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For what does the second 'M' stand in the Manchester based University known as 'MMU'? | O · A to Z · IT Services · Manchester Metropolitan University
Office365: Deactivating licences
What is Office 365 ProPlus?
Office 365 ProPlus is a full version of Office. It includes Access, Excel, InfoPath, Skype for Business, OneNote, Outlook, PowerPoint, Publisher, and Word. The programs have the same features and functionality as other versions of Office and the system requirements are the same.
Office 2013, Office 365? Office ProPlus? What's the difference?
Not a lot, in practice. Microsoft’s naming conventions can lead to some confusion but the important thing to bear in mind is that all of these platforms are the latest version of Office. What differs is the delivery model.
Office 2013 is the latest version of the Microsoft Office suite, offering the traditional package of applications that you would buy off a shop shelf. We've installed this on all of the student and classroom PCs and most staff Windows devices, so it's what we now use on campus.
Office 365 is a cloud-based version of Office, including all of the same apps as Office 2013 but offering more flexibility as you can log in and use them on any device and access files through the addition of OneDrive.
Office Proplus is basically a hybrid of the two – you download the latest, full version of Office and install on your personal devices combined with all of the Office 365 extras so you can benefit from file-sharing and access-anywhere convenience. When Microsoft release a new version of Office you'll get it as soon as it's launched, rather than having to wait, or pay to upgrade.
How do I download my free copy of Office?
Firstly you must check which version of Office is running on your device(s). There's much in the way of integration with Office 2013, which is now available on campus, but Office 365 shouldn't be installed on personal devices which are already running Office 2013. It may cause operational issues with your device and if the device is not University property, we cannot support possible complications. This is because, in effect, you will be downloading a secondary Microsoft Office 2013 application package.
First, you need to log in to Office 365 with your University account:
In the first box input your University ID followed by @ad.mmu.ac.uk eg, [email protected]
In the second box, enter your usual University password
Click on the blue sign in button
Follow the on-screen instructions and select your Office download.
Can I install Office 365 on my University device?
Do not attempt to download this with a University PC or laptop and you shouldn't need to. As long as you're running Office 2013 you can set up OneDrive and have all the functionality you need without manually downloading and installing Office 365.
How long can I use it for?
You can use Office 365 for as long as you're employed by the University. After this time, you must either uninstall it or purchase a new licence.
Can I have any other Microsoft products?
Staff wishing to buy specially discounted software for work-related use at home (£10 per program) can go to mmu.ac.onthehub.com , from where you will be asked log in to the University’s eResources Login page.
NB: These offers are only available while you are employed by the University. When you leave, you will need to either uninstall the software or purchase a new licence.
This offer includes:
If you experience any problems, please contact us on 0161 247 4646.
Is this version of Microsoft Office different to others?
It is the latest version of Microsoft Office, however it is licensed on a subscription basis, by signing in with your University account (your usual University email address and password e.g. [email protected]). This means that the subscription will expire when you leave Manchester Metropolitan University.
Does this deal include the Mac version?
Yes. You can download the latest version of Office for Mac as part of this offer. There is no 2013 version for this platform - it's still on 2011 - but when this gets an updated it should be available to you as part of your Pro Plus subscription.
What applications are included?
How the University classifies different types of data and how you should be handling it
What is personal data?
This is defined in section 1 of the Data Protection Act 1998 . It includes any data relating to or helping to identify a living person, which expresses opinion about that person or any indication of - in our case - the University's intentions in respect of that person.
Examples of Personal Data handled at Manchester Metropolitan include:
Staff or student contact information
Staff or student records eg, PDRs, or assessment records
Spreadsheets of individuals' details (eg cohort records)
Information on research subjects
Job applications and CVs
This is not intended to be an exhaustive list. If you're still unsure, either play it safe and presume it is Personal Data or check with the legal team to be certain.
What is Sensitive Personal data?
All Personal Data is protected under the Data Protection Act. However, in section 2 , the Act places additional protection around sensitive Personal Data.
This is any Personal Data that relates to a person's racial or ethnic origin, their political opinions or religious beliefs, trade union membership, their state of health, sexual life, or information relating to any offence they may have committed or subsequent proceedings.
Within the University's context, common examples include:
Personal Learning Plans (PLPs) for disabled students
Equal opportunities forms submitted with job applications
Lists of students who have additional examination arrangements
Personal Emergency Evacuation Plans (PEEPs)
Occupational therapist reports
File storage options for staff
Secure network drives
We provide network space for staff to store and share their work securely. These drives are covered by our disaster recovery procedures so even in the event that one of our data centres is taken out of action then all of these materials will be safe and accessible again within minutes. We also back-up all of the content on the network drives daily, so by saving to them it gives us more of a chance of rescuing any work that you accidentally delete, overwrite or lose.
To access these drives you need to be connected to the University network, using a University device. We do also offer several other tools to make them available remotely too, such as access via a virtual private network (VPN) solution for staff with a suitable business case.
H: drive (Home)
The H: drive is your 10GB personal storage space on the University's network. It is secure and backed up to keep your work safe, so we recommend you use it to store any documents that are confidential to you and the work that you do. If you have a University laptop then your H: drive will also synchronise whenever you have a network connection at MMU.
Your H: drive is available automatically when you're logged into any University computer under My Documents, so all you have to do to save your work there is click Save. You can also get to your H: drive via MyMMU wherever you are, using a web browser.
R: drive (Staff2Staff)
You should use the R: drive to store any work-related files that need to be shared with colleagues in your team or department. The R: drive is backed-up and access permissions are managed by IT Services. Like your H: drive, you can access your R: drive via MyMMU wherever you are, using a web browser.
S: drive (Staff2Students)
You can use the S: drive for any files that you want to share with students where Moodle isn't a viable option. Staff and students can access to the S: drive using MyMMU via a web browser, or from any MMU computer.
How much space do I get for file-sharing with OneDrive?
If you ask Microsoft they'll tell you it's unlimited. Sounds too good to be true, right? It is! With OneDrive you’ll have a folder on your device where your content ‘syncs’ with the data held in the cloud. This will limit how much stuff you can store as there’s only so much space available on your hard drive. We recommend you use OneDrive to share files rather than as a permanent place to store University data.
I have my own, personal OneDrive – will that work?
You can certainly access your personal OneDrive through Office 2013, but the primary OneDrive associated with your account will be the one we provide you with. You should never use a personal OneDrive account (or any other third party cloud services, like Dropbox) to store Confidential Information on behalf of the University.
As always you need to be mindful about the data you handle on behalf of the University. This package offers more secure file-sharing than other third party cloud services like Dropbox, but please ensure you do not store Confidential Information in the cloud. Data is a fundamental University asset, required for the effective operation of the University and the services it offers, including teaching, learning and research; and administrative, management and commercial activities. There are a number of principles we have to adhere to as staff at the University to ensure the data we handle is protected, shared and managed appropriately, the Data Classification Policy outlines our corporate responsibility in this area.
Can I use my OneDrive instead of my H: drive now?
No. OneDrive is not meant to be used as a replacement for your network drive. It’s great for sharing and convenience but should not be used to store or inadvertently share sensitive personal data or any Confidential Information you handle on behalf of the University.
