Obuwa”, which has the same etymological root with “Ose Ebuluwa”. The closest transliteration(it cannot be adequately translated into English) of the term “Osebuluwa” can be glimpsed if one attempts to etymologize the term “Osebuluwa”. The term is derived from “Ose/Osa(mystical force/being), ebili(waves), uwa(world), Osebuluwa therefore, subject to my human limitations, means “The mystical being whose waves sustain the world.” Going into the mystical and esoteric meaning of “OLISA”: which literarily means “the devourer of mystical seven”, would cast me beyond the scope of this article. MAKA NA IVIE LIE ISAA ONAA!(WHATEVER DEVOURS SEVEN CEASES TO EXIST!) The name Ose Ebuluwa was (still is) deemed so holy that the Onicha men, especially Priests of Nze(Agbalanze) would not respond to any greetings from family members upon waking up in the morning, until they ritually cleansed their mouths with (chewing stick) Atu Oborsi, bathed and then faced the direction of the rising sun to pronounce the sacred name “Ose Ebuluwa”. He does this whilst standing in a very consecrated and hallowed ground called “Ani Ezi”. This name is very powerful:none should dare to falsely swear in this name. Our ancestors were spiritually advanced to know that God had no gender, we therefore till date ascribe no gender to God unlike in our European oriented creeds. In Onicha spiritual philosophy, in the divine realm, things of the physical world like genders, colors, emotions and other trivialities do not exist. We believe that everything in God’s creation has a divine purpose. We see everything on earth as a reflection and part of the divine will and therefore regard every object, living or non-living as having a sacred stamp from God Almighty. We see the herbs, the sky, the sun, moon, stars, rivers, hills and everything on earth as a different expression and extension of ourselves: we see everything on earth as our equals and do not endorse any superiority over GOD’S creation. We do not seek converts or convince others to believe in our path of spirituality because everybody has his/her own path and pact with his/her Chi. Thus an Onicha man/ like most traditional Africans, would not impose his views of the divine concept and wage a holy war to convert other towns to partake in his spirituality. We believe that our ancestors having ascended to the divine realm before us, have the powers to intercede on our behalf over our spiritual needs since their genes still exist in us; we believe that our connection to our ancestors are eternal and was so ordained by God. We use objects or images in our communications or prayers to the divine just as an objectification of the divine principles that they may represent and never WORSHIP or ascribe Godliness to anything carved by human hands. Above all WE BELIEVE THAT GOD, IN GOD’S INFINITE WISDOM, CREATED US AND MADE US MANIFEST AS NDI ONICHA FOR SPECIAL REASONS AND THEREFORE CANNOT SIN AGAINST GOD BY BECOMING OR CONVERTING INTO WHAT GOD DID NOT MAKE US TO BE. Onowu Anatogu, philosophized that “… na onwelu ive Chukwu ji kenye Agu n’ovia, welu Azu tinye na mmili, aputakwo na mmili, enwe Azu Isi, enwe Azu Asa na azu ndi Ozo ga asi…” (God for a divine purpose created the lions and placed them in the jungle, and with the same divine purpose cast the fishes in the waters, and further divided them into different species like the Cat fish, Electric Eel and other species.) He further stated that it would have been very easy for God to make him an Awkuzu, British, Nsukka or French man, but for some reasons God did not. He concluded that God never makes a mistake or regrets God’s creations. Our spiritual cycle and circles revolve around our divine King, the Obi of Onicha, the Agbo Ogidi, who encapsulates and personifies, the ultimate divine manifestation of sacred principles in man. The Obi of Onicha is the soul of the past, present and future of Onicha people. He embodies all and is the big house (OBI) that swallows all, this is why he is addressed as “Agbo Ogidi” the true pronounciation is actually “Ai-Gbo Ogidi”. The Obi is the royal cobra (UBI) that that kills and swallows its prey. The Obi is followed in spiritual rank by the Eze Idis (Eze Idus – kings of the people of idus) who are the custodians of Nze and empowered to consecrate men to become Agbalanze. The Diokpas (the first fruits of each familial obi – great house) are also sacred beings whom God and the ancestors have chosen to intercede in spiritual matters on their behalves. The Agbalanze are consecrated priests who can officiate before the sacred ancestral or other divine altars for intercession. The stool of Omu (Queen) of Onicha has been vacant for more than hundred years now. Our last queen was Omu Nwagboka. She was from Ogbendida village and was married into the Egwuatu family of Ogbeotu. The Omu was never the wife of the King in Onicha but was appointed by the King on the recommendation of the Ikporo-onitsha (the women of Onitsha). Unlike many Onicha men, many Onicha women upon their deaths, became deified and elevated to the status of godship (a ritual that the Catholics copied from Africans.) In Onicha today, Princess Ojedi (Nne na ama Odu,Umudei), Omu Atagbusi(Ogbolieke), Aze (Abalaka, Oti idu)Umuaroli, Queen Uto (Oke Alusi odigbogbo, Ogelli Ete, Umuase), Obiasi Okwu Ogodo (Ogbeotu), Ucheju Onyeama (Odoje), Agadi Nwanyi (Onicha), Okike Iba (Ogbolieke) and others that I cannot mention, were all deified feminine ancestors. I still believe that only Onicha women will redeem Onicha from its present decadence like they always did in the past. I will credibly defend this belief anywhere and whenever challenged thereon. Omu Atagbusi, led a boycott of Onicha Women from purchasing the imposed merchandize of the British royal Niger Company. This conflict later resulted in the bombing of Onicha by a British War ship, HMS, around 1778. After this assault, Omu Atagbusi, never surrendered, but continued to wage attacks that later forced the British to vacate from Onicha to relocate at Asaba which was then made the headquarters of the Royal Niger Company. CONCLUSION: The true meaning behind the saying that “Ive eji abu Onicha erika” is being lost on us. The Onicha man is primarily motivated by inwe avo ojuju (spiritual and emotional balance) and preserving a good name for his children. Violence and crime are not in his nature. What makes an Onicha man what he is, is his love for Onicha and his unsolicited penchant to help and assist his kinsman or women. An Onicha man takes pride in seeing his fellow kinsmen being succesful because he sees himself in them. We are now daily murdering that fraternal and sororial bonds that our ancestors employed to make Onicha what it was. Would Ukpali, Obamkpa, Ekensu, Abor Chima, Obio have walked away, today, if their brother Oreze deceived them with the sounding of Ufie to become the King, as he did around 700 years ago? Let us learn to forgive ourselves! Let us abandon trivialities and submit ourselves to the divine order of life. I dedicate this article to those unsung and quiet Onicha people who have been doing their desperate best to assist and elevate Onicha and her children; despite our ingratitude and unkindness to them. I also dedicate this article to my father, Ugochukwutubelu Oranyelu M.C.J. Amene Esq., whose good name and excellent character became my passport in gaining the trust, patience and confidence of many men and women of diverse orientations who were very knowledgeable about our culture. References: “The History of Ancient Benin Kingdom and Empire” by Chief D.N. Oronsaye published in 1995 by Jeromelaiho. “The King in every man” by Richard Henderson published in 1972 by Yale University Press “Echoes of the Dark Land” by Charles Finch III published by Khenti Publications in 1999 “A history of Ancient Egypt” by Dr. EAW Budge, New York Humanities Press 1968 “Know Onitsha Families” by Eke Prince Ekwerekwu printed by Amakohson Printing Creations 1989 “My Odyseey” an Autobiography by Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe published by Spectrum Books Limited. Visits and studies of ancient sculpture and arts of the people of On at the city of Heliopolis” in Egypt. Interactions and interviews with multiples of Onitsha men and women who “cast their ears to the earth” “Dictionary of Ancient Egyptian language” by EAW Bugde published by New York Humanities 1978 “Egyptian book of coming forth by day and night” by Ani, published 5,000.00 B.C in the Papyrus of Ani, an Egyptian Priest. Related Posts:	i don't know
Although better known by his surname, what was the first name of the t.v. detective 'Monk'?	The Psychological Disorder of Adrian Monk The Psychological Disorder of Adrian Monk View More A study with regard to the psychological disorder of Adrian Monk. He starred in a US tv series entitled MONK. This was a research paper in my Abnormal Psychology class. My tasked was to examine Adrian's overall disorder thus entitled to make diagnosis, prognosis and others. Note: I act as Monk's psychologist. The prognosis and some parts of it were just fictional. :) Copyright: Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC) The Psychological Disorder of Adrian Monk University of the Philippines in the VisayasCollege of Arts and SciencesDivision of Social SciencesMiagao, IloiloA Major Study on The Psychological Disorder of Adrian Monk In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirementin Abnormal Psychology (Psychology 155) Submitted to: Ms. Leah PradillaFaculty, Social Science Division Submitted by: Jennibeth D. BaculnaBA Political Science-Psychology IVMarch 25, 2009 I. History Adrian Monk is believed to be born in or around the year 1959 so his age now is 50 years old. Hegraduated from the University of California Berkeley in the year 1981. In his early age, it was revealedthat in the year 1972 he was already in his 8 th grade.Tracing his family background, his parents were very strict and over-protective, an influence thatis strongly suggested to be a contribution to his disorder. His father is Jack Monk who came originallyfrom New Hope Pennsylvania and happened to abandoned the Monk family when Adrian was still eightyears old by a mere act of waving goodbye and saying that he would just go to a store and never didreturn again. Adrian Monk has one brother named Ambrose, who also experienced another kind if disorder, known as agoraphobia and acted much strangely as compared to Adrian. Ambrose having anextreme agoraphobia only left his house three times in the past 10 years. They never heard any news fromtheir father again until one time, their father left a note to his son Ambrose saying that he was very proudthat after a very long time of staying inside the house, he finally learned to leave the house. The chaos andemotional instability brought about by their father’s sudden return, to the point of setting an extra plate atthe dinner table and keeping his mail in a filing cabinet in case he comes back.On the other hand, Adrian’s mother died in 1994 and it was believed that the cause of her death iscancer. It has been said that his mother raised him to be different from other children because his mother is thought to be mentally unprepared to be a mother and raise children. Jack Monk returned to SanFrancisco in 2006, when he was arrested for running a red light and resisting arrest. He was bailed out byAdrian, who did not forgive him for leaving at first, but after solving a murder involving Jack’s boss, they bonded again. Adrian’s father even teaches Adrian how to ride a bike that is, something he was not thereto do when Adrian was a child.He has a half-brother, whom he was not able to meet personally and mentioned by his father inthe name of Jack, Jr. who happened to live in his father’s basement. Adrian Monk is a legendary former homicide detective in San Francisco Police Department and hailed as one of the best police officer ever inthe department and turned into a great detective who investigates some serious crimes that are happeningin the place and solved it in an unconventional way although the cases are very puzzling.He has a wife named Trudy whom he met when he worked before at the University library. Thefirst time they met was when she borrowed a book and then she was amazed because Adrian didremember the book quickly as he saw it from the previous day. He got to familiarize the phone number of Trudy when someone used his back to write a number of his wife. From then on, they have decided to getmarried on August 08, 1990. His previous history was that, even, before, he already acted differently butTrudy still loved him despite of the weirdness of himself and in return, he was also deeply in love with hiswife since she was the only reason that Adrian understands the true meaning of love.On the snowy time of December 14, 1997, Trudy, his wife has been murdered through a car bombing accident when she was about to buy a cough medicine for her brother-in-law, Ambrose. Adrianfelt so devastated because of what happened, he could not get over from that situation and made his actionto be more and more strangely each day and he even refused to take his medication to make himself calmdown. As a result, the sudden death of his wife interfered with his job which eventually led to hissuspension in his Department. He devoted those past ten years of his life discovering who is responsiblefor the death of his wife. He blamed himself for not being there when his wife needed him most. He later found out that the man who was the reason behind the death of his wife was identified as the six-fingeredman who hired someone to build the bomb. II. Description In describing the client, this part makes him as a real Adrian Monk. Adrian is the man withmisfiring mental process who loves to clean up the mess. Monk is a middle-aged man with a dark, curlyhair, his height is about an average and his ethnicity is not yet determined, he is always well-dressed andgroomed. He wears identical clothing including brand daily. He is ever grieving and innocently paranoidabout everything. His uncontrollable compulsions that identify him are a need to count posts, use wipeswhenever he has touched anything or anyone unfamiliar. Monk is continually obsessed with his phobiasand with the memory of his dead wife Trudy. Uncanny and often effortless observational skill notingdetails in a crime scene that everyone else has missed. He can focus when brought out of his internalworld once a week to solve a crime. The ultimate co-dependent, Mr. Monk is convinced he cannotfunction without his assistant or psychiatrist. Frequently forgets that he needs money to live and pay hisassistant and psychiatrist. Honest to a fault.When Monk goes against his own routine and shows the person who cares for others it is verytouching. People who get to know Adrian Monk cannot help but fall in love with the man. He isendearing because of and in spite of his phobias. He is an irritant that you would sometimes love tostrangle. His feelings are easily hurt. This overly sensitive brooding man makes it impossible not to hurthis feelings, but he will most likely always forgive you. He is afraid of everything, in a constant state of grief. The man is convinced he can't go it alone without his assistant and most importantly his psychiatrist. He was a top police detective who lost his ability to function after the death of his wife, andnow he's working privately, for the police department.He seems to be a one step forward and two steps back person trying to untangle himself from hisown mental mess by controlling what is around him. He often says, "Here's what happened,"	Adrian
What is the main ingredient of Hoisin Sauce?	1000+ images about Monk on Pinterest \| American actors, Theater and Tony shalhoub Just love Adrian Monk...gives me a whole new perspective on OCD!!! See More	i don't know
Who created the fictional character of 'Walter Mitty'?	Walter Mitty - Dictionary Definition : Vocabulary.com Walter Mitty n fictional character created by James Thurber who daydreams about his adventures and triumphs Example of: an imaginary person represented in a work of fiction (play or film or story) Word Family Usage Examples Sign up, it's free! Whether you're a student, an educator, or a life-long learner, Vocabulary.com can put you on the path to systematic vocabulary improvement.	James Thurber
Which bay found on the Atlantic coast is the biggest estuary in the USA?	Archetypes • The Secret Life of Walter Mitty \| twisting truth Archetypes • The Secret Life of Walter Mitty October 20, 2011 by twistingtruth I would have liked to publish my essay on an archetypal response to “The Secret Life of Walter Mitty.” Unfortunately, when I did this for Chopin’s “The Story of an Hour,” it proved too great a temptation for student plagiarists. So rather than print my final essay, this is my working outline. All the concepts and ideas are included, but the content is not developed into lucid sentences with finely crafted segues to connect the paragraphs. The supporting quotes are not included. [Introduction] Buckeye author James Thurber tapped into the xylem of nearly every softwood in the human forest when he penned “The Secret Life of Walter Mitty. Yes, Walter Mitty is a bit of a sap. In 1939, Thurber created a fictional character that has become the archetype of the chump who is continually berated by his wife. (March 18, 1939, issue of The New Yorker) Archetypal settings — Outwardly – the streets of Waterbury (CT) the archetype is Main Street USA; weekly trips, the archetype is structured routine. Dream sequences – archetypes are high-pressure zones. Archetypal characters — Walter archetypal patsy, debilitated by his wife (sap, weaken attenuate) Mr. Mitty’s dream-phase alter egos are all superhero archetypes: commander, surgeon, expert marksman, knightly defender of the dark-haired damsel, WWI flying ace. Mrs. Mitty, archetypal domineering wife. (The parking attendant, policeman, and pedestrians are all extensions of Mrs. Mitty’s archetype.) Archetypal symbolism — Overshoes, gloves, puppy biscuits: The Mundane. Guns and gadgets: The masculine anti-sap. Archetypal dilemma — The insignificant, purposeless life vs. the aspirations of meaning and fulfillment. The archetypal dilemma is big picture/universal and nearly everyone can identify with it easily. It transcends times and generations. Archetypal resolution — Escapism. Other than in-the-moment escapism, Walter makes no progress toward a goal, and the work is more of a protracted series of sketches than a short story; there is no true resolution. [Conclusion omitted] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Compare and Contrast with “The Story of an Hour,” K. Chopin The archetypal dilemmas are nearly identical – the suffocation/repression of the Human Spirit is the unifying theme of these short stories. But the gender roles are reversed. The initial resolutions share mental escapism, however, Walter, in a fashion consistent with his archetype, takes no remedial action and only dreams of death. Mrs. Mallard actually dies. The Anti-Archetype — most archetypal analysis of literature examines the Journey, whether geographically physical, figuratively mental, or existentially spiritual. Sometimes the journey is leaving home (or a metaphor for home) to gain something of value. Other times the journey is about returning home in an Ouroboros-like circle of completion. Either way, the climax of the story usually involves an arrival at journey’s end. Both “The Story of an Hour” and “The Secret Life of Walter Mitty” deviate from the standard model or pattern on this point. In stark contrast of story structure, Mrs. Mallard embraced planning her journey, but never got to take it. Conversely, Mr. Mitty will be repeating his weekly trips to Waterbury into perpetuity and never getting anywhere.	i don't know
From which bridge does the Oxford and Cambridge boat race start?	Boat Race 2015: What time does it start, where can I watch Oxford vs Cambridge, betting odds \| The Independent Boat Race 2015: What time does it start, where can I watch Oxford vs Cambridge, betting odds Everything you need to know about the 161st running of the Boat Race Saturday 11 April 2015 13:43 BST Click to follow The victorious Oxford crew lift the trophy after winning the 2014 Boat Race Getty Images WHEN DOES THE RACE START? The 161st Boat Race takes place on Saturday 11 April and is scheduled to get underway at 5.50pm. As things stand, Cambridge lead the university battle with Oxford 81-78, with just one dead heat coming back in 1877. Last year, Oxford powered to victory as the Dark Blues clinch their biggest winning margin since 1973 after an early clash between the two crews saw Cambridge’s Luke Juckett thrown momentarily into the water and putting his entire team out of sync. With that in mind, the Light Blues will be out for revenge, with the memory of the 11-stroke defeat still very fresh on their minds. Luke Jackett is thrown into the water after clashing oars WHAT ABOUT THE WOMEN’S RACE? For the first time ever, the Women’s Boat Race will take place on the Tideway on the same day as the Men’s Boat Race, giving the female athletes a platform to perform on the biggest stage as their race will be broadcast live on the BBC. The Women’s Boat Race gets underway an hour before the Men’s at 4.50pm, and despite Oxford’s relative domination of the event in recent years, Cambridge still hold a strong overall lead of 41-28. That said, the Dark Blues have won 11 of the 15 races since the turn of the Millennium, although their largest winning margin during that period has been just four lengths and the race usually comes down to the closing stages. The Women's Boat Race will take place on the Tideway for the first time AND THE RESERVE’S RACE? The two second string Men’s crews from Oxford and Cambridge will compete against each other with the race due to begin at 5.20pm, in-between the Women’s Boat Race and the main Men’s Boat Race. WHERE IS THE BEST PLACE TO WATCH IT? There are certain viewing points along the London Borough of Richmond section of the River Thames that will be designated for fans to cheer on the two sides. Two festival-like parks will be set-up at Bishop’s Park and Furnivall Gardens to provide entertainment and activities to keep fans occupied throughout the day, while there will also be big screens put up to screen the race in its entirety. Hammersmith Bridge offers one viewing point for spectators If you feel like setting up camp early, you might be able to nab a position on one of the three main bridges that the race will make its way under. You can watch the crews from Putney Bridge for the start, the halfway mark from Hammersmith Bridge and the race to the finale at Chiswick Bridge. WHAT IF I CAN’T GET TO LONDON TO WATCH IT? Fear not, as the three main races will be broadcast live on BBC1 with coverage beginning well in advance at 4.15pm. ODDS:	Putney Bridge
"Who said or wrote ""No man is an island""?"	Boat Race 2015 route: Map of best places to watch in Putney, Hammersmith and Chiswick \| The Independent Boat Race 2015 route: Map of best places to watch in Putney, Hammersmith and Chiswick A detailed look at the best places to watch the Boat Race between Oxford and Cambridge Friday 10 April 2015 09:16 BST Click to follow The Independent Online Where are the best places to watch the Boat Race? Getty Images The 2015 Men's Boat Race takes place on the Tideway on Saturday 11 March, with the main event due to get underway at 5.50pm. Next to Putney Bridge, the crews of Oxford and Cambridge University rowing teams will line-up before getting the call to begin the gruelling course, which stretches 4 miles and 374 yards along the River Thames. The actual start line is marked by the first University Stone on the south bank of the river, and it's this part of the race that has often proven the most difficult to get right with both boats floating with the tide. Read more	i don't know
"In which play by William Shakespeare does the quote ""The course of true love never did run smooth"" appear?"	No Fear Shakespeare: A Midsummer Night’s Dream: Act 1, Scene 1, Page 5 A Midsummer Night’s Dream I must confess that I have heard so much And with Demetrius thought to have spoke thereof, But being overfull of self-affairs, My mind did lose it.—But, Demetrius, come. And come, Egeus. You shall go with me. I have some private schooling for you both.— For you, fair Hermia, look you arm yourself To fit your fancies to your father’s will, Or else the law of Athens yields you up (Which by no means we may extenuate) To death, or to a vow of single life.— Come, my Hippolyta. What cheer, my love?— Demetrius and Egeus, go along. I must employ you in some business Against our nuptial and confer with you Of something nearly that concerns yourselves. THESEUS I have to admit I’ve heard something about that, and meant to ask Demetrius about it, but I was too busy with personal matters and it slipped my mind.—Anyway, Demetrius and Egeus, both of you, come with me. I want to say a few things to you in private.—As for you, beautiful Hermia, get ready to do what your father wants, because otherwise the law says that you must die or become a nun, and there’s nothing I can do about that.—Come with me, Hippolyta. How are you, my love?—Demetrius and Egeus, come with us. I want you to do some things for our wedding, and I also want to discuss something that concerns you both. EGEUS With duty and desire we follow you. EGEUS We’re following you not only because it is our duty, but also because we want to. Exeunt. Manent LYSANDER and HERMIA They all exit except LYSANDER and HERMIA. LYSANDER How now, my love? Why is your cheek so pale? How chance the roses there do fade so fast? LYSANDER What’s going on, my love? Why are you so pale? Why have your rosy cheeks faded so quickly? 130 Belike for want of rain, which I could well Beteem them from the tempest of my eyes. HERMIA Probably because my cheeks' roses needed rain, which I could easily give them with all the tears in my eyes. 135 Ay me! For aught that I could ever read, Could ever hear by tale or history, The course of true love never did run smooth. But either it was different in blood— LYSANDER Oh, honey! Listen, in books they say that true love always faces obstacles. Either the lovers have different social standings—	A Midsummer Night's Dream
What is the SI unit of Pressure or Stress?	SparkNotes: A Midsummer Night’s Dream: Important Quotations Explained Important Quotations Explained Ay me, for aught that I could ever read, Could ever hear by tale or history, The course of true love never did run smooth. . . . Lysander speaks these lines to soothe Hermia when she despairs about the difficulties facing their love, specifically, that Egeus, her father, has forbidden them to marry and that Theseus has threatened her with death if she disobeys her father (I.i.132–134). Lysander tells Hermia that as long as there has been true love, there have been seemingly insurmountable difficulties to challenge it. He goes on to list a number of these difficulties, many of which later appear in the play: differences in birth or age (“misgrafted in respect of years”) and difficulties caused by friends or “war, death, or sickness,” which make love seem “swift as a shadow, short as any dream” (I.i.137, I.i.142–144). But, as Hermia comments, lovers must persevere, treating their difficulties as a price that must be paid for romantic bliss. As such, the above lines inaugurate the play’s exploration of the theme of love’s difficulties and presage what lies ahead for Lysander and Hermia: they will face great difficulties but will persevere and ultimately arrive at a happy ending. 2. Through Athens I am thought as fair as she. But what of that? Demetrius thinks not so. He will not know what all but he do know. And as he errs, doting on Hermia’s eyes, So I, admiring of his qualities. Things base and vile, holding no quantity, Love can transpose to form and dignity. Love looks not with the eyes, but with the mind, And therefore is winged Cupid painted blind. Helena utters these lines as she comments on the irrational nature of love. They are extremely important to the play’s overall presentation of love as erratic, inexplicable, and exceptionally powerful (I.i.227–235). Distressed by the fact that her beloved Demetrius loves Hermia and not her, Helena says that though she is as beautiful as Hermia, Demetrius cannot see her beauty. Helena adds that she dotes on Demetrius (though not all of his qualities are admirable) in the same way that he dotes on Hermia. She believes that love has the power to transform “base and vile” qualities into “form and dignity”—that is, even ugliness and bad behavior can seem attractive to someone in love. This is the case, she argues, because “love looks not with the eyes, but with the mind”—love depends not on an objective assessment of appearance but rather on an individual perception of the beloved. These lines prefigure aspects of the play’s examination of love, such as Titania’s passion for the ass-headed Bottom, which epitomizes the transformation of the “base and vile” into “form and dignity.” 3. Lord, what fools these mortals be! Puck makes this declaration in his amazement at the ludicrous behavior of the young Athenians (III.ii.115). This line is one of the most famous in A Midsummer Night’s Dream for its pithy humor, but it is also thematically important: first, because it captures the exaggerated silliness of the lovers’ behavior; second, because it marks the contrast between the human lovers, completely absorbed in their emotions, and the magical fairies, impish and never too serious. 4. I have had a most rare vision. I have had a dream past the wit of man to say what dream it was. Man is but an ass if he go about t’expound this dream. Methought I was—there is no man can tell what. Methought I was, and methought I had—but man is but a patched fool if he will offer to say what methought I had. The eye of man hath not heard, the ear of man hath not seen, man’s hand is not able to taste, his tongue to conceive, nor his heart to report what my dream was. I will get Peter Quince to write a ballad of this dream. It shall be called ‘Bottom’s Dream’, because it hath no bottom. Bottom makes this bombastic speech after he wakes up from his adventure with Titania; his human head restored, he believes that his experience as an ass-headed monster beloved by the beautiful fairy queen was merely a bizarre dream (IV.i.199–209). He remarks dramatically that his dream is beyond human comprehension; then, contradicting himself, he says that he will ask Quince to write a ballad about this dream. These lines are important partially because they offer humorous commentary on the theme of dreams throughout the play but also because they crystallize much of what is so lovable and amusing about Bottom. His overabundant self-confidence burbles out in his grandiose idea that although no one could possibly understand his dream, it is worthy of being immortalized in a poem. His tendency to make melodramatic rhetorical mistakes manifests itself plentifully, particularly in his comically mixed-up association of body parts and senses: he suggests that eyes can hear, ears see, hands taste, tongues think, and hearts speak. 5. If we shadows have offended, Think but this, and all is mended: That you have but slumbered here, While these visions did appear; And this weak and idle theme, No more yielding but a dream, Gentles, do not reprehend. If you pardon, we will mend. Puck speaks these lines in an address to the audience near the end of A Midsummer Night’s Dream, extending the theme of dreams beyond the world of the play and putting the reality of the audience’s experience into question (V.epilogue.1–8). As many of the characters (Bottom and Theseus among them) believe that the magical events of the play’s action were merely a dream, Puck tells the crowd that if the play has offended them, they too should remember it simply as a dream—“That you have but slumbered here, / While these visions did appear.” The speech offers a commentary on the dreamlike atmosphere of A Midsummer Night’s Dream and casts the play as a magical dream in which the audience shares.	i don't know
Who is the Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs?	New Defra Secretary of State announced - Press releases - GOV.UK New Defra Secretary of State announced From: First published: 13 May 2010 This news article was published under the 2010 to 2015 Conservative and Liberal Democrat coalition government Caroline Spelman MP has been appointed Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs by Prime Minister, David Cameron. Mrs Spelman is Member of Parliament for Meriden. Caroline Spelman said: “I am delighted to have been appointed Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. The department is responsible for many of the things that are vital to our quality of life - the food we eat, the air we breathe and how we manage the land we live on and the seas that surround our shores. “I will work across government and beyond to respond to the challenges of increasing food production, adapting to climate change, protecting our natural environment and ensuring we live sustainably.” Notes Caroline Spelman has been the Member of Parliament for Meriden since 1997. In Opposition, she served in the Shadow Cabinet, covering the Environment, International Development and Communities and Local Government portfolios, as well as holding other senior posts. Before entering Parliament, Mrs Spelman had an extensive career in the agriculture sector, with fifteen years in the agriculture industry and in-depth experience of the international arena, including as deputy director of the International Confederation of European Beet Growers and a research fellow for the Centre for European Agricultural Studies. She has also authored a book on the non-food use of agricultural products. Mrs Spelman is fluent in French and German and holds a BA First Class in European Studies from Queen Mary College. She is married with three children. Share this page	Caroline Spelman
Which state of America is nicknamed the 'Garden State'?	Owen Paterson becomes new Environment Secretary - Telegraph Politics Owen Paterson becomes new Environment Secretary Climate change skeptic Owen Paterson has been promoted to be the new Secretary of State for the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. Owen Paterson MP and the Prime Minister David Cameron Photo: Geoff Pugh By Holly Watt , Whitehall Editor 2:29PM BST 04 Sep 2012 Mr Paterson, who is a staunch right-winger, has previously voiced support for for 'fracking' - the extraction of shale gas - and has voiced opposition to wind farms. His appointment alarmed green campaigners. In a recent speech, Mr Paterson praised Britain’s shale gas reserves as “one unexpected and potentially huge windfall.” He praised America and its “can do culture” for taking full advantage of its shale gas deposits. The MP for North Shropshire is also pro-foxhunting. His promotion was welcomed by campaign groups who hope that the Prime Minister will allow a free vote on the issue in the future. Related Articles 04 Sep 2012 Mr Paterson was the managing director of a leather company before entering politics. A keen rider, Mr Paterson and his wife Rose completed the Mongol Derby last year. The couple covered 621 miles in ten days, raising money for charity while following in the footsteps of Genghis Khan across Mongolia. Mr Paterson, who replaces Caroline Spelman, was educated at Radley, before reading History at Oxford. As the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland for the last two years, Mr Paterson tried to unite the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) and the Conservatives. Northern Ireland's first and deputy first ministers criticised Mr Paterson after a speech on the Stormont Executive in July. Martin McGuinness called the speech “clumsy,” while Peter Robinson said it was “ill-advised”. In May, Mr Paterson became the most senior government minister to declare his opposition to Mr Cameron's plan to legalise gay marriage. Mr Paterson said he supported the government’s commitment to allow civil partnership ceremonies for same sex-couples to be held in churches, but he warned that after “careful” consideration, he would not be able to support extending full civil marriage rights to homosexual couples.	i don't know
Which country principally administers the Turks and Caicos Islands?	Turks & Caicos - Turks and Caicos Lawyers, Attorneys - Savory & Co Menu Turks & Caicos Geography. A BritishOverseasTerritory, the Turks & Caicos Islands comprise an archipelago of eight main islands in two groups, the Turks to the east and the Caicos to the west, and a number of smaller cays (pronounced ‘keys’). Physically forming the south end of the Bahamas chain, they are located between latitudes 21° and 22° north and longitudes 71° and 72° west, just under 600 miles south-east of Miami, Florida, and about 100 miles north of the Dominican Republic and Haiti. The total land area is approximately 166 square miles. TCI's main natural assets are its 230 miles of white sand beaches, and its coral reefs and ocean walls which are often hailed as offering some of the best diving in the world. The capital is CockburnTown in Grand Turk, and it is here among the main Government offices and public registries are based. Grand Turk and Salt Cay are the two inhabited islands of the Turks group. One of the larger and the most thriving of the islands is Providenciales in the Caicos group, where steady development is taking place in the form of hotels, condominiums and other tourist-related projects as well as office and commercial complexes. The other main inhabited islands in the Caicos group are North Caicos, Middle Caicos and South Caicos, West Caicos is being developed into an upscale resort managed by Ritz-Carlton, while East Caicos remains uninhabited. In addition there is a chain of cays running between Providenciales and North Caicos, some of which are privately owned. These include Pine Cay, which has an exclusive hotel, airstrip and a number of large holiday homes, and Parrot Cay, where a first class hotel and resort has recently opened. Ambergris Cay, near South Caicos, has also been developed as a private residential community and has its own airstrip. Back to top Climate. Turks & Caicos enjoys year-round sunshine as well as a prevailing easterly breeze provided by the Atlantic tradewinds which keeps temperatures from becoming excessively hot. The most popular time to visit the Islands is over the winter months when the sun continues to shine but the nights are cool. Temperatures in summer (April to September) average 87°F (31°C) and in winter (October to March) 77° F (25°C). Rainfall averages 26 inches per annum in the Turks and 40 inches in the Caicos Islands. The average humidity is a low 60%. Back to top Currency. The unit of currency is the United States dollar (US$). A little Turks & Caicos currency is also minted, the quarter-crown (= US25¢) and to a much lesser extent the crown (= US$1) being used in addition to United States currency. Other coins have been minted for commemorative and numismatic purposes. Back to top History. There is strong evidence that Grand Turk was the place of Christopher Columbus's first landfall after crossing the Atlantic in search of the New World. This honour has been traditionally bestowed on Watling's Island in the Bahamas, now San Salvador, the name given by Columbus to the island where he landed and called Guanahani by its indian inhabitants. Study of Columbus's journals and various other sources show that his descriptions of Guanahani more closely fit Grand Turk than they do San Salvador. It is known that the Spanish explorer Ponce de León came to the Islands in 1512, when they were inhabited by Arawak indians. The Spanish took away the Arawaks to use for slave labour and left the islands uninhabited. Bermudians came to the islands in the 17th century and established what was to become TCI's principal industry for the next 300 years – the production of salt from brine. The islands came under British rule in 1766. The salt industry was based in Grand Turk, Salt Cay and South Caicos, where large inland ponds, called salinas, were converted into a system of salt pans where salt water was evaporated and the remaining crystals raked up. Now defunct, TCI's salt industry once supplied much of the demand of the western world. A legacy of the Bermudian settlement is the architecture of the old buildings still remaining in the "salt islands". Large tracts of land in the lower Bahamas and the Caicos Islands were granted by Britain to American Loyalists after the War of Independence by way of recognition of their services to the Crown. These tracts were farmed as cotton and sisal plantations, but after emancipation many of the planters left the land to their erstwhile African slaves. Thus today many of families of the islands are those who through the generations have inherited large parcels of land from their predecessors. The origin of the name "Turks" has two possible explanations. Usually the name is said to come from the Turk's Head Cactus which grows in the island group, a squat cactus with a red fez-shaped flower-head. Another theory is that the name originates from the French and Spanish use of the word to describe the buccaneers who in the 16th and 17th centuries used the Islands to hide out. The word "Caicos" comes from the French "caiques" perhaps influenced by the Spanish "cayos"; both mean "cays", and both appear on various ancient charts. On a 1794 English chart, the names "The Corcos" and "Les Caquis" are given. Language and population. The official and national language is English. The total population of Turks & Caicos is approximately 31,500, of which Grand Turk has about 5,000 and Providenciales 24,000. The indigenous population is of African origin. The expatriate population includes nationals of Haiti, Dominican Republic, Philippines, countries of the Caribbean and the British Commonwealth, North America, France, Italy and Switzerland. Back to top Economy and taxes. The mainstays of TCI's economy are tourism and development, the financial services sector and the fishing industry. There is no income taxation in Turks & Caicos, and the chief sources of Government revenue are customs duty and stamp duty, the bulk of the latter coming from real estate transactions. Virtually everything is imported and on most items import duty is collected at 33% ad valorem plus a 6% ad valorem customs clearance charge Stamp duty on land purchases is at the rate of 4% on transactions up to US$500k, 6% between $500k and $1m, 8% from $1m up to $3m, and 10% over $3m. Stamp duty can be paid in equal instalments over four years, or, if paid immediately, a 10% applies. Revenues also derive from other indirect taxes such as accommodation tax payable on hotel rooms, work permit fees, and the fees generated by the finance services sector. A National Insurance Scheme (providing for loss of income and pensions) and National Health Insurance Scheme are in place, which involve contributions from both employers and employees. For National Insurance, the contributions are 4.6% and 3.4% respectively on remuneration up to $2,600 per month), and for National Health Insurance, they are 5% for both employer and employee on remuneration up to $7,800 a month. Back to top Political environment. Turks & Caicos has a written Constitution which provides for a Westminster style of democracy and guarantees fundamental human rights. It has one of the lowest crime rates in the Caribbean. The British Government is represented through a Governor, Attorney General and a number of other expatriate officers, but otherwise the country is to a large degree self-governing through a form of ministerial government elected at general elections held every four years. The two main political parties are the People's Democratic Movement (PDM) and the Progressive National Party (PNP). The legislature, the House of Assembly, consists of fifteen elected members, four appointed members, the Speaker, and the Attorney General (who doesn’t vote). A Premier and five other Ministers are appointed from among the elected members of the Legislative Council. The executive arm of Government is the Cabinet, which has nine members, being the Premier and six other Ministers, and three ex officio members, the Governor, Deputy Governor, and the Attorney-General. Back to top Legal system. The Turks & Caicos legal system is based on the English model, but unlike England has a written Constitution which includes provisions for the protection of fundamental rights and freedoms. Most of the law derives from Ordinances passed in Legislative Council and to a much lesser extent from legislation specially extended to Turks & Caicos by Britain. To the extent statutory law does not apply or requires interpretation, the common law of England applies. The Torrens system of land registration developed in Australia and New Zealand has been in place since 1971. The system provides for an efficient method of ascertaining both title and boundaries, and any person incurring damage as the result of an error in the register is indemnified by Government. The court system comprises the Magistrate's Court, Supreme Court, Court of Appeal (all of which sit in Turks & Caicos), and the Privy Council in England as the final appellate body. The Supreme Court is vested with the same jurisdiction and powers as the High Court of England. The legal profession is represented by a statutorily constituted Bar Association. Back to top Communications and broadcasting. The main telecommunications provider is LIME, a division of the UK-based Cable & Wireless group. All modern telecommunications services are provided on a fully digital national network, including cellular service, internet, telefax, dedicated lines, state-of-the-art telephone systems, worldwide direct-dialing, call recording, call waiting, and call forwarding. There are two other providers of cellular service, Digicel and Islandcom, and a second internet service provider, Express High Speed Internet, a subsidiary of the cable TV company WIV. Television is provided by WIV via a satellite and cable system offering more than 100 channels from the USA and elsewhere, including all of the U.S. networks, the four main movie channels, two sports channels, a music channel and a comedy channel. Another provider, PTV, provides programming using microvae transmission. WIV and PTV provide daily news programmes. There are several channels of FM radio, including local stations and channels received via satellite from the USA. Back to top Water. Many residences use rainwater catchment as their source of water, although mains supply (at 5¢ per gallon) of desalinated water is available to most properties in Providenciales. Desalinated water can also be purchased at a cost of approximately US$150 per load of 2,000 US gallons. Back to top Driving. The traffic system is as in the UK, with driving on the left side of the road. However most vehicles are imported from the USA, and therefore have the steering wheel on the left side. There are no traffic lights. The top speed allowed is 40 m.p.h. Foreign driving licences are legitimate for a period of 30 days, and are accepted as the basis of issue of a Turks & Caicos licence. Back to top Transport. Public transport is provided by a number of taxis, small buses and jitneys. Cars are usually imported from Florida or purchased locally. For a car in good condition 5 to 6 years old, the cost in Turks & Caicos is approximately US$6,000. Customs duty on cars varies according to engine capacity from 35% up to 60% of the landed cost, although for hybrids the rate is 10%. Duty is levied on the assessed value of the vehicle and the costs of shipping and handling. Motorcycles, scooters and recreational vehicles are generally not recommended as an only means of transport. Recreation. All forms of water-sports are available (but note that spearguns and Hawaiian slings are prohibited). There are several tennis courts and an 18-hole championship golf course on Providenciales. Membership of the Provo Golf Club costs US$2,200 per annum, plus cart fees of US$15 per round. Soccer, touch rugby, softball and cricket are played. There are several bars and nightclubs, and there is a cinema in Providenciales. Back to top Shopping. Providenciales is well-served with a number of supermarkets, including some that are of a high international standard. There are also a good variety of clothing, souvenir, jewellery and gift stores, several of which are duty-free. Shopping is more limited on the other Islands. Grand Turk has a cruise-ship centre that has several good-quality gift shops. Back to top Dining. Providenciales has many and diverse excellent restaurants, and the quality of food in all eateries is of a high standard. Local cuisine is similar to that of the Bahamas and includes conch (pronounced conk) cooked in various ways, local lobster and fresh fish, pork souse, chicken souse, fried chicken, peas and rice, okra soup, cactus soup, ribs and ox-tail. Cost of living. Because of the necessity to import practically all goods, the cost of living in Turks & Caicos is comparatively high. A single person might expect to pay approximately US$100 per week for groceries and other supplies. Rent for a one-bedroom apartment starts at about $750 and for a self-contained house at about $1,500. Most landlords require the equivalent of three months' rent in advance, though this can sometimes be negotiated to two. Gasoline prices follow and are higher than US prices. Electricity is charged at 28¢ per kilowatt-hour (approximately $75 per month for a single person), with an initial connection charge of US$350. Back to top Banking. Retail banking services are provided by FirstCaribbean International Bank (owned by Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce), Scotiabank, and Royal Bank of Canada. Private banking and asset management services are provided by several investment banks and trust companies. The opening of a new account at one of the retail banks requires evidence of the identity of each signatory, which will usually be in the form of a copy of the relevant pages of his or her passport, as well as a suitable reference from another bank. There is no restriction on the movement of funds into or out of Turks & Caicos, and the fact that the official currency is the US dollar further facilitates money transfers. Foreign cheques and bank drafts may be deposited at banks in Turks & Caicos, although clearance takes from three to six weeks. As a matter of policy instituted in 1979 and aimed at minimising the risk of money laundering, the major banks will not accept large cash deposits and will not pay cash on large withdrawals. Back to top Travel. Travel to and from Turks & Caicos is principally by air. There are three international airports (Grand Turk, Providenciales and South Caicos) and domestic airports on each of the inhabited islands. The principal gateway to Turks & Caicos is Miami, with regular 90-minute jet service to Providenciales. (American Airlines flies to Providenciales twice daily, at 1:15 pm and 5:15 pm, and TWA weekly from New York.) In addition, charter flights from New York and Canada cater to the Club Mediterranée and other hotels on Providenciales. A national airline offers scheduled services to the Bahamas, Dominican Republic, Haiti and Puerto Rico. Several air charter companies also provide both international and domestic services. Regular air and sea freight services operate out of south Florida. Back to top Nationality and immigration. Turks & Caicos is officially a British Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom. The UK British Nationality Act provides for a separate category of British citizenship, the British Overseas Territories Citizen, and a person who has BOTC status by connection with Turks & Caicos is entitled to a BOTC passport issued under the British Nationality Act. Turks & Caicos citizenship, on the other hand, is determined by the Constitution, which contains a definition of the status of ‘Turks and Caicos Islander’. Under the current definition, only persons born in the Islands or have a parent born in the Islands automatically have Turks and Caicos Islander status. A person who has been the spouse of a Turks and Caicos Islander for at least 10 years can apply for the status. Immigration control is administered under the Immigration Ordinance. All persons who are Turks and Caicos Islanders or who hold a BOTC passport are entitled to live and work in the Islands without restriction. The Ordinance also provides for "Permanent Resident" status, and renewable residence permits for periods up to 10 years. The status of Permanent Resident may be granted to persons who have held a residence permit or work permit (otherwise than as an unskilled) worker for more than 10 years. A person with Permanent Resident status is entitled to apply for BOTC status under the British Nationality Act. All other persons wishing to reside in Turks & Caicos must hold some form of work permit or residence permit. Visitors receive a 90-day permit, which can be extended. Unless from a country designated as a non-visa country (see www.immigrationboard.tc/go/en/Visa-Requirements–page.html ), visitors must first obtain a visa before entering Turks & Caicos. Application for a work or residence permit is made to an Immigration Board. Work permits may be issued for any period up to five years. A work permit application for an employee must include a certificate from the Labour Office that no Turks & Caicos Islander is available to do the work. Back to top Customs duty exemption. Persons first entering Turks & Caicos for the purpose of taking up residence are entitled to an exemption from duty on their unaccompanied goods (except vehicles and boats) provided they have been owned for at least twelve months. Accompanied goods (baggage brought on the same flight as the passenger) are exempted from the requirement for previous ownership. It is therefore advisable that persons moving to TCI purchase items of value (particularly electrical appliances) in Miami and bring them as accompanied baggage (paying excess if necessary). Residents are entitled to a $400 exemption.	United Kingdom
The highest waterfall in the Southern Hemisphere is located in which country?	CEP Technical Report No. 36 1996 16 71,082 (1) Totals have been adjusted to avoid double counting areas that are classified in 2 or more categories. Policy and Legislation The Turks and Caicos Islands became a separate colony of the United Kingdom in 1973 after association at various times with the colonies of the Bahamas and Jamaica. A new Constitution was introduced in 1976. The National Parks Ordinance, 1975 provides the legal framework for protected areas. Four different categories of protected area can be created under Section 3 of the Ordinance: national park, nature reserve, sanctuary and area of historical interest (Annex I). Forest management is partly covered under the National Parks Ordinance, and other ordinances relating to plants, wild birds, fisheries and coasts. There is no stated or formal forestry policy (CDB 1983). The decision to gazette a protected area is the responsibility of the Executive Council, which is advised by a National Parks Committee, currently comprising ten people. The National Park Regulation 1992 details the regulations governing the four categories of protected areas. National parks and nature reserves may be divided into zones according to activities, mainly recreational, which appear to be compatible within these areas. In July 1987 the National Parks Committee presented a list of 33 recommended sites to the Executive. The National Parks Order of 7 August 1992 designated eleven national parks, eleven nature reserves, four sanctuaries and seven areas of historical interest. In total, the Executive Council has now approved all of the recommended sites and these are now protected by law. (Note: Details for individual areas not available for report). International Participation Conventions & Treaties Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD, 1992) Convention for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment of the Wider Caribbean Region (Cartagena Convention, 1983) Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES, 1973) Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar, 1971) Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (World Heritage, 1972) Programmes & Associations Caribbean Conservation Association (CCA, 1967) Caribbean Environment Programme (CEP, 1981) and its Specially Protected Areas & Wildlife Programme (SPAW, 1990) Administration Administration and management of the protected area system is the responsibility of the Director of Parks who is attached to the Department of Planning and Environment. A National Parks Adviser was employed on a two-year contract, commencing October 1991, funded by the UK Overseas Development Administration (ODA). In 1987, Executive Council approved the creation of a new Department to be known as the Department of Environment, Heritage and Parks. The Turks and Caicos National Trust was established as a statuary body in 1992 to help to preserve the biodiversity and cultural heritage of the Islands. The aim is to establish an effective managerial framework for local and international fund-raising, a public awareness and educational programme and a legal framework for conservation of sites. The National Trusts activities are supported by the WWF-UK and The Nature Conservancy (TNC). Forestry is not well developed in the islands: in the 1980's there was a Department of Agriculture within the Ministry of Development and Commerce. This Department had some role in amenity tree planting, but has since been closed along with its tree nursery on North Caicos (CDB 1983, Garland, pers. comm., 1991). Much of the initiative and impetus for environmental protection and conservation in the Islands has come from non-governmental organisations (NGOs), principally PRIDE (Foundation for the Protection of Reefs and Islands from Degradation and Exploitation), and the Turks and Caicos Development Trust, supported by the government, the UK based ODA, bilateral and multi-lateral donors and international environmental groups (Anon. 1990). PRIDE is concerned with the management and use of natural resources on the islands. The Turks and Caicos Development Trust, based on Grand Turk, aims to contribute to sustainable social and economic development by the wise use of the islands' resources. Biodiversity The Turks and Caicos are low-lying (under 75 m in altitude) limestone islands with a number of lagoons, salt flats and outlying coral reefs. The Caicos Islands are relatively fertile, and support an understory of scrub bush and cacti below a canopy of low trees. The Turk Islands have an unproductive, fine, sandy dune topsoil which supports a sparse vegetation of sedge and cacti. Intact stands of mangrove exist at South Creek on Grand Turk and along the creeks of all the Caicos. Scrub-type forest has been estimated to cover some 90% of the total land area. Swamp and mangrove forest covers something less than 5% of the total land area. Matured forest stands are rare in many places because of the high demands for fuelwood and charcoal production (CDB 1983). Management Including the marine area of the North, Middle and East Caicos Islands Ramsar Wetland, Turks and Caicos Island's protected areas cover 165% of the country's landmass. The remaining 20 protected areas cover approximately 17,000 ha. Fifteen of these areas also contain coastal and marine resources (Summary Table, Annex I). Considerable progress has been made in the designation of protected areas. Steps are now being taken to implement an overall plan for national parks. Regulations have been drafted for the management of national parks with financial assistance from the UK government. Funds have also been made available for signs, buoys and boundary markers for the national parks and Ramsar site. It is now necessary to achieve broad support for the system from the local community; to develop an indigenous management capability; and to draw up a sound financial strategy to pay for the management system (Anon. 1990). The government has accepted a proposal that the civilian police should be responsible for policing marine parks, and local dive operators will be encouraged to continue acting as park rangers (a role they have been undertaking for a number of years). One aim of marine park management is to protect reefs from increased dive traffic by the installation of mooring buoys. This has been approved by the Executive and work is currently in hand at Grand Turk. Buoys are also planned for Providenciales, South Caicos and West Caicos using information provided by Operation Raleigh. A series of scientific surveys of the marine and coastal resources has been carried out by Operation Raleigh. Areas of study have been the north coast of Providenciales and Leeward Cays (Operation Raleigh 1986a, 1986b) and the island of Grand Turk (Operation Raleigh 1987a, 1987b). In September 1987 an expedition to South Caicos and Long Cay culminated in proposals for a Long Bay/East Bay Underwater Park and Conservation Zone and for Middleton Cay Island Sanctuary. The information on marine resources has been used to help formulate management proposals for the areas studied. As well as surveying marine areas, Operation Raleigh assists with the siting and installation of mooring buoys and with an experimental conch replenishment exercise done in co-operation with the principal fisheries officer. Cetacean Management in coastal waters is partially effective, but harassment is a continuing problem (van't Hof 1993). A comprehensive survey of wetlands was undertaken, from July to October 1987, with the funding of the Department of the Environment, ODA and WWF-UK, which administered the survey. The aim of the survey was to assess the potential of wetlands for nomination as Ramsar sites, and as a result a large area of North, Middle, and East Caicos has been designated. In addition, a comprehensive survey of the country's ecology has been undertaken recently by resource consultants. Contacts Planning Department, Government Office, Grand Turk Department of Environment, Heritage and Parks (Director), Ministry of Natural Resources, Grand Turk Tel: (809) 946-2855 Fax: (809) 946-2448 Tlx: 8227 TQ The Turks and Caicos Development Trust, Front Street, Grand Turk PRIDE, Caribbean Field Headquarters, Pine Cay, Turks and Caicos Ministry of Local Government Affairs, Barclays Bank Building, PO Box 66, Grand Turk, Tel: (809) 946-2849 Fax: (809) 946-2885 References Anon. (1990) Turks and Caicos Islands Strategic Review. Final Report. Draft. Mokoro CDB (1983) Regional Forestry Sector, Country Study Report, Turks and Caicos Islands. Caribbean Development Bank, Barbados. 11 pp. Clark, N.V. and Norton, R.L. (1987) The Turks and Caicos Islands, a Ramsar site proposal. Final report to the Turks and Caicos Islands Government, WWF-UK, DoE and ODA. 39 pp. Institute of Development Studies (1981) Turks and Caicos Development Plan. Sussex University and ODA, London, UK. Lightbourne, E.S. (1991) Development of a marine park in a developing country to implement pre-impact maintenance for coral reef management. In: Cambers, G. (Ed.) Proceedings of the Regional Symposium public and private co-operation in National Park development. 23-25 August. British Virgin Islands National Parks Trust, Tortola. Mitchell, B.A. and Barborak, J.R. (1991) Developing coastal park systems in the Tropics: Planning in the parks and Caicos Islands. Coastal Management 19:113-134. Oldfield, S. (1987) Fragments of Paradise, a guide for conservation action in the UK dependent territories. British Association of Nature Conservation, Oxford, UK. 192 pp. Operation Raleigh (1986a) Report on the Turks and Caicos expedition. Report on the distribution of habitats and species of the north coast of Providenciales and Leeward Cays (Part 1). University of York, UK. 58 pp. Operation Raleigh (1986b) Report on the Turks and Caicos expedition. Management of the north coast of Providenciales and Leeward Cays resources and recommendations for protected areas (Part 2). University of York, UK. 35 pp. Operation Raleigh (1987a) Report on the Turks and Caicos expedition. Management of the marine and coastal resources of the island of Grand Turk and recommendations for protected areas (Part 4). University of York, UK. 28 pp. Operation Raleigh (1987b) Report on the Turks and Caicos expedition. Report on the Distribution of coastal and marine habitats and species on the island of Grand Turk. University of York, UK. Ray, C. and Sprung, T. (1971) Parks and Conservation in The Turks and Caicos Islands. A report on the ecology of the Turks and Caicos with particular emphasis upon the impact of development upon the natural environment. Turks and Caicos Islands Government. Scott, D.A. and Carbonell, M. (1986) A directory of Neotropical wetlands. IUCN, Cambridge and IWRB, Slimbridge, UK. 684 pp. UNEP/IUCN (1988) Coral Reefs of the World. Volume 1: Atlantic and Eastern Pacific. UNEP Regional Seas Directories and Bibliographies. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK/UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya. 373 pp. ANNEX I: LEGAL INSTRUMENTS Definitions of protected area designations, as legislated, together with authorities responsible for their administration. Title: The National Parks Ordinance Date: 1975 Brief description: Provides the legal framework for protected areas. Administrative authority: National Parks Committee Designations: National Park Activities permitted within protected areas are governed by Section 4 of the Ordinance: an area designated as a national park shall be open to members of the public for recreational use such as camping, fishing and sailing. Developments, such as the erection of buildings, construction of roads and marinas, must be licensed by the Governor. The criteria which the Ordinance sets down for an acceptable development include the requirement that the proposal will "facilitate the enjoyment by the public of the natural setting of the area". Nature Reserve Certain activities are also allowed within nature reserves. The need to sustain a "proper balance in the natural ecology of the area" determines permissible activities in a nature reserve". The Ordinance lists agriculture, arboriculture, pisciculture, sport and recreation as permissible activities. The only buildings and developments permitted will be those required for one of the permitted uses, and before a development can be undertaken a license has to be granted by the Governor. Sanctuary The primary purpose of a sanctuary is to protect the natural ecology, or any particular form of living organism (including any marine life) in the area, and to avoid disturbance by human beings. Entry into a sanctuary is not permitted, except in accordance with any regulations made in respect of the sanctuary. No development is permitted. Area of Historical Interest Provision for the protection of areas of historical interest is made, such that an area may be included within one of the previous categories, in which case it will be subject to the same restrictions as that area. Where the area does not coincide with one of the above, the public may have access, subject to conditions set down by appropriate regulations. No development is permitted without license granted by the Governor. Title: The National Parks Regulations Date: August 1992 Brief Description: Provides for details of prohibitions within each four categories of protected areas and allows for the establishment of zones for specific purposes within a national park and nature reserve. Administrative Authority: Department of Environment, Heritage and Parks. Designations: Prohibited activities within all four categories include taking of any flora and fauna, water-skiing, jet skis or hovercraft, dumping of wastes, possession of weapons and erecting any structure without permission. By the establishment of particular zones in national parks and nature reserves, aquatic sports, anchoring, vessels or fishing may be permitted. Definition for every zone is given. Source: Original legislation ANNEX II: OF TURKS & CAICOS ISLANDS PROTECTED AREAS LIST Name of area	i don't know
What was writer Mark Twain's real surname?	Mark and Shania Twain : snopes.com Claim: Shania Twain is the great-granddaughter of Mark Twain. FALSE Example: [Collected via e-mail, December 2012] Is it true that Shania Twain is Mark Twain's great-granddaughter? Origins: Several well-traveled rumors have posited improbable familial relationships between celebrities based on nothing more than vague facial resemblances, spawning such common legends as those claiming that soap actress Susan Lucci is the daughter of comedienne Phyllis Diller or that western actor Clint Eastwood is the son of comic Stan Laurel. In more recent years we've received a number of similar celebrity inquiries seemingly based on nothing more than the fact that two famous people share a surname, such as this question about whether Canadian country pop star Shania Twain is the great-granddaughter (or other direct relative) of 19th century American author and humorist Mark Twain. In this case, however, supposition about one Twain being a descendant of the other immediately falls apart when one realizes that neither person is a direct biological relative of anyone with the surname of Twain. "Mark Twain" was not a real person but rather the pen name of writer Samuel Langhorne Clemens, who was born in Missouri in 1835. Although the line between Clemens and his alternate persona may have been a bit blurred at times (for example, Clemens delivered humorous lectures in character as Mark Twain), he nonetheless retained the use of his birth name in personal matters, and all of his children bore the surname Clemens. Shania Twain was born Eilleen Regina Edwards in Windsor, Ontario, in 1965, the daughter of Sharon Morrison Edwards and Clarence Edwards. She didn't acquire the last name of Twain until after her parents divorced and her mother married again, to a man named Jerry Twain who adopted Eilleen and her sisters (thus legally changing their surname from Edwards to Twain). She remained Eilleen Twain until 1991, when she changed her first name to Shania and embarked upon a recording career. Aside from the name issue, the country/pop singer couldn't possibly be a great-granddaughter of the renowned writer and humorist, as the latter had no direct descendants beyond a single now-deceased grandchild. Samuel Clemens and his wife Olivia Langdon Clemens had four children, a son and three daughters: son Langdon died before his second birthday, daughters Susan and Jean passed away before marrying, and daughter Clara married and bore one child, a daughter named Nina Clemens Gabrilowitsch. However, Nina died in 1966 without ever having borne any children of her own, and any direct line of descent from Samuel Langhorne Clemens ended with her death. Any living relatives of "Mark Twain" are either in-laws or descendants of other members of his family, not direct relatives. Last updated: 3 December 2012 Tags:	Clemens
What name Is given In Ireland to illicitly distilled whiskey?	Welcome to the Mark Twain House & Museum - Biography of Mark Twain Biography of Mark Twain Biography of Mark Twain A Life Lived in a Rapidly Changing World: Samuel L. Clemens‚ 1835-1910 As Twain’s books provide insight into the past‚ the events of his personal life further demonstrate his role as an eyewitness to history. During his lifetime‚ Sam Clemens watched a young United States evolve from a nation torn apart by internal conflicts to one of international power. He experienced America’s vast growth and change - from westward expansion to industrialization‚ the end of slavery‚ advancements in technology‚ big government and foreign wars. And along the way‚ he often had something to say about the changes happening in his country. The Early Years Samuel Clemens was born on November 30‚ 1835 in Florida‚ Missouri‚ the sixth of seven children. At the age of 4‚ Sam and his family moved to the small frontier town of Hannibal‚ Missouri‚ on the banks of the Mississippi River. Missouri‚ at the time‚ was a fairly new state (it had gained statehood in 1821) and comprised part of the country’s western border. It was also a slave state. Sam’s father owned one slave and his uncle owned several. In fact‚ it was on his uncle’s farm that Sam spent many boyhood summers playing in the slave quarters‚ listening to tall tales and the slave spirituals that he would enjoy throughout his life. In 1847‚ when Sam was 11‚ his father died. Shortly thereafter he left school‚ having completed the fifth grade‚ to work as a printer’s apprentice for a local newspaper. His job was to arrange the type for each of the newspaper’s stories‚ allowing Sam to read the news of the world while completing his work. Twain’s Young Adult Life At 18‚ Sam headed east to New York City and Philadelphia‚ where he worked on several different newspapers and found some success at writing articles. By 1857‚ he had returned home to embark on a new career as a riverboat pilot on the Mississippi River. With the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861‚ however‚ all traffic along the river came to a halt‚ as did Sam’s pilot career. Inspired by the times‚ Sam joined a volunteer Confederate unit called the Marion Rangers‚ but he quit after just two weeks. In search of a new career‚ Sam headed west in July of 1861‚ at the invitation of his brother‚ Orion‚ who had just been appointed Secretary of the Nevada Territory. Lured by the infectious hope of striking it rich in Nevada’s silver rush‚ Sam traveled across the open frontier from Missouri to Nevada by stagecoach. Along the journey Sam encountered Native American tribes for the first time as well as a variety of unique characters‚ mishaps and disappointments. These events would find a way into his short stories and books‚ particularly Roughing It . After failing as a silver prospector‚ Sam began writing for the Territorial Enterprise‚ a Virginia City‚ Nevada‚ newspaper where he used‚ for the first time‚ his pen name‚ Mark Twain. Wanting a change by 1864‚ Sam headed for San Francisco where he continued to write for local papers. In 1865‚ Sam’s first “big break” came with the publication of his short story‚ “Jim Smiley and His Jumping Frog ” in papers across the country. A year later‚ Sam was hired by the Sacramento Union to visit and report on the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii). His writings were so popular that‚ upon his return‚ he embarked upon his first lecture tour‚ which established him as a successful stage performer. Hired by the Alta California to continue his travel writing from the east‚ Sam arrived in New York City in 1867. He quickly signed up for a steamship tour of Europe and the Holy Land. His travel letters‚ full of vivid descriptions and tongue-in-cheek observations‚ met with such audience approval that they were later reworked into his first book‚ The Innocents Abroad in 1869. It was also on this trip that Clemens met his future brother-in-law‚ Charles Langdon. Langdon reportedly showed Sam a picture of his sister‚ Olivia ‚ and Sam fell in love at first sight. Twain Starts a Family and Moves to Hartford After courting for two years‚ Sam Clemens and Olivia (Livy) Langdon were married in 1870. They settled in Buffalo‚ New York‚ where Sam had become a partner‚ editor and writer for the daily newspaper the Buffalo Express. While living in Buffalo‚ their first child‚ Langdon Clemens‚ was born. In 1871‚ Sam moved his family to Hartford‚ Connecticut‚ a city he had come to love while visiting his publisher there‚ and where he had made friends. Livy also had family connections to the city. For the first few years the Clemenses rented a house in the heart of Nook Farm‚ a residential area that was home to numerous writers‚ publishers and other prominent figures. In 1872‚ Sam’s recollections and tall tales from his frontier adventures were published in his book‚ Roughing It . That same year the Clemenses’ first daughter Susy was born‚ but their son‚ Langdon‚ died at the age of two from diphtheria. In 1873‚ Sam’s focus turned toward social criticism. He and Hartford Courant publisher Charles Dudley Warner co-wrote The Gilded Age ‚ a novel that attacked political corruption‚ big business and the American obsession with getting rich that seemed to dominate the era. Ironically‚ a year after its publication‚ the Clemenses’ elaborate 25-room house on Farmington Avenue‚ which had cost the then-huge sum of $40‚000-$45‚000‚ was completed. Twain Writes his Most Famous Books While Living in Hartford For the next 17 years (1874-1891)‚ Sam‚ Livy and their three daughters (Clara was born in 1874 and Jean in 1880) lived in the Hartford home. During those years Sam completed some of his most famous books‚ often finding a summer refuge for uninterrupted work at his sister-in-law’s farm in Elmira‚ N.Y. Novels such as The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and Life on the Mississippi (1883) captured both his Missouri memories and depictions of the American scene. Yet‚ his social commentary continued. The Prince and the Pauper (1881) explored class relations as does A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court (1889) which‚ going a step further‚ criticized oppression in general while examining the period’s explosion of new technologies. And‚ in perhaps his most famous work‚ Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884)‚ Clemens‚ by the way he attacked the institution of slavery‚ railed against the failures of Reconstruction and the continued poor treatment of African Americans in his own time. Huckleberry Finn was also the first book published by Sam’s own publishing company‚ The Charles L. Webster Company. In an attempt to gain control over publication as well as to make substantial profits‚ Sam created the publishing company in 1884. A year later‚ he contracted with Ulysses S. Grant to publish Grant’s memoirs; the two-volume set provided large royalties for Grant’s widow and was a financial success for the publisher as well. Twain’s Financial Ruin and Subsequent Travels Although Sam enjoyed financial success during his Hartford years‚ he continually made bad investments in new inventions‚ which eventually brought him to bankruptcy. In an effort to economize and pay back his debts‚ Sam and Livy moved their family to Europe in 1891. When his publishing company failed in 1894‚ Sam was forced to set out on a worldwide lecture tour to earn money. In 1896‚ tragedy struck when Susy Clemens‚ at the age of 24‚ died from meningitis while on a visit to the Hartford home. Unable to return to the place of her death‚ the Clemenses never returned to Hartford to live. From 1891 until 1900‚ Sam and his family traveled throughout the world. During those years‚ Sam witnessed the increasing exploitation of weaker governments by European powers‚ which he described in his book‚ Following the Equator (1897). The Boer War in South Africa and the Boxer Rebellion in China fueled his growing anger toward imperialistic countries and their actions. With the Spanish-American and Philippine War in 1898‚ Sam’s wrath was redirected toward the American government. When he returned to the United States in 1900‚ his finances restored‚ Sam readily declared himself an anti-imperialist and‚ from 1901 until his death‚ served as the vice president of the Anti-Imperialist League. Twain’s Darkest Times and Late Life In these later years‚ Sam’s writings turned dark. They began to focus on human greed‚ cruelty and questioned the humanity of the human race. His public appearances followed suit and included a harshly sarcastic public introduction of Winston Churchill in 1900. Even though Sam’s lecture tour had managed to get him out of debt‚ his anti-government writings and speeches threatened his livelihood once again. Labeled by some as a traitor‚ several of Sam’s works were never published during his lifetime either because magazines would not accept them or because of a personal fear that his marketable reputation would be ruined. In 1903‚ after living in New York City for three years‚ Livy became ill and Sam and his wife returned to Italy where she died a year later. After her death‚ Sam lived in New York until 1908 when he moved into his last house‚ “Stormfield”‚ in Redding‚ Connecticut. In 1909‚ his middle daughter Clara was married. In the same year Jean‚ the youngest daughter‚ died from an epileptic seizure. Four months later on April 21‚ 1910‚ Sam Clemens died at the age of 74. Like any good journalist‚ Sam Clemens‚ a.k.a. Mark Twain‚ spent his life observing and reporting on his surroundings. In his writings he provided images of the romantic‚ the real‚ the strengths and weaknesses of a rapidly changing world. By examining his life and his works‚ we can read into the past - piecing together various events of the era and the responses to them. We can delve into the American mindset of the late nineteenth century and make our own observations of history‚ discover new connections‚ create new inferences and gain better insights into the time period and the people who lived in it. As Sam once wrote‚ “Supposing is good‚ but finding out is better.” Restore:	i don't know
Which rugby union team defeated Saracens to win the Heineken cup in 201A?	Heineken Cup Results 2014: Quarter-Final Scores and Updated Rugby Fixtures \| Bleacher Report Heineken Cup Results 2014: Quarter-Final Scores and Updated Rugby Fixtures By Gianni Verschueren , Featured Columnist Apr 5, 2014 Use your ← → (arrow) keys to browse more stories Patrick Bolger/Getty Images 1 Comment Ulster fought bravely down to 14 men for 76 long minutes but fell near the end as Saracens came away with a 17-15 win in the late game of the 2014 Heineken Cup quarter-finals on Saturday. Earlier in the day, Munster convincingly dispatched of Toulouse, 47-23, before Clermont won a thriller against visitors Leicester by a score of 22-6. In the last quarter-final on Sunday, Toulon defeated Leinster 29-14 to leave the Semi-Final line up looking like this: Heineken Cup Semi-Finals 2014 Saracens v ASM Clermont Auvergne Saturday April 26 3:40 p.m. BST/10:40 a.m. ET Twickenham Stadium 4:30 p.m. BST/ 11:30 a.m. ET Stade Velodrome ERCRugby.com Defending Heineken Cup champions Toulon knocked out three-time winners Leinster in a magnificent battle, setting up a semi-final clash with Munster in Marseille on Sunday, 27 April. This was the first meeting between the sides in the tournament, although between them, they have won the trophy in four of the last five seasons, per ERCRugby.com . Ex-England rugby star Jonny Wilkinson's injury jinx struck again and he was forced off in the first half, but he'd already managed to kick two penalties and put them into a 6-0 lead before departing the scene in the 28th minute after a heavy challenge. Claude Paris Jonny Wilkinson was in form with the boot before he had to go off. Leinster were up against it during the early part of proceedings and only some last-ditch defending stopped the score from increasing quite rapidly. Mathieu Bastareaud in particular, was getting in amongst it for the home side. However, Toulon's handling errors were plentiful and despite a number of chances, they could not make their pressure count. David Smith was put through by Wilkinson but a late Rob Kearney interception, stopped the score. That Leinster were able to go in at half time level at 6-6 after two Jimmy Gopperth penalties, said much about the backs-against-the-wall performance from the Irish. Jimmy Gopperth levels matters for Leinster with another penalty. Toulon 6-6 Leinster (29mins). Live tracker: http://t.co/CallMP40H9 — RTÉ Rugby (@RTErugby) April 6, 2014 It didn't sit well with the home support who booed their team off of the pitch. However, within five minutes of the restart, the boos had subsided as Toulon raced into a 10-point lead. Matt Giteau fired a splendid long-ranger over from almost the halfway line and then prop Xavier Chiocci grounded after some fine work in the build-up from Craig Burden. Gopperth grabbed another three but from there on in it was all Toulon. Bastareaud waltzed through a trio of tackles to hand off to the grateful Drew Mitchell, who escaped Gordon D'Arcy's attentions before extending the lead. Giteau converted, Delon Armitage crashed home a penalty and things began to look ominous for Leinster who trailed by 29-6 at that point. With 10 minutes to go, Jordi Murphy gave the visitors a glimmer, but it was too little, too late. Even the sin-binning of Florian Fresia couldn't change the scoreline, Toulon worthy winners in the end. 29-14 and Leinster can have few compllaints. Well beaten. That home defeat to Northampton proved very costly. — Gerry Thornley (@gerrythornley) April 6, 2014 Hosts Munster demolished a lackluster Toulouse squad, 47-23, as the Irish team played with all of the drive and intensity the French giants seemed to be missing. Munster defeat Toulouse 47-23 to reach Heineken Cup semi-finals — Telegraph Sport (@TelegraphSport) April 5, 2014 A six-try rout was the logical result, and Munster will now advance to the semi-final where they'll face the winner of tomorrow's tie between Toulon and Leinster. The hosts opened the match brilliantly and placed the pressure on the French shoulders early, attacking the line-out feverishly. An injury to Peter O'Mahony dampened spirits a bit, and as Munster failed to capitalise on their dominance, the visitors were lucky to somehow go into the dressing rooms down only 13-9. Keith Earls had scored the opener in the right corner, and Ian Keatley would add the conversion (7-10 on the day, with three penalties), with Toulouse only able to answer with three Luke McAlister penalties. Playing into the wind certainly played its part in the low scoreline for the hosts, and the question became whether Toulouse would be able to cope with having to do the same in the second half. The answer was no. Munster , sweet Jesus I don't think many teams could handle them in Thomand park when they are like that — Niall Breslin (@nbrez) April 5, 2014 Dave Kilcoyne scored within two minutes of the restart and man of the match CJ Stander would add just minutes later, capping off an excellent performance on his birthday. Hosea Gear and Joe Tekori would score for the visitors but it was no more than consolation as Simon Zebo and Paul O'Connell put the final score up on the scoreboard, ensuring the team would keep its unbeaten record against French opposition at home. Toulouse manager Guy Noves was understandably dissatisfied with his team's performance but made it very clear it had more to do with the excellent display of the hosts, via The Guardian's Brendan Fanning : Today Munster taught us a big lesson and we'll have to learn from that. They carried the ball really well and it made it very difficult for us in defence. It took a huge effort for us to score but for Munster it came easier. It's the first time Munster have beaten us by such a margin, which reflects well on Irish rugby. It's up to us to rise to the next occasion. Whether we lost because of conceding so many tries or by conceding two points we still have a lot to learn. Clermont extended their sensational win streak at home to 25 with a 22-16 victory over Leicester, having dominated the early proceedings and holding on during a late surge from the visitors. Heineken Cup QF: Clermont Auvergne 22-16 Leicester Tigers. Clermont stretch unbeaten home run to 75 games, but Tigers push them all the way — Rugby World (@Rugbyworldmag) April 5, 2014 The hosts opened up a lead with a couple of Morgan Parra penalties and a try from Wesley Fofana, and Clermont looked to be in excellent shape to finish the tie early. Down by 13, Jordan Crane's beautiful score and Owen Williams' conversion put the visitors right back in the match, and it became a battle of specialists as Parra and Williams exchanged blows. Williams seemed to gain the upper hand, bringing his team ever closer with a number of clutch kicks from a long way out, but a late yellow card for backup Thomas Waldrom and the resulting penalty restored the gap to six points. The Tigers would come close to pulling off a miracle comeback, but their attempt would literally die a few yards out as the hosts held on to extend the streak to 75. Brian Moore congratulated the visitors, but also noticed the hosts were simply too strong: Tremendous spirit by Leicester in their narrow loss to Clermont - sad for them that effort alone can't win games. — Brian Moore (@brianmoore666) April 5, 2014 In the last match of the day, hosts Ulster were forced to play out the match with just 14 players as Jared Payne was red-carded after just four minutes for a dangerous challenge on airborne Alex Goode, who had to be carried off the pitch on a stretcher. While the official's decision infuriated plenty of the home fans both in the stadium and in the Twittersphere, Bath Rugby full-back Nick Abendanon felt the red card was certainly the correct decision: Don't know what the Ulster fans are booing about. That was a disgusting challenge worthy of a red card. Hope @Alex_goode0 is ok. — Nick Abendanon (@nick_abendanon) April 5, 2014 To make matters, Ruan Pienaar and Rory Best both came up with injuries early, making the task a near-impossible one for Ulster. Both the hosts would buckle down and put together an absolutely heroic performance, supported by a fiery crowd who's constant screams were deafening. Pienaar would open the scoring with a penalty and add two more before half-time, and a try by Saracens' Chris Ashton made the score 9-5 Ulster at the end of the first. Jim Stokes couldn't believe what he was seeing: What a gutsy performance by Ulster. To lead 9-5 at half-time and a man down after four minutes is a tremendous effort. Keep 'er lit I say. — Jim Stokes (@PedalPump) April 5, 2014 Mouritz Botha would open the scoring for Saracens in the second half, as fatigue clearly started to set in for the Ulster players. But Owen Farrell had a nightmare game kicking for the visitors, missing three attempts prior to that try and hooking the conversion wide, making it 10-9 Saracens. Ashton would score his second to give the visitors a clear path to the win, but yet another crucial miss from Farrell combined with two penalties from Paddy Jackson ensured the game would go down to the wire. In range and with no time left on the club, Ulster desperately looked for an opening or a foul that would give the team a chance to complete a miraculous comeback, but to the dismay of the crowd, the French official refused to give the penalty to the hosts, instead seeing a foul that would hand the ball back to Saracens to end the game. The visitors celebrated wildly as this win truly was as hard-fought as a win can be, but all credit for this stunning match must go to Ulster. Brian Moore praised the hosts: That almost super-human effort from Ulster in the narrowest of losses deserves applausding. — Brian Moore (@brianmoore666) April 5, 2014 Saracens will play Clermont in the semi-finals when competition resumes, while Munster will play the winner of tomorrow's match between Toulon and Leinster.	Toulon
What Is the continental equivalent of a Marquis?	Heineken Cup: Revenge bid puts Mark McCall in line for hot homecoming \| London Evening Standard Heineken Cup: Revenge bid puts Mark McCall in line for hot homecoming Monday 20 January 2014 11:49 BST Click to follow ES Sport Mark McCall must plot the downfall of Ulster — his home province — in the quarter-finals for the second successive season if Saracens are to keep their Heineken Cup hopes alive. Sarries defeated Ulster 27-16 last year but then lost to Toulon in the semi-final with both matches at Twickenham. However, this time McCall must take his men to Ravenhill where Ulster are backed by a vociferous home crowd that will be boosted to 18,000 for this match following the completion of three new stands. The hosts are looking for revenge and Ulster’s director of rugby, David Humphreys, said: “We were hugely disappointed with the way we performed at Twickenham last season. Now we have the opportunity to lay those ghosts to rest.” McCall was club captain of Ulster when they won the Heineken Cup in 1999 — although a neck injury denied him the chance to play in the final against Colomiers — and he later became head coach. The Saracens director of rugby saw his men seal their place in the quarter-final with a 64-6 hammering of Connacht on Saturday. Sarries scored 11 tries in their final pool game with full-back Alex Goode in brilliant form. “There were some outstanding individual performances, Alex has been very good over the past two months but he was unbelievable as he looks much quicker,” said McCall. Goode is battling with Harlequins’ Mike Brown to play at No15 in England’s Six Nations opener against France on February 1. With both men impressing, head coach Stuart Lancaster could be tempted to repeat last year’s tactic of accommodating both talents in the XV by playing Brown on the left wing and the Saracens man at full-back. Goode said: “I have to make it tough for the coaches. I feel I am playing well but that does not mean I will be selected. Brownie is in good form and did well in November but you cannot go into the England camp feeling you are second best and sulking.” Ben Botica’s penalty gave Harlequins a 22-20 Heineken Cup win at Scarlets, earning them a place in the quarter-finals of the Amlin Challenge Cup as one of the best second-placed teams in the premier European tournament. Quins must travel to Paris to face Stade Francais, the team they defeated 19-18 to win this competition in 2011. Director of rugby Conor O’Shea said: “To finish as one of the best runners-up in such a tough pool is a real credit to the guys. We are now going to play Stade Francais away, and the juices will really flow for something like that.” London Wasps will be at home to Gloucester in the quarter-finals of the Challenge Cup after six successive pool wins. Brought to you by Amlin, proud sponsor of European rugby, in its fifth season as Title Partner of the Amlin Challenge Cup and Premium Partner of the Heineken Cup. More about:	i don't know
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Massive Attack; Paradise Circus 2010 listen BBC Man on Wire Trailer .. Satie; Gymnopedie No 1 2009 BBC Occupation Trailer .. Grizzly Bear; Deep Blue Sea 2009 BBC Films: The Damned United .. Glasvegas; Geraldine 2009 watch BBC Films: The Damned United .. Edgar Winter Group; Free Ride 2009 watch BBC Sport 2009 .. Hives; Tick Tick Boom 2009 BBC Christmas promotion . . Badly Drawn Boy; Donna and Blitzen 2008 watch BBC HD .. Saliva Ladies and Gentlemen 2008 watch BBC Eastenders: Jacksons .. Jackson Five I Want You Back 2008 BBC Animal Rescue .. Deva Premal & Miten; Through The Eyes Of An Angel 2008 BBC Eastenders: Ricky & Bianca's return .. Righteous Brothers; Hung on You 2008 BBC Dimbleby Lecture .. Alexander Glazunov; The Seasons, Op. 67: Autumn - Bacchanale BBC Ganges Trailer .. Talvin Singh Traveller 2007 BBC Radio 2 (Russell Brand playing a mandelin) .. REM Losing My Relgion 2007 BBC Michael Palins New Europe .. Andrew Bird; Heretics 2007 BBC The Restaurant .. Gonzalez Let's Groove Again 2007 BBC Saxondale New Series .. Focus: House Of The King 2007 BBC Radio 4 Promotion .. Eric Coates: By A Sleepy Lagoon (Theme from Desert Island Discs) 2007 BBC Radio Wales .. Fleetwood Mac; Man Of The World 2007 BBC Saving Planet Earth Trailer .. Peter Gabriel; The Feeling Begins 2007 BBC Jekyll & other Trailers .. Della Reese: Don't You Know 2007 BBC On Demand .. New Order: Blue Monday 88 2007 BBC Top Gear .. The Allman Brothers: "Jessica" 1990 BBC Film Night .. Billy Taylor Trio: I Wish I Knew (How It Would Feel To Be Free) 1975 BBC The Onedin Line (Main Theme) .. Khachaturian: Adagio Of Spartacus And Phygia 1973 BBC John Peel Show Theme .. Grinderswitch: Pickin' The Blues 1972 BBC What The Papers Say .. Malcolm Arnold's "Allegro Non Troppo", the fifth movement from English Dances BBC2: Seven Ages Of Rock .. Jimi Hendrix: All Along The Watchtower 2007 BBC4: Edwardian Season .. Misty's Big Adventure: Fashion Parade 2007 Becks Vier .. Arling & Cameron; Shiva's Rock 'n' Roll Dub 2008 Becks (man dancing with puppet men) .. Pink Mountaintops: Can You Do That Dance? 2007 Becks Vier Bier (man dancing with puppet men) .. The Flaming Lips: 'It Overtakes Me' 2006/7 Bells Whisky - Bells Tumbler Orchestra .. Harold Faltermeyer ; Axel F 2011 watch Bendicks .. Soul II Soul: Missing You 2000 Bendicks .. John Waite: Missing You 2000 Benecol: Better Together .. Jackie De Shannon; Put A Little Love In Your Heart 2011 watch Benecol Yoghurt: Once a Day .. Tommy McCook and the Supersonics; Reggae Méringue 2011 watch Bensons For Beds Autumn .. Georgie Fame; Yeh Yeh 2010 watch Benylin .. Charlatans; Can't Get Out Of Bed 2008 watch Bernard Matthews Farms Bootiful Choir .. Special Version; You Are So Beautiful 2010 Bernard Matthews Turkey Slices .. Nana Mouskouri; Never On A Sunday 2007 Berocca - LogJammers .. LumberJaxxx; LogJam 2010 watch Berocca .. Blancmange; Living On The Ceiling 2008 watch Bertolli Rustico Pasta Sauces .. John Bigante: Guaglione 2006 Bet365 Bingo .. C&C Music Factory; Gonna Make You Sweat (Everybody Dance Now) 2009 watch Bet365 On-Line Bingo .. Aberfeldy; Summer's Gone 2008 Beyonce Pulse Feel The Power .. Lil Wayne; Run The World 2011 watch Bic Soleil .. 5th Dimension: Let The Sun Shine In 2007 Birds Eye Frozen Peas .. Platters; The Great Pretender 2009 watch Birds Eye Fish Fingers Omega 3,Be Mortgage Free .. Madness; Our House 2007 Birdeye .. Autamata: "Fragments" ~ 2004 Bisto: Promise .. Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky; Dance Of The Cygnets (from Swan Lake) 2011 watch Bisto .. Grieg: Adagio from Piano Concerto 2006 Blackberry Playbook - Power .. The Temptations; Power 2011 watch Blackberry Playbook - Flash .. Queen; Flashs Theme 2011 watch Blackberry: Playbook .. Pretenders; Brass In Pocket 2011 watch Blackberry .. Beatles; All You Need Is Love 2009 watch Blackberry Curve .. The Humans; recorded specially for the ad 2008 Blackberry: Life On Blackbery .. Live The Proof; Jim Boggia 2008 Blackberry .. The Brazilian Girls; Jique 2007 Blockbusters: end of late fees .. Roy Orbison: It's Over 2005 Blood transfussion service .. Joe Campbell: "The Blood Donor ~ UK Bleu de Chanel The Film .. The Rolling Stones: She Said Yeah 2010 watch Blu-Ray - Rise of the Planet of the Apes .. Bat For Lashes; Sad Eyes 2011 watch Blue Ray Apes Ad .. 2011 .. watch BMW 3 Series Joy Wins .. Elvis vs JXL; A Little Less Conversation 2012 watch BMW 6 Series .. Electric Light Orchestra; Mr. Blue Sky 2011 watch BMW .. Philip Glass: "Cloudscape" ~ UK BMW .. Philip Glass: "Priut Igoe" ~ UK BMW 1 series .. The Champs: "Limbo Rock" ~ UK BNP Paribas: Keep Reaching .. The Middle East; Blood 2011 watch Boddingtons .. Happy Mondays: Step On 2005 Boddingtons .. Georgie Fame; Somebody Stole My Thunder 2004 Boddingtons .. Hollies; Stay 2000 Boddingtons .. Mike Flowers Pops Orchestra; Release Me 2000 Boddingtons .. Faithless; If Loving You Is Wrong 2000 Boddingtons Cattle Market .. King Bee; Back By Dope Demand 1999/2000 Boddingtons "By 'eck, you smell gorgeous tonight, Petal" .. DeWolfe;'Smoke Rings' 1992 Bodyform: Free Protective Tin .. Balkan Beat Box; Cha Cha 2008 Bodyform .. Rachel Kelly: (Ain't Gonna Let Nobody) Turn Me Around 2006 Body Form .. Joan Baez: "(Ain't Gonna Let Nobody) Turn Me Around" ~ UK Bold 2 in 1: Infusions .. Cover?? Cocteau Twins; "Pandora (For Cindy)" 2008 Bold 2 in 1: Crushed Silk & Jasmine .. Texas: Inner Smile 2006 Bold 2 in 1 .. Doris Day: It's A Great Feeling 2006 Boots - Christmas 2011 .. Sugababes -- Girls (Orchestral Version) 2011 watch Boots No.7 Protect and Perfect Jar Clearout .. Bananarama Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye 2010 watch Boots No 7 .. Eartha Kitt; A Lady Loves 2010 watch Boots Office Christmas Party .. Ernie K. Doe; Here Come The Girls 2007 Boots No. 7 .. Jefferson Airplane: "White Rabbit" 2006 Boots 'Gorgeous' Christmas .. the Gotan Project: "Epoca" 2006 Boots .. Dogs Die In Hot Cars: "No One Teaches Life Anything" 2005 Boots .. Hollies: I'm Alive 2000 Bose Cinemate 1 .. Atone; Introduction 2011 watch Bose - SoundLink .. Between Borders; Flowers In My Pocket 2011 watch Branston Baked Beans .. Hot Chocolate: You Sexy Thing 2007 Breezeloans .. Isley Brothers: Summer Breeze 2007 Breil .. Des'ree; You Gotta Be 1996 listen Brita Water Filters - 100% Recyclable .. Blue Sky Blonde Free Your Mind 2008 watch Britain's Next Top Model (at eviction time) .. Terry Devine-King; Leap of Faith 2 2006 British Airways Theme is "The Flower Duet" ... in many different arrangments and is on most of their adverts even Christmas ads with carol mixes. British Airways - Barbados .. Tim Devine; King Carnival 2011 British Airways - To Fly, To Serve .. Helen Jane Long; Commissioned Track 2011 watch British Airways - Orlando Florida .. Supergrass: Alright 2008 listen British Airways .. Brian Hodge; Angel Eyes 2007 watch British Airways .. Sophie Barker: "Leaving on a Jet Plane" 2006/7 watch British Airways .. Leo Delibes; Flower duet - Lakmé Opera - 90s/2000s Theme still in use watch British Airways .. Yanni: "Aria" (arrangment of Flower Duet - Lakmé Opera) ~ Theme still in use watch British Gas .. Fontella Bass; Rescue Me 2011 watch British Gas Energy Smart Energy Saving Monitor .. Henry Mancini; The Pink Panther Theme 2011 watch British Gas and Nectar: Look After Your World .. Queen; One Vision 2011 watch British Gas Paperless Billing .. Ponchielli; Dance Of The Hours from La Gioconda 2007 British Gas Green Energy Package .. Mozart; Overture from 'The Marriage of Figaro' 2007 British Gas 2nd Price Drop .. Tchaikovsky: 1812 Overture 2007 British Gas Price Drop .. Johan Strauss: Blue Danube Waltz 2007 British Heart Foundation Vinnie Jones .. Bee Gees; Staying Alive 2012 watch British Heart Foundation - Clots .. Frank Sinatra: I've Got You Under My Skin 2005 British Meat Beef & Lamb .. Booker T and The MGs: Soul Limbo 2006 British Red Cross Tsunami and Earthquake Appeal .. Elgar: Nimrod from Enigma Variations 2005 BT London Live Closing Ceremony Celebration Concert .. The Wanted; Gold Forever 2012 watch BT (British Telecom) Winter Deals .. Sam Fonteyn; Pop Looks Bach (Theme from Ski Sunday) 2012 watch BT (British Telecom) Infinity - Olympics .. The Irrepressibles; In This Shirt 2011 watch BT (British Telecom) Vision - TV The Way You Want It .. Bloc Party; Biko (Mogwai Remix) 2011 watch British Telecom (BT) Infinity - Light Streams .. Rachel Goodrich; Light Bulbs (ANR Remix) 2011 watch British Telecom (BT) Wedding Dance .. Minnie Riperton; Lovin You 2011 watch British Telecom (BT) Infinity - At Home .. V.V. Brown; Travelling Like The Light? 2011 listen British Telecom (BT) Total Broadband - Wi-Fi Everywhere .. Stephan Altman; No Place Like Home 2010 watch British Telecom (BT) BT Vision Digital TV-Christmas .. Noel Harrison; The Windmills of Your Mind 2010 watch British Telecom (BT) Total Broadband .. Stereo MCs; Step It Up 2010 listen British Telecom (BT) Fibre Optic Broadband - Infinity.. Allie Moss; Corner 2010 watch British Telecom (BT) Winter Deals .. Just Jack; Starz In Their Eyes 2010 watch British Telecom (BT) Sponsors GB Paralympics .. Wings Live and Let Die 2008 British Telecom (BT) BT Vision - For Boys .. Laurie Johnson Orchestra: Theme from The Avengers 2007 British Telecom (BT) .. Elvis Presley: Always on my Mind 2000 Britvic Drench: Brains dancing .. Snap; Rhythm Is A Dancer 2008 Brothers Cider - Welcome To The Family .. Cults; Go Outside (The 2 Bears Remix) 2011 watch Brothers Pear Cider .. Dick Dale and the Deltones; Misirlou 2010 listen Brutus Jeans .. Saatchi & Saatchi/David Dundas; Jeans On 1974 watch Budweiser FA Cup 2012 .. Los Campesinos!; You! Me! Dancing! 2012 watch Budweiser Good Times Waiting .. Los Campesinos!; You! Me! Dancing! 2011 watch Budweiser .. Hot Butter Popcorn 2008 Budweiser - Bud Rising .. Fratellis Creeping Up The Back Stairs 2008 Budweiser .. Chemical Brothers: Galvanise 2006 Budweiser .. Peter, Bjorn and John: Young Folks 2006 Budweiser Beer .. The Romantics: "What I Like About You" Budweiser .. Wiseguys; Ooh La La 1999 watch Buick Enclave .. Kathleen Johnson: composed for the commercial by music house Hest & Kramer 2007 Bulmers No 17 .. Plan B; Writings On The Wall 2011 watch Bulmers Cider Summer HQ .. Ron Goodwin; 633 Squadron 2010 watch Bulmers Cider .. Fatboy Slim: The Journey 2007 Bupa .. Specially Commissioned; I Am Not A Robot 2011 watch Bupa .. El Presidente: Old Times 2006 Bupa .. Bobby Mcferrin; "Knick Knack" Burberry Body - The Film .. The Feeling; Rosé (Live Session) 2011 watch Burger King King of the Day .. The Students; Every Day of the Week 2012 watch Burger King - Hot BBQ Whopper .. Jesus Jackson; Running On Sunshine 2011 watch Burger King .. Helen Reddy: I Am Woman 2006 Burger King Chicken Baguette Promotion .. Trini Lopez: Guantanamera 2005 Burger King (Chicken Fries) .. Coq Roq (cover): 'Bob Your Head' Butlins Holidays: Ludo The Dino .. Sança; Dust in the Wind 2010 watch Butlins .. Commissioned Version/remix Dead or Alive You Spin Me Round (Like a Record) 2010 watch Butlins: Altogether More Fun .. Lesley Gore; Sunshine, Lollipops and Rainbows 2007 C >> Cacharel: Amor Amor, Forbidden Kiss .. Cat Power; ?? Forbidden Love?? 2011 watch Cacharel: Promesse .. Camille: 1,2,3 2005 Cadburys Dairy Milk Bubbly .. Michael Kamen; The Office (From Brazil) 2012 watch Cadbury's Dairy Milk .. Europe; The Final Countdown 2011 watch Cadbury's Dairy Milk - Charity Shop .. Jermaine Stewart; We Dont Have To Take Your Clothes Off 2011 watch Cadburys Bliss Pampered Chocolate .. Manhattan Transfer: Chanson Damour 2010 watch Cadbury Fingers World Party .. David Garrett; The 5th 2010 watch Cadburys Dairy Milk Big Swap Songs .. Paolo Nutini Feat. The Big Ghana Band; Pencil Full Of Lead 2010 watch Cadburys Spots vs Stripes .. Spike Jones; Hotcha Cornya 2010 watch Cadburys Spots vs Stripes .. Keith Mansfield; Grandstand Theme 2010 watch Cadburys Spots vs Stripes .. Pete Raeburn; Commissioned Soundtree 2010 watch Cadburys Chocolate Charmer .. Charlatans; The Only One I Know 2010 watch Cadburys Dairy Milk - Eyebrows .. Freestyle; Don't Stop The Rock 2010 watch Cadburys Dairy Milk Big Swap Songs .. Paolo Nutini Ft. Big Ghana Band Pencil Full Of Lead 2010 watch Cadburys Truck ad .. Bon Jovi; Living On A Prayer 2008 Cadburys Dairy Milk .. Bonie Tyler; Totsl Eclipse Of The Heart 2008 Cadburys Chocolate Digestive .. Boy Least Likely To; I'm Glad I Hitched My Apple Wagon To Your Star 2008 Cadburys Crunchie .. Pointer Sisters; I'm So Excited 2008 Cadburys Dairy Milk .. Phil Collins; In The Air Tonight 2007 Cadburys Chocolate Digestive .. Edwin Hawkins Singers: Oh Happy Day 2007 Cadburys Creme Egg .. Frank Sinatra: My Way 2006 Cadburys choc .. Dusty Springfield: Take Another Little Piece Of My Heart uk 2006 Cadburys Easter eggs .. Imogen Heap: "Headlock" ~ UK 2006 Cadburys Milk Tray .. Peggy Lee: 'Fever' 1998 Cadburys Mini Eggs: Mr Cadbury's Parrot .. Bonzo Dog Band: Mr Slater's Parrot 1994 Cadillac .. Led Zeppelin: 'Rock & Roll' 2003 Canada Tourism .. Celine Dion: "You and I" UK 2006 Cancer Research UK .. A Fine Frenzy; Hope For The Hopeless 2008 Cancer Research UK 'Being Here' campaign .. music composed specifically for the ad 2008 Cancer Research UK .. Eva Cassidy: Songbird 2007 Cancer Research UK .. Keane: She Has No Time 2006 Cancer Research UK .. The Farm: "All Together Now" ~ UK 2006 Cancer Research UK .. Eva Cassidy: Fields of Gold 2002 Canon - Kite Adventure .. The Naked and Famous; Young Blood? 2011 watch Canon PowerShot SX210 IS Camera Insects .. Fanfarlo; The Walls Are Coming Down 2010 watch Canon EOS 400D .. La Boutique Fantastique: "Wave" Canon .. The Beatles: 'Across the Universe' Capital One Savings .. Survivor: Eye of the Tiger 2006 Capital One credit card .. Ian Dury: "Hit Me With Your Rhythm Stick" UK 2005 Capital One home loans .. Madness: "Our House" ~ UK Capital Radio .. Hoosiers; Worried About Ray 2007 Carphone Warehouse - Time For An Upgrade .. The Stranglers; Waltzinblack 2011 watch Carphone Warehouse: A brief history of communication .. Minilogue; Hitchhikers Choice 2008 Carephone Warehouse .. "The Whistling Tune" whistled by Daryl Hannah & composed by Bernard Herrman, used in the film Twisted Nerve was later used again in Kill Bill Vol. 1. Carling Chrome Refreshment Refined .. T. Rex; Get It On 2012 watch Carling - Brilliantly Refreshed .. Alice Gold; Wondrous Place 2011 watch Carling - Taxi .. Guy Farley; Casterway 2009 watch Carling Belong .. Christopher Rouse; Flute Concerto - Elegia 2008 Carling .. Elgar; Nimrod from Enigma Variations 2007 Carling C2 .. Slagsmalsklubben: Raven Ateruppstar 2007 Carling Belong .. B Bumble & The Stingers: Nut Rocker 2007 Carling Lager .. The 5.6.7.8's; "Woo Hoo" 2006 Carling Lager .. Hard-Fi: "Living For The Weekend" 2007 Carlsberg Team Talk .. Kasabian; Underdog 2010 watch Carlsberg Beer .. Steve Harley & the Cockney Rebel: Make Me Smile (Come Up and See Me) Christmas 1994 Carnival Cruise Lines .. Bobby Darin: 'Beyond the Sea' Carte DOr - Macadamia Night .. Minnutes; IceDream 2011 watch Carte D'Or .. Michael Buble; Haven't Met You Yet 2010 watch Carte D'Or - Caramel Cinnamon Waffle .. Gavin Degraw; Follow Through 2009 watch Carte D'Or - New Lemon Sorbet .. Gavin Degraw; Follow Through 2008 watch Cartier LOdyssée de Cartier .. Pierre Adenot; Commissioned Music 2012 watch Castle Lager .. Toto: "Out Of Africa" ~ Sth.Africa Castrol Oil .. The Guess Who: 'American Woman' ~ late 90's Center Parcs .. Temper Trap; Sweet Disposition 2011 watch Cesar .. Petula Clark; I Couldn't Live Without Your Love 2009 watch Chanel Nail Polish Shade Parade .. Frankie Lymon; Little Bitty Pretty One 2012 watch Chanel - Coco Mademoiselle .. Joss Stone; Its A Mans Mans Mans World 2011 watch Chanel - Bleu de Chanel The Film .. The Rolling Stones; She Said Yeah 2010 watch Chanel No 5 .. Billie Holiday; I'm A Fool To Want You 2009 Chanel Coco Mademosielle .. Joss Stone; L-O-V-E 2007 Chanel's Chance .. Anne Ducros: "Taking a Chance on Love" 2006 Chanel's No 5 (Nicole Kidman) .. Debussy: "Clair De Lune" 2005 Channel 4: Try Life In Another Language:Shadows.. Nubla; Nada se olvida/Nothing Is Forgotten 2008 watch Channel 4: In Her Shoes .. Newton Faulkner; Dream Catch Me 2008 Channel 4: Deserate Housewives trailer .. Gotan Project; Mi Confesion 2008 Channel 4: Dirty Sexy Money .. LCD Soundsystem; North American Scum 2008 Channel 4: 4oD .. Gorillaz; Kids With Guns 2007 Channel 4: Ugly Betty Promo .. Prince; U Got The Look 2006 Channel 4: Ultimate Bikini Guide .. David Bowie; Rebel, Rebel 2006 Channel 4: Lost Promotion .. Groove Armada; Edge Hill 2005 Channel 5: 'Shows at 8' promo .. Polyphonic Spree;Lithium 2008 Channel 5: advertising UAFA .. The Chemical Brothers; All Rights Reserved 2008 Channel 5: UAFA (SK Brann and Everton) .. Bloc Party; Flux 2008 Chase .. Grover Washington Jr: 'Just the Two of Us' Cheerios .. Torpedo Boyz; Any Trash Professor Abacus? 2005 Cheerios: Yogurt .. Herman's Hermits: 'I'm Into Something Good' Cheesestrings .. Gene Kelly; Broadway Rhythm Ballet (From Singin' In The Rain) 2007 Cherokee: Jeep Grand - Have Fun Out There .. Steve Poltz; You Remind Me 2008 Chevrolet .. ZZ Top; Tush 2011 listen Chevrolet Captiva .. Fine Young Cannibals; Good Thing 2007 Chevrolet Trucks .. Bob Segar; Like a Rock 1994 watch Chevrolet .. The Yardbirds: 'Over, Under, Sideways, Down Children In Need .. The Collective; Teardrop 2011 watch Children In Need .. JLS; Love You More 2010 watch Choice Hotels .. Johnny Cash: 'I've Been Everywhere Man' Christian Dior's Dior J'Adore .. Marvin Gaye: 'A Funky Spave Reincarnation' ~ UK Chrysler Different Is What We Do .. Jay-Z; Heart of the City (Aint No Love) 2012 watch Chrysler .. Papa Dee: "I Spy" ~ US Chrysler 300C .. M83: "In the Cold I'm Standing" ~ UK Churchill Insurance I Need A Hero! .. Bonnie Tyler; Holding Out For A Hero 2012 watch Churchill Insurance .. Billy Withers; Just The Two Of Us 2008 Churchill Insurance .. Braund Reynolds; Rocket (a Natural Gambler) 2007 Cingular .. Allman Brothers Band: 'Sweet Melissa' Cingular .. The Band: 'The Weight' Citi.com (Moneyman commercial) .. Camper Van Beethoven: 'Gaurdian Angels' Citroen DS5 Change Era .. Marilyn Manson; Doll-Dagga Buzz-Buzz Ziggety-Zag 2012 watch Citroen DS One In A Million .. DatA; One In A Million 2012 watch Citroen C4 - Blind Spot .. Mamas and Papas; California Dreamin' 2011/2012 watch Citroën DS4 - Why Conform? .. Cassius; I Love You So 2011 watch Citroen C4 .. JJ Cale; Call Me The Breeze 2011 watch Citroen C4 - Transformer .. Les Rythmes Digitales; Jacques Your Body (Make Me Sweat) 2010 watch Citroen C3 - Visiodrive .. Hives; Tick Tick Boom 2009 Citroen C5: sword fencing .. Wagner; Ride of the Valkyries 2008 Watch Citroen C4: sprinting robot .. Luke Dzierzek; Echo 2007 Watch Citroen C4: robot .. Pompon Finkelstein; Hungarian Dance No.5 - Brahms (Remix) 2007 Euro Watch Citroen C3: Dolphins .. Bobby Darin; Beyond The Sea 2007 Watch Citroen C4 .. Donna Summer; Love To Love You Baby 2007 Listen Citroen C4 Picasso Visiospace .. Bonobo Ketto 2007 Watch Citroen C4: The Skater .. The Egg; Walking Away (Tocadisco Remix) 2006 Watch Clairol .. Cyndi Lauper; Girls Just Wanna Have Fun 2011 listen Clairol Nice 'n' Easy .. Kim Carnes; Bette Davis Eyes 2008 Clark's Shoes Stand Tall .. Shawn Lees Ping Pong Orchestra; Kiss The Sky 2010 watch Clark's Shoes - Walk Tall .. They Might Be Giants; Birdhouse In Your Soul 2010 listen Clark's Shoes - Pleasure Seeker .. B-52s Funplex 2008 Watch Clark's Shoes - Enjoy Every Step .. Lonely Drifter Karen True Desire 2008 Watch Clark's - Enjoy Every Step - Rendezvous .. Ak - Momo: Greasy Spoon 2008 Clark's Shoes .. Astronautalis (Andy Bothwell) ; Ocean Walk 2008 Clark's Shoes .. Sebastien Martel; Dumb 2007 Clark's Shoes .. Nelson Riddle; Lolita Ya Ya 2007 Clarks Shoes .. Jackie Lee: "White Horses" ~ 2006 Clarks Shoes .. Baccara: Yes Sir, I Can Boogie 2003 Clark's Shoes .. Motorhead; Ace of Spades 2003 Clinique 3 Step - Skin Care system .. Nana Mouskouri; 59th Street Bridge Song (Feelin' Groovy) 2007 Clover Butter- the middle .. Paul Pritchard; Steps To Success 2009 watch Cobra Indian Beer .. Black Keys; Gold on the Ceiling 2012 listen Coca Cola Move to the Beat of London 2012 .. Mark Ronson ft Katy B; Anywhere in the World 2012 watch Coca-Cola .. Natasha Bedingfield; Shake Up Christmas 2011 watch Coca-Cola .. Oasis; Whatever 2011 watch Coca-Cola - London 2012 Future Flames .. One Night Only; Can You Feel It (Tonight) 2011 watch Coca-Cola: 125th Anniversary .. Hillside Singers; Id Like to Teach the World to Sing 2011 watch Coca Cola - Musical ad .. One Night Only; Can You Feel It Tonight 2011 watch Coca-Cola - Insect Heist .. Sergey Prokofiev; Peter and the Wolf March 2011 watch Coca-Cola - Snow Globe .. Train; Shake-up Christmas 2010 watch Coca-Cola Fifa World Cup 2010 .. K'naan; Wavin' Flag 2010 watch Coca-Cola: Diet Coke .. Michael Sembello; Maniac 2010 watch Coca-Cola .. Melanie Thornton; Wonderful Dream (Holidays are Coming) 2009 watch Coca-Cola .. Kinks; Lola 2007 Coca-Cola .. Bugsy Malone Cast; You Give A Little Love 2006 Coca-Cola .. Nilsson: 'Put the Lime in the Coconut' 2006 Coca-Cola Raspberry .. Jefferson Airplane: Somebody to Love by ~ 2005 New Zealand Coca-Cola: the real thing .. Robin Beck; First Time 1989 watch Coca-Cola: Diet Coke - Break .. Etta James; I Just Wanna Make Love To You 1996 watch Coca-Cola .. The Rolling Stones: 'You Can't Always Get What You Want' Coca-Cola .. Queen: 'I Want To Break Free' Coca-Cola - Coke Diet .. Born: "Callin' Out" Codemasters - Brian Lara Cricket .. Groove Armada; But I Feel Good 2007 Coleen Butterflies .. Tchaikovsky; Dance Of The Sugar Plum Fairy from The Nutcracker Suite 2011 watch Colin Murrays Radio 1 Show .. Grandaddy: "A.M 180" Colmans Instant Beef Gravy .. Specially Recorded; I Like The Way You Moo 2011 watch Comet Come and Play .. Ska Cubana: Soy Campesino 2010 watch Comet - On Call Team .. George Baker Selection; Little Green Bag 2008 Comfort .. Filmore Fresh & The Clothworld Crew; Do The Moves 2007 Comfort Concentrate .. Reggae Vision; Do De Move 2007 Comfort .. Koop; I See A Different You 2007 Comic Relief Red Nose Day 2011 .. Wanted; Gold Forever 2011 watch Comic Relief Red Nose Day 2007 .. Proclaimers with Brian Potter/Peter Kay & Andy Pipkin/Matt Lucas; I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles) 2007 Comic Relief Red Nose Day 2007 .. Sugababes vs Girls Aloud; Walk This Way 2007 Comparethemarket.com .. Mendelsohn; Wedding March (Commissioned/Distorted) 2008 Concern Worldwide: Born Starving .. Athena Andreadis; Breathe Again 2010 watch Confused.com - Cara Sings Confused.com/YMCA .. Louise Dearman; Con-Fused-Dot-Com 2011 watch Confused.com - Cara Sings Chain Reaction .. Louise Dearman; Chain Reaction 2011 watch Confused.com - Happy Valentine .. Louise Dearman; Chain Reaction (acoustic version) 2011 watch Confused.com - Cara sings Somebody to Love .. Louise Dearman; Somebody To Love 2010 watch Co-operative - Join The Revolution .. Athlete; Light The Way 2011 watch Co-op Variety Club .. Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel; Make Me Smile (Come up and See Me) 2010 watch Co-op Good For Everyone .. Bob Dylan; Blowin' In The Wind 2009 watch Co-operative Society: Christmas Ad .. Gabriella Cilmi; Warm This Christmas 2008 watch Coral .. Terry Devine-King; Downtown Jump 2012 Corona Light: Moonlight .. Michael Franti & Spearhead; Say Hey (I Love You) 2010 watch Corona Light .. Aquila Rose & Idana Valdes; Rhythms del Mundo 2009 watch Cottages4U Take It Home .. Urusen; Now That She Has Flown 2010 watch Cow & Gate .. Don Drummond; Don D Lion 2007 Crabbie's Ginger Beer for Grown Ups .. Melodi Light Orchestra; Puffin' Billy 2009 & 2010 watch Cravendale .. Little Richard; All Around The World 2007 Crown Breath-easy Paint .. The Rumble Strips; Girls and Boys in Love 2008 Crown Twist Tops .. Rivingtons; Papa Oom Mow Mow 2007 . CSL Sofas - 40% Better .. Steph; What You See Is What You Get 2011 watch . CSL Sofas: Christmas 2010 .. Steph; Girls On Film 2010 watch CSL: Love Life and Sofas .. Steph; Wisemen 2010 watch CFL Sofas: Sale .. Steph Spencer; Standing on the Edge of Love 2009 watch CFL Sofas: Street Chaos .. Stephanie Slater; Chasing Butterflies 2008 watch CSL Sofas .. Regina Spector; Fidelity 2008 Listen CSL Sofas Winter Sale .. Eartha Kitt; C' Mon a My House! 2008 CSL .. Dexy Midnight Runners; Come On Eileen 2007 CSL .. Spin Doctors; Two Princes 2007 Cuprinol .. Quincy Jones; It's Caper Time (Self Preservation Society) 2011 listen Currys PC World - Vaders Visit .. John Williams; The Imperial March (Darth Vaders Theme) 2011 watch Currys - Low Price TV's Forever .. Mylo; In My Arms 2008 Cushelle Toilet Tissue: Koala Ad .. Four Knight; Oh Happy Days 2011 watch Cussons Imperial Leather - Skinkind .. Alex Banks; Snow 2010 watch Cussons Imperial Leather .. Ben Sands; Hug 2007 D >>> D Max TV channel: The Fat Doctor .. Thriving Ivory; Angels on the Moon 2011 listen Daily Express: Sixties CD Promotion .. Foundations; Build Me Up Buttercup 2005 Daily Mail - Femail Upgrade .. Rockettothesky; Grizzly Man 2011 watch Daily Mail Supplements.. Commissioned Version; Everyday 2010 watch Daily Mail .. Buddy Holly; Everyday 2009 Daily Mail World At War Promotion .. Carl Davis; World At War: Main Theme 2007 Daily Mail: World At War Promotion .. Carl Davis; World At War: Main Theme 2007 Daily Mirror Football website .. Pigbag; Papa's Got A Brand New Pigbag 2009 watch Daily Mirror Legends Collection .. Elvis Presley; Blue Suede Shoes 2009 watch Daily Record .. El Presidente; Without You 2006 Daily Star: Ramones CD Promo .. Ramones; Do You Wanna Dance 2007 Daily Star: Best of Echo & The Bunnymen Promo .. Echo & The Bunnymen; Back Of Love 2007 Daily Star: Best of Happy Mondays Promo .. Happy Mondays; Step On 2007 Daily Star Ramones CD Promo .. Ramones; Do You Wanna Dance 2007 Daily Star Best of Echo & The Bunnymen Promo .. Echo & The Bunnymen; Back Of Love 2007 Daily Star Best of Happy Mondays Promo .. Happy Mondays; Step On 2007 Daily Telegraph WWII Promotion .. Holst; Jupiter, The Bringer Of Jollity from The Planets Suite 2008 watch Dairy Crest Cathedral City .. Slim Pickings; Pass It On 2007 Dairylea Cheese Spread .. Jilted Jon; Jilted John (Gordon Is A Moron) 2008 Dairylea Dunkers .. Ron Goodwin; 633 Squadron 2006 Danone Actimel.. Frank Wilson; Do I Love You 2010 Danone Activia .. Spencer Davis Group; Gimme Some Loving 2010 watch Danone Shape Yoghurt .. Noisettes; Wild Young Hearts 2009 watch Danone Actimel .. Nappy Brown: Little By Little 2007 De Agostini Elvis The Official Collector Edition .. Elvis Presley; Welcome To My World 2007 Debenhams Life Made Fabulous .. Two Door Cinema Club; This Is The Life 2012 watch Debenhams - This Is The Life .. Two Door Cinema Club; This Is The Life 2011 watch Debenhams - Feel Fabulous .. Jackie Wilson; I Get the Sweetest Feeling 2011 watch Debenhams Design in Every Department .. Roxy Music; Love Is The Drug 2009 watch Debenhams Designer Range .. Lovin' Spoonful; Summer In The City 2007 Debenhams Designers .. Transvision Vamp: Baby I Don't Care ~ UK 2006 Debenhams .. (Morgan Van Dam remix) Madonna: "Santa Baby"(christmas 2006) Defra Act on CO2 Carbon Footprint .. Kinks; Shangri-La 2007 Defra Climate Challenge ..Oskar; P.S.I. 2006 Del Prado Cavalry Through The Ages ..Tchaikovsky; 1812 Overture 2007 Dell Computers .. Chordettes; Lollipop 2009 watch Dell Computers .. Devo; Watch Us Work It 2007 Dell Computers .. Squeeze: 'Tempted' Drench Drinks Cubehead .. The Gap Band; Oops Upside Your Head 2010 watch Dentyne Blast (Underwater Kiss) .. Kissogram (remix?) : Backseat of My Mind 2007 Dentyne Ice (Frog Kiss) .. Ben's Brother: 'Stuttering' 2007 Dentyne Ice (TTC Subway) .. Papas Fritas: 'Way You Walk' 2006 Dentyne Gum .. Squeeze: 'Tempted' ?? Dettol 4-in-1 .. Tchaikovsky; 1812 Overture 2008 DFS Making Every Day More Comfortable .. Neil Diamond;We 2012 listen DFS .. XTC; Stupidly Happy 2012 watch DFS Sunny Day .. Elizabeth Mitchell; Lovely Day 2012 watch DFS 2010 Summer Sale .. The Las; There She Goes 2010 watch DFS - Vibe Collection .. V V Brown; L.O.V.E. 2010 watch DFS - Happy Sofas .. Super Preachers; I Feel Happy Ft. Sista Moon 2010 watch DFS Sponsors of Lion Country .. Lenka; The Show 2010 watch DFS .. Noisettes; Never Forget 2009 listen DFS - Early Sale .. Paolo Nutini; 10/10 2009 listen DFS - Winter Sale .. The Ethiopians; Train To Skaville 2009 watch DFS .. McFly; All About You 2009 watch DFS .. The La's; There She Goes 2008 DFS - Winter Collection .. Mariah Carey; All I Want For Christmas Is You 2008 watch DFS - Summer Sale .. Nickelback; Rockstar 2008 watch DFS - Half Price Emotive and Trend Collection .. Petula Clark; Colour My World 2008 DFS - Half sofas .. Puccini - O Mio Babbino Caro from Gianni Schicchi 2008 DFS .. Queen; I Want It All 2008 DFS .. Cranberries; Dreams 2007 DFS .. Mariah Carey; All I Want For Christmas Is You 2007 DFS .. Calvin Harris; Colours 2007 DFS - Sale .. Queen: I Want It All 2007 DFS - Easter Sale .. Boy Least Likely To Be Gentle With Me 2007 DFS .. Touch and Go: Would You...? 2006 DFS .. Little Anthony & the Imperials: "I'm on the outside (looking in)" ~ UK 2004 DFS .. Earth, Wind & Fire: "Boogie Wonderland" UK 2004 DFS .. Pato Banton: Baby Come Back 2002 DHL Express .. Speed of Yellow; Aint No Mountain High Enough 2011 watch Diamond Insurance .. Marilyn Monroe; Diamonds Are A Girls Best Friend 2007 Diesel: Loverdose .. Donna Summer; Love To Love You Baby (Loverdose Remix) 2011 watch Diesel: Denim Collection .. Secret Artist/Sizzer Amsterdam; Born To Be Alive 2011 watch (original-Patrick Hernandez) Digital-UK switchover .. Harry Nilsson; Everybody's Talkin' 2007 Dior - JAdore .. Gossip; Heavy Cross 2011 watch Dior Addict: Kate Moss .. Duran Duran; All You Need Is Now 2011 watch Dior: Miss Dior Cherie .. Jane Birkin & Serge Gainsbourg; Je TAime Moi Non Plus 2011 watch Dior Homme Intense .. Killers Shadowplay 2009 watch Dior Miss Dior Cherie .. Brigitte Bardot; Moi Je Joue 2009 watch Dior "Rouge Dior" Lipstick .. Tom Jones; It's Not Unusual 2007 Dior Midnight Poison .. Muse; Space Dementia 2007 Dior J'Adore .. Marvin Gaye: A Funky Space Reincarnation 2006 Dior J'Adore .. Barry White: Never Gonna Give You Up 2004 Directgov.gov.uk Id Go Direct Guv.. Madness; It Must Be Love 2010 watch Discover Ireland: Jump Into Ireland .. Snow Patrol Berlin 2012 watch Disneyland Paris - Magical Moments .. Music; Special Commission 2001 watch Disney Cinemagic .. James Morrison; Wonderful World 2007 Disney Toy Story 10th Anniversary DVD..Thin Lizzy: The Boys Are Back In Town 2005 DKNY Original The Fragrances .. Helena; Life In My Heart 2011 watch DKNY Be Delicious .. Madi Diaz; Does It Rain (Where You Are)? 