As always you need to be mindful about the data you handle on behalf of the University. This package offers more secure file-sharing than other third party cloud services like Dropbox, but please ensure you do not store Confidential Information in the cloud. Data is a fundamental University asset, required for the effective operation of the University and the services it offers, including teaching, learning and research; and administrative, management and commercial activities. There are a number of principles we have to adhere to as staff at the University to ensure the data we handle is protected, shared and managed appropriately, the Data Classification Policy outlines our corporate responsibility in this area.
What data can I share using OneDrive?
Where there is a need and justification for sharing Confidential Information on behalf of the University, OneDrive is an appropriate solution for this in many cases. However, it should not be used as a permanent place of storage for this kind of data and you should not share sensitive or highly classified data using OneDrive. You should always keep a back-up of important files on a University network drive.
As always you need to be mindful about the data you handle on behalf of the University. This package offers more secure file-sharing than other third party cloud services like Dropbox, but please ensure you do not store Confidential Information in the cloud. Data is a fundamental University asset, required for the effective operation of the University and the services it offers, including teaching, learning and research; and administrative, management and commercial activities. There are a number of principles we have to adhere to as staff at the University to ensure the data we handle is protected, shared and managed appropriately, the Data Classification Policy outlines our corporate responsibility in this area.
How secure is OneDrive?
It’s among the most secure of cloud solutions we could provide you, but for staff storing Confidential Information, it is not a viable alternative to our network drives or dedicated records systems. You should always keep a back-up of anything important, particularly when sharing content with others who may alter or delete content.
I use Dropbox, is OneDrive the same thing?
We do not recommend using Dropbox to store or share University data and it should never be used for any Confidential Information you handle on behalf of the University. With OneDrive, you get more space, better integration with the Office apps you use and most importantly, Microsoft has made contractual commitments to the University regarding the ways in which they store and handle our data. Even so, it should not be used as to store University data.
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| The Metropolitan |
'Charles Bingley' rents 'Netherfield Park'. He and his friend attend a dance where they meet the 'Bennet sisters'. This is the basis for which novel? | Purdue OWL
Publication date,
Location.
Each element should be followed by the punctuation mark shown here. Earlier editions of the handbook included the place of publication, and required punctuation such as journal editions in parentheses, and colons after issue numbers. In the current version, punctuation is simpler (just commas and periods separate the elements), and information about the source is kept to the basics.
Author
Begin the entry with the author’s last name, followed by a comma and the rest of the name, as presented in the work. End this element with a period.
Said, Edward W. Culture and Imperialism. Knopf, 1994.
Title of source
The title of the source should follow the author’s name. Depending upon the type of source, it should be listed in italics or quotation marks.
A book should be in italics:
Henley, Patricia. The Hummingbird House. MacMurray, 1999.
A website should be in italics:
Lundman, Susan. "How to Make Vegetarian Chili." eHow, www.ehow.com/how_10727_make-vegetarian-chili.html.*
A periodical (journal, magazine, newspaper article) should be in quotation marks:
Bagchi, Alaknanda. "Conflicting Nationalisms: The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devi's Bashai Tudu." Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature, vol. 15, no. 1, 1996, pp. 41-50.
A song or piece of music on an album should be in quotation marks:
Beyoncé. "Pray You Catch Me." Lemonade, Parkwood Entertainment, 2016, www.beyonce.com/album/lemonade-visual-album/.
*The eighth edition handbook recommends including URLs when citing online sources. For more information, see the “Optional Elements” section below.
Title of container
Unlike earlier versions, the eighth edition refers to containers, which are the larger wholes in which the source is located. For example, if you want to cite a poem that is listed in a collection of poems, the individual poem is the source, while the larger collection is the container. The title of the container is usually italicized and followed by a comma, since the information that follows next describes the container.
Kincaid, Jamaica. "Girl." The Vintage Book of Contemporary American Short Stories, edited by Tobias Wolff, Vintage, 1994, pp. 306-07.
The container may also be a television series, which is made up of episodes.
“94 Meetings.” Parks and Recreation, created by Greg Daniels and Michael Schur, performance by Amy Poehler, season 2, episode 21, Deedle-Dee Productions and Universal Media Studios, 2010.
The container may also be a website, which contains articles, postings, and other works.
Zinkievich, Craig. Interview by Gareth Von Kallenbach. Skewed & Reviewed, 27 Apr. 2009, www.arcgames.com/en/games/star-trek-online/news/detail/1056940-skewed-%2526-reviewed-interviews-craig. Accessed 15 Mar. 2009.
In some cases, a container might be within a larger container. You might have read a book of short stories on Google Books, or watched a television series on Netflix. You might have found the electronic version of a journal on JSTOR. It is important to cite these containers within containers so that your readers can find the exact source that you used.
“94 Meetings.” Parks and Recreation, season 2, episode 21, NBC, 29 Apr. 2010. Netflix, www.netflix.com/watch/70152031?trackId=200256157&tctx=0%2C20%2C0974d361-27cd-44de-9c2a-2d9d868b9f64-12120962.
Langhamer, Claire. “Love and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century England.” Historical Journal, vol. 50, no. 1, 2007, pp. 173-96. ProQuest, doi:10.1017/S0018246X06005966. Accessed 27 May 2009.
Other contributors
In addition to the author, there may be other contributors to the source who should be credited, such as editors, illustrators, translators, etc. If their contributions are relevant to your research, or necessary to identify the source, include their names in your documentation.
Note: In the eighth edition, terms like editor, illustrator, translator, etc., are no longer abbreviated.
Foucault, Michel. Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason. Translated by Richard Howard, Vintage-Random House, 1988.
Woolf, Virginia. Jacob’s Room. Annotated and with an introduction by Vara Neverow, Harcourt, Inc., 2008.
Version
If a source is listed as an edition or version of a work, include it in your citation.
The Bible. Authorized King James Version, Oxford UP, 1998.
Crowley, Sharon, and Debra Hawhee. Ancient Rhetorics for Contemporary Students. 3rd ed., Pearson, 2004.
Number
If a source is part of a numbered sequence, such as a multi-volume book, or journal with both volume and issue numbers, those numbers must be listed in your citation.
Dolby, Nadine. “Research in Youth Culture and Policy: Current Conditions and Future Directions.” Social Work and Society: The International Online-Only Journal, vol. 6, no.2, 2008, www.socwork.net/sws/article/view/60/362. Accessed 20 May 2009
“94 Meetings.” Parks and Recreation, created by Greg Daniels and Michael Schur, performance by Amy Poehler, season 2, episode 21, Deedle-Dee Productions and Universal Media Studios, 2010.
Quintilian. Institutio Oratoria. Translated by H. E. Butler, vol. 2, Loeb-Harvard UP, 1980.
Publisher
The publisher produces or distributes the source to the public. If there is more than one publisher, and they are all are relevant to your research, list them in your citation, separated by a forward slash (/).
Klee, Paul. Twittering Machine. 1922. Museum of Modern Art, New York. The Artchive, www.artchive.com/artchive/K/klee/twittering_machine.jpg.html. Accessed May 2006.
Women's Health: Problems of the Digestive System. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 2006.
Daniels, Greg and Michael Schur, creators. Parks and Recreation. Deedle-Dee Productions and Universal Media Studios, 2015.
Note: the publisher’s name need not be included in the following sources: periodicals, works published by their author or editor, a Web cite whose title is the same name as its publisher, a Web cite that makes works available but does not actually publish them (such as YouTube, WordPress, or JSTOR).
Publication date
The same source may have been published on more than one date, such as an online version of an original source. For example, a television series might have aired on a broadcast network on one date, but released on Netflix on a different date. When the source has more than one date, it is sufficient to use the date that is most relevant to your use of it. If you’re unsure about which date to use, go with the date of the source’s original publication.
In the following example, Mutant Enemy is the primary production company, and “Hush” was released in 1999. This is the way to create a general citation for a television episode.
“Hush.” Buffy the Vampire Slayer, created by Joss Whedon, performance by Sarah Michelle Gellar, season 4, Mutant Enemy, 1999.
However, if you are discussing, for example, the historical context in which the episode originally aired, you should cite the full date. Because you are specifying the date of airing, you would then use WB Television Network (rather than Mutant Enemy), because it was the network (rather than the production company) that aired the episode on the date you’re citing.
“Hush.” Buffy the Vampire Slayer, created by Joss Whedon, performance by Sarah Michelle Gellar, season 4, episode 10, WB Television Network, 14 Dec. 1999.
Location
You should be as specific as possible in identifying a work’s location.
An essay in a book, or an article in journal should include page numbers.
Adiche, Chimamanda Ngozi. “On Monday of Last Week.” The Thing around Your Neck, Alfred A. Knopf, 2009, pp. 74-94.
The location of an online work should include a URL.
Wheelis, Mark. "Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention." Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol. 6, no. 6, 2000, pp. 595-600, wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/6/6/00-0607_article. Accessed 8 Feb. 2009.
A physical object that you experienced firsthand should identify the place of location.
Matisse, Henri. The Swimming Pool. 1952, Museum of Modern Art, New York.
Optional elements
The eighth edition is designed to be as streamlined as possible. The author should include any information that helps readers easily identify the source, without including unnecessary information that may be distracting. The following is a list of select optional elements that should be part of a documented source at the writer’s discretion.
Date of original publication:
If a source has been published on more than one date, the writer may want to include both dates if it will provide the reader with necessary or helpful information.
Erdrich, Louise. Love Medicine. 1984. Perennial-Harper, 1993.
City of publication:
The seventh edition handbook required the city in which a publisher is located, but the eighth edition states that this is only necessary in particular instances, such as in a work published before 1900. Since pre-1900 works were usually associated with the city in which they were published, your documentation may substitute the city name for the publisher’s name.
Thoreau, Henry David. Excursions. Boston, 1863.
Date of access:
When you cite an online source, the MLA Handbook recommends including a date of access on which you accessed the material, since an online work may change or move at any time.
Bernstein, Mark. "10 Tips on Writing the Living Web." A List Apart: For People Who Make Websites, 16 Aug. 2002, alistapart.com/article/writeliving. Accessed 4 May 2009.
URLs:
As mentioned above, while the eighth edition recommends including URLs when you cite online sources, you should always check with your instructor or editor and include URLs at their discretion.
DOIs:
A DOI, or digital object identifier, is a series of digits and letters that leads to the location of an online source. Articles in journals are often assigned DOIs to ensure that the source is locatable, even if the URL changes. If your source is listed with a DOI, use that instead of a URL.
Alonso, Alvaro, and Julio A. Camargo. "Toxicity of Nitrite to Three Species of Freshwater Invertebrates." Environmental Toxicology, vol. 21, no. 1, 3 Feb. 2006, pp. 90-94. Wiley Online Library, doi: 10.1002/tox.20155.
Creating in-text citations using the eighth edition
The in-text citation is a brief reference within your text that indicates the source you consulted. It should properly attribute any ideas, paraphrases, or direct quotations to your source, and should direct readers to the entry in the list of works cited. For the most part, an in-text citation is the author’s name and page number (or just the page number, if the author is named in the sentence) in parentheses:
Imperialism is “the practice, the theory, and the attitudes of a dominating metropolitan center ruling a distant territory” (Said 9).
or
According to Edward W. Said, imperialism is defined by “the practice, the theory, and the attitudes of a dominating metropolitan center ruling a distant territory” (9).
Work Cited
Said, Edward W. Culture and Imperialism. Knopf, 1994.
When creating in-text citations for media that has a runtime, such as a movie or podcast, include the range of hours, minutes and seconds you plan to reference, like so (00:02:15-00:02:35).
Again, your goal is to attribute your source and provide your reader with a reference without interrupting your text. Your readers should be able to follow the flow of your argument without becoming distracted by extra information.
Final thoughts about the eighth edition
The current MLA guidelines teach you a widely applicable skill. Once you become familiar with the core elements that should be included in each entry in the Works Cited list, you will be able to create documentation for any type of source. While the handbook still includes helpful examples that you may use as guidelines, you will not need to consult it every time you need to figure out how to cite a source you’ve never used before. If you include the core elements, in the proper order, using consistent punctuation, you will be fully equipped to create a list of works cited on your own.
How to Cite the Purdue OWL in MLA
Entire Website
The Purdue OWL. Purdue U Writing Lab, 2016.
Individual Resources
Contributors' names and the last edited date can be found in the orange boxes at the top of every page on the OWL.
Contributors' names. "Title of Resource." The Purdue OWL, Purdue U Writing Lab, Last edited date.
Russell, Tony, et al. "MLA Formatting and Style Guide." The Purdue OWL. Purdue U Writing Lab, 2 Aug. 2016.
Contributors:Tony Russell, Allen Brizee, Elizabeth Angeli, Russell Keck, Joshua M. Paiz, Michelle Campbell, Rodrigo Rodr�guez-Fuentes, Daniel P. Kenzie, Susan Wegener, Maryam Ghafoor, Purdue OWL Staff.
Summary:
MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (8th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page.
MLA In-Text Citations: The Basics
Guidelines for referring to the works of others in your text using MLA style are covered in chapter 6 of the MLA Handbook and in chapter 7 of the MLA Style Manual. Both books provide extensive examples, so it's a good idea to consult them if you want to become even more familiar with MLA guidelines or if you have a particular reference question.
Basic in-text citation rules
In MLA style, referring to the works of others in your text is done by using what is known as parenthetical citation. This method involves placing relevant source information in parentheses after a quote or a paraphrase.
General Guidelines
The source information required in a parenthetical citation depends (1.) upon the source medium (e.g. Print, Web, DVD) and (2.) upon the source’s entry on the Works Cited (bibliography) page.
Any source information that you provide in-text must correspond to the source information on the Works Cited page. More specifically, whatever signal word or phrase you provide to your readers in the text, must be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of the corresponding entry in the Works Cited List.
In-text citations: Author-page style
MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear on your Works Cited page. The author's name may appear either in the sentence itself or in parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase, but the page number(s) should always appear in the parentheses, not in the text of your sentence. For example:
Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (263).
Romantic poetry is characterized by the "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (Wordsworth 263).
Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the creative process (263).