2011 watch DKNY .. Honeyroot: "Starshine" ~ UK Dobbies Garden World .. The Charlatans: "Try Again Today" 2006 & 2008 Dockers San Francisco; Work, Weekend, Dress, Golf.. Marlena Shaw: "California Soul" 2008 listen Dockers Specs: The Slacker ad .. Frank Sinatra: I Get A Kick Out Of You 2008 Dockers: Streetcar Commercial .. Madeleine Peyroux; Don't Wait Too Long 2008 listen Dodge Journey - Waterslide .. Apples In Stereo; Sun Is Out 2008 listen Dolce & Gabbana D&G Fragrance .. George Michael; Freedom 90 2009 watch Dolce & Gabbana - D&G Jewels .. Stylophonic; R U Experienced 2007 Dolce & Gabbana - Blue .. Mario Lanza; Parlami D'amore Mariu 2007 Dolce & Gabbana - Time .. Stylophonic: Dancefloor 2006 Dolce & Gabbana - Time .. Stylophonic: BabyBeatBox 2005 Dominos - What We Do .. Frankie and the Heartstrings; Hunger 2011 watch Domino's Double Decadence.. Tchaikovsky; Concerto For Piano-Orchestra No.1 In B Flat Minor Op.23 2010 watch Domino's Steak Pizza .. Tchaikovsky; 1812 Overture 2008 listen Doritos .. Blondie: "One Way or Another" Dove - Nourishing Oil Care .. Specially Recorded; Why You Gotta Be Like That? 2011 watch Dove - Damage Therapy .. Rodgers and Hammerstein; My Favourite Things 2010 watch Dove - For Men .. Rossini William; Tell Overture 2010 watch Dove - Pro Age Deodorant .. Pepe Romero; Farrucas 2007 Dove .. Cyndi Lauper: True Colors 2006 Dove - Summer Glow Body Lotion .. Ella Fitzgerald: Sunny 2006 Dove .. Kameil Madison: "Rock Ya Body" ~ UK Dr Oetker Ristorante Pizza .. Verdi: La Donna E Mobile 2006 Dr Pepper Doctors Orders .. Dr Dre; Shit Popped Off 2009 watch Dr Pepper .. Tom Jones: 'Help Yourself' Dr Pepper .. Meatloaf: 'I'd Do Anything for Love' Dr Pepper .. Hot Chocolate: 'You Sexy Thing' Dreams Bed Superstore - Wake Up .. Renee & Jeremy; Three Little Birds 2011 watch Dreams Beds - Hushabye Dream .. Stacey Kent; Hushabye Mountain 2011 watch Dreams Beds .. Billy Joel; River of Dreams 2010 listen Dreams Superstore Good Nights Sleep .. Dan Hartman; I Can Dream About You 2010 watch Dreams Superstore Biggest Ever Bed .. The Temptations; Get Ready 2010 listen Dreams .. Daisy Wood-Davis; Dream Bay Dream 2010 watch Dreams .. The Supremes; The Happening 2010 listen Dreams Boxing Day Sale .. Roy Orbison; You Got It 2009 Dreams Biggest Bed Sale .. Mama Cass Elliot; It's Getting Better 2009 watch Dreams Bank Holiday Sale .. Chordettes; Mr Sandman 2009 Dreams .. Dells; Oh What A Night 2009 Dreams: Double Discount .. Shirley Horn; Take A Little Time To Smile 2009 DL Dreams: Bed Superstore .. The Five Satins; In the Still of the Night 2008 listen Dreams: Bed Superstore .. Gene Kelly & Debbie Reynolds: Good Morning 2007 listen Dreamworks Shrek The Third .. Fratellis; Chelsea Dagger 2007 listen Drench Cubehead .. The Gap Band; Oops Upside Your Head 2010 watch Drench Spring Water - Brains from Thunderbird .. Snap; Rhythm Is A Dancer 2008 listen Dulux Boudoir .. Alice Grant @ Hear No Evil ; Its Been A Long, Long Time 2012 watch Dulux - Roving Dog .. Terry Bush -- Maybe Tomorrow (The Littlest Hobo Theme Tune) 2011 watch Dulux Lets Colour, Walls .. Jonsi; Go Do 2010 watch Dulux Paintpod .. Traditional; Blaydon Races 2010 watch Dulux - Let's Colour, Garage .. John Barry; Midnight Cowboy 2010 watch Dulux Security Guard .. Paul Reeves; Regent Street Stomp 2008 listen Dulux Paint .. Cutee B: Experience 2006 Dunlop .. David Bowie: Moonage Daydream 2000 Dunlop .. Stevie Wonder: He's Misstra Know It All 2000 Durex - Performax Intense .. Marvin Gaye; Lets Get It On 2012 watch DVLA Registrations .. Free: Travellin' Man 2005 Dyson Stowaway .. Johan Strauss; Blue Danube Waltz 2007 E >>> EA Sports FIFA Street .. Freestylers; Breaker Beats Pt 1 2012 watch EA Sports SSX-X Games .. The Joy Formidable; Austere 2012 watch EA Games Battlefield 3 .. Jay Z; 99 Problems 2011 watch EA Games Fifa 11 We Are 11 .. Tenpole Tudor; Swords of a Thousand Men 2010 watch EA Games Battlefield: Bad Company 2 .. Queens of the Stone Age; You Think I Aint Worth A Dollar, But I Feel Like A Millionaire 2010 watch EA XBOX 360 Left 4 Dead 2 .. Clutch; Electric Worry 2009 watch EA Games Beatles Rockband .. Beatles; Come Together 2009 watch EA Games Fifa Street Soccer 3 .. Go! Team; Grip Like A Vice 2008 EA Games Burnout Paradise .. Guns 'n' Roses; Paradise City 2008 EA Games Fifa Street 2 .. Coldcut: True Skool 2006 EA Games Black for Playstation 2 .. Verdi: Gypsy Chorus from 'La Traviata' 2006 E-On: See It & Save It .. Broadcast 2000; Get Up And Go 2008 E-On: Wind of Change .. Arthur Askey; Bee Song 2007 E-On: Energy Windfarm .. Sonny Terry & Brownie McGhee: Hootin' The Blues July 2007. E4 Schrubs .. Calvin Harris; Acceptable 2007 Eagle Star Direct .. Dead Or Alive: You Spin Me Round 2000 Eagle Star Direct .. Madness: Driving in my Car 2000 Eagle Star .. Delibes: Flower Duet from Lakme 1992 Ebay .. Donovan; Sunshine Superman 2012 watch eBay .. Feist: 1234 Australia Sept 2007 eBay .. Edith Piaf: Non Je Ne Regrette Rien 2006 easyJet: Europe By easyJet .. The Wombats; Techno Fan 2011 watch easyJet: Summer of Love .. O'Jays; Love Train 2009 Echo's Aftersave by Davidoff .. Joseph Arthur: "In The Sun" ~ UK Echo Falls Wine .. Art of Noise; Three Fingers Of Love 2007 Ecover Feel Good Cleaning .. James Brown; I Got You (I Feel Good) 2012 watch Eden TV Launch .. Muse; Feeling Good 2009 EDF Blue + Price Promise .. Philip Oakey & Giorgio Moroder; Together In Electric Dreams 2012 watch EDF Energy - Powering the London 2012 Games .. Mike Beever; The Farmer aka Fated Beauty 2011 watch Edge .. Mozart; Piano Concerto No. 21, K 467 : Andante 2007 Edge Another Way Forward .. Roger Miller; King Of The Road 2007 Edinburgh Woollen Mill Autumn & Winter Collection .. Sweet Inspirations; Sweet Inspiration 2008 watch Egg Card .. Television: "Hold Up" ~ UK Egg Card .. Raymond Scott: "Baltimore Gas and Electric Co" ~ UK 2005 Electronic Arts - Battlefield 3 .. Jay Z; 99 Problems 2011 watch Elizabeth Shaw .. Willie Nelson: Crazy 2000 Elizabeth Shaw .. Patsie Cline: Crazy 2000 Elvis Presley ELV1S: 30 Number One Hits .. Elvis Presley / JXL; A Little Less Conversation 2002 Emirates Hello Tomorrow .. Spencer & Antfood; Trek 2012 watch Emirates A380 .. Johan Strauss; Blue Danube Waltz 2011 watch Emirates Airlines Dubai promote .. Black; Wonderful life 2009 view Emirates Airline ad .. First Times created by Water Music for the ad view Emporio Armani Idole .. Nina Simone; I Put A Spell On You 2009 watch Emporio Armani - Diamonds For Men .. Interpol; Slow Hands 2008 Emporio Armani Code .. Mis-Teeq: Scandalous2006 Emporio Armani's Night ..Goldfrapp: "Strict Machine" ~ UK 2003 England Enjoy England.com .. Jam: English Rose 2006 ESPN October Football .. John Carpenter; Halloween 2009 Esso .. Queen: I Want To Break Free 2000 Estee Lauder .. Madonna: "Love Provusion" ~ UK 2004 Ethel Austin .. Bodyrockers: The Way You Move 2007 Eurocamp: Unforgettable Moments Holidays .. The Rifles; Winter Calls 2012 watch Europcar .. C&C Music Factory; Gonna Make You Sweat (Everybody Dance Now) 2011 watch Eurostar .. Philip Glass; Sense Of Doubt 2007 Eurostar .. Jack Sedgwick; Irene's Tomorrow 2007 Eurostar .. Virginie: Tu Crois Toujours (I Go To Sleep) 2005 Evans .. LaBelle: Lady Marmalade 2006 Evergreen .. The Monkees: "Daydream Believer" ~ UK 2004 Evian - Baby Inside .. Uffie; Wordy Rappinghood (Evian Mix) 2011 watch Evian Water .. Dan The Automator; Rapper's Delight 2009 watch Evian Water .. Brigitte Bardot: "Moi, Je Joue" ~ UK 2005 Evian Water .. Marilyn Monroe: Bye Bye Baby 2004 F >>> Fallon Community Health Plan .. Buddy Holly: 'Everyday' Famouse Grouse .. Fred Astaire: Puttin' On The Ritz 2006 Fanta Chase .. Martin Solveig & Dragonette; Cant Stop 2012 watch Fanta - Grab A Taste Of Friday .. Ting Tings; Shut Up & Let Me Go 2010 watch Fanta - bird ad .. Architecture In Helsinki; Souvenirs 2009 watch Fanta Orange .. Stylophonic: Way of Life 2003 Fanta .. Rae & Christian: Blazing The Crop 2002 Farleys Rusks .. Gene Vincent: Be Bop A Lula 2000 Febreeze .. Real Tuesday Weld: Bathtime In Clerkenwell 2005 Felix cat food .. Scott Joplin The Entertainer 2009 watch Felix cat food .. Real Thing: You To Me Are Everything 2000 Felix cat food .. Lou Bega: Mambo No 5 2000 Fendi Fan Di Fendi - The New Fragrance .. Kills; Cheap and Cheerful 2011 watch . Ferrero Rocher - Golden Light .. Jasmine Ash; Starlight 2011 watch Ferrero Rocher - Kinder Surprise .. Eliza Doolittle; Pack Up 2011 listen Ferrero Rochee .. Cilla Black: 'Something Tells Me (Something's Gonna Happen Tonight)' (2006) Ferrero Rochee .. Taxi: Yes it's True 2003 Fiat Panda New Panda Twin Air .. JSTARS; Loose Nuke Threat 2012 watch Fiat 500 Jennifer Lopez .. Jennifer Lopez; Papi 2012 watch Fiat Punto - MyLife ~ Piano .. Giovanni Allevi; Secret Love 2011 watch Fiat 500: Twin Air .. Amy Macdonald; This Is The Life 2011 listen Fiat Punto Evo: Prommercial .. Faithless; Feelin Good 2010 watch Fiat Punto Evo: Drive The Evolution .. Edvin Marton; Paganini 5 2010 watch Fiat Grande Punto - Connie Francis remixed/Tom Middleton: Quando Quando Quando 2008 Fiat Bravo .. Sweet Vandal: Beautiful 2008 Fiat 500 .. Cut Chemist: A Peak In Time 2008 Fiat Bravia .. Dark Globe; Break My World 2007 Fiat Grande Punto - Italian Job Remixed .. Louis Prima; Oh Marie 2007 Fiat Scudo Van .. Pipettes; ABC 2007 Fiat Grande Punto .. Hardknox: Fire Like This 2006 Fiat Sedici 4x4 .. Richard Strauss: Also Sprach Zarathustra (Main theme from 2001) 2006 Fiat Stilo ..Topol: If I Were A Rich Man (From Fiddler on the Roof) 2006 Fiat Punto .. Marilyn Manson: Sweet Dreams (Are Made Of This) 2006 Fiat .. Human League: Dont You Want Me 2002 Fiat .. Chips: Rubber Biscuit 2000 Fibresure .. Altered Images; I Could Be Happy 2007 Fidelity Investments .. Paul McCartney & Wings: 'Band On The Run' watch Fidelity Investments .. Billy Preston: 'Nothing From Nothing' FIFA World Cup 2010 (Coca-Cola) .. K'naan; Wavin' Flag 2010 watch FIFA World Cup 1990 .. Puccini: Nessun Dorma 1990 Filippo Berio Olive Oil .. Rossini; Largo Al Factotum from The Barber of Seville 2007 Findaproperty.com .. The 88; Coming Home 2010 watch Findus Novelli Lasagne Ad .. Eric Winston: Saratoga 2008 Finish Quantum - Diamond Standard .. Gotan Project; Epoca 2008 watch Finish 5 in 1 .. Wagner; Ride of the Valkyries 2008 watch First Choice - All Inclusive .. Flo Rida; Good Feeling 2011 watch First Choice - Swimming Pools .. Paul McCartney; We All Stand Together (Frog Chorus) 2008 watch First Choice .. Rossini; William Tell Overture 2008 First Choice (hugs) .. Chopin; Etude For Piano - Op 10: No 3. In E Major - "Tristesse" 2007 First Choice .. Miriam Makeba: Mbube (Wimoweh) 2006 First Choice .. Reginald Dixon: I Do Like To Be Beside The Seaside 2006 First Direct .. Tommy Dorsey Opus One 2009 watch First Magazine .. Chi-Lites; Have You Seen Her? 2007 Fisher Price .. Katrina and the Waves: Walking on Sunshine 2003 Fishermans Friend .. Inspiral Carpets: I Want You 2000 Five Alive Fruit Drink Dancing Dodo .. Don Fardon; Im Alive 2010 watch Flash .. Paul Mottram: Tig A Tag 2006 Flash .. Elgar: Pomp And Circumstance March No. 1 (Land Of Hope And Glory) 2006 Flash .. BBC: Theme from Captain Pugwash 2006 Flash .. Reginald Dixon: I Do Like To Be Beside The Seaside 2006 Flexon .. Amen Corner: Bend Me, Shape Me 2000 Floors-2-Go .. Touch and Go: Would You...? 2006 Flora .. Mud; Tiger Feet 2009 Flora .. Lilac Time: Trumpets From Montparnasse 2006 Flora Pro-Activ (Lulu's Three Week Challenge) .. Lulu: Put A Little Love In Your Heart 2005 Florette Salad Bags of Goodness .. The Goons; Eeh! Ah! Oh! Ooh! 2012 watch Flower By Kenzo: Rooftop .. Jil is Lucky; The Wanderer 2010 watch Football Manager 2012 - Greatest Job On Earth .. Hard-Fi; Bring It On 2011 watch Ford Fiesta Zetec - Keysless Entry .. Moondog; To A Sea Horse 2011 watch Ford Fiesta Zetec - Feel The Difference .. Fiction; Big Things 2011 watch Ford Mondeo True Beauty .. Soap and Skin; Mr. Gaunt PT 1000 2010 watch Ford Fiesta Zetec .. School Of Language; Rockist Part 1 2010 watch Ford Fiesta .. Schwab; Mole Man 2010 listen Ford S Max Detail .. Si Begg; Bottled 2010 watch Ford Focus .. Cool Hearts; Half Way Home 2010 watch Ford Fiesta .. Two Lone Swordsmen; Shack 54 2009 watch Ford Government Scrappage .. Chesney Hawkes; The One And Only 2009 Ford Ka .. specially composed for the ad - Soundtree; Gofindit 2009 watch Ford Focus .. Alesha Dixon; 4 You I Woll 2008 Ford Focus .. Craig Richey; Ode To The New Ford 2008 Ford (Feel the difference) .. Royal Philharmonic Orchestra/St. Martin in the Fields chorus: Champions League 2007 Ford S-Max .. Whistling Tom: Under Paris Skies 2007 Ford Mondeo Desire .. Michael Andrews: The Artifact And Living 2007 Ford C-Max .. Outkast: When I Look In Your Eyes 2007 Ford Focus Zetec Climate .. Monty Norman: James Bond 2006 Ford Transit .. Soul Coughing: Disseminated 2006 Ford Cars .. The Specials: "Blank Expression" ~ UK Ford Explorer .. Mark Morrison: 'Return of the Mack' Ford Fiesta Freedom .. Paul Borg: Thigh Rolled 2006 Ford S-MAX .. Chemical Brothers: Shake Break Bounce 2006 Ford Focus .. I Monster: Daydream In Blue 2006 Ford Focus .. Des'ree; You Gotta Be 2000 watch Ford .. Barry Gray: Joe 90 2000 Ford .. Brian May: Driven By You 2000 Ford .. Bob Marley and the Wailers: Three Little Birds 2000 Ford .. Slade: Coz I Luv You 2000 Ford Cougar .. Steppenwolf: Born To Be Wild 2000 Ford .. Sniff and the Tears: Drivers Seat 1990 Fosters .. Kool and the Gang; Jungle Boogie 2009 Fosters Super Chilled (Shadows) .. Violent Femmes; Blister In The Sun 2008 Fosters Twist .. Hombres: Let It Out (Let It All Hang Out) 2006 Fosters Super Chilled .. Boozoo Bajou: 'Lava' 2005 Fosters Lager .. The Karminsky Experience Inc: Exploration 2003 Fosters Lager .. Tchaikovsky: Le Lac Des Cygnes from Swan Lake 1995 Foxs .. Platters: 'Heaven On Earth' 2000 Foxy Bingo .. Matt Monro; Born Free 2012 watch Foxy Bingo .. John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John; You're The One That I Want 2010 watch Foxy Bingo .. Lipps Inc; Funkytown 2009 Foxy Bingo .. Richard Strauss; Also Sprach Zarathustra (Main theme from 2001) 2009 Fred Olsen Cruise Lines .. Dusty Springfield; I Only Want To Be With You 2008 Freederm - For Spot-Prone Skin .. Blue Mink; Good Morning Freedom 2011 watch Freeview - Balloons .. The Turtles; Happy Together 2011 watch Freeview: Corgis .. Derrick May; Strings of Life (Special Version) 2011 watch Freeview HD - Tiny Streaker .. Men Without Hats; Safety Dance 2010 watch Freeview Plus .. Laurie Johnson Orchestra; Theme From The Professionals 2009 Friends ReUnited Dating .. Otis Redding; Love Man 2007 Friends ReUnited .. Alan Hawkshaw: Theme from Grange Hill 2006 Friends ReUnited .. Highly Likely: What Ever Happened to You? 2006 Friends Provident .. Simon May: Chi Mai 2000 Frys Turkish Delight .. ??Jeff Wayne or Cliff Adams?? written especially for Frys 1984 watch Fujifilm .. Radiocontrolledrobot: 'Beautiful' 2006 Furniture Village .. Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel; Make Me Smile (Come up and See Me) 2009 FX TV show Louie .. Ida Maria; Louie 2010 G >>> Gala Bingo .. Barrett Strong; Money (That's What I Want) 2009 Gala Bingo .. Gloria Gaynor: I Will Survive 2006 Gala Bingo .. Madness: House of Fun 2005 Gala Bingo .. Shalamar: Night To Remember 2000 Galaxy Ripple Chocolate Folds Of Delight.. Thievery Corporation; Heavens Gonna Burn Your Eyes 2010 listen Galaxy Promises .. Thelonius Monk: Caravan 2005 Galaxy .. Appleton: Don't Worry 2003 Galaxy .. Ella Fitzgerald: Summertime 2002 Galaxy Promises .. Thelonius Monk: Caravan 2005 Galaxy .. Appleton: Don't Worry 2003 Galaxy .. Ella Fitzgerald: Summertime 2002 Gap .. Amen Corner: 'Bend Me, Shape Me' 2002 Gap .. Supertramp: Give A Little Bit 2001 Gap .. Crystal Method: 'Busy Child' 2000 Gap .. James Clarke: 'Blow Up A Go Go' 2000 Garden and Leisure(Buy One Get One) .. Traditional: In An English Country Garden 2006 Garmin .. John Williams; Carol of the Bells 2007 Garmin Nuvi Sat Nav .. Morgan Van Dam: Found 2006 Garnier BB Cream Its a Good Day .. Peggy Lee; Its A Good Day 2012 watch Garnier Nutrisse - Ultra Color .. Martin Solveig & Dragonette; Hello 2011 watch Garnier Summerbody Spray Mist .. Cat Power; The Greatest 2007 Garnier 100% Color .. Lynyrd Skynyrd: Sweet Home Alabama 2006 Garnier Fructis Shampoo .. Wax Tailor ft. Charlotte Savary: Our Dance 2005 Garnier .. Saint Etienne: Marios Cafe 2000 Gateway .. Who: 'Who Are You' 2000 Gaviscon .. Irene Cara: 'Flashdance (What A Feeling)' 2004 Geico .. Royksopp: 'Remind Me' 2007 General Accident .. Fortunes: Storm In A Teacup 2000 General Post Office .. Sam Cooke: "Darling You Send Me" ~ UK 2006 George at Asda .. Sly & The Family Stone; Dance To The Music 2012 listen George at Asda .. Pilot: "Magic" ~ UK GHD Cinderella at the Midnight Ball .. Le Rev: Lucky You 2010 watch Gillette Venus: Jennifer Lopez .. Jennifer Lopez; Venus 2011 watch Gillette Venus .. Bananarama: Venus 2003 Gillette Right Guard .. Bob Marley and the Wailers: Three Little Birds 2000 Gillette Right Guard .. Four Tops: 'Reach Out I'll Be There' 2000 Ginsters .. Jim Noir: 'My Patch' 2006 Giorgio Armani: Acqua Di Gioia Woman and Nature .. Cinematic Orchestra; Arrival of the Birds 2010 watch Go! Airlines .. Hugo Montenegro: The Fox 1999 Go Compare .. George M Cohan Over There 2010 watch Golden Wonder .. Kinks: 'You Really Got Me' 2000 Golden Wonder .. Motorhead: Ace Of Spades 2000 Google+ Plus Tom .. Alan Silvestri; Cast Away (End Titles) 2012 watch Google Chrome: Jamal Edwards .. Wretch 32; Traktor 2011 watch . Google Chrome: Lady Gaga .. Lady Gaga; Edge of Glory 2011 watch Google Chrome: Dear Hollie .. Ingrid Michaelson; Sort Of (Instrumental) 2011 watch Gordon's Gin .. Status Quo: Pictures of Matchstick Men 2004 Gordon's Edge .. Coco Steel & Lovebomb: Yachts 2002 . Grand Theft Auto IV - The Lost & The Damned .. Motley Crue; Wild Side 2009 Grand Theft Auto Episodes From Liberty City .. Roxette; The Look 2009 watch Grand Theft Auto San Andreas .. Chakachas; Jungle Fever 2007 Grand Theft Auto Vice City Stories .. Phil Collins Ft. Philip Bailey: Easy Lover 2006 Grand Theft Auto San Andreas .. Guns 'n' Roses: Welcome To The Jungle 2004 Grant's Whisky .. Baby Bird: Atomic Soda 1999 Grattan .. Connie Francis: Stupid Cupid 2000 Grattan .. Ritchie Valens: La Bamba 2000 Grattan .. James Brown: I Got You (I Feel Good) 2000 Greene King IPA Crafted For The Moment .. Jake Bugg; Country Song 2012 watch Greece Tourist Board .. Mikis Theodorakis: Zorba The Greek 2006 Green Flag .. Fontella Bass: Rescue Me 2000 Green Flag .. Brian Eno: An Ending (Ascent) 2000 Greggs .. Gracie Fields; If I Knew You Were Comin' I'd've Baked A Cake 2010 watch Greggs .. Terry Bush; Maybe Tomorrow 2009 Grolsch Dancing Bottles .. Louis Armstrong; It Dont Mean A Thing (If It Aint Got That Swing) 2010 Grolsch .. Bodyrockers: I Like The Way 2005 Grolsch .. Iggy Pop: I'm Bored 2000 Gü - Give in to Gü .. Jon Brion; Drive In 2011 watch Gucci Guilty - Intense .. Friendly Fires and Bats For Lashes; Strangelove 2010 watch Gucci Flora - Meadow .. Donna Summer; I Feel Love 2009 Gucci by Gucci .. Blondie; Heart Of Glass 2008 Gucci Pour Homme II .. Apple Garageband Loop; Modern Rock Guitar 07 2007 Guardian Super Size Me DVD Promotion .. Toothpick: Super Size Me 2006 Guardian Free CD 27/11/2004 .. Paul Weller All Along The Watchtower 2004 Guardian .. Dean Fraser: Dick Tracey 1999 Gucci Guilty - Intense .. Friendly Fires and Bat For Lashes; Strangelove 2011 watch Guerlain Idyll .. Nora Arnezeder and Feloche; Singin' In The Rain 2009 Guerlain Insolence .. Muse: Hysteria 2006 Guinness - Dark Life .. Beach House; 10 Mile Stereo 2010 watch Guinness - The Dot .. Electric Light Orchestra (ELO); Mr Blue Sky 2008 Guinness - Domino Tipping .. Enrique Granados; Spanish Dance No 6 2007 Guinness .. Slang; The Shins 2007 Guinness .. Acker Bilk: That's My Home 2006 Guinness Evolution .. Sammy Davis Jr: Rhythm of Life 2005 Guinness .. Prodigy: Spitfire 2005 Guinness .. Unit 4 + 2: Concrete and Clay 2002 Guinness .. Arab Strap: First Big Weekend 2000 Guinness .. Perez Prez Prado: Guaglione 2000 Guinness .. Prince Buster: Burke's Law 1998 Guinness Draught: Chain .. Louis Armstrong; We Have All The Time In The World 1994 watch Guinness .. DJ Shadow: "Stem/Long Stem" ~ UK ('90's) Guns 'n' Roses Chinese Democracy Release .. Guns 'n' Roses; Sweet Child O' Mine 2008 Guns 'n' Roses Chinese Democracy Release .. Guns 'n' Roses; Chinese Democracy 2008 Gwen Stefani "L" a L.A.M.B. fragrance .. Gwen Stefani; Wonderful Life 2007 H >>> H&M Marni at H&M .. Roxy Music; Avalon 2012 watch H & M David Beckham Body Wear .. The Animals; Dont Let Me Be Misunderstood 2012 watch H & M - Winter Fashion 2011 .. Klas Åhlund; Girls On Film 2011 watch H & M - Girls On Film .. Mona Donnerman; Girls on Film 2011 watch . H & M - Matthew Williamson Collection .. Stereolies; We Need A Change 2009 watch H & M .. Greenhornes; There Is An End 2007 H. Samuel Jewellers .. Captain and Tennille: Love Will Keep Us Together 2006 H. Samuel Christmas Shopping .. Ella Fitzgerald: 'S Wonderful 2005 Haagen-Dazs .. Richard Hawley; Open Up Your Door 2009 Haagen-Dazs .. Sarah Vaughan; 'Make Yourself Comfortable' 2002 Halfords - Christmas Bikes .. The Hoosiers; Goodbye Mr A 2011 watch . Halfords Summer Sale .. Hoosiers; Goodby Mr A 2011 watch Halfords .. Republica; 'Ready To Go' 2006 Halifax Home Insurance Garden Fun .. Halifax Community Choir; I Believe I Can Fly 2012 watch Halifax Saving Accounts - Prize Draw .. Halifax Community Choir; Walking On Sunshine 2011 watch Halifax - Open Saturdays .. Halifax Community Choir; Hard Days Night 2011 watch Halifax Rewards - Ill Be There .. Halifax Community Choir; Ill Be There 2011 watch Halifax - Yeah Yeah Yeah .. Stereo MCs; Connected 2011 watch Halifax Building Society Rewards .. Lightning Seeds; Lucky You 2010 watch Halifax Building Society ISA .. Vanilla Ice; Ice Ice Baby 2010 watch Halifax Building Society Reward Horn .. Pretenders; Brass In Pocket 2010 watch Halifax Building Society Reward Account .. Lily Allen; LDN 2010 Halifax Building Society Reward Account .. Spandau Ballet; Gold 2010 Halifax Building Society Five Pound Reward .. Born Ruffians; Little Garcon 2009 Halifax Building Society Mortgages .. Bright Eyes; First Day Of My Life 2009 Halifax Building Society .. Jackie Wilson; (Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher 2009 watch Halifax Building Society .. Herman's Hermits; I'm Into Something Good 2008 Halifax Building Society .. Herbie Hancock; Rockit 2007 (Ireland) Halifax Building Society .. Bubba Sparxxx; Ms New Booty 2007 (Ireland) Halifax Building Society Credit Card .. Sweet; Ballroom Blitz 2007 (Ireland) Halifax Building Society .. Aretha Franklin; Think 2007 Halifax Building Society 50 Times Extra .. Big Brovaz; Nu Flow 2006 Halifax Building Society High Rate Saver .. Glen Campbell; Rhinestone Cowboy 2006 Halifax Building Society Mortgage .. Cab Calloway; Minnie The Moocher 2006 Halls Soothers .. Robert Palmer; Addicted To Love 2010 listen Halls Soothers .. Aretha Franklin; Baby I Love You 2003 Halls .. Hollies; The Air That I Breathe 2000 Halls .. Robert Palmer; Addicted to Love 2000 Hamlet .. Bach; Air on a G String 2000 Hammerite .. Chas & Dave; Any Old Iron 1992 Happy Egg Co. Happy Hens Racing .. Chariots of Fire: Vangelis 2010 watch Haribo Tangfastic .. Mozart; Queen of the Night (Aria from The Magic Flute) 2010 watch Harrods .. Handel; Lascia Ch'io Pianga 2002 Harvest Cheweee Bar .. Ohio Express; Chewy Chewy 2002 Harvester Salad & Grill .. Plain White T's; 1234 2010 watch Harvester .. Chic; Good Times 2000 listen Harveys Furniture .. Dukas; Sorcerers Apprentice 2010 listen Harveys Furniture Sale .. Blondie; Picture This 2009 Harveys Furniture 10% Off Everything Sale .. Matt Monro; This Is The Life 2007 Haven Holidays Half Price Holidays .. Obi; Somewhere Nicer 2009 Haven Holidays .. Manu Chao; La Primavera 2007 Head & Shoulders: Smooth & Silky Shampoo.. Christian Marsac; LAmour Conjugué 2010 watch Head & Shoulders: Colour Care, We Love Red .. Heidi Lingren; I Need Music 2008 Head & Shoulder 'Mickey' ad .. DOES ANYONE KNOW THIS SKA/REGGAE SONG 2007 watch Head and Shoulders: Irresistible Hair .. Evelyn Knight; A Little Bird Told Me 2007 Head and Shoulders .. Skott Francis; Sugar Sugar 2005 Health Lottery £200,000 Jackpot .. Ennio Morricone; Ecstasy of Gold 2011 watch Heart FM .. Sharleen Spiteri; Xanadu 2010 watch Heart FM .. Louis Prima; Sing, Sing, Sing 2006 Heart FM .. Donavon Frankenreiter; Turn On Your Heart 2006 Heart FM .. Harold Melvin and The Blue Notes; The Love I Lost 2006 Heineken The Date .. Mohammed Rafi; Jaan Pehechan Ho 2012 watch Heineken - The Entrance .. The Asteroids Galaxy Tour; Golden Age 2011 watch Heineken .. Chopin; Prelude No.7 In A Major 2007 Heineken .. Teddybears ft. Mad Cobra; Cobrastyle 2006 Heineken Export Lager .. Al Green; Let's Stay Together 2006 Heineken Back in time .. George Baker Selection; Little Green Bag 2006 Heineken .. J. Geils Band; Give It To Me 2002 Heineken .. Chris Isaak: "Wicked Game" US Heinz - Squeeze and Stir Soups .. Bobby Day; Little Bitty Pretty One 2011 watch Heinz Weight Watchers - Exercise Bike .. Groovalistics; Dont Leave Me This Way 2011 watch Heinz Beanz Fridge Pack Containers .. Delaney, Bonnie & Friends; Never Ending Song of Love 2010 watch Heinz .. Harry J All Stars; Liquidator 2009 Heinz Snap Pots Eazy Beanzy .. Ann Lee; Ring My Bell 2008 Heinz Farmers' Market Soups .. Arthur Wood; Barwick Green (Theme from the Archers) 2007 Heinz Salad Cream .. Sesame Street; Ladybugs Picnic 2007 Heinz .. Goons: Ying Tong Song 2000 Heinz Baked Beans .. Chas & Dave; Diddle Um Song (Diddle Umma Day) 1999 Heinz tomato ketchup .. Carly Simon: 'Anticipation' ~ late 70's US Hellmanns Mayonnaise Boxing Day .. Tim Myers; Simply Wonderful 2011 watch Hellmann's Mayonaise - Loved Up Mash .. Tim Myers; Simply Wonderful 2011 watch Hellmann's Mayonaise .. Isley Brothers; Summer Breeze 2009 watch Hellmann's Mayonnaise .. Marvin Gaye; Let's Get It On 2005 Herbal Essences .. Paul Leonard-Morgan; Blue State 2009 Hiscox .. Rebelski; The Swarm 2007 History Channel UFO Files .. Saint-Saens; Aquarium from Carnival of the Animals 2006 HMV - Revolutionary Technology .. Justice; Civilisation 2011 watch HMV Sale .. Elbow; One Day Like This 2009 HMV .. Sarah McLachlan; Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas 2007 HMV Sale .. Fratellis: Flathead 2007 HMV .. Monty Python DVD Promotion .. Monty Python's Flying Circus; Bright Side of Life 2006 HMV Summer Sale .. The La's; There She Goes 2006 Holiday Inn Express .. Kyle Andrews; Always Make Me Smile 2010 watch Holland & Barrett Half Price Event .. Hollies; I'm Alive 2007 Homebase Containers .. Peter Bjorn & John; Young Folks 2012 watch Homebase .. Peter, Bjorn and John Young; Folks 2009 Homebase (whistling ad) .. Peter, Bjorn and John; Young Folks 2009 Homebase .. Pasadena Roof Orchestra; "Double Check Stomp" 2008 watch Homebase Autumn Collection .. Lerner & Loewe; Wouldn't It Be Lovely (from My Fair Lady) 2007 Homebase .. James Baskett; Zip-A-Dee-Doo-Dah (from Song of the South) 2007 Homebase .. Judy Garland; Get Happy 2006 Homebase .. Verna Felton; Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo from Disney's Cinderella 2006 Homebase .. Beloved: Sweet Harmony 2006 Honda Accord Cross Tour .. Miriam Makeba; Pata Pata 2010 watch Honda Everything .. Battles; Atlas 2009 Honda Let It Shine .. Berend Dubbe and Gwen Thomas; This Little Light Of Mine 2009 Honda Accord .. Esquivel The Breeze and I (Andalucia) 2008 watch Honda FCX Clarity .. Mark Mothersbaugh; Ping Island 2008 watch Honda Accord Sedan.. Electric Light Orchestra / E.L.O. Hold On Tight 2007 and 2008 watch Honda Power of Dreams .. Andy Williams; The Impossible Dream 2005 watch Honda Civic .. Primal Scream; Loaded 2003 Honda .. Sugarhill Gang; Rapper's Delight 2003 Honda Cleo .. Jeff Beck; Stand on it 1989/90 watch Horlicks .. Francoise Hardy; Voila 2005 Hoseasons Holidays .. Status Quo; Whatever You Want 2000 Hotpoint Aqua .. Vangelis; Ask The Mountains 2007 Hotpoint Recommends Ariel .. Lionel Richie; Easy 2005 House of Fraser .. Tunng; Out Of The Window With The Window 2006 Hovis Soft White .. Rossini; William Tell Overture 2011 listen Hovis Hearty Oats .. Plastic Bertrand; Ca Plane Pour Moi 2010 watch Hovis Wholemeal Cheese and Tomato Sandwich .. Calvin Harris; Ready For The Weekend 2010 watch Hovis Best of Both Bread Jam Sandwich .. Adam Ant; Goody Two Shoes 2010 watch Hovis Soft White Bread Bacon Sandwich .. The Stranglers; No More Heroes 2010 watch HP Hewlett Packard dv6t .. Jimi Hendrix; Foxey Lady 2011 watch HP Envy (Hewlett Packard) - Beats by Dr Dre .. Dr Dre featuring Jay-Z; Under Pressure 2011 watch HP: Hewlett Packard Web Enabled Printers .. Melanie: Brand New Key 2010 watch HP: Hewlett Packard Photosmart 475 .. Robins; Out Of The Picture 2005 HP: Hewlett Packard .. The Kinks: 'Picture Book' 2004 HP: Hewlett Packard .. The Cure: 'Pictures of You' 2003 HP: Hewlett Packard .. Deep Purple: 'Smoke on the Water' 2004 HP Sauce Tomato Ketchup .. Squirrel Nut Zippers; Suits Are Picking Up The Bill 2006 HP Sauce .. Elgar; Pomp & Circumstance March No. 1 (Land Of Hope And Glory) 2006 HSA Health Insurance .. Ella Fitzgerald; Sunny 2005 HSBC Little Investor .. Peter Raeburn and Nick Foster; Map Maker 2012 watch HSBC Lemonade .. Soundtree; Thank Heaven For Little Girls 2012 listen (M. Chevalier) HSBC Chinese New Year .. Chang Loo; Dang Bu Liao 2012 watch HSBC - What Do Trees Mean To You? Orff; Gassenhauer from Musica Poetica:Schulwerk 2007 HSBC .. Barry Gray; Aqua Marina 2006 HSBC .. Hope of the States; Black Amnesias 2006 HSBC .. Michel Legrand; Di Gue Ding Ding 2006 HSBC .. Ink Spots; Bless You (For Being An Angel) 2005 HTC One Freefall Fashion Shoot .. Chromatics; Tick of the Clock 2012 watch HTC - Sensation XL .. SebastiAn; Holloback / X Hollow 2011 watch HTC VTS 980 .. Nina Simone; Sinner Man 2009 watch Huggies Nappies .. Madness: 'It must be love' ~ New Zealand Hugo Boss Orange .. Hives; Hate To Say I Told You So 2011 watch Hugo Boss Bottled - Night .. Massive Attack; Angel 2010 watch Hugo Boss .. Rob Dougan; Clubbed To Death 2009 watch Hugo Boss for women .. Beatles; Drive My Car 2009 watch Hogo Boss Pure .. made especially for the ad by Schmooze Production 2008 Hugo Boss Femme .. Klima; City 2007 Hugo Boss XX & XY .. Johnny Kidd and The Pirates; Shakin' All Over 2007 Hugo Boss Pure Purple .. Mint Royale; Wait For You 2006 Hummer .. Filter; Only Way (Is the Wrong Way) 2003 Hummer .. The Who: 'Happy Jack' Hummer .. Tom Jones: "Help Yourself" Hush Puppies .. Rufus Thomas; Walking The Dog 2000 Hyundai Veloster .. Crystal Method; Dirty Thirty 2011 watch Hyundai - New Thinking .. Vanessa James; Commissioned Track 2011 Hyundai ix20 Life In Boxes .. Alex Winston; Choice Notes 2010 watch Hyundai i30 .. Shelagh Mcdonald; Rainy Night Blues 2008 Hyundai .. Colder; Silicone Sexy 2007 Hyundai Tucson .. Max Richter; Vladimir's Blues 2006 Hyundai Cars .. Johann Strauss: 'Wine, Women and Song' ~ New Zealand I >>> I.B.M .. Kinks: I'm Not Like Everybody Else uk 2006 I Cant Believe Its Not Butter .. Monkees: I'm A Believer uk 2000 Ibuleve .. Robson & Jerome: I Believe 2007 Ice Age .. Rusted Root: Send Me On My Way uk 2003 Iceland - Christmas Showcase .. Stacey Solomon; Driving Home For Christmas 2011 watch Iceland - Christmas Cabaret .. Iceland Mums; Christmas Can-Can 2010 watch Iceland - Weight Watchers Promotion .. Rossini: William Tell Overture 2005 Icelolly.com - Compare Packages .. Hot Chocolate; You Sexy Thing 2011 watch IKEA - Bedrooms .. Fanfare Ciocarlia; Asfalt Tango Also sampled on: Serk (ft Schampus) - Bangersexy 2011 watch . IKEA Kitchen Party .. Jona Lewie presents Man Like Me; Youll Always Find Me In The Kitchen At Parties 2010 watch IKEA - Happy Inside .. Mara Carlyle; Pianni 2010 watch IKEA .. Tom Jones: Green, Green Grass Of Home 2007 IKEA - the sale is on .. Peter, Bjorn & John: Young Folks 2007 IKEA - Sale .. Jean Jacques Perrey; Colonie Celeste 2006 IKEA .. Ervin Webb & The Prisoners; I'm Goin' Home 2005 Ilva Furniture .. Paolo Conte; Via Con Me 2006 Imperial Leather SkinKind Flower Shower .. Alex Banks; Snow 2010 watch Imperial Leather Toiletries - Hugs Range .. Ben Sands; Hugs 2007/2008 Impulse Body Spray .. Saturdays; Forever is Over 2009 watch Impulse .. Max Avery Lichtenstein: Tarnation 2007 Impulse Tease .. Salt n Pepa; Push It 2006 Impulse Thrill .. Casanovas; Shake It 2005 Indago Satellite Navigation System .. Ian McLagan; I Will Follow 2006 Indesit - Moon .. New Order; Hey Now What You Doing 2007/8 Independent .. Dr Dre; Still D.R.E. 2004 India .. Karl Jenkins; Zarabanda (Sarabande) 2006 ING Direct Snowball Games .. Boy Least Likely To Be Gentle With Me 2008 ING: Fernando Alonso .. Chris Coco; Dreaming of Shibuya In The Rain Again 2008 Innocent Fruit Loves This Water .. Billy Ocean; Suddenly 2010 watch Inland Revenue Tax Credits .. Upsetters; Return of Django 2004 watch Intel .. New Young Pony Club: "Ice Cream" (2006) Intel Core Duo Processor .. Teddybears; Different Sound 2006 Intel Core Duo Processor .. Carlos Jean; Mr Dabada 2006 Intel Core Duo Processor .. New Young Pony Club; Ice Cream 2006 Intel In Macs .. Moby; God Moving Over The Face Of The Waters 2006 Intel Centrino .. Seal; Crazy 2005 Interflora Mothers Day .. Daniel Holter & Kyle White; Whistler Float 2011 watch Investec What We Do .. Angry Vs. The Bear; Show Emotion 2012 watch Ireland Discover Ireland .. Shaun Davey; The Welcome Visitor 2007 Ireland .. Chicane & Maire Brennan; Saltwater 2003 Irn-Bru - Cut Out Summer .. Paolo Nutini; Pencil Full of Lead 2011 watch Irn-bru Thats Phenomenal .. Candle Music Commissioned Track 2010 watch Irn-Bru .. Undertones; Here Comes The Summer 2007 Irn Bru .. Aled Jones; Walking In The Air 2006 Isklar Pure Glacier .. Plaid; Zamami 2008 iPod Touch: Grid .. Brendan Benson; What I'm Looking For 2008 ITV Bingo.com .. Dave Carey - Bingo! 2011 watch or read about some ITV UEFA ad's are under U ITV Fifa World Cup Credits .. Vusi Mahlasela; When You Come Back 2010 watch ITV World Cup .. Jimi Hendrix; Fire 2010 listen ITV 2010 World Cup Qualifier Highlights Intro .. Verve; Bitter Sweet Symphony 2009 watch ITV Bright Side .. Nadia Fay; Honeycomb 2009 ITV Euro 2008 Titles .. Natasha Marsh; Queen of The Night from The Magic Flute (Mozart) 2008 ITV The Baron .. Whitey; Sweet Words For The Sour 2008 ITV 'Supernatural' Trailer .. AC/DC; Back In Black 2008 ITV 'Supernatural' Trailer .. George Michael; The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face 2007 ITV4 .. The Contender Challenge US v UK .. Sex Pistols; God Save The Queen 2007 ITV4 .. The Contender Challenge US v UK .. Jimi Hendrix; Star Spangled Banner 2007 ITV Primeval New Series .. Muse; Map of the Problematique 2007 ITV Hell's Kitchen USA .. Frankie Goes To Hollywood; Two Tribes 2006 ITV World Cuppa .. Sergio Mendes; Mas Que Nada 2006 ITV World Cup 2006 .. Kasabian; Heroes 2006 ITV Wrestlemania .. Peter Gabriel; Big Time 2006 ITV Movies .. Feeder; Feeling A Moment 2006 ITV2 - Winter .. Aqualung; Brighter Than Sunshine 2006 ITV 'Supernatural' Trailer .. Speedometer; All I Ever Need 2006 ITV 'Supernatural' Trailer .. Echo & The Bunnymen; Killing Moon 2006 ITV Winter Line Up .. Willis; Take You High 2006 ITV1 - Western Season .. Stranglers; No More Heroes 2005 ITV I'm a Celebrity Get Me Out of Here .. Guns 'n' Roses; Welcome To The Jungle 2003 ITV I'm a Celebrity Get Me Out of Here .. Kool and the Gang; Jungle Boogie 2003 ITV Midsomer Murders Theme .. Jim Parker; Midsomer Murders J >>> J. C. Penney: American Living .. Robert Plant/Alison Krauss: Killing The Blues 2008 J. C. Penney: American Living .. Chris Montez: Lets Dance 2008 J2O Glitterberry .. Weather Girls; It's Raining Men 2011 watch J2O .. Hint: Quite Spectacular 2007 J.J.B Sports - Ready? .. Sonny J; Cant Stop Moving 2011 watch Jack Daniels Happy Holidays Barrel Tree .. Brighton, MA Good Kind of Crazy 2011 watch Jacobs Cream Crackers .. Ethiopians: Train To Skaville 2000 Jaguar XF - Winner For Four Years .. The Heavy; How You Like Me Now 2011 watch Jaguar XF .. Deep Purple; Hush 2008 Jaguar .. Fujiya & Miyagi: Collarbone 2007 Jaguar .. Spoon: I Turn My Camera On 2006 Jaguar .. Massive Attack: Two Rocks and a Cup of Water 2006 Jaguar .. Chris Isaak: "Wicked Game" ~ US & UK 2001 Jamaica .. Bob Marley and the Wailers One Love; People Get Ready 2006 James Bond : Die Another Day .. Madonna; Die Another Day 2003 James Bond : Diamonds are Forever .. Shirley Bassey; Diamonds are Forever 2003 James Bond : The World Is Not Enough .. Garbage; The World is not Enough 1999 James Bond : Tomorrow Never Dies .. Sheryl Crow; Tomorrow Never Dies 1997 James Bond : Tomorrow Never Dies .. Moby; James Bond 1997 James Bond : Goldeneye .. Tina Turner; Goldeneye 1995 James Bond : Living Daylights .. A-Ha; Living Daylights 1987 James Bond : View To A Kill .. Duran Duran; View To A Kill 1985 James Bond : Octopussy .. Rita Coolidge; All Time High 1983 James Bond : Moonraker .. Shirley Bassey; Moonraker 1979 James Bond : The Spy Who Loved Me .. Carly Simon; Nobody Does It Better 1977 James Bond : Majesty's Secret Service .. Louis Armstrong; All The Time In The World 1969 James Bond : You Only Live Twice .. Nancy Sinatra; You Only Live Twice 1967 James Bond : Thunderball .. Tom Jones; Thunderball 1965 James Bond : Goldfinger .. Shirley Bassey; Goldfinger 1964 James Bond : Dr No .. Monty Norman; James Bond 1962 James Villa Holidays Happy Feet .. Kermit The Frog and The Frog Chorus; Happy Feet 2011 watch Jameson Whisky .. T Rex; 20th Century Boy 2005 Jameson Whisky .. Cozy Powell; Dance With The Devil 2005 Jean Paul Gautier Classics .. Niccolò Paganini's "Nessun Dorma" 2007 Jean Paul Gautier Les Parfums .. Maria Callas; Bellinis "Casta Diva" 2003 Jeep .. Hal David & John Cacavas Winter Warm 2010 Jeep: Liberty .. Andy Kim; Rock Me Gently 2007 watch Jergens Naturals .. Jess Penner; Here Comes The Sunshine 2009 Jeyes Bloo Fusion .. Tchaikovsky; Waltz (No 2 Valse) - Entrance of The Guests from Act 1, Swan Lake 2007 Jimmy Choo - Parfum .. Zoozoo; Velvet Underground 2011 watch John Lewis - Gifts .. Slow Moving Millie; Please, Please, Please Let Me Get What I Want 2011 watch John Lewis - Never Knowingly Undersold .. The Smiths - This Charming Man; The Selecter - On My Radio; Dusty Springfield - I Only Want To Be With You; London String Chorale - Galloping Home (theme from the Adventures of Black Beauty; Elton John - Rocket Man; Sade - Smooth Operator; The Kooks - Shine On 2011 watch John Lewis - Christmas 2010 .. Ellie Goulding; Your Song 2010 watch John Lewis Womans Life .. Fyfe Dangerfield: Shes Always a Woman To Me 2010 watch John Lewis .. Taken By Trees; Sweet Child O' Mine 2009 DL John Lewis - Christmas 2008 .. Beatles cover "From Me to You" especially produced for the ad 2008 watch John Lewis - Christmas 2007 .. Prokofiev; Morning Serenade from Romeo and Juliet 2007 John Smiths .. Kid Creole and the Coconuts; Annie, I'm Not Your Daddy 2004 John Smiths .. Jane Birkin and Serge Gainsbourg; Je T'Aime ... Moi Non Plus 2000 John West Weightwatchers Tuna Fillings .. Vernon Dalhart; The Runaway Train 2007 Juicy Couture: Viva La Juicy .. Elegant Too ft. Ambrosia Parsley; My World 2011 watch K >>> Kärcher Spring Clean .. Fats Waller; Spring Cleaning (Getting Ready For Love) 2010 watch Karcher 25th Anniversary .. Mick Tucker; Greig's Piano Concerto in A Minor 2009 listen Karcher VC 6300 .. Marjolein: Sweetest Eyes 2006 Kelkoo .. Corona: Rhythm of the Night 2000 Kelloggs Special K Dare To Wear Red .. David Guetta ft Kelly Rowland; When Love Takes Over 2012 watch Kelloggs Special K More Delicious Everyday .. Paloma Faith; Upside Down 2011 listen Kelloggs Crunchy Nut Clusters .. Berlin; Take My Breath Away 2011 watch Kelloggs Special K: myspecialk.co.uk .. Duffy; Mercy 2011 watch Kelloggs Special K Love Your Shape .. Sugababes: Red Dress (Mutya Mix) 2010 watch Kelloggs Corn Flakes Sunshine Street Breakfast .. Primal Scream; Movin On Up 2010 watch Kelloggs Special K Fruit and Nut Clusters .. Jill Pickering; Shine 2010 watch Kelloggs Nutrigrain Bars .. The Feeling; Fill My Little World 2010 listen Kelloggs Special "K" .. Joy Williams; Sunny Day 2010 watch Kelloggs Coco Pops .. Alice Cooper; School's Out 2010 listen Kelloggs Special "K" - Jeans Challenge .. Scouting For Girls; She's So Lovely 2010 listen Kelloggs Nutrigrain Bars .. Andrea True Connection; More, More, More 2009 listen Kelloggs Coco Rocks - Wholegrain .. EMF; Unbelievable 2009 Kelloggs Coco Pops .. Snap; The Power 2009 Kelloggs Special "K" .. Laura Izibor; Shine 2009 Kelloggs Special "K" - 10 Varieties .. Pelle Carlberg; Riverbank 2009 Kelloggs Special "K" .. Aretha Franklin; Save Me 2009 watch Kelloggs Cherrios .. Ben Taylor; I Try 2008 listen Kelloggs Cornflakes: Hint of Honey .. ?music interlude/Ella Fitzgerald? You're Gonna Lose Your Gal 2008 listen Kelloggs Coco Pops: Moons and Stars .. Lipps Inc; Funky Town 2008 Kelloggs Coco Pops Coco Rocks: Caveman .. Owen Paul; My Favourite Waste Of Time 2008 Kelloggs Special "K" .. Ken Parker; I Can't Hide 2008 Kelloggs Special "K" .. Turin Brakes; Fishing For A Dream 2008 Kelloggs Zookeeper Competition .. Laurie Johnson Orchestra: Animal Magic Theme (Las Vegas) 2008 Kelloggs Special K Slimmer For Summer Winter Clothes .. Real Tuesday Weld; The Show Must Go On 2008 Kelloggs Special K .. Connie Francis; Fallin' 2008 Kelloggs Special K .. Dave Dee,Dozy,Beaky,Mick & Tich; Bend It 2008 Kelloggs Conflakes .. Francis Lai; Love Story 2008 Kelloggs Special K Bars .. Jem: Wish I 2007 Kelloggs Special K Mini Breaks .. Cheap Trick; I Want You To Want Me 2007 & 2008 Kelloggs - Wheats .. Jackie Wilson: Reet Petite 2007 Kelloggs Crunchy Nut Cornflakes .. Damita Jo: Keep Your Hands Off Him 2007 Kelloggs Crunchy Nut Cornflakes .. Elgar: Pomp And Circumstance March No. 1 (Land Of Hope And Glory) 2007 Kelloggs Fruit'n'Fibre .. Boots Randolph: Yakety Sax 2007 Kelloggs Sp K .. Koop: Summer Sun 2007 Kelloggs Sp K .. Johnny Nash: I Can See Clearly Now 2007 Kelloggs Sp K .. Chris Montez The More I See You 2007 Kelloggs Sp K .. Dusty Springfield: I Just Don't Know What To Do With Myself 2006 Kelloggs Sp K .. Astrid Gilberto: 'Girl from Impanema' Kelloggs Sp K .. Tom Jones: 'What's New Pussycat' Kelloggs Sp K .. Blondie: "One Way Or Another" Kelloggs Sp K .. De Phazz: Mambo Craze 2006 Kelloggs Sp K red berries .. Liverpool Express: "It's A Beautiful Day" ~ 2005 Kelloggs Nutri-Grain Bars .. Pilot: Magic 2005 Kelloggs Cornflakes .. Jeff Beck; Hi Ho Silver Lining 2004 Kelloggs Fruit'n'Fibre .. Carmen Miranda; I Yi Yi Yi Yi (I Like You Very Much) 1996 Kenco Tassimo Coffee Machine .. Us3; Cantaloop (Flip Fantasia) 2005 Kenco Caffe Crema .. Etta James; At Last 2005 Kenco .. Bizet; March of the Toreadors from "Carmen" 2004 Kenco .. Ennio Morricone; Musical Pocket Watch 2003 Kentucky Fried Chicken .. Lynard Skynard: 'Sweet Home Alabama' Kenwood Frothie Hot'n'Cold Drinks Maker .. Don Ho; Tiny Bubbles 2005 Kenzo Flower Tag .. Tricky; Cross to Bear 2011 watch Kenzo Flower .. Martina Topley-Bird; Lullaby 2006 KFC BBQ Rancher .. June Noa; Shes a Lady 2012 watch KFC - So Good .. Temple Cloud; One Big Family 2011 watch KFC .. Andy Williams; Can't Take My Eyes Off You 2010 listen KFC - Favourites Bucket .. Ramones; Baby I Love You 2006 KFC - Popcorn .. Sam Cooke; Somebody's Gonna Miss Me 2004 KFC - Mini Fillets .. Chi-Lites; What Do I Wish For 2004 KGB .. Black Keys; Howlin' For You 2011 listen Kia: New Range .. Chul Shin; Commissioned Track 2011 watch Kia Sportage: Sing Along .. Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five; The Message 2011 watch Kia Carens .. Yunioshi; Mymo 2007 Kilkenny .. Fleetwood Mac; Need Your Love So Bad 2000 Kinder Surprise - Giraffe .. Eliza Doolittle; Pack Up 2011 watch King of Shaves Azor .. Mat Le Star; Lust and Charm 2009 watch King of Shaves .. Death In Vegas; Dirge 2006 Kiss FM .. Gary Jules; Mad World 2003 Kingsmill Wake Up To Wholegrain .. Madness; House Of Fun 2009 Kingsmill .. Lucky Jim: 'Your Lovely To Me' UK 2007 Kingsmill Head Start with Omega3 .. Louis Armstrong ft. Bing Crosby: 'Gone Fishin' 2006 Kingsmill .. Vivaldi: Spring (allegro) from 'The Four Seasons' 2002 Kingsmill .. Nat King Cole: 'Smile' 2000 Kingsmill .. Shirley Bassey: Big Spender 2000 Kingsmill .. Supernaturals: 'Smile' 2000 Kit Kat Pop Choc .. Frankie Laine; Rawhide 2011 watch Kit Kat - Crane drivers .. The Fratellis; Chelsea Dagger 2011 watch Kit Kat .. The Enemy; We'll Live and Die In These Towns 2010 watch Kit Kat .. Diana Ross and the Supremes; You Can't Hurry Love 2010 watch Kit Kat - Kit Kash Promotion .. Bill Conti; Theme From Dynasty 2005 Kleenex Balsam - Always There .. Katie Herzig; Were All In This Together 2011 watch Kleenex Mansize - New Smaller Box .. Jacques Dutronc; Mini, Mini, Mini 2011 watch Kleenex .. Starrfadu; Let It Out 2007 Kmart .. B52s: 'Rock Lobster' K-Mart .. Kim Wilde: 'Kids in America' Knorr: Thai Curry Sauce .. Fern Kinney; Together We Are Beautiful 2006 listen Knorr: Ragu .. Carmen Miranda; I Yi Yi Yi Yi (I Like You Very Much) 2006 listen Knorr: Herb Cubes .. Penguin Cafe Orchestra Perpetuum Mobile 2000 Listen Kodak Inkjet Printer - Beautifully Cheap .. The Undertones; Here Comes The Summer 2011 watch Kohl's .. Temptations: 'Get Ready' Kohl's .. Lovin' Spoonful: 'Do You Believe In Magic' KP Hula Hoops: Sport Relief Hoopathon.. The Hit Crew; Jump In The Line (Shake, Senora) 2010 watch KP Hula Hoops .. Village People; YMCA 2009 KP .. David Rose; The Stripper 2000 KP .. Carter USM; Shoppers Paradise 2000 Kraft Dairylea .. Supergrass; Alright 2010 listen Kraft Dairylea Cheese .. Jilted Jon; Jilted John (Gordon Is A Moron) 2008 Kraft Dairylea Dunkers .. Ron Goodwin; 633 Squadron 2006 Kraft Mayo .. Grand Funk: 'Some Kind of Wonderful' Kronenbourg 1664 - bar musicians .. Madness - Baggy Trousers (slow version) 2011 watch Kronenbourg 1664 Motörhead .. Motörhead: Ace of Spades (Slow Version) 2010 watch Kronenbourg 1664 .. Britney Spears; Beat Goes On 2008 Kronenbourg 1664 .. Patsy Cline; Walkin' After Midnight 2006 Kronenbourg 1664 .. Henry Purcell; Suite From Abdelazar: Overture 2006 K-Swiss .. Creepy Morons; Superhits 2006 K-Swiss .. Crime; Gangster Funk 2006 K-Swiss .. Tha 4orce; Biting on the Hook (With the Bat) 2006 L >>> L.L. Beans: Holiday 2008 .. Fountains Of Wayne; Valley Winter Song 2008 watch LOreal Paris Preference .. Death In Vegas; Your Loft My Acid (Fearless Transhouse Mix) 2012 watch LOreal: Spike Fanatic Sculpting Gel .. Goldfrapp; Ooh La La 2011 watch L'Oreal: Age Re-Perfect - Jane Fonda .. Craig Armstrong; Finding Beauty 2008 watch L'Oreal: Men Expert .. Sebastien Tellier; La Ritournelle 2007/8 watch L' Oreal with Andie Macdowell .. Craig Armstrong (remix): Finding Beauty 2007 La Redoute - Paris Rendevous .. Lovisa Stenmark; On and On 2011 watch Lacoste - Eau De Lacoste .. Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five; The Message 2011 watch Lacoste Joy of Pink - Streamers .. If The Kids; Life? Is Now 2010 watch Lacoste Elegance for Men .. Nat King Cole: Destination Moon 2007 Lacoste Inspiration .. Tom Jones; She's A Lady 2006 Lacoste Touch of Pink .. Natasha Thomas; Show You (The Way) 2006 Lacoste Touch of Pink .. Natasha Thomas; Skin Deep 2005 Lacoste Essential .. Feist; Mushaboom 2005 Lacoste Touch of Pink .. Natasha Thomas; It's Over Now 2004 Ladbrokes World Cup 2010 .. Quincy Jones; It's Caper Time (Self Preservation Society) 2010 watch Ladbrokes Bingo .. Beach Boys; Fun Fun Fun 2009 listen Lambrini .. Al Wilson; The Snake 2007 Land Of Leather One Day Sale .. Simply Red; Fairground 2008 Land Of Leather .. Dexy's Midnight Runners Come On Eileen 2008 Land of Leather .. Survivor; Eye of the Tiger 2007 Land of Leather .. Arrow; Hot Hot Hot 2007 Land of Leather Boxing Day Sale .. Chesney Hawkes; The One and Only 2007 Land of Leather Sale .. Europe; The Final Countdown 2007 Land of Leather £50 million Clearance Sale .. Lulu; Shout 2006 Land Rover Discovery 3 .. Mills Brothers; Tiger Rag 2009 Land Rover Freelander 2 .. Jon Allen; Going Home 2008 Land Rover Freelander .. Elgar; Nimrod from Enigma Variations 2005 Lastminute.com: Stories Start Here .. Louis Prima; Enjoy Yourself 2011 watch Lastminute.com: Do More Good Stuff .. Mumford & Sons; The Cave 2010 watch Lastminute.com .. Sonny J; Can't Stop Moving 2009 LateRooms.Com For Your Every Need .. Asobi Seksu; Thursday 2012 watch LateRooms.Com .. Super Preachers ft. Sista Moon; I Feel Happy 2011 watch LateRooms.Com: Holiday Bubbles .. Lucky Elephant; Lucky Elephant 2010 watch Lego; Rock Band .. Queen; We Will Rock You 2009 Lego: Indiana Jones Movie Collection .. John Williams; Raiders March 2008 Lenor Pink .. Liz Mcclarnon; I Get The Sweetest Feeling 2006 Lenor Goodbye Cardboard Jeans .. Koop; I See A Different You 2007 Levis .. RJD2; The Horror 2006 Levis 559 Voodoo Jeans .. Stevie Wonder; Superstition 2005 Levi Jeans .. Willie Nelson: "Always On My Mind" ~ 2004 Levi Sta-prest Trousers .. Mr. Oizo; Flat Beat 1999 watch Levi 501 Jeans .. Spaceman; Babylon Zoo 1996 watch Levi 501 Jeans - Taxi .. Freak Power; Turn On, Tune In, Cop Out 1995 watch Levi 501 Jeans - Creek .. Inside; Stiltskin 1995 watch Levi 501 Jeans .. Shaggy; Boombastic 1995 watch Levi 501 Jeans - Procession .. Screamin' Jay Hawkins; Heartattack and Vine 1993 watch Levi 501 Jeans - Swimmer .. Mad about the Boy; Dinah Washington 1992 watch Levi Jeans - Brad Pitt ad .. Marc Bolan; 20th Century Boy 1991 watch Levi Jeans - Pool Hall .. The Clash; Should I Stay or Should I Go? 1991 watch Levi 527 Jeans - man throwing pebbles at window .. Madness: 'It Must Be Love' 19?? watch Levi 501 Jeans .. The Joker; Steve Miller Band 1990 watch Levi Jeans .. Eddie Cochran; C'mon Everybody! 1988 watch Levi Jeans - Entrance .. Ben E. King; Stand by Me 1987 watch Levi 501 Jeans - Parting .. Percy Sledge; When a Man Loves a Woman 1987 watch Levi 501 Jeans - Bath .. Sam Cooke; Wonderful World 1986 watch Levi 501 Jeans - Laundrette .. Marvin Gaye; "I Heard It Through the Grapevine" 1985 watch Levonelle One Step Contraception .. Golden Dogs; Lester 2009 Lexmark .. Rolling Stones: 'Complicated' Lexus .. Isaac Albeniz; "Asturias" from Suite Espagnol 2007 Lexus 220d .. Ross Gregory; Fibre Optic 2006 LG Arena - KM900 .. Jay-Kid; Blame It On The Boogie 2009 LG KP500 Cookie free touch .. Mozart; Symphony No 40 - 1st movement 2009 watch LG: Secret .. Sungki Lee production/Puccini; One Fine Day (Un Bel Dì Vedremo) from Madame Butterfly 2008 watch LG: HD TVs .. Beach Boys; Good Vibrations 2008 watch LG: Chocolate .. Feist; My Moon My Man 2007 watch Lifestyle Sports .. Von Bondies: "C'mon C'mon" (late 2006) Lifetime TV Network .. Bee Gees: 'Lonely Days' Limara: body spray .. Stevie Lange; Remember My Name 1985 Lindemans .. T Rex; 20th Century Boy 2011 listen Lipton Iced Tea - 100% Natural .. Groove Armada ft. SaintSaviour; I Wont? Kneel 2011 watch Lipton Green Iced Tea .. Clyde McPhatter: 'Little Bitty Pretty One' Littlewoods - Christmas Ideas .. Specially Recorded; My Lovely Mother 2011 watch Littlewoods - Perfect Christmas Gifts From Coleen Rooney .. Danny Elfman; Whats This? 2010 watch Littlewoods Nice Boots Camp .. Nancy Sinatra; These Boots Are Made For Walkin' 2010 watch Littlewoods .. T Rex; I Love To Boogie 2009 Littlewoods Direct - Brazilian Adventure .. The Belle Stars; Iko Iko 2008 Living TV: Britain's Next Top Model .. Band of Skulls; Death By Diamonds and Pearls 2010 listen Living TV: Moonlight .. Sam Sparro; Black & Gold 2008 Lloyds TSB - London 2012 Journey .. Elena Kats-Chernin; Elizas Aria 2011 watch Lloyds Bank .. Elena Kats-Chernin; Eliza's Aria from Wild Swans 2007 Lloyds/TSB .. Bach; Sleepers Awake 1993 London Marathon - Theme .. Ron Goodwin; Theme from The Trap 2011 watch London Transport For London - Think Biker .. Steph Altman; If You Got To Know Me 2010 watch London Transport For London - Kid Again .. Audio Bullys; Real Life 2009 London Transport For London - Better Off By Bike Campaign .. Dawn Landes; Straight Lines 2007 London Transport For London .. David Motion; Chamber Music IV 2006 Look What We Found Tees Valley Meatballs .. Cliff Richard and The Shadows; In The Country 2012 watch LOUD by Tommy Hilfiger: Scent Remixed .. The Ting Tings; Were Not The Same 2010 watch Love It! Magazine .. Huey 'Piano' Smith and His Clowns; Don't You Just Know It 2007 Lovefilm Instant Try It For Free .. College A Real Hero 2012 watch Lovefilm Instant Late Night .. Emiliana Torrini; Gun 2012 watch Lovefilm .. Lotte Mullan; It Must Be Love 2012 watch Lovefilm .. James Vincent McMorrow; Higher Love 2011 watch Lovefilm .. MoZella; Love is Endless 2011 listen Lovefilm .. Robert Palmer; Addicted To Love 2011 listen Lovefilm .. Status Quo; Whatever You Want 2011 listen Lovefilm .. Huey Lewis and the News; Power Of Love 2010 listen Lovefilm .. Spencer Davis Group; Gimme Some Loving 2009 listen Lovefilm .. John Paul Young; Love Is In The Air 2009 listen Lovefilm .. Madness; It Must Be Love 2009 listen Lucozade Energy: YES .. The James Cleaver Quintet; Buck Rogers 2011 watch Lucozade Sport: Lite .. DJ Fresh; Louder 2011 watch Lucozade Sport: YES .. Tinie Tempah ft Travis Barker; Simply Unstoppable (YES Remix) 2011 watch Lucozade Energy: Do More .. The Plight; Ball and Chain 2010 watch Lucozade: The Energy Within, New Orleans/Hamburg .. Brigade; What Are You Waiting For 2008 watch Lucozade Energy .. UNKLE; Safe In Mind (Please Take This Gun From Out My Face) 2006 Lucozade Sport - Fine Line .. Scratch Perverts; Stand By 2006 Lucozade Energy: Zombie ad .. Audio Bullies; We Don't Care 2006 Lunn Poly .. Marvelettes; When You're Young And In Love 2000 Lurpak Lighter Be Wonderful and Wise .. Rutger Hauer; Cooking Up A Rainbow 2012 watch Lurpak: Kitchen Odyssey .. Alexandre Desplat; Canis Lupus 2011 watch Lux Shower Gel - Limousine .. 411; Dumb 2004 LV.com .. Sonics; Have Love, Will Travel 2007 Lynx Hair Get Some Hair Action .. Jacqueline Taïeb; La Plus Belle Chanson 2012 watch Lynx Attract Unleash the Chaos .. Katie Lee; It Must Be Something Psychological 2012 watch Lynx 2012 - Get It On For The End Of The World .. Specially Recorded; No Man Can Walk Alone 2011 watch Lynx Excite - My Angel Girlfriend .. Linda Ronstadt; Different Drum 2011 watch Lynx - Summer Holiday .. Courtney John - Lucky Man 2011 watch Lynx Shower Gel - The Wash .. Brenda & the Tabulations; The Wash 2011 watch Lynx Excite: Even Angels Will Fall .. The Fallen Angels; Sexy Boy 2011 watch Lynx - Getting Dressed .. Israel Kamakawiwoole; Somewhere Over the Rainbow 2010 watch Lynx Twist The Fragrance That Changes .. Juan Pablo Gariglio-bone with a dog/Special Track 2010 watch Lynx Hot Fever .. Harry Belafonte; Jump In The Line 2009 Lynx Bullet - Pocket Pulling Power .. Seeds; Can't Seem To Make You Mine 2009 Lynx Instinct .. Cody ChesnuTT; Look Good In Leather 2009 Lynx: chocolate man .. Allen Toussaint; Sweet Touch of Love 2008 Lynx 3; Mix things up .. Micah P. Hinson; Yard Of Blonde Girls 2008 Lynx Boost Shower Gel .. Blueskins; Change My Mind 2006 Lynx Deodorant - Click .. Johnny 'Guitar' Watson; Gangster of Love 2006 Lynx deodorant .. The Bees; Chicken Payback Lynx .. Israel Kamakawiwo'ole; Somewhere Over the Rainbow 2004 Lynx .. Esquivel; Miniskirt 1999 M & Co - Effortless Style .. Jasmine Kara; Try My Love Again 2011 watch M & Ms .. Iron & Wine: 'Such Great Heights' Macleans Teeth Care Sponsors of Dancing on Ice .. Slow Club; Apples and Pairs 2010 watch Magic FM .. Michael Buble: Everything 2007 Magners Perfect Bar .. Fleetwood Mac; I've Lost My Baby 2008 watch Magners Light .. Os Mutantes/The Bees; A Minha Menina 2008 watch Magners Cider .. Byrds; Lazy Days 2008 watch Magners Cider: Indoor Celebrations .. Steve Earle ft. Sharon Shannon; Galway Girl 2008 watch Magners Christmas .. Fiona Melady; Don't Sit Under The Apple Tree 2007 Magners Cider .. The Kinks; Sunny Afternoon 2007 Magners That Journey .. Fatboy Slim; The Journey 2007 Magners Cider .. Zombies; 'Time of the Season' 2006 Magners Cider .. INXS; 'Beautiful Girl' 2006 Magners Cider .. Strangeloves; Night Time 2006 Magners Cider .. Donovan; Sunshine Superman 2006 Magners Cider .. Thin Lizzy; Dancing In The Moonlight 2006 Magnet Your Perfect Kitchen .. Julie Andrews; Getting To Know You (From The King and I) 2008 watch Mail On Sunday You Mag .. Alex Ball (composer)/Phillipa Alexander (singer); Sunday Girl 2010 watch Mail On Sunday Tesco Couplons .. Buddy Holly; Everyday 2009 Mail On Sunday Roxy Music CD .. Roxy Music; Avalon 2009 Mail on Sunday John Lennon CD .. John Lennon; Jealous Guy 2009 Mail on Sunday John Lennon CD .. John Lennon; Imagine 2009 Mail on Sunday Simply Red - Stars Give Away .. Simply Red; Stars 2008 Mail on Sunday Travis CD Promotion .. Travis; Flowers In The Window 2007 Mail on Sunday .. Frankie Goes To Hollywood; Two Tribes 2007 Mail on Sunday Planet Earth by Prince - Free Cd .. Prince; Guitar 2007 Mail on Sunday Maybe Baby - free DVD .. Barry White; You're The First, The Last, My Everything 2006 Maltesers Celebrating 75 Years .. Jess Penner All Smiles 2012 listen Mango - Kate Moss .. Bradley Michael Holland; Specially Commissioned Track 2011 watch Manikin Cigars .. Manfred Mann; A 'B' Side 1969 Marks & Spencer Summer To Remember .. Gary Barlow; Here Comes The Sun 2012 watch Marks & Spencers - Perfect Christmas Party Food .. Olly Murs; Busy (Instrumental) 2011 watch Marks & Spencers - Christmas Ad .. X-Factor 2011 finalists; If You Wish Upon A Star 2011 watch Marks and Spencer - Terribly Clever .. Olly Murs; Busy (Instrumental) 2011 watch Marks and Spencer - The Date .. The Ronettes - Be My Baby 2011 watch . Marks and Spencer The Rendezvous .. Billy Paul; Me and Mrs Jones 2011 watch . Marks & Spencer Apricot Tart .. Olly Murs; Busy 2011 watch Marks and Spencer Summer 2011 - Miami .. Michael Bublé; It Had Better Be Tonight 2011 watch M & S - Dont Put a Foot Wrong This Christmas .. Bee Gees: You Should Be Dancing 2010 watch M & S Fashion Fall For It .. Cheryl Lynn; Got To Be Real 2010 watch M & S - Spring 2010 Collection .. Cheryl Lynn; Got To Be Real 2010 watch Marks & Spencer - 125 Years .. Take That; Greatest Day 2009 watch Marks & Spencer - Cook Asian .. Booker T and The MGs; Soul Limbo 2009 Marks & Spencer - Xmas Take That ad .. Macy Gray - Winter Wonderland 2008 watch Marks & Spencer - Your Store .. David Bowie; Lets Dance 2008 watch Marks & Spencer - Bureau De Change .. Gypsy Kings; Bambaleo 2008 Marks & Spencer Food .. Spandau Ballet; True 2008 Marks & Spencer - Free from artificial colours; Eva Cassidy; True Colors 2008 watch M & S - Food (Free Range Eggs) .. Donovan; Mellow Yellow 2008 watch M & S Clothes .. Erika Eigen; I Want to Marry A Lighthouse Keeper 2008 watch M & S Christmas Belles .. Andy Williams; It's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year 2007 watch M & S .. Charioteers: Oooh, Look-A-There, Ain't She Pretty? 2007 watch M & S/Marks & Spencer Clothes .. Small Faces; Itcheycoo Park 2007 watch M & S Food .. Groove Armada; At The River 2007 watch M & S Christmas Food .. Santana: "Samba Pa Ti" 2006 watch M & S Food .. Santana: "Samba Pa Ti" ~ UK (2006) M & S Fire and Ice .. Shirley Bassey; Get The Party Started 2006 watch M & S Kids .. Monkees: "(Theme from) The Monkees" ~ UK 2006 M & S More Credit Card .. Laurie Johnson Orchestra; Theme from The Avengers 2006 M & S Clothes .. Steve Harley/Cockney Rebel: 'Make Me Smile (Come Up & See Me)' 2006 M & S .. Mikis Theodorakis; Zorba The Greek 2006 M & S .. Sailor; A Glass Of Champagne 2006 watch M & S Clothes .. Ethel Merman; There's No Business Like Show Business 2005 M & S Clothes .. Electric Light Orchestra (ELO); Mr Blue Sky 2005 M & S Food .. Fleetwood Mac: "Albatross" ~ (2005) M & S .. Finley Quaye; Your Love Gets Sweeter 2004 M & S More Credit Card .. Dean Martin; That's Amore 2003 M & S .. Brian Ferry: "Let's Get Together ~ UK Marmaduke Trailer .. Kei$ha; Tik tok 2010 watch Mars - Work Together.. Radford Music/ Gary Nock; Make it Better 2011 watch Mars - Raised Voices .. England New Order; World In Motion 2010 watch Mars .. Hubert Parry; Jerusalem 2009 Mars: Twix - Free Cuppa .. Whitesnake; Here I Go Again 2009 watch Mars: Maltesers .. Abba; Mamma Mia 2008 watch Mars Free Football ad .. Rossini; La Gazza Ladra Overture: The Thieving Magpie 2008 watch Mars Bar (bell ringing monks) .. House Of Pain; Jump Around 2008 watch Mars: Twix .. Peter Grant; Happy Together 2007 Mars: Planets .. Sweet: Blockbuster 2007 Mars .. New Order; Blue Monday 2006 Mars: Celebrations .. Blues Brothers: Everybody Needs Somebody To Love 2005/09 Mars: Maltesers .. Chaka Demus and Pliers; Tease Me 2000 Mastercard Rewards .. Bonnie Tyler; Total Eclipse Of The Heart 2010 watch Mastercard .. Randy Newman; Feels Like Home 2009 Mastercard Euro 2008 Commentators .. Johan Strauss; Blue Danube Waltz 2008 Mastercard .. Alice Cooper; School's Out 2008 watch Mastercard Travel Promotion .. Fink; This is the Thing 2007 Mastercard .. Findlay Brown; "Come Home" (late 2006) Mastercard Brit Awards Sponsorship .. King; Love And Pride 2006 Mastercard Brit Awards Sponsorship .. Natasha Bedingfield; 'These Words' 2006 Matalan - Christmas Snowglobes .. Cinnamon Girl; Set You Free 2011 watch Matalan - Forever Spring .. Crystal Fighters; Plage 2011 watch Matalan - Best Christmas Ever? .. A Fine Frenzy; What I Wouldnt Do 2010 watch Matalan .. Kingsmen; Louie, Louie 2006 Matalan - Expect More .. Andrea True Connection; More, More, More 2006 Matalan .. Louis Armstrong: "Zat You Santa Claus" 2005 Match.com Accidental Duet .. Squeak E. Clean; Its Just Me 2010 DL (music made for ad) Match.com .. Dan Hill; Sometimes When I Touch You 2007 Mateus Rose .. Touch and Go; Ecoutez, Repetez 2005 Mattessons Fridge Raiders: Chicken Bites .. Andrew Kremer & Benedict Green; Gdansk Skank 2008 Mattessons Fridge Raiders .. I Monster; The Blue Wrath (Bloated) 2006 Maxwell House Coffee .. Madness: 'Our House' Maybelline - One By One VolumExpress Mascara .. Dick Dale & His Del Tones; Misirlou 2011 watch Maybelline Collossal .. Lalo Schifrin; Mission Impossible Theme 2009 Maynards .. Major Maker; Rollercoaster 2008 Mazda .. Noisettes: Don't Upset The Rhythm 2008 Mazda 6 .. Jupiter One; Platform Moon 2007/8 watch Mazda 2 .. Infadels; Can't Get Enough 2007 Mazda MX5 .. Jan Cyrka; Cartel 2006 Mazda MX5 & MX6 .. Serapis Bey; Zoom Zoom Zoom 2002 Max Factor: Diva Lip Gloss .. Sohodolls; Stripper 2010 watch McCain Potato Food Family Life .. Supertramp; Give a Little Bit 2010 watch McCain Home Fries .. Lionel Bart; Food, Glorious Food (From Oliver!) 2007 McCoy Crisps .. Paul Anka: Puppy Love 2007 McDonalds - Hes Happy .. Special Commission; On The Street Where You Live 2011 watch McDonalds - 1955 Burger .. Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers; Why Do Fools Fall in Love? 2011 watch . McDonalds BCO .. Bob Dorough; Three Is The Magic Number 2011 watch McDonalds - Happy Box .. The Dave Clark Five; Glad All Over 2011 watch McDonalds Full Bean Coffee .. The Dave Brubeck Quartet: Unsquare Dance 2010 watch McDonalds Weather 2 .. The Swingle Singers: William Tell Overture 2010 watch McDonald's Golden Arches Beacon .. Willie Nelson; On The Road Again 2010 watch McDonald's Summer Coke Glasses .. Maceo and the Macks Cross the Tracks (We Better Go Back) 2010 watch McDonalds Weather .. Vernon Elliott; From Visiting Friends (The Clangers) 2010 watch McDonalds Summer Menu .. Sam Means; Yeah Yeah watch McDonalds Great Tastes of America .. Jerome Moross; Big Country 2010 watch McDonalds CBO .. Bob Dorough; Three Is The Magic Number 2010 McDonalds Favourites .. Elmer Bernstein; The City 2009 watch McDonalds Chicken Legend .. Roger Miller; King of The Road 2009 watch McDonalds .. Jerry Keller; Here Comes Summer 2009 McDonalds Cornetto McFlurry .. Pavarotti; O Sole Mio 2009 McDonalds .. Bing Crosby; Busy Doing Nothing 2009 McDonalds Working With Farmers .. Roger Miller Whistlestop 2008 watch McDonalds Festive Menu .. Elmer Bernstein; The Great Escape 2007 watch McDonalds Free Coca Cola Glass Promotion .. Incognito; Everybody Loves The Sunshine 2007 watch McDonalds Summer BBQ Menu .. TV Theme; Galloping Home (Theme From Black Beauty) 2007 watch McDonalds .. ABC; Poison Arrow 2006 watch McDonalds .. John Barry; Midnight Cowboy 2002 McDonalds .. Paraffin Jack Flash; Blue & Groovy 2000 McEwans .. Eddie and The Hot Rods; Do Anything You Wanna Do 2000 McEwans .. Win; You've Got The Power 1988-89 McVitie's Crumbs .. Xavier Cugat; Tea For Two 2005 watch Mentos 3 - Three Is Better .. Blak Prophetz; What I$ Rap? (Mentos TV Advert Remix) 2011 watch Mentos .. Sequins; I Get What I Want 2009 Mercedes Benz - 125 Years .. Belleruche; Northern Girls 2011 watch Mercedes-Benz AMG Cars .. Massive Attack; Danny the Dog 2010 watch Mercedes-Benz Presence .. Nick Cave & Warren Ellis; Martha's Dream 2008 watch Meteor .. Arthur And Yu; The Ghost Of Old Bull Lee 2008 watch MFI 2008 Collection .. Patrick Street; Music For A Found Harmonium 2007 watch Michelob Beer .. Eric Clapton: 'After Midnight 1988 watch Michelob Beer .. Phil Collins; Tonight, Tonight, Tonight 1987 watch Microsoft Internet Explorer 9 A More Beautiful Web .. Alex Clare; Too Close 2012 watch Midland Bank .. Madness; It Must Be Love 1994 Miller Genuine Draught .. Jude; Crescent Heights 2007 Miller .. Le Hammond Inferno; Speech Defects 2006 watch Miller Genuine Draught .. Takako Minekawa; Fantastic Cat 2005 watch Milton Keynes The Centre:MK & Midsummer Place - Wish List .. Haircut 100; Fantastic Day 2008 watch Mind Time To Change .. Brian Eno; An Ending (Ascent) 2009 Mini Roadster Cliffhanger .. Orhan Gencebay; Hayat Kavgasi 2012 watch Mini Viking Invasion - Ban Boredom .. Baby Woodrose; Volcano 2008 watch Mini Clubman - Etch-A-Sketch .. ESG; Tiny Sticks 2008 watch Mini Clubman - Birds .. Bob McGrath & Loretta Long; One of These Things (One of These Sounds) 2007 Mitsubishi Lancer .. Manfred Mann; 54321 2010 Mitsubishi Lancer .. Dean Martin; The Birds and The Bees 2009 watch Mitsubishi L200 .. Bob Dylan; A Hard Rain's A-Gonna Fall 2006 Mitsubishi .. Sweet: 'Ballroom Blitz' Mitsubishi .. Tommy James and the Shondells: 'Draggin' the Line' Möben - Choreographed Kitchen .. Propellerheads; Crash 2007/8 Moneysupermarket.com: Like A Winner .. Joe Bean Esposito Youre The Best 2012 watch Moneysupermarket.com: King of the Jungle .. Tight Fit; The Lion Sleeps Tonight 2011 watch Moneysupermarket.com: Crocodile Surfer .. The Surfaris; Wipeout 2011 watch Monday Charities Lottery .. Jam; Monday 2006 Monster.com (daybreak).. Rebecca Cherry/Cherry-Tate Music Productions: 'a special for the ad' 2008 Monster.com (own path) .. Chemical Brothers: "Dream on" 2008 watch Monster.com (big legs) .. Obernkirchen Children's Choir; Happy Wanderer 2007/8 Monster.com .. ELO: 'Do Ya' More 4 Iraq: The Bloody Circus .. Ben Christophers; Falls Into View 2006 More Than: Car Insurance .. Simple Minds; Alive and Kicking 2010 watch More Than: Home Insurance .. Gerry Rafferty; Baker Street 2010 watch More Than .. Queen; You're My Best Friend 2010 watch More Than .. East 17; It's Alright 2009 More Than: Free Home Contents with Buildings Insurance .. Diana Ross; Upside Down 2009 More Than: Home Insurance .. Barry White; Can't Get Enough Of Your Love, Babe 2009 watch More Than: Pet Insurance .. Minnie Ripperton; Lovin' You 2009 watch More Than: Car Insurance .. Lionel Richie; Easy 2008 watch More Than .. Paul Clarkson; Day After Day 2006 More Than .. Elvis Presley; Old Shep 2001 Morrisons .. Take That; Shine 2007 Motorola RAZR .. Black Rebel Motorcycle Club; Spread Your Love 2011 watch Motorola ROKR E8 - Dancing Phones .. MSTRKRFT; Work On You (Para One Remix) 2008 Motorola RAZR2 .. Shiny Toy Guns; Le Disko 2007 Motorola Z8 .. Rob Dougan; Will You Follow Me? 2007 Motorola KRZR K1 .. Icicles; Sugar Sweet 2006 Motorola Flex .. Bedouin Soundclash: "When the night feel my song" Motorpoint.co.uk .. Alma Cogan; Jolly Good Company 2008 watch Mr Kipling - Exceedingly Happy Cakes .. Arthur Askey; It's A Hap-Hap-Happy Day 2008 watch MTV: M stands for music .. Pheonix; 1901 2010 listen Müller - Wünderful Stuff .. Guy Farley; Wünderful Stuff 2011 watch Müller Corner Yogurts Thank You Cows .. REO Speedwagon; Cant Fight This Feeling 2010 watch Müller Mix It Up .. East 17; It's Alright 2009 watch Müller Mix It Up .. 2 Unlimited; No Limit 2008 watch Müller Mix It Up .. EMF Unbelievable 2008 watch Müller Little Stars .. Natalie Williams: 'Ain't Got No (I Got Life)' 2006 watch Mylanta .. John Sebastian: 'Welcome Back' N > National Bingo Big'n .. Shirley Bassey; Big Spender 2007 watch National Blood Service .. Campbell; The Blood Donor 2005 National Lottery Scratchcards: 2 Billion Winners .. James Radford; Two Billion 2012 watch National Lottery - Lotto Monkey Sanctuary .. Tony Bennett; The Good Life 2011 watch National Lottery - Private Jet .. David Holmes; Snake Eyes 2011 watch National Lottery .. Bo Diddley; Roadrunner 2010 watch National Lottery .. Barry Louis Polisar All I Want Is You 2008 National Lottery Think Lotto .. Faces; Ooh La La 2008 National Lottery Play Together, Win Together .. Rossini William; Tell Overture 2007 watch National Lottery Monopoly Scratchcard .. Baha Men; Who Let The Dogs Out 2007 National Lottery .. Patience and Prudence; Smile and a Ribbon 2006 National Lottery Smile .. Sir Granville Bantock; Lento Sostenuto from "Celtic Symphony" 2006 National Lottery .. Violent Femmes; Blister In The Sun 2005 National Lottery Lucky Lotto .. Jimmy Cliff; Wonderful World, Beautiful People 2005 National Rail 2 for 1 Entry - Attractions .. John Malcolm; Non Stop (Theme From ITN News) 2005 Nationwide Building Society - Carousel .. Ludovico Einaudi; Snow Prelude No. 3 in C Major 2011 watch Nationwide Building Society Sponsors England (Setanta) .. Doves; There Goes The Fear 2008 Nationwide Building Society Sponsors England (Sky) .. Muse; Starlight 2008 Nationwide Home Improvement Electric Garage Doors .. Vivaldi Spring; (Allegro) from 'The Four Seasons' 2005 Nature's Own 100% whole wheat bread .. hired session singers; I Dont Love You Too Much Do I 2006 watch Natwest Bank .. Will Young; Grace 2008 watch Natwest Bank: Switch .. John Roos; Gambling Joint 2005 NCL Am. Hawaiian Cruise Lines .. Danny & the Juniors: 'Let's Go To The Hop' Nescafe Gold Blend Fall In Love .. Rebecca Ferguson; Nothings Real But Love 2012 watch Nescafé Dolce Gusto .. Outlines; I Cannot Think (English Gentlemen Re-work) 2011 watch Nestle Nescafe - 3 in 1 .. Supergrass; Alright 2011 watch Nestlé: Kit Kat - Crane drivers .. The Fratellis; Chelsea Dagger 2011 watch Nestle: Shredded Wheat - Top It .. Isley Brothers; It's Your Thing 2011 watch Nestle: Kit Kat .. The Enemy; We'll Live and Die In These Towns 2010 watch Nestle: Nescafe Gold Blend .. Dean Martin; Sway 2010 watch Nestle: Aero - Feel The Bubbles .. Jackson Five; ABC 2009 watch Nestle: Go Free with Daley Thompson .. Aaron Copland Fanfare For The Common Man 2008 watch Nestle: Nescafe Collection - Awaken Your Senses .. Babel Gilberto; Samba Da Bencao 2008 Nestle: Nescafe Dolce Gusto Coffee Maker .. James Brown; Sex Machine 2006 Nestle: Fitnesse .. India Arie; Video 2006 Nestle: Cheerios .. Torpedo Boyz; Any Trash Professor Abacus? 2005 Nestle: Aero .. Henry Mancini; Lujon 2005 Nestle: Aero ..Black Mighty Orchestra; Ocean Beach 2005 Nestle: Kit Kat - Kit Kash Promotion .. Bill Conti; Theme From Dynasty 2005 Network Q .. Platters; Only You 2000 New Balance Happy Feet.. Ben Howard; The Wolves 2012 watch New Look - 100 Days of Summer .. Darwin Deez; Up In The Clouds 2011 watch New Look - 20% Off Partywear .. INXS; Suicide Blonde 2010 watch New York .. Ella Fitzgerald; Take The "A" Train (Remix) 2007 New York Bagels .. Kula Shaker; Hush 2006 New Zealand .. Jason Kerrison; Waiting 2005 New Zealand Tourist Board .. Crowded House; Dont Dream Its Over 2000 News of the World Fabulous Magazine .. db Boulevard; Point of View 2008 watch News of the World Score .. Elgar Pomp And Circumstance March No. 1 (Land Of Hope And Glory) 2005 Next.co.uk - Timing .. Haddaway; What Is Love? 2011 watch Next Autumn 2010 .. The Specials; A Message To You Rudy 2010 watch Next.co.uk Route 66 Road Trip .. The Dandy Warhols; Bohemian Like You 2010 watch Next: Rio .. Ava Leigh; Mas Que Nada 2008 Next: Christmas Changes .. Louis Armstrong; Cool Yule 2007 Next: Directory - 25 Years .. KT Tunstall; Suddenly I See 2007 NFU Mutual .. Hindi Zahra; Beautiful Tango 2007 NHS Antibiotics Dont Cure Viruses .. Bob Dylan; Subterranean Homesick Blues 2008 watch NHS Stop Smoking Campaign .. Chairmen of the Board; Give Me Just A Little more Time 2007 NHS Anti Smoking Campaign .. Muse; Can't Take My Eyes Off You 2005 Nice & Easy Hair Dye .. Kim Carnes; Bette Davis Eyes 2008 Nickleodeon .. All Seeing I; Beat Goes On 2003 Nike Chosen - Just Do It .. Hanni El Khatib; I Got A Thing 2011 watch Nike Air Max Lunar .. MNEK and Nathan Retro; Lunar Riddim 2011 watch Nike - Free Yourself .. The Launderettes; Nobody But Me 2011 watch Nike Air Max 90 .. Peter Fox; Alles Neu (Instrumental) 2010 watch Nike Champions League Final (Nike write The Future; Full Length Version) .. Focus; Hocus Pocus 2010 watch Nike T90 Laser III Football Boots.. 16 Bit; Jump 2010 watch Nike - Courage .. The Killers; All These Things That I've Done 2008 Nike .. Johnny Cash; Hurt 2006 Nike .. Delinquent Habits; Return of the Tres 2006 Nike .. Sergio Mendes & Black Eyed Peas; Mas Que Nada 2006 Nike .. Faces; Ooh La La 2005 Nike .. Norman Greenbaum: "Spirit in the Sky" ~ US Nike .. The Guess Who: 'American Woman' ~ late 90's Nike Jose +10 .. RJD2; De L'Alouette 2006 Nike Jose +10 .. Jim Noir; Eanie Meany 2006 Nike Joga Bonita (Ronaldinho) .. Barbatuques; Baiao Destemperado 2006 Nike Joga Bonita (Wayne Rooney) .. Radio 4; Caroline 2006 Nikon 1 One Step Ahead .. Radical Face; Welcome Home 2011 watch Nikon - Capture Statues with Coolpix S3100 .. Radical Face; Welcome Home 2011 watch Nikon .. Radical Face Welcome Home Son 2010 watch Nimble Bread .. Honeybus; I Cant Let Maggie Go 2000 Nina Ricci LElixir - Enchanted Walk .. Florrie; Sunday Girl 2010 watch Nintendo Wii - Michael Jackson Experience .. Michael Jackson; Billie Jean 2010 watch Nintendo DS: Animal Crossing .. Renee Olstead; A Love That Will Last 2006 Niquitin .. Snap; The Power 2003 Nissan Juke Built to Thrill .. The Horrors; The Kraken 2012 watch Nissan Qashqai - Ultimate Urban Car .. Hanni El Khatib; Human Fly 2011 watch Nissan Juke - Energise The City .. Fredrika Stahl; Twinkle Twinkle Little Star (DatA Remix) 2011 watch Nissan Micra - In Sync With The City .. Oh No! Oh My!; Walk In The Park 2011 watch Nissan Juke - Urbanproof Energised .. Fredrika Stahl; Twinkle Twinkle Little Star 2010 watch Nissan Qashqai .. Amon Tobin; Four Ton Mantis (Bonobo mix) 2010 Nissan Quashai; Urbanproof .. Giuseppe Verdi; La Traviata - Sempre Libera 2008 Nissan Exterra .. Donnas; Fall Behind Me 2005 Nissan 350Z .. Ramblin' Jack Elliott; Car Song 2005 Nissan .. Vines; Ride 2005 Nissan .. Stevie Ray Vaughan: "Voodoo Chile" ~ US Nivea Skincare - 100 Years For Life .. Rihanna; California King Bed 2011 watch Nivea Visage - Q10 Plus .. Kaki King; Close To Me 2010 watch Nivea: silhouette .. Sugar Pie DeSanto: Go Go Power 2008 Nivea: dry 24 hours deodorant .. Asher Lane; New Days 2006 Nivea Visage Young .. Rhesus; Just Let Go 2006 Nivea Lotions .. Bobby Vinton; Blue Velvet 2000 Nobby's Crisps .. Slade; Mama Weer All Crazee Now 2006 Nobby's Nuts .. Slade; Skweeze Me Pleeze Me 2005 Nokia Lumia - The Amazing Everday ..Totally Enormous Extinct Dinosaurs; Garden 2011/12 watch Nokia E7 - Smartphone .. Lovvers; Creepy Crawl 2011 watch Nokia N8 - Smartphone .. Brian Eno; Deep Blue Day 2011 watch Nokia GPS-enabled Smartphones .. Chromeo; Me & My Man (Chromeo vs Whitey Fly Whitey Mix) 2010 watch Nokia X6 - Gig Entertainment .. Flaming Lips; Silver Trembling Hands 2010 Nokia 6220: Maps Connecting People .. Claude Debussy; Claire De Lune (Suite Bergamasque) 2008 Nokia 5300 .. Bonde Do Role; Solta O Frango 2007 Nokia Cath Kidston Range .. Bernard Hermann; Twisted Nerve 2006 Nokia 6233 .. Shaggy; Boombastic 2006 Nokia L'Amour .. DJ Sayem; World of Flowers 2006 Nokia 'N' Series Phones N70 , N90 & N91 .. Moby; In My Heart 2006 Nokia Pop Idol 2005 .. Mint Royale; Sexiest Man In Jamaica 2005 Nokia 6101 .. Hot Butter; Popcorn 2005 Northern Ireland .. Van Morrison; Brown Eyed Girl 2000 Northern Rock Building Society .. Sting; Fields Of Gold 2000 Norwich Union .. Tommy Roe or Manfred Mann; Sweet Pea 2007 Norwich Union .. Spike Jones; Hawaiian War Chant 2007 Norwich Union .. Ella Fitzgerald; I Wonder Why 2004 N-Power: Topsy Turvy .. Bing Crosby; Ac-Cent-Tchu-Ate The Posisive 2008 N-Power .. Johnny Panic; Happy Together 2006 NSPCC What Will We Leave? .. Elizabeth Mitchell; You Are My Sunshine 2010 watch NSPCC .. Sigur Ros; Svefn-G-Englar 2006 NSPCC .. Brian Eno; An Ending (Ascent) 2006 NSPCC .. Kate Bush; This Woman's Work 2005 Nurofen .. Manu Delago; Mono Desire (Hang Drum Solo) 2010 watch O >> O2 On & On .. Specially Recorded; Little Boxes 2012 watch O2 - Priority Moments, Things Are Changing .. Jedd Holden; Little Boxes 2012 watch O2 Things Are Changing .. Sniffy Dog ft Adrienne Stiefel; Little Boxes 2012 watch O2 - January Sale .. Freelance Whales; Generator (First Floor) 2012 watch O2 - Priority Moments .. Foster The People - Pumped Up Kicks 2011 watch O2 - Broadband- Niggles and Narks .. Christopher Slaski; Comissioned Composition 2010 watch O2 - Pool Party .. Jaylib; The Red 2010 watch O2 - Bluebook (memories) .. A Cuckoo; The Girl From My Dreams 2008 O2 .. Coldcut: Walk A Mile In My Shoes 2007 O2 .. Jackson and His Computer Band; Utopia 2006 Oasis Cactus Boy .. Orff: Gassenhauer from Musica Poetica:Schulwerk 2008 Observer Music Monthly - Who Feature .. Who; Who Are You 2006 Observer Franz Ferdinand Promotion .. Franz Ferdinand; Matinee 2005 Office Max .. The Spinners: 'Rubberband Man' Office Max .. Alice Cooper: 'School's Out' Olay Regenerist .. Soft Cell; Tainted Love 2005 Olay Oil Of Ulay .. Nat King Cole; Stay As Sweet As You Are 2000 Old Jamaica Ginger Beer: Beach Party .. The Jolly Boys; Great Balls of Fire 2010 ( a tribute video of the Jolly Boys) Old Spice .. Orff; O Fortuna from Carmina Burana 2000 Oliver Stone - Born on the 4th of July .. Buffalo Springfield; For What It's Worth 1996 Options Indulgence - Hot Chocolate Rabbit .. Lord Rockingham's XI; Fried Onions 2011 watch Oral-B .. Eric Carmen; All By Myself 2011 watch Orange - The Orange Show .. The Muppets; The Muppet Theme 2011 listen Orange - The Orange Show .. The Muppets ; Mah Na Mah Na 2011 listen Orange - Film To Go .. Specially Recorded Version - Dick Dale-Deltones; Misirlou 2011 watch Orange & T-Mobile - Shared Network .. Frank Sinatra; Love And Marriage 2011 listen Orange Windows Phone .. Grieg; Hall of the Mountain King (from Peer Gynt) 2010 watch Orange: Phone Fund Kerching! .. Frédéric Chopin; Nocturne Op 9 No 2 in E-Flat 2010 watch Orange: "A" Team Gold Spot .. Mike Post; Theme From The 'A' Team 2010 listen Orange: Dolphin ad - Free Mobile Internet .. Chopin; Nocturn Op 9 No 2 in E Flat Minor 2010 watch Orange: Pay As You Go Animals .. Born Ruffians Hummingbird 2008 Orange: animals return .. Simple Kid; 'Lil King Kong 2008 Orange Mobile (people are good together) .. Devendra Banhart; Little Yellow Spider 2007 Orange Togetherness .. Laurel & Hardy: Let Me Call You Sweetheart 2006 Orange Bike .. Funky Lowlives; Time To Let You Go 2006 Orange .. Oceansize; Music For A Nurse 2006 Orange 2 for 1 3G Phones Promotion .. Elton John; Turn The Lights Out When You Leave 2005 Orange Magic Numbers .. Nat Baldwin: Only In My Dreams 2006 Orangina .. Gypsy Kings; Pida Me La 2000 Organix Goodies - Thank Goodness For Goodies .. Specially Commissioned; The Goodies Theme 2011 watch Ovaltine Light .. Heatwave; Mind Blowing Decisions 2000 Oxfam Be Aware .. Muse; New Born 2008 Oxfam Unwrapped: Alpacas .. Baby Bird: You're Gorgeous 2006 Oxfam .. Feeder; Tender 2005 P & O Cruises .. Feeder; Feeling The Moment (2007) P & O Cruises .. Handel: "Zadok the Priest" (2006) P & O Stena Line .. Robert Palmer; Riptide 2000 Pacific Life: Tail Slap Sports Music .. composed & recorded specificallyfor the ad; Fight Song. 2008 watch Paco Rabanne Lady Million Click Again .. Commissioned; Do It Again 2010 watch Palm Pixi Plus Change Your Life .. Mos Def; Quiet Dog 2010 watch Palmolive Soft And Gentle Deodorant .. Phyllis Nelson; Move Closer 2000 Pampers Unicef Promotion .. Frank Sinatra; Sleep Warm 2007 Pampers .. KC and the Sunshine Band; That's The Way I Like It 2007 Pampers .. Thomas Newman; Any Other Name (Theme from 'American Beauty') 2007 Pampers Active Fit .. Wagner; Ride Of The Valkyries 2006 Pampers .. Snap: 'I Got The Power' Panasonic Viera 3D TV .. Sally J Johnson; Dreaming Out Loud 2010 watch Pandora: Unforgettable Moments .. Silas Bjerregaard; Pandora 2011 watch Pantene .. Jem; They 2009 Pantene .. Natasha Bedingfield; Unwritten 2007 Pantene Pro-V Movement Trial .. Mirwais; Disco Science 2006 Pantene Pro V .. Etta James; Fire 2006 Pantene Ice Shine .. Martina Topley-Bird; Release In Love 2006 ParalympicsGB - Some Achieve Greatness .. Paul McCartney & Wings; Live And Let Die 2008 Paramount Comedy Channel: Sex and the City .. Shirley Bassey; Big Spender 2008 Paramount Comedy Channel: This Spring.. Etta James; At Last 2008 Paramount Comedy Channel: Sex and the City .. The Creatures; Right Now 2008 Paramount Comedy Channel: Scrubs Series 5 .. Boston; More Than A Feeling 2007 Paramount Comedy Channel: Suburban Shootout .. Fatboy Slim; Going Out Of My Head 2006 Paramount Comedy Channel: American Classics Weekend .. Faces; Ooh La La 2006 Paramount Comedy Channel .. Mary Hopkin; Those Were The Days 2003 Park Savings Club Christmas 2006 .. Queen; A Kind of Magic 2005 Parker Pens .. Plain White T's; Take Me Away 2006 Paul Simon Home Furnishing .. Sheryl Crow; A Change Would Do You Good 2010 watch PDSA Give Something Back .. Special commission; composer: Guy Farley, singer: Helen Boulding 2008 PDSA .. Eva Cassidy; True Colors 2007 PDSA Legacy Appeal .. Ronan Keating; When You Say Nothing At All 2005 Pearl Drops .. Supernaturals; Smile 2011 listen Peperami Cheezer .. Brotherhood of Man; Save all your Kisses for Me 2000 Pepsi Max Kick In The Mix .. Calvin Harris feat Ne-Yo; Lets Go 2012 watch Pepsi Max - Wait Til Monday .. Pascal Ebony/Fabrice Smadja ft Myo; Your Mother Wont Approve 2011 watch Pepsi World Cup 2010 .. Akon ft. Keri Hilson; Oh Africa 2010 watch Pepsi Max .. Black Eyed Peas; More 2007 Pepsi Max .. Cloud Room; Hey Now Now 2007 Pepsi World Cup .. Trio; Da Da Da 2006 Pepsi Max Cino .. Wirebirds; Anything Goes 2006 Pepsi .. Queen; We Will Rock You 2004 Pepsi .. Rod Stewart; Rhythm Of My Heart 2000 Pepsi .. Gloria Estefan; Seal Our Fate 2000 Pepsi .. Village People; YMCA 2000 Pepsi .. Tina Turner; Simply The Best 2000 Pepsi .. Marvin Gaye; It Takes Two 2000 Pepsi .. Janet Jackson; Control 2000 Pepsi .. Michael Jackson; Billie Jean 1984 Pepsi .. Lovin' Spoonful: 'Did You Ever Have to Make Up Your Mind' ~ US Pepsi .. Bee Gees: 'Stayin Alive' ~ US Perfume Shop - If Only You Could Bottle It .. Specially Recorded; Make You Feel My Love 2011 watch Peroni .. Shirelles; Baby It's You 2006 Persil .. Rachel Portman; Roboboy 2008 Persil - Small & Mighty Blood and Mud .. White Denim; Shake Shake Shake 2011 listen . Persil - Small and Mighty - Pop-Up Book .. Thomas Russell; Flow 2008 Persil - Mr Men Promotion .. Paul Mardle; Mr Men Theme 2007 Persil .. Earth, Wind and Fire; Boogie Wonderland 2006 Persil .. Rufus Thomas; Do The Funky Penguin 2006 Persil .. Beach Boys: "I Get Around" 2006 Persil .. Tams; Be Young, Be Foolish, Be Happy 2005 Peugeot 3008 HYbrid4 Diesel .. Woodkid; Iron (Gucci Vump Remix) 2012 watch Peugeot Your Peugeot Dealer .. Johanna Wedin from MAI; And Together Again 2011 watch Peugeot RCZ .. Monsieur Monsieur; Kuala Lumpur Race 2010 watch Peugeot 308 Allure Freedom .. Stephanie Kirkham; Easy as 123 2010 watch Peugeot 5008 - MPV .. Grizzly Bear; Two Weeks 2010 watch Peugeot New Logo: Motion & Emotion .. Yuksek; Tonight 2010 watch Peugeot 207 Youth is a Wonderful Thing.. Various Artists; Ac-Cent-Tchu-Ate the Positive 2010 watch Peugeot 308 .. Venus; Beautiful Days 2009 watch Peugeot 308 SW - Launch Offer .. Wolfmother; Joker and The Thief 2008 Peugeot 307 .. Hyper; We Control 2008 Peugeot 307 .. Daniel Teper; Colouring In 2007 Peugeot 407 Coupe .. Linda Lyndell: "What A Man" 2006 Peugeot 407 Coupe .. Delibes; Flower Duet from Lakme 2006 Peugeot 207 .. Hyper; We Control 2006 Peugeot 207 .. Marcels; Heartaches 2006 Peugeot 206 .. Al Green; Simply Beautiful 2002 Peugeot .. Cyndi Lauper; True Colors 2000 Peugeot .. Berlin; Take My Breath Away 2000 Peugeot .. Marvin Gaye; Sexual Healing 2000 Peugeot .. Lenny Kravitz; Fly Away 2000 PG Tips Wallace & Gromit Mug Promotion .. Wallace & Gromit; Wallace & Gromit 2005 Philadelphia Cream Cheese Spread a Little Happiness.. Life-Size Humans; Something to Remember 2010 watch Philips .. The Beatles: 'Getting Better' Pilkington Self Cleaning Glass .. Johnny Nash I Can See Clearly Now 2008 watch Pimms - Summer Party .. Arthur W Sheriff; Liberty Bell March (Monty Pythons F. C. Theme) 2011 watch Pimms .. Status Quo; Break The Rules 2007 Pimms .. Adam and the Ants; Prince Charming 2004 Piriteze No Extremes .. The Boo Radleys; Wake Up Boo! 2010 watch Piriton: hay-loft and sheep.. Empire Dogs; Everywhere 2008 Piriton .. Empire Dogs; Everywhere 2006 Pizza Hut .. BBC; Light And Tuneful (BBC Wimbledon Theme) 2006 Pizza Hut .. Noveltones; Leftbank 2 (Gallery Theme from Take Hart) 2004 PJ Smoothies .. Johan Strauss II; Roses From The South (Rosen Aus Dem Suden) 2006 Planters .. James Brown: 'Hot Pants' Planters .. Bay City Rollers: 'Saturday Night' Play.com Monster Sale .. Coldplay; Clocks 2008 Play.com Mr Bean's Holiday DVD .. Shaggy; Boombastic 2007 Play.com Mr Bean's Holiday DVD .. Louis Armstrong; When You're Smiling 2007 PlayStation 3 PS3 Move .. Magnetic Man; Getting Nowhere (Instrumental) 2011 watch PlayStation Move: Dance Star Party .. Duck Sauce; Barbra Streisand 2011 watch Playstation3: Gran Turismo 5 Prologue .. Giuseppe Verdi; Requiem: Dies Irae 2008 Playtex MySize Bra Range .. Shirley Bassey; (Where Do I Begin?) Love Story 2007 Pledge .. Fontella Bass: 'Rescue Me' Plusnet .. Heaven 17; Temptation 2010 listen Pontiac .. The Clash: 'Should I Stay or Should I Go' ~ US Post Office: Over 50s Life Insurance .. Johann Strauss II; The Blue Danube Waltz, Op. 314 2010 watch Pot Noodle Pot Noeldle - Noodle Van .. Adelphoi Music Ltd; Commissioned 2010 watch Powergen .. Tot Taylor; Green Bossa 1999 Prada: Infusion DIris .. Bring Me The Horizon; No Need For Introductions, Ive Read About Girls Like You On The Back of Toilet Doors 2010 watch Prada L'Eau Ambrée - Fragrant Breeze .. Bill Doggett; Honky Tonk Pt 1 2009 watch Press 81 Premium Cider - Chill to Perfection .. DZ Deathrays; Gebbie Street 2011 watch . Premier Inn - A Good Night's Sleep .. Mama Cass Elliot; Dream A Little Dream of Me 2012 watch Pretty Polly .. Kinks; All Day And All Of The Night 2000 Prince's Tuna .. Prince Buster; Enjoy Yourself 2007 Pringles Merry Pringles .. Tchaikovsky; Dance Of The Sugar Plum Fairy from The Nutcracker Suite 2007 Pringles Rice Infusions .. Brahms; Hungarian Dance No 5 2007 Pringles Gourmet .. Dave Brubeck; Take Five 2006 Pringles Rice Infusions .. Brahms: Hungarian Dance No 5 2007 Pringles .. Love Affair; Everlasting Love 2006 Pringles Star Wars III Promotion .. John Williams; Star Wars - A New Hope (Main Title) 2005 Pringles .. Ateed; Come To Me 2004 listen Pringles .. Freestylers; Weekend Song 2003 listen Pringles .. Lou Bega; Mambo No 5 2000 listen Pringles .. Bow Wow Wow; I Want Candy 2000 listen Pringles .. Perez Prez Prado; Mambo No 5 2000 listen Pukka Pies 3 1/2 Minute Pies .. Pipkins; Gimme Dat Ding 2012 watch Puma Football Love vs Football .. Hardchorus; Truly Madly Deeply 2010 watch Puma .. Mazarin; For Energy Infinite 2007 Puma .. Rimsky-Korsakov; Flight Of The Bumblebee 2005 Pure New Wool .. Pachelbel; Canon 1993 Purell .. M C Hammer: 'Can't Touch This' ~ US Q >> Q Magazine .. Blur: Song 2 2000 Quaker Oats (Snowman) .. Polo Club; Play What You Want' 2008 written, composed & produced by Peter Raeburn/Adam Bushell/Tom Kenyatta Quaker Oats .. Catatonia: Nothing Hurts 2007 Quaker Oatso Simple .. Lovin' Spoonful: Daydream 2003 Quaker Sugar Puffs .. Archies: Sugar, Sugar 1990 Quorn .. James Brown: Sex Machine 2000 R >> Radox Daily Elements .. Morcheeba: The Sea 2006 Ragu Pasta Sauce .. Verdi: Anvil Chorus from 'La Traviata' 2000 Ralph Lauren .. Ben Taylor & Carly Simon: My Romance 2006 Ralph Lauren Polo Black .. Dionne Warwick: Anyone Who Had A Heart 2005 Range Rover Sport .. Out There; Massive Music / Lodewijk Pöttker 2011 watch Ray-Ban .. Ben Kweller: Make It Up 2007 Red Bull World of Red Bull .. M83; Outro 2012 watch Red Bull Flugtag .. Ron Goodwin; Those Magnificent Men In Their Flying Machines 2008 Red Bull 2nd Flugtag .. Ron Goodwin: Those Magnificent Men In Their Flying Machines 2006 Red Bull .. Rimsky-Korsakov: Flight of the Bumblebee 2005 Red Bull .. Wagner: Ride Of The Valkyries 2005 Red Square Reloaded .. Hawkwind: Silver Machine 2004 Reebok Easytone - Reflections .. Michael Kadelbach; Specially Commissioned Track 2011 watch Reebok Zigtech: Lewis Hamilton .. Davina Jones; Zig-e-dy Zig-y-dac 2010 watch Reebok EasyTone: Better Bum .. Mickey Smid Music Production; Shake It! 2010 watch Reebok Vector .. Orff: Tanz from Carmina Burana 2003 Remington -S6600 Multi Style Stylist ..The Temptations; Get Ready 2011 watch Remington Hair Straighteners .. Pink Martini Anna (El Negro Zumbon) 2006 Remy Martin .. FC Kahuna Hayling 2004 Renault Twizy Plug Into The Positive Energy .. David Guetta; The Alphabeat 2012 watch Renault 4+ .. Trailer Trash Tracys; Wish You Were Red 2012 watch Renault ZE Range Electric Life .. Aaron; Elizabeths Lullaby 2011 watch Renault Megane - Drive The Change .. Richard Hawley; Open Up Your Door 2011 watch Renault - What is Va Va Voom? .. Skeewiff; Light The Fuse 2011 listen Renault Clio - What Is Va Va Voom? .. Rihanna; S&M (Come On) 2011 watch Renault Clio - What Is Va Va Voom? .. David Bowie; Space Oddity 2011 watch Renault Clio - What Is Va Va Voom? .. Clare Maguire; Aint Nobody (Breakage Remix) 2011 watch Renault Megane .. Charles Trenet; Boum 2010 watch Renault Clio Only One .. Chesney Hawkes; The One And Only 2010 watch Renault: Manufacturer of the Year 2009 .. Kasabian; Reason Is Treason 2010 watch Renault Sport Range .. Kasabian; Reason Is Treason 2010 watch Renault Twingo: Modern Times .. Sporto Kantes; Whistle 2010 watch Renault: Drive The Change.. Keane; Somewhere Only We Know 2010 watch Renault Koleos - 4 by 4 Outside .. Rolling Stones; I'm Free 2008 Renault Megane .. Vivaldi; Summer (III Presto) from The Four Seasons 2008 Renault Twingo .. April March; Chick Habit 2008 Renault Laguna .. Otis Redding; Dock of the Bay 2007 Renault Scenic .. Presidents of The United States of America; Ca Plane Pour Moi 2006 Renault "French and British" .. Nina Simone: Sinner Man 2005 Renault Scenic .. A Skillz & Krafty Kuts: Short Breath 2005 Renault Megane .. Groove: Armada I see you baby (Fatboy Slim radio edit) 2005 Renault Espace .. Jimi Hendrix: All Along The Watchtower 2003 Renault Scenic .. Baha Men; Who Let The Dogs Out 2000 listen Renault .. Robert Palmer: Johnny and Mary ~ New Zealand Rennie Dual Action .. Dodgy; Good Enough 2007 Ribena .. Mungo Jerry; In The Summertime 2011 listen Ribena 100% Pure Juices .. Chris Barber; The Magic Club 2008 Richmond Sausages The Taste That Brings Them Home .. The Molloys; Meet You There 2012 watch Right Guard .. Daniel Powter; Bad Day 2007 Rightmove.co.uk - Britain Moves .. Ralfe Band; Parkbench Blues 2011 watch Rightmove.co.uk .. Gracie Fields; If I Knew You Were Comin' I'd've Baked A Cake 2007 Rimmel London - Glam Eyes .. Parade; Louder 2011 watch Rimmel London Lash Accelerator Mascara .. Young Pretender; Sixteen Forever 2010 watch Rimmel - Lasting Finish Lipstick .. Bedouin Soundclash; Living In Jungles 2007 Rimmel - Lash Maxx Mascara .. Lodge; Piece of Cake 2007 Rimmel - Cool Shine Lipstick .. Bodyrockers; I Like The Way 2006 Rimmel .. Kubb: Wicked Soul 2006 Rimmel - Volume Extend - Sexy Lashes .. Subways: Rock and Roll Queen 2006 Ritz Crackers .. Modern English: 'Melt With You' Robert Wiseman Dairies Low Fat Milk .. John Travolta/Olivia Newton-John: You're The One That I Want 2007 Robinsons Double Concentrate Juice .. T-Rex; I Love To Boogie 2012 watch Robinsons Fruit Shoot 100% .. Cyril Stapleton; Pepito 2007 Robinsons Fruit Shoot .. Architecture In Helsinki; Spring 2008 2007 Robinsons Smooth Juice Orange Experience .. Mighty K; Dream 2007 Robinsons Fruit and Barley .. Deerhoof: Blue Cash 2007 Robinsons For Milk .. Steve Miller Band: Abracadabra 2005 Rolling Rock Lager .. Bran Van 3000; Drinkin In LA 1999 Rotary Watches Simply Exceptional .. Saturday Night Gym Club Ft Ellie Walker; I Know 2012 watch Rover 75 .. High Society Cast: Who Wants To Be A Millionaire 2002 Rover 25 .. Mono: Life in Mono 2002 Royal Air Force .. C-Jags: Paradise Park 2006 Royal Air Force .. Crystal Method: Busy Child 2000 Royal Caribbean International .. Iggy Pop: Lust For Life 2005 Royal Caribbean International Cruises .. Sixpence None The Richer: There She Goes 2004 Royal Mail / Post Office Over 50s Life Insurance..Johan Strauss; Blue Danube Waltz 2010 watch Royal Mail / Post Office .. Elgar; Pomp And Circumstance March No. 1 (Land Of Hope And Glory) 2007 Royal Mail / Post Office .. Sam Cooke: You Send Me 2006 Royal Mail / Post Office .. Travis: Love Will Come Through 2004 Ryvita - Goodness Bars .. Bach: Toccata and Fugue 2006 S >> SAP .. Big Foote Music: 'SAP Handwriting #113' Saab 9-5 Anything But Ordinary .. New Way; Ana Diaz 2010 watch Saab 9-3 .. Nina Kinert; Through Your Eyes 2007 Saab Biopower .. Oh Laura; Release Me 2007 Saab 95 .. Aphex Twin; Metal Grating 2006 Saab 93 .. Isley Brothers; Summer Breeze 2005 Saab 93 Sport Saloon .. Chikinki; Ether Radio 2005 Saab .. The Who: 'Pinball Wizard' Saga: Cruises .. Tony Bennett; I'm Just A Lucky So and So 2012 watch Sainsburys Bank Credit Card Twice As Nice .. Alice Grant; Rainbow Connection 2012 watch Sainsburys - Car Insurance .. Ray Conniff & His Orchestra; Walkin And Whistlin 2012 watch Sainsburys 11 Years of Jamie Oliver .. Faces; Had Me A Real Good Time 2012 listen Sainsburys - Christmas Panto Feast .. George Formby; Happy Go Lucky Me 2011 watch Sainsburys - Live Well For Less .. Phil Harris and Bruce Reitherman; The Bare Necessities 2011 watch Sainsburys - Feed Your Family for £50 .. Ray Conniff Orchestra and Singers; Walkin and Whistlin 2011 watch Sainsburys - TU Collection .. Etta James; At Last 2011 watch Sainsburys - Feed Your Family for £50 .. Ray Conniff Orchestra & Singers; Walkin and Whistlin 2011 watch Sainsburys - Perfect Christmas .. Colne Valley Male Voice Choir - All Through The Night 2010 watch Sainsburys - Taste the Difference Street Party .. Floyd Cramer: On The Rebound 2010 listen Sainsburys .. Pearl Bailey; Jingle Bells (Cha Cha) 2005 Sainsburys .. The Polyphonic Spree: 'Reach For The Sun/Light and Day' 2005 Sainsburys Car Insurance .. Jimmy Dean; Big Bad John 2005 Saints Row The Third TV Ad .. LMFAO; Im In Saints Row Trick 2011 watch Sainsburys Sausages .. Liszt; La Campanella 1993 Samaritans Doodle .. Sufjan Stevens; Redford (For Yia-Yia & Pappou) 2007 Samsung Galaxy Note Its Much More .. Air; Alone in Kyoto 2012 watch Samsung Galaxy Nexus Calling All Pure Google .. CocoRosie; Japan 2012 watch Samsung Galaxy SII - It Must Be Love .. Newton Faulkner; It Must Be Love 2011 watch Samsung Wave - Welcome To More .. Thomas Newman; Arose (From American Beauty) 2010 watch Samsung 3D LED TV Turn On Tomorrow .. Morgan Van Dam; Trickle 2010 watch Samsung Monte Phone Facebook .. Delphic; Halcyon 2010 watch Samsung Jet Ultra Edition .. Deadmau5 feat. Rob Swire; Ghosts n Stuff 2010 watch Samsung 2View Dual LCD Camera .. Gloria Cycles; Wonderbus 2009 watch Samsung Genio Touch .. La Roux; Bulletproof 2009 watch Samsung: Soul Mobile Phone .. Robin Thicke; Magic 2008 Sandels .. Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes; (I've Had) The Time of My Life 2007-10 listen Sandals .. Lord Tanamo; I'm In the Mood For Ska 2007 Sanex .. Brian Eno; Needles In the Camel's Eye 2005 Santander 123 Account .. Ludovico Einaudi; Primavera 2012 watch Santander Reward Current Account - Lego Car .. Ludovico Einaudi; Primavera 2011 watch Santander .. Wild Beasts; Underbelly 2010 watch Sara Lee .. Lovin' Spoonful: Daydream Save The Children: No Child Born To Die .. Mystic Chords of Memory; Pi and a Bee 2011 watch Savlon .. Lonnie Donegan; Does Your Chewing Gum Lose It's Flavour 2010 watch Schwarzkopf Live Colour XXL Shake It Up Foam .. Metro Station; Shake It 2012 watch Schweppes- barman .. Spike Jones; Cocktails For Two 2006 Scottish Widows .. Isaac Albeniz's: "Asturias" from Suite Espagnol 2007/8 Scrubs .. Boston; More Than A Feeling 2007 Scrubs Theme .. Lazlo Bane; Superman 2006 SCS .. Tom Jones; What's New Pussycat? 2010 listen SCS Celebrate .. Kool and the Gang; Celebration 2008 SCS Sofas .. Finley Quaye & William Orbit: Dice 2007 SCS half price sale .. Kool and the Gang; Get Down On It 2007 Sears .. Hives; Well All Right 2008 listen Seat - Good Stuff Edition .. Shakira; Good Stuff 2010 watch Seat Ibiza - Cupids .. Cashmeres; Yes, It's True 2010 watch Seat Altea .. Nursery Rhyme; The Animals Went In Two By Two 2007 Seat Ibiza .. Fatboy Slim; Sho' Nuff 2005 Sega Bayonetta .. La Roux; In For The Kill (Skream's Let's Get Ravey remix) 2010 watch Sekonda Seksy .. Leona Lewis; The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face 2011 watch Sekonda - For The Times of Your Life .. Marvin Gaye & Kim Weston; It Takes Two 2011 watch Sellotape: Robot .. Bill Haley & His Comets; Joeys Song 2011 watch Setanta: Nationwide Building Society Sponsors England .. Doves; There Goes The Fear 2008 Setanta February Sports .. Hives; Main Offender 2008 Setanta Sports Theme .. ?? remix of an older song ?? watch Setanta Sports - Barclays Premiership .. Eric Burdon; Good Times 2007 watch Seven Seas Cod Liver Oil .. BBC; Theme from Captain Pugwash 2006 Sharpie Express Yourself .. The Tender Box; Mister Sister 2010 watch Sharps Bedrooms - 2 for 1 Offer .. Johan Strauss; Blue Danube Waltz 2006 Sharwoods Coach Trip .. Bill Wells& Maher Shalal Hash Baz; Banned Announcement 2012 watch Sharwoods .. Village People; Go West 2006 Sheba Cat Food .. Peggy Lee; Fever 2008/2010 watch Sheba Cat Food .. ????; There You Are 1990s watch Shell FuelSave Scientists .. Sergey Prokofiev; Peter and the Wolf 2010 watch Shell .. Orquestra Del Plata; Montserrat 2006 Shredded Wheat SuperFruity .. Little Richard; Tutti Frutti 2011 watch Shredded Wheat - Top It .. Isley Brothers; It's Your Thing 2011 watch Siemens .. Matt Monro; This Is The Life 2011 listen Silentnight .. Feist; Mushaboom 2006 Silverscreen Elvis Presley DVD Collection .. Elvis Presley; Blue Suede Shoes 2005 Simple Kind To Skin Wipes - Paint .. The Noisettes; Wild Young Hearts 2011 watch Simple Cleansing Facial Wipes - Tears .. Madeleine Peyroux; Don't Cry, Baby 2006 Simply Be - Autumn ad .. special commission 2010 watch Skins Podcast .. Sam Sparro; Black and Gold 2008 Skoda Fabia vRS .. Soundtree: My Favourite Things 2010 watch Skoda Superb Estate .. Hal David & John Cacavas Bluebird 2010 listen Skoda Fabia .. Rodgers and Hammerstein; My Favourite Things 2007 watch Skoda Octavia 4 x 4 .. Tchaikovsky; Waltz Of The Flowers from The Nutcracker Suite 2005 Sky Football Special .. Tinie Tempah; Written In The Stars 2012 watch Sky Movies .. Supernaturals; Smile 2012 listen Sky HD - New Series - January .. Sam & Dave; Hold On! I'm Comin' 2012 watch Sky Atlantic 2012 Sneak Peek Trailer .. Imelda May; All for You 2012 watch Sky Sports - Festive Football .. Depeche Mode; Just Can't Get Enough 2011 watch Sky 3D - January .. Calvin Harris; Feel So Close 2011 listen Sky - Go .. Speech Debelle; Spinnin' 2011 listen Sky Darts World Grand Prix .. Kiss; Crazy, Crazy Nights 2011 listen Sky Sports: La Liga New Season .. Martin Solveig ft Kele; Ready 2 Go 2011 listen . Sky Sports: Andy Mussray in New York .. Yeah Yeah Yeahs; Yeah! New York 2011 listen . Sky - Believe In Better .. Caro Emerald; That Man 2011 watch Sky Sports - Go-Fold .. Basement Jaxx - Do Your Thing 2011 watch Sky The HD Moment Is Here .. Moloko: The Time Is Now 2011 listen Sky News - iPad App .. Elbow; Open Arms 2011 watch Sky - All England Badminton Championships .. House of Pain; Jump Around 2011 listen Sky HD - TV LineUp Promo 2011 .. Ella Fitzgerald: Sunshine of Your Love 2011 watch or Ella 's full version Sky Atlantic: Let The Stories Begin .. Florence + The Machine; Howl 2011 watch Sky Atlantic HD: Dustin Hoffman .. The Cinematic Orchestra; To Build A Home 2011 watch Sky Sports: 20 Years of Great Days .. Kinks; Days 2011 watch Sky Movies HD - Christmas 2010 .. Orba Squara; What I Want For Xmas 2010 watch Sky 3D .. Creature; Who's Hot, Who's Not 2010 listen Sky Sports New Season 2010/11 Park Game .. Eli Paperboy Reed; Come And Get It 2010 watch Sky Sport (Eric Cantona) .. Shostakovich; Waltz No. 2 From Jazz Suite No. 2 2010 watch Sky Soccer Saturday .. James Brown; I Got You (I Feel Good) 2010 listen Sky Sports New Season 2010/11 Park Game .. Eli Paperboy Reed; Come And Get It 2010 watch Sky Royal Horse Show .. Jackie Wilson (Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher 2010 listen Sky May on Sky Sports .. Patrick Hawes; Power Trip 2010 watch Sky News - Leaders Debate .. Martha Reeves and The Vandellas; Nowhere To Run 2010 listen Sky NCIS - Los Angeles .. Rage Against The Machine; Killing In The Name Of 2010 Sky James Corden - League of Their Own .. Bellini Casta Diva 2010 watch Sky+HD Supertelly .. Anthony Newley; Pure Imagination 2010 watch Sky Sports: Arsenal Vs Manchester United .. Pioneers; Long Shot Kick De Bucket 2010 Sky Golf: South African Tour .. Yello; The Race 2009 Sky Skysongs Launch .. Mott The Hoople; All The Young Young Dudes 2009 Sky Mission Hills World Cup .. Bryan Ferry; Let's Stick Together 2009 Sky Moves - Box Office .. Richard Strauss; Also Sprach Zarathustra (Main theme from 2001) 2009 Sky Movies: Christmas More Magical .. Bjork; It's Oh So Quiet 2009 watch Sky Movies: Tarantino Takes Over Weekend .. Dick Dale and the Deltones; Misirlou 2009 Sky Movies (HD) .. Yeah Yeah Yeahs; Runaway (Instrumental) 2009 Sky HD .. Max Richter; Vladimir's Blues 2009 Sky 1HD - The Closer You Get .. Cure; Close To Me 2009 Sky Sports: Victory Cup .. Jesus Jones; International Bright Young Thing 2009 Sky Sports - New Football Season .. Temper Trap; Sweet Disposition 2009 Sky Football: Sponsored by Ford .. Kasabian; Club Foot 2009 Sky Sports: New Football Season .. Kasabian; Fast Fuse 2009 Sky Ashes Summer .. Men At Work; Down Under 2009 Sky Play Offs .. Fatboy Slim; Right Here, Right Now 2009 Sky Hay-on-Sky .. Noah and The Whale; Five Years Time 2009 Sky One - Simpsons House Party .. Frankie Valli and the Four Seasons; Beggin' 2009 Sky/Sky Sports: Nationwide Building Society Sponsors England .. Muse; Starlight 2008 Sky Christmas season .. Darlene Love; Christmas (Baby Please Come Home) 2008 watch ad or listen Sky+ HD promotion .. Ane Brun; True Colours 2008 listen Sky Bones & Cold Case Promotion .. Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds; Red Right Hand 2008 Sky Movies .. Johnny Cash; The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face 2008 Sky Digital, Broadband & Phone .. Aqualung: Good Times Gonna Come 2008 Sky Rugby Superleague .. Frankie Goes To Hollywood; Two Tribes 2008 Sky War Movies Season .. Dire Straits; Brothers In Arms 2007 Sky Carbon Neutral .. Three Dog Night; Joy To The World 2007 Sky Movies - Billboards .. Gene Wilder; Pure Imagination (from Willy Wonka) 2007 Sky War Movies Season .. Dire Straits; Brothers In Arms 2007 Sky Winter Cricket .. Maps; So Low, So High 2007 Sky Sports Saturday .. Elton John; Saturday Night's Alright (For Fighting) 2007 Sky Sports News .. Clint Mansell; Lux Aeterna 2007 Sky Speak, Surf, See .. Cornelius; Micro Disneycal World Tour 2007 Sky Millenium Magic .. Queen; A Kind Of Magic 2007 Sky Darts - Las Vegas Classic .. ZZ Top; Viva Las Vegas 2007 Sky World Matchplay Bowls .. Limp Bizkit; Rollin' (Air Raid Vehicle) 2007 Sky Live From Wembley .. Hubert Parry; Jerusalem 2007 Sky Summer Sports .. Mendelssohn; Wedding March from A Midsummer Night's Dream 2007 Sky Sports: July Preview .. Sylvester; You Make Me Feel 2007 Sky Sports: The "Y" Factor .. Elton John; Step Into Christmas 2006 Sky Sports: Manchester United vs Chelsea .. Electric Light Orchestra; Showdown 2006 Sky Sports: Christmas .. Gene Kelly; Singin' In The Rain 2006 Sky Sports: New Season .. Clint Mansell; Lux Aeterna 2006 Sky 2006-7 Football Season .. The Source ft. Candi Staton; You've Got The Love 2006 Sky Sports : EngXIand Cricket .. Elgar; Nimrod from Enigma Variations 2006 Sky Sports : Weekend Highlights .. Elvis Presley / JXL; A Little Less Conversation 2006 Sky Sports: Cricket .. 10CC; Dreadlock Holiday 2006 Sky Sports: FA Cup Fever .. Peggy Lee; Fever 2006 Sky Sports: November .. Stereophonics; Dakota 2006 Sky Sports: April Preview .. Libera; Locus Iste (Sanctus) 2006 Sky Sports for February 2006 .. Lunatic Calm; Leave You Far Behind 2006 Sky Sports : March Preview .. Stereophonics; Superman 2006 Sky Prem Plus Season Ticket .. Elmer Bernstein; The Great Escape 2006 Sky Soccer Saturday .. Deepest Blue; Shooting Star 2006 Sky Tennis Masters .. Vangelis; Chung Kuo 2006 Sky Superbowl 40 .. Eminem; Lose Yourself 2006 Sky NBA All Star Match .. Smash Mouth; All Star 2006 Sky The Match: Trials .. Dandy Warhols; Bohemian Like You 2006 Sky Darts: Stan James Matchplay .. Arctic Monkeys; I Bet You Look Good On The Dancefloor 2006 Sky FA Youth Cup Final 2006 .. Primal Scream; Movin' On Up 2006 Sky Skateboarder .. Regina Spektor; Us 2006 Sky Hollywood Grand Prix with Vinnie Jones .. Apollo 440; Stop The Rock (Caroline by Status Quo) 2006 Sky Dream Team 80s .. Big Audio Dynamite; Medicine Show 2006 Sky '24' Trailer .. Kasabian; Club Foot 2006 Sky Bones & Cold Case Trailer .. Depeche Mode; Waiting For The Night 2006 Sky The Great British Wedding .. Dixie Cups; Chapel Of Love 2006 Sky Christmas .. Hanson; What Christmas Means To Me 2006 Sky Pick Your Own Mix .. Richard Strauss; Also Sprach Zarathustra (Main theme from 2001) 2006 Sky Lost: 2 series in 1 Episode .. Led Zeppelin; Dazed and Confused 2006 Sky Star Wars Six in a Row .. Real Thing; Can You Feel The Force 2006 Sky Star Wars Six in a Row .. Zero 7; Destiny 2006 Sky Oscar Film Season .. Orchestral Manouevres in the Dark; Souvenir (Moby Remix) 2006 Sky World Cinema .. Chungking; World of A Thousand Suns 2006 Sky Prem Plus Offer .. Hugo Montenegro; The Good, The Bad and The Ugly 2006 Sky Movies .. Peter, Bjorn and John; Young Folks 2007 Sky Movies - From Beginning To End .. Pete Moore; Asteroid (Pearl & Dean Theme) 2007 Sky Movies - Fantastic 4 Multistart .. U2; Vertigo 2006 Sky Movies: Goal! Promo .. Bronski Beat; Smalltown Boy 2006 Sky Movies: First Time Saturday .. New Christy Minstrels; Everybody Loves Saturdy Night 2006 Sky Movies:Summer Season .. Nina Simone; Feeling Good 2005 Sky Movies: Western Season .. Johnny Cash; Don't Take Your Guns to Town 2005 Sky One: Thief .. Animals; House of the Rising Sun 2006 Sky One: Battlestar Galactica .. Magazine; Shot By Both Sides 2006 Sky One: 24 Trailer .. Nina Simone; Feeling Good 2006 Sky One: Over There .. Kaiser Chiefs; Oh My God 2006 Sky One: Weeds .. Bob Dylan: Rainy Day Women #12 & 35 2005 Sky History Channel Subscription .. Verdi; Dies Irae from Requiem Mass 2006 Sleepmasters .. Alison Moyet; Only You 2011 watch Sleepmasters Half Price Sale .. Brenda Lee; I'm Sorry 2009 watch Slimfast .. Adam Ant; Goody Two Shoes 2006 SlimFast.. Commodores: 'Brick House' SlimFast .. Ohio Express: 'Yummy, Yummy, Yummy' Slimming World .. John Fred and The Playboy Band; Judy In Disguise (With Glasses) 2005 Smart ForTwo .. Stomax; Midnight Mutations 2010 watch Smart For four .. Johnston Brothers; Hernando's Hideaway 2005 Smirnoff Anthem .. Susanna & the Magical Orchestra; Crazy, Crazy Nights 2011 watch Smirnoff: Purified .. composed by Peter Raeburn of Soundtree Studios; Latinate Chant 2008 Smirnoff Extraordinary Purification .. composed by Peter Raeburn of Soundtree Studios; Celebrare 2007 Smirnoff Ice .. Quarashi; Copycat 2005 Smirnoff .. Transglobal; Underground Rude Buddah 2004 Smirnoff .. Walter Murphy & the Big Apple Band; A Fifth of Beethoven 2004 SodaStream Busy With The Fizzy .. Harry Nilsson; Without You 2010 listen Sony - 2 Worlds .. music by Clint Mansell / Leonard Cohen; Thats What I Heard You Say 2011 watch Sony Ericsson Xperia Ray - 20:22 Moment .. Mothersmilk Studios; Specially Commissioned Track 2011 watch Sony Bravia IPTV: Television Redefined .. Magnetic Man Ft. Katy B; Crossover-Special Version 2011 watch Sony VAT back A Christmas Carol .. Lang Lang with The London Metropolitan Orchestra Commissioned 2010 watch Sony 3D HD TV .. Ferdinand Herold; La Fille Mal Gardee/Act 1 - 17a. Clog Dance 2010 watch Sony Bravia Televisions Football at Home .. Glasvegas; Geraldine 2010 watch Sony TV World Cup Trade In .. Glasvegas; Geraldine 2010 watch Sony Internet Television FIFA 2010 World Cup Collection .. Simple World; Jonathan Elias 2010 watch Sony Bravia TVs Rockstars .. AC/DC; Thunderstruck 2010 watch Sony - Cyber Shot Camera .. Paloma Faith; Upside Down 2010 watch Sony Center - Christmas Make Believe .. Miike Snow; Black and Blue 2009 Sony - Formula 1 sponsor ad .. Def Leppard; Rocket 2008 listen Sony Ericsson W910: Walkman ..Pink Enemy Remix of Pop Levi: Dita Dimone 2008 listen Sony - Shoot in HD .. Justice vs Simian; We Are Your Friends 2007 Sony Ericsson W910i .. Edu K; Gatas Gatas Gatas 2007 Sony Blu-ray Disk HD1080 .. Ludovico Einaudi; Primavera 2007 Sony Ericsson W910i .. Blue King Brown; Come n Check Your Head 2007 Sony Ericsson W910i .. Cazals; Life Is Boring 2007 Sony Bravia .. Rolling Stones; She's A Rainbow 2007 Sony Bravia TVs .. Jose Gonzales; Heartbeats 2007 Sony Playstation - UEFA Champions League .. Heavy; No Time 2009 watch Sony Playstation 3 (PS3) Launch .. Nino Rota; Amarcord 2007 Sony Singstar Legends .. Jackson Five; I Want You Back 2006 Sony Ericsson Walkman Phone Collection .. Holiday For Strings; Jump On Foot 2006 Sony Bravia .. Rossini; La Gazza Ladra Overture (The Thieving Magpie) 2006 Sony Ericsson K800i Cyber-Shot Phone .. Black Keys; Girl Is On My Mind 2006 Sony Singstar Rocks for PS2 .. Blur; Song 2 2006 Sony Ericsson Walkman Phones .. Velvet Revolver Dirty; Little Thing 2005 Sony Ericsson Walkman Phones .. Clash; I Fought The Law 2005 Sony .. Lionrock; Rude Boy Rock 2000 Sony .. Aerosmith: 'The Grind' Sourz Spirited Raspberry: Six OClock .. Rage Music; Commissioned Track 2011 watch Southern Comfort SoCo & Lime .. Luxembourg Brothers; Usual Suspects 2007 Southern Comfort .. Tripping Daisy; New Plains of Medicine 2003 Space.NK .. Hanne Hukkelberg; Searching 2006 Specsavers: Specs Effect .. Globus Preliator 2010 watch Specsavers: Free Reactions .. Barry Gray; Thunderbirds 2008 Specsavers: Sheep Shearing .. Una Palliser; Mo Ghile Mear 2008 Specsavers .. Edith Piaf; Non Je Ne Regrette Rien (No Regrets) 2008 Specsavers .. Cinematic Orchestra; To Build A Home 2007 Specsavers 2 for 1 .. Hedrex; Dreamboat 2 2006 Spec Savers .. Claude Vasori: "Folk Guitar" 2005 Sprite .. Brothomstates; Adozenaday 2002 St Bruno Tobacco .. Elgar; Nimrod from Enigma Variations 1993 St. Ivel Advance .. Harry McLintock; Big Rock Candy Mountain 2005 St. Ivel .. John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John; You're The One That I Want 2000 Stagecoach .. Elgar; Pomp And Circumstance March No. 1 (Land Of Hope And Glory) 2007 Standard Life insurance .. Black; Wonderful life 1994 Starbucks (Hank!) .. Gary Glitter; 'Rock and Roll Part 2' Stella Artois: Ice Lounge .. Stella Artois French special; 12 Jour De Noel(12 days of Christmas) 2010 watch Stella Artois .. Brigitte Bardot; Ne Me Laisse Pas L'Aimer 2010 watch Stella Artois .. Clara Rockmore; Valse Sentimentale 2006 Stella Artois .. Liszt; Hungarian Rhapsody #2 2005 Stella McCartney - Stella .. Scout Niblett; Kidnapped By Neptune 2007 Storey Carpets .. Katrina and the Waves; Walking on Sunshine 2006 Stop Smoking Ad .. Nina Simone: 'Ain't Got No (I Got Life)' ~ UK Strand Cigarettes .. Cliff Adams; Lonely Man Theme 1959 Strongbow Cider .. 2 Unlimited; Get Ready For This 2006 Strongbow Cider .. Deep Purple; Smoke on the Water 1997 Subway .. Red Rat; Shake That Rump 2007 Subaru .. Kansas: 'Dust in the Wind' Subaru .. Sheryl Crow: 'Everyday is a Winding Road' Sun Bingo .. Graffiti6; Stare into the Sun 2010 watch The Sun Newspaper under 'T' Sunsilk .. John Paul Young; Love is in the Air 2006 Superdrug .. Scouting For Girls; She's So Lovely 2011 listen Sure For Men - Iceskater .. TDL; Feel The Forces 2011 watch Sure Deodorant: 48 Hour Protection .. Alexandra Burke; All Night Long 2010 watch Sure Deodorant: SureMen Last 8 Sweepstake .. Julius La Rosa; Eh, Cumpari! 2010 watch Sure Deodorant: upside down roll-on .. Gabriella Cilmi; Sweet About Me 2008 watch Sure Biorhythms .. Elmo; All My Life 2007 Sure Crystal .. Aaron Lacrate ft Da Kidz; Kidstuff 2007 Sure Deodorant - Sport .. The Bees; Payback 2007 Sure Deodorant .. Jack Keller and Howard Greenfield; Theme from Bewitched 2006 Sure For Men .. Xavier Cugat; Yo Quiero un Mambo 2005 Surf with Essential Oils Trampoline .. Yellowhammer ft Claire Nicolson You and I (only on a promo cd) 2010 Surf Essential Oils .. Alice Russell; Sweet Is The Air 2007 Surf Small and Mighty .. Patience and Prudence; Dreamers Bay 2007 Surf Irresistable Fragrance .. Swansway; Illuminations 2006 Surf Tropical .. Yma Sumac; Wimoweh 2005 Suzuki Swift Designed For Life .. Bang and Buller; Rock and Roll Sky 2010 watch Suzuki SX4 .. Kula Shaker; Hush 2006 Suzuki Grand Vitara .. David Mills and Ian Wilson; What a Wonderful World 2006 Suzuki Grand Vitara .. Mooney Suzuki; Alive and Amplified 2005 Swatch Colour Codes .. Band of Skulls; I Know What I Am 2010 watch Swatch .. Midge Ure; Breathe 2000 watch Swifer .. It Devo: 'Whip' Swiftcover.com Get A Life .. Baha Men; Who Let The Dogs Out? 2012 watch Switch / Maestro .. Manhattan Transfer; Chanson D'Amour 2003 Switch / Maestro .. Renee and Renato; Save Your Love 2002 Sylvania .. The Who: 'I Can See For Miles' T >> TK Maxx - Big Labels, Small Prices.. Alex Winston; Choice Notes 2011 watch T K Maxx Daily Deliveries .. Junior Walker and The All Stars; Roadrunner 2008 T K Maxx Big Value at Small Prices .. Zoe Lewis; Small Is Tremendous 2007 T K Maxx .. Fats Waller; Have A Little Dream On Me 2007 T K Maxx .. John Williams; Carol of the Bells 2006 T K Maxx .. Zongamin; Tunnel Music 2006 T-Mobile What Britain Loves .. Dizzee Rascal and Armand Van Helden; Bonkers 2012 watch T-Mobile - Parking Ticket .. Klaus Badelt; Door of Destiny 2011 watch T-Mobile Youfix - Parking Tickets .. Dire Straits; Money For Nothing 2011 watch T-Mobile Heathrow Terminal 5 : Welcome Back .. Mel Tormé - Comin Home Baby; Mark Morrison - Return of the Mack; Iggy Pop - The Passenger; Thin Lizzy - Boys are Back In Town; Kaiser Chiefs Oh My God; Aretha Franklin with George Michael I Knew You Were Waiting (for me); Peters And Lee Welcome Home 2010 watch T- Mobile .. Josh's Band; Come With Me 2010 watch T- Mobile; Broadband campaign .. Kelly Stolt; Lets Get Out Tonight 2008/9 watch T- Mobile; Flext campaign .. Vashti Bunyan; Diamond Day 2008 watch T- Mobile; Favourite People .. Blood Sweat and Tears; Spinning Wheel 2007 watch T- Mobile; Text Your Head Off .. Claude Von Stroke; The Whistler 2007 watch T- Mobile; Web 'n' Walk .. I'm From Barcelona; Collection Of Stamps 2007 watch T- Mobile; (moving houses) .. Arthur Russell; This is How We Walk On The Moon 2007 watch T- Mobile; Web 'n' Walk .. Robbie Williams; Tripping 2006 T- Mobile Everyone .. Bedouin Soundclash; When The Night Feels My Song 2006 T- Mobile; Mates Rates Promotion .. Goldfrapp; Ooh La La 2005 T- Mobile; Rolling Stones 40 Licks Tour .. Rolling Stones; You Got Me Rocking 2003 T- Mobile .. Def Leppard; Pour Some Sugar on Me 2002 T-Mobile .. Royksopp: So Easy 2002 Take 2 Interactive The Darkness .. Marilyn Manson; Cruci-Fiction In Space 2007 Take A Break .. Village People; YMCA 2006 TalkTalk - A Brighter Home For Everyone .. Righteous Brothers; Unchained Melody 2011 watch Talk Talk .. The Box Tops; Neon Rainbow 2009 watch Talk Talk: When Will You Join? .. Primal Scream; Come Together 2008 watch Talk Talk .. Hayley Sanderson; Something In The Air 2006 watch Talksport World Cup 2006 Coverage .. Talksport Allstars; We're England (Tom Hark) 2006 Tango Dancing Granny .. Lomax; Praise 2010 watch Tropicana Awake To Alive .. The Cinematic Orchestra; Transformation 2012 watch Target Department Store .. Petula Clark: "A Sign Of The Times" 1999 Target Department Store .. Roy Orbison: 'You Got It' Tees Valley Beef Meatballs Small Farmers, Big Taste! .. Commissioned; In The Country 2012 watch Teletext - Holidays .. Lindsey Buckingham; Holiday Road 2011 watch Teletext - "Blah blah blah" .. Trio; Da Da Da 2007 Telewest .. Elmo Tanner & Ted Weems Orchestra; Heartaches 2006 Telewest Teleport .. Flying Lizards; Money 2005 Tena Lady .. Bobby Hebb; Sunny 2010 watch Tena Pants .. KC and the Sunshine Band; (Shake Shake Shake) Shake Your Booty 2010 Tennents Lager .. Screamin' Jay Hawkins; I Put A Spell On You 2005 Tennents Lager .. Big Country; One Great Thing 1989 Tennents Pilsner .. Simple Minds; Alive and Kicking 1983 Terrys Chocolate Orange - Love It To Bits .. Kenny Graham and His Satellites; Sunbeam 2010 watch Terrys All Gold - Imagine .. Tavares; Heaven Must Be Missing An Angel 2002 Terrys .. Hazel O' Connor; Will You 2000 Terrys .. Tchaikovsky; Chinese Dance 2000 Tesco F&F Florence + Fred Glide .. Cut Copy; Feel The Love 2012 watch Tesco - Christmas 2011 .. The Pogues and Kirsty MacColl; Fairytale of New York 2011 watch Tesco Mobile: Sponsors .. Warren Hamilton; Big Team 2010 watch Tesco: F & F Country Cricket .. MoZella; Magic (Oh Oh Oh) 2010 watch Tesco: Muscular Dystrophy Campaign .. Cherry Ghost; People Help The People 2010 watch Tesco: Christmas with the Spice Girls .. Bing Crosby; Santa Claus Is Coming To Town 2007 Tesco: F & F Fashions .. Hanne Hukkelberg; Boble 2007 Tesco: Back To School .. Richard Hayman; Children's Marching Song (Nick Nack Paddy Whack) 2007 Tesco .. Camera Obscura; Country Mile 2007 Tesco: Florence & Fred - Red Dress .. Delfonics; Didn't I (Blow Your Mind This Time) 2006 Tesco .. Terry Hall & The Colourfield; Windmills of Your Mind 2006 Tesco: Cherokee Kids .. Jamelia; Superstar 2006 Tetley Tea - Tea Folk Singing .. Tetley Tea Folk; Just the Way You Are 2011 watch Tetley Tea - For Everyone .. Victor Mizzy; Addams Family (Main Theme from TV Series) 2007 Tetley .. Gerry and the Pacemakers; You'll Never Walk Alone 2000 Tetley's Bitter .. Vive La Fete; Maquillage 2006 TGI Fridays .. The Scorpions: 'Rock You Like a Hurricane' The Bed Shed Sale .. Crew Cuts; Sh-Boom (Life Could Be A Dream) 2006 The Daily Express: Sixties CD Promotion .. Foundations; Build Me Up Buttercup 2005 The Mail on Sunday: Travis CD Promotion .. Travis; Flowers In The Window 2007 The Mail on Sunday: .. Frankie Goes To Hollywood; Two Tribes 2007 The Mail on Sunday: Planet Earth by Prince - Free Cd .. Prince; Guitar 2007 The Daily Mail: World At War Promotion .. Carl Davis; World At War: Main Theme 2007 The Daily Star: Ramones CD Promo .. Ramones; Do You Wanna Dance 2007 The Daily Star: Best of Echo & The Bunnymen Promo .. Echo & The Bunnymen; Back Of Love 2007 The Daily Star: Best of Happy Mondays Promo .. Happy Mondays; Step On 2007 The People .. Iggy Pop; Lust For Life 2000 The Sun .. Vangelis; Chariots of Fire 2012 watch The Sun: Bingo .. Graffiti6; Stare into the Sun 2010 watch The Sun: World Cup - Maybe .. Terry Venables; If I Can Dream 2010 watch The Sun: Bingo .. Tony Christie; (Is This the Way To) Amarillo? 2008 The Sun: Bingo .. Ottawan: D.I.S.C.O. 2007 The Sun: 24-7 Football .. Richard Strauss; Also Sprach Zarathustra (Main theme from 2001) 2007 The Sun: Football .. Subways; Oh Yeah 2007 The Sun: £9.50 Holidays .. Reginald Dixon; I Do Like To Be Beside The Seaside 2006 The Sun: World Cup Go For Goals Pullout .. Elgar; Pomp And Circumstance March No.1 (Land Of Hope 7 Glory) 2006 The Times/Sunday Times: iPad App .. Speech Debelle; Spinnin' 2011 watch The Times: Budget Special .. Flying Lizards; Money 2010 listen The Times: Talk Radio DVD Promotion .. George Thorogood & the Destroyers; Bad To The Bone 2007 The Times: The Game .. Don Lusher; Carnaby Chick 2005 The Zoo: Australian TV series .. "Hippo Rhino" 2011 watch Think Bingo: Bubble Bath .. 'I know where all the girls go' song made for the ad, not yet available Thierry Mugler Angel Eva Mendes .. Eva Mendes; The Windmills of Your Mind 2011 watch Thinkbox Dogs Home .. Bachman-Turner Overdrive; You Aint Seen Nothing Yet 2010 watch Thomson Holidays New Version .. Sunday Girl (with Guy Farley) Where Is My Mind? 2012 watch Thomson Holidays - Time For A Holiday? .. Guy Farley; Where Is My Mind? 2011 watch Thomson Holidays .. Joey Ramone; What a Wonderful World 2012 watch Thomas Cook Ultimate Holiday .. Morcheeba; The Sea 2009 Thomas Cook Bank Holiday Appeal; Dinah Washington; What A Difference A Day Makes 2008 Thomson Holidays .. Guy Farley (instrumental); Where Is My Mind? 2011 watch Thomson Holidays .. Beach Boys; Good Vibrations 2010 watch Thomson Holidays .. Fatboy Slim; Praise You 2007 Thomson Local Directory .. Creation; Biff Bang Pow 2005 Thorntons Chocolates .. Francesco de Mase & A. Alessandroni; Tema Di Oscar 2002 Thorntons .. Moby; Everloving 2000 The One .. Olivia Newton John; You Better Shape Up 2007 Thresher .. Pachelbel; Canon 1993 Tia Lusso .. Ils; No Soul (PMT Remix) 2002 Timberland Earthkeepers .. Sons & Daughters; Gilt Complex 2011 watch Timberland Mountain Athletics .. Noisettes; Don't Give It Up 2010 watch Timberland - This is Your Podium .. John Murphy Escaping The Icarus 11 2008 TNT 'The Closer' drama series .. Bill Withers; Ain't No Sunshine 2008 Tombola We Are Tombola .. Ash Koley; Dont Let Your Feet Touch Ground 2011 watch Tombola - Fairground Bingo .. Marisol; Tombola 2008 Thorpe Park .. You Me At Six; The Swarm 2012 watch Toshiba - Leading Innovation .. Vitalic; Trahison 2008 Toshiba Nicam TV .. Arthur Askey; The Thing Ummy Bob (That's Going To Win The War) 1996 Toshiba .. Vivian Stanshall; Terry Keeps His Clips On 1991 Total Greek Yoghurt - Yum No Fat .. Hayden Parsey; Dance of the Hours (Arrangement) 2011 watch Total Greek Yoghurt .. Duncan Wisbey; Any Little Fish 2010 watch Tous H2O Jewel of Solidarity - Perfume of Life .. OperaBabes; Lakmé H2O (Flower Duet) 2011 watch Toyota Hybrid Cars .. Empire of the Sun; Walking On A Dream 2011 watch Toyota Yaris - Treat It With Respect .. Supergrass; Pumping On Your Stereo 2011 watch Toyota Cars Feel Good Driving .. Free Design; Love You 2010 watch Toyota Rav4 .. AIM; Demonique 2006 Toyota Yaris - BigSmall .. Mando Ranks; Bring It 2006 Toyota Corolla .. Peter Gabriel; The Feeling Begins 2005 Toyota Verso .. Crosby, Stills and Nash; Teach Your Children 2005 Toyota RAV4 .. Prince Buster; Madness 2001 Toyota .. Billy Fury; Wondrous Place 2000 Toyota .. Jimi Hendrix; Voodoo Child (Slight Return) 2000 Toyota .. Iggy Pop; The Passenger 2000 Toyota .. Curtis Mayfield: 'Move On Up' Toys R Us - Christmas 2011 .. Specially Recorded; Im a Toys R Us Kid 2011 watch Trainline.com - Choo Choo Choose .. Black Lace; Do The Conga 2011 listen Travelodge - Teddy Bears Holiday .. Mamas & The Papas; Go Where You Wanna Go 2011 watch Travelocity .. Lionel Richie; Stuck On You 2005 Trident Gum .. Crimea: Loop A Loop 2008 Triumph Shape Sensation .. April Stevens; Teach Me Tiger 2012 watch Trivago - Same Hotel, Two Prices .. Kosheen; All In My Head (version) 2011 watch Trebor Soft Mints .. Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel; Mr Soft 1987 Tresemme: Flawless Curls .. Jamie Leonhart; written especially for the ad 2008 . watch Tresemme .. Il Divo; Without You (Desde el Dia Que Te Fuiste) 2006 Tropicana: Doesnt Just Grow On Trees .. Novos Baianos; Besta é Tu 2011 watch Tropicana Premium Fruit Juice: San Francisco Breakfast .. Doobie Brothers; Listen To The Music 2010 watch Tropicana: Chefs .. Kay Starr; It's A Good Day 2009 watch Tropicana Smoothies .. Nina Wall; Catch A Falling Star 2008 Tropicana .. Gene Kelly & Debbie Reynolds; Good Morning 2008 Tropicana .. Nouvelle Vague; Just Can't Get Enough 2007 Tunnocks Dark Chocolate.. Tchaikovsky; Chinese Dance 2010 TV Licensing .. Ninette; Push A Little Button 2010 watch TV Licensing .. Specials; Message To You Rudy 2005 Twinings Gets Back to You .. Lissie; Go Your Own Way 2012 watch Twinings - Gets You Back To You .. Charlene Soraia; Wherever You Will Go 2011 watch Twinings Herbal Teas .. Ben Vella and Barney Freeman; Good As New 2010 watch Twinings Classic Tea - Everyday .. Love Band; Mmm 2009 watch Typhoo .. Herman's Hermits; I'm Into Something Good 2000 U >> U.B.S: We Will Not Rest .. Maria Callas; O Mio Bambino Caro 2010 watch Ubisoft Assassins Creed Revelations .. Woodkid; Iron 2011 watch . Ubisoft Assassins Creed - Brotherhood .. Tinie Tempah; Pass out 2010 watch Ubisoft Wii Just Dance .. Katy Perry; Hot n Cold 2009 watch Ubisoft Assassin's Creed for Playstation 3 .. UNKLE; Lonely Souls ft Richard Ashcroft 2008 Ubisoft Assassin's Creed for Playstation 3 .. Massive Attack; Teardrop 2007 UEFA Anthem was performed by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra and sung by the Academy of St. Martin in the Fields Chorus. Composer Tony Britten ...This song is an alternative to Handel's coronation anthem, "Zadok the Priest". Lyrics Ceux sont les meilleurs equipes, Sie sind die allerbesten Mannschaften The main event Die Meister, Die Besten, Les Grandes Equipes, The Champions Une grande reunion Die Meister, Die Besten, Les Grandes Equipes, The Champions Die Meister, Die Besten, Les Grandes Equipes, The Champions UEFA Champions League .. James: I Know What I'm Here For 2007 UEFA Champions League Coverage .. Primal Scream; Country Girl 2006 UEFA Champions League .. Sebastien Tellier; La Ritournelle 2006 UEFA European Cup Theme .. Handel: "Zadok the Priest" 2004 UEFA European Cup 1996 Theme .. Beethoven: Ode To Joy from Symphony No 9 1996 There are more UEFA ads under Channel 5 UK Government directgov.co.uk .. Madness; It Must Be Love 2010 watch UK Government Food Standards Agency .. Three Degrees; When Will I See You Again 2006 UK Government Safe Sex Promotion .. Isaac Hayes; Theme From Shaft 2003 UK Gov Teacher Training Association .. Disney; Heigh Ho (The Dwarves Marching Song from Snow White) 2003 UK Government Domestic Abuse .. Charlie Rich; Behind Closed Doors 2001 UK Government MMR Jab .. Lisa Gerrard; Sanvean 1999 UK Government Energy Efficiency .. Landscape; Einstein A Go-Go UK Government Power Surges .. Lou Christie; Lightning Strikes UK TV Supernatural .. Appollo 440; Magick 2007 UK TV Style - Extreme Makeover .. The Cure and The Cause; Fish Go Deep 2006 UK TV Gold: Kitchen Showdown .. Rolling Stones; Satisfaction 2006 UK TV Carry On Weekend of "Big Titters" .. Pussycat Dolls; Beep 2006 UK TV Supernatural .. Klaxons; Don't Fear The Reaper 2006 Umbro World Cup Tailored By England .. Commissioned Version; United Kingdom National Anthem 2010 watch Uncle Ben's Rispinos .. Etta James; My Dearest Darling 2001 Universal Orlando .. Cheap Trick: 'Surrender' UPS .. Dean Martin; That's Amore 2011 watch US Navy .. Godsmack: 'Awake' Valentino Valentina Fragrance .. Paolo Conte; Via Con Me 2011 watch Vaseline Intensive Care Lotion .. Bobby Vee; 'Take Good Care of My Baby' Vauxhall - Football .. Noel Gallaghers High Flying Birds - Aka What A Life! 2011 watch . Vauxhall Corsa - Graffiti .. Goldfrapp; Ooh La La 2011 watch Vauxhall Lifetime Warranty .. Feeder; Pushing the Senses 2010 watch . Vauxhall Meriva .. Ingrid Michaelson; Be OK 2010 watch Vauxhall Corsa .. Gnarls Barkley; Run 2010 watch Vauxhall Meriva / Zafira .. Sonics; Don't You Just Know It 2008 watch Vauxhall Meriva / Zafira .. Brother Bones and His Shadows; Sweet Georgia Brown 2008 watch Vauxhall Tigra: America's Next Top Model .. Spirit Studios provides music 2008 listen Vauxhall Vectra LS .. Miracles; Love Machine 2008 listen Vauxhall Zafira / Meriva .. Huey 'Piano' Smith and His Clowns; Don't You Just Know It 2008 Vauxhall Ecoflex .. Louis Armstrong What a Wonderful World 2007 Vauxhall Antara .. Isaac Hayes; Run Fay Run 2007 Vauxhall Astra .. Panoramic .. Marcos Valle; Crickets Sing for Anamaria 2007 Vauxhall Astra .. Bobby Darin; Don't Rain On My Parade 2006 Vauxhall Astra / Tigra .. Lonnie Donegan; Rock Island Line 2006 Vauxhall .. Peter Gabriel Sledgehammer 2000 Verizon Wireless .. The Beatles: 'All Together Now' ~ 2002 Very.co.uk - Holly & Fearne Take On Santa .. Specially Recorded; Anything You Can Do 2011 watch Very.co.uk Wardrobe for all Seasons .. The Quik; Berts Apple Crumble 2010 watch . Very.co.uk - Discover Spring .. Eliza Doolittle; Skinny Genes 2010 watch . Very.co.uk .. Louis Armstrong; 'Zat You Santa Claus? 