Both citations in the examples above, (263) and (Wordsworth 263), tell readers that the information in the sentence can be located on page 263 of a work by an author named Wordsworth. If readers want more information about this source, they can turn to the Works Cited page, where, under the name of Wordsworth, they would find the following information:
Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads. London: Oxford UP, 1967.
In-text citations for print sources with known author
For Print sources like books, magazines, scholarly journal articles, and newspapers, provide a signal word or phrase (usually the author’s last name) and a page number. If you provide the signal word/phrase in the sentence, you do not need to include it in the parenthetical citation.
Human beings have been described by Kenneth Burke as "symbol-using animals" (3).
Human beings have been described as "symbol-using animals" (Burke 3).
These examples must correspond to an entry that begins with Burke, which will be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of an entry in the Works Cited:
Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Method. Berkeley: U of California P, 1966.
In-text citations for print sources by a corporate author
When a source has a corporate author, it is acceptable to use the name of the corporation followed by the page number for the in-text citation. You should also use abbreviations (e.g., nat'l for national) where appropriate, so as to avoid interrupting the flow of reading with overly long parenthetical citations.
In-text citations for print sources with no known author
When a source has no known author, use a shortened title of the work instead of an author name. Place the title in quotation marks if it's a short work (such as an article) or italicize it if it's a longer work (e.g. plays, books, television shows, entire Web sites) and provide a page number.
We see so many global warming hotspots in North America likely because this region has "more readily accessible climatic data and more comprehensive programs to monitor and study environmental change . . ." ("Impact of Global Warming" 6).
In this example, since the reader does not know the author of the article, an abbreviated title of the article appears in the parenthetical citation which corresponds to the full name of the article which appears first at the left-hand margin of its respective entry in the Works Cited. Thus, the writer includes the title in quotation marks as the signal phrase in the parenthetical citation in order to lead the reader directly to the source on the Works Cited page. The Works Cited entry appears as follows:
"The Impact of Global Warming in North America." Global Warming: Early Signs. 1999. Web. 23 Mar. 2009.
We'll learn how to make a Works Cited page in a bit, but right now it's important to know that parenthetical citations and Works Cited pages allow readers to know which sources you consulted in writing your essay, so that they can either verify your interpretation of the sources or use them in their own scholarly work.
Author-page citation for classic and literary works with multiple editions
Page numbers are always required, but additional citation information can help literary scholars, who may have a different edition of a classic work like Marx and Engels's The Communist Manifesto. In such cases, give the page number of your edition (making sure the edition is listed in your Works Cited page, of course) followed by a semicolon, and then the appropriate abbreviations for volume (vol.), book (bk.), part (pt.), chapter (ch.), section (sec.), or paragraph (par.). For example:
Marx and Engels described human history as marked by class struggles (79; ch. 1).
Citing authors with same last names
Sometimes more information is necessary to identify the source from which a quotation is taken. For instance, if two or more authors have the same last name, provide both authors' first initials (or even the authors' full name if different authors share initials) in your citation. For example:
Although some medical ethicists claim that cloning will lead to designer children (R. Miller 12), others note that the advantages for medical research outweigh this consideration (A. Miller 46).
Citing a work by multiple authors
For a source with two authors, list the authors’ last names in the text or in the parenthetical citation:
Best and Marcus argue that one should read a text for what it says on its surface, rather than looking for some hidden meaning (9).
The authors claim that surface reading looks at what is “evident, perceptible, apprehensible in texts” (Best and Marcus 9).
Corresponding works cited entry:
Best, David, and Sharon Marcus. “Surface Reading: An Introduction.” Representations, vol. 108, no. 1, Fall 2009, pp. 1-21. JSTOR, doi:10.1525/rep.2009.108.1.1
For a source with three or more authors, list only the first author’s last name, and replace the additional names with et al.
According to Franck et al, “Current agricultural policies in the U.S. are contributing to the poor health of Americans” (327).
The authors claim that one cause of obesity in the United States is government-funded farm subsidies (Franck et al. 327).
Corresponding works cited entry:
Franck, Caroline, et al. “Agricultural Subsidies and the American Obesity Epidemic.” American Journal of Preventative Medicine, vol. 45, no. 3, Sept. 2013, pp. 327-333.
Citing multiple works by the same author
If you cite more than one work by a particular author, include a shortened title for the particular work from which you are quoting to distinguish it from the others. Put short titles of books in italics and short titles of articles in quotation marks.
Citing two articles by the same author:
Lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for small children ("Too Soon" 38), though he has acknowledged elsewhere that early exposure to computer games does lead to better small motor skill development in a child's second and third year ("Hand-Eye Development" 17).
Citing two books by the same author:
Murray states that writing is "a process" that "varies with our thinking style" (Write to Learn 6). Additionally, Murray argues that the purpose of writing is to "carry ideas and information from the mind of one person into the mind of another" (A Writer Teaches Writing 3).
Additionally, if the author's name is not mentioned in the sentence, you would format your citation with the author's name followed by a comma, followed by a shortened title of the work, followed, when appropriate, by page numbers:
Visual studies, because it is such a new discipline, may be "too easy" (Elkins, "Visual Studies" 63).
Citing multivolume works
If you cite from different volumes of a multivolume work, always include the volume number followed by a colon. Put a space after the colon, then provide the page number(s). (If you only cite from one volume, provide only the page number in parentheses.)
. . . as Quintilian wrote in Institutio Oratoria (1: 14-17).
Citing the Bible
In your first parenthetical citation, you want to make clear which Bible you're using (and underline or italicize the title), as each version varies in its translation, followed by book (do not italicize or underline), chapter and verse. For example:
Ezekiel saw "what seemed to be four living creatures," each with faces of a man, a lion, an ox, and an eagle (New Jerusalem Bible, Ezek. 1.5-10).
If future references employ the same edition of the Bible you’re using, list only the book, chapter, and verse in the parenthetical citation.
Citing indirect sources
Sometimes you may have to use an indirect source. An indirect source is a source cited in another source. For such indirect quotations, use "qtd. in" to indicate the source you actually consulted. For example:
Ravitch argues that high schools are pressured to act as "social service centers, and they don't do that well" (qtd. in Weisman 259).
Note that, in most cases, a responsible researcher will attempt to find the original source, rather than citing an indirect source.
Citing non-print or sources from the Internet
With more and more scholarly work being posted on the Internet, you may have to cite research you have completed in virtual environments. While many sources on the Internet should not be used for scholarly work (reference the OWL's Evaluating Sources of Information resource), some Web sources are perfectly acceptable for research. When creating in-text citations for electronic, film, or Internet sources, remember that your citation must reference the source in your Works Cited.
Sometimes writers are confused with how to craft parenthetical citations for electronic sources because of the absence of page numbers, but often, these sorts of entries do not require any sort of parenthetical citation at all. For electronic and Internet sources, follow the following guidelines:
Include in the text the first item that appears in the Work Cited entry that corresponds to the citation (e.g. author name, article name, website name, film name).
You do not need to give paragraph numbers or page numbers based on your Web browser’s print preview function.
Unless you must list the Web site name in the signal phrase in order to get the reader to the appropriate entry, do not include URLs in-text. Only provide partial URLs such as when the name of the site includes, for example, a domain name, like CNN.com or Forbes.com as opposed to writing out http://www.cnn.com or http://www.forbes.com.