2009 watch Vicks VapoRub - Sleeptight .. Shirley Temple; Goodnight My Love 2011 watch Vicks Sinex .. Nouvelle Vague; I Melt With You 2009 Vick's Cough Syrup .. Nick Drake From The Morning 2008 watch Vicks Medinite Complete & Daymed - Hugs .. Dragonette; Get Lucky 2007/2008 Vick's First Defence .. Dawn Landes; I'm A Believer 2007 Vimto .. Box Bottom; Bounce n Boom 2011 watch Virgin Money 40 Years of Better .. Daft Punk; Outlands + Mike Oldfield; Tubular Bells Part 1 2012 watch Virgin Holidays Best Of Rockstar Service Sale .. Radio FreQ; Where You Been? 2012 watch Virgin Media - Exciting Place to Live .. Dan Black; Symphonies 2011 watch Virgin Atlantic Got It .. Muse; Feeling Good 2010 watch Virgin Holidays Rockstar Service .. Radio FreQ; Where You Been? 2010 watch Virgin Holidays .. David Rose; The Stripper 2010 watch Virgin Media .. Mazzy Star; Into Dust 2009 watch Virgin Trains - Bumbling Ed.. Europe; The Final Countdown 2009 watch Virgin Trains - Booty Train.. ABC; Look Of Love 2009 watch Virgin Atlantic - Flat Bed Suite .. Bee Gees How Deep Is Your Love? 2009 watch Virgin Atlantic - 25 Years .. Frankie Goes To Hollywood Relax 2009 watch Virgin Holidays - I Want The World .. Charlotte Church I Want It Now (From Willy Wonka) 2008 watch Virgin Holidays: Orlando - Florida .. Supergrass; Alright 2008 watch Virgin 1 Channel Launch .. Enemy; You're Not Alone 2007 Virgin On Demand - Reality .. No Doubt; Just A Girl 2007 Virgin Trains .. Max Greger; Big Train 2007 watch Virgin On Demand .. Foo Fighters; Learn To Fly 2007 Virgin Radio .. Free; All Right Now 2005 Visa Golden Space Usain Bolt vs London .. Ocean Colour Scene; Hundred Mile High City 2012 watch Visa - London 2012 .. The Courteeners; Take Over The World 2011 watch Visa Card: Football running man.. Pixies; Isla De Encanta 2010 watch Visa Card: Life Flows Better .. Don Thomas; Come On Train (Ian Parton Remix) 2009 watch Visa Card: Running man.. Whitey; Non Stop 2008 watch Visa Card .. Obi; Somewhere Nicer 2007 watch Vision Express Well See You Right .. Waterfall; (Stone Roses cover) 2012 watch Visit Scotland: the creative year .. commissioned; Paul Mounsey based on "North" album Nahoo Too 2012 watch Visit Wales: Piers Bramhalls Proper Holiday .. Islet; Ringerz 2012 watch Visit Morocco: The Country That Travels Within You .. Yann Destal; Specially Recorded 2011 watch Visit Scotland: Perfect Day .. Waterboys; Fisherman's Blues 2009 watch VO5 Extreme Style - The Pliktisijiteur Pageant .. The BossHoss; Word Up 2011 watch VO5 Assembly Line .. Example; Kickstarts 2010 watch VO5 Extreme Style Headless .. Chromeo; Fancy Footwork 2010 VO5 Styling Army Recruits .. Santogold; Creator vs Switch & Freq Nasty 2008 Vodafone .. justtextgiving .. Two Door Cinema Club; Something Good Can Work 2011 listen Vodafone .. Bryan Ferry; The In Crowd 2010 listen Vodafone Network Couples .. Jamie Cullum; Im All Over It 2010 watch Vodafone .. Tony Bennett & Celine Dion; If I Ruled The World 2009 watch Vodafone Freedom Pack .. Tom Jones; If I Ruled The World 2009 watch Vodafone Freedom Pack .. James Brown; If I Ruled The World 2009 watch Vodafone .. Roger Whittaker; Mexican Whistler 2008 Vodafone .. Pearl And The Puppets; Because I Do 2008 watch Vodafone Mobile Email Rabbit .. Delibes; Coppelia - Act I: Valse Lente 2008 watch Vodafone Airport Chaos .. Mel Torme; Comin' Home Baby 2007 Vodafone Christmas .. Anita O' Day; A Nightingale Sang In Berkely Square 2007 Vodafone .. Labi Siffre; It Must Be Love 2007 Vodafone .. Nancy Sinatra The End (Of The Raindow) 2007 Vodafone The Internet Is Mobile .. Disney Little April Shower (from Bambi) 2007 Vodafone .. Regina Spektor Hotel Song 2007 Vodafone .. Jon Brion Theme from Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind 2006 Vodafone Family .. Bell X1 Another Girl, Another Planet 2006 Vodafone .. Only Ones Another Girl, Another Planet 2006 Vodafone .. Dandy Warhols: Bohemian Like You 2002 Volkswagen Up .. Baba Brooks; Portrait of My Love 2012 watch Volkswagen Blue Motion .. Tiziano Lamberti; Wouldnt It Be Nice 2011 watch Volkswagen - New Golf Cabriolet .. The Kinks; Days 2011 watch Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles - 60 Years .. The Beach Boys; God Only Knows 2011 watch Volkswagen Passat .. John Williams; Imperial March from The Empire Strikes Back 2011 watch Volkswagen Polo - Last Tango in Compton .. Roc C Feat. Oh No & Pok Dogg; Dont Stop 2010 watch Volkswagen Polo .. Pink; Bad Influence 2009 watch Volkswagen Golf .. Jeans Team & MJ Lan Keine Melodien 2009 watch Volkswagen Passat: Extraordinary But Real .. Ferdinando Arno ft. Sandy Chambers; Gardener 2008 watch Volkswagen Golf .. Paul Hartnoll; Gob Smack 2008 Volkswagen Polo (singing dog) .. Charlie Winston ; I'm A Man 2008 Volkswagen Polo .. Spencer Davis Group I'm A Man .. 2008 watch Volkswagen Tiguan .. Andrew Weatherall; Feathers 2008 Volkswagen Beetle .. Devendra Banhart Santa Maria De Feira 2007 Volkswagen Golf .. Cliff Martinez Don't Blow It 2007 Volkswagen Golf .. Adrian Sutton's cover of; The Great Pretender 2007 Volkswagen .. Mint Royale; Singing In The Rain 2006 Volkswagen Convertible .. Electric Light Orchestra (ELO) Mr Blue Sky 2002 Volkswagen .. Styx: 'Mr. Roboto' Volvo S60 T3 R-Design - Tarot .. Ástor Piazzolla; Libertango 2011 watch Volvo C30 .. Puccini; Oh Mio Babbino Caro from Gianni Schicch /&/ Petter; Slag Under Baltet 2010 watch Volvo C70 .. Miss Li; Oh Boy 2010 watch Volvo C30 (Design Creates Debate) .. Baikonour; Hoko To Shin Ken 2008 Volvo XC70 .. Roy Orbison; Only The Lonely 2008 Volvo V70; Perfect Afternoon .. Nina Nastasia; Our Day Trip 2008 Volvo XC70 .. Traditional Wheels On The Bus 2007 Volvo S40 .. Fats Waller When Somebody Thinks You're Wonderful 1999 Volvo .. Donovan: 'Catch The Wind' Vonage .. Rock-A-Teens: 'Woo Hoo' Wachovia: AG Edwards .. Jon Darling; Lunatics 2008 watch Waitrose - School of Christmas Magic .. Special Arrangement; Carol of the Bells 2011 watch Waitrose - Love food, Love Life .. Mumm-ra; Shes Got You High? 2011 watch Waitrose Price Match .. Dave Brubeck Quartet; Take Five 2010 watch Waitrose The Only Place To Be This Christmas .. Camilla Kerslake; How Can I Keep From Singing 2009 watch Waitrose Christmas Food .. Libera; How Can I Keep From Singing (album:Eternal/The Best of Libera) 2008 watch Waitrose Christmas Food .. John Paul Young; Love Is In The Air 2008 watch Waitrose quality food (picnic ad) .. Canned Heat; Going up the Country 2008 watch Waitrose Christmas Food .. John Paul Young; Love Is In The Air 2007 watch Waitrose Beef Farmers .. Elvis Presley; Love Me Tender 2007 watch Waitrose Sustainable Fishing .. Mills Brothers: Some of These Days 2007 Waitrose Masters of Wine .. Carmel: More, More, More 2007 Waitrose .. Leo Sayer: You Make Me Feel Like Dancing 2007 Waitrose .. Matt Monro: Somewhere (From West Side Story) 2007 Waitrose .. Billie Holiday: When You're Smiling 2007 Waitrose Sustainable Fishing .. Mills Brothers: Some of These Days 2007 Waitrose Masters of Wine .. Carmel: More, More, More 2007 Waitrose .. Wilson Pickett; In The Midnight Hour 2002 Wales Sunloungers .. Sweet Baboo; Bumblebee Song 2010 watch Walkers Crisps Whats That Flavour? .. Special Version: Craig David; Whats Your Flava? 2012 watch Walkers Sunbites .. Peters and Lee; Welcome Home 2011 watch Walkers Rainy Days .. The Weather Girls; Its Raining Men 2010 watch Walkers Extra Crunchy .. Lionel Richie; Say You, Say Me 2010 watch Walkers Crisps - Sandwich .. JLS; One Shot 2010 watch Walkers Baked .. Air; Sexy Boy 2010 watch Walkers Flavour Cup Games .. Herb Alpert; Bean Bag 2010 watch Walkers Crisps - Sandwich .. JLS; One Shot 2010 watch Walkers Baked Crisps - Sexy Boy Gary Lineker .. Air; Sexy Boy 2010 watch Walkers Crisps - Do Us A Flavour .. The Specials; A Message To You Rudy 2008 Walkers Crisps .. special version; Summer Holiday 2008 Walkers Crisps - 100% British Potatoes .. Flanders & Swann; Hippopotamus Song (Mud Glorious Mud) 2008 Walkers .. Trad; Mud, Mud, Glorious Mud 2007 Walkers: Monster Munch 80% Less Fat.. Bobby "Boris" Pickett & The Crypt-Kickers Monster Mash 2007 Walkers Lamb & Mint Flavour Crisps /Salt GDA .. Bobby McFerrin; Dont Worry, Be Happy 2006 Walkers Sauce Promotion .. Motorhead; Ace of Spades 2005 Walkers Wotsits .. Captain Sensible; Wot 1999 Walkers Crisps .. Peters & Lee; Welcome Home 1994ish watch Walls Cornetto - Teddy Bear .. Audio Bullys; Only Man 2011 watch Walls Carte dOr - Great Ending.. Minnutes; Icedream 2011 watch Walls Carte D'Or .. Michael Buble; Haven't Met You Yet 2010 watch Walls Ice Cream: Carte D'Or Caramel Cinnamon Waffle .. Gavin Degraw; Follow Through 2009 watch Wall's Carte D'Or - New Lemon Sorbet .. Gavin Degraw; Follow Through 2008 watch Walls Ice Cream: Magnum Ecuador .. Yma Sumac Tumpa (Earthquake) 2007 Walls Ice Cream: Cornetto .. Elvis Presley; Its Now Or Never 2000 Wanadoo .. Iggy & The Stooges; Down on the Street 2005 Warburtons Taste Testers .. Jimmy Cliff; You Can Get It If You Really Want 2012 watch Warburtons - Millionth Loaf .. Elias and his Zig Zag Jive Flutes; Tom Hark 2011 watch Warburtons - Burnt Toast .. Barber; Adagio For Strings 2010 watch Warburtons - The Mission .. Jerry Goldsmith; Parachutes (Air Force One - Opening Theme) 2010 watch Warburtons .. Cat Stevens: Morning Has Broken 2006 Warner Leisure Hotels Grown Ups .. Texas; Inner Smile 2012 watch Warner Leisure Hotels Autumn 2010 .. Kidda; Strong Together 2010 watch Warner Brothers License To Wed .. Spencer Davis Group; Gimme Some Loving 2007 Water Aid .. Hans Zimmer & Lisa Gerrard; Now We Are Free (Juba's Mix) 2006 Weetabix - Chocolate Spoonsize .. Mord Fustang; A New World 2011 watch Weetabix - Oatibix .. The Knack; My Sharona 2009 watch Weetabix .. Jonathan Richman & The Modern Lovers: Egyptian Reggae 2006 listen Weetabix .. TV Theme; Galloping Home (Theme From Black Beauty) 2000 watch Weetabix .. Beach Boys ft. The Fat Boys; Wipe out 2000 listen Weetabix .. unknown; I will Survive 1997ish watch Weight Watchers: Do It Our Way .. Alesha Dixon; Do It Our Way (Play) 2012 watch Weight Watchers .. Barbara Harris: Gorgeous 2007 Weight Watchers .. Cher; Song For The Lonely 2006 Welch's Grape Juice - Antioxidents .. Tchaikovsky; Chinese Dance 2008 Werthers Original - Fathers and Sons .. Bread; Everything I Own 2011 watch Westpac .. Des'ree; You Gotta Be early 2000's listen West End Draught .. ?? especially commissioned song ?? 2007 watch Western Australia tourism .. Russell Morris: "The Real Thing" ~ Australian Which? (Magazine) .. Verdi: Anvil Chorus from 'La Traviata' 2006 Whiskas Temptations: Let It Snow .. The Puppini Sisters; Let It Snow 2010 watch Whiskas .. Acker Bilk; Stranger On The Shore 2005 Whiskas .. Humphrey Lyttelton Band; The Onions 2000 William Hill Vegas Casino .. Rival Consoles; Kid Velo 2012 watch William Hill .. Switch; A Bit Patchy 2011 listen William Hill - Football Currency .. Mantronix; King of the Beats 2011 watch William Hill .. Sex Pistols; Pretty Vacant 2010 listen Winalot Heart Of Our Family .. Edward Elgar; Nimrod (from "Enigma Variations") 2011 listen Wolf Blass .. Wolf Blass; Wolf Blass Theme 2005 Wonderbra Pure .. Stranglers: Hanging Around 2002 Wonga .. Frankie Laine; Rawhide 2011 listen Woodpecker Cider .. Culture Beat; Mr Vain 2000 Woolwich Mortgages .. Bach: Concerto for Violin and Oboe in C minor: II. Adagio 2006 Woolworths Sale .. Kaiser Chiefs; Ruby 2007 Woolworths Friends - Joey DVD Promotion .. Rembrandts; I'll Be There For You 2005 Woolworths .. Space Raiders; Song for Dot 2004 World Wildlife Fund .. 1 Giant Leap: Dunya Salam 2005 Worthingtons .. Limp Bizkit: My Way 2003 Wrangler .. Jimi Hendrix: Crosstown Traffic 2000 Wrangler .. Victor Young; Follow The Yellow Brick Road 1999 Wrangler .. Thin Lizzy: 'The Boys are Back in Town' Wrigleys Extra Gum Are You Following Me? .. Nylon Studios; Commissioned Track 2010 watch Wrigleys Extra sponsors Hollyoaks on Channel 4 .. Joey Ryan; Honest Man 2008 Wrigleys Extra Fusion - Mixed Up Flavours .. Hein Hoven @ Beathoven ft. Tight Eyez ; Krumping 2008 Wrigleys Orbit .. Larrikin Love; Six Queens 2008 Wrigleys Extra Fusion .. Klaxons; Gravity's Rainbow (Van She Remix) 2007 Wrigley's Extra chewing gum .. Hanson: "Mmm Bop" 2004 Wrigley's Spearmint .. Spencer Davis Group: "Keep On Running" '90s WSPA .. REM: Everybody Hurts 2007 WWF - Save The Cerrado .. Janine Forrester; Commissioned Track 2011 watch X >> Xbox 360 Final Fantasy XIII 2 .. Charice; New World 2012 watch XBox 360 Kinect Effect .. Pixies; Where Is My Mind 2011 watch XBox 360 Forza Motorsport 4 .. Kanye West; Power 2011 watch Xbox 360 Gears of War 3: Dust to Dust .. Mazzy Star; Into Dust 2011 watch XBox 360 Fable III .. T Rex; Children of the Revolution 2010 watch XBox 360 Final Fantasy XIII .. Leona Lewis; My Hands 2010 listen XBox 360 Watch Sky TV .. Big Pink; Dominos 2009 watch XBox 360: Gears of War 2.. DeVotchka; "How It Ends" 2008 watch XBox 360: Bring Everyone Together .. Poison; Nothin' But A Good Time 2007 XBox 360: Bioshock .. Bobby Darin; Beyond The Sea 2007 XBox 360: Halo 3 .. Chopin; Raindrop Prelude (Op. 28, Prelude No. 15 in D-flat major) 2007 X Files .. Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds; Red Right Hand 1990 Y >> Yahoo .. Queen: "You're My Best Friend" Yahoo .. Eric Clapton: 'Wonderful Tonight' Yell.com - Day V Lately .. Day V Lately; Pulse & Thunder 2011 watch Yellow Pages .. Ramones; Baby I Love You 1997 Yeo Valley Organic - X-Factor 2011 .. The Churned; Forever 2011 watch Yeo Valley Organic - Harmony .. Yeo Valley Boyz; Yeo Valley Rap (ft Mr George & Lisa Roxanne) 2010 watch Yoplait Yogurt .. Bryan Hyland cover: 'Itsy Bitsy Teenie Weenie Yellow Polka Dot Bikini' Yorkshire Bank Current Account .. Farm; All Together Now 2007 Yorkshire Tourist Ad .. Jam; English Rose 2008 Youngs Chip Shop -- Hungry Sailor .. Port Isaacs Fishermans Friends; The Hungry Sailor 2011 watch Youngs Breaded Fish: Love Fish .. Port Isaacs Fishermans Friends; When The Boat Comes In 2011 watch Youngs: Sea To Plate .. Andy Findon; Dance Ti Thi Daddy (Theme from When The Boat Comes In) 2006 Yves Saint Laurent Opium .. Mozart; Lacrimosa from Requiem in D Minor 2011 watch Yves Saint Laurent Elle .. Yeah Yeah Yeahs; Gold Lion 2007 watch Z > Zoflora Bouquet.. Dukas; Sorcerers Apprentice 2005 Zurich Municipal Insurance .. Showaddywaddy; You Got What It Takes 2000 IF YOU KNOW A TV AD SONG NOT ON THE LIST ~ PLEASE EMAIL I put ad's up on the page at least once a week that I have seen and know or have very kindly been emailed in. Sincere apologies, but PLEASE don't ask me to search an ad song for you. If you can't find, it odds on, I cant!! With all the many pages I do on my hobby-site I just haven't the time for hour long searches ~ really sorry. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *	Christie
Which British regiment were originally known as Monks Regimen of Foot when they were formed in the mid-17th century?	TV Ads, Commercials and Music AA .. Carole King; You've Got A Friend 2006 listen AA .. Mozarts Piano Concerto No.21: 2nd Movement: Andante (Elvira Madigan) 2005 AA just ask .. John Barry: 'Midnight Cowboy' ~ UK 2002 AA breakdown .. Whistling Jack Smith: "I Was Kaiser Bill's Batman" ~ 2004 listen Abbey National .. Idlewild: Too Long Awake(reprise) 2005 Abbey National .. Boston: More Than A Feeling uk 2005 Abbey National .. Tom Jones: "Help Yourself" ~ UK 2003 Abrakebabra .. Eric Carmen; Hungry Eyes 2009 watch Absolut Vodka: Blank Art .. The Octopus Project; Fuguefat 2011 watch Absolut Vodka: Doing Things Differently .. Fall On Your Sword; Ceremony 2010 Absolute Radio No Repeat Guarantee .. Jam; Eton Rifles 2009 Absolute Radio .. Pulp; Common People 2008 watch Absolute Radio .. Killers; Mr Brightside 2008 watch Ace Hardware .. Foghat: 'Slow Ride' Acer - Iconia Tab A500 .. Ferdinando Arno; A New Kind of Something 2011 watch Activision Call Of Duty: Black Ops .. Rolling Stones; Gimme Shelter 2010 watch Activision Guitar Hero:Warriors Of Rock .. Muse; Uprising 2010 listen Activision Guitar Hero:World Tour & Playboy Mansion.. Bob Seger & SB; Band Old Time Rock n Roll 2009 Activision Guitar Hero III .. Velvet Revolver Slither 2008 watch Activision Guitar Hero II .. Wolfmother: Woman 2007 Adidas Take The Stage All 2012 .. Wretch; Youre Up Next 2012 watch Adidas .. Justice; Civilization 2011 watch Adidas Originals .. Dee Edwards; Why Cant There Be Love (Pilooski Remix) 2010 watch Adidas Originals .. John Williams; Cantina Band 2010 watch Adidas Originals .. Pilooski; Can't There Be Love 2010 watch Adidas .. Frankie Valli and the Four Seasons; Beggin' (Pilooski Remix) 2009 Adidas .. Morning Runner: Burning Benches 2007 watch Adidas .. Khachaturian: "Sabre Dance" ~ 2006 watch Adidas .. Squeak E Clean Featuring Karen O: Hello Tomorrow 2005 Adidas Understanding Football II .. Members: Sound of the Suburbs 2005 Aero - Feel The Bubbles .. Jackson Five; ABC 2009 watch Aero .. Henry Mancini; Lujon 2005 Aero .. Black Mighty Orchestra; Ocean Beach 2005 Air France - Soaring .. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart; Piano Concerto No. 23 in A, K. 488: II.Adagio 2011 watch AIWA sound systems .. Queen: 'Another One Bites The Dust' ~ 1998 Albert Bartlett Rooster Potatoes Marcia Cross .. Los del Río; Macarena 2010 watch Alberto V05 - Extreme Style .. Whitey: A Walk In The Dark 2007 watch Alfa Romeo MiTo.. Flavio Ibba; Red Rose Music Production 2010 watch Alfa Romeo .. Daft Punk; Technologic 2009 Alfa Romeo Spider .. Mozart: Duettino - Sull'aria from The Marriage of Figaro: Act III Scene 10 2007 view Alfa Romeo .. Sister Rosetta Tharpe: What Is The Soul Of Man 2006 Alliance and Leicester .. Henry Mancini: Baby Elephant Walk 1999 Allianz Insurance .. Queen; I Want It All 2008 Alpro Soya For Active Grown-ups .. The Dixie Cups; Iko Iko 2010 watch Alpro Soya - Age Is Strength .. Hooverphonic; Eden 2008 view Alpro Soya - Good For Everybody .. Mary J Blige; (You Make Me Feel Like A) Natural Woman 2008 view Alton Towers (secret doors) .. Edvard Grieg; In The Hall Of The Mountain King 2008 Alton Towers (lions) .. Simon Park Orchestra; Eye Level early 80's Always .. Tchaikovsky; Dance Of The Sugar Plum Fairy from The Nutcracker Suite 2009 Alzheimer's Society .. Satie: Gymnopedie No 1 2006 Amazon All-New Kindle .. Generationals; When They Fight, They Fight 2012 watch Amazon Kindle: The Book Lives On .. The New Pornographers; Sweet Talk, Sweet Talk 2011 watch Amazon Kindle: Zest .. Bibio; Lovers Carvings 2010 watch Amazon Kindle .. Little & Ashley; Fly Me Away 2010 watch American Airlines .. Khachaturian: Sabre Dance 2007 Amnesty International Campaign To Save Darfur .. U2: Instant Karma 2007 Amor Amor, Forbidden Kiss (Cacharel) .. Cat Power song; ?? Forbidden Love?? 2011 watch Anadin Extra: Let It Shine .. Odetta; This Little Light Of Mine 2008 Anadin Extra painkillers .. RJD2; Ghostwriter 200? Ancestry.co.uk .. Max Richter; Vladimir's Blues 2009 Anchor Butter - Cow Party .. Patti Drew; Hard To Handle 2011 watch Anchor Butter - Made by Cows .. Handsome Hank and His Lonesome Boys; Paradise City 2010 watch Anchor Butter .. ??Human Voices??; The Great Escape Theme 2009 watch Anchor Butter .. Bing Crosby; Don't Fence Me In 2007 view Andalucia .org .. Chambao: Ah Estas Tu 2006 Andrex - The Little Things .. Dave Berry; Little Things 2010 watch Andrex - Pennies .. Lita Roza; How Much Is That Doggie In The Window? 2010 watch Andrex - Christmas Puppies .. Shakin' Stevens; Merry Christmas Everyone 2009 watch Andrex .. Marvin Gaye & Tammi Terrell Ain't Nothing Like The Real Thing 2009 view Andrex .. Respect; Aretha Franklin 2008 Andrex - Longer Lasting .. Tchaikovsky: Dance Of The Sugar Plum Fairy from The Nutcracker Suite 2007 Animal Planet: Bumble Bees .. BMG Athmosphere; Sunny Haze 2008 Animal Planet: Wild 100 .. Tomoyasu Hotei; Battle Without Honor or Humanity 2007 Ann Summers - Model Search .. Jagga; Modern Day Romance 2011 watch Ann Summers .. Christmas Carol; O Come All Ye Faithful 2007 view Ansett Australia .. The Who: "My Generation" ~ Australia Ansett Australia .. Vanessa Amorosi: "Shine" ~ Australia AOL Broadband .. Faure; In Paradisum from Requiem ~ 2006 Apple iCloud Harmony .. Andy Huckvale; Reach 2012 watch Apple iPod Touch Share The Fun .. Grouplove Tongue Tied 2011 watch Apple iPhone 4S .. Keith Kenniff; Goldengrove v2 2011 watch Apple Corps - The Beatles on itunes .. The Beatles; Let It Be 2010 watch Apple MacBook Air - Pinch .. Alan Steinberger; Apple Jingle (commissioned) 2010 watch Apple iPod Nano A New Way to Nano .. CAKE; Short Skirt/Long Jacket 2010 watch Apple iPad Delicious .. Chilly Gonzales; Never Stop 2010 watch Apple iPod Touch .. Chappo; Come Home 2010 watch Apple iPhone 4 .. Louis Armstrong; When Youre Smiling (the Whole World Smiles With You) 2010 watch Apple iPad - Revolution .. Yeah Yeah Yeahs; Gold Lion 2010 watch Apple iPhone 3GS On Hold .. The Boy Least Likely To; Stringing Up Conkers 2010 watch Apple iPhone 3GS .. Submarines; Submarine Symphonika 2010 watch Apple iPad .. Blue Van; There Goes My Love 2010 watch Apple iPod Touch 3G .. Tommy Sparks; She's Got Me Dancing 2009 watch Apple Nano - Video .. Miss Li and Amanda Jenssen; Bourgeois Shangri-La 2009 Apple iPhone 3GS .. Matt Costa; Mr Pitiful 2009 Apple iPhone 3G .. Submarines; You Me and the Bourgeoisie 2009 Apple iPod Touch 2g .. Franz Ferdinand; No You Girls Never Know 2009 Apple iPod - iTouch .. Asteroids Galaxy Tour; Around The Bend 2008 view Apple Nano - Chromatic .. Chairlift; Bruises 2008 view Apple iTunes - Coldplay Exclusive .. Coldplay Viva La Vida 2008 view Apple iPod & iTunes .. Ting Tings Shut Up & Let Me Go 2008 view Apple iPhone 3G - Beat the iPhone .. David Holmes; $165 Million + Interest (into) The Round-Up 2008 view Apple Macbook Air .. Yael Naim; New Soul 2008 view Apple iPod & iTunes .. Mary J Blige; Work That - 2008 view Apple iPhone .. Orba Squara; Perfect Timing (This Morning) 2007 Apple iPod Touch .. CSS; Music Is My Hot, Hot Sex 2007 Apple 3rd generation iPod nano .. Feist: 1,2,3,4, Sept 2007 Apple iPod Shuffle .. Prototypes: 'Who's Gonna Sing' 2007 Apple iPod .. Fratellis: Flathead 2007 Apple iPod .. Bob Dylan: Someday Baby 2006 Apple iPod .. Gorillaz: "Feel Good Inc" 2005 Apple iMac (White) .. Cream: White Room 2000 Apple iMac (Blue) .. Elvis Presley: Blue Suede Shoes 2000 Aquafina .. The Carpenters: 'Top of the World' Aquafresh Toothpaste .. The Knack: My Sharona 2005 Argos - Reserve Online .. Aled Jones; Walking In The Air 2011 watch Argos Bing Crosby Christmas .. FaithSFX White Christmas 2010 watch Argos - Christmas Lists .. Jona Lewie; Stop The Cavalry 2009 watch Argos - The Big Play .. Chic; Good Times 2009 watch Argos - Live For Less .. Fine Young Cannibals Good Thing 2009 view Argos - Last Minute Christmas Shopping .. Chuck Berry Run Rudolph Run 2008 view Argos - Christmas Catalogue .. MC Hammer; U Can't Touch This 2008 view Argos - New Catalogue .. Victor Young; We're Off To See The Wizard (From The Wizard Of Oz) 2008 view Argos .. Dean Martin; Relax-Ay-Voo 2008 view Argos .. Wizzard; I Wish It Could Be Christmas Every Day 2007 Argos Christmassy Deals .. Perry Como & The Fontane Sisters; It's Beginning to Look Like Christmas 2007 Argos .. Jean Knight: Mr Big Stuff 2005 Ariel Turn To 30 .. Mendelssohn: Overture from The Hebrides (Fingal's Cave) 2007 Ariel with Febreeze .. Kool and the Gang: Fresh 2007 Armani (Giorgio): Acqua Di Gioia Woman and Nature .. Cinematic Orchestra; Arrival of the Birds 2010 watch Arthurs Cat Food .. Buzzcocks: What Do I Get 2000 Asda - 10% Price Guarantee .. Eric Morecambe and Ernie Wise; Bring Me Sunshine 2012 watch Asda - Extra Special Christmas Desserts .. Special Arrangement; Winter Wonderland 2011 watch Asda .. Puccini; Humming Chorus from Madam Butterfly 2010 listen Asda .. Mungo Jerry; In The Summertime 2008 Asda .. Wild Billy Childish and The Blackhands; Who Do You Think You Are Kidding Mr Hitler? 2008 Asda George Uniform .. Beethoven: Symphony No 5 2007 Asda George .. Lil' Chris: Checkin It Out 2007 Asda Christmas Drink .. Slade: Merry Xmas Everybody 2006 Asda Extra Special .. Marlene Dietrich: Falling In Love Again 2006 Asics: Made of Sport .. Massive Music; Specially Recorded 2012 watch Asics: Sound Mind, Sound Body .. Electric President; Ten Thousand Lines 2011 watch Aston Manor Press 81 Premium Cider - Chill to Perfection .. DZ Deathrays; Gebbie Street 2011 watch ASUS Eee Pad Transformer .. Terry Devine-King; Delinquent 2011 AT & T Wireless .. The Beatles: 'Come Together' Audi A5 The Swan .. Danny Kaye; Ugly Ducking 2012 watch Audi A6 Avant - Open Road, Open Sky .. John Charles Thomas; Open Road (from The Gyspy Baron) 2011 watch Audi A6 - Manipulation .. Alex Heffes ft. Regina Spektor; Balloon Girl 2011 watch Audi A7 Sportback .. Basement Jaxx; Dracula 2010 watch Audi R8 Spyder .. Handel; Eternal Source of Light Divine 2010 watch Audi A6 Injection .. Battles; Race:In 2009 Audi Economy Drive .. Jimmy Reed; Bright Lights, Big City 2009 Audi A4 (Progress is Beautiful) .. created by Nate Morgan of Eliasarts; Notes on Progress 2008 Audi RS6 (Gymnast) .. Composed especially for the advert 2008 Audi R8 .. Simone White; The Beep Beep Song 2007 Audi A5 .. Dustin O'Halloran: Prelude 2 2007 Audi TT .. Motorettes: Kids In America 2007 Audi Quattro RS4 .. Burl Ives: I Know An Old Lady (Who Swallowed A Fly) 2006 Audi Q7 .. EVax: Glacier 2006 Audi TT .. Jimi Hendrix: Third Stone from the Sun 2002 Audi A8 .. Beethoven: Moonlight Sonata 1998 Auto Trader .. Paul Reade; Theme From The Frumps 2008 Avios - Anything Can Fly .. Leila; Underwaters (One For Keni) 2011 watch Aviva Car Insurance .. Cream; I Feel Free 2010 watch Aviva Pensions .. Buzzcocks; Everybody's Happy Nowadays 2009 watch Aviva .. Chemical Brothers; The Pills Won't Help You Now 2009 Axa Swiftcover.com .. Baha Men; Who Let The Dogs Out 2012 watch Axe Shampoo .. Teddybears STHLM ft. Swing-Fly; Hey Boy 2009 watch B >> B&Q - I Did That .. Crosby, Stills and Nash; Our House 2012 watch B&Q You Can Do It .. Amber States; Our House 2012 watch B&Q Memories .. Dean Martin; Memories Are Made of This 2011 watch B&Q - Garden Makeover .. Adelphoi; Longer Brighter 2011 watch B&Q - Lets Do It Together .. Adelphoi; Longer Brighter 2011 watch B&Q .. Bananarama and Fun Boy Three; It Ain't What You Do It's The Way That You Do It 2008 watch B&Q .. Cole Porter; Let's Do It (Let's Fall In Love) 2007 B&Q Sale .. Slim Smith & The Uniques: Build My World Around You 2007 Bacardi - Together Manifesto .. Islands; Switched On 2011 watch Bacardi Island .. Sao Benitez; Danca Loco 2010 watch Bacardi Mojito .. Kidda Under The Sun 2008 watch Bacardi Made 2 Mix Rum .. Max Sedgley: Happy (Make You Happy) 2007 Bacardi .. D4: Get Loose 2006 Bacardi .. Primal Scream: Movin' On Up 2006 Baileys Irish Cream - Hazelnut .. The Rumble Strips: Girls and Boys in Love 2010 watch Baileys Irish Cream - with Ice .. Macy Gray; Come Together 2010 DL Baileys Irish Cream .. Elana Drago; Let It Snow, Let It Snow, Let It Snow 2009 watch Baileys Irish Cream .. Ray Charles; The Night Time Is The Right Time 2009 watch Baileys Irish Cream .. Billy Byrd and His Penguins; Boom Pacha Boom 2007 Baileys Irish Cream .. Carmen Miranda; Chica Chica Boom Chic 2007 Baileys Float .. 4 Hero: Les Fleur 2004 Baileys .. Blondie: 'One Way or Another' 2000 Ballygowan .. Paula Flynn: Let's Dance 2007 Ballygowan .. T Rex: Cosmic Dancer 2006 Bank Of Scotland .. Lloyd Cole & The Commotions: Lost Weekend 2007 Barclays Pingit .. Metronomy; The Look 2012 watch Barclays Offset Mortgage - Hourglass .. Jacques Offenbach Arr: Keith J Blainville; Barcarolle 2011 watch Barclaycard City Rollercoaster .. Petula Clark; Downtown 2011 watch Barclays .. Offenbach; Barcarolle from The Tales of Hoffmann 2011 watch Barclays .. Dead or Alive; You Spin Me Round 2010 listen Barclaycard - Freedom .. Booker T and The MGs; Green Onions 2010 listen Barclaycard Contactless - rollercoaster .. Boston; More Than A Feeling 2010 watch Barclaycard .. Whitey; Non Stop 2008 Barnardos Turn Around .. Bat For Lashes; Moon and Moon 2009 watch BASF .. Sol Seppy: Wonderland 2007 Baxters - No One Makes Soup Like .. Frightened Rabbit; Swim Until You Cant See Land 2011 watch BBC 5LIve - New Football Season .. U2; Where The Streets Have No Name 2010 listen BBC Luther Theme Music .. Massive Attack; Paradise Circus 2010 listen BBC Man on Wire Trailer .. Satie; Gymnopedie No 1 2009 BBC Occupation Trailer .. Grizzly Bear; Deep Blue Sea 2009 BBC Films: The Damned United .. Glasvegas; Geraldine 2009 watch BBC Films: The Damned United .. Edgar Winter Group; Free Ride 2009 watch BBC Sport 2009 .. Hives; Tick Tick Boom 2009 BBC Christmas promotion . . Badly Drawn Boy; Donna and Blitzen 2008 watch BBC HD .. Saliva Ladies and Gentlemen 2008 watch BBC Eastenders: Jacksons .. Jackson Five I Want You Back 2008 BBC Animal Rescue .. Deva Premal & Miten; Through The Eyes Of An Angel 2008 BBC Eastenders: Ricky & Bianca's return .. Righteous Brothers; Hung on You 2008 BBC Dimbleby Lecture .. Alexander Glazunov; The Seasons, Op. 67: Autumn - Bacchanale BBC Ganges Trailer .. Talvin Singh Traveller 2007 BBC Radio 2 (Russell Brand playing a mandelin) .. REM Losing My Relgion 2007 BBC Michael Palins New Europe .. Andrew Bird; Heretics 2007 BBC The Restaurant .. Gonzalez Let's Groove Again 2007 BBC Saxondale New Series .. Focus: House Of The King 2007 BBC Radio 4 Promotion .. Eric Coates: By A Sleepy Lagoon (Theme from Desert Island Discs) 2007 BBC Radio Wales .. Fleetwood Mac; Man Of The World 2007 BBC Saving Planet Earth Trailer .. Peter Gabriel; The Feeling Begins 2007 BBC Jekyll & other Trailers .. Della Reese: Don't You Know 2007 BBC On Demand .. New Order: Blue Monday 88 2007 BBC Top Gear .. The Allman Brothers: "Jessica" 1990 BBC Film Night .. Billy Taylor Trio: I Wish I Knew (How It Would Feel To Be Free) 1975 BBC The Onedin Line (Main Theme) .. Khachaturian: Adagio Of Spartacus And Phygia 1973 BBC John Peel Show Theme .. Grinderswitch: Pickin' The Blues 1972 BBC What The Papers Say .. Malcolm Arnold's "Allegro Non Troppo", the fifth movement from English Dances BBC2: Seven Ages Of Rock .. Jimi Hendrix: All Along The Watchtower 2007 BBC4: Edwardian Season .. Misty's Big Adventure: Fashion Parade 2007 Becks Vier .. Arling & Cameron; Shiva's Rock 'n' Roll Dub 2008 Becks (man dancing with puppet men) .. Pink Mountaintops: Can You Do That Dance? 2007 Becks Vier Bier (man dancing with puppet men) .. The Flaming Lips: 'It Overtakes Me' 2006/7 Bells Whisky - Bells Tumbler Orchestra .. Harold Faltermeyer ; Axel F 2011 watch Bendicks .. Soul II Soul: Missing You 2000 Bendicks .. John Waite: Missing You 2000 Benecol: Better Together .. Jackie De Shannon; Put A Little Love In Your Heart 2011 watch Benecol Yoghurt: Once a Day .. Tommy McCook and the Supersonics; Reggae Méringue 2011 watch Bensons For Beds Autumn .. Georgie Fame; Yeh Yeh 2010 watch Benylin .. Charlatans; Can't Get Out Of Bed 2008 watch Bernard Matthews Farms Bootiful Choir .. Special Version; You Are So Beautiful 2010 Bernard Matthews Turkey Slices .. Nana Mouskouri; Never On A Sunday 2007 Berocca - LogJammers .. LumberJaxxx; LogJam 2010 watch Berocca .. Blancmange; Living On The Ceiling 2008 watch Bertolli Rustico Pasta Sauces .. John Bigante: Guaglione 2006 Bet365 Bingo .. C&C Music Factory; Gonna Make You Sweat (Everybody Dance Now) 2009 watch Bet365 On-Line Bingo .. Aberfeldy; Summer's Gone 2008 Beyonce Pulse Feel The Power .. Lil Wayne; Run The World 2011 watch Bic Soleil .. 5th Dimension: Let The Sun Shine In 2007 Birds Eye Frozen Peas .. Platters; The Great Pretender 2009 watch Birds Eye Fish Fingers Omega 3,Be Mortgage Free .. Madness; Our House 2007 Birdeye .. Autamata: "Fragments" ~ 2004 Bisto: Promise .. Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky; Dance Of The Cygnets (from Swan Lake) 2011 watch Bisto .. Grieg: Adagio from Piano Concerto 2006 Blackberry Playbook - Power .. The Temptations; Power 2011 watch Blackberry Playbook - Flash .. Queen; Flashs Theme 2011 watch Blackberry: Playbook .. Pretenders; Brass In Pocket 2011 watch Blackberry .. Beatles; All You Need Is Love 2009 watch Blackberry Curve .. The Humans; recorded specially for the ad 2008 Blackberry: Life On Blackbery .. Live The Proof; Jim Boggia 2008 Blackberry .. The Brazilian Girls; Jique 2007 Blockbusters: end of late fees .. Roy Orbison: It's Over 2005 Blood transfussion service .. Joe Campbell: "The Blood Donor ~ UK Bleu de Chanel The Film .. The Rolling Stones: She Said Yeah 2010 watch Blu-Ray - Rise of the Planet of the Apes .. Bat For Lashes; Sad Eyes 2011 watch Blue Ray Apes Ad .. 2011 .. watch BMW 3 Series Joy Wins .. Elvis vs JXL; A Little Less Conversation 2012 watch BMW 6 Series .. Electric Light Orchestra; Mr. Blue Sky 2011 watch BMW .. Philip Glass: "Cloudscape" ~ UK BMW .. Philip Glass: "Priut Igoe" ~ UK BMW 1 series .. The Champs: "Limbo Rock" ~ UK BNP Paribas: Keep Reaching .. The Middle East; Blood 2011 watch Boddingtons .. Happy Mondays: Step On 2005 Boddingtons .. Georgie Fame; Somebody Stole My Thunder 2004 Boddingtons .. Hollies; Stay 2000 Boddingtons .. Mike Flowers Pops Orchestra; Release Me 2000 Boddingtons .. Faithless; If Loving You Is Wrong 2000 Boddingtons Cattle Market .. King Bee; Back By Dope Demand 1999/2000 Boddingtons "By 'eck, you smell gorgeous tonight, Petal" .. DeWolfe;'Smoke Rings' 1992 Bodyform: Free Protective Tin .. Balkan Beat Box; Cha Cha 2008 Bodyform .. Rachel Kelly: (Ain't Gonna Let Nobody) Turn Me Around 2006 Body Form .. Joan Baez: "(Ain't Gonna Let Nobody) Turn Me Around" ~ UK Bold 2 in 1: Infusions .. Cover?? Cocteau Twins; "Pandora (For Cindy)" 2008 Bold 2 in 1: Crushed Silk & Jasmine .. Texas: Inner Smile 2006 Bold 2 in 1 .. Doris Day: It's A Great Feeling 2006 Boots - Christmas 2011 .. Sugababes -- Girls (Orchestral Version) 2011 watch Boots No.7 Protect and Perfect Jar Clearout .. Bananarama Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye 2010 watch Boots No 7 .. Eartha Kitt; A Lady Loves 2010 watch Boots Office Christmas Party .. Ernie K. Doe; Here Come The Girls 2007 Boots No. 7 .. Jefferson Airplane: "White Rabbit" 2006 Boots 'Gorgeous' Christmas .. the Gotan Project: "Epoca" 2006 Boots .. Dogs Die In Hot Cars: "No One Teaches Life Anything" 2005 Boots .. Hollies: I'm Alive 2000 Bose Cinemate 1 .. Atone; Introduction 2011 watch Bose - SoundLink .. Between Borders; Flowers In My Pocket 2011 watch Branston Baked Beans .. Hot Chocolate: You Sexy Thing 2007 Breezeloans .. Isley Brothers: Summer Breeze 2007 Breil .. Des'ree; You Gotta Be 1996 listen Brita Water Filters - 100% Recyclable .. Blue Sky Blonde Free Your Mind 2008 watch Britain's Next Top Model (at eviction time) .. Terry Devine-King; Leap of Faith 2 2006 British Airways Theme is "The Flower Duet" ... in many different arrangments and is on most of their adverts even Christmas ads with carol mixes. British Airways - Barbados .. Tim Devine; King Carnival 2011 British Airways - To Fly, To Serve .. Helen Jane Long; Commissioned Track 2011 watch British Airways - Orlando Florida .. Supergrass: Alright 2008 listen British Airways .. Brian Hodge; Angel Eyes 2007 watch British Airways .. Sophie Barker: "Leaving on a Jet Plane" 2006/7 watch British Airways .. Leo Delibes; Flower duet - Lakmé Opera - 90s/2000s Theme still in use watch British Airways .. Yanni: "Aria" (arrangment of Flower Duet - Lakmé Opera) ~ Theme still in use watch British Gas .. Fontella Bass; Rescue Me 2011 watch British Gas Energy Smart Energy Saving Monitor .. Henry Mancini; The Pink Panther Theme 2011 watch British Gas and Nectar: Look After Your World .. Queen; One Vision 2011 watch British Gas Paperless Billing .. Ponchielli; Dance Of The Hours from La Gioconda 2007 British Gas Green Energy Package .. Mozart; Overture from 'The Marriage of Figaro' 2007 British Gas 2nd Price Drop .. Tchaikovsky: 1812 Overture 2007 British Gas Price Drop .. Johan Strauss: Blue Danube Waltz 2007 British Heart Foundation Vinnie Jones .. Bee Gees; Staying Alive 2012 watch British Heart Foundation - Clots .. Frank Sinatra: I've Got You Under My Skin 2005 British Meat Beef & Lamb .. Booker T and The MGs: Soul Limbo 2006 British Red Cross Tsunami and Earthquake Appeal .. Elgar: Nimrod from Enigma Variations 2005 BT London Live Closing Ceremony Celebration Concert .. The Wanted; Gold Forever 2012 watch BT (British Telecom) Winter Deals .. Sam Fonteyn; Pop Looks Bach (Theme from Ski Sunday) 2012 watch BT (British Telecom) Infinity - Olympics .. The Irrepressibles; In This Shirt 2011 watch BT (British Telecom) Vision - TV The Way You Want It .. Bloc Party; Biko (Mogwai Remix) 2011 watch British Telecom (BT) Infinity - Light Streams .. Rachel Goodrich; Light Bulbs (ANR Remix) 2011 watch British Telecom (BT) Wedding Dance .. Minnie Riperton; Lovin You 2011 watch British Telecom (BT) Infinity - At Home .. V.V. Brown; Travelling Like The Light? 2011 listen British Telecom (BT) Total Broadband - Wi-Fi Everywhere .. Stephan Altman; No Place Like Home 2010 watch British Telecom (BT) BT Vision Digital TV-Christmas .. Noel Harrison; The Windmills of Your Mind 2010 watch British Telecom (BT) Total Broadband .. Stereo MCs; Step It Up 2010 listen British Telecom (BT) Fibre Optic Broadband - Infinity.. Allie Moss; Corner 2010 watch British Telecom (BT) Winter Deals .. Just Jack; Starz In Their Eyes 2010 watch British Telecom (BT) Sponsors GB Paralympics .. Wings Live and Let Die 2008 British Telecom (BT) BT Vision - For Boys .. Laurie Johnson Orchestra: Theme from The Avengers 2007 British Telecom (BT) .. Elvis Presley: Always on my Mind 2000 Britvic Drench: Brains dancing .. Snap; Rhythm Is A Dancer 2008 Brothers Cider - Welcome To The Family .. Cults; Go Outside (The 2 Bears Remix) 2011 watch Brothers Pear Cider .. Dick Dale and the Deltones; Misirlou 2010 listen Brutus Jeans .. Saatchi & Saatchi/David Dundas; Jeans On 1974 watch Budweiser FA Cup 2012 .. Los Campesinos!; You! Me! Dancing! 2012 watch Budweiser Good Times Waiting .. Los Campesinos!; You! Me! Dancing! 2011 watch Budweiser .. Hot Butter Popcorn 2008 Budweiser - Bud Rising .. Fratellis Creeping Up The Back Stairs 2008 Budweiser .. Chemical Brothers: Galvanise 2006 Budweiser .. Peter, Bjorn and John: Young Folks 2006 Budweiser Beer .. The Romantics: "What I Like About You" Budweiser .. Wiseguys; Ooh La La 1999 watch Buick Enclave .. Kathleen Johnson: composed for the commercial by music house Hest & Kramer 2007 Bulmers No 17 .. Plan B; Writings On The Wall 2011 watch Bulmers Cider Summer HQ .. Ron Goodwin; 633 Squadron 2010 watch Bulmers Cider .. Fatboy Slim: The Journey 2007 Bupa .. Specially Commissioned; I Am Not A Robot 2011 watch Bupa .. El Presidente: Old Times 2006 Bupa .. Bobby Mcferrin; "Knick Knack" Burberry Body - The Film .. The Feeling; Rosé (Live Session) 2011 watch Burger King King of the Day .. The Students; Every Day of the Week 2012 watch Burger King - Hot BBQ Whopper .. Jesus Jackson; Running On Sunshine 2011 watch Burger King .. Helen Reddy: I Am Woman 2006 Burger King Chicken Baguette Promotion .. Trini Lopez: Guantanamera 2005 Burger King (Chicken Fries) .. Coq Roq (cover): 'Bob Your Head' Butlins Holidays: Ludo The Dino .. Sança; Dust in the Wind 2010 watch Butlins .. Commissioned Version/remix Dead or Alive You Spin Me Round (Like a Record) 2010 watch Butlins: Altogether More Fun .. Lesley Gore; Sunshine, Lollipops and Rainbows 2007 C >> Cacharel: Amor Amor, Forbidden Kiss .. Cat Power; ?? Forbidden Love?? 2011 watch Cacharel: Promesse .. Camille: 1,2,3 2005 Cadburys Dairy Milk Bubbly .. Michael Kamen; The Office (From Brazil) 2012 watch Cadbury's Dairy Milk .. Europe; The Final Countdown 2011 watch Cadbury's Dairy Milk - Charity Shop .. Jermaine Stewart; We Dont Have To Take Your Clothes Off 2011 watch Cadburys Bliss Pampered Chocolate .. Manhattan Transfer: Chanson Damour 2010 watch Cadbury Fingers World Party .. David Garrett; The 5th 2010 watch Cadburys Dairy Milk Big Swap Songs .. Paolo Nutini Feat. The Big Ghana Band; Pencil Full Of Lead 2010 watch Cadburys Spots vs Stripes .. Spike Jones; Hotcha Cornya 2010 watch Cadburys Spots vs Stripes .. Keith Mansfield; Grandstand Theme 2010 watch Cadburys Spots vs Stripes .. Pete Raeburn; Commissioned Soundtree 2010 watch Cadburys Chocolate Charmer .. Charlatans; The Only One I Know 2010 watch Cadburys Dairy Milk - Eyebrows .. Freestyle; Don't Stop The Rock 2010 watch Cadburys Dairy Milk Big Swap Songs .. Paolo Nutini Ft. Big Ghana Band Pencil Full Of Lead 2010 watch Cadburys Truck ad .. Bon Jovi; Living On A Prayer 2008 Cadburys Dairy Milk .. Bonie Tyler; Totsl Eclipse Of The Heart 2008 Cadburys Chocolate Digestive .. Boy Least Likely To; I'm Glad I Hitched My Apple Wagon To Your Star 2008 Cadburys Crunchie .. Pointer Sisters; I'm So Excited 2008 Cadburys Dairy Milk .. Phil Collins; In The Air Tonight 2007 Cadburys Chocolate Digestive .. Edwin Hawkins Singers: Oh Happy Day 2007 Cadburys Creme Egg .. Frank Sinatra: My Way 2006 Cadburys choc .. Dusty Springfield: Take Another Little Piece Of My Heart uk 2006 Cadburys Easter eggs .. Imogen Heap: "Headlock" ~ UK 2006 Cadburys Milk Tray .. Peggy Lee: 'Fever' 1998 Cadburys Mini Eggs: Mr Cadbury's Parrot .. Bonzo Dog Band: Mr Slater's Parrot 1994 Cadillac .. Led Zeppelin: 'Rock & Roll' 2003 Canada Tourism .. Celine Dion: "You and I" UK 2006 Cancer Research UK .. A Fine Frenzy; Hope For The Hopeless 2008 Cancer Research UK 'Being Here' campaign .. music composed specifically for the ad 2008 Cancer Research UK .. Eva Cassidy: Songbird 2007 Cancer Research UK .. Keane: She Has No Time 2006 Cancer Research UK .. The Farm: "All Together Now" ~ UK 2006 Cancer Research UK .. Eva Cassidy: Fields of Gold 2002 Canon - Kite Adventure .. The Naked and Famous; Young Blood? 2011 watch Canon PowerShot SX210 IS Camera Insects .. Fanfarlo; The Walls Are Coming Down 2010 watch Canon EOS 400D .. La Boutique Fantastique: "Wave" Canon .. The Beatles: 'Across the Universe' Capital One Savings .. Survivor: Eye of the Tiger 2006 Capital One credit card .. Ian Dury: "Hit Me With Your Rhythm Stick" UK 2005 Capital One home loans .. Madness: "Our House" ~ UK Capital Radio .. Hoosiers; Worried About Ray 2007 Carphone Warehouse - Time For An Upgrade .. The Stranglers; Waltzinblack 2011 watch Carphone Warehouse: A brief history of communication .. Minilogue; Hitchhikers Choice 2008 Carephone Warehouse .. "The Whistling Tune" whistled by Daryl Hannah & composed by Bernard Herrman, used in the film Twisted Nerve was later used again in Kill Bill Vol. 1. Carling Chrome Refreshment Refined .. T. Rex; Get It On 2012 watch Carling - Brilliantly Refreshed .. Alice Gold; Wondrous Place 2011 watch Carling - Taxi .. Guy Farley; Casterway 2009 watch Carling Belong .. Christopher Rouse; Flute Concerto - Elegia 2008 Carling .. Elgar; Nimrod from Enigma Variations 2007 Carling C2 .. Slagsmalsklubben: Raven Ateruppstar 2007 Carling Belong .. B Bumble & The Stingers: Nut Rocker 2007 Carling Lager .. The 5.6.7.8's; "Woo Hoo" 2006 Carling Lager .. Hard-Fi: "Living For The Weekend" 2007 Carlsberg Team Talk .. Kasabian; Underdog 2010 watch Carlsberg Beer .. Steve Harley & the Cockney Rebel: Make Me Smile (Come Up and See Me) Christmas 1994 Carnival Cruise Lines .. Bobby Darin: 'Beyond the Sea' Carte DOr - Macadamia Night .. Minnutes; IceDream 2011 watch Carte D'Or .. Michael Buble; Haven't Met You Yet 2010 watch Carte D'Or - Caramel Cinnamon Waffle .. Gavin Degraw; Follow Through 2009 watch Carte D'Or - New Lemon Sorbet .. Gavin Degraw; Follow Through 2008 watch Cartier LOdyssée de Cartier .. Pierre Adenot; Commissioned Music 2012 watch Castle Lager .. Toto: "Out Of Africa" ~ Sth.Africa Castrol Oil .. The Guess Who: 'American Woman' ~ late 90's Center Parcs .. Temper Trap; Sweet Disposition 2011 watch Cesar .. Petula Clark; I Couldn't Live Without Your Love 2009 watch Chanel Nail Polish Shade Parade .. Frankie Lymon; Little Bitty Pretty One 2012 watch Chanel - Coco Mademoiselle .. Joss Stone; Its A Mans Mans Mans World 2011 watch Chanel - Bleu de Chanel The Film .. The Rolling Stones; She Said Yeah 2010 watch Chanel No 5 .. Billie Holiday; I'm A Fool To Want You 2009 Chanel Coco Mademosielle .. Joss Stone; L-O-V-E 2007 Chanel's Chance .. Anne Ducros: "Taking a Chance on Love" 2006 Chanel's No 5 (Nicole Kidman) .. Debussy: "Clair De Lune" 2005 Channel 4: Try Life In Another Language:Shadows.. Nubla; Nada se olvida/Nothing Is Forgotten 2008 watch Channel 4: In Her Shoes .. Newton Faulkner; Dream Catch Me 2008 Channel 4: Deserate Housewives trailer .. Gotan Project; Mi Confesion 2008 Channel 4: Dirty Sexy Money .. LCD Soundsystem; North American Scum 2008 Channel 4: 4oD .. Gorillaz; Kids With Guns 2007 Channel 4: Ugly Betty Promo .. Prince; U Got The Look 2006 Channel 4: Ultimate Bikini Guide .. David Bowie; Rebel, Rebel 2006 Channel 4: Lost Promotion .. Groove Armada; Edge Hill 2005 Channel 5: 'Shows at 8' promo .. Polyphonic Spree;Lithium 2008 Channel 5: advertising UAFA .. The Chemical Brothers; All Rights Reserved 2008 Channel 5: UAFA (SK Brann and Everton) .. Bloc Party; Flux 2008 Chase .. Grover Washington Jr: 'Just the Two of Us' Cheerios .. Torpedo Boyz; Any Trash Professor Abacus? 2005 Cheerios: Yogurt .. Herman's Hermits: 'I'm Into Something Good' Cheesestrings .. Gene Kelly; Broadway Rhythm Ballet (From Singin' In The Rain) 2007 Cherokee: Jeep Grand - Have Fun Out There .. Steve Poltz; You Remind Me 2008 Chevrolet .. ZZ Top; Tush 2011 listen Chevrolet Captiva .. Fine Young Cannibals; Good Thing 2007 Chevrolet Trucks .. Bob Segar; Like a Rock 1994 watch Chevrolet .. The Yardbirds: 'Over, Under, Sideways, Down Children In Need .. The Collective; Teardrop 2011 watch Children In Need .. JLS; Love You More 2010 watch Choice Hotels .. Johnny Cash: 'I've Been Everywhere Man' Christian Dior's Dior J'Adore .. Marvin Gaye: 'A Funky Spave Reincarnation' ~ UK Chrysler Different Is What We Do .. Jay-Z; Heart of the City (Aint No Love) 2012 watch Chrysler .. Papa Dee: "I Spy" ~ US Chrysler 300C .. M83: "In the Cold I'm Standing" ~ UK Churchill Insurance I Need A Hero! .. Bonnie Tyler; Holding Out For A Hero 2012 watch Churchill Insurance .. Billy Withers; Just The Two Of Us 2008 Churchill Insurance .. Braund Reynolds; Rocket (a Natural Gambler) 2007 Cingular .. Allman Brothers Band: 'Sweet Melissa' Cingular .. The Band: 'The Weight' Citi.com (Moneyman commercial) .. Camper Van Beethoven: 'Gaurdian Angels' Citroen DS5 Change Era .. Marilyn Manson; Doll-Dagga Buzz-Buzz Ziggety-Zag 2012 watch Citroen DS One In A Million .. DatA; One In A Million 2012 watch Citroen C4 - Blind Spot .. Mamas and Papas; California Dreamin' 2011/2012 watch Citroën DS4 - Why Conform? .. Cassius; I Love You So 2011 watch Citroen C4 .. JJ Cale; Call Me The Breeze 2011 watch Citroen C4 - Transformer .. Les Rythmes Digitales; Jacques Your Body (Make Me Sweat) 2010 watch Citroen C3 - Visiodrive .. Hives; Tick Tick Boom 2009 Citroen C5: sword fencing .. Wagner; Ride of the Valkyries 2008 Watch Citroen C4: sprinting robot .. Luke Dzierzek; Echo 2007 Watch Citroen C4: robot .. Pompon Finkelstein; Hungarian Dance No.5 - Brahms (Remix) 2007 Euro Watch Citroen C3: Dolphins .. Bobby Darin; Beyond The Sea 2007 Watch Citroen C4 .. Donna Summer; Love To Love You Baby 2007 Listen Citroen C4 Picasso Visiospace .. Bonobo Ketto 2007 Watch Citroen C4: The Skater .. The Egg; Walking Away (Tocadisco Remix) 2006 Watch Clairol .. Cyndi Lauper; Girls Just Wanna Have Fun 2011 listen Clairol Nice 'n' Easy .. Kim Carnes; Bette Davis Eyes 2008 Clark's Shoes Stand Tall .. Shawn Lees Ping Pong Orchestra; Kiss The Sky 2010 watch Clark's Shoes - Walk Tall .. They Might Be Giants; Birdhouse In Your Soul 2010 listen Clark's Shoes - Pleasure Seeker .. B-52s Funplex 2008 Watch Clark's Shoes - Enjoy Every Step .. Lonely Drifter Karen True Desire 2008 Watch Clark's - Enjoy Every Step - Rendezvous .. Ak - Momo: Greasy Spoon 2008 Clark's Shoes .. Astronautalis (Andy Bothwell) ; Ocean Walk 2008 Clark's Shoes .. Sebastien Martel; Dumb 2007 Clark's Shoes .. Nelson Riddle; Lolita Ya Ya 2007 Clarks Shoes .. Jackie Lee: "White Horses" ~ 2006 Clarks Shoes .. Baccara: Yes Sir, I Can Boogie 2003 Clark's Shoes .. Motorhead; Ace of Spades 2003 Clinique 3 Step - Skin Care system .. Nana Mouskouri; 59th Street Bridge Song (Feelin' Groovy) 2007 Clover Butter- the middle .. Paul Pritchard; Steps To Success 2009 watch Cobra Indian Beer .. Black Keys; Gold on the Ceiling 2012 listen Coca Cola Move to the Beat of London 2012 .. Mark Ronson ft Katy B; Anywhere in the World 2012 watch Coca-Cola .. Natasha Bedingfield; Shake Up Christmas 2011 watch Coca-Cola .. Oasis; Whatever 2011 watch Coca-Cola - London 2012 Future Flames .. One Night Only; Can You Feel It (Tonight) 2011 watch Coca-Cola: 125th Anniversary .. Hillside Singers; Id Like to Teach the World to Sing 2011 watch Coca Cola - Musical ad .. One Night Only; Can You Feel It Tonight 2011 watch Coca-Cola - Insect Heist .. Sergey Prokofiev; Peter and the Wolf March 2011 watch Coca-Cola - Snow Globe .. Train; Shake-up Christmas 2010 watch Coca-Cola Fifa World Cup 2010 .. K'naan; Wavin' Flag 2010 watch Coca-Cola: Diet Coke .. Michael Sembello; Maniac 2010 watch Coca-Cola .. Melanie Thornton; Wonderful Dream (Holidays are Coming) 2009 watch Coca-Cola .. Kinks; Lola 2007 Coca-Cola .. Bugsy Malone Cast; You Give A Little Love 2006 Coca-Cola .. Nilsson: 'Put the Lime in the Coconut' 2006 Coca-Cola Raspberry .. Jefferson Airplane: Somebody to Love by ~ 2005 New Zealand Coca-Cola: the real thing .. Robin Beck; First Time 1989 watch Coca-Cola: Diet Coke - Break .. Etta James; I Just Wanna Make Love To You 1996 watch Coca-Cola .. The Rolling Stones: 'You Can't Always Get What You Want' Coca-Cola .. Queen: 'I Want To Break Free' Coca-Cola - Coke Diet .. Born: "Callin' Out" Codemasters - Brian Lara Cricket .. Groove Armada; But I Feel Good 2007 Coleen Butterflies .. Tchaikovsky; Dance Of The Sugar Plum Fairy from The Nutcracker Suite 2011 watch Colin Murrays Radio 1 Show .. Grandaddy: "A.M 180" Colmans Instant Beef Gravy .. Specially Recorded; I Like The Way You Moo 2011 watch Comet Come and Play .. Ska Cubana: Soy Campesino 2010 watch Comet - On Call Team .. George Baker Selection; Little Green Bag 2008 Comfort .. Filmore Fresh & The Clothworld Crew; Do The Moves 2007 Comfort Concentrate .. Reggae Vision; Do De Move 2007 Comfort .. Koop; I See A Different You 2007 Comic Relief Red Nose Day 2011 .. Wanted; Gold Forever 2011 watch Comic Relief Red Nose Day 2007 .. Proclaimers with Brian Potter/Peter Kay & Andy Pipkin/Matt Lucas; I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles) 2007 Comic Relief Red Nose Day 2007 .. Sugababes vs Girls Aloud; Walk This Way 2007 Comparethemarket.com .. Mendelsohn; Wedding March (Commissioned/Distorted) 2008 Concern Worldwide: Born Starving .. Athena Andreadis; Breathe Again 2010 watch Confused.com - Cara Sings Confused.com/YMCA .. Louise Dearman; Con-Fused-Dot-Com 2011 watch Confused.com - Cara Sings Chain Reaction .. Louise Dearman; Chain Reaction 2011 watch Confused.com - Happy Valentine .. Louise Dearman; Chain Reaction (acoustic version) 2011 watch Confused.com - Cara sings Somebody to Love .. Louise Dearman; Somebody To Love 2010 watch Co-operative - Join The Revolution .. Athlete; Light The Way 2011 watch Co-op Variety Club .. Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel; Make Me Smile (Come up and See Me) 2010 watch Co-op Good For Everyone .. Bob Dylan; Blowin' In The Wind 2009 watch Co-operative Society: Christmas Ad .. Gabriella Cilmi; Warm This Christmas 2008 watch Coral .. Terry Devine-King; Downtown Jump 2012 Corona Light: Moonlight .. Michael Franti & Spearhead; Say Hey (I Love You) 2010 watch Corona Light .. Aquila Rose & Idana Valdes; Rhythms del Mundo 2009 watch Cottages4U Take It Home .. Urusen; Now That She Has Flown 2010 watch Cow & Gate .. Don Drummond; Don D Lion 2007 Crabbie's Ginger Beer for Grown Ups .. Melodi Light Orchestra; Puffin' Billy 2009 & 2010 watch Cravendale .. Little Richard; All Around The World 2007 Crown Breath-easy Paint .. The Rumble Strips; Girls and Boys in Love 2008 Crown Twist Tops .. Rivingtons; Papa Oom Mow Mow 2007 . CSL Sofas - 40% Better .. Steph; What You See Is What You Get 2011 watch . CSL Sofas: Christmas 2010 .. Steph; Girls On Film 2010 watch CSL: Love Life and Sofas .. Steph; Wisemen 2010 watch CFL Sofas: Sale .. Steph Spencer; Standing on the Edge of Love 2009 watch CFL Sofas: Street Chaos .. Stephanie Slater; Chasing Butterflies 2008 watch CSL Sofas .. Regina Spector; Fidelity 2008 Listen CSL Sofas Winter Sale .. Eartha Kitt; C' Mon a My House! 2008 CSL .. Dexy Midnight Runners; Come On Eileen 2007 CSL .. Spin Doctors; Two Princes 2007 Cuprinol .. Quincy Jones; It's Caper Time (Self Preservation Society) 2011 listen Currys PC World - Vaders Visit .. John Williams; The Imperial March (Darth Vaders Theme) 2011 watch Currys - Low Price TV's Forever .. Mylo; In My Arms 2008 Cushelle Toilet Tissue: Koala Ad .. Four Knight; Oh Happy Days 2011 watch Cussons Imperial Leather - Skinkind .. Alex Banks; Snow 2010 watch Cussons Imperial Leather .. Ben Sands; Hug 2007 D >>> D Max TV channel: The Fat Doctor .. Thriving Ivory; Angels on the Moon 2011 listen Daily Express: Sixties CD Promotion .. Foundations; Build Me Up Buttercup 2005 Daily Mail - Femail Upgrade .. Rockettothesky; Grizzly Man 2011 watch Daily Mail Supplements.. Commissioned Version; Everyday 2010 watch Daily Mail .. Buddy Holly; Everyday 2009 Daily Mail World At War Promotion .. Carl Davis; World At War: Main Theme 2007 Daily Mail: World At War Promotion .. Carl Davis; World At War: Main Theme 2007 Daily Mirror Football website .. Pigbag; Papa's Got A Brand New Pigbag 2009 watch Daily Mirror Legends Collection .. Elvis Presley; Blue Suede Shoes 2009 watch Daily Record .. El Presidente; Without You 2006 Daily Star: Ramones CD Promo .. Ramones; Do You Wanna Dance 2007 Daily Star: Best of Echo & The Bunnymen Promo .. Echo & The Bunnymen; Back Of Love 2007 Daily Star: Best of Happy Mondays Promo .. Happy Mondays; Step On 2007 Daily Star Ramones CD Promo .. Ramones; Do You Wanna Dance 2007 Daily Star Best of Echo & The Bunnymen Promo .. Echo & The Bunnymen; Back Of Love 2007 Daily Star Best of Happy Mondays Promo .. Happy Mondays; Step On 2007 Daily Telegraph WWII Promotion .. Holst; Jupiter, The Bringer Of Jollity from The Planets Suite 2008 watch Dairy Crest Cathedral City .. Slim Pickings; Pass It On 2007 Dairylea Cheese Spread .. Jilted Jon; Jilted John (Gordon Is A Moron) 2008 Dairylea Dunkers .. Ron Goodwin; 633 Squadron 2006 Danone Actimel.. Frank Wilson; Do I Love You 2010 Danone Activia .. Spencer Davis Group; Gimme Some Loving 2010 watch Danone Shape Yoghurt .. Noisettes; Wild Young Hearts 2009 watch Danone Actimel .. Nappy Brown: Little By Little 2007 De Agostini Elvis The Official Collector Edition .. Elvis Presley; Welcome To My World 2007 Debenhams Life Made Fabulous .. Two Door Cinema Club; This Is The Life 2012 watch Debenhams - This Is The Life .. Two Door Cinema Club; This Is The Life 2011 watch Debenhams - Feel Fabulous .. Jackie Wilson; I Get the Sweetest Feeling 2011 watch Debenhams Design in Every Department .. Roxy Music; Love Is The Drug 2009 watch Debenhams Designer Range .. Lovin' Spoonful; Summer In The City 2007 Debenhams Designers .. Transvision Vamp: Baby I Don't Care ~ UK 2006 Debenhams .. (Morgan Van Dam remix) Madonna: "Santa Baby"(christmas 2006) Defra Act on CO2 Carbon Footprint .. Kinks; Shangri-La 2007 Defra Climate Challenge ..Oskar; P.S.I. 2006 Del Prado Cavalry Through The Ages ..Tchaikovsky; 1812 Overture 2007 Dell Computers .. Chordettes; Lollipop 2009 watch Dell Computers .. Devo; Watch Us Work It 2007 Dell Computers .. Squeeze: 'Tempted' Drench Drinks Cubehead .. The Gap Band; Oops Upside Your Head 2010 watch Dentyne Blast (Underwater Kiss) .. Kissogram (remix?) : Backseat of My Mind 2007 Dentyne Ice (Frog Kiss) .. Ben's Brother: 'Stuttering' 2007 Dentyne Ice (TTC Subway) .. Papas Fritas: 'Way You Walk' 2006 Dentyne Gum .. Squeeze: 'Tempted' ?? Dettol 4-in-1 .. Tchaikovsky; 1812 Overture 2008 DFS Making Every Day More Comfortable .. Neil Diamond;We 2012 listen DFS .. XTC; Stupidly Happy 2012 watch DFS Sunny Day .. Elizabeth Mitchell; Lovely Day 2012 watch DFS 2010 Summer Sale .. The Las; There She Goes 2010 watch DFS - Vibe Collection .. V V Brown; L.O.V.E. 2010 watch DFS - Happy Sofas .. Super Preachers; I Feel Happy Ft. Sista Moon 2010 watch DFS Sponsors of Lion Country .. Lenka; The Show 2010 watch DFS .. Noisettes; Never Forget 2009 listen DFS - Early Sale .. Paolo Nutini; 10/10 2009 listen DFS - Winter Sale .. The Ethiopians; Train To Skaville 2009 watch DFS .. McFly; All About You 2009 watch DFS .. The La's; There She Goes 2008 DFS - Winter Collection .. Mariah Carey; All I Want For Christmas Is You 2008 watch DFS - Summer Sale .. Nickelback; Rockstar 2008 watch DFS - Half Price Emotive and Trend Collection .. Petula Clark; Colour My World 2008 DFS - Half sofas .. Puccini - O Mio Babbino Caro from Gianni Schicchi 2008 DFS .. Queen; I Want It All 2008 DFS .. Cranberries; Dreams 2007 DFS .. Mariah Carey; All I Want For Christmas Is You 2007 DFS .. Calvin Harris; Colours 2007 DFS - Sale .. Queen: I Want It All 2007 DFS - Easter Sale .. Boy Least Likely To Be Gentle With Me 2007 DFS .. Touch and Go: Would You...? 2006 DFS .. Little Anthony & the Imperials: "I'm on the outside (looking in)" ~ UK 2004 DFS .. Earth, Wind & Fire: "Boogie Wonderland" UK 2004 DFS .. Pato Banton: Baby Come Back 2002 DHL Express .. Speed of Yellow; Aint No Mountain High Enough 2011 watch Diamond Insurance .. Marilyn Monroe; Diamonds Are A Girls Best Friend 2007 Diesel: Loverdose .. Donna Summer; Love To Love You Baby (Loverdose Remix) 2011 watch Diesel: Denim Collection .. Secret Artist/Sizzer Amsterdam; Born To Be Alive 2011 watch (original-Patrick Hernandez) Digital-UK switchover .. Harry Nilsson; Everybody's Talkin' 2007 Dior - JAdore .. Gossip; Heavy Cross 2011 watch Dior Addict: Kate Moss .. Duran Duran; All You Need Is Now 2011 watch Dior: Miss Dior Cherie .. Jane Birkin & Serge Gainsbourg; Je TAime Moi Non Plus 2011 watch Dior Homme Intense .. Killers Shadowplay 2009 watch Dior Miss Dior Cherie .. Brigitte Bardot; Moi Je Joue 2009 watch Dior "Rouge Dior" Lipstick .. Tom Jones; It's Not Unusual 2007 Dior Midnight Poison .. Muse; Space Dementia 2007 Dior J'Adore .. Marvin Gaye: A Funky Space Reincarnation 2006 Dior J'Adore .. Barry White: Never Gonna Give You Up 2004 Directgov.gov.uk Id Go Direct Guv.. Madness; It Must Be Love 2010 watch Discover Ireland: Jump Into Ireland .. Snow Patrol Berlin 2012 watch Disneyland Paris - Magical Moments .. Music; Special Commission 2001 watch Disney Cinemagic .. James Morrison; Wonderful World 2007 Disney Toy Story 10th Anniversary DVD..Thin Lizzy: The Boys Are Back In Town 2005 DKNY Original The Fragrances .. Helena; Life In My Heart 2011 watch DKNY Be Delicious .. Madi Diaz; Does It Rain (Where You Are)? 2011 watch DKNY .. Honeyroot: "Starshine" ~ UK Dobbies Garden World .. The Charlatans: "Try Again Today" 2006 & 2008 Dockers San Francisco; Work, Weekend, Dress, Golf.. Marlena Shaw: "California Soul" 2008 listen Dockers Specs: The Slacker ad .. Frank Sinatra: I Get A Kick Out Of You 2008 Dockers: Streetcar Commercial .. Madeleine Peyroux; Don't Wait Too Long 2008 listen Dodge Journey - Waterslide .. Apples In Stereo; Sun Is Out 2008 listen Dolce & Gabbana D&G Fragrance .. George Michael; Freedom 90 2009 watch Dolce & Gabbana - D&G Jewels .. Stylophonic; R U Experienced 2007 Dolce & Gabbana - Blue .. Mario Lanza; Parlami D'amore Mariu 2007 Dolce & Gabbana - Time .. Stylophonic: Dancefloor 2006 Dolce & Gabbana - Time .. Stylophonic: BabyBeatBox 2005 Dominos - What We Do .. Frankie and the Heartstrings; Hunger 2011 watch Domino's Double Decadence.. Tchaikovsky; Concerto For Piano-Orchestra No.1 In B Flat Minor Op.23 2010 watch Domino's Steak Pizza .. Tchaikovsky; 1812 Overture 2008 listen Doritos .. Blondie: "One Way or Another" Dove - Nourishing Oil Care .. Specially Recorded; Why You Gotta Be Like That? 2011 watch Dove - Damage Therapy .. Rodgers and Hammerstein; My Favourite Things 2010 watch Dove - For Men .. Rossini William; Tell Overture 2010 watch Dove - Pro Age Deodorant .. Pepe Romero; Farrucas 2007 Dove .. Cyndi Lauper: True Colors 2006 Dove - Summer Glow Body Lotion .. Ella Fitzgerald: Sunny 2006 Dove .. Kameil Madison: "Rock Ya Body" ~ UK Dr Oetker Ristorante Pizza .. Verdi: La Donna E Mobile 2006 Dr Pepper Doctors Orders .. Dr Dre; Shit Popped Off 2009 watch Dr Pepper .. Tom Jones: 'Help Yourself' Dr Pepper .. Meatloaf: 'I'd Do Anything for Love' Dr Pepper .. Hot Chocolate: 'You Sexy Thing' Dreams Bed Superstore - Wake Up .. Renee & Jeremy; Three Little Birds 2011 watch Dreams Beds - Hushabye Dream .. Stacey Kent; Hushabye Mountain 2011 watch Dreams Beds .. Billy Joel; River of Dreams 2010 listen Dreams Superstore Good Nights Sleep .. Dan Hartman; I Can Dream About You 2010 watch Dreams Superstore Biggest Ever Bed .. The Temptations; Get Ready 2010 listen Dreams .. Daisy Wood-Davis; Dream Bay Dream 2010 watch Dreams .. The Supremes; The Happening 2010 listen Dreams Boxing Day Sale .. Roy Orbison; You Got It 2009 Dreams Biggest Bed Sale .. Mama Cass Elliot; It's Getting Better 2009 watch Dreams Bank Holiday Sale .. Chordettes; Mr Sandman 2009 Dreams .. Dells; Oh What A Night 2009 Dreams: Double Discount .. Shirley Horn; Take A Little Time To Smile 2009 DL Dreams: Bed Superstore .. The Five Satins; In the Still of the Night 2008 listen Dreams: Bed Superstore .. Gene Kelly & Debbie Reynolds: Good Morning 2007 listen Dreamworks Shrek The Third .. Fratellis; Chelsea Dagger 2007 listen Drench Cubehead .. The Gap Band; Oops Upside Your Head 2010 watch Drench Spring Water - Brains from Thunderbird .. Snap; Rhythm Is A Dancer 2008 listen Dulux Boudoir .. Alice Grant @ Hear No Evil ; Its Been A Long, Long Time 2012 watch Dulux - Roving Dog .. Terry Bush -- Maybe Tomorrow (The Littlest Hobo Theme Tune) 2011 watch Dulux Lets Colour, Walls .. Jonsi; Go Do 2010 watch Dulux Paintpod .. Traditional; Blaydon Races 2010 watch Dulux - Let's Colour, Garage .. John Barry; Midnight Cowboy 2010 watch Dulux Security Guard .. Paul Reeves; Regent Street Stomp 2008 listen Dulux Paint .. Cutee B: Experience 2006 Dunlop .. David Bowie: Moonage Daydream 2000 Dunlop .. Stevie Wonder: He's Misstra Know It All 2000 Durex - Performax Intense .. Marvin Gaye; Lets Get It On 2012 watch DVLA Registrations .. Free: Travellin' Man 2005 Dyson Stowaway .. Johan Strauss; Blue Danube Waltz 2007 E >>> EA Sports FIFA Street .. Freestylers; Breaker Beats Pt 1 2012 watch EA Sports SSX-X Games .. The Joy Formidable; Austere 2012 watch EA Games Battlefield 3 .. Jay Z; 99 Problems 2011 watch EA Games Fifa 11 We Are 11 .. Tenpole Tudor; Swords of a Thousand Men 2010 watch EA Games Battlefield: Bad Company 2 .. Queens of the Stone Age; You Think I Aint Worth A Dollar, But I Feel Like A Millionaire 2010 watch EA XBOX 360 Left 4 Dead 2 .. Clutch; Electric Worry 2009 watch EA Games Beatles Rockband .. Beatles; Come Together 2009 watch EA Games Fifa Street Soccer 3 .. Go! Team; Grip Like A Vice 2008 EA Games Burnout Paradise .. Guns 'n' Roses; Paradise City 2008 EA Games Fifa Street 2 .. Coldcut: True Skool 2006 EA Games Black for Playstation 2 .. Verdi: Gypsy Chorus from 'La Traviata' 2006 E-On: See It & Save It .. Broadcast 2000; Get Up And Go 2008 E-On: Wind of Change .. Arthur Askey; Bee Song 2007 E-On: Energy Windfarm .. Sonny Terry & Brownie McGhee: Hootin' The Blues July 2007. E4 Schrubs .. Calvin Harris; Acceptable 2007 Eagle Star Direct .. Dead Or Alive: You Spin Me Round 2000 Eagle Star Direct .. Madness: Driving in my Car 2000 Eagle Star .. Delibes: Flower Duet from Lakme 1992 Ebay .. Donovan; Sunshine Superman 2012 watch eBay .. Feist: 1234 Australia Sept 2007 eBay .. Edith Piaf: Non Je Ne Regrette Rien 2006 easyJet: Europe By easyJet .. The Wombats; Techno Fan 2011 watch easyJet: Summer of Love .. O'Jays; Love Train 2009 Echo's Aftersave by Davidoff .. Joseph Arthur: "In The Sun" ~ UK Echo Falls Wine .. Art of Noise; Three Fingers Of Love 2007 Ecover Feel Good Cleaning .. James Brown; I Got You (I Feel Good) 2012 watch Eden TV Launch .. Muse; Feeling Good 2009 EDF Blue + Price Promise .. Philip Oakey & Giorgio Moroder; Together In Electric Dreams 2012 watch EDF Energy - Powering the London 2012 Games .. Mike Beever; The Farmer aka Fated Beauty 2011 watch Edge .. Mozart; Piano Concerto No. 21, K 467 : Andante 2007 Edge Another Way Forward .. Roger Miller; King Of The Road 2007 Edinburgh Woollen Mill Autumn & Winter Collection .. Sweet Inspirations; Sweet Inspiration 2008 watch Egg Card .. Television: "Hold Up" ~ UK Egg Card .. Raymond Scott: "Baltimore Gas and Electric Co" ~ UK 2005 Electronic Arts - Battlefield 3 .. Jay Z; 99 Problems 2011 watch Elizabeth Shaw .. Willie Nelson: Crazy 2000 Elizabeth Shaw .. Patsie Cline: Crazy 2000 Elvis Presley ELV1S: 30 Number One Hits .. Elvis Presley / JXL; A Little Less Conversation 2002 Emirates Hello Tomorrow .. Spencer & Antfood; Trek 2012 watch Emirates A380 .. Johan Strauss; Blue Danube Waltz 2011 watch Emirates Airlines Dubai promote .. Black; Wonderful life 2009 view Emirates Airline ad .. First Times created by Water Music for the ad view Emporio Armani Idole .. Nina Simone; I Put A Spell On You 2009 watch Emporio Armani - Diamonds For Men .. Interpol; Slow Hands 2008 Emporio Armani Code .. Mis-Teeq: Scandalous2006 Emporio Armani's Night ..Goldfrapp: "Strict Machine" ~ UK 2003 England Enjoy England.com .. Jam: English Rose 2006 ESPN October Football .. John Carpenter; Halloween 2009 Esso .. Queen: I Want To Break Free 2000 Estee Lauder .. Madonna: "Love Provusion" ~ UK 2004 Ethel Austin .. Bodyrockers: The Way You Move 2007 Eurocamp: Unforgettable Moments Holidays .. The Rifles; Winter Calls 2012 watch Europcar .. C&C Music Factory; Gonna Make You Sweat (Everybody Dance Now) 2011 watch Eurostar .. Philip Glass; Sense Of Doubt 2007 Eurostar .. Jack Sedgwick; Irene's Tomorrow 2007 Eurostar .. Virginie: Tu Crois Toujours (I Go To Sleep) 2005 Evans .. LaBelle: Lady Marmalade 2006 Evergreen .. The Monkees: "Daydream Believer" ~ UK 2004 Evian - Baby Inside .. Uffie; Wordy Rappinghood (Evian Mix) 2011 watch Evian Water .. Dan The Automator; Rapper's Delight 2009 watch Evian Water .. Brigitte Bardot: "Moi, Je Joue" ~ UK 2005 Evian Water .. Marilyn Monroe: Bye Bye Baby 2004 F >>> Fallon Community Health Plan .. Buddy Holly: 'Everyday' Famouse Grouse .. Fred Astaire: Puttin' On The Ritz 2006 Fanta Chase .. Martin Solveig & Dragonette; Cant Stop 2012 watch Fanta - Grab A Taste Of Friday .. Ting Tings; Shut Up & Let Me Go 2010 watch Fanta - bird ad .. Architecture In Helsinki; Souvenirs 2009 watch Fanta Orange .. Stylophonic: Way of Life 2003 Fanta .. Rae & Christian: Blazing The Crop 2002 Farleys Rusks .. Gene Vincent: Be Bop A Lula 2000 Febreeze .. Real Tuesday Weld: Bathtime In Clerkenwell 2005 Felix cat food .. Scott Joplin The Entertainer 2009 watch Felix cat food .. Real Thing: You To Me Are Everything 2000 Felix cat food .. Lou Bega: Mambo No 5 2000 Fendi Fan Di Fendi - The New Fragrance .. Kills; Cheap and Cheerful 2011 watch . Ferrero Rocher - Golden Light .. Jasmine Ash; Starlight 2011 watch Ferrero Rocher - Kinder Surprise .. Eliza Doolittle; Pack Up 2011 listen Ferrero Rochee .. Cilla Black: 'Something Tells Me (Something's Gonna Happen Tonight)' (2006) Ferrero Rochee .. Taxi: Yes it's True 2003 Fiat Panda New Panda Twin Air .. JSTARS; Loose Nuke Threat 2012 watch Fiat 500 Jennifer Lopez .. Jennifer Lopez; Papi 2012 watch Fiat Punto - MyLife ~ Piano .. Giovanni Allevi; Secret Love 2011 watch Fiat 500: Twin Air .. Amy Macdonald; This Is The Life 2011 listen Fiat Punto Evo: Prommercial .. Faithless; Feelin Good 2010 watch Fiat Punto Evo: Drive The Evolution .. Edvin Marton; Paganini 5 2010 watch Fiat Grande Punto - Connie Francis remixed/Tom Middleton: Quando Quando Quando 2008 Fiat Bravo .. Sweet Vandal: Beautiful 2008 Fiat 500 .. Cut Chemist: A Peak In Time 2008 Fiat Bravia .. Dark Globe; Break My World 2007 Fiat Grande Punto - Italian Job Remixed .. Louis Prima; Oh Marie 2007 Fiat Scudo Van .. Pipettes; ABC 2007 Fiat Grande Punto .. Hardknox: Fire Like This 2006 Fiat Sedici 4x4 .. Richard Strauss: Also Sprach Zarathustra (Main theme from 2001) 2006 Fiat Stilo ..Topol: If I Were A Rich Man (From Fiddler on the Roof) 2006 Fiat Punto .. Marilyn Manson: Sweet Dreams (Are Made Of This) 2006 Fiat .. Human League: Dont You Want Me 2002 Fiat .. Chips: Rubber Biscuit 2000 Fibresure .. Altered Images; I Could Be Happy 2007 Fidelity Investments .. Paul McCartney & Wings: 'Band On The Run' watch Fidelity Investments .. Billy Preston: 'Nothing From Nothing' FIFA World Cup 2010 (Coca-Cola) .. K'naan; Wavin' Flag 2010 watch FIFA World Cup 1990 .. Puccini: Nessun Dorma 1990 Filippo Berio Olive Oil .. Rossini; Largo Al Factotum from The Barber of Seville 2007 Findaproperty.com .. The 88; Coming Home 2010 watch Findus Novelli Lasagne Ad .. Eric Winston: Saratoga 2008 Finish Quantum - Diamond Standard .. Gotan Project; Epoca 2008 watch Finish 5 in 1 .. Wagner; Ride of the Valkyries 2008 watch First Choice - All Inclusive .. Flo Rida; Good Feeling 2011 watch First Choice - Swimming Pools .. Paul McCartney; We All Stand Together (Frog Chorus) 2008 watch First Choice .. Rossini; William Tell Overture 2008 First Choice (hugs) .. Chopin; Etude For Piano - Op 10: No 3. In E Major - "Tristesse" 2007 First Choice .. Miriam Makeba: Mbube (Wimoweh) 2006 First Choice .. Reginald Dixon: I Do Like To Be Beside The Seaside 2006 First Direct .. Tommy Dorsey Opus One 2009 watch First Magazine .. Chi-Lites; Have You Seen Her? 2007 Fisher Price .. Katrina and the Waves: Walking on Sunshine 2003 Fishermans Friend .. Inspiral Carpets: I Want You 2000 Five Alive Fruit Drink Dancing Dodo .. Don Fardon; Im Alive 2010 watch Flash .. Paul Mottram: Tig A Tag 2006 Flash .. Elgar: Pomp And Circumstance March No. 1 (Land Of Hope And Glory) 2006 Flash .. BBC: Theme from Captain Pugwash 2006 Flash .. Reginald Dixon: I Do Like To Be Beside The Seaside 2006 Flexon .. Amen Corner: Bend Me, Shape Me 2000 Floors-2-Go .. Touch and Go: Would You...? 2006 Flora .. Mud; Tiger Feet 2009 Flora .. Lilac Time: Trumpets From Montparnasse 2006 Flora Pro-Activ (Lulu's Three Week Challenge) .. Lulu: Put A Little Love In Your Heart 2005 Florette Salad Bags of Goodness .. The Goons; Eeh! Ah! Oh! Ooh! 2012 watch Flower By Kenzo: Rooftop .. Jil is Lucky; The Wanderer 2010 watch Football Manager 2012 - Greatest Job On Earth .. Hard-Fi; Bring It On 2011 watch Ford Fiesta Zetec - Keysless Entry .. Moondog; To A Sea Horse 2011 watch Ford Fiesta Zetec - Feel The Difference .. Fiction; Big Things 2011 watch Ford Mondeo True Beauty .. Soap and Skin; Mr. Gaunt PT 1000 2010 watch Ford Fiesta Zetec .. School Of Language; Rockist Part 1 2010 watch Ford Fiesta .. Schwab; Mole Man 2010 listen Ford S Max Detail .. Si Begg; Bottled 2010 watch Ford Focus .. Cool Hearts; Half Way Home 2010 watch Ford Fiesta .. Two Lone Swordsmen; Shack 54 2009 watch Ford Government Scrappage .. Chesney Hawkes; The One And Only 2009 Ford Ka .. specially composed for the ad - Soundtree; Gofindit 2009 watch Ford Focus .. Alesha Dixon; 4 You I Woll 2008 Ford Focus .. Craig Richey; Ode To The New Ford 2008 Ford (Feel the difference) .. Royal Philharmonic Orchestra/St. Martin in the Fields chorus: Champions League 2007 Ford S-Max .. Whistling Tom: Under Paris Skies 2007 Ford Mondeo Desire .. Michael Andrews: The Artifact And Living 2007 Ford C-Max .. Outkast: When I Look In Your Eyes 2007 Ford Focus Zetec Climate .. Monty Norman: James Bond 2006 Ford Transit .. Soul Coughing: Disseminated 2006 Ford Cars .. The Specials: "Blank Expression" ~ UK Ford Explorer .. Mark Morrison: 'Return of the Mack' Ford Fiesta Freedom .. Paul Borg: Thigh Rolled 2006 Ford S-MAX .. Chemical Brothers: Shake Break Bounce 2006 Ford Focus .. I Monster: Daydream In Blue 2006 Ford Focus .. Des'ree; You Gotta Be 2000 watch Ford .. Barry Gray: Joe 90 2000 Ford .. Brian May: Driven By You 2000 Ford .. Bob Marley and the Wailers: Three Little Birds 2000 Ford .. Slade: Coz I Luv You 2000 Ford Cougar .. Steppenwolf: Born To Be Wild 2000 Ford .. Sniff and the Tears: Drivers Seat 1990 Fosters .. Kool and the Gang; Jungle Boogie 2009 Fosters Super Chilled (Shadows) .. Violent Femmes; Blister In The Sun 2008 Fosters Twist .. Hombres: Let It Out (Let It All Hang Out) 2006 Fosters Super Chilled .. Boozoo Bajou: 'Lava' 2005 Fosters Lager .. The Karminsky Experience Inc: Exploration 2003 Fosters Lager .. Tchaikovsky: Le Lac Des Cygnes from Swan Lake 1995 Foxs .. Platters: 'Heaven On Earth' 2000 Foxy Bingo .. Matt Monro; Born Free 2012 watch Foxy Bingo .. John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John; You're The One That I Want 2010 watch Foxy Bingo .. Lipps Inc; Funkytown 2009 Foxy Bingo .. Richard Strauss; Also Sprach Zarathustra (Main theme from 2001) 2009 Fred Olsen Cruise Lines .. Dusty Springfield; I Only Want To Be With You 2008 Freederm - For Spot-Prone Skin .. Blue Mink; Good Morning Freedom 2011 watch Freeview - Balloons .. The Turtles; Happy Together 2011 watch Freeview: Corgis .. Derrick May; Strings of Life (Special Version) 2011 watch Freeview HD - Tiny Streaker .. Men Without Hats; Safety Dance 2010 watch Freeview Plus .. Laurie Johnson Orchestra; Theme From The Professionals 2009 Friends ReUnited Dating .. Otis Redding; Love Man 2007 Friends ReUnited .. Alan Hawkshaw: Theme from Grange Hill 2006 Friends ReUnited .. Highly Likely: What Ever Happened to You? 2006 Friends Provident .. Simon May: Chi Mai 2000 Frys Turkish Delight .. ??Jeff Wayne or Cliff Adams?? written especially for Frys 1984 watch Fujifilm .. Radiocontrolledrobot: 'Beautiful' 2006 Furniture Village .. Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel; Make Me Smile (Come up and See Me) 2009 FX TV show Louie .. Ida Maria; Louie 2010 G >>> Gala Bingo .. Barrett Strong; Money (That's What I Want) 2009 Gala Bingo .. Gloria Gaynor: I Will Survive 2006 Gala Bingo .. Madness: House of Fun 2005 Gala Bingo .. Shalamar: Night To Remember 2000 Galaxy Ripple Chocolate Folds Of Delight.. Thievery Corporation; Heavens Gonna Burn Your Eyes 2010 listen Galaxy Promises .. Thelonius Monk: Caravan 2005 Galaxy .. Appleton: Don't Worry 2003 Galaxy .. Ella Fitzgerald: Summertime 2002 Galaxy Promises .. Thelonius Monk: Caravan 2005 Galaxy .. Appleton: Don't Worry 2003 Galaxy .. Ella Fitzgerald: Summertime 2002 Gap .. Amen Corner: 'Bend Me, Shape Me' 2002 Gap .. Supertramp: Give A Little Bit 2001 Gap .. Crystal Method: 'Busy Child' 2000 Gap .. James Clarke: 'Blow Up A Go Go' 2000 Garden and Leisure(Buy One Get One) .. Traditional: In An English Country Garden 2006 Garmin .. John Williams; Carol of the Bells 2007 Garmin Nuvi Sat Nav .. Morgan Van Dam: Found 2006 Garnier BB Cream Its a Good Day .. Peggy Lee; Its A Good Day 2012 watch Garnier Nutrisse - Ultra Color .. Martin Solveig & Dragonette; Hello 2011 watch Garnier Summerbody Spray Mist .. Cat Power; The Greatest 2007 Garnier 100% Color .. Lynyrd Skynyrd: Sweet Home Alabama 2006 Garnier Fructis Shampoo .. Wax Tailor ft. Charlotte Savary: Our Dance 2005 Garnier .. Saint Etienne: Marios Cafe 2000 Gateway .. Who: 'Who Are You' 2000 Gaviscon .. Irene Cara: 'Flashdance (What A Feeling)' 2004 Geico .. Royksopp: 'Remind Me' 2007 General Accident .. Fortunes: Storm In A Teacup 2000 General Post Office .. Sam Cooke: "Darling You Send Me" ~ UK 2006 George at Asda .. Sly & The Family Stone; Dance To The Music 2012 listen George at Asda .. Pilot: "Magic" ~ UK GHD Cinderella at the Midnight Ball .. Le Rev: Lucky You 2010 watch Gillette Venus: Jennifer Lopez .. Jennifer Lopez; Venus 2011 watch Gillette Venus .. Bananarama: Venus 2003 Gillette Right Guard .. Bob Marley and the Wailers: Three Little Birds 2000 Gillette Right Guard .. Four Tops: 'Reach Out I'll Be There' 2000 Ginsters .. Jim Noir: 'My Patch' 2006 Giorgio Armani: Acqua Di Gioia Woman and Nature .. Cinematic Orchestra; Arrival of the Birds 2010 watch Go! Airlines .. Hugo Montenegro: The Fox 1999 Go Compare .. George M Cohan Over There 2010 watch Golden Wonder .. Kinks: 'You Really Got Me' 2000 Golden Wonder .. Motorhead: Ace Of Spades 2000 Google+ Plus Tom .. Alan Silvestri; Cast Away (End Titles) 2012 watch Google Chrome: Jamal Edwards .. Wretch 32; Traktor 2011 watch . Google Chrome: Lady Gaga .. Lady Gaga; Edge of Glory 2011 watch Google Chrome: Dear Hollie .. Ingrid Michaelson; Sort Of (Instrumental) 2011 watch Gordon's Gin .. Status Quo: Pictures of Matchstick Men 2004 Gordon's Edge .. Coco Steel & Lovebomb: Yachts 2002 . Grand Theft Auto IV - The Lost & The Damned .. Motley Crue; Wild Side 2009 Grand Theft Auto Episodes From Liberty City .. Roxette; The Look 2009 watch Grand Theft Auto San Andreas .. Chakachas; Jungle Fever 2007 Grand Theft Auto Vice City Stories .. Phil Collins Ft. Philip Bailey: Easy Lover 2006 Grand Theft Auto San Andreas .. Guns 'n' Roses: Welcome To The Jungle 2004 Grant's Whisky .. Baby Bird: Atomic Soda 1999 Grattan .. Connie Francis: Stupid Cupid 2000 Grattan .. Ritchie Valens: La Bamba 2000 Grattan .. James Brown: I Got You (I Feel Good) 2000 Greene King IPA Crafted For The Moment .. Jake Bugg; Country Song 2012 watch Greece Tourist Board .. Mikis Theodorakis: Zorba The Greek 2006 Green Flag .. Fontella Bass: Rescue Me 2000 Green Flag .. Brian Eno: An Ending (Ascent) 2000 Greggs .. Gracie Fields; If I Knew You Were Comin' I'd've Baked A Cake 2010 watch Greggs .. Terry Bush; Maybe Tomorrow 2009 Grolsch Dancing Bottles .. Louis Armstrong; It Dont Mean A Thing (If It Aint Got That Swing) 2010 Grolsch .. Bodyrockers: I Like The Way 2005 Grolsch .. Iggy Pop: I'm Bored 2000 Gü - Give in to Gü .. Jon Brion; Drive In 2011 watch Gucci Guilty - Intense .. Friendly Fires and Bats For Lashes; Strangelove 2010 watch Gucci Flora - Meadow .. Donna Summer; I Feel Love 2009 Gucci by Gucci .. Blondie; Heart Of Glass 2008 Gucci Pour Homme II .. Apple Garageband Loop; Modern Rock Guitar 07 2007 Guardian Super Size Me DVD Promotion .. Toothpick: Super Size Me 2006 Guardian Free CD 27/11/2004 .. Paul Weller All Along The Watchtower 2004 Guardian .. Dean Fraser: Dick Tracey 1999 Gucci Guilty - Intense .. Friendly Fires and Bat For Lashes; Strangelove 2011 watch Guerlain Idyll .. Nora Arnezeder and Feloche; Singin' In The Rain 2009 Guerlain Insolence .. Muse: Hysteria 2006 Guinness - Dark Life .. Beach House; 10 Mile Stereo 2010 watch Guinness - The Dot .. Electric Light Orchestra (ELO); Mr Blue Sky 2008 Guinness - Domino Tipping .. Enrique Granados; Spanish Dance No 6 2007 Guinness .. Slang; The Shins 2007 Guinness .. Acker Bilk: That's My Home 2006 Guinness Evolution .. Sammy Davis Jr: Rhythm of Life 2005 Guinness .. Prodigy: Spitfire 2005 Guinness .. Unit 4 + 2: Concrete and Clay 2002 Guinness .. Arab Strap: First Big Weekend 2000 Guinness .. Perez Prez Prado: Guaglione 2000 Guinness .. Prince Buster: Burke's Law 1998 Guinness Draught: Chain .. Louis Armstrong; We Have All The Time In The World 1994 watch Guinness .. DJ Shadow: "Stem/Long Stem" ~ UK ('90's) Guns 'n' Roses Chinese Democracy Release .. Guns 'n' Roses; Sweet Child O' Mine 2008 Guns 'n' Roses Chinese Democracy Release .. Guns 'n' Roses; Chinese Democracy 2008 Gwen Stefani "L" a L.A.M.B. fragrance .. Gwen Stefani; Wonderful Life 2007 H >>> H&M Marni at H&M .. Roxy Music; Avalon 2012 watch H & M David Beckham Body Wear .. The Animals; Dont Let Me Be Misunderstood 2012 watch H & M - Winter Fashion 2011 .. Klas Åhlund; Girls On Film 2011 watch H & M - Girls On Film .. Mona Donnerman; Girls on Film 2011 watch . H & M - Matthew Williamson Collection .. Stereolies; We Need A Change 2009 watch H & M .. Greenhornes; There Is An End 2007 H. Samuel Jewellers .. Captain and Tennille: Love Will Keep Us Together 2006 H. Samuel Christmas Shopping .. Ella Fitzgerald: 'S Wonderful 2005 Haagen-Dazs .. Richard Hawley; Open Up Your Door 2009 Haagen-Dazs .. Sarah Vaughan; 'Make Yourself Comfortable' 2002 Halfords - Christmas Bikes .. The Hoosiers; Goodbye Mr A 2011 watch . Halfords Summer Sale .. Hoosiers; Goodby Mr A 2011 watch Halfords .. Republica; 'Ready To Go' 2006 Halifax Home Insurance Garden Fun .. Halifax Community Choir; I Believe I Can Fly 2012 watch Halifax Saving Accounts - Prize Draw .. Halifax Community Choir; Walking On Sunshine 2011 watch Halifax - Open Saturdays .. Halifax Community Choir; Hard Days Night 2011 watch Halifax Rewards - Ill Be There .. Halifax Community Choir; Ill Be There 2011 watch Halifax - Yeah Yeah Yeah .. Stereo MCs; Connected 2011 watch Halifax Building Society Rewards .. Lightning Seeds; Lucky You 2010 watch Halifax Building Society ISA .. Vanilla Ice; Ice Ice Baby 2010 watch Halifax Building Society Reward Horn .. Pretenders; Brass In Pocket 2010 watch Halifax Building Society Reward Account .. Lily Allen; LDN 2010 Halifax Building Society Reward Account .. Spandau Ballet; Gold 2010 Halifax Building Society Five Pound Reward .. Born Ruffians; Little Garcon 2009 Halifax Building Society Mortgages .. Bright Eyes; First Day Of My Life 2009 Halifax Building Society .. Jackie Wilson; (Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher 2009 watch Halifax Building Society .. Herman's Hermits; I'm Into Something Good 2008 Halifax Building Society .. Herbie Hancock; Rockit 2007 (Ireland) Halifax Building Society .. Bubba Sparxxx; Ms New Booty 2007 (Ireland) Halifax Building Society Credit Card .. Sweet; Ballroom Blitz 2007 (Ireland) Halifax Building Society .. Aretha Franklin; Think 2007 Halifax Building Society 50 Times Extra .. Big Brovaz; Nu Flow 2006 Halifax Building Society High Rate Saver .. Glen Campbell; Rhinestone Cowboy 2006 Halifax Building Society Mortgage .. Cab Calloway; Minnie The Moocher 2006 Halls Soothers .. Robert Palmer; Addicted To Love 2010 listen Halls Soothers .. Aretha Franklin; Baby I Love You 2003 Halls .. Hollies; The Air That I Breathe 2000 Halls .. Robert Palmer; Addicted to Love 2000 Hamlet .. Bach; Air on a G String 2000 Hammerite .. Chas & Dave; Any Old Iron 1992 Happy Egg Co. Happy Hens Racing .. Chariots of Fire: Vangelis 2010 watch Haribo Tangfastic .. Mozart; Queen of the Night (Aria from The Magic Flute) 2010 watch Harrods .. Handel; Lascia Ch'io Pianga 2002 Harvest Cheweee Bar .. Ohio Express; Chewy Chewy 2002 Harvester Salad & Grill .. Plain White T's; 1234 2010 watch Harvester .. Chic; Good Times 2000 listen Harveys Furniture .. Dukas; Sorcerers Apprentice 2010 listen Harveys Furniture Sale .. Blondie; Picture This 2009 Harveys Furniture 10% Off Everything Sale .. Matt Monro; This Is The Life 2007 Haven Holidays Half Price Holidays .. Obi; Somewhere Nicer 2009 Haven Holidays .. Manu Chao; La Primavera 2007 Head & Shoulders: Smooth & Silky Shampoo.. Christian Marsac; LAmour Conjugué 2010 watch Head & Shoulders: Colour Care, We Love Red .. Heidi Lingren; I Need Music 2008 Head & Shoulder 'Mickey' ad .. DOES ANYONE KNOW THIS SKA/REGGAE SONG 2007 watch Head and Shoulders: Irresistible Hair .. Evelyn Knight; A Little Bird Told Me 2007 Head and Shoulders .. Skott Francis; Sugar Sugar 2005 Health Lottery £200,000 Jackpot .. Ennio Morricone; Ecstasy of Gold 2011 watch Heart FM .. Sharleen Spiteri; Xanadu 2010 watch Heart FM .. Louis Prima; Sing, Sing, Sing 2006 Heart FM .. Donavon Frankenreiter; Turn On Your Heart 2006 Heart FM .. Harold Melvin and The Blue Notes; The Love I Lost 2006 Heineken The Date .. Mohammed Rafi; Jaan Pehechan Ho 2012 watch Heineken - The Entrance .. The Asteroids Galaxy Tour; Golden Age 2011 watch Heineken .. Chopin; Prelude No.7 In A Major 2007 Heineken .. Teddybears ft. Mad Cobra; Cobrastyle 2006 Heineken Export Lager .. Al Green; Let's Stay Together 2006 Heineken Back in time .. George Baker Selection; Little Green Bag 2006 Heineken .. J. Geils Band; Give It To Me 2002 Heineken .. Chris Isaak: "Wicked Game" US Heinz - Squeeze and Stir Soups .. Bobby Day; Little Bitty Pretty One 2011 watch Heinz Weight Watchers - Exercise Bike .. Groovalistics; Dont Leave Me This Way 2011 watch Heinz Beanz Fridge Pack Containers .. Delaney, Bonnie & Friends; Never Ending Song of Love 2010 watch Heinz .. Harry J All Stars; Liquidator 2009 Heinz Snap Pots Eazy Beanzy .. Ann Lee; Ring My Bell 2008 Heinz Farmers' Market Soups .. Arthur Wood; Barwick Green (Theme from the Archers) 2007 Heinz Salad Cream .. Sesame Street; Ladybugs Picnic 2007 Heinz .. Goons: Ying Tong Song 2000 Heinz Baked Beans .. Chas & Dave; Diddle Um Song (Diddle Umma Day) 1999 Heinz tomato ketchup .. Carly Simon: 'Anticipation' ~ late 70's US Hellmanns Mayonnaise Boxing Day .. Tim Myers; Simply Wonderful 2011 watch Hellmann's Mayonaise - Loved Up Mash .. Tim Myers; Simply Wonderful 2011 watch Hellmann's Mayonaise .. Isley Brothers; Summer Breeze 2009 watch Hellmann's Mayonnaise .. Marvin Gaye; Let's Get It On 2005 Herbal Essences .. Paul Leonard-Morgan; Blue State 2009 Hiscox .. Rebelski; The Swarm 2007 History Channel UFO Files .. Saint-Saens; Aquarium from Carnival of the Animals 2006 HMV - Revolutionary Technology .. Justice; Civilisation 2011 watch HMV Sale .. Elbow; One Day Like This 2009 HMV .. Sarah McLachlan; Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas 2007 HMV Sale .. Fratellis: Flathead 2007 HMV .. Monty Python DVD Promotion .. Monty Python's Flying Circus; Bright Side of Life 2006 HMV Summer Sale .. The La's; There She Goes 2006 Holiday Inn Express .. Kyle Andrews; Always Make Me Smile 2010 watch Holland & Barrett Half Price Event .. Hollies; I'm Alive 2007 Homebase Containers .. Peter Bjorn & John; Young Folks 2012 watch Homebase .. Peter, Bjorn and John Young; Folks 2009 Homebase (whistling ad) .. Peter, Bjorn and John; Young Folks 2009 Homebase .. Pasadena Roof Orchestra; "Double Check Stomp" 2008 watch Homebase Autumn Collection .. Lerner & Loewe; Wouldn't It Be Lovely (from My Fair Lady) 2007 Homebase .. James Baskett; Zip-A-Dee-Doo-Dah (from Song of the South) 2007 Homebase .. Judy Garland; Get Happy 2006 Homebase .. Verna Felton; Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo from Disney's Cinderella 2006 Homebase .. Beloved: Sweet Harmony 2006 Honda Accord Cross Tour .. Miriam Makeba; Pata Pata 2010 watch Honda Everything .. Battles; Atlas 2009 Honda Let It Shine .. Berend Dubbe and Gwen Thomas; This Little Light Of Mine 2009 Honda Accord .. Esquivel The Breeze and I (Andalucia) 2008 watch Honda FCX Clarity .. Mark Mothersbaugh; Ping Island 2008 watch Honda Accord Sedan.. Electric Light Orchestra / E.L.O. Hold On Tight 2007 and 2008 watch Honda Power of Dreams .. Andy Williams; The Impossible Dream 2005 watch Honda Civic .. Primal Scream; Loaded 2003 Honda .. Sugarhill Gang; Rapper's Delight 2003 Honda Cleo .. Jeff Beck; Stand on it 1989/90 watch Horlicks .. Francoise Hardy; Voila 2005 Hoseasons Holidays .. Status Quo; Whatever You Want 2000 Hotpoint Aqua .. Vangelis; Ask The Mountains 2007 Hotpoint Recommends Ariel .. Lionel Richie; Easy 2005 House of Fraser .. Tunng; Out Of The Window With The Window 2006 Hovis Soft White .. Rossini; William Tell Overture 2011 listen Hovis Hearty Oats .. Plastic Bertrand; Ca Plane Pour Moi 2010 watch Hovis Wholemeal Cheese and Tomato Sandwich .. Calvin Harris; Ready For The Weekend 2010 watch Hovis Best of Both Bread Jam Sandwich .. Adam Ant; Goody Two Shoes 2010 watch Hovis Soft White Bread Bacon Sandwich .. The Stranglers; No More Heroes 2010 watch HP Hewlett Packard dv6t .. Jimi Hendrix; Foxey Lady 2011 watch HP Envy (Hewlett Packard) - Beats by Dr Dre .. Dr Dre featuring Jay-Z; Under Pressure 2011 watch HP: Hewlett Packard Web Enabled Printers .. Melanie: Brand New Key 2010 watch HP: Hewlett Packard Photosmart 475 .. Robins; Out Of The Picture 2005 HP: Hewlett Packard .. The Kinks: 'Picture Book' 2004 HP: Hewlett Packard .. The Cure: 'Pictures of You' 2003 HP: Hewlett Packard .. Deep Purple: 'Smoke on the Water' 2004 HP Sauce Tomato Ketchup .. Squirrel Nut Zippers; Suits Are Picking Up The Bill 2006 HP Sauce .. Elgar; Pomp & Circumstance March No. 1 (Land Of Hope And Glory) 2006 HSA Health Insurance .. Ella Fitzgerald; Sunny 2005 HSBC Little Investor .. Peter Raeburn and Nick Foster; Map Maker 2012 watch HSBC Lemonade .. Soundtree; Thank Heaven For Little Girls 2012 listen (M. Chevalier) HSBC Chinese New Year .. Chang Loo; Dang Bu Liao 2012 watch HSBC - What Do Trees Mean To You? Orff; Gassenhauer from Musica Poetica:Schulwerk 2007 HSBC .. Barry Gray; Aqua Marina 2006 HSBC .. Hope of the States; Black Amnesias 2006 HSBC .. Michel Legrand; Di Gue Ding Ding 2006 HSBC .. Ink Spots; Bless You (For Being An Angel) 2005 HTC One Freefall Fashion Shoot .. Chromatics; Tick of the Clock 2012 watch HTC - Sensation XL .. SebastiAn; Holloback / X Hollow 2011 watch HTC VTS 980 .. Nina Simone; Sinner Man 2009 watch Huggies Nappies .. Madness: 'It must be love' ~ New Zealand Hugo Boss Orange .. Hives; Hate To Say I Told You So 2011 watch Hugo Boss Bottled - Night .. Massive Attack; Angel 2010 watch Hugo Boss .. Rob Dougan; Clubbed To Death 2009 watch Hugo Boss for women .. Beatles; Drive My Car 2009 watch Hogo Boss Pure .. made especially for the ad by Schmooze Production 2008 Hugo Boss Femme .. Klima; City 2007 Hugo Boss XX & XY .. Johnny Kidd and The Pirates; Shakin' All Over 2007 Hugo Boss Pure Purple .. Mint Royale; Wait For You 2006 Hummer .. Filter; Only Way (Is the Wrong Way) 2003 Hummer .. The Who: 'Happy Jack' Hummer .. Tom Jones: "Help Yourself" Hush Puppies .. Rufus Thomas; Walking The Dog 2000 Hyundai Veloster .. Crystal Method; Dirty Thirty 2011 watch Hyundai - New Thinking .. Vanessa James; Commissioned Track 2011 Hyundai ix20 Life In Boxes .. Alex Winston; Choice Notes 2010 watch Hyundai i30 .. Shelagh Mcdonald; Rainy Night Blues 2008 Hyundai .. Colder; Silicone Sexy 2007 Hyundai Tucson .. Max Richter; Vladimir's Blues 2006 Hyundai Cars .. Johann Strauss: 'Wine, Women and Song' ~ New Zealand I >>> I.B.M .. Kinks: I'm Not Like Everybody Else uk 2006 I Cant Believe Its Not Butter .. Monkees: I'm A Believer uk 2000 Ibuleve .. Robson & Jerome: I Believe 2007 Ice Age .. Rusted Root: Send Me On My Way uk 2003 Iceland - Christmas Showcase .. Stacey Solomon; Driving Home For Christmas 2011 watch Iceland - Christmas Cabaret .. Iceland Mums; Christmas Can-Can 2010 watch Iceland - Weight Watchers Promotion .. Rossini: William Tell Overture 2005 Icelolly.com - Compare Packages .. Hot Chocolate; You Sexy Thing 2011 watch IKEA - Bedrooms .. Fanfare Ciocarlia; Asfalt Tango Also sampled on: Serk (ft Schampus) - Bangersexy 2011 watch . IKEA Kitchen Party .. Jona Lewie presents Man Like Me; Youll Always Find Me In The Kitchen At Parties 2010 watch IKEA - Happy Inside .. Mara Carlyle; Pianni 2010 watch IKEA .. Tom Jones: Green, Green Grass Of Home 2007 IKEA - the sale is on .. Peter, Bjorn & John: Young Folks 2007 IKEA - Sale .. Jean Jacques Perrey; Colonie Celeste 2006 IKEA .. Ervin Webb & The Prisoners; I'm Goin' Home 2005 Ilva Furniture .. Paolo Conte; Via Con Me 2006 Imperial Leather SkinKind Flower Shower .. Alex Banks; Snow 2010 watch Imperial Leather Toiletries - Hugs Range .. Ben Sands; Hugs 2007/2008 Impulse Body Spray .. Saturdays; Forever is Over 2009 watch Impulse .. Max Avery Lichtenstein: Tarnation 2007 Impulse Tease .. Salt n Pepa; Push It 2006 Impulse Thrill .. Casanovas; Shake It 2005 Indago Satellite Navigation System .. Ian McLagan; I Will Follow 2006 Indesit - Moon .. New Order; Hey Now What You Doing 2007/8 Independent .. Dr Dre; Still D.R.E. 2004 India .. Karl Jenkins; Zarabanda (Sarabande) 2006 ING Direct Snowball Games .. Boy Least Likely To Be Gentle With Me 2008 ING: Fernando Alonso .. Chris Coco; Dreaming of Shibuya In The Rain Again 2008 Innocent Fruit Loves This Water .. Billy Ocean; Suddenly 2010 watch Inland Revenue Tax Credits .. Upsetters; Return of Django 2004 watch Intel .. New Young Pony Club: "Ice Cream" (2006) Intel Core Duo Processor .. Teddybears; Different Sound 2006 Intel Core Duo Processor .. Carlos Jean; Mr Dabada 2006 Intel Core Duo Processor .. New Young Pony Club; Ice Cream 2006 Intel In Macs .. Moby; God Moving Over The Face Of The Waters 2006 Intel Centrino .. Seal; Crazy 2005 Interflora Mothers Day .. Daniel Holter & Kyle White; Whistler Float 2011 watch Investec What We Do .. Angry Vs. The Bear; Show Emotion 2012 watch Ireland Discover Ireland .. Shaun Davey; The Welcome Visitor 2007 Ireland .. Chicane & Maire Brennan; Saltwater 2003 Irn-Bru - Cut Out Summer .. Paolo Nutini; Pencil Full of Lead 2011 watch Irn-bru Thats Phenomenal .. Candle Music Commissioned Track 2010 watch Irn-Bru .. Undertones; Here Comes The Summer 2007 Irn Bru .. Aled Jones; Walking In The Air 2006 Isklar Pure Glacier .. Plaid; Zamami 2008 iPod Touch: Grid .. Brendan Benson; What I'm Looking For 2008 ITV Bingo.com .. Dave Carey - Bingo! 2011 watch or read about some ITV UEFA ad's are under U ITV Fifa World Cup Credits .. Vusi Mahlasela; When You Come Back 2010 watch ITV World Cup .. Jimi Hendrix; Fire 2010 listen ITV 2010 World Cup Qualifier Highlights Intro .. Verve; Bitter Sweet Symphony 2009 watch ITV Bright Side .. Nadia Fay; Honeycomb 2009 ITV Euro 2008 Titles .. Natasha Marsh; Queen of The Night from The Magic Flute (Mozart) 2008 ITV The Baron .. Whitey; Sweet Words For The Sour 2008 ITV 'Supernatural' Trailer .. AC/DC; Back In Black 2008 ITV 'Supernatural' Trailer .. George Michael; The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face 2007 ITV4 .. The Contender Challenge US v UK .. Sex Pistols; God Save The Queen 2007 ITV4 .. The Contender Challenge US v UK .. Jimi Hendrix; Star Spangled Banner 2007 ITV Primeval New Series .. Muse; Map of the Problematique 2007 ITV Hell's Kitchen USA .. Frankie Goes To Hollywood; Two Tribes 2006 ITV World Cuppa .. Sergio Mendes; Mas Que Nada 2006 ITV World Cup 2006 .. Kasabian; Heroes 2006 ITV Wrestlemania .. Peter Gabriel; Big Time 2006 ITV Movies .. Feeder; Feeling A Moment 2006 ITV2 - Winter .. Aqualung; Brighter Than Sunshine 2006 ITV 'Supernatural' Trailer .. Speedometer; All I Ever Need 2006 ITV 'Supernatural' Trailer .. Echo & The Bunnymen; Killing Moon 2006 ITV Winter Line Up .. Willis; Take You High 2006 ITV1 - Western Season .. Stranglers; No More Heroes 2005 ITV I'm a Celebrity Get Me Out of Here .. Guns 'n' Roses; Welcome To The Jungle 2003 ITV I'm a Celebrity Get Me Out of Here .. Kool and the Gang; Jungle Boogie 2003 ITV Midsomer Murders Theme .. Jim Parker; Midsomer Murders J >>> J. C. Penney: American Living .. Robert Plant/Alison Krauss: Killing The Blues 2008 J. C. Penney: American Living .. Chris Montez: Lets Dance 2008 J2O Glitterberry .. Weather Girls; It's Raining Men 2011 watch J2O .. Hint: Quite Spectacular 2007 J.J.B Sports - Ready? .. Sonny J; Cant Stop Moving 2011 watch Jack Daniels Happy Holidays Barrel Tree .. Brighton, MA Good Kind of Crazy 2011 watch Jacobs Cream Crackers .. Ethiopians: Train To Skaville 2000 Jaguar XF - Winner For Four Years .. The Heavy; How You Like Me Now 2011 watch Jaguar XF .. Deep Purple; Hush 2008 Jaguar .. Fujiya & Miyagi: Collarbone 2007 Jaguar .. Spoon: I Turn My Camera On 2006 Jaguar .. Massive Attack: Two Rocks and a Cup of Water 2006 Jaguar .. Chris Isaak: "Wicked Game" ~ US & UK 2001 Jamaica .. Bob Marley and the Wailers One Love; People Get Ready 2006 James Bond : Die Another Day .. Madonna; Die Another Day 2003 James Bond : Diamonds are Forever .. Shirley Bassey; Diamonds are Forever 2003 James Bond : The World Is Not Enough .. Garbage; The World is not Enough 1999 James Bond : Tomorrow Never Dies .. Sheryl Crow; Tomorrow Never Dies 1997 James Bond : Tomorrow Never Dies .. Moby; James Bond 1997 James Bond : Goldeneye .. Tina Turner; Goldeneye 1995 James Bond : Living Daylights .. A-Ha; Living Daylights 1987 James Bond : View To A Kill .. Duran Duran; View To A Kill 1985 James Bond : Octopussy .. Rita Coolidge; All Time High 1983 James Bond : Moonraker .. Shirley Bassey; Moonraker 1979 James Bond : The Spy Who Loved Me .. Carly Simon; Nobody Does It Better 1977 James Bond : Majesty's Secret Service .. Louis Armstrong; All The Time In The World 1969 James Bond : You Only Live Twice .. Nancy Sinatra; You Only Live Twice 1967 James Bond : Thunderball .. Tom Jones; Thunderball 1965 James Bond : Goldfinger .. Shirley Bassey; Goldfinger 1964 James Bond : Dr No .. Monty Norman; James Bond 1962 James Villa Holidays Happy Feet .. Kermit The Frog and The Frog Chorus; Happy Feet 2011 watch Jameson Whisky .. T Rex; 20th Century Boy 2005 Jameson Whisky .. Cozy Powell; Dance With The Devil 2005 Jean Paul Gautier Classics .. Niccolò Paganini's "Nessun Dorma" 2007 Jean Paul Gautier Les Parfums .. Maria Callas; Bellinis "Casta Diva" 2003 Jeep .. Hal David & John Cacavas Winter Warm 2010 Jeep: Liberty .. Andy Kim; Rock Me Gently 2007 watch Jergens Naturals .. Jess Penner; Here Comes The Sunshine 2009 Jeyes Bloo Fusion .. Tchaikovsky; Waltz (No 2 Valse) - Entrance of The Guests from Act 1, Swan Lake 2007 Jimmy Choo - Parfum .. Zoozoo; Velvet Underground 2011 watch John Lewis - Gifts .. Slow Moving Millie; Please, Please, Please Let Me Get What I Want 2011 watch John Lewis - Never Knowingly Undersold .. The Smiths - This Charming Man; The Selecter - On My Radio; Dusty Springfield - I Only Want To Be With You; London String Chorale - Galloping Home (theme from the Adventures of Black Beauty; Elton John - Rocket Man; Sade - Smooth Operator; The Kooks - Shine On 2011 watch John Lewis - Christmas 2010 .. Ellie Goulding; Your Song 2010 watch John Lewis Womans Life .. Fyfe Dangerfield: Shes Always a Woman To Me 2010 watch John Lewis .. Taken By Trees; Sweet Child O' Mine 2009 DL John Lewis - Christmas 2008 .. Beatles cover "From Me to You" especially produced for the ad 2008 watch John Lewis - Christmas 2007 .. Prokofiev; Morning Serenade from Romeo and Juliet 2007 John Smiths .. Kid Creole and the Coconuts; Annie, I'm Not Your Daddy 2004 John Smiths .. Jane Birkin and Serge Gainsbourg; Je T'Aime ... Moi Non Plus 2000 John West Weightwatchers Tuna Fillings .. Vernon Dalhart; The Runaway Train 2007 Juicy Couture: Viva La Juicy .. Elegant Too ft. Ambrosia Parsley; My World 2011 watch K >>> Kärcher Spring Clean .. Fats Waller; Spring Cleaning (Getting Ready For Love) 2010 watch Karcher 25th Anniversary .. Mick Tucker; Greig's Piano Concerto in A Minor 2009 listen Karcher VC 6300 .. Marjolein: Sweetest Eyes 2006 Kelkoo .. Corona: Rhythm of the Night 2000 Kelloggs Special K Dare To Wear Red .. David Guetta ft Kelly Rowland; When Love Takes Over 2012 watch Kelloggs Special K More Delicious Everyday .. Paloma Faith; Upside Down 2011 listen Kelloggs Crunchy Nut Clusters .. Berlin; Take My Breath Away 2011 watch Kelloggs Special K: myspecialk.co.uk .. Duffy; Mercy 2011 watch Kelloggs Special K Love Your Shape .. Sugababes: Red Dress (Mutya Mix) 2010 watch Kelloggs Corn Flakes Sunshine Street Breakfast .. Primal Scream; Movin On Up 2010 watch Kelloggs Special K Fruit and Nut Clusters .. Jill Pickering; Shine 2010 watch Kelloggs Nutrigrain Bars .. The Feeling; Fill My Little World 2010 listen Kelloggs Special "K" .. Joy Williams; Sunny Day 2010 watch Kelloggs Coco Pops .. Alice Cooper; School's Out 2010 listen Kelloggs Special "K" - Jeans Challenge .. Scouting For Girls; She's So Lovely 2010 listen Kelloggs Nutrigrain Bars .. Andrea True Connection; More, More, More 2009 listen Kelloggs Coco Rocks - Wholegrain .. EMF; Unbelievable 2009 Kelloggs Coco Pops .. Snap; The Power 2009 Kelloggs Special "K" .. Laura Izibor; Shine 2009 Kelloggs Special "K" - 10 Varieties .. Pelle Carlberg; Riverbank 2009 Kelloggs Special "K" .. Aretha Franklin; Save Me 2009 watch Kelloggs Cherrios .. Ben Taylor; I Try 2008 listen Kelloggs Cornflakes: Hint of Honey .. ?music interlude/Ella Fitzgerald? You're Gonna Lose Your Gal 2008 listen Kelloggs Coco Pops: Moons and Stars .. Lipps Inc; Funky Town 2008 Kelloggs Coco Pops Coco Rocks: Caveman .. Owen Paul; My Favourite Waste Of Time 2008 Kelloggs Special "K" .. Ken Parker; I Can't Hide 2008 Kelloggs Special "K" .. Turin Brakes; Fishing For A Dream 2008 Kelloggs Zookeeper Competition .. Laurie Johnson Orchestra: Animal Magic Theme (Las Vegas) 2008 Kelloggs Special K Slimmer For Summer Winter Clothes .. Real Tuesday Weld; The Show Must Go On 2008 Kelloggs Special K .. Connie Francis; Fallin' 2008 Kelloggs Special K .. Dave Dee,Dozy,Beaky,Mick & Tich; Bend It 2008 Kelloggs Conflakes .. Francis Lai; Love Story 2008 Kelloggs Special K Bars .. Jem: Wish I 2007 Kelloggs Special K Mini Breaks .. Cheap Trick; I Want You To Want Me 2007 & 2008 Kelloggs - Wheats .. Jackie Wilson: Reet Petite 2007 Kelloggs Crunchy Nut Cornflakes .. Damita Jo: Keep Your Hands Off Him 2007 Kelloggs Crunchy Nut Cornflakes .. Elgar: Pomp And Circumstance March No. 1 (Land Of Hope And Glory) 2007 Kelloggs Fruit'n'Fibre .. Boots Randolph: Yakety Sax 2007 Kelloggs Sp K .. Koop: Summer Sun 2007 Kelloggs Sp K .. Johnny Nash: I Can See Clearly Now 2007 Kelloggs Sp K .. Chris Montez The More I See You 2007 Kelloggs Sp K .. Dusty Springfield: I Just Don't Know What To Do With Myself 2006 Kelloggs Sp K .. Astrid Gilberto: 'Girl from Impanema' Kelloggs Sp K .. Tom Jones: 'What's New Pussycat' Kelloggs Sp K .. Blondie: "One Way Or Another" Kelloggs Sp K .. De Phazz: Mambo Craze 2006 Kelloggs Sp K red berries .. Liverpool Express: "It's A Beautiful Day" ~ 2005 Kelloggs Nutri-Grain Bars .. Pilot: Magic 2005 Kelloggs Cornflakes .. Jeff Beck; Hi Ho Silver Lining 2004 Kelloggs Fruit'n'Fibre .. Carmen Miranda; I Yi Yi Yi Yi (I Like You Very Much) 1996 Kenco Tassimo Coffee Machine .. Us3; Cantaloop (Flip Fantasia) 2005 Kenco Caffe Crema .. Etta James; At Last 2005 Kenco .. Bizet; March of the Toreadors from "Carmen" 2004 Kenco .. Ennio Morricone; Musical Pocket Watch 2003 Kentucky Fried Chicken .. Lynard Skynard: 'Sweet Home Alabama' Kenwood Frothie Hot'n'Cold Drinks Maker .. Don Ho; Tiny Bubbles 2005 Kenzo Flower Tag .. Tricky; Cross to Bear 2011 watch Kenzo Flower .. Martina Topley-Bird; Lullaby 2006 KFC BBQ Rancher .. June Noa; Shes a Lady 2012 watch KFC - So Good .. Temple Cloud; One Big Family 2011 watch KFC .. Andy Williams; Can't Take My Eyes Off You 2010 listen KFC - Favourites Bucket .. Ramones; Baby I Love You 2006 KFC - Popcorn .. Sam Cooke; Somebody's Gonna Miss Me 2004 KFC - Mini Fillets .. Chi-Lites; What Do I Wish For 2004 KGB .. Black Keys; Howlin' For You 2011 listen Kia: New Range .. Chul Shin; Commissioned Track 2011 watch Kia Sportage: Sing Along .. Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five; The Message 2011 watch Kia Carens .. Yunioshi; Mymo 2007 Kilkenny .. Fleetwood Mac; Need Your Love So Bad 2000 Kinder Surprise - Giraffe .. Eliza Doolittle; Pack Up 2011 watch King of Shaves Azor .. Mat Le Star; Lust and Charm 2009 watch King of Shaves .. Death In Vegas; Dirge 2006 Kiss FM .. Gary Jules; Mad World 2003 Kingsmill Wake Up To Wholegrain .. Madness; House Of Fun 2009 Kingsmill .. Lucky Jim: 'Your Lovely To Me' UK 2007 Kingsmill Head Start with Omega3 .. Louis Armstrong ft. Bing Crosby: 'Gone Fishin' 2006 Kingsmill .. Vivaldi: Spring (allegro) from 'The Four Seasons' 2002 Kingsmill .. Nat King Cole: 'Smile' 2000 Kingsmill .. Shirley Bassey: Big Spender 2000 Kingsmill .. Supernaturals: 'Smile' 2000 Kit Kat Pop Choc .. Frankie Laine; Rawhide 2011 watch Kit Kat - Crane drivers .. The Fratellis; Chelsea Dagger 2011 watch Kit Kat .. The Enemy; We'll Live and Die In These Towns 2010 watch Kit Kat .. Diana Ross and the Supremes; You Can't Hurry Love 2010 watch Kit Kat - Kit Kash Promotion .. Bill Conti; Theme From Dynasty 2005 Kleenex Balsam - Always There .. Katie Herzig; Were All In This Together 2011 watch Kleenex Mansize - New Smaller Box .. Jacques Dutronc; Mini, Mini, Mini 2011 watch Kleenex .. Starrfadu; Let It Out 2007 Kmart .. B52s: 'Rock Lobster' K-Mart .. Kim Wilde: 'Kids in America' Knorr: Thai Curry Sauce .. Fern Kinney; Together We Are Beautiful 2006 listen Knorr: Ragu .. Carmen Miranda; I Yi Yi Yi Yi (I Like You Very Much) 2006 listen Knorr: Herb Cubes .. Penguin Cafe Orchestra Perpetuum Mobile 2000 Listen Kodak Inkjet Printer - Beautifully Cheap .. The Undertones; Here Comes The Summer 2011 watch Kohl's .. Temptations: 'Get Ready' Kohl's .. Lovin' Spoonful: 'Do You Believe In Magic' KP Hula Hoops: Sport Relief Hoopathon.. The Hit Crew; Jump In The Line (Shake, Senora) 2010 watch KP Hula Hoops .. Village People; YMCA 2009 KP .. David Rose; The Stripper 2000 KP .. Carter USM; Shoppers Paradise 2000 Kraft Dairylea .. Supergrass; Alright 2010 listen Kraft Dairylea Cheese .. Jilted Jon; Jilted John (Gordon Is A Moron) 2008 Kraft Dairylea Dunkers .. Ron Goodwin; 633 Squadron 2006 Kraft Mayo .. Grand Funk: 'Some Kind of Wonderful' Kronenbourg 1664 - bar musicians .. Madness - Baggy Trousers (slow version) 2011 watch Kronenbourg 1664 Motörhead .. Motörhead: Ace of Spades (Slow Version) 2010 watch Kronenbourg 1664 .. Britney Spears; Beat Goes On 2008 Kronenbourg 1664 .. Patsy Cline; Walkin' After Midnight 2006 Kronenbourg 1664 .. Henry Purcell; Suite From Abdelazar: Overture 2006 K-Swiss .. Creepy Morons; Superhits 2006 K-Swiss .. Crime; Gangster Funk 2006 K-Swiss .. Tha 4orce; Biting on the Hook (With the Bat) 2006 L >>> L.L. Beans: Holiday 2008 .. Fountains Of Wayne; Valley Winter Song 2008 watch LOreal Paris Preference .. Death In Vegas; Your Loft My Acid (Fearless Transhouse Mix) 2012 watch LOreal: Spike Fanatic Sculpting Gel .. Goldfrapp; Ooh La La 2011 watch L'Oreal: Age Re-Perfect - Jane Fonda .. Craig Armstrong; Finding Beauty 2008 watch L'Oreal: Men Expert .. Sebastien Tellier; La Ritournelle 2007/8 watch L' Oreal with Andie Macdowell .. Craig Armstrong (remix): Finding Beauty 2007 La Redoute - Paris Rendevous .. Lovisa Stenmark; On and On 2011 watch Lacoste - Eau De Lacoste .. Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five; The Message 2011 watch Lacoste Joy of Pink - Streamers .. If The Kids; Life? Is Now 2010 watch Lacoste Elegance for Men .. Nat King Cole: Destination Moon 2007 Lacoste Inspiration .. Tom Jones; She's A Lady 2006 Lacoste Touch of Pink .. Natasha Thomas; Show You (The Way) 2006 Lacoste Touch of Pink .. Natasha Thomas; Skin Deep 2005 Lacoste Essential .. Feist; Mushaboom 2005 Lacoste Touch of Pink .. Natasha Thomas; It's Over Now 2004 Ladbrokes World Cup 2010 .. Quincy Jones; It's Caper Time (Self Preservation Society) 2010 watch Ladbrokes Bingo .. Beach Boys; Fun Fun Fun 2009 listen Lambrini .. Al Wilson; The Snake 2007 Land Of Leather One Day Sale .. Simply Red; Fairground 2008 Land Of Leather .. Dexy's Midnight Runners Come On Eileen 2008 Land of Leather .. Survivor; Eye of the Tiger 2007 Land of Leather .. Arrow; Hot Hot Hot 2007 Land of Leather Boxing Day Sale .. Chesney Hawkes; The One and Only 2007 Land of Leather Sale .. Europe; The Final Countdown 2007 Land of Leather £50 million Clearance Sale .. Lulu; Shout 2006 Land Rover Discovery 3 .. Mills Brothers; Tiger Rag 2009 Land Rover Freelander 2 .. Jon Allen; Going Home 2008 Land Rover Freelander .. Elgar; Nimrod from Enigma Variations 2005 Lastminute.com: Stories Start Here .. Louis Prima; Enjoy Yourself 2011 watch Lastminute.com: Do More Good Stuff .. Mumford & Sons; The Cave 2010 watch Lastminute.com .. Sonny J; Can't Stop Moving 2009 LateRooms.Com For Your Every Need .. Asobi Seksu; Thursday 2012 watch LateRooms.Com .. Super Preachers ft. Sista Moon; I Feel Happy 2011 watch LateRooms.Com: Holiday Bubbles .. Lucky Elephant; Lucky Elephant 2010 watch Lego; Rock Band .. Queen; We Will Rock You 2009 Lego: Indiana Jones Movie Collection .. John Williams; Raiders March 2008 Lenor Pink .. Liz Mcclarnon; I Get The Sweetest Feeling 2006 Lenor Goodbye Cardboard Jeans .. Koop; I See A Different You 2007 Levis .. RJD2; The Horror 2006 Levis 559 Voodoo Jeans .. Stevie Wonder; Superstition 2005 Levi Jeans .. Willie Nelson: "Always On My Mind" ~ 2004 Levi Sta-prest Trousers .. Mr. Oizo; Flat Beat 1999 watch Levi 501 Jeans .. Spaceman; Babylon Zoo 1996 watch Levi 501 Jeans - Taxi .. Freak Power; Turn On, Tune In, Cop Out 1995 watch Levi 501 Jeans - Creek .. Inside; Stiltskin 1995 watch Levi 501 Jeans .. Shaggy; Boombastic 1995 watch Levi 501 Jeans - Procession .. Screamin' Jay Hawkins; Heartattack and Vine 1993 watch Levi 501 Jeans - Swimmer .. Mad about the Boy; Dinah Washington 1992 watch Levi Jeans - Brad Pitt ad .. Marc Bolan; 20th Century Boy 1991 watch Levi Jeans - Pool Hall .. The Clash; Should I Stay or Should I Go? 1991 watch Levi 527 Jeans - man throwing pebbles at window .. Madness: 'It Must Be Love' 19?? watch Levi 501 Jeans .. The Joker; Steve Miller Band 1990 watch Levi Jeans .. Eddie Cochran; C'mon Everybody! 1988 watch Levi Jeans - Entrance .. Ben E. King; Stand by Me 1987 watch Levi 501 Jeans - Parting .. Percy Sledge; When a Man Loves a Woman 1987 watch Levi 501 Jeans - Bath .. Sam Cooke; Wonderful World 1986 watch Levi 501 Jeans - Laundrette .. Marvin Gaye; "I Heard It Through the Grapevine" 1985 watch Levonelle One Step Contraception .. Golden Dogs; Lester 2009 Lexmark .. Rolling Stones: 'Complicated' Lexus .. Isaac Albeniz; "Asturias" from Suite Espagnol 2007 Lexus 220d .. Ross Gregory; Fibre Optic 2006 LG Arena - KM900 .. Jay-Kid; Blame It On The Boogie 2009 LG KP500 Cookie free touch .. Mozart; Symphony No 40 - 1st movement 2009 watch LG: Secret .. Sungki Lee production/Puccini; One Fine Day (Un Bel Dì Vedremo) from Madame Butterfly 2008 watch LG: HD TVs .. Beach Boys; Good Vibrations 2008 watch LG: Chocolate .. Feist; My Moon My Man 2007 watch Lifestyle Sports .. Von Bondies: "C'mon C'mon" (late 2006) Lifetime TV Network .. Bee Gees: 'Lonely Days' Limara: body spray .. Stevie Lange; Remember My Name 1985 Lindemans .. T Rex; 20th Century Boy 2011 listen Lipton Iced Tea - 100% Natural .. Groove Armada ft. SaintSaviour; I Wont? Kneel 2011 watch Lipton Green Iced Tea .. Clyde McPhatter: 'Little Bitty Pretty One' Littlewoods - Christmas Ideas .. Specially Recorded; My Lovely Mother 2011 watch Littlewoods - Perfect Christmas Gifts From Coleen Rooney .. Danny Elfman; Whats This? 2010 watch Littlewoods Nice Boots Camp .. Nancy Sinatra; These Boots Are Made For Walkin' 2010 watch Littlewoods .. T Rex; I Love To Boogie 2009 Littlewoods Direct - Brazilian Adventure .. The Belle Stars; Iko Iko 2008 Living TV: Britain's Next Top Model .. Band of Skulls; Death By Diamonds and Pearls 2010 listen Living TV: Moonlight .. Sam Sparro; Black & Gold 2008 Lloyds TSB - London 2012 Journey .. Elena Kats-Chernin; Elizas Aria 2011 watch Lloyds Bank .. Elena Kats-Chernin; Eliza's Aria from Wild Swans 2007 Lloyds/TSB .. Bach; Sleepers Awake 1993 London Marathon - Theme .. Ron Goodwin; Theme from The Trap 2011 watch London Transport For London - Think Biker .. Steph Altman; If You Got To Know Me 2010 watch London Transport For London - Kid Again .. Audio Bullys; Real Life 2009 London Transport For London - Better Off By Bike Campaign .. Dawn Landes; Straight Lines 2007 London Transport For London .. David Motion; Chamber Music IV 2006 Look What We Found Tees Valley Meatballs .. Cliff Richard and The Shadows; In The Country 2012 watch LOUD by Tommy Hilfiger: Scent Remixed .. The Ting Tings; Were Not The Same 2010 watch Love It! Magazine .. Huey 'Piano' Smith and His Clowns; Don't You Just Know It 2007 Lovefilm Instant Try It For Free .. College A Real Hero 2012 watch Lovefilm Instant Late Night .. Emiliana Torrini; Gun 2012 watch Lovefilm .. Lotte Mullan; It Must Be Love 2012 watch Lovefilm .. James Vincent McMorrow; Higher Love 2011 watch Lovefilm .. MoZella; Love is Endless 2011 listen Lovefilm .. Robert Palmer; Addicted To Love 2011 listen Lovefilm .. Status Quo; Whatever You Want 2011 listen Lovefilm .. Huey Lewis and the News; Power Of Love 2010 listen Lovefilm .. Spencer Davis Group; Gimme Some Loving 2009 listen Lovefilm .. John Paul Young; Love Is In The Air 2009 listen Lovefilm .. Madness; It Must Be Love 2009 listen Lucozade Energy: YES .. The James Cleaver Quintet; Buck Rogers 2011 watch Lucozade Sport: Lite .. DJ Fresh; Louder 2011 watch Lucozade Sport: YES .. Tinie Tempah ft Travis Barker; Simply Unstoppable (YES Remix) 2011 watch Lucozade Energy: Do More .. The Plight; Ball and Chain 2010 watch Lucozade: The Energy Within, New Orleans/Hamburg .. Brigade; What Are You Waiting For 2008 watch Lucozade Energy .. UNKLE; Safe In Mind (Please Take This Gun From Out My Face) 2006 Lucozade Sport - Fine Line .. Scratch Perverts; Stand By 2006 Lucozade Energy: Zombie ad .. Audio Bullies; We Don't Care 2006 Lunn Poly .. Marvelettes; When You're Young And In Love 2000 Lurpak Lighter Be Wonderful and Wise .. Rutger Hauer; Cooking Up A Rainbow 2012 watch Lurpak: Kitchen Odyssey .. Alexandre Desplat; Canis Lupus 2011 watch Lux Shower Gel - Limousine .. 411; Dumb 2004 LV.com .. Sonics; Have Love, Will Travel 2007 Lynx Hair Get Some Hair Action .. Jacqueline Taïeb; La Plus Belle Chanson 2012 watch Lynx Attract Unleash the Chaos .. Katie Lee; It Must Be Something Psychological 2012 watch Lynx 2012 - Get It On For The End Of The World .. Specially Recorded; No Man Can Walk Alone 2011 watch Lynx Excite - My Angel Girlfriend .. Linda Ronstadt; Different Drum 2011 watch Lynx - Summer Holiday .. Courtney John - Lucky Man 2011 watch Lynx Shower Gel - The Wash .. Brenda & the Tabulations; The Wash 2011 watch Lynx Excite: Even Angels Will Fall .. The Fallen Angels; Sexy Boy 2011 watch Lynx - Getting Dressed .. Israel Kamakawiwoole; Somewhere Over the Rainbow 2010 watch Lynx Twist The Fragrance That Changes .. Juan Pablo Gariglio-bone with a dog/Special Track 2010 watch Lynx Hot Fever .. Harry Belafonte; Jump In The Line 2009 Lynx Bullet - Pocket Pulling Power .. Seeds; Can't Seem To Make You Mine 2009 Lynx Instinct .. Cody ChesnuTT; Look Good In Leather 2009 Lynx: chocolate man .. Allen Toussaint; Sweet Touch of Love 2008 Lynx 3; Mix things up .. Micah P. Hinson; Yard Of Blonde Girls 2008 Lynx Boost Shower Gel .. Blueskins; Change My Mind 2006 Lynx Deodorant - Click .. Johnny 'Guitar' Watson; Gangster of Love 2006 Lynx deodorant .. The Bees; Chicken Payback Lynx .. Israel Kamakawiwo'ole; Somewhere Over the Rainbow 2004 Lynx .. Esquivel; Miniskirt 1999 M & Co - Effortless Style .. Jasmine Kara; Try My Love Again 2011 watch M & Ms .. Iron & Wine: 'Such Great Heights' Macleans Teeth Care Sponsors of Dancing on Ice .. Slow Club; Apples and Pairs 2010 watch Magic FM .. Michael Buble: Everything 2007 Magners Perfect Bar .. Fleetwood Mac; I've Lost My Baby 2008 watch Magners Light .. Os Mutantes/The Bees; A Minha Menina 2008 watch Magners Cider .. Byrds; Lazy Days 2008 watch Magners Cider: Indoor Celebrations .. Steve Earle ft. Sharon Shannon; Galway Girl 2008 watch Magners Christmas .. Fiona Melady; Don't Sit Under The Apple Tree 2007 Magners Cider .. The Kinks; Sunny Afternoon 2007 Magners That Journey .. Fatboy Slim; The Journey 2007 Magners Cider .. Zombies; 'Time of the Season' 2006 Magners Cider .. INXS; 'Beautiful Girl' 2006 Magners Cider .. Strangeloves; Night Time 2006 Magners Cider .. Donovan; Sunshine Superman 2006 Magners Cider .. Thin Lizzy; Dancing In The Moonlight 2006 Magnet Your Perfect Kitchen .. Julie Andrews; Getting To Know You (From The King and I) 2008 watch Mail On Sunday You Mag .. Alex Ball (composer)/Phillipa Alexander (singer); Sunday Girl 2010 watch Mail On Sunday Tesco Couplons .. Buddy Holly; Everyday 2009 Mail On Sunday Roxy Music CD .. Roxy Music; Avalon 2009 Mail on Sunday John Lennon CD .. John Lennon; Jealous Guy 2009 Mail on Sunday John Lennon CD .. John Lennon; Imagine 2009 Mail on Sunday Simply Red - Stars Give Away .. Simply Red; Stars 2008 Mail on Sunday Travis CD Promotion .. Travis; Flowers In The Window 2007 Mail on Sunday .. Frankie Goes To Hollywood; Two Tribes 2007 Mail on Sunday Planet Earth by Prince - Free Cd .. Prince; Guitar 2007 Mail on Sunday Maybe Baby - free DVD .. Barry White; You're The First, The Last, My Everything 2006 Maltesers Celebrating 75 Years .. Jess Penner All Smiles 2012 listen Mango - Kate Moss .. Bradley Michael Holland; Specially Commissioned Track 2011 watch Manikin Cigars .. Manfred Mann; A 'B' Side 1969 Marks & Spencer Summer To Remember .. Gary Barlow; Here Comes The Sun 2012 watch Marks & Spencers - Perfect Christmas Party Food .. Olly Murs; Busy (Instrumental) 2011 watch Marks & Spencers - Christmas Ad .. X-Factor 2011 finalists; If You Wish Upon A Star 2011 watch Marks and Spencer - Terribly Clever .. Olly Murs; Busy (Instrumental) 2011 watch Marks and Spencer - The Date .. The Ronettes - Be My Baby 2011 watch . Marks and Spencer The Rendezvous .. Billy Paul; Me and Mrs Jones 2011 watch . Marks & Spencer Apricot Tart .. Olly Murs; Busy 2011 watch Marks and Spencer Summer 2011 - Miami .. Michael Bublé; It Had Better Be Tonight 2011 watch M & S - Dont Put a Foot Wrong This Christmas .. Bee Gees: You Should Be Dancing 2010 watch M & S Fashion Fall For It .. Cheryl Lynn; Got To Be Real 2010 watch M & S - Spring 2010 Collection .. Cheryl Lynn; Got To Be Real 2010 watch Marks & Spencer - 125 Years .. Take That; Greatest Day 2009 watch Marks & Spencer - Cook Asian .. Booker T and The MGs; Soul Limbo 2009 Marks & Spencer - Xmas Take That ad .. Macy Gray - Winter Wonderland 2008 watch Marks & Spencer - Your Store .. David Bowie; Lets Dance 2008 watch Marks & Spencer - Bureau De Change .. Gypsy Kings; Bambaleo 2008 Marks & Spencer Food .. Spandau Ballet; True 2008 Marks & Spencer - Free from artificial colours; Eva Cassidy; True Colors 2008 watch M & S - Food (Free Range Eggs) .. Donovan; Mellow Yellow 2008 watch M & S Clothes .. Erika Eigen; I Want to Marry A Lighthouse Keeper 2008 watch M & S Christmas Belles .. Andy Williams; It's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year 2007 watch M & S .. Charioteers: Oooh, Look-A-There, Ain't She Pretty? 2007 watch M & S/Marks & Spencer Clothes .. Small Faces; Itcheycoo Park 2007 watch M & S Food .. Groove Armada; At The River 2007 watch M & S Christmas Food .. Santana: "Samba Pa Ti" 2006 watch M & S Food .. Santana: "Samba Pa Ti" ~ UK (2006) M & S Fire and Ice .. Shirley Bassey; Get The Party Started 2006 watch M & S Kids .. Monkees: "(Theme from) The Monkees" ~ UK 2006 M & S More Credit Card .. Laurie Johnson Orchestra; Theme from The Avengers 2006 M & S Clothes .. Steve Harley/Cockney Rebel: 'Make Me Smile (Come Up & See Me)' 2006 M & S .. Mikis Theodorakis; Zorba The Greek 2006 M & S .. Sailor; A Glass Of Champagne 2006 watch M & S Clothes .. Ethel Merman; There's No Business Like Show Business 2005 M & S Clothes .. Electric Light Orchestra (ELO); Mr Blue Sky 2005 M & S Food .. Fleetwood Mac: "Albatross" ~ (2005) M & S .. Finley Quaye; Your Love Gets Sweeter 2004 M & S More Credit Card .. Dean Martin; That's Amore 2003 M & S .. Brian Ferry: "Let's Get Together ~ UK Marmaduke Trailer .. Kei$ha; Tik tok 2010 watch Mars - Work Together.. Radford Music/ Gary Nock; Make it Better 2011 watch Mars - Raised Voices .. England New Order; World In Motion 2010 watch Mars .. Hubert Parry; Jerusalem 2009 Mars: Twix - Free Cuppa .. Whitesnake; Here I Go Again 2009 watch Mars: Maltesers .. Abba; Mamma Mia 2008 watch Mars Free Football ad .. Rossini; La Gazza Ladra Overture: The Thieving Magpie 2008 watch Mars Bar (bell ringing monks) .. House Of Pain; Jump Around 2008 watch Mars: Twix .. Peter Grant; Happy Together 2007 Mars: Planets .. Sweet: Blockbuster 2007 Mars .. New Order; Blue Monday 2006 Mars: Celebrations .. Blues Brothers: Everybody Needs Somebody To Love 2005/09 Mars: Maltesers .. Chaka Demus and Pliers; Tease Me 2000 Mastercard Rewards .. Bonnie Tyler; Total Eclipse Of The Heart 2010 watch Mastercard .. Randy Newman; Feels Like Home 2009 Mastercard Euro 2008 Commentators .. Johan Strauss; Blue Danube Waltz 2008 Mastercard .. Alice Cooper; School's Out 2008 watch Mastercard Travel Promotion .. Fink; This is the Thing 2007 Mastercard .. Findlay Brown; "Come Home" (late 2006) Mastercard Brit Awards Sponsorship .. King; Love And Pride 2006 Mastercard Brit Awards Sponsorship .. Natasha Bedingfield; 'These Words' 2006 Matalan - Christmas Snowglobes .. Cinnamon Girl; Set You Free 2011 watch Matalan - Forever Spring .. Crystal Fighters; Plage 2011 watch Matalan - Best Christmas Ever? .. A Fine Frenzy; What I Wouldnt Do 2010 watch Matalan .. Kingsmen; Louie, Louie 2006 Matalan - Expect More .. Andrea True Connection; More, More, More 2006 Matalan .. Louis Armstrong: "Zat You Santa Claus" 2005 Match.com Accidental Duet .. Squeak E. Clean; Its Just Me 2010 DL (music made for ad) Match.com .. Dan Hill; Sometimes When I Touch You 2007 Mateus Rose .. Touch and Go; Ecoutez, Repetez 2005 Mattessons Fridge Raiders: Chicken Bites .. Andrew Kremer & Benedict Green; Gdansk Skank 2008 Mattessons Fridge Raiders .. I Monster; The Blue Wrath (Bloated) 2006 Maxwell House Coffee .. Madness: 'Our House' Maybelline - One By One VolumExpress Mascara .. Dick Dale & His Del Tones; Misirlou 2011 watch Maybelline Collossal .. Lalo Schifrin; Mission Impossible Theme 2009 Maynards .. Major Maker; Rollercoaster 2008 Mazda .. Noisettes: Don't Upset The Rhythm 2008 Mazda 6 .. Jupiter One; Platform Moon 2007/8 watch Mazda 2 .. Infadels; Can't Get Enough 2007 Mazda MX5 .. Jan Cyrka; Cartel 2006 Mazda MX5 & MX6 .. Serapis Bey; Zoom Zoom Zoom 2002 Max Factor: Diva Lip Gloss .. Sohodolls; Stripper 2010 watch McCain Potato Food Family Life .. Supertramp; Give a Little Bit 2010 watch McCain Home Fries .. Lionel Bart; Food, Glorious Food (From Oliver!) 2007 McCoy Crisps .. Paul Anka: Puppy Love 2007 McDonalds - Hes Happy .. Special Commission; On The Street Where You Live 2011 watch McDonalds - 1955 Burger .. Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers; Why Do Fools Fall in Love? 2011 watch . McDonalds BCO .. Bob Dorough; Three Is The Magic Number 2011 watch McDonalds - Happy Box .. The Dave Clark Five; Glad All Over 2011 watch McDonalds Full Bean Coffee .. The Dave Brubeck Quartet: Unsquare Dance 2010 watch McDonalds Weather 2 .. The Swingle Singers: William Tell Overture 2010 watch McDonald's Golden Arches Beacon .. Willie Nelson; On The Road Again 2010 watch McDonald's Summer Coke Glasses .. Maceo and the Macks Cross the Tracks (We Better Go Back) 2010 watch McDonalds Weather .. Vernon Elliott; From Visiting Friends (The Clangers) 2010 watch McDonalds Summer Menu .. Sam Means; Yeah Yeah watch McDonalds Great Tastes of America .. Jerome Moross; Big Country 2010 watch McDonalds CBO .. Bob Dorough; Three Is The Magic Number 2010 McDonalds Favourites .. Elmer Bernstein; The City 2009 watch McDonalds Chicken Legend .. Roger Miller; King of The Road 2009 watch McDonalds .. Jerry Keller; Here Comes Summer 2009 McDonalds Cornetto McFlurry .. Pavarotti; O Sole Mio 2009 McDonalds .. Bing Crosby; Busy Doing Nothing 2009 McDonalds Working With Farmers .. Roger Miller Whistlestop 2008 watch McDonalds Festive Menu .. Elmer Bernstein; The Great Escape 2007 watch McDonalds Free Coca Cola Glass Promotion .. Incognito; Everybody Loves The Sunshine 2007 watch McDonalds Summer BBQ Menu .. TV Theme; Galloping Home (Theme From Black Beauty) 2007 watch McDonalds .. ABC; Poison Arrow 2006 watch McDonalds .. John Barry; Midnight Cowboy 2002 McDonalds .. Paraffin Jack Flash; Blue & Groovy 2000 McEwans .. Eddie and The Hot Rods; Do Anything You Wanna Do 2000 McEwans .. Win; You've Got The Power 1988-89 McVitie's Crumbs .. Xavier Cugat; Tea For Two 2005 watch Mentos 3 - Three Is Better .. Blak Prophetz; What I$ Rap? (Mentos TV Advert Remix) 2011 watch Mentos .. Sequins; I Get What I Want 2009 Mercedes Benz - 125 Years .. Belleruche; Northern Girls 2011 watch Mercedes-Benz AMG Cars .. Massive Attack; Danny the Dog 2010 watch Mercedes-Benz Presence .. Nick Cave & Warren Ellis; Martha's Dream 2008 watch Meteor .. Arthur And Yu; The Ghost Of Old Bull Lee 2008 watch MFI 2008 Collection .. Patrick Street; Music For A Found Harmonium 2007 watch Michelob Beer .. Eric Clapton: 'After Midnight 1988 watch Michelob Beer .. Phil Collins; Tonight, Tonight, Tonight 1987 watch Microsoft Internet Explorer 9 A More Beautiful Web .. Alex Clare; Too Close 2012 watch Midland Bank .. Madness; It Must Be Love 1994 Miller Genuine Draught .. Jude; Crescent Heights 2007 Miller .. Le Hammond Inferno; Speech Defects 2006 watch Miller Genuine Draught .. Takako Minekawa; Fantastic Cat 2005 watch Milton Keynes The Centre:MK & Midsummer Place - Wish List .. Haircut 100; Fantastic Day 2008 watch Mind Time To Change .. Brian Eno; An Ending (Ascent) 2009 Mini Roadster Cliffhanger .. Orhan Gencebay; Hayat Kavgasi 2012 watch Mini Viking Invasion - Ban Boredom .. Baby Woodrose; Volcano 2008 watch Mini Clubman - Etch-A-Sketch .. ESG; Tiny Sticks 2008 watch Mini Clubman - Birds .. Bob McGrath & Loretta Long; One of These Things (One of These Sounds) 2007 Mitsubishi Lancer .. Manfred Mann; 54321 2010 Mitsubishi Lancer .. Dean Martin; The Birds and The Bees 2009 watch Mitsubishi L200 .. Bob Dylan; A Hard Rain's A-Gonna Fall 2006 Mitsubishi .. Sweet: 'Ballroom Blitz' Mitsubishi .. Tommy James and the Shondells: 'Draggin' the Line' Möben - Choreographed Kitchen .. Propellerheads; Crash 2007/8 Moneysupermarket.com: Like A Winner .. Joe Bean Esposito Youre The Best 2012 watch Moneysupermarket.com: King of the Jungle .. Tight Fit; The Lion Sleeps Tonight 2011 watch Moneysupermarket.com: Crocodile Surfer .. The Surfaris; Wipeout 2011 watch Monday Charities Lottery .. Jam; Monday 2006 Monster.com (daybreak).. Rebecca Cherry/Cherry-Tate Music Productions: 'a special for the ad' 2008 Monster.com (own path) .. Chemical Brothers: "Dream on" 2008 watch Monster.com (big legs) .. Obernkirchen Children's Choir; Happy Wanderer 2007/8 Monster.com .. ELO: 'Do Ya' More 4 Iraq: The Bloody Circus .. Ben Christophers; Falls Into View 2006 More Than: Car Insurance .. Simple Minds; Alive and Kicking 2010 watch More Than: Home Insurance .. Gerry Rafferty; Baker Street 2010 watch More Than .. Queen; You're My Best Friend 2010 watch More Than .. East 17; It's Alright 2009 More Than: Free Home Contents with Buildings Insurance .. Diana Ross; Upside Down 2009 More Than: Home Insurance .. Barry White; Can't Get Enough Of Your Love, Babe 2009 watch More Than: Pet Insurance .. Minnie Ripperton; Lovin' You 2009 watch More Than: Car Insurance .. Lionel Richie; Easy 2008 watch More Than .. Paul Clarkson; Day After Day 2006 More Than .. Elvis Presley; Old Shep 2001 Morrisons .. Take That; Shine 2007 Motorola RAZR .. Black Rebel Motorcycle Club; Spread Your Love 2011 watch Motorola ROKR E8 - Dancing Phones .. MSTRKRFT; Work On You (Para One Remix) 2008 Motorola RAZR2 .. Shiny Toy Guns; Le Disko 2007 Motorola Z8 .. Rob Dougan; Will You Follow Me? 2007 Motorola KRZR K1 .. Icicles; Sugar Sweet 2006 Motorola Flex .. Bedouin Soundclash: "When the night feel my song" Motorpoint.co.uk .. Alma Cogan; Jolly Good Company 2008 watch Mr Kipling - Exceedingly Happy Cakes .. Arthur Askey; It's A Hap-Hap-Happy Day 2008 watch MTV: M stands for music .. Pheonix; 1901 2010 listen Müller - Wünderful Stuff .. Guy Farley; Wünderful Stuff 2011 watch Müller Corner Yogurts Thank You Cows .. REO Speedwagon; Cant Fight This Feeling 2010 watch Müller Mix It Up .. East 17; It's Alright 2009 watch Müller Mix It Up .. 2 Unlimited; No Limit 2008 watch Müller Mix It Up .. EMF Unbelievable 2008 watch Müller Little Stars .. Natalie Williams: 'Ain't Got No (I Got Life)' 2006 watch Mylanta .. John Sebastian: 'Welcome Back' N > National Bingo Big'n .. Shirley Bassey; Big Spender 2007 watch National Blood Service .. Campbell; The Blood Donor 2005 National Lottery Scratchcards: 2 Billion Winners .. James Radford; Two Billion 2012 watch National Lottery - Lotto Monkey Sanctuary .. Tony Bennett; The Good Life 2011 watch National Lottery - Private Jet .. David Holmes; Snake Eyes 2011 watch National Lottery .. Bo Diddley; Roadrunner 2010 watch National Lottery .. Barry Louis Polisar All I Want Is You 2008 National Lottery Think Lotto .. Faces; Ooh La La 2008 National Lottery Play Together, Win Together .. Rossini William; Tell Overture 2007 watch National Lottery Monopoly Scratchcard .. Baha Men; Who Let The Dogs Out 2007 National Lottery .. Patience and Prudence; Smile and a Ribbon 2006 National Lottery Smile .. Sir Granville Bantock; Lento Sostenuto from "Celtic Symphony" 2006 National Lottery .. Violent Femmes; Blister In The Sun 2005 National Lottery Lucky Lotto .. Jimmy Cliff; Wonderful World, Beautiful People 2005 National Rail 2 for 1 Entry - Attractions .. John Malcolm; Non Stop (Theme From ITN News) 2005 Nationwide Building Society - Carousel .. Ludovico Einaudi; Snow Prelude No. 3 in C Major 2011 watch Nationwide Building Society Sponsors England (Setanta) .. Doves; There Goes The Fear 2008 Nationwide Building Society Sponsors England (Sky) .. Muse; Starlight 2008 Nationwide Home Improvement Electric Garage Doors .. Vivaldi Spring; (Allegro) from 'The Four Seasons' 2005 Nature's Own 100% whole wheat bread .. hired session singers; I Dont Love You Too Much Do I 2006 watch Natwest Bank .. Will Young; Grace 2008 watch Natwest Bank: Switch .. John Roos; Gambling Joint 2005 NCL Am. Hawaiian Cruise Lines .. Danny & the Juniors: 'Let's Go To The Hop' Nescafe Gold Blend Fall In Love .. Rebecca Ferguson; Nothings Real But Love 2012 watch Nescafé Dolce Gusto .. Outlines; I Cannot Think (English Gentlemen Re-work) 2011 watch Nestle Nescafe - 3 in 1 .. Supergrass; Alright 2011 watch Nestlé: Kit Kat - Crane drivers .. The Fratellis; Chelsea Dagger 2011 watch Nestle: Shredded Wheat - Top It .. Isley Brothers; It's Your Thing 2011 watch Nestle: Kit Kat .. The Enemy; We'll Live and Die In These Towns 2010 watch Nestle: Nescafe Gold Blend .. Dean Martin; Sway 2010 watch Nestle: Aero - Feel The Bubbles .. Jackson Five; ABC 2009 watch Nestle: Go Free with Daley Thompson .. Aaron Copland Fanfare For The Common Man 2008 watch Nestle: Nescafe Collection - Awaken Your Senses .. Babel Gilberto; Samba Da Bencao 2008 Nestle: Nescafe Dolce Gusto Coffee Maker .. James Brown; Sex Machine 2006 Nestle: Fitnesse .. India Arie; Video 2006 Nestle: Cheerios .. Torpedo Boyz; Any Trash Professor Abacus? 2005 Nestle: Aero .. Henry Mancini; Lujon 2005 Nestle: Aero ..Black Mighty Orchestra; Ocean Beach 2005 Nestle: Kit Kat - Kit Kash Promotion .. Bill Conti; Theme From Dynasty 2005 Network Q .. Platters; Only You 2000 New Balance Happy Feet.. Ben Howard; The Wolves 2012 watch New Look - 100 Days of Summer .. Darwin Deez; Up In The Clouds 2011 watch New Look - 20% Off Partywear .. INXS; Suicide Blonde 2010 watch New York .. Ella Fitzgerald; Take The "A" Train (Remix) 2007 New York Bagels .. Kula Shaker; Hush 2006 New Zealand .. Jason Kerrison; Waiting 2005 New Zealand Tourist Board .. Crowded House; Dont Dream Its Over 2000 News of the World Fabulous Magazine .. db Boulevard; Point of View 2008 watch News of the World Score .. Elgar Pomp And Circumstance March No. 1 (Land Of Hope And Glory) 2005 Next.co.uk - Timing .. Haddaway; What Is Love? 2011 watch Next Autumn 2010 .. The Specials; A Message To You Rudy 2010 watch Next.co.uk Route 66 Road Trip .. The Dandy Warhols; Bohemian Like You 2010 watch Next: Rio .. Ava Leigh; Mas Que Nada 2008 Next: Christmas Changes .. Louis Armstrong; Cool Yule 2007 Next: Directory - 25 Years .. KT Tunstall; Suddenly I See 2007 NFU Mutual .. Hindi Zahra; Beautiful Tango 2007 NHS Antibiotics Dont Cure Viruses .. Bob Dylan; Subterranean Homesick Blues 2008 watch NHS Stop Smoking Campaign .. Chairmen of the Board; Give Me Just A Little more Time 2007 NHS Anti Smoking Campaign .. Muse; Can't Take My Eyes Off You 2005 Nice & Easy Hair Dye .. Kim Carnes; Bette Davis Eyes 2008 Nickleodeon .. All Seeing I; Beat Goes On 2003 Nike Chosen - Just Do It .. Hanni El Khatib; I Got A Thing 2011 watch Nike Air Max Lunar .. MNEK and Nathan Retro; Lunar Riddim 2011 watch Nike - Free Yourself .. The Launderettes; Nobody But Me 2011 watch Nike Air Max 90 .. Peter Fox; Alles Neu (Instrumental) 2010 watch Nike Champions League Final (Nike write The Future; Full Length Version) .. Focus; Hocus Pocus 2010 watch Nike T90 Laser III Football Boots.. 16 Bit; Jump 2010 watch Nike - Courage .. The Killers; All These Things That I've Done 2008 Nike .. Johnny Cash; Hurt 2006 Nike .. Delinquent Habits; Return of the Tres 2006 Nike .. Sergio Mendes & Black Eyed Peas; Mas Que Nada 2006 Nike .. Faces; Ooh La La 2005 Nike .. Norman Greenbaum: "Spirit in the Sky" ~ US Nike .. The Guess Who: 'American Woman' ~ late 90's Nike Jose +10 .. RJD2; De L'Alouette 2006 Nike Jose +10 .. Jim Noir; Eanie Meany 2006 Nike Joga Bonita (Ronaldinho) .. Barbatuques; Baiao Destemperado 2006 Nike Joga Bonita (Wayne Rooney) .. Radio 4; Caroline 2006 Nikon 1 One Step Ahead .. Radical Face; Welcome Home 2011 watch Nikon - Capture Statues with Coolpix S3100 .. Radical Face; Welcome Home 2011 watch Nikon .. Radical Face Welcome Home Son 2010 watch Nimble Bread .. Honeybus; I Cant Let Maggie Go 2000 Nina Ricci LElixir - Enchanted Walk .. Florrie; Sunday Girl 2010 watch Nintendo Wii - Michael Jackson Experience .. Michael Jackson; Billie Jean 2010 watch Nintendo DS: Animal Crossing .. Renee Olstead; A Love That Will Last 2006 Niquitin .. Snap; The Power 2003 Nissan Juke Built to Thrill .. The Horrors; The Kraken 2012 watch Nissan Qashqai - Ultimate Urban Car .. Hanni El Khatib; Human Fly 2011 watch Nissan Juke - Energise The City .. Fredrika Stahl; Twinkle Twinkle Little Star (DatA Remix) 2011 watch Nissan Micra - In Sync With The City .. Oh No! Oh My!; Walk In The Park 2011 watch Nissan Juke - Urbanproof Energised .. Fredrika Stahl; Twinkle Twinkle Little Star 2010 watch Nissan Qashqai .. Amon Tobin; Four Ton Mantis (Bonobo mix) 2010 Nissan Quashai; Urbanproof .. Giuseppe Verdi; La Traviata - Sempre Libera 2008 Nissan Exterra .. Donnas; Fall Behind Me 2005 Nissan 350Z .. Ramblin' Jack Elliott; Car Song 2005 Nissan .. Vines; Ride 2005 Nissan .. Stevie Ray Vaughan: "Voodoo Chile" ~ US Nivea Skincare - 100 Years For Life .. Rihanna; California King Bed 2011 watch Nivea Visage - Q10 Plus .. Kaki King; Close To Me 2010 watch Nivea: silhouette .. Sugar Pie DeSanto: Go Go Power 2008 Nivea: dry 24 hours deodorant .. Asher Lane; New Days 2006 Nivea Visage Young .. Rhesus; Just Let Go 2006 Nivea Lotions .. Bobby Vinton; Blue Velvet 2000 Nobby's Crisps .. Slade; Mama Weer All Crazee Now 2006 Nobby's Nuts .. Slade; Skweeze Me Pleeze Me 2005 Nokia Lumia - The Amazing Everday ..Totally Enormous Extinct Dinosaurs; Garden 2011/12 watch Nokia E7 - Smartphone .. Lovvers; Creepy Crawl 2011 watch Nokia N8 - Smartphone .. Brian Eno; Deep Blue Day 2011 watch Nokia GPS-enabled Smartphones .. Chromeo; Me & My Man (Chromeo vs Whitey Fly Whitey Mix) 2010 watch Nokia X6 - Gig Entertainment .. Flaming Lips; Silver Trembling Hands 2010 Nokia 6220: Maps Connecting People .. Claude Debussy; Claire De Lune (Suite Bergamasque) 2008 Nokia 5300 .. Bonde Do Role; Solta O Frango 2007 Nokia Cath Kidston Range .. Bernard Hermann; Twisted Nerve 2006 Nokia 6233 .. Shaggy; Boombastic 2006 Nokia L'Amour .. DJ Sayem; World of Flowers 2006 Nokia 'N' Series Phones N70 , N90 & N91 .. Moby; In My Heart 2006 Nokia Pop Idol 2005 .. Mint Royale; Sexiest Man In Jamaica 2005 Nokia 6101 .. Hot Butter; Popcorn 2005 Northern Ireland .. Van Morrison; Brown Eyed Girl 2000 Northern Rock Building Society .. Sting; Fields Of Gold 2000 Norwich Union .. Tommy Roe or Manfred Mann; Sweet Pea 2007 Norwich Union .. Spike Jones; Hawaiian War Chant 2007 Norwich Union .. Ella Fitzgerald; I Wonder Why 2004 N-Power: Topsy Turvy .. Bing Crosby; Ac-Cent-Tchu-Ate The Posisive 2008 N-Power .. Johnny Panic; Happy Together 2006 NSPCC What Will We Leave? .. Elizabeth Mitchell; You Are My Sunshine 2010 watch NSPCC .. Sigur Ros; Svefn-G-Englar 2006 NSPCC .. Brian Eno; An Ending (Ascent) 2006 NSPCC .. Kate Bush; This Woman's Work 2005 Nurofen .. Manu Delago; Mono Desire (Hang Drum Solo) 2010 watch O >> O2 On & On .. Specially Recorded; Little Boxes 2012 watch O2 - Priority Moments, Things Are Changing .. Jedd Holden; Little Boxes 2012 watch O2 Things Are Changing .. Sniffy Dog ft Adrienne Stiefel; Little Boxes 2012 watch O2 - January Sale .. Freelance Whales; Generator (First Floor) 2012 watch O2 - Priority Moments .. Foster The People - Pumped Up Kicks 2011 watch O2 - Broadband- Niggles and Narks .. Christopher Slaski; Comissioned Composition 2010 watch O2 - Pool Party .. Jaylib; The Red 2010 watch O2 - Bluebook (memories) .. A Cuckoo; The Girl From My Dreams 2008 O2 .. Coldcut: Walk A Mile In My Shoes 2007 O2 .. Jackson and His Computer Band; Utopia 2006 Oasis Cactus Boy .. Orff: Gassenhauer from Musica Poetica:Schulwerk 2008 Observer Music Monthly - Who Feature .. Who; Who Are You 2006 Observer Franz Ferdinand Promotion .. Franz Ferdinand; Matinee 2005 Office Max .. The Spinners: 'Rubberband Man' Office Max .. Alice Cooper: 'School's Out' Olay Regenerist .. Soft Cell; Tainted Love 2005 Olay Oil Of Ulay .. Nat King Cole; Stay As Sweet As You Are 2000 Old Jamaica Ginger Beer: Beach Party .. The Jolly Boys; Great Balls of Fire 2010 ( a tribute video of the Jolly Boys) Old Spice .. Orff; O Fortuna from Carmina Burana 2000 Oliver Stone - Born on the 4th of July .. Buffalo Springfield; For What It's Worth 1996 Options Indulgence - Hot Chocolate Rabbit .. Lord Rockingham's XI; Fried Onions 2011 watch Oral-B .. Eric Carmen; All By Myself 2011 watch Orange - The Orange Show .. The Muppets; The Muppet Theme 2011 listen Orange - The Orange Show .. The Muppets ; Mah Na Mah Na 2011 listen Orange - Film To Go .. Specially Recorded Version - Dick Dale-Deltones; Misirlou 2011 watch Orange & T-Mobile - Shared Network .. Frank Sinatra; Love And Marriage 2011 listen Orange Windows Phone .. Grieg; Hall of the Mountain King (from Peer Gynt) 2010 watch Orange: Phone Fund Kerching! .. Frédéric Chopin; Nocturne Op 9 No 2 in E-Flat 2010 watch Orange: "A" Team Gold Spot .. Mike Post; Theme From The 'A' Team 2010 listen Orange: Dolphin ad - Free Mobile Internet .. Chopin; Nocturn Op 9 No 2 in E Flat Minor 2010 watch Orange: Pay As You Go Animals .. Born Ruffians Hummingbird 2008 Orange: animals return .. Simple Kid; 'Lil King Kong 2008 Orange Mobile (people are good together) .. Devendra Banhart; Little Yellow Spider 2007 Orange Togetherness .. Laurel & Hardy: Let Me Call You Sweetheart 2006 Orange Bike .. Funky Lowlives; Time To Let You Go 2006 Orange .. Oceansize; Music For A Nurse 2006 Orange 2 for 1 3G Phones Promotion .. Elton John; Turn The Lights Out When You Leave 2005 Orange Magic Numbers .. Nat Baldwin: Only In My Dreams 2006 Orangina .. Gypsy Kings; Pida Me La 2000 Organix Goodies - Thank Goodness For Goodies .. Specially Commissioned; The Goodies Theme 2011 watch Ovaltine Light .. Heatwave; Mind Blowing Decisions 2000 Oxfam Be Aware .. Muse; New Born 2008 Oxfam Unwrapped: Alpacas .. Baby Bird: You're Gorgeous 2006 Oxfam .. Feeder; Tender 2005 P & O Cruises .. Feeder; Feeling The Moment (2007) P & O Cruises .. Handel: "Zadok the Priest" (2006) P & O Stena Line .. Robert Palmer; Riptide 2000 Pacific Life: Tail Slap Sports Music .. composed & recorded specificallyfor the ad; Fight Song. 2008 watch Paco Rabanne Lady Million Click Again .. Commissioned; Do It Again 2010 watch Palm Pixi Plus Change Your Life .. Mos Def; Quiet Dog 2010 watch Palmolive Soft And Gentle Deodorant .. Phyllis Nelson; Move Closer 2000 Pampers Unicef Promotion .. Frank Sinatra; Sleep Warm 2007 Pampers .. KC and the Sunshine Band; That's The Way I Like It 2007 Pampers .. Thomas Newman; Any Other Name (Theme from 'American Beauty') 2007 Pampers Active Fit .. Wagner; Ride Of The Valkyries 2006 Pampers .. Snap: 'I Got The Power' Panasonic Viera 3D TV .. Sally J Johnson; Dreaming Out Loud 2010 watch Pandora: Unforgettable Moments .. Silas Bjerregaard; Pandora 2011 watch Pantene .. Jem; They 2009 Pantene .. Natasha Bedingfield; Unwritten 2007 Pantene Pro-V Movement Trial .. Mirwais; Disco Science 2006 Pantene Pro V .. Etta James; Fire 2006 Pantene Ice Shine .. Martina Topley-Bird; Release In Love 2006 ParalympicsGB - Some Achieve Greatness .. Paul McCartney & Wings; Live And Let Die 2008 Paramount Comedy Channel: Sex and the City .. Shirley Bassey; Big Spender 2008 Paramount Comedy Channel: This Spring.. Etta James; At Last 2008 Paramount Comedy Channel: Sex and the City .. The Creatures; Right Now 2008 Paramount Comedy Channel: Scrubs Series 5 .. Boston; More Than A Feeling 2007 Paramount Comedy Channel: Suburban Shootout .. Fatboy Slim; Going Out Of My Head 2006 Paramount Comedy Channel: American Classics Weekend .. Faces; Ooh La La 2006 Paramount Comedy Channel .. Mary Hopkin; Those Were The Days 2003 Park Savings Club Christmas 2006 .. Queen; A Kind of Magic 2005 Parker Pens .. Plain White T's; Take Me Away 2006 Paul Simon Home Furnishing .. Sheryl Crow; A Change Would Do You Good 2010 watch PDSA Give Something Back .. Special commission; composer: Guy Farley, singer: Helen Boulding 2008 PDSA .. Eva Cassidy; True Colors 2007 PDSA Legacy Appeal .. Ronan Keating; When You Say Nothing At All 2005 Pearl Drops .. Supernaturals; Smile 2011 listen Peperami Cheezer .. Brotherhood of Man; Save all your Kisses for Me 2000 Pepsi Max Kick In The Mix .. Calvin Harris feat Ne-Yo; Lets Go 2012 watch Pepsi Max - Wait Til Monday .. Pascal Ebony/Fabrice Smadja ft Myo; Your Mother Wont Approve 2011 watch Pepsi World Cup 2010 .. Akon ft. Keri Hilson; Oh Africa 2010 watch Pepsi Max .. Black Eyed Peas; More 2007 Pepsi Max .. Cloud Room; Hey Now Now 2007 Pepsi World Cup .. Trio; Da Da Da 2006 Pepsi Max Cino .. Wirebirds; Anything Goes 2006 Pepsi .. Queen; We Will Rock You 2004 Pepsi .. Rod Stewart; Rhythm Of My Heart 2000 Pepsi .. Gloria Estefan; Seal Our Fate 2000 Pepsi .. Village People; YMCA 2000 Pepsi .. Tina Turner; Simply The Best 2000 Pepsi .. Marvin Gaye; It Takes Two 2000 Pepsi .. Janet Jackson; Control 2000 Pepsi .. Michael Jackson; Billie Jean 1984 Pepsi .. Lovin' Spoonful: 'Did You Ever Have to Make Up Your Mind' ~ US Pepsi .. Bee Gees: 'Stayin Alive' ~ US Perfume Shop - If Only You Could Bottle It .. Specially Recorded; Make You Feel My Love 2011 watch Peroni .. Shirelles; Baby It's You 2006 Persil .. Rachel Portman; Roboboy 2008 Persil - Small & Mighty Blood and Mud .. White Denim; Shake Shake Shake 2011 listen . Persil - Small and Mighty - Pop-Up Book .. Thomas Russell; Flow 2008 Persil - Mr Men Promotion .. Paul Mardle; Mr Men Theme 2007 Persil .. Earth, Wind and Fire; Boogie Wonderland 2006 Persil .. Rufus Thomas; Do The Funky Penguin 2006 Persil .. Beach Boys: "I Get Around" 2006 Persil .. Tams; Be Young, Be Foolish, Be Happy 2005 Peugeot 3008 HYbrid4 Diesel .. Woodkid; Iron (Gucci Vump Remix) 2012 watch Peugeot Your Peugeot Dealer .. Johanna Wedin from MAI; And Together Again 2011 watch Peugeot RCZ .. Monsieur Monsieur; Kuala Lumpur Race 2010 watch Peugeot 308 Allure Freedom .. Stephanie Kirkham; Easy as 123 2010 watch Peugeot 5008 - MPV .. Grizzly Bear; Two Weeks 2010 watch Peugeot New Logo: Motion & Emotion .. Yuksek; Tonight 2010 watch Peugeot 207 Youth is a Wonderful Thing.. Various Artists; Ac-Cent-Tchu-Ate the Positive 2010 watch Peugeot 308 .. Venus; Beautiful Days 2009 watch Peugeot 308 SW - Launch Offer .. Wolfmother; Joker and The Thief 2008 Peugeot 307 .. Hyper; We Control 2008 Peugeot 307 .. Daniel Teper; Colouring In 2007 Peugeot 407 Coupe .. Linda Lyndell: "What A Man" 2006 Peugeot 407 Coupe .. Delibes; Flower Duet from Lakme 2006 Peugeot 207 .. Hyper; We Control 2006 Peugeot 207 .. Marcels; Heartaches 2006 Peugeot 206 .. Al Green; Simply Beautiful 2002 Peugeot .. Cyndi Lauper; True Colors 2000 Peugeot .. Berlin; Take My Breath Away 2000 Peugeot .. Marvin Gaye; Sexual Healing 2000 Peugeot .. Lenny Kravitz; Fly Away 2000 PG Tips Wallace & Gromit Mug Promotion .. Wallace & Gromit; Wallace & Gromit 2005 Philadelphia Cream Cheese Spread a Little Happiness.. Life-Size Humans; Something to Remember 2010 watch Philips .. The Beatles: 'Getting Better' Pilkington Self Cleaning Glass .. Johnny Nash I Can See Clearly Now 2008 watch Pimms - Summer Party .. Arthur W Sheriff; Liberty Bell March (Monty Pythons F. C. Theme) 2011 watch Pimms .. Status Quo; Break The Rules 2007 Pimms .. Adam and the Ants; Prince Charming 2004 Piriteze No Extremes .. The Boo Radleys; Wake Up Boo! 2010 watch Piriton: hay-loft and sheep.. Empire Dogs; Everywhere 2008 Piriton .. Empire Dogs; Everywhere 2006 Pizza Hut .. BBC; Light And Tuneful (BBC Wimbledon Theme) 2006 Pizza Hut .. Noveltones; Leftbank 2 (Gallery Theme from Take Hart) 2004 PJ Smoothies .. Johan Strauss II; Roses From The South (Rosen Aus Dem Suden) 2006 Planters .. James Brown: 'Hot Pants' Planters .. Bay City Rollers: 'Saturday Night' Play.com Monster Sale .. Coldplay; Clocks 2008 Play.com Mr Bean's Holiday DVD .. Shaggy; Boombastic 2007 Play.com Mr Bean's Holiday DVD .. Louis Armstrong; When You're Smiling 2007 PlayStation 3 PS3 Move .. Magnetic Man; Getting Nowhere (Instrumental) 2011 watch PlayStation Move: Dance Star Party .. Duck Sauce; Barbra Streisand 2011 watch Playstation3: Gran Turismo 5 Prologue .. Giuseppe Verdi; Requiem: Dies Irae 2008 Playtex MySize Bra Range .. Shirley Bassey; (Where Do I Begin?) Love Story 2007 Pledge .. Fontella Bass: 'Rescue Me' Plusnet .. Heaven 17; Temptation 2010 listen Pontiac .. The Clash: 'Should I Stay or Should I Go' ~ US Post Office: Over 50s Life Insurance .. Johann Strauss II; The Blue Danube Waltz, Op. 314 2010 watch Pot Noodle Pot Noeldle - Noodle Van .. Adelphoi Music Ltd; Commissioned 2010 watch Powergen .. Tot Taylor; Green Bossa 1999 Prada: Infusion DIris .. Bring Me The Horizon; No Need For Introductions, Ive Read About Girls Like You On The Back of Toilet Doors 2010 watch Prada L'Eau Ambrée - Fragrant Breeze .. Bill Doggett; Honky Tonk Pt 1 2009 watch Press 81 Premium Cider - Chill to Perfection .. DZ Deathrays; Gebbie Street 2011 watch . Premier Inn - A Good Night's Sleep .. Mama Cass Elliot; Dream A Little Dream of Me 2012 watch Pretty Polly .. Kinks; All Day And All Of The Night 2000 Prince's Tuna .. Prince Buster; Enjoy Yourself 2007 Pringles Merry Pringles .. Tchaikovsky; Dance Of The Sugar Plum Fairy from The Nutcracker Suite 2007 Pringles Rice Infusions .. Brahms; Hungarian Dance No 5 2007 Pringles Gourmet .. Dave Brubeck; Take Five 2006 Pringles Rice Infusions .. Brahms: Hungarian Dance No 5 2007 Pringles .. Love Affair; Everlasting Love 2006 Pringles Star Wars III Promotion .. John Williams; Star Wars - A New Hope (Main Title) 2005 Pringles .. Ateed; Come To Me 2004 listen Pringles .. Freestylers; Weekend Song 2003 listen Pringles .. Lou Bega; Mambo No 5 2000 listen Pringles .. Bow Wow Wow; I Want Candy 2000 listen Pringles .. Perez Prez Prado; Mambo No 5 2000 listen Pukka Pies 3 1/2 Minute Pies .. Pipkins; Gimme Dat Ding 2012 watch Puma Football Love vs Football .. Hardchorus; Truly Madly Deeply 2010 watch Puma .. Mazarin; For Energy Infinite 2007 Puma .. Rimsky-Korsakov; Flight Of The Bumblebee 2005 Pure New Wool .. Pachelbel; Canon 1993 Purell .. M C Hammer: 'Can't Touch This' ~ US Q >> Q Magazine .. Blur: Song 2 2000 Quaker Oats (Snowman) .. Polo Club; Play What You Want' 2008 written, composed & produced by Peter Raeburn/Adam Bushell/Tom Kenyatta Quaker Oats .. Catatonia: Nothing Hurts 2007 Quaker Oatso Simple .. Lovin' Spoonful: Daydream 2003 Quaker Sugar Puffs .. Archies: Sugar, Sugar 1990 Quorn .. James Brown: Sex Machine 2000 R >> Radox Daily Elements .. Morcheeba: The Sea 2006 Ragu Pasta Sauce .. Verdi: Anvil Chorus from 'La Traviata' 2000 Ralph Lauren .. Ben Taylor & Carly Simon: My Romance 2006 Ralph Lauren Polo Black .. Dionne Warwick: Anyone Who Had A Heart 2005 Range Rover Sport .. Out There; Massive Music / Lodewijk Pöttker 2011 watch Ray-Ban .. Ben Kweller: Make It Up 2007 Red Bull World of Red Bull .. M83; Outro 2012 watch Red Bull Flugtag .. Ron Goodwin; Those Magnificent Men In Their Flying Machines 2008 Red Bull 2nd Flugtag .. Ron Goodwin: Those Magnificent Men In Their Flying Machines 2006 Red Bull .. Rimsky-Korsakov: Flight of the Bumblebee 2005 Red Bull .. Wagner: Ride Of The Valkyries 2005 Red Square Reloaded .. Hawkwind: Silver Machine 2004 Reebok Easytone - Reflections .. Michael Kadelbach; Specially Commissioned Track 2011 watch Reebok Zigtech: Lewis Hamilton .. Davina Jones; Zig-e-dy Zig-y-dac 2010 watch Reebok EasyTone: Better Bum .. Mickey Smid Music Production; Shake It! 2010 watch Reebok Vector .. Orff: Tanz from Carmina Burana 2003 Remington -S6600 Multi Style Stylist ..The Temptations; Get Ready 2011 watch Remington Hair Straighteners .. Pink Martini Anna (El Negro Zumbon) 2006 Remy Martin .. FC Kahuna Hayling 2004 Renault Twizy Plug Into The Positive Energy .. David Guetta; The Alphabeat 2012 watch Renault 4+ .. Trailer Trash Tracys; Wish You Were Red 2012 watch Renault ZE Range Electric Life .. Aaron; Elizabeths Lullaby 2011 watch Renault Megane - Drive The Change .. Richard Hawley; Open Up Your Door 2011 watch Renault - What is Va Va Voom? .. Skeewiff; Light The Fuse 2011 listen Renault Clio - What Is Va Va Voom? .. Rihanna; S&M (Come On) 2011 watch Renault Clio - What Is Va Va Voom? .. David Bowie; Space Oddity 2011 watch Renault Clio - What Is Va Va Voom? .. Clare Maguire; Aint Nobody (Breakage Remix) 2011 watch Renault Megane .. Charles Trenet; Boum 2010 watch Renault Clio Only One .. Chesney Hawkes; The One And Only 2010 watch Renault: Manufacturer of the Year 2009 .. Kasabian; Reason Is Treason 2010 watch Renault Sport Range .. Kasabian; Reason Is Treason 2010 watch Renault Twingo: Modern Times .. Sporto Kantes; Whistle 2010 watch Renault: Drive The Change.. Keane; Somewhere Only We Know 2010 watch Renault Koleos - 4 by 4 Outside .. Rolling Stones; I'm Free 2008 Renault Megane .. Vivaldi; Summer (III Presto) from The Four Seasons 2008 Renault Twingo .. April March; Chick Habit 2008 Renault Laguna .. Otis Redding; Dock of the Bay 2007 Renault Scenic .. Presidents of The United States of America; Ca Plane Pour Moi 2006 Renault "French and British" .. Nina Simone: Sinner Man 2005 Renault Scenic .. A Skillz & Krafty Kuts: Short Breath 2005 Renault Megane .. Groove: Armada I see you baby (Fatboy Slim radio edit) 2005 Renault Espace .. Jimi Hendrix: All Along The Watchtower 2003 Renault Scenic .. Baha Men; Who Let The Dogs Out 2000 listen Renault .. Robert Palmer: Johnny and Mary ~ New Zealand Rennie Dual Action .. Dodgy; Good Enough 2007 Ribena .. Mungo Jerry; In The Summertime 2011 listen Ribena 100% Pure Juices .. Chris Barber; The Magic Club 2008 Richmond Sausages The Taste That Brings Them Home .. The Molloys; Meet You There 2012 watch Right Guard .. Daniel Powter; Bad Day 2007 Rightmove.co.uk - Britain Moves .. Ralfe Band; Parkbench Blues 2011 watch Rightmove.co.uk .. Gracie Fields; If I Knew You Were Comin' I'd've Baked A Cake 2007 Rimmel London - Glam Eyes .. Parade; Louder 2011 watch Rimmel London Lash Accelerator Mascara .. Young Pretender; Sixteen Forever 2010 watch Rimmel - Lasting Finish Lipstick .. Bedouin Soundclash; Living In Jungles 2007 Rimmel - Lash Maxx Mascara .. Lodge; Piece of Cake 2007 Rimmel - Cool Shine Lipstick .. Bodyrockers; I Like The Way 2006 Rimmel .. Kubb: Wicked Soul 2006 Rimmel - Volume Extend - Sexy Lashes .. Subways: Rock and Roll Queen 2006 Ritz Crackers .. Modern English: 'Melt With You' Robert Wiseman Dairies Low Fat Milk .. John Travolta/Olivia Newton-John: You're The One That I Want 2007 Robinsons Double Concentrate Juice .. T-Rex; I Love To Boogie 2012 watch Robinsons Fruit Shoot 100% .. Cyril Stapleton; Pepito 2007 Robinsons Fruit Shoot .. Architecture In Helsinki; Spring 2008 2007 Robinsons Smooth Juice Orange Experience .. Mighty K; Dream 2007 Robinsons Fruit and Barley .. Deerhoof: Blue Cash 2007 Robinsons For Milk .. Steve Miller Band: Abracadabra 2005 Rolling Rock Lager .. Bran Van 3000; Drinkin In LA 1999 Rotary Watches Simply Exceptional .. Saturday Night Gym Club Ft Ellie Walker; I Know 2012 watch Rover 75 .. High Society Cast: Who Wants To Be A Millionaire 2002 Rover 25 .. Mono: Life in Mono 2002 Royal Air Force .. C-Jags: Paradise Park 2006 Royal Air Force .. Crystal Method: Busy Child 2000 Royal Caribbean International .. Iggy Pop: Lust For Life 2005 Royal Caribbean International Cruises .. Sixpence None The Richer: There She Goes 2004 Royal Mail / Post Office Over 50s Life Insurance..Johan Strauss; Blue Danube Waltz 2010 watch Royal Mail / Post Office .. Elgar; Pomp And Circumstance March No. 1 (Land Of Hope And Glory) 2007 Royal Mail / Post Office .. Sam Cooke: You Send Me 2006 Royal Mail / Post Office .. Travis: Love Will Come Through 2004 Ryvita - Goodness Bars .. Bach: Toccata and Fugue 2006 S >> SAP .. Big Foote Music: 'SAP Handwriting #113' Saab 9-5 Anything But Ordinary .. New Way; Ana Diaz 2010 watch Saab 9-3 .. Nina Kinert; Through Your Eyes 2007 Saab Biopower .. Oh Laura; Release Me 2007 Saab 95 .. Aphex Twin; Metal Grating 2006 Saab 93 .. Isley Brothers; Summer Breeze 2005 Saab 93 Sport Saloon .. Chikinki; Ether Radio 2005 Saab .. The Who: 'Pinball Wizard' Saga: Cruises .. Tony Bennett; I'm Just A Lucky So and So 2012 watch Sainsburys Bank Credit Card Twice As Nice .. Alice Grant; Rainbow Connection 2012 watch Sainsburys - Car Insurance .. Ray Conniff & His Orchestra; Walkin And Whistlin 2012 watch Sainsburys 11 Years of Jamie Oliver .. Faces; Had Me A Real Good Time 2012 listen Sainsburys - Christmas Panto Feast .. George Formby; Happy Go Lucky Me 2011 watch Sainsburys - Live Well For Less .. Phil Harris and Bruce Reitherman; The Bare Necessities 2011 watch Sainsburys - Feed Your Family for £50 .. Ray Conniff Orchestra and Singers; Walkin and Whistlin 2011 watch Sainsburys - TU Collection .. Etta James; At Last 2011 watch Sainsburys - Feed Your Family for £50 .. Ray Conniff Orchestra & Singers; Walkin and Whistlin 2011 watch Sainsburys - Perfect Christmas .. Colne Valley Male Voice Choir - All Through The Night 2010 watch Sainsburys - Taste the Difference Street Party .. Floyd Cramer: On The Rebound 2010 listen Sainsburys .. Pearl Bailey; Jingle Bells (Cha Cha) 2005 Sainsburys .. The Polyphonic Spree: 'Reach For The Sun/Light and Day' 2005 Sainsburys Car Insurance .. Jimmy Dean; Big Bad John 2005 Saints Row The Third TV Ad .. LMFAO; Im In Saints Row Trick 2011 watch Sainsburys Sausages .. Liszt; La Campanella 1993 Samaritans Doodle .. Sufjan Stevens; Redford (For Yia-Yia & Pappou) 2007 Samsung Galaxy Note Its Much More .. Air; Alone in Kyoto 2012 watch Samsung Galaxy Nexus Calling All Pure Google .. CocoRosie; Japan 2012 watch Samsung Galaxy SII - It Must Be Love .. Newton Faulkner; It Must Be Love 2011 watch Samsung Wave - Welcome To More .. Thomas Newman; Arose (From American Beauty) 2010 watch Samsung 3D LED TV Turn On Tomorrow .. Morgan Van Dam; Trickle 2010 watch Samsung Monte Phone Facebook .. Delphic; Halcyon 2010 watch Samsung Jet Ultra Edition .. Deadmau5 feat. Rob Swire; Ghosts n Stuff 2010 watch Samsung 2View Dual LCD Camera .. Gloria Cycles; Wonderbus 2009 watch Samsung Genio Touch .. La Roux; Bulletproof 2009 watch Samsung: Soul Mobile Phone .. Robin Thicke; Magic 2008 Sandels .. Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes; (I've Had) The Time of My Life 2007-10 listen Sandals .. Lord Tanamo; I'm In the Mood For Ska 2007 Sanex .. Brian Eno; Needles In the Camel's Eye 2005 Santander 123 Account .. Ludovico Einaudi; Primavera 2012 watch Santander Reward Current Account - Lego Car .. Ludovico Einaudi; Primavera 2011 watch Santander .. Wild Beasts; Underbelly 2010 watch Sara Lee .. Lovin' Spoonful: Daydream Save The Children: No Child Born To Die .. Mystic Chords of Memory; Pi and a Bee 2011 watch Savlon .. Lonnie Donegan; Does Your Chewing Gum Lose It's Flavour 2010 watch Schwarzkopf Live Colour XXL Shake It Up Foam .. Metro Station; Shake It 2012 watch Schweppes- barman .. Spike Jones; Cocktails For Two 2006 Scottish Widows .. Isaac Albeniz's: "Asturias" from Suite Espagnol 2007/8 Scrubs .. Boston; More Than A Feeling 2007 Scrubs Theme .. Lazlo Bane; Superman 2006 SCS .. Tom Jones; What's New Pussycat? 2010 listen SCS Celebrate .. Kool and the Gang; Celebration 2008 SCS Sofas .. Finley Quaye & William Orbit: Dice 2007 SCS half price sale .. Kool and the Gang; Get Down On It 2007 Sears .. Hives; Well All Right 2008 listen Seat - Good Stuff Edition .. Shakira; Good Stuff 2010 watch Seat Ibiza - Cupids .. Cashmeres; Yes, It's True 2010 watch Seat Altea .. Nursery Rhyme; The Animals Went In Two By Two 2007 Seat Ibiza .. Fatboy Slim; Sho' Nuff 2005 Sega Bayonetta .. La Roux; In For The Kill (Skream's Let's Get Ravey remix) 2010 watch Sekonda Seksy .. Leona Lewis; The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face 2011 watch Sekonda - For The Times of Your Life .. Marvin Gaye & Kim Weston; It Takes Two 2011 watch Sellotape: Robot .. Bill Haley & His Comets; Joeys Song 2011 watch Setanta: Nationwide Building Society Sponsors England .. Doves; There Goes The Fear 2008 Setanta February Sports .. Hives; Main Offender 2008 Setanta Sports Theme .. ?? remix of an older song ?? watch Setanta Sports - Barclays Premiership .. Eric Burdon; Good Times 2007 watch Seven Seas Cod Liver Oil .. BBC; Theme from Captain Pugwash 2006 Sharpie Express Yourself .. The Tender Box; Mister Sister 2010 watch Sharps Bedrooms - 2 for 1 Offer .. Johan Strauss; Blue Danube Waltz 2006 Sharwoods Coach Trip .. Bill Wells& Maher Shalal Hash Baz; Banned Announcement 2012 watch Sharwoods .. Village People; Go West 2006 Sheba Cat Food .. Peggy Lee; Fever 2008/2010 watch Sheba Cat Food .. ????; There You Are 1990s watch Shell FuelSave Scientists .. Sergey Prokofiev; Peter and the Wolf 2010 watch Shell .. Orquestra Del Plata; Montserrat 2006 Shredded Wheat SuperFruity .. Little Richard; Tutti Frutti 2011 watch Shredded Wheat - Top It .. Isley Brothers; It's Your Thing 2011 watch Siemens .. Matt Monro; This Is The Life 2011 listen Silentnight .. Feist; Mushaboom 2006 Silverscreen Elvis Presley DVD Collection .. Elvis Presley; Blue Suede Shoes 2005 Simple Kind To Skin Wipes - Paint .. The Noisettes; Wild Young Hearts 2011 watch Simple Cleansing Facial Wipes - Tears .. Madeleine Peyroux; Don't Cry, Baby 2006 Simply Be - Autumn ad .. special commission 2010 watch Skins Podcast .. Sam Sparro; Black and Gold 2008 Skoda Fabia vRS .. Soundtree: My Favourite Things 2010 watch Skoda Superb Estate .. Hal David & John Cacavas Bluebird 2010 listen Skoda Fabia .. Rodgers and Hammerstein; My Favourite Things 2007 watch Skoda Octavia 4 x 4 .. Tchaikovsky; Waltz Of The Flowers from The Nutcracker Suite 2005 Sky Football Special .. Tinie Tempah; Written In The Stars 2012 watch Sky Movies .. Supernaturals; Smile 2012 listen Sky HD - New Series - January .. Sam & Dave; Hold On! I'm Comin' 2012 watch Sky Atlantic 2012 Sneak Peek Trailer .. Imelda May; All for You 2012 watch Sky Sports - Festive Football .. Depeche Mode; Just Can't Get Enough 2011 watch Sky 3D - January .. Calvin Harris; Feel So Close 2011 listen Sky - Go .. Speech Debelle; Spinnin' 2011 listen Sky Darts World Grand Prix .. Kiss; Crazy, Crazy Nights 2011 listen Sky Sports: La Liga New Season .. Martin Solveig ft Kele; Ready 2 Go 2011 listen . Sky Sports: Andy Mussray in New York .. Yeah Yeah Yeahs; Yeah! New York 2011 listen . Sky - Believe In Better .. Caro Emerald; That Man 2011 watch Sky Sports - Go-Fold .. Basement Jaxx - Do Your Thing 2011 watch Sky The HD Moment Is Here .. Moloko: The Time Is Now 2011 listen Sky News - iPad App .. Elbow; Open Arms 2011 watch Sky - All England Badminton Championships .. House of Pain; Jump Around 2011 listen Sky HD - TV LineUp Promo 2011 .. Ella Fitzgerald: Sunshine of Your Love 2011 watch or Ella 's full version Sky Atlantic: Let The Stories Begin .. Florence + The Machine; Howl 2011 watch Sky Atlantic HD: Dustin Hoffman .. The Cinematic Orchestra; To Build A Home 2011 watch Sky Sports: 20 Years of Great Days .. Kinks; Days 2011 watch Sky Movies HD - Christmas 2010 .. Orba Squara; What I Want For Xmas 2010 watch Sky 3D .. Creature; Who's Hot, Who's Not 2010 listen Sky Sports New Season 2010/11 Park Game .. Eli Paperboy Reed; Come And Get It 2010 watch Sky Sport (Eric Cantona) .. Shostakovich; Waltz No. 2 From Jazz Suite No. 2 2010 watch Sky Soccer Saturday .. James Brown; I Got You (I Feel Good) 2010 listen Sky Sports New Season 2010/11 Park Game .. Eli Paperboy Reed; Come And Get It 2010 watch Sky Royal Horse Show .. Jackie Wilson (Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher 2010 listen Sky May on Sky Sports .. Patrick Hawes; Power Trip 2010 watch Sky News - Leaders Debate .. Martha Reeves and The Vandellas; Nowhere To Run 2010 listen Sky NCIS - Los Angeles .. Rage Against The Machine; Killing In The Name Of 2010 Sky James Corden - League of Their Own .. Bellini Casta Diva 2010 watch Sky+HD Supertelly .. Anthony Newley; Pure Imagination 2010 watch Sky Sports: Arsenal Vs Manchester United .. Pioneers; Long Shot Kick De Bucket 2010 Sky Golf: South African Tour .. Yello; The Race 2009 Sky Skysongs Launch .. Mott The Hoople; All The Young Young Dudes 2009 Sky Mission Hills World Cup .. Bryan Ferry; Let's Stick Together 2009 Sky Moves - Box Office .. Richard Strauss; Also Sprach Zarathustra (Main theme from 2001) 2009 Sky Movies: Christmas More Magical .. Bjork; It's Oh So Quiet 2009 watch Sky Movies: Tarantino Takes Over Weekend .. Dick Dale and the Deltones; Misirlou 2009 Sky Movies (HD) .. Yeah Yeah Yeahs; Runaway (Instrumental) 2009 Sky HD .. Max Richter; Vladimir's Blues 2009 Sky 1HD - The Closer You Get .. Cure; Close To Me 2009 Sky Sports: Victory Cup .. Jesus Jones; International Bright Young Thing 2009 Sky Sports - New Football Season .. Temper Trap; Sweet Disposition 2009 Sky Football: Sponsored by Ford .. Kasabian; Club Foot 2009 Sky Sports: New Football Season .. Kasabian; Fast Fuse 2009 Sky Ashes Summer .. Men At Work; Down Under 2009 Sky Play Offs .. Fatboy Slim; Right Here, Right Now 2009 Sky Hay-on-Sky .. Noah and The Whale; Five Years Time 2009 Sky One - Simpsons House Party .. Frankie Valli and the Four Seasons; Beggin' 2009 Sky/Sky Sports: Nationwide Building Society Sponsors England .. Muse; Starlight 2008 Sky Christmas season .. Darlene Love; Christmas (Baby Please Come Home) 2008 watch ad or listen Sky+ HD promotion .. Ane Brun; True Colours 2008 listen Sky Bones & Cold Case Promotion .. Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds; Red Right Hand 2008 Sky Movies .. Johnny Cash; The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face 2008 Sky Digital, Broadband & Phone .. Aqualung: Good Times Gonna Come 2008 Sky Rugby Superleague .. Frankie Goes To Hollywood; Two Tribes 2008 Sky War Movies Season .. Dire Straits; Brothers In Arms 2007 Sky Carbon Neutral .. Three Dog Night; Joy To The World 2007 Sky Movies - Billboards .. Gene Wilder; Pure Imagination (from Willy Wonka) 2007 Sky War Movies Season .. Dire Straits; Brothers In Arms 2007 Sky Winter Cricket .. Maps; So Low, So High 2007 Sky Sports Saturday .. Elton John; Saturday Night's Alright (For Fighting) 2007 Sky Sports News .. Clint Mansell; Lux Aeterna 2007 Sky Speak, Surf, See .. Cornelius; Micro Disneycal World Tour 2007 Sky Millenium Magic .. Queen; A Kind Of Magic 2007 Sky Darts - Las Vegas Classic .. ZZ Top; Viva Las Vegas 2007 Sky World Matchplay Bowls .. Limp Bizkit; Rollin' (Air Raid Vehicle) 2007 Sky Live From Wembley .. Hubert Parry; Jerusalem 2007 Sky Summer Sports .. Mendelssohn; Wedding March from A Midsummer Night's Dream 2007 Sky Sports: July Preview .. Sylvester; You Make Me Feel 2007 Sky Sports: The "Y" Factor .. Elton John; Step Into Christmas 2006 Sky Sports: Manchester United vs Chelsea .. Electric Light Orchestra; Showdown 2006 Sky Sports: Christmas .. Gene Kelly; Singin' In The Rain 2006 Sky Sports: New Season .. Clint Mansell; Lux Aeterna 2006 Sky 2006-7 Football Season .. The Source ft. Candi Staton; You've Got The Love 2006 Sky Sports : EngXIand Cricket .. Elgar; Nimrod from Enigma Variations 2006 Sky Sports : Weekend Highlights .. Elvis Presley / JXL; A Little Less Conversation 2006 Sky Sports: Cricket .. 10CC; Dreadlock Holiday 2006 Sky Sports: FA Cup Fever .. Peggy Lee; Fever 2006 Sky Sports: November .. Stereophonics; Dakota 2006 Sky Sports: April Preview .. Libera; Locus Iste (Sanctus) 2006 Sky Sports for February 2006 .. Lunatic Calm; Leave You Far Behind 2006 Sky Sports : March Preview .. Stereophonics; Superman 2006 Sky Prem Plus Season Ticket .. Elmer Bernstein; The Great Escape 2006 Sky Soccer Saturday .. Deepest Blue; Shooting Star 2006 Sky Tennis Masters .. Vangelis; Chung Kuo 2006 Sky Superbowl 40 .. Eminem; Lose Yourself 2006 Sky NBA All Star Match .. Smash Mouth; All Star 2006 Sky The Match: Trials .. Dandy Warhols; Bohemian Like You 2006 Sky Darts: Stan James Matchplay .. Arctic Monkeys; I Bet You Look Good On The Dancefloor 2006 Sky FA Youth Cup Final 2006 .. Primal Scream; Movin' On Up 2006 Sky Skateboarder .. Regina Spektor; Us 2006 Sky Hollywood Grand Prix with Vinnie Jones .. Apollo 440; Stop The Rock (Caroline by Status Quo) 2006 Sky Dream Team 80s .. Big Audio Dynamite; Medicine Show 2006 Sky '24' Trailer .. Kasabian; Club Foot 2006 Sky Bones & Cold Case Trailer .. Depeche Mode; Waiting For The Night 2006 Sky The Great British Wedding .. Dixie Cups; Chapel Of Love 2006 Sky Christmas .. Hanson; What Christmas Means To Me 2006 Sky Pick Your Own Mix .. Richard Strauss; Also Sprach Zarathustra (Main theme from 2001) 2006 Sky Lost: 2 series in 1 Episode .. Led Zeppelin; Dazed and Confused 2006 Sky Star Wars Six in a Row .. Real Thing; Can You Feel The Force 2006 Sky Star Wars Six in a Row .. Zero 7; Destiny 2006 Sky Oscar Film Season .. Orchestral Manouevres in the Dark; Souvenir (Moby Remix) 2006 Sky World Cinema .. Chungking; World of A Thousand Suns 2006 Sky Prem Plus Offer .. Hugo Montenegro; The Good, The Bad and The Ugly 2006 Sky Movies .. Peter, Bjorn and John; Young Folks 2007 Sky Movies - From Beginning To End .. Pete Moore; Asteroid (Pearl & Dean Theme) 2007 Sky Movies - Fantastic 4 Multistart .. U2; Vertigo 2006 Sky Movies: Goal! Promo .. Bronski Beat; Smalltown Boy 2006 Sky Movies: First Time Saturday .. New Christy Minstrels; Everybody Loves Saturdy Night 2006 Sky Movies:Summer Season .. Nina Simone; Feeling Good 2005 Sky Movies: Western Season .. Johnny Cash; Don't Take Your Guns to Town 2005 Sky One: Thief .. Animals; House of the Rising Sun 2006 Sky One: Battlestar Galactica .. Magazine; Shot By Both Sides 2006 Sky One: 24 Trailer .. Nina Simone; Feeling Good 2006 Sky One: Over There .. Kaiser Chiefs; Oh My God 2006 Sky One: Weeds .. Bob Dylan: Rainy Day Women #12 & 35 2005 Sky History Channel Subscription .. Verdi; Dies Irae from Requiem Mass 2006 Sleepmasters .. Alison Moyet; Only You 2011 watch Sleepmasters Half Price Sale .. Brenda Lee; I'm Sorry 2009 watch Slimfast .. Adam Ant; Goody Two Shoes 2006 SlimFast.. Commodores: 'Brick House' SlimFast .. Ohio Express: 'Yummy, Yummy, Yummy' Slimming World .. John Fred and The Playboy Band; Judy In Disguise (With Glasses) 2005 Smart ForTwo .. Stomax; Midnight Mutations 2010 watch Smart For four .. Johnston Brothers; Hernando's Hideaway 2005 Smirnoff Anthem .. Susanna & the Magical Orchestra; Crazy, Crazy Nights 2011 watch Smirnoff: Purified .. composed by Peter Raeburn of Soundtree Studios; Latinate Chant 2008 Smirnoff Extraordinary Purification .. composed by Peter Raeburn of Soundtree Studios; Celebrare 2007 Smirnoff Ice .. Quarashi; Copycat 2005 Smirnoff .. Transglobal; Underground Rude Buddah 2004 Smirnoff .. Walter Murphy & the Big Apple Band; A Fifth of Beethoven 2004 SodaStream Busy With The Fizzy .. Harry Nilsson; Without You 2010 listen Sony - 2 Worlds .. music by Clint Mansell / Leonard Cohen; Thats What I Heard You Say 2011 watch Sony Ericsson Xperia Ray - 20:22 Moment .. Mothersmilk Studios; Specially Commissioned Track 2011 watch Sony Bravia IPTV: Television Redefined .. Magnetic Man Ft. Katy B; Crossover-Special Version 2011 watch Sony VAT back A Christmas Carol .. Lang Lang with The London Metropolitan Orchestra Commissioned 2010 watch Sony 3D HD TV .. Ferdinand Herold; La Fille Mal Gardee/Act 1 - 17a. Clog Dance 2010 watch Sony Bravia Televisions Football at Home .. Glasvegas; Geraldine 2010 watch Sony TV World Cup Trade In .. Glasvegas; Geraldine 2010 watch Sony Internet Television FIFA 2010 World Cup Collection .. Simple World; Jonathan Elias 2010 watch Sony Bravia TVs Rockstars .. AC/DC; Thunderstruck 2010 watch Sony - Cyber Shot Camera .. Paloma Faith; Upside Down 2010 watch Sony Center - Christmas Make Believe .. Miike Snow; Black and Blue 2009 Sony - Formula 1 sponsor ad .. Def Leppard; Rocket 2008 listen Sony Ericsson W910: Walkman ..Pink Enemy Remix of Pop Levi: Dita Dimone 2008 listen Sony - Shoot in HD .. Justice vs Simian; We Are Your Friends 2007 Sony Ericsson W910i .. Edu K; Gatas Gatas Gatas 2007 Sony Blu-ray Disk HD1080 .. Ludovico Einaudi; Primavera 2007 Sony Ericsson W910i .. Blue King Brown; Come n Check Your Head 2007 Sony Ericsson W910i .. Cazals; Life Is Boring 2007 Sony Bravia .. Rolling Stones; She's A Rainbow 2007 Sony Bravia TVs .. Jose Gonzales; Heartbeats 2007 Sony Playstation - UEFA Champions League .. Heavy; No Time 2009 watch Sony Playstation 3 (PS3) Launch .. Nino Rota; Amarcord 2007 Sony Singstar Legends .. Jackson Five; I Want You Back 2006 Sony Ericsson Walkman Phone Collection .. Holiday For Strings; Jump On Foot 2006 Sony Bravia .. Rossini; La Gazza Ladra Overture (The Thieving Magpie) 2006 Sony Ericsson K800i Cyber-Shot Phone .. Black Keys; Girl Is On My Mind 2006 Sony Singstar Rocks for PS2 .. Blur; Song 2 2006 Sony Ericsson Walkman Phones .. Velvet Revolver Dirty; Little Thing 2005 Sony Ericsson Walkman Phones .. Clash; I Fought The Law 2005 Sony .. Lionrock; Rude Boy Rock 2000 Sony .. Aerosmith: 'The Grind' Sourz Spirited Raspberry: Six OClock .. Rage Music; Commissioned Track 2011 watch Southern Comfort SoCo & Lime .. Luxembourg Brothers; Usual Suspects 2007 Southern Comfort .. Tripping Daisy; New Plains of Medicine 2003 Space.NK .. Hanne Hukkelberg; Searching 2006 Specsavers: Specs Effect .. Globus Preliator 2010 watch Specsavers: Free Reactions .. Barry Gray; Thunderbirds 2008 Specsavers: Sheep Shearing .. Una Palliser; Mo Ghile Mear 2008 Specsavers .. Edith Piaf; Non Je Ne Regrette Rien (No Regrets) 2008 Specsavers .. Cinematic Orchestra; To Build A Home 2007 Specsavers 2 for 1 .. Hedrex; Dreamboat 2 2006 Spec Savers .. Claude Vasori: "Folk Guitar" 2005 Sprite .. Brothomstates; Adozenaday 2002 St Bruno Tobacco .. Elgar; Nimrod from Enigma Variations 1993 St. Ivel Advance .. Harry McLintock; Big Rock Candy Mountain 2005 St. Ivel .. John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John; You're The One That I Want 2000 Stagecoach .. Elgar; Pomp And Circumstance March No. 1 (Land Of Hope And Glory) 2007 Standard Life insurance .. Black; Wonderful life 1994 Starbucks (Hank!) .. Gary Glitter; 'Rock and Roll Part 2' Stella Artois: Ice Lounge .. Stella Artois French special; 12 Jour De Noel(12 days of Christmas) 2010 watch Stella Artois .. Brigitte Bardot; Ne Me Laisse Pas L'Aimer 2010 watch Stella Artois .. Clara Rockmore; Valse Sentimentale 2006 Stella Artois .. Liszt; Hungarian Rhapsody #2 2005 Stella McCartney - Stella .. Scout Niblett; Kidnapped By Neptune 2007 Storey Carpets .. Katrina and the Waves; Walking on Sunshine 2006 Stop Smoking Ad .. Nina Simone: 'Ain't Got No (I Got Life)' ~ UK Strand Cigarettes .. Cliff Adams; Lonely Man Theme 1959 Strongbow Cider .. 2 Unlimited; Get Ready For This 2006 Strongbow Cider .. Deep Purple; Smoke on the Water 1997 Subway .. Red Rat; Shake That Rump 2007 Subaru .. Kansas: 'Dust in the Wind' Subaru .. Sheryl Crow: 'Everyday is a Winding Road' Sun Bingo .. Graffiti6; Stare into the Sun 2010 watch The Sun Newspaper under 'T' Sunsilk .. John Paul Young; Love is in the Air 2006 Superdrug .. Scouting For Girls; She's So Lovely 2011 listen Sure For Men - Iceskater .. TDL; Feel The Forces 2011 watch Sure Deodorant: 48 Hour Protection .. Alexandra Burke; All Night Long 2010 watch Sure Deodorant: SureMen Last 8 Sweepstake .. Julius La Rosa; Eh, Cumpari! 2010 watch Sure Deodorant: upside down roll-on .. Gabriella Cilmi; Sweet About Me 2008 watch Sure Biorhythms .. Elmo; All My Life 2007 Sure Crystal .. Aaron Lacrate ft Da Kidz; Kidstuff 2007 Sure Deodorant - Sport .. The Bees; Payback 2007 Sure Deodorant .. Jack Keller and Howard Greenfield; Theme from Bewitched 2006 Sure For Men .. Xavier Cugat; Yo Quiero un Mambo 2005 Surf with Essential Oils Trampoline .. Yellowhammer ft Claire Nicolson You and I (only on a promo cd) 2010 Surf Essential Oils .. Alice Russell; Sweet Is The Air 2007 Surf Small and Mighty .. Patience and Prudence; Dreamers Bay 2007 Surf Irresistable Fragrance .. Swansway; Illuminations 2006 Surf Tropical .. Yma Sumac; Wimoweh 2005 Suzuki Swift Designed For Life .. Bang and Buller; Rock and Roll Sky 2010 watch Suzuki SX4 .. Kula Shaker; Hush 2006 Suzuki Grand Vitara .. David Mills and Ian Wilson; What a Wonderful World 2006 Suzuki Grand Vitara .. Mooney Suzuki; Alive and Amplified 2005 Swatch Colour Codes .. Band of Skulls; I Know What I Am 2010 watch Swatch .. Midge Ure; Breathe 2000 watch Swifer .. It Devo: 'Whip' Swiftcover.com Get A Life .. Baha Men; Who Let The Dogs Out? 2012 watch Switch / Maestro .. Manhattan Transfer; Chanson D'Amour 2003 Switch / Maestro .. Renee and Renato; Save Your Love 2002 Sylvania .. The Who: 'I Can See For Miles' T >> TK Maxx - Big Labels, Small Prices.. Alex Winston; Choice Notes 2011 watch T K Maxx Daily Deliveries .. Junior Walker and The All Stars; Roadrunner 2008 T K Maxx Big Value at Small Prices .. Zoe Lewis; Small Is Tremendous 2007 T K Maxx .. Fats Waller; Have A Little Dream On Me 2007 T K Maxx .. John Williams; Carol of the Bells 2006 T K Maxx .. Zongamin; Tunnel Music 2006 T-Mobile What Britain Loves .. Dizzee Rascal and Armand Van Helden; Bonkers 2012 watch T-Mobile - Parking Ticket .. Klaus Badelt; Door of Destiny 2011 watch T-Mobile Youfix - Parking Tickets .. Dire Straits; Money For Nothing 2011 watch T-Mobile Heathrow Terminal 5 : Welcome Back .. Mel Tormé - Comin Home Baby; Mark Morrison - Return of the Mack; Iggy Pop - The Passenger; Thin Lizzy - Boys are Back In Town; Kaiser Chiefs Oh My God; Aretha Franklin with George Michael I Knew You Were Waiting (for me); Peters And Lee Welcome Home 2010 watch T- Mobile .. Josh's Band; Come With Me 2010 watch T- Mobile; Broadband campaign .. Kelly Stolt; Lets Get Out Tonight 2008/9 watch T- Mobile; Flext campaign .. Vashti Bunyan; Diamond Day 2008 watch T- Mobile; Favourite People .. Blood Sweat and Tears; Spinning Wheel 2007 watch T- Mobile; Text Your Head Off .. Claude Von Stroke; The Whistler 2007 watch T- Mobile; Web 'n' Walk .. I'm From Barcelona; Collection Of Stamps 2007 watch T- Mobile; (moving houses) .. Arthur Russell; This is How We Walk On The Moon 2007 watch T- Mobile; Web 'n' Walk .. Robbie Williams; Tripping 2006 T- Mobile Everyone .. Bedouin Soundclash; When The Night Feels My Song 2006 T- Mobile; Mates Rates Promotion .. Goldfrapp; Ooh La La 2005 T- Mobile; Rolling Stones 40 Licks Tour .. Rolling Stones; You Got Me Rocking 2003 T- Mobile .. Def Leppard; Pour Some Sugar on Me 2002 T-Mobile .. Royksopp: So Easy 2002 Take 2 Interactive The Darkness .. Marilyn Manson; Cruci-Fiction In Space 2007 Take A Break .. Village People; YMCA 2006 TalkTalk - A Brighter Home For Everyone .. Righteous Brothers; Unchained Melody 2011 watch Talk Talk .. The Box Tops; Neon Rainbow 2009 watch Talk Talk: When Will You Join? .. Primal Scream; Come Together 2008 watch Talk Talk .. Hayley Sanderson; Something In The Air 2006 watch Talksport World Cup 2006 Coverage .. Talksport Allstars; We're England (Tom Hark) 2006 Tango Dancing Granny .. Lomax; Praise 2010 watch Tropicana Awake To Alive .. The Cinematic Orchestra; Transformation 2012 watch Target Department Store .. Petula Clark: "A Sign Of The Times" 1999 Target Department Store .. Roy Orbison: 'You Got It' Tees Valley Beef Meatballs Small Farmers, Big Taste! .. Commissioned; In The Country 2012 watch Teletext - Holidays .. Lindsey Buckingham; Holiday Road 2011 watch Teletext - "Blah blah blah" .. Trio; Da Da Da 2007 Telewest .. Elmo Tanner & Ted Weems Orchestra; Heartaches 2006 Telewest Teleport .. Flying Lizards; Money 2005 Tena Lady .. Bobby Hebb; Sunny 2010 watch Tena Pants .. KC and the Sunshine Band; (Shake Shake Shake) Shake Your Booty 2010 Tennents Lager .. Screamin' Jay Hawkins; I Put A Spell On You 2005 Tennents Lager .. Big Country; One Great Thing 1989 Tennents Pilsner .. Simple Minds; Alive and Kicking 1983 Terrys Chocolate Orange - Love It To Bits .. Kenny Graham and His Satellites; Sunbeam 2010 watch Terrys All Gold - Imagine .. Tavares; Heaven Must Be Missing An Angel 2002 Terrys .. Hazel O' Connor; Will You 2000 Terrys .. Tchaikovsky; Chinese Dance 2000 Tesco F&F Florence + Fred Glide .. Cut Copy; Feel The Love 2012 watch Tesco - Christmas 2011 .. The Pogues and Kirsty MacColl; Fairytale of New York 2011 watch Tesco Mobile: Sponsors .. Warren Hamilton; Big Team 2010 watch Tesco: F & F Country Cricket .. MoZella; Magic (Oh Oh Oh) 2010 watch Tesco: Muscular Dystrophy Campaign .. Cherry Ghost; People Help The People 2010 watch Tesco: Christmas with the Spice Girls .. Bing Crosby; Santa Claus Is Coming To Town 2007 Tesco: F & F Fashions .. Hanne Hukkelberg; Boble 2007 Tesco: Back To School .. Richard Hayman; Children's Marching Song (Nick Nack Paddy Whack) 2007 Tesco .. Camera Obscura; Country Mile 2007 Tesco: Florence & Fred - Red Dress .. Delfonics; Didn't I (Blow Your Mind This Time) 2006 Tesco .. Terry Hall & The Colourfield; Windmills of Your Mind 2006 Tesco: Cherokee Kids .. Jamelia; Superstar 2006 Tetley Tea - Tea Folk Singing .. Tetley Tea Folk; Just the Way You Are 2011 watch Tetley Tea - For Everyone .. Victor Mizzy; Addams Family (Main Theme from TV Series) 2007 Tetley .. Gerry and the Pacemakers; You'll Never Walk Alone 2000 Tetley's Bitter .. Vive La Fete; Maquillage 2006 TGI Fridays .. The Scorpions: 'Rock You Like a Hurricane' The Bed Shed Sale .. Crew Cuts; Sh-Boom (Life Could Be A Dream) 2006 The Daily Express: Sixties CD Promotion .. Foundations; Build Me Up Buttercup 2005 The Mail on Sunday: Travis CD Promotion .. Travis; Flowers In The Window 2007 The Mail on Sunday: .. Frankie Goes To Hollywood; Two Tribes 2007 The Mail on Sunday: Planet Earth by Prince - Free Cd .. Prince; Guitar 2007 The Daily Mail: World At War Promotion .. Carl Davis; World At War: Main Theme 2007 The Daily Star: Ramones CD Promo .. Ramones; Do You Wanna Dance 2007 The Daily Star: Best of Echo & The Bunnymen Promo .. Echo & The Bunnymen; Back Of Love 2007 The Daily Star: Best of Happy Mondays Promo .. Happy Mondays; Step On 2007 The People .. Iggy Pop; Lust For Life 2000 The Sun .. Vangelis; Chariots of Fire 2012 watch The Sun: Bingo .. Graffiti6; Stare into the Sun 2010 watch The Sun: World Cup - Maybe .. Terry Venables; If I Can Dream 2010 watch The Sun: Bingo .. Tony Christie; (Is This the Way To) Amarillo? 2008 The Sun: Bingo .. Ottawan: D.I.S.C.O. 2007 The Sun: 24-7 Football .. Richard Strauss; Also Sprach Zarathustra (Main theme from 2001) 2007 The Sun: Football .. Subways; Oh Yeah 2007 The Sun: £9.50 Holidays .. Reginald Dixon; I Do Like To Be Beside The Seaside 2006 The Sun: World Cup Go For Goals Pullout .. Elgar; Pomp And Circumstance March No.1 (Land Of Hope 7 Glory) 2006 The Times/Sunday Times: iPad App .. Speech Debelle; Spinnin' 2011 watch The Times: Budget Special .. Flying Lizards; Money 2010 listen The Times: Talk Radio DVD Promotion .. George Thorogood & the Destroyers; Bad To The Bone 2007 The Times: The Game .. Don Lusher; Carnaby Chick 2005 The Zoo: Australian TV series .. "Hippo Rhino" 2011 watch Think Bingo: Bubble Bath .. 'I know where all the girls go' song made for the ad, not yet available Thierry Mugler Angel Eva Mendes .. Eva Mendes; The Windmills of Your Mind 2011 watch Thinkbox Dogs Home .. Bachman-Turner Overdrive; You Aint Seen Nothing Yet 2010 watch Thomson Holidays New Version .. Sunday Girl (with Guy Farley) Where Is My Mind? 2012 watch Thomson Holidays - Time For A Holiday? .. Guy Farley; Where Is My Mind? 2011 watch Thomson Holidays .. Joey Ramone; What a Wonderful World 2012 watch Thomas Cook Ultimate Holiday .. Morcheeba; The Sea 2009 Thomas Cook Bank Holiday Appeal; Dinah Washington; What A Difference A Day Makes 2008 Thomson Holidays .. Guy Farley (instrumental); Where Is My Mind? 2011 watch Thomson Holidays .. Beach Boys; Good Vibrations 2010 watch Thomson Holidays .. Fatboy Slim; Praise You 2007 Thomson Local Directory .. Creation; Biff Bang Pow 2005 Thorntons Chocolates .. Francesco de Mase & A. Alessandroni; Tema Di Oscar 2002 Thorntons .. Moby; Everloving 2000 The One .. Olivia Newton John; You Better Shape Up 2007 Thresher .. Pachelbel; Canon 1993 Tia Lusso .. Ils; No Soul (PMT Remix) 2002 Timberland Earthkeepers .. Sons & Daughters; Gilt Complex 2011 watch Timberland Mountain Athletics .. Noisettes; Don't Give It Up 2010 watch Timberland - This is Your Podium .. John Murphy Escaping The Icarus 11 2008 TNT 'The Closer' drama series .. Bill Withers; Ain't No Sunshine 2008 Tombola We Are Tombola .. Ash Koley; Dont Let Your Feet Touch Ground 2011 watch Tombola - Fairground Bingo .. Marisol; Tombola 2008 Thorpe Park .. You Me At Six; The Swarm 2012 watch Toshiba - Leading Innovation .. Vitalic; Trahison 2008 Toshiba Nicam TV .. Arthur Askey; The Thing Ummy Bob (That's Going To Win The War) 1996 Toshiba .. Vivian Stanshall; Terry Keeps His Clips On 1991 Total Greek Yoghurt - Yum No Fat .. Hayden Parsey; Dance of the Hours (Arrangement) 2011 watch Total Greek Yoghurt .. Duncan Wisbey; Any Little Fish 2010 watch Tous H2O Jewel of Solidarity - Perfume of Life .. OperaBabes; Lakmé H2O (Flower Duet) 2011 watch Toyota Hybrid Cars .. Empire of the Sun; Walking On A Dream 2011 watch Toyota Yaris - Treat It With Respect .. Supergrass; Pumping On Your Stereo 2011 watch Toyota Cars Feel Good Driving .. Free Design; Love You 2010 watch Toyota Rav4 .. AIM; Demonique 2006 Toyota Yaris - BigSmall .. Mando Ranks; Bring It 2006 Toyota Corolla .. Peter Gabriel; The Feeling Begins 2005 Toyota Verso .. Crosby, Stills and Nash; Teach Your Children 2005 Toyota RAV4 .. Prince Buster; Madness 2001 Toyota .. Billy Fury; Wondrous Place 2000 Toyota .. Jimi Hendrix; Voodoo Child (Slight Return) 2000 Toyota .. Iggy Pop; The Passenger 2000 Toyota .. Curtis Mayfield: 'Move On Up' Toys R Us - Christmas 2011 .. Specially Recorded; Im a Toys R Us Kid 2011 watch Trainline.com - Choo Choo Choose .. Black Lace; Do The Conga 2011 listen Travelodge - Teddy Bears Holiday .. Mamas & The Papas; Go Where You Wanna Go 2011 watch Travelocity .. Lionel Richie; Stuck On You 2005 Trident Gum .. Crimea: Loop A Loop 2008 Triumph Shape Sensation .. April Stevens; Teach Me Tiger 2012 watch Trivago - Same Hotel, Two Prices .. Kosheen; All In My Head (version) 2011 watch Trebor Soft Mints .. Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel; Mr Soft 1987 Tresemme: Flawless Curls .. Jamie Leonhart; written especially for the ad 2008 . watch Tresemme .. Il Divo; Without You (Desde el Dia Que Te Fuiste) 2006 Tropicana: Doesnt Just Grow On Trees .. Novos Baianos; Besta é Tu 2011 watch Tropicana Premium Fruit Juice: San Francisco Breakfast .. Doobie Brothers; Listen To The Music 2010 watch Tropicana: Chefs .. Kay Starr; It's A Good Day 2009 watch Tropicana Smoothies .. Nina Wall; Catch A Falling Star 2008 Tropicana .. Gene Kelly & Debbie Reynolds; Good Morning 2008 Tropicana .. Nouvelle Vague; Just Can't Get Enough 2007 Tunnocks Dark Chocolate.. Tchaikovsky; Chinese Dance 2010 TV Licensing .. Ninette; Push A Little Button 2010 watch TV Licensing .. Specials; Message To You Rudy 2005 Twinings Gets Back to You .. Lissie; Go Your Own Way 2012 watch Twinings - Gets You Back To You .. Charlene Soraia; Wherever You Will Go 2011 watch Twinings Herbal Teas .. Ben Vella and Barney Freeman; Good As New 2010 watch Twinings Classic Tea - Everyday .. Love Band; Mmm 2009 watch Typhoo .. Herman's Hermits; I'm Into Something Good 2000 U >> U.B.S: We Will Not Rest .. Maria Callas; O Mio Bambino Caro 2010 watch Ubisoft Assassins Creed Revelations .. Woodkid; Iron 2011 watch . Ubisoft Assassins Creed - Brotherhood .. Tinie Tempah; Pass out 2010 watch Ubisoft Wii Just Dance .. Katy Perry; Hot n Cold 2009 watch Ubisoft Assassin's Creed for Playstation 3 .. UNKLE; Lonely Souls ft Richard Ashcroft 2008 Ubisoft Assassin's Creed for Playstation 3 .. Massive Attack; Teardrop 2007 UEFA Anthem was performed by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra and sung by the Academy of St. Martin in the Fields Chorus. Composer Tony Britten ...This song is an alternative to Handel's coronation anthem, "Zadok the Priest". Lyrics Ceux sont les meilleurs equipes, Sie sind die allerbesten Mannschaften The main event Die Meister, Die Besten, Les Grandes Equipes, The Champions Une grande reunion Die Meister, Die Besten, Les Grandes Equipes, The Champions Die Meister, Die Besten, Les Grandes Equipes, The Champions UEFA Champions League .. James: I Know What I'm Here For 2007 UEFA Champions League Coverage .. Primal Scream; Country Girl 2006 UEFA Champions League .. Sebastien Tellier; La Ritournelle 2006 UEFA European Cup Theme .. Handel: "Zadok the Priest" 2004 UEFA European Cup 1996 Theme .. Beethoven: Ode To Joy from Symphony No 9 1996 There are more UEFA ads under Channel 5 UK Government directgov.co.uk .. Madness; It Must Be Love 2010 watch UK Government Food Standards Agency .. Three Degrees; When Will I See You Again 2006 UK Government Safe Sex Promotion .. Isaac Hayes; Theme From Shaft 2003 UK Gov Teacher Training Association .. Disney; Heigh Ho (The Dwarves Marching Song from Snow White) 2003 UK Government Domestic Abuse .. Charlie Rich; Behind Closed Doors 2001 UK Government MMR Jab .. Lisa Gerrard; Sanvean 1999 UK Government Energy Efficiency .. Landscape; Einstein A Go-Go UK Government Power Surges .. Lou Christie; Lightning Strikes UK TV Supernatural .. Appollo 440; Magick 2007 UK TV Style - Extreme Makeover .. The Cure and The Cause; Fish Go Deep 2006 UK TV Gold: Kitchen Showdown .. Rolling Stones; Satisfaction 2006 UK TV Carry On Weekend of "Big Titters" .. Pussycat Dolls; Beep 2006 UK TV Supernatural .. Klaxons; Don't Fear The Reaper 2006 Umbro World Cup Tailored By England .. Commissioned Version; United Kingdom National Anthem 2010 watch Uncle Ben's Rispinos .. Etta James; My Dearest Darling 2001 Universal Orlando .. Cheap Trick: 'Surrender' UPS .. Dean Martin; That's Amore 2011 watch US Navy .. Godsmack: 'Awake' Valentino Valentina Fragrance .. Paolo Conte; Via Con Me 2011 watch Vaseline Intensive Care Lotion .. Bobby Vee; 'Take Good Care of My Baby' Vauxhall - Football .. Noel Gallaghers High Flying Birds - Aka What A Life! 2011 watch . Vauxhall Corsa - Graffiti .. Goldfrapp; Ooh La La 2011 watch Vauxhall Lifetime Warranty .. Feeder; Pushing the Senses 2010 watch . Vauxhall Meriva .. Ingrid Michaelson; Be OK 2010 watch Vauxhall Corsa .. Gnarls Barkley; Run 2010 watch Vauxhall Meriva / Zafira .. Sonics; Don't You Just Know It 2008 watch Vauxhall Meriva / Zafira .. Brother Bones and His Shadows; Sweet Georgia Brown 2008 watch Vauxhall Tigra: America's Next Top Model .. Spirit Studios provides music 2008 listen Vauxhall Vectra LS .. Miracles; Love Machine 2008 listen Vauxhall Zafira / Meriva .. Huey 'Piano' Smith and His Clowns; Don't You Just Know It 2008 Vauxhall Ecoflex .. Louis Armstrong What a Wonderful World 2007 Vauxhall Antara .. Isaac Hayes; Run Fay Run 2007 Vauxhall Astra .. Panoramic .. Marcos Valle; Crickets Sing for Anamaria 2007 Vauxhall Astra .. Bobby Darin; Don't Rain On My Parade 2006 Vauxhall Astra / Tigra .. Lonnie Donegan; Rock Island Line 2006 Vauxhall .. Peter Gabriel Sledgehammer 2000 Verizon Wireless .. The Beatles: 'All Together Now' ~ 2002 Very.co.uk - Holly & Fearne Take On Santa .. Specially Recorded; Anything You Can Do 2011 watch Very.co.uk Wardrobe for all Seasons .. The Quik; Berts Apple Crumble 2010 watch . Very.co.uk - Discover Spring .. Eliza Doolittle; Skinny Genes 2010 watch . Very.co.uk .. Louis Armstrong; 'Zat You Santa Claus? 