Miscellaneous non-print sources
Werner Herzog's Fitzcarraldo stars Herzog's long-time film partner, Klaus Kinski. During the shooting of Fitzcarraldo, Herzog and Kinski were often at odds, but their explosive relationship fostered a memorable and influential film.
During the presentation, Jane Yates stated that invention and pre-writing are areas of rhetoric that need more attention.
In the two examples above “Herzog” from the first entry and “Yates” from the second lead the reader to the first item each citation’s respective entry on the Works Cited page:
Herzog, Werner, dir. Fitzcarraldo. Perf. Klaus Kinski. Filmverlag der Autoren, 1982.
Yates, Jane. "Invention in Rhetoric and Composition." Gaps Addressed: Future Work in Rhetoric and Composition, CCCC, Palmer House Hilton, 2002.
Electronic sources
One online film critic stated that Fitzcarraldo "has become notorious for its near-failure and many obstacles" (Taylor, “Fitzcarraldo”).
The Purdue OWL is accessed by millions of users every year. Its "MLA Formatting and Style Guide" is one of the most popular resources (Russell et al.).
In the first example, the writer has chosen not to include the author name in-text; however, two entries from the same author appear in the Works Cited. Thus, the writer includes both the author’s last name and the article title in the parenthetical citation in order to lead the reader to the appropriate entry on the Works Cited page (see below). In the second example, “Russell et al.” in the parenthetical citation gives the reader an author name followed by the abbreviation “et al.,” meaning, “and others,” for the article “MLA Formatting and Style Guide.” Both corresponding Works Cited entries are as follows:
Taylor, Rumsey. "Fitzcarraldo." Slant, 13 Jun. 2003, www.slantmagazine.com/film/review/fitzcarraldo/.
Russell, Tony, et al. "MLA Formatting and Style Guide." The Purdue OWL, 2 Aug. 2016, owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01/.
Multiple citations
To cite multiple sources in the same parenthetical reference, separate the citations by a semi-colon:
. . . as has been discussed elsewhere (Burke 3; Dewey 21).
Time-based media sources
When creating in-text citations for media that has a runtime, such as a movie or podcast, include the range of hours, minutes and seconds you plan to reference, like so (00:02:15-00:02:35).
When a citation is not needed
Common sense and ethics should determine your need for documenting sources. You do not need to give sources for familiar proverbs, well-known quotations or common knowledge. Remember, this is a rhetorical choice, based on audience. If you're writing for an expert audience of a scholarly journal, for example, they'll have different expectations of what constitutes common knowledge.
Contributors:Tony Russell, Allen Brizee, Elizabeth Angeli, Russell Keck, Joshua M. Paiz, Michelle Campbell, Rodrigo Rodr�guez-Fuentes, Daniel P. Kenzie, Susan Wegener, Maryam Ghafoor, Purdue OWL Staff.
Summary:
MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (8th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page.
MLA Formatting Quotations
When you directly quote the works of others in your paper, you will format quotations differently depending on their length. Below are some basic guidelines for incorporating quotations into your paper. Please note that all pages in MLA should be double-spaced.
Short quotations
To indicate short quotations (fewer than four typed lines of prose or three lines of verse) in your text, enclose the quotation within double quotation marks. Provide the author and specific page citation (in the case of verse, provide line numbers) in the text, and include a complete reference on the Works Cited page. Punctuation marks such as periods, commas, and semicolons should appear after the parenthetical citation. Question marks and exclamation points should appear within the quotation marks if they are a part of the quoted passage but after the parenthetical citation if they are a part of your text.
For example, when quoting short passages of prose, use the following examples:
According to some, dreams express "profound aspects of personality" (Foulkes 184), though others disagree.
According to Foulkes's study, dreams may express "profound aspects of personality" (184).
Is it possible that dreams may express "profound aspects of personality" (Foulkes 184)?
When short (fewer than three lines of verse) quotations from poetry, mark breaks in short quotations of verse with a slash, ( / ), at the end of each line of verse (a space should precede and follow the slash).
Cullen concludes, "Of all the things that happened there / That's all I remember" (11-12).
Long quotations
For quotations that are more than four lines of prose or three lines of verse, place quotations in a free-standing block of text and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, with the entire quote indented ½ inch from the left margin; maintain double-spacing. Only indent the first line of the quotation by an additional quarter inch if you are citing multiple paragraphs. Your parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark. When quoting verse, maintain original line breaks. (You should maintain double-spacing throughout your essay.)
For example, when citing more than four lines of prose, use the following examples:
Nelly Dean treats Heathcliff poorly and dehumanizes him throughout her narration:
They entirely refused to have it in bed with them, or even in their room, and I had no more sense, so, I put it on the landing of the stairs, hoping it would be gone on the morrow. By chance, or else attracted by hearing his voice, it crept to Mr. Earnshaw's door, and there he found it on quitting his chamber. Inquiries were made as to how it got there; I was obliged to confess, and in recompense for my cowardice and inhumanity was sent out of the house. (Bronte 78)
When citing long sections (more than three lines) of poetry, keep formatting as close to the original as possible.
In his poem "My Papa's Waltz," Theodore Roethke explores his childhood with his father:
The whiskey on your breath
Could make a small boy dizzy;
But I hung on like death:
Such waltzing was not easy.
We Romped until the pans
Slid from the kitchen shelf;
My mother's countenance
Could not unfrown itself. (quoted in Shrodes, Finestone, Shugrue 202)
When citing two or more paragraphs, use block quotation format, even if the passage from the paragraphs is less than four lines. Indent the first line of each quoted paragraph an extra quarter inch.
In "American Origins of the Writing-across-the-Curriculum Movement," David Russell argues,
Writing has been an issue in American secondary and higher education since papers and examinations came into wide use in the 1870s, eventually driving out formal recitation and oral examination. . . .
From its birth in the late nineteenth century, progressive education has wrestled with the conflict within industrial society between pressure to increase specialization of knowledge and of professional work (upholding disciplinary standards) and pressure to integrate more fully an ever-widerning number of citizens into intellectually meaningful activity within mass society (promoting social equity). . . . (3)
Adding or omitting words in quotations
If you add a word or words in a quotation, you should put brackets around the words to indicate that they are not part of the original text.
Jan Harold Brunvand, in an essay on urban legends, states, "some individuals [who retell urban legends] make a point of learning every rumor or tale" (78).
If you omit a word or words from a quotation, you should indicate the deleted word or words by using ellipsis marks, which are three periods ( . . . ) preceded and followed by a space. For example:
In an essay on urban legends, Jan Harold Brunvand notes that "some individuals make a point of learning every recent rumor or tale . . . and in a short time a lively exchange of details occurs" (78).
Please note that brackets are not needed around ellipses unless adding brackets would clarify your use of ellipses.
When omitting words from poetry quotations, use a standard three-period ellipses; however, when omitting one or more full lines of poetry, space several periods to about the length of a complete line in the poem:
These beauteous forms,
Through a long absence, have not been to me
As is a landscape to a blind man's eye:
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Felt in the blood, and felt along the heart;
And passing even into my purer mind,
With tranquil restoration . . . (22-24, 28-30)
Contributors:Tony Russell, Allen Brizee, Elizabeth Angeli, Russell Keck, Joshua M. Paiz, Michelle Campbell, Rodrigo Rodr�guez-Fuentes, Daniel P. Kenzie, Susan Wegener, Maryam Ghafoor, Purdue OWL Staff.
Summary:
MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (8th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page.
MLA Endnotes and Footnotes
Because long explanatory notes can be distracting to readers, most academic style guidelines (including MLA and APA, the American Psychological Association) recommend limited use of endnotes/footnotes; however, certain publishers encourage or require note references in lieu of parenthetical references.
MLA discourages extensive use of explanatory or digressive notes. MLA style does, however, allow you to use endnotes or footnotes for bibliographic notes, which refer to other publications your readers may consult. The following are some examples:
1. See Blackmur, especially chapters 3 and 4, for an insightful analysis of this trend.
2. On the problems related to repressed memory recovery, see Wollens 120-35; for a contrasting view, see Pyle 43; Johnson, Hull, Snyder 21-35; Krieg 78-91.
3. Several other studies point to this same conclusion. See Johnson and Hull 45-79, Kather 23-31, Krieg 50-57.
Or, you can also use endnotes/footnotes for occasional explanatory notes (also known as content notes), which refers to brief additional information that might be too digressive for the main text:
4. In a 1998 interview, she reiterated this point even more strongly: "I am an artist, not a politician!" (Weller 124).
Numbering endnotes and footnotes in the document body
Endnotes and footnotes in MLA format are indicated in-text by superscript arabic numbers after the punctuation of the phrase or clause to which the note refers:
Some have argued that such an investigation would be fruitless.6
Scholars have argued for years that this claim has no basis,7 so we would do well to ignore it.
Note that when a long dash appears in the text, the footnote/endnote number appears before the dash:
For years, scholars have failed to address this point8—a fact that suggests their cowardice more than their carelessness.
Do not use asterisks (*), angle brackets (>), or other symbols for note references. The list of endnotes and footnotes (either of which, for papers submitted for publication, should be listed on a separate page, as indicated below) should correspond to the note references in the text.
Formatting endnotes and footnotes
Endnotes Page
MLA recommends that all notes be listed on a separate page entitled Notes (centered, no formatting). Use Note if there is only one note. The Notes page should appear before the Works Cited page. This is especially important for papers being submitted for publication.
The notes themselves should be listed by consecutive arabic numbers that correspond to the notation in the text. Notes are double-spaced. The first line of each endnote is indented five spaces; subsequent lines are flush with the left margin. Place a period and a space after each endnote number. Provide the appropriate note after the space.
Footnotes (below the text body)
The 8th edition of the MLA Handbook does not specify how to format footnotes. See the MLA Style Center for additional guidance on this topic and follow your instructor's or editor's preferences.
Contributors:Tony Russell, Allen Brizee, Elizabeth Angeli, Russell Keck, Joshua M. Paiz, Michelle Campbell, Rodrigo Rodr�guez-Fuentes, Daniel P. Kenzie, Susan Wegener, Maryam Ghafoor, Purdue OWL Staff.
Summary:
MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (8th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page.
MLA Works Cited Page: Basic Format
According to MLA style, you must have a Works Cited page at the end of your research paper. All entries in the Works Cited page must correspond to the works cited in your main text.
Basic rules
Begin your Works Cited page on a separate page at the end of your research paper. It should have the same one-inch margins and last name, page number header as the rest of your paper.
Label the page Works Cited (do not italicize the words Works Cited or put them in quotation marks) and center the words Works Cited at the top of the page.
Double space all citations, but do not skip spaces between entries.
Indent the second and subsequent lines of citations by 0.5 inches to create a hanging indent.
List page numbers of sources efficiently, when needed. If you refer to a journal article that appeared on pages 225 through 250, list the page numbers on your Works Cited page as 225-50. Note that MLA style uses a hyphen in a span of pages.
If you're citing an article or a publication that was originally issued in print form but that you retrieved from an online database, you should type the online database name in italics. You do not need to provide subscription information in addition to the database name.
Additional basic rules new to MLA 2016
New to MLA 2016:
For online sources, you should include a location to show readers where you found the source. Many scholarly databases use a DOI (digital object identifier). Use a DOI in your citation if you can; otherwise use a URL. Delete “http://” from URLs. The DOI or URL is usually the last element in a citation and should be followed by a period.
All works cited entries end with a period.
Capitalization and punctuation
Capitalize each word in the titles of articles, books, etc, but do not capitalize articles (the, an), prepositions, or conjunctions unless one is the first word of the title or subtitle: Gone with the Wind, The Art of War, There Is Nothing Left to Lose.
Use italics (instead of underlining) for titles of larger works (books, magazines) and quotation marks for titles of shorter works (poems, articles)
Listing author names
Entries are listed alphabetically by the author's last name (or, for entire edited collections, editor names). Author names are written last name first; middle names or middle initials follow the first name:
Burke, Kenneth
Levy, David M.
Wallace, David Foster
Do not list titles (Dr., Sir, Saint, etc.) or degrees (PhD, MA, DDS, etc.) with names. A book listing an author named "John Bigbrain, PhD" appears simply as "Bigbrain, John"; do, however, include suffixes like "Jr." or "II." Putting it all together, a work by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. would be cited as "King, Martin Luther, Jr." Here the suffix following the first or middle name and a comma.
More than one work by an author
If you have cited more than one work by a particular author, order the entries alphabetically by title, and use three hyphens in place of the author's name for every entry after the first:
Burke, Kenneth. A Grammar of Motives. [...]
---. A Rhetoric of Motives. [...]
When an author or collection editor appears both as the sole author of a text and as the first author of a group, list solo-author entries first:
Heller, Steven, ed. The Education of an E-Designer.
Heller, Steven, and Karen Pomeroy. Design Literacy: Understanding Graphic Design.
Work with no known author
Alphabetize works with no known author by their title; use a shortened version of the title in the parenthetical citations in your paper. In this case, Boring Postcards USA has no known author:
Baudrillard, Jean. Simulacra and Simulations. [...]
Boring Postcards USA. [...]
Burke, Kenneth. A Rhetoric of Motives. [...]
Contributors:Tony Russell, Allen Brizee, Elizabeth Angeli, Russell Keck, Joshua M. Paiz, Michelle Campbell, Rodrigo Rodr�guez-Fuentes, Daniel P. Kenzie, Susan Wegener, Maryam Ghafoor, Purdue OWL Staff.
Summary:
MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (8th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page.
MLA Works Cited Page: Books
When you are gathering book sources, be sure to make note of the following bibliographic items: the author name(s), other contributors such as translators or editors, the book’s title, editions of the book, the publication date, the publisher, and the pagination.
The 8th edition of the MLA handbook highlights principles over prescriptive practices. Essentially, a writer will need to take note of primary elements in every source, such as author, title, etc. and then assort them in a general format. Thus, in using this methodology, a writer will be able to source a specific item that may not be included in this list.
Remember these changes from previous editions:
Commas are used instead of periods between Publisher, Publication Date, and Pagination.