2009 watch Vicks VapoRub - Sleeptight .. Shirley Temple; Goodnight My Love 2011 watch Vicks Sinex .. Nouvelle Vague; I Melt With You 2009 Vick's Cough Syrup .. Nick Drake From The Morning 2008 watch Vicks Medinite Complete & Daymed - Hugs .. Dragonette; Get Lucky 2007/2008 Vick's First Defence .. Dawn Landes; I'm A Believer 2007 Vimto .. Box Bottom; Bounce n Boom 2011 watch Virgin Money 40 Years of Better .. Daft Punk; Outlands + Mike Oldfield; Tubular Bells Part 1 2012 watch Virgin Holidays Best Of Rockstar Service Sale .. Radio FreQ; Where You Been? 2012 watch Virgin Media - Exciting Place to Live .. Dan Black; Symphonies 2011 watch Virgin Atlantic Got It .. Muse; Feeling Good 2010 watch Virgin Holidays Rockstar Service .. Radio FreQ; Where You Been? 2010 watch Virgin Holidays .. David Rose; The Stripper 2010 watch Virgin Media .. Mazzy Star; Into Dust 2009 watch Virgin Trains - Bumbling Ed.. Europe; The Final Countdown 2009 watch Virgin Trains - Booty Train.. ABC; Look Of Love 2009 watch Virgin Atlantic - Flat Bed Suite .. Bee Gees How Deep Is Your Love? 2009 watch Virgin Atlantic - 25 Years .. Frankie Goes To Hollywood Relax 2009 watch Virgin Holidays - I Want The World .. Charlotte Church I Want It Now (From Willy Wonka) 2008 watch Virgin Holidays: Orlando - Florida .. Supergrass; Alright 2008 watch Virgin 1 Channel Launch .. Enemy; You're Not Alone 2007 Virgin On Demand - Reality .. No Doubt; Just A Girl 2007 Virgin Trains .. Max Greger; Big Train 2007 watch Virgin On Demand .. Foo Fighters; Learn To Fly 2007 Virgin Radio .. Free; All Right Now 2005 Visa Golden Space Usain Bolt vs London .. Ocean Colour Scene; Hundred Mile High City 2012 watch Visa - London 2012 .. The Courteeners; Take Over The World 2011 watch Visa Card: Football running man.. Pixies; Isla De Encanta 2010 watch Visa Card: Life Flows Better .. Don Thomas; Come On Train (Ian Parton Remix) 2009 watch Visa Card: Running man.. Whitey; Non Stop 2008 watch Visa Card .. Obi; Somewhere Nicer 2007 watch Vision Express Well See You Right .. Waterfall; (Stone Roses cover) 2012 watch Visit Scotland: the creative year .. commissioned; Paul Mounsey based on "North" album Nahoo Too 2012 watch Visit Wales: Piers Bramhalls Proper Holiday .. Islet; Ringerz 2012 watch Visit Morocco: The Country That Travels Within You .. Yann Destal; Specially Recorded 2011 watch Visit Scotland: Perfect Day .. Waterboys; Fisherman's Blues 2009 watch VO5 Extreme Style - The Pliktisijiteur Pageant .. The BossHoss; Word Up 2011 watch VO5 Assembly Line .. Example; Kickstarts 2010 watch VO5 Extreme Style Headless .. Chromeo; Fancy Footwork 2010 VO5 Styling Army Recruits .. Santogold; Creator vs Switch & Freq Nasty 2008 Vodafone .. justtextgiving .. Two Door Cinema Club; Something Good Can Work 2011 listen Vodafone .. Bryan Ferry; The In Crowd 2010 listen Vodafone Network Couples .. Jamie Cullum; Im All Over It 2010 watch Vodafone .. Tony Bennett & Celine Dion; If I Ruled The World 2009 watch Vodafone Freedom Pack .. Tom Jones; If I Ruled The World 2009 watch Vodafone Freedom Pack .. James Brown; If I Ruled The World 2009 watch Vodafone .. Roger Whittaker; Mexican Whistler 2008 Vodafone .. Pearl And The Puppets; Because I Do 2008 watch Vodafone Mobile Email Rabbit .. Delibes; Coppelia - Act I: Valse Lente 2008 watch Vodafone Airport Chaos .. Mel Torme; Comin' Home Baby 2007 Vodafone Christmas .. Anita O' Day; A Nightingale Sang In Berkely Square 2007 Vodafone .. Labi Siffre; It Must Be Love 2007 Vodafone .. Nancy Sinatra The End (Of The Raindow) 2007 Vodafone The Internet Is Mobile .. Disney Little April Shower (from Bambi) 2007 Vodafone .. Regina Spektor Hotel Song 2007 Vodafone .. Jon Brion Theme from Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind 2006 Vodafone Family .. Bell X1 Another Girl, Another Planet 2006 Vodafone .. Only Ones Another Girl, Another Planet 2006 Vodafone .. Dandy Warhols: Bohemian Like You 2002 Volkswagen Up .. Baba Brooks; Portrait of My Love 2012 watch Volkswagen Blue Motion .. Tiziano Lamberti; Wouldnt It Be Nice 2011 watch Volkswagen - New Golf Cabriolet .. The Kinks; Days 2011 watch Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles - 60 Years .. The Beach Boys; God Only Knows 2011 watch Volkswagen Passat .. John Williams; Imperial March from The Empire Strikes Back 2011 watch Volkswagen Polo - Last Tango in Compton .. Roc C Feat. Oh No & Pok Dogg; Dont Stop 2010 watch Volkswagen Polo .. Pink; Bad Influence 2009 watch Volkswagen Golf .. Jeans Team & MJ Lan Keine Melodien 2009 watch Volkswagen Passat: Extraordinary But Real .. Ferdinando Arno ft. Sandy Chambers; Gardener 2008 watch Volkswagen Golf .. Paul Hartnoll; Gob Smack 2008 Volkswagen Polo (singing dog) .. Charlie Winston ; I'm A Man 2008 Volkswagen Polo .. Spencer Davis Group I'm A Man .. 2008 watch Volkswagen Tiguan .. Andrew Weatherall; Feathers 2008 Volkswagen Beetle .. Devendra Banhart Santa Maria De Feira 2007 Volkswagen Golf .. Cliff Martinez Don't Blow It 2007 Volkswagen Golf .. Adrian Sutton's cover of; The Great Pretender 2007 Volkswagen .. Mint Royale; Singing In The Rain 2006 Volkswagen Convertible .. Electric Light Orchestra (ELO) Mr Blue Sky 2002 Volkswagen .. Styx: 'Mr. Roboto' Volvo S60 T3 R-Design - Tarot .. Ástor Piazzolla; Libertango 2011 watch Volvo C30 .. Puccini; Oh Mio Babbino Caro from Gianni Schicch /&/ Petter; Slag Under Baltet 2010 watch Volvo C70 .. Miss Li; Oh Boy 2010 watch Volvo C30 (Design Creates Debate) .. Baikonour; Hoko To Shin Ken 2008 Volvo XC70 .. Roy Orbison; Only The Lonely 2008 Volvo V70; Perfect Afternoon .. Nina Nastasia; Our Day Trip 2008 Volvo XC70 .. Traditional Wheels On The Bus 2007 Volvo S40 .. Fats Waller When Somebody Thinks You're Wonderful 1999 Volvo .. Donovan: 'Catch The Wind' Vonage .. Rock-A-Teens: 'Woo Hoo' Wachovia: AG Edwards .. Jon Darling; Lunatics 2008 watch Waitrose - School of Christmas Magic .. Special Arrangement; Carol of the Bells 2011 watch Waitrose - Love food, Love Life .. Mumm-ra; Shes Got You High? 2011 watch Waitrose Price Match .. Dave Brubeck Quartet; Take Five 2010 watch Waitrose The Only Place To Be This Christmas .. Camilla Kerslake; How Can I Keep From Singing 2009 watch Waitrose Christmas Food .. Libera; How Can I Keep From Singing (album:Eternal/The Best of Libera) 2008 watch Waitrose Christmas Food .. John Paul Young; Love Is In The Air 2008 watch Waitrose quality food (picnic ad) .. Canned Heat; Going up the Country 2008 watch Waitrose Christmas Food .. John Paul Young; Love Is In The Air 2007 watch Waitrose Beef Farmers .. Elvis Presley; Love Me Tender 2007 watch Waitrose Sustainable Fishing .. Mills Brothers: Some of These Days 2007 Waitrose Masters of Wine .. Carmel: More, More, More 2007 Waitrose .. Leo Sayer: You Make Me Feel Like Dancing 2007 Waitrose .. Matt Monro: Somewhere (From West Side Story) 2007 Waitrose .. Billie Holiday: When You're Smiling 2007 Waitrose Sustainable Fishing .. Mills Brothers: Some of These Days 2007 Waitrose Masters of Wine .. Carmel: More, More, More 2007 Waitrose .. Wilson Pickett; In The Midnight Hour 2002 Wales Sunloungers .. Sweet Baboo; Bumblebee Song 2010 watch Walkers Crisps Whats That Flavour? .. Special Version: Craig David; Whats Your Flava? 2012 watch Walkers Sunbites .. Peters and Lee; Welcome Home 2011 watch Walkers Rainy Days .. The Weather Girls; Its Raining Men 2010 watch Walkers Extra Crunchy .. Lionel Richie; Say You, Say Me 2010 watch Walkers Crisps - Sandwich .. JLS; One Shot 2010 watch Walkers Baked .. Air; Sexy Boy 2010 watch Walkers Flavour Cup Games .. Herb Alpert; Bean Bag 2010 watch Walkers Crisps - Sandwich .. JLS; One Shot 2010 watch Walkers Baked Crisps - Sexy Boy Gary Lineker .. Air; Sexy Boy 2010 watch Walkers Crisps - Do Us A Flavour .. The Specials; A Message To You Rudy 2008 Walkers Crisps .. special version; Summer Holiday 2008 Walkers Crisps - 100% British Potatoes .. Flanders & Swann; Hippopotamus Song (Mud Glorious Mud) 2008 Walkers .. Trad; Mud, Mud, Glorious Mud 2007 Walkers: Monster Munch 80% Less Fat.. Bobby "Boris" Pickett & The Crypt-Kickers Monster Mash 2007 Walkers Lamb & Mint Flavour Crisps /Salt GDA .. Bobby McFerrin; Dont Worry, Be Happy 2006 Walkers Sauce Promotion .. Motorhead; Ace of Spades 2005 Walkers Wotsits .. Captain Sensible; Wot 1999 Walkers Crisps .. Peters & Lee; Welcome Home 1994ish watch Walls Cornetto - Teddy Bear .. Audio Bullys; Only Man 2011 watch Walls Carte dOr - Great Ending.. Minnutes; Icedream 2011 watch Walls Carte D'Or .. Michael Buble; Haven't Met You Yet 2010 watch Walls Ice Cream: Carte D'Or Caramel Cinnamon Waffle .. Gavin Degraw; Follow Through 2009 watch Wall's Carte D'Or - New Lemon Sorbet .. Gavin Degraw; Follow Through 2008 watch Walls Ice Cream: Magnum Ecuador .. Yma Sumac Tumpa (Earthquake) 2007 Walls Ice Cream: Cornetto .. Elvis Presley; Its Now Or Never 2000 Wanadoo .. Iggy & The Stooges; Down on the Street 2005 Warburtons Taste Testers .. Jimmy Cliff; You Can Get It If You Really Want 2012 watch Warburtons - Millionth Loaf .. Elias and his Zig Zag Jive Flutes; Tom Hark 2011 watch Warburtons - Burnt Toast .. Barber; Adagio For Strings 2010 watch Warburtons - The Mission .. Jerry Goldsmith; Parachutes (Air Force One - Opening Theme) 2010 watch Warburtons .. Cat Stevens: Morning Has Broken 2006 Warner Leisure Hotels Grown Ups .. Texas; Inner Smile 2012 watch Warner Leisure Hotels Autumn 2010 .. Kidda; Strong Together 2010 watch Warner Brothers License To Wed .. Spencer Davis Group; Gimme Some Loving 2007 Water Aid .. Hans Zimmer & Lisa Gerrard; Now We Are Free (Juba's Mix) 2006 Weetabix - Chocolate Spoonsize .. Mord Fustang; A New World 2011 watch Weetabix - Oatibix .. The Knack; My Sharona 2009 watch Weetabix .. Jonathan Richman & The Modern Lovers: Egyptian Reggae 2006 listen Weetabix .. TV Theme; Galloping Home (Theme From Black Beauty) 2000 watch Weetabix .. Beach Boys ft. The Fat Boys; Wipe out 2000 listen Weetabix .. unknown; I will Survive 1997ish watch Weight Watchers: Do It Our Way .. Alesha Dixon; Do It Our Way (Play) 2012 watch Weight Watchers .. Barbara Harris: Gorgeous 2007 Weight Watchers .. Cher; Song For The Lonely 2006 Welch's Grape Juice - Antioxidents .. Tchaikovsky; Chinese Dance 2008 Werthers Original - Fathers and Sons .. Bread; Everything I Own 2011 watch Westpac .. Des'ree; You Gotta Be early 2000's listen West End Draught .. ?? especially commissioned song ?? 2007 watch Western Australia tourism .. Russell Morris: "The Real Thing" ~ Australian Which? (Magazine) .. Verdi: Anvil Chorus from 'La Traviata' 2006 Whiskas Temptations: Let It Snow .. The Puppini Sisters; Let It Snow 2010 watch Whiskas .. Acker Bilk; Stranger On The Shore 2005 Whiskas .. Humphrey Lyttelton Band; The Onions 2000 William Hill Vegas Casino .. Rival Consoles; Kid Velo 2012 watch William Hill .. Switch; A Bit Patchy 2011 listen William Hill - Football Currency .. Mantronix; King of the Beats 2011 watch William Hill .. Sex Pistols; Pretty Vacant 2010 listen Winalot Heart Of Our Family .. Edward Elgar; Nimrod (from "Enigma Variations") 2011 listen Wolf Blass .. Wolf Blass; Wolf Blass Theme 2005 Wonderbra Pure .. Stranglers: Hanging Around 2002 Wonga .. Frankie Laine; Rawhide 2011 listen Woodpecker Cider .. Culture Beat; Mr Vain 2000 Woolwich Mortgages .. Bach: Concerto for Violin and Oboe in C minor: II. Adagio 2006 Woolworths Sale .. Kaiser Chiefs; Ruby 2007 Woolworths Friends - Joey DVD Promotion .. Rembrandts; I'll Be There For You 2005 Woolworths .. Space Raiders; Song for Dot 2004 World Wildlife Fund .. 1 Giant Leap: Dunya Salam 2005 Worthingtons .. Limp Bizkit: My Way 2003 Wrangler .. Jimi Hendrix: Crosstown Traffic 2000 Wrangler .. Victor Young; Follow The Yellow Brick Road 1999 Wrangler .. Thin Lizzy: 'The Boys are Back in Town' Wrigleys Extra Gum Are You Following Me? .. Nylon Studios; Commissioned Track 2010 watch Wrigleys Extra sponsors Hollyoaks on Channel 4 .. Joey Ryan; Honest Man 2008 Wrigleys Extra Fusion - Mixed Up Flavours .. Hein Hoven @ Beathoven ft. Tight Eyez ; Krumping 2008 Wrigleys Orbit .. Larrikin Love; Six Queens 2008 Wrigleys Extra Fusion .. Klaxons; Gravity's Rainbow (Van She Remix) 2007 Wrigley's Extra chewing gum .. Hanson: "Mmm Bop" 2004 Wrigley's Spearmint .. Spencer Davis Group: "Keep On Running" '90s WSPA .. REM: Everybody Hurts 2007 WWF - Save The Cerrado .. Janine Forrester; Commissioned Track 2011 watch X >> Xbox 360 Final Fantasy XIII 2 .. Charice; New World 2012 watch XBox 360 Kinect Effect .. Pixies; Where Is My Mind 2011 watch XBox 360 Forza Motorsport 4 .. Kanye West; Power 2011 watch Xbox 360 Gears of War 3: Dust to Dust .. Mazzy Star; Into Dust 2011 watch XBox 360 Fable III .. T Rex; Children of the Revolution 2010 watch XBox 360 Final Fantasy XIII .. Leona Lewis; My Hands 2010 listen XBox 360 Watch Sky TV .. Big Pink; Dominos 2009 watch XBox 360: Gears of War 2.. DeVotchka; "How It Ends" 2008 watch XBox 360: Bring Everyone Together .. Poison; Nothin' But A Good Time 2007 XBox 360: Bioshock .. Bobby Darin; Beyond The Sea 2007 XBox 360: Halo 3 .. Chopin; Raindrop Prelude (Op. 28, Prelude No. 15 in D-flat major) 2007 X Files .. Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds; Red Right Hand 1990 Y >> Yahoo .. Queen: "You're My Best Friend" Yahoo .. Eric Clapton: 'Wonderful Tonight' Yell.com - Day V Lately .. Day V Lately; Pulse & Thunder 2011 watch Yellow Pages .. Ramones; Baby I Love You 1997 Yeo Valley Organic - X-Factor 2011 .. The Churned; Forever 2011 watch Yeo Valley Organic - Harmony .. Yeo Valley Boyz; Yeo Valley Rap (ft Mr George & Lisa Roxanne) 2010 watch Yoplait Yogurt .. Bryan Hyland cover: 'Itsy Bitsy Teenie Weenie Yellow Polka Dot Bikini' Yorkshire Bank Current Account .. Farm; All Together Now 2007 Yorkshire Tourist Ad .. Jam; English Rose 2008 Youngs Chip Shop -- Hungry Sailor .. Port Isaacs Fishermans Friends; The Hungry Sailor 2011 watch Youngs Breaded Fish: Love Fish .. Port Isaacs Fishermans Friends; When The Boat Comes In 2011 watch Youngs: Sea To Plate .. Andy Findon; Dance Ti Thi Daddy (Theme from When The Boat Comes In) 2006 Yves Saint Laurent Opium .. Mozart; Lacrimosa from Requiem in D Minor 2011 watch Yves Saint Laurent Elle .. Yeah Yeah Yeahs; Gold Lion 2007 watch Z > Zoflora Bouquet.. Dukas; Sorcerers Apprentice 2005 Zurich Municipal Insurance .. Showaddywaddy; You Got What It Takes 2000 IF YOU KNOW A TV AD SONG NOT ON THE LIST ~ PLEASE EMAIL I put ad's up on the page at least once a week that I have seen and know or have very kindly been emailed in. Sincere apologies, but PLEASE don't ask me to search an ad song for you. If you can't find, it odds on, I cant!! With all the many pages I do on my hobby-site I just haven't the time for hour long searches ~ really sorry. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *	i don't know
In the Charles Dickens novel 'A Tale of Two Cities' Sidney Carton exchanges places with which other character?	SparkNotes: A Tale of Two Cities: Character List A Tale of Two Cities Charles Dickens Plot Overview Analysis of Major Characters Charles Darnay - A French aristocrat by birth, Darnay chooses to live in England because he cannot bear to be associated with the cruel injustices of the French social system. Darnay displays great virtue in his rejection of the snobbish and cruel values of his uncle, the Marquis Evrémonde. He exhibits an admirable honesty in his decision to reveal to Doctor Manette his true identity as a member of the infamous Evrémonde family. So, too, does he prove his courage in his decision to return to Paris at great personal risk to save the imprisoned Gabelle. Read an in-depth analysis of Charles Darnay. Sydney Carton - An insolent, indifferent, and alcoholic attorney who works with Stryver. Carton has no real prospects in life and doesn’t seem to be in pursuit of any. He does, however, love Lucie, and his feelings for her eventually transform him into a man of profound merit. At first the polar opposite of Darnay, in the end Carton morally surpasses the man to whom he bears a striking physical resemblance. Read an in-depth analysis of Sydney Carton. Doctor Manette - Lucie’s father and a brilliant physician, Doctor Manette spent eighteen years as a prisoner in the Bastille. At the start of the novel, Manette does nothing but make shoes, a hobby that he adopted to distract himself from the tortures of prison. As he overcomes his past as a prisoner, however, he proves to be a kind, loving father who prizes his daughter’s happiness above all things. Read an in-depth analysis of Doctor Manette. Lucie Manette - A young French woman who grew up in England, Lucie was raised as a ward of Tellson’s Bank because her parents were assumed dead. Dickens depicts Lucie as an archetype of compassion. Her love has the power to bind her family together—the text often refers to her as the “golden thread.” Furthermore, her love has the power to transform those around her. It enables her father to be “recalled to life,” and it sparks Sydney Carton’s development from a “jackal” into a hero. Read an in-depth analysis of Lucie Manette. Monsieur Defarge - A wine shop owner and revolutionary in the poor Saint Antoine section of Paris, Monsieur Defarge formerly worked as a servant for Doctor Manette. Defarge proves an intelligent and committed revolutionary, a natural leader. Although he remains dedicated to bringing about a better society at any cost, he does demonstrate a kindness toward Manette. His wife, Madame Defarge, views this consideration for Manette as a weakness. Madame Defarge - A cruel revolutionary whose hatred of the aristocracy fuels her tireless crusade, Madame Defarge spends a good deal of the novel knitting a register of everyone who must die for the revolutionary cause. Unlike her husband, she proves unrelentingly blood-thirsty, and her lust for vengeance knows no bounds. Read an in-depth analysis of Madame Defarge. Jarvis Lorry - An elderly businessman who works for Tellson’s Bank, Mr. Lorry is a very business-oriented bachelor with a strong moral sense and a good, honest heart. He proves trustworthy and loyal, and Doctor Manette and Lucie come to value him as a personal friend. Jerry Cruncher - An odd-job man for Tellson’s Bank, Cruncher is gruff, short-tempered, superstitious, and uneducated. He supplements his income by working as a “Resurrection-Man,” one who digs up dead bodies and sells them to scientists. Miss Pross - The servant who raised Lucie, Miss Pross is brusque, tough, and fiercely loyal to her mistress. Because she personifies order and loyalty, she provides the perfect foil to Madame Defarge, who epitomizes the violent chaos of the revolution. Marquis Evrémonde - Charles Darnay’s uncle, the Marquis Evrémonde is a French aristocrat who embodies an inhumanly cruel caste system. He shows absolutely no regard for human life and wishes that the peasants of the world would be exterminated. Mr. Stryver - An ambitious lawyer, Stryver dreams of climbing the social ladder. Unlike his associate, Sydney Carton, Stryver is bombastic, proud, and foolish. John Barsad - Like Roger Cly, John Barsad is a British spy who swears that patriotism is his only motive. Barsad falsely claims to be a virtuous man of upstanding reputation. Roger Cly - Like John Barsad, Roger Cly is a British spy who swears that patriotism alone inspires all of his actions. Cly feigns honesty but in fact constantly participates in conniving schemes. Gabelle - The man charged with keeping up the Evrémonde estate after the Marquis’ death, Gabelle is imprisoned by the revolutionaries. News of his internment prompts Darnay to travel to France to save him.	Charles Darnay
Which T.V. competition was won by Indonesian female Ping Coombes in 2014?	Development of Sydney Carton in Tale of Two Cities Chapter 1: Essay, an essay fiction \| FictionPress By: Kara Rose Trojan An essay that discusses the characterization and growth of the tragic hero, Sydney Carton. Rated: Fiction T - English - Chapters: 2 - Words: 5,053 - Reviews: 7 - Favs: 2 - Follows: 1 - Published: 4/4/2007 - Status: Complete - id: 2343701 + - Full 3/4 1/2 Expand Tighten Next > The Character Development of Sydney Carton "It is a far, far better thing that I do than I have ever done. It is a far, far better rest that I have than I have ever known." (Dickens 367). Sydney Carton spoke these immortal words in the last few moments of his life. Carton has wasted his life on alcohol and apathy. He makes his intelligence obvious through his ability to analyze cases for his business partner, Stryver. He makes clear that he has the same opportunities for success as Stryver, but for some reason chose not to take them. Carton's past remains a mystery. The only noble part of his life is his love for Lucie and his affection for the rest of the Manette and Darnay household. His love for her is strong enough to induce him to give his life for that of her husband. Carton takes on a mythical aspect in sacrificing himself to save his friends. He represents the sacrificial hero who is ritually slaughtered of his own free will so that society might renew itself. Through his death, he redeems his sins and is reborn in his namesake that the Darnay family shall keep alive. Leading up to the moment of his death was an adventure of romance, blackmail, murder, rebellion, and mystery. Through Dickens's story, Carton touches bases with each of these occurrences and develops into a tragic, romantic hero that readers will come to love and mourn. Sydney Carton develops throughout A Tale of Two Cities in a variety of ways. Dickens uses literary devices abundantly in the novel, some which that contribute to the growth of Carton. The uses of symbolism, foreshadowing, and theme mold and shape Carton and thicken the plot for readers. The other characters in the novel prove to help move Carton's progress along. Darnay, Lorry, Lucie, and a few other minor characters ascertain that Carton is motivated toward reaching his goal of finding a purpose in life. Dickens successfully portrays Carton differently than he portrays any other characters in the novel. Dickens establishes that Carton is the most dynamic character, that he possesses Christ-like behavior, and that if Carton hadn't developed successfully, none of the loose ends would be tied up. The character development of Sydney Carton in A Tale of Two Cities is expressed by Dickens through the use of literary devices, the reactions of other character, and the unique way Dickens portrays Carton. Literary devices strewn throughout the text help the development of Sydney Carton further along. Dickens's A Tale of Two Cities is renowned for its complex yet simple usage of literary devices. These devices seem to tie the entire novel together, and they create a sense of satisfaction when Carton's life finally succumbs to a tragic end. Symbolism circles Carton from the very moment his name graces the pages of the novel. He is described through Dickens with symbolic structures such as a jackal and a shadow. The foreshadowing within the story is apparent, especially in Books I and II. The scene where Carton reflects upon his hatred and jealousy for Darnay in the mirror indicates that the rivalry will help thicken the plot. The part where Carton sees a flash of a happy life when he is leaving Stryver's home exhibits a sense of hope that is still flickering gently within Carton's demeanor. When Carton promised Lucie how he would give up his own life in order to save a life that she loved proved to be one of the strongest examples of foreshadowing for the growth of Sydney Carton's character. The themes of rebirth and resurrection are hinted strongly within the text. It is through those themes that Carton grows and develops within the story. Dickens explains Carton's imperative relation to the plot of A Tale of Two Cities through the application of symbolism, foreshadowing, and theme. Symbolism runs rampant in Dickens's A Tale of Two Cities. One such event that occurs within the novel takes place in chapter five, entitled "The Jackal." The chapter name already hints at the symbolic structure that appears through Carton's personality. The Jackal is supposed to represent a person who performs menial tasks for another. In the novel, Dickens even shares insight on Carton's personality: "Carton would never be a lion, he was an amazingly good jackal, and that he rendered suit and service to Stryver in that humble capacity." (93). What Dickens is explaining to the reader is that Carton will never be the one to take credit for his work. Petch claims that while Stryver is critical with Carton, Carton still shows indifference towards him. Stryver is saying how Carton "summons no energy and purpose." (Dickens 95). He is content and apathetic towards the fact that he will never be accredited with the performance and outcomes of his actions. This assumption rings true later on in the book when Carton silently sacrifices his own life for Charles Darnay's life with only the knowledge of Barsad and the seamstress. Later, however, within that same chapter, the sun rises upon Carton and the "…glorious sun, rising, seemed to strike those words, that burden of the night, straight and warm into his heart in its long bright rays." (309). This symbolizes the obvious change in Carton after this chapter. Carton's motive is no longer a mystery neither to the reader nor to Carton. He realizes that he must fulfill the promise he made to Lucie and preserve the life that she loves. While Dickens does create masses of symbolism surrounding Carton's ultimate end, he also establishes plenty of foreshadowing that helps create even more suspense. Foreshadowing clutters the text of A Tale of Two Cities, most of which that assists in shaping Carton's destiny. The earliest, obvious example of foreshadowing which involved Carton speaking to Stryver about how he and Darnay seem to look alike. Not only is this a peculiar fact that helped Darnay gain his innocence, but this fact is taken advantage of later on in the novel. Because of the fact that Darnay and Carton look alike, Carton is able to successfully switch places with Darnay hours before the execution and save Darnay's life. There is, however, a more obscure example of foreshadowing that readers tend to overlook. At the Old Bailey trial, "…there was a mirror…" (71) that hung above Darnay's head. Onlookers to the trial within the text make observation of Carton, who sits idly staring up at the mirror, watching. Gross explains, "reflections, like ghosts, suggest unreality and self-division." (142). After the trial, when Carton insults Darnay and Darnay exits, Carton holds a self-reflection in the mirror, speaking about how he despises and is jealous of Darnay. In both of these incidents, Carton is using the mirror as a way to connect with Darnay. "So like each other in feature, so unlike in manner, both reflected in the glass above them." (142). Carton reveals more about his own fate as the novel goes on. When Carton is leaving Stryver's house after working extremely hard on cases, Carton has a vision of happiness for only a few moments. … this man stood still on his way across a silent terrace, and saw for a moment, lying in the wilderness before him, a mirage of honorable ambition, self-denial, and perseverance. In the fair city of this vision, there were airy galleries from which the loves and graces looked upon him, gardens in which the fruits of life hung ripening, waters of Hope that sparkled in his sight. A moment, and it was gone. (97). The vision that Carton receives is similar to the vision that Carton sees before his death. "… I see a beautiful city and a brilliant people rising from this abyss, and, in their struggles to be truly free, in their triumphs and defeats, through long years to come, I see the evil of this time and of the previous time of which this is the natural birth, gradually making exploitation for itself and wearing out." (367). From this reading, one can only assume that Carton almost had vision of foresight into the future. Carton not only could sense his ultimate end coming nearer, but he could also sense Lucie's compassion towards him and the life that she loved. That promise is greater than any of Lucie's other suitors could make. According to Marcus, Carton's love for Lucie aroused a sympathy in him and makes him able to respond to those around him. (33). Shortly after Carton makes his confession to Lucie, there is an oblivious change in his personality and behavior. Glancy offers that "it is memory… inspired by Lucie that eventually brings about the change of direction in him." (84). The similarity in appearance between Darnay and Carton and Carton's important change in demeanor directly tie into Dickens's themes of rebirth and resurrection. The themes of mystery and rebirth tend to help create the new personality of Sydney Carton. Dickens exhibits quite a few incidents where Carton is hidden away in the shadows, adding to the theme of mystery. After Darnay is proven innocent, Carton is nowhere to be seen as Darnay, Lucie, Lorry, Doctor Manette, and Stryver converse. Dickens describes Carton as one "… who had been leaning against the wall where its shadow was darkest…" (88). What the reader can interpret from this sentence is that this is when Carton is at the peak of being mysterious. His past is a mystery and his entire demeanor is a mystery. We never come to understand why Carton is the way he is, even after Dickens's insight into Carton's past later near the end of the story. Glancy describes Carton, as one who "…suffers from a disease of apathy…" (80). In the courtroom scene at the Old Bailey Inn and during numerous conversations, Carton gives off the air of indifference. He doesn't care about others and chooses to be apathetic towards others because he can "…see beyond the limited vision of others…" (Kucich 40) or "…say what others dare not say." (40). In the courtroom, he stares up at the ceiling, emotionless and indifferent to what is going on around him, while still revealing evidence of being extremely observant. Carton was the first one to notice when Lucie fainted and called for aid, and he noticed the shared, physical appearance of both he and Darnay. As stated by Glancy, Carton has potential for rebirth through evidence found in his little visions of what he wants. Carton himself feels that he has nothing to lose and has no purpose in life. He has total potential to turn his entire life around. (82.) Lucie says to Carton, as he's professing his love to her, "I am sure that you might be much, much worthier of yourself." (153). Lucie implores to Carton that he can have rebirth and resurrect himself. Carton, however, ends up taking a lead towards the end of the novel. Gross describes Carton as "drained of the will to live… he is shown in the closing chapters of the book as a man courting death, and embracing it when it comes." (45). After Carton goes on a stroll during the night near the end of the novel, he falls asleep on the street. When the sun rises, it symbolizes that Carton has already gone through the mental stage of rebirth. The vivid and interesting characters that grace the pages of Dickens's novel prove more than enough to not be worthy in the presence of Sydney Carton. The characters within the book, from the start, that came in contact with Carton changed their views about him dramatically towards the end of the novel. Not only does this alert the reader of Carton's obvious maturity, but it also helps move the plot along as well. Kucich explains that "…by the good characters in their own struggles for freedom…they are focused… in the 'pure' self-violence of Sydney Carton, which liberates him from self-hatred." (38). In the beginning, Carton was rude and vile towards Darnay, lacing his words with venom when he spoke to him. Towards the end of the middle of the novel, Carton reconciles with Darnay. When Lorry first encountered Carton, Carton seemed to fluster Lorry. Carton, however, seems to treat Lorry warmly towards the end of the novel. Lucie never seems, or has any reason to, resent Carton. In the beginning and middle of the novel, Lucie feels compassion towards Carton and wishes to aid him in any way possible. Towards the end, she shows less concerned, which could be a sign of her worry for him decreasing and an indication of his stability. Other characters, such as Stryver and Jerry, play smaller roles when it comes to dealing with Carton. Through the reactions of other characters, Dickens depicts the development of Sydney Carton. Carton loathed Darnay for his success and coveted Lucie's admiration. As carton stared at himself in the mirror, he said to himself, "'A good reason for taking to a man, that he shows you what you have fallen away from, and what you might have been…come on, and have it out in plain words! You hate the fellow.'" (Dickens 91). Carton, however, makes amends with Darnay sometime after the Darnay's honeymoon. In the novel, Carton says to Darnay, "'…I should ask that I might be permitted to come and go as a privileged person here." (207). When Carton apologizes for his behavior, Darnay takes it lightheartedly and seems indifferent towards Carton's change. Although his words are neither malicious nor mocking, Darnay explains to Lucie was Carton had told him. Lucie then scolds Darnay for not appreciating Carton the way he should be. Lucie becomes upset and says to Darnay, "'Remember how strong we are in our happiness, and how weak he is in his misery!'" (208). Carton also develops Darnay's character by establishing himself as Darnay's savior. This is where, finally, Carton begins his transformation as Darnay. Darnay says to Carton, "'Carton! Dear Carton…I implore you not to add your death to the bitterness of mine.'" (345). This is where Darnay begins to feel compassion towards Carton. Not only does Darnay not want to feel the guilt of Carton's death, but he also cares about Carton's life. Darnay seems to share a common bond with Carton, much like Lorry. Lorry is introduced to us as a man of business whose attempts at remaining emotionless tend to be failures. When Carton and Lorry first exchange words within the novel, Lorry becomes flustered with Carton's indifference and Carton moves him into a tough position. Lorry says to Carton, "'We men of business, who serve a House, are not our own masters. We have to think of the House more than ourselves.'" (88). Lorry is obviously irritated by the way Carton chooses to present himself, while Lorry has to struggle to maintain a professional composure. "If you'll excuse me, as very much your elder, for saying so, I really don't know that it is your business." "Business! Bless you, I have no business," said Mr. Carton. (88). This is a good example of how Carton replies apathetically to Lorry's insults. He allows Lorry's insults to roll off his back. Carton, however, changes his demeanor. Later on in the novel, Carton shows his softened side to Lorry and treats him almost as one would treat his or her father. He comforts Lorry about Lorry's fear of having no legacy for when he dies. Carton says to Lorry, "'See what a place you fill at seventy-eight. How many people will miss you when you leave it empty!'" (305). Carton treats Lorry like a father figure towards the end of the book. Dickens describes Lorry's reaction to Carton's change by writing, "… there was a true feeling and respect both in his tone and in his tough, that Mr. Lorry, who had never seen the better side of him, was wholly unprepared for." (304) Lorry, after this, understands Carton and is able to sense a connection between them. Carton and Lorry also share an evocative feeling of their youth. "I should like to ask you: Does your childhood seem far off? Do the days when you sat at your mother's knee seem days of very long ago?" Carton "Twenty years back, yes…" Lorry (306). They share even more of a common bond because they found a common ground. This could be a way of foreshadowing their upcoming deaths and the peace and calm that would entail them. Although Lorry's reaction to Darnay is positive, Lucie's reaction seems to be indifferent. Lucie is obviously one of the characters that influence Sydney Carton the most. It is because of Lucie's compassion that Carton develops within the story. "It is memory…inspired by Lucie that eventually brings about the change of direction in him…" Glancy states. (84). Lucie's compassion is what throttled Carton and changed his apathetic ways. He, too, becomes burdened with the act of compassion, and with that, compassion comes his final demise. During Carton's last few moments of life, the memory of his profession of love to Lucie is what creates the peaceful look on his face. The reason is that Carton "…has a more intimate relationship with Lucie than either Darnay or Manette…" (Kucich 40). Because of the raw emotion that is shared between them, there is a vulnerability to Carton that only Lucie will ever know. When Lucie showed him compassion, it triggered a sense of self-worth and determination within himself. Marcus explains that "Carton's love for Lucie aroused a sympathy in him and makes him able to respond to those around him." (33). If Lucie hadn't triggered Carton's vulnerability, then Carton would've remained a flat character, and Darnay's life would've never been saved. If Darnay's life would've never been saved, Lucie would've become a grief-stricken widow. It was through love, determination, and compassion that Carton changed his ways to save a life that Lucie loved. There are a couple of more minor characters that still received a response from Carton. Stryver, Carton's business partner, worked and strived to receive a reaction from Carton. During the time when Stryver is explaining to Carton how he wishes to marry Lucie, Carton turns to alcohol for some comfort. In the passage, Dickens writes, "Sydney Carton drank the punch at a great rate; drank it by bumpers, looking at his friend." (144). It is obvious that Stryver's behavior bothers him, although he tries to use alcohol to mask his irritation. Stryver does what he can in order to affect Carton and proves to be the motivation that Carton needs in order to profess his love to Lucie. If Stryver hadn't told Carton how he was going to demand Lucie to marry him, Carton would've probably never felt the need to tell Lucie his true feelings. Jerry is another character that helps Develop Carton's character. When Jerry sets eyes on Carton while Carton is staring up at the ceiling, Jerry just giggles at him and ridicules him. Later in the trial, Jerry makes the comment, "'I'd hold half a guinea that he don't get no law work to do. Don't look like the sort of one to get any, do he?'" (83). Eventually, nevertheless, Carton and Jerry team up when they interrogate Barsad in Paris. While Carton is successfully interrogating Barsad, Jerry pops up and, to everyone's surprise, adds another object to the case stacked against Barsad. Dickens says in the reading, "Sydney Carton, who… had been lost in amazement at this turn of the business, here requested Mr. Cruncher to moderate and explain himself." (300). Here is where Carton and Jerry develop an understanding of one another. Through the interrogation, Jerry's views of Carton are changed and now realizes how successful and genius Carton truly is. Dickens portrays Carton much differently than he portrays any other characters in A Tale of Two Cities. He stands out mostly from the way Dickens chooses to portray him. As stated by Glancy, "…Dickens's intention that the characters should be expressed through the story rather than through dialogue, and partly because of the role he plays in the novel." (80). In the beginning, he was an apathetic alcoholic and work-horse. By the end of the novel, Carton proved to be a sly, passionate, and determined savior with a purpose in his step. Carton, also, demonstrates Christ-like behavior near the end of the novel. Through his sacrifice, everyone's lives are better off. The reenactment of the discussion between Martha and Jesus about resurrection is almost flawless up to the last word. After the death of Carton, all the conflicts within the novel are resolved and there is no more grief. The Manette's quandary of how to save Darnay is solved. The Evremonde's predicament of redeeming their family is resolved. Madame Defarge's quest to seek revenge on her family's death is assumed to be fulfilled. Sydney Carton proves to be the most important character within A Tale of Two Cities by Dickens's portrayal of him through Carton's dynamic change in character, Carton's Christ-like behavior, and how Carton's sacrifice is the resolution to everyone's problems. Sydney Carton, as mentioned before, has proven to be an extremely changed person by the end of Dickens's novel. When Carton is first introduced, his character is so shady and pathetic that even Jerry Cruncher chooses to laugh at him. Kucich offers that Carton is holding himself back from success. (39). Carton, as stated previously, carries the labor for Stryver, but takes no credit for it. It is assumed that Sydney Carton "… is too paralyzed to realize his emotional or professional capabilities…" (Marcus 33). His entire mind has been numbed due to his excessive self-loathing and apathy. There is no more motivation and determination left inside him. Carton, however, changes dramatically near the end of the book. At the end of the novel, for instance, Carton's walk even has more of a purpose to it. Carton walked "… with the decided step of one who remembered the way well…" (Dickens 307) as he ventured toward Lucie's house. Carton has reiterated his plan over and over within his mind so much that he knows precisely what he has to do. With Lucie's help, Carton has found a purpose and knows what he must do. Carton is the only dynamic character within the novel. Lucie was escorted into the story by Dickens as the domesticated, golden-haired sweetheart and remained that way throughout the novel. In both the beginning and the end of the novel, she faints because of her fear for Darnay's life. At the trial at the Old Bailey Inn and at the trial in Paris, Lucie swoons and Carton comes to her aid on both occurrences. Lucie, also, remains compassionate towards all the characters and stays consistent. Darnay remains unchanged in the novel as the gentlemanly scholar whose only change that occurs is his occupation. His liking towards Carton never wavers since, technically, Darnay never despised Carton in the first place. Although his kinship with Carton may have grown, it is hardly enough to call Darnay a dynamic character. Lorry undergoes little development in the novel as the "'man of business.'" (31). He remains in love with his career at Telleson's Bank throughout the entire novel. Although he does claim to be extremely business-like throughout the novel, he also fails to mask his emotions consistently. Carton proves to be Dickens's most, and perhaps only, dynamic character within the novel. Dickens does nothing to hide Bible references when one reads the novel. On many accounts does he take a religious twist on certain items, including the guillotine, the theme of resurrection, and the peculiar conversation between Carton and the seamstress. In the novel, Dickens describes the guillotine as follows: "It was the sign of the regeneration of the human race. It superseded the Cross. Models of it were worn on breasts from which the Cross was derived." (271). Dickens is laying the foundation for the setting for Carton's death, where the guillotine, which is substituted for the Cross, will kill him. Resurrection, as formerly touched upon, is the main theme in Dickens's novel. Only through resurrection of Carton's self-worth can the conflicts be mended within the novel. Carton even brings up how a particular Bible verse was recited at his father's funeral. The verse was, "'I am the resurrection and the life, saith the Lord: he that believeth in me, though he were dead, yet shall he live: and whosoever liveth and believeth in me, shall never die.'"(308). Carton lives up to this verse perfectly because before he dies, he envisions about how his legacy will live through the Darnay family even though he does indeed die. Alter explains, "Sydney Carton, who possesses the greatest love… achieves an imitation of Chris in his death." (19). Alter does indeed help determine how Carton's legacy will indeed live on after his body is deceased. Moments before Carton's death, he is greeted by a seamstress who Dickens could have very well modeled after Martha, an important woman in the Bible and one of Jesus' followers. When the seamstress becomes knowledgeable of Carton's motive, she says to Carton, "'If I may ride with you… will you let me hold your hand?" I am not afraid, but I am little and weak, and it will give me more courage.'" (Dickens 347). The seamstress's words are quite similar to the discussion held between Jesus and Martha when Jesus promise the resurrection of the faithful. 25 Jesus said to her, "I am the resurrection and the life; he who believes in Me will live even if he dies, 26 and everyone who lives and believes in Me will never die. Do you believe this?" 27 She said to Him, "Yes, Lord; I have believed that You are the Christ, the Son of God, even He who comes into the world." (John 11:25-27). The seamstress possesses the same faith and dependence that Martha placed in Jesus. Through these passages, Dickens found a way to demonstrate Martha and Jesus' conversation through the bond between the seamstress and Carton. It is only through Carton's sacrifice that all the conflicts within the novel come to a resolution. The conflicts that plagued the novel were the conflicts within the Manette/Darnay household, the Evremonde legacy, and the Defarge family. The trouble roused within the Manette/Darnay household was the obvious reason: Darnay was going to be executed. If Darnay were to die, he would leave behind a mourning widow and a bright-eyed daughter. Since Carton and Darnay look alike, Carton is the only substitute for Darnay's place at the guillotine. The Evremonde legacy will forever be redeemed if Carton sacrifices himself. In the novel, the Evremonde family was dishonored by the history of cruelty towards commoners. They afflicted the lives of many peasant families, including Madame Defarge's family. It was Darnay's motive to make amends for the actions of his family, but his efforts proved to be insufficient. Madame Defarge's family is the greatest conflict that is resolved in the novel. Although Madame Defarge dies before she even sees Carton's head be sliced off, it still satisfied the bloodlust of her followers. It has been Madame Defarge's purpose to end the Evremonde bloodline, which included the death of Darnay. Since Darnay and Carton look alike, the followers of Madame Defarge can only assume that it had been Darnay who was executed. Because of Carton's self-sacrifice, the conflicts that plague the three major families are resolved. Sydney Carton has developed successfully in Dickens's novel A Tale of Two Cities because of the literary devices used, the influences of other characters, and the distinctive depiction of his character. Because of Dickens's triumphant representation of Sydney Carton, the entire plot of A Tale of Two Cities was a giant success. It added to the excitement, suspense, and emotion that were hidden within the novel. Since Dickens developed Carton so beautifully and flawlessly, the reader can have a sense of grief and mourning for the death of Sydney Carton, or at least a sense of closure to the novel. Sydney Carton's death leaves the reader satisfied with the novel since all the conflicts in the novel were resolved. Carton's romantic and tragic end, ironically, was the highlight of his life. Through him, an emptiness was filled for the afflicted families, the revolutionaries, and the reader. Dickens created a character that shows that there is a purpose for everyone, no matter how many mistakes were made in the past. Next > The author would like to thank you for your continued support. Your review has been posted. Favorite : Story	i don't know
On the maps of the London Underground which line is coloured brown?	London Underground Tube Map - Bakerloo Line Map London Underground Tube Map Home > Maps of England > Bakerloo Line Map The Bakerloo line is a line of the London Underground, coloured brown on the Tube map. It runs partly on the surface and partly at deep level, from the Elephant and Castle in south-east to Wealdstone in north-west of London. The lines serves 25 stations of which 15 are underground. It is the seventh busiest line on the network, and platforms are 110 metres long.	Bakerloo line
The okta is a unit used by meteorologists to measure which aspect of the weather?	Bakerloo Line \| London Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Edit When opened in 1906, the Bakerloo line was operated by Gate Stock trains, built at Trafford Park, Manchester. To cope with the extension to Queen's Park, 12 extra motor cars of the London Underground 1914 Stock were ordered, ten from Brush of Loughborough and two from the Leeds Forge Company. To operate services north of Queen's Park, 72 additional cars were built by the Metropolitan Carriage, Waggon and Finance Company of Birmingham. These trains, known as the Watford Joint Stock, were partly owned by the Underground and partly by the London and North Western Railway (later LMS). They were initially painted in LNWR livery. They were not equipped with air-operated doors and proved slow and unreliable, so they were replaced by new trains of Standard Stock in 1930 (although a few were retained by the LMS). For some years in the 1930s Watford trains had a distinctive blue stripe at window level. In 1932, some carriages that had been built for the Piccadilly line by Cammell Laird in Nottingham in 1919 were transferred to the Bakerloo line. When built, these had been the first Tube trains to be have air-operated doors. These (and other trains) were later replaced by more trains of Standard Stock, in turn being replaced by 1938 Stock and 1949 Stock. Prior to the opening of the Jubilee line in 1979, the Bakerloo line was worked by both 1938 Stock and 1972 Stock. The 1972 Stock was intended for the Jubilee line, so from 1979 the Bakerloo line (now minus the Stanmore branch) was again entirely operated by 1938 Stock. From 1983 the 1938 Stock began to be replaced by trains of 1959 Stock, but this was a temporary measure until 1972 Stock became available. The last 1938 Stock train was withdrawn on November 20, 1985. From 1986, the 1959 Stock was transferred to the Northern line. Current Trains Edit The Bakerloo line is now operated entirely by Mark 2 1972 Stock, displaced from the Jubilee line by 1983 Stock. The stock is maintained at Stonebridge Park depot. All Bakerloo line trains are painted in the distinctive London Underground livery of red, white and blue and are the smaller size of the two sizes used on the network, since trains travel deep underground in small tunnels. The interiors of these trains have recently been 'deep cleaned' and the upholstery has been replaced by a more appealing blue. The seating layouts are longitudinal and transverse, with some cars having longitudinal seating only. These trains are currently scheduled for replacement in 2018 as part of the London Underground PFI. Map Edit The section of the line between Harrow & Wealdstone and Queen's Park runs along the Watford DC Line, serving stations owned by Network Rail, but managed by London Underground. National Rail fares, as well as TfL fares, apply to journeys on this section. Northern terminus: Harrow & Wealdstone – First served: April 16, 1917. Closed: September 24, 1982. Service restored: June 4, 1984. Kenton – First served: April 16, 1917. Closed: September 24, 1982. Service restored: June 4, 1984. South Kenton – First served: July 3, 1933. Closed: September 24, 1982. Service restored: June 4, 1984. North Wembley – First served: April 16, 1917. Closed: September 24, 1982. Service restored: June 4, 1984. Wembley Central – Original name Wembley Central for Sudbury; First served: April 16, 1917. Renamed: July 5, 1948. Closed: September 24, 1982. Service restored: June 4, 1984. Stonebridge Park – First served: August 1, 1917. Harlesden – First served: April 16, 1917. Stations situated a Cutting All of the stations here are situated in cuttings, however some of the track between the stations are either on the surface or even in small tunnels. Willesden Junction – First served: May 10, 1915 Kensal Green – First served: October 1, 1916 Queen's Park – First served: February 11, 1915 Tunnelled section Charing Cross – Opened: March 10, 1906 Embankment – Opened: March 10, 1906 Waterloo – Opened: March 10, 1906 Lambeth North – Opened: March 10, 1906 as Kennington Road. Renamed Westminster Bridge Road: August 5, 1906, Renamed to current name: April 15, 1917 Southern terminus: Elephant & Castle – Opened: August 5, 1906 Beyond Harrow & Wealdstone Between 1917 and 1982, Bakerloo line trains continued along the DC line past Harrow & Wealdstone to Watford Junction. These stations continue to be served by London Overground. Watford Junction – First served: April 16, 1917. Last served: September 24, 1982. Watford High Street – First served: April 16, 1917. Last served: September 24, 1982. Bushey & Oxhey Station – First served: April 16, 1917. Renamed Bushey Station : May 6, 1974. Last served: September 24, 1982. Carpenders Park – First served: April 5, 1919. Closed: November 16, 1952 and re-sited. Re-opened on new site November 17, 1952. Last served: September 24, 1982. Pinner & Hatch End Station– First served: 16 April 1917. Renamed Hatch End (for Pinner): February 1, 1920. Renamed Hatch End Station : 1956. Last served: September 24, 1982. Headstone Lane – First served: April 16, 1917. Last served: September 24, 1982. Depots Edit There are currently three depots serving the Bakerloo line. The main depot is at Stonebridge Park . Opened April 9 1978 on the site of a former British Rail power station, it handles the maintenance of the line's fleet. There are two smaller depots. The original depot at London Road (near Lambeth North Station ) is still in use. The Bakerloo is the only line on the Underground to run trains in passenger service through a depot - at Queens Park - where the depot is situated immediately North of the station. The depot sheds were completed late in 1915 where some of the trains are stabled. When Bakerloo line services ran to Watford , there was a depot at Croxley Green . This depot closed in November 1985.	i don't know
Which former Middle East hostage wrote the book 'An Evil Cradling'?	The Hostage's Daughter - Sulome Anderson - Hardcover The Hostage's Daughter Author Info About the Book In this gripping blend of reportage, memoir, and analysis, a journalist and daughter of one of the world’s most famous hostages, Terry Anderson, takes an intimate look at her father’s captivity during the Lebanese Hostage Crisis and the ensuing political firestorm on both her family and the United States—as well as the far-reaching implications of those events on Middle Eastern politics today. In 1991, six-year-old Sulome Anderson met her father, Terry, for the first time. While working as the Middle East bureau chief for the Associated Press covering the long and bloody civil war in Lebanon, Terry had been kidnapped in Beirut and held for her entire life by a Shiite Muslim militia associated with the Hezbollah movement. As the nation celebrated, the media captured a smiling Anderson family joyously reunited. But the truth was far darker. Plagued by PTSD, Terry was a moody, aloof, and distant figure to the young daughter who had long dreamed of his return—and while she smiled for the cameras all the same, she absorbed his trauma as her own. Years later, after long battles with drug abuse and mental illness, Sulome would travel to the Middle East as a reporter, seeking to understand her father, the men who had kidnapped him, and ultimately, herself. What she discovered was shocking—not just about Terry, but about the international political machinations that occurred during the years of his captivity. The Hostage’s Daughter is an intimate look at the effect of the Lebanese Hostage Crisis on Anderson’s family, the United States, and the Middle East today. Sulome tells moving stories from her experiences as a reporter in the region and challenges our understanding of global politics, the forces that spawn terrorism and especially Lebanon, the beautiful, devastated, and vitally important country she came to love. Powerful and eye-opening The Hostage’s Daughter is essential reading for anyone interested in international relations, this violent, haunted region, and America's role in its fate. I'm a Librarian Critical Praise “[A] heart-felt, moving . . . examination of a greatly changed Middle East and the groups that benefited from their hostage taking and other terrorist activities, but are far from atoning for them.” — Rod Nordland, international correspondent at large, The New York Times and author of The Lovers “Deeply personal and brutally frank . . . powerfully demonstrates that suffering need not destroy.” — Terry Waite CBE, President of Hostage UK and author of Taken on Trust “A gutsy coming-of-age memoir, beautifully written, and always provocative. From wounded adolescence to fearless investigative reporter, Sulome Anderson confronts her father’s kidnappers-and along the way, she shines a harsh light on the murky world of intelligence in a distraught Middle East. A poignant and astonishing mystery story.” — Kai Bird, Pulitzer Prize-winning historian and author of The Good Spy: The Life and Death of Robert Ames A remarkable personal story as well as penetrating insight into the adamantine world of the Middle East, where truth and politics are irreconcilable. — Brian Keenan, former hostage and author of An Evil Cradling “An excellent piece of reportage from someone who clearly has an intimate understanding of the Middle East, interwoven with an equally gripping and emotional account of one woman’s quest for reason and forgiveness. This is the story that few journalists have the bravery to write about others, let alone themselves.” — Reza Azlan, author of Zealot [Sulome’s] brutally candid, fiercely intelligent, and beautifully crafted memoir is both a fascinating introduction to the shadow world of Middle East intrigue and an inspiring story of resilience and recovery.” — Stephen M. Walt, coauthor of The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy “There are times when you want to look away. This book is that personal. By telling the story of the author-and her famous family-it also traces the story of terrorism in the modern era, in gripping and intimate ways.” — Brian Williams, MSNBC “A perilous and riveting spiral into Middle Eastern politics, exploring the dawn of the terrorist era in Beirut . . . Anderson creates a compelling depiction of the collateral damage of terrorism and a remarkable piece of investigative journalism with a surprise twist.” — Publishers Weekly “Anderson is at her best when she teases apart the narrative’s many threads, which number not just Hezbollah, but also the broader community of Shiite Islam, to say nothing of Israeli intelligence, the CIA, Iran, and other actors in set pieces such as the Beirut embassy bombing.” — Kirkus Product Details Trimsize: 6 in (w) x 9 in (h) x 0.97 in (d) Pages: 288 BISAC1: BIOGRAPHY & AUTOBIOGRAPHY / Personal Memoirs BISAC2: POLITICAL SCIENCE / World / Middle Eastern	Brian Keenan
Before moving to the city of Metropolis in which American town did Superman grow up	BBC NEWS \| UK \| Northern Ireland \| Film tells of hostages' struggle Film tells of hostages' struggle A new film tells the story of former Beirut hostage Brian Keenan A new film tells the true story of two former Beirut hostages who forge a deep friendship in their struggle to survive. It took 14 years for Brian Keenan's idea to become a celluloid reality. But in Dublin on Thursday, Blind Flight - the story of the imprisonment of Belfast-born Keenan and his friend, TV producer John McCarthy - had its premiere. The two men were kidnapped separately by Arab fundamentalists in Lebanon in April 1986. They were held in a room together, blindfolded and shackled to a radiator, for nearly four and a half years. They endured beatings, chains and incarceration. Together, they tried to help each other survive. Keenan was finally released in 1990 and McCarthy was freed a year later. That is how we survived - by trying desperately to understand what each other needed - even when we were at our wits' end John McCarthy The film screenplay was written by both men and draws on Keenan's book about his captivity, An Evil Cradling. But, speaking at the film's press launch in Dublin on Thursday, Keenan said that working on the film had not brought back haunting memories. "I think what ever healing was needing to be done, was done on my own. It is the only way that healing works. It doesn't work in a collective atmosphere," he said. "My view is the only way you heal is to go back into that place that you have come out of, on your own. That was done a long while ago in a little cottage at the back of Croagh Patrick in the west of Ireland." Human survival He said the film was not meant to replicate exactly what happened in a dark cell in Beirut 15 years ago, but rather to get at the truth of how people survive and grow. "What it did tend to do was to address the various deep human truths by which we all grow and re-experience the value of ourselves and the value of others. "That was the intention of the film and that is why the film works." John McCarthy's mother died while he was held hostage. He said watching "Blind Flight" was very moving. "I found it very powerful, particularly the scenes where Brian was comforting me after seeing a video of my mother - to remember how much we cared for each other. "That is how we survived - by trying desperately to understand what each other needed - even when we were at our wits' end." The film was made with the support of the Northern Ireland Film and TV Commission, The Irish Film Council and other funders. It was shot in Belfast, Glasgow and Tunisia.	i don't know

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