Medium is no longer necessary.
Containers are now a part of the MLA process, in light of technology. Periods should be used between Containers.
DOIs should be used instead of URLS when available.
Use the phrase, “Accessed” instead of listing the date or the abbreviation, “n.d.”
Below is the general format for any citation:
Author. Title. Title of container (self contained if book), Other contributors (translators or editors), Version (edition), Number (vol. and/or no.), Publisher, Publication Date, Location (pages, paragraphs URL or DOI). 2nd container’s title, Other contributors, Version, Number, Publisher, Publication date, Location, Date of Access (if applicable).
Basic Book Format
The author’s name or a book with a single author's name appears in last name, first name format. The basic form for a book citation is:
Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. Publisher, Publication Date.
Book with One Author
Gleick, James. Chaos: Making a New Science. Penguin, 1987.
Henley, Patricia. The Hummingbird House. MacMurray, 1999.
Book with More Than One Author
When a book has multiple authors, order the authors in the same way they are presented in the book. The first given name appears in last name, first name format; subsequent author names appear in first name last name format.
Gillespie, Paula, and Neal Lerner. The Allyn and Bacon Guide to Peer Tutoring. Allyn and Bacon, 2000.
If there are three or more authors, list only the first author followed by the phrase et al. (Latin for "and others") in place of the subsequent authors' names. (Note that there is a period after “al” in “et al.” Also note that there is never a period after the “et” in “et al.”).
Wysocki, Anne Frances, et al. Writing New Media: Theory and Applications for Expanding the Teaching of Composition. Utah State UP, 2004.
Two or More Books by the Same Author
List works alphabetically by title. (Remember to ignore articles like A, An, and The.) Provide the author’s name in last name, first name format for the first entry only. For each subsequent entry by the same author, use three hyphens and a period.
Palmer, William J. Dickens and New Historicism. St. Martin's, 1997.
---. The Films of the Eighties: A Social History. Southern Illinois UP, 1993.
Book by a Corporate Author or Organization
A corporate author may include a commission, a committee, a government agency, or a group that does not identify individual members on the title page.
List the names of corporate authors in the place where an author’s name typically appears at the beginning of the entry.
American Allergy Association. Allergies in Children. Random House, 1998.
When the author and publisher are the same, skip the author, and list the title first. Then, list the corporate author only as the publisher.
Fair Housing—Fair Lending. Aspen Law & Business, 1985.
Book with No Author
List by title of the book. Incorporate these entries alphabetically just as you would with works that include an author name. For example, the following entry might appear between entries of works written by Dean, Shaun and Forsythe, Jonathan.
Encyclopedia of Indiana. Somerset, 1993.
Remember that for an in-text (parenthetical) citation of a book with no author, provide the name of the work in the signal phrase and the page number in parentheses. You may also use a shortened version of the title of the book accompanied by the page number. For more information see the In-text Citations for Print Sources with No Known Author section of In-text Citations: The Basics .
A Translated Book
If you want to emphasize the work rather than the translator, cite as you would any other book. Add “translated by” and follow with the name(s) of the translator(s).
Foucault, Michel. Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason. Translated by Richard Howard, Vintage-Random House, 1988.
If you want to focus on the translation, list the translator as the author. In place of the author’s name, the translator’s name appears. His or her name is followed by the label, “, editor.” If the author of the book does not appear in the title of the book, include the name, with a “By” after the title of the book and before the publisher. Note that this type of citation is less common and should only be used for papers or writing in which translation plays a central role.
Howard, Richard, translator. Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason. By Michel Foucault, Vintage-Random House, 1988.
Republished Book
Books may be republished due to popularity without becoming a new edition. New editions are typically revisions of the original work. For books that originally appeared at an earlier date and that have been republished at a later one, insert the original publication date before the publication information.
For books that are new editions (i.e. different from the first or other editions of the book), see An Edition of a Book below.
Butler, Judith. Gender Trouble. 1990. Routledge, 1999.
Erdrich, Louise. Love Medicine. 1984. Perennial-Harper, 1993.
An Edition of a Book
There are two types of editions in book publishing: a book that has been published more than once in different editions and a book that is prepared by someone other than the author (typically an editor).
A Subsequent Edition
Cite the book as you normally would, but add the number of the edition after the title.
Crowley, Sharon, and Debra Hawhee. Ancient Rhetorics for Contemporary Students. 3rd ed., Pearson, 2004.
A Work Prepared by an Editor
Cite the book as you normally would, but add the editor after the title with the label, "Edited by"
Bronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. Edited by Margaret Smith, Oxford UP, 1998.
Anthology or Collection (e.g. Collection of Essays)
To cite the entire anthology or collection, list by editor(s) followed by a comma and "editor" or, for multiple editors, "editors." This sort of entry is somewhat rare. If you are citing a particular piece within an anthology or collection (more common), see A Work in an Anthology, Reference, or Collection below.
Hill, Charles A., and Marguerite Helmers, editors. Defining Visual Rhetorics. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2004.
Peterson, Nancy J., editor. Toni Morrison: Critical and Theoretical Approaches. Johns Hopkins UP, 1997.
A Work in an Anthology, Reference, or Collection
Works may include an essay in an edited collection or anthology, or a chapter of a book. The basic form is for this sort of citation is as follows:
Last name, First name. "Title of Essay." Title of Collection, edited by Editor's Name(s), Publisher, Year, Page range of entry.
Some examples:
Harris, Muriel. "Talk to Me: Engaging Reluctant Writers." A Tutor's Guide: Helping Writers One to One, edited by Ben Rafoth, Heinemann, 2000, pp. 24-34.
Swanson, Gunnar. "Graphic Design Education as a Liberal Art: Design and Knowledge in the University and The 'Real World.'" The Education of a Graphic Designer, edited by Steven Heller, Allworth Press, 1998, pp. 13-24.
Note on Cross-referencing Several Items from One Anthology: If you cite more than one essay from the same edited collection, MLA indicates you may cross-reference within your works cited list in order to avoid writing out the publishing information for each separate essay. You should consider this option if you have several references from a single text. To do so, include a separate entry for the entire collection listed by the editor's name as below:
Rose, Shirley K., and Irwin Weiser, editors. The Writing Program Administrator as Researcher. Heinemann, 1999.
Then, for each individual essay from the collection, list the author's name in last name, first name format, the title of the essay, the editor's last name, and the page range:
L'Eplattenier, Barbara. "Finding Ourselves in the Past: An Argument for Historical Work on WPAs." Rose and Weiser, pp. 131-40.
Peeples, Tim. "'Seeing' the WPA With/Through Postmodern Mapping." Rose and Weiser, pp. 153-67.
Please note: When cross-referencing items in the works cited list, alphabetical order should be maintained for the entire list.
Poem or Short Story Examples:
Burns, Robert. "Red, Red Rose." 100 Best-Loved Poems, edited by Philip Smith, Dover, 1995, p. 26.
Kincaid, Jamaica. "Girl." The Vintage Book of Contemporary American Short Stories, edited by Tobias Wolff, Vintage, 1994, pp. 306-07.
If the specific literary work is part of the author's own collection (all of the works have the same author), then there will be no editor to reference:
Whitman, Walt. "I Sing the Body Electric." Selected Poems. Dover, 1991, pp. 12-19.
Carter, Angela. "The Tiger's Bride." Burning Your Boats: The Collected Stories. Penguin, 1995, pp. 154-69.
Article in a Reference Book (e.g. Encyclopedias, Dictionaries)
For entries in encyclopedias, dictionaries, and other reference works, cite the piece as you would any other work in a collection but do not include the publisher information. Also, if the reference book is organized alphabetically, as most are, do not list the volume or the page number of the article or item.
"Ideology." The American Heritage Dictionary. 3rd ed., 1997.
A Multivolume Work
When citing only one volume of a multivolume work, include the volume number after the work's title, or after the work's editor or translator.
Quintilian. Institutio Oratoria. Translated by H. E. Butler, vol. 2, Loeb-Harvard UP, 1980.
When citing more than one volume of a multivolume work, cite the total number of volumes in the work. Also, be sure in your in-text citation to provide both the volume number and page number(s). (See Citing Multivolume Works on the In-Text Citations – The Basics page, which you can access by following the appropriate link at the bottom of this page.)
Quintilian. Institutio Oratoria. Translated by H. E. Butler, Loeb-Harvard UP, 1980. 4 vols.
If the volume you are using has its own title, cite the book without referring to the other volumes as if it were an independent publication.
Churchill, Winston S. The Age of Revolution. Dodd, 1957.
An Introduction, Preface, Foreword, or Afterword
When citing an introduction, a preface, a foreword, or an afterword, write the name of the author(s) of the piece you are citing. Then give the name of the part being cited, which should not be italicized or enclosed in quotation marks; in italics, provide the name of the work and the name of the author of the introduction/preface/forward/afterward. Finish the citation with the details of publication and page range.
Farrell, Thomas B. Introduction. Norms of Rhetorical Culture, by Farrell, Yale UP, 1993, pp. 1-13.
If the writer of the piece is different from the author of the complete work, then write the full name of the principal work's author after the word "By." For example, if you were to cite Hugh Dalziel Duncan’s introduction of Kenneth Burke’s book Permanence and Change, you would write the entry as follows:
Duncan, Hugh Dalziel. Introduction. Permanence and Change: An Anatomy of Purpose, by Kenneth Burke, 1935, 3rd ed., U of California P, 1984, pp. xiii-xliv.
Other Print/Book Sources
Certain book sources are handled in a special way by MLA style.
Book Published Before 1900
Original copies of books published before 1900 are usually defined by their place of publication rather than the publisher. Unless you are using a newer edition, cite the city of publication where you would normally cite the publisher.
Thoreau, Henry David. Excursions. Boston, 1863.
The Bible
Italicize “The Bible” and follow it with the version you are using. Remember that your in-text (parenthetical citation) should include the name of the specific edition of the Bible, followed by an abbreviation of the book, the chapter and verse(s). (See Citing the Bible at In-Text Citations: The Basics .)
The Bible. Authorized King James Version, Oxford UP, 1998.
The New Jerusalem Bible. Edited by Susan Jones, Doubleday, 1985.
A Government Publication
Cite the author of the publication if the author is identified. Otherwise, start with the name of the national government, followed by the agency (including any subdivisions or agencies) that serves as the organizational author. For congressional documents, be sure to include the number of the Congress and the session when the hearing was held or resolution passed as well as the report number. US government documents are typically published by the Government Printing Office.
United States, Congress, Senate, Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Hearing on the Geopolitics of Oil. Government Printing Office, 2007. 110th Congress, 1st session, Senate Report 111-8.
United States, Government Accountability Office. Climate Change: EPA and DOE Should Do More to Encourage Progress Under Two Voluntary Programs. Government Printing Office, 2006.
A Pamphlet
Cite the title and publication information for the pamphlet just as you would a book without an author. Pamphlets and promotional materials commonly feature corporate authors (commissions, committees, or other groups that does not provide individual group member names). If the pamphlet you are citing has no author, cite as directed below. If your pamphlet has an author or a corporate author, put the name of the author (last name, first name format) or corporate author in the place where the author name typically appears at the beginning of the entry. (See also Books by a Corporate Author or Organization above.)
Women's Health: Problems of the Digestive System. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 2006.
Your Rights Under California Welfare Programs. California Department of Social Services, 2007.
Dissertations and Master's Theses
Dissertations and master's theses may be used as sources whether published or not. Cite the work as you would a book, but include the designation Dissertation (or MA/MS thesis) followed by the degree-granting school and the year the degree was awarded.
If the dissertation is published, italicize the title and include the publication date. You may also include the University Microfilms International (UMI) order number if you choose:
Bishop, Karen Lynn. Documenting Institutional Identity: Strategic Writing in the IUPUI Comprehensive Campaign. Dissertation, Purdue University, 2002. UMI, 2004.
Bile, Jeffrey. Ecology, Feminism, and a Revised Critical Rhetoric: Toward a Dialectical Partnership. Dissertation, Ohio University, 2005. UMI, 2006. AAT 3191701.
If the work is not published, put the title in quotation marks and end with the date the degree was awarded:
Graban, Tarez Samra. "Towards a Feminine Ironic: Understanding Irony in the Oppositional Discourse of Women from the Early Modern and Modern Periods." Dissertation, Purdue University, 2006.
Stolley, Karl. "Toward a Conception of Religion as a Discursive Formation: Implications for Postmodern Composition Theory." MA thesis, Purdue University, 2002.
List the names of corporate authors in the place where an author’s name typically appears at the beginning of the entry if the author and publisher are not the same.
American Allergy Association. Allergies in Children. Random House, 1998.
When the author and publisher are the same, skip the author, and list the title first. Then, list the corporate author only as the publisher.
Fair Housing—Fair Lending. Aspen Law & Business, 1985.
Contributors:Tony Russell, Allen Brizee, Elizabeth Angeli, Russell Keck, Joshua M. Paiz, Michelle Campbell, Rodrigo Rodr�guez-Fuentes, Daniel P. Kenzie, Susan Wegener, Maryam Ghafoor, Purdue OWL Staff.
Summary:
MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (8th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page.
MLA Works Cited: Periodicals
Periodicals include magazines, newspapers, and scholarly journals. Works cited entries for periodical sources include three main elements—the author of the article, the title of the article, and information about the magazine, newspaper, or journal. MLA uses the generic term “container” to refer to any print or digital venue (a website or print journal, for example) in which an essay or article may be included.
Use the following format for all citations:
Author. Title. Title of container (self contained if book), Other contributors (translators or editors), Version (edition), Number (vol. and/or no.), Publisher, Publisher Date, Location (pp.). 2nd container’s title, Other contributors, Version, Number, Publisher, Pub date, Location.
Article in a Magazine
Cite by listing the article's author, putting the title of the article in quotations marks, and italicizing the periodical title. Follow with the date of publication. Remember to abbreviate the month. The basic format is as follows:
Author(s). "Title of Article." Title of Periodical, Day Month Year, pages.
Poniewozik, James. "TV Makes a Too-Close Call." Time, 20 Nov. 2000, pp. 70-71.
Buchman, Dana. "A Special Education." Good Housekeeping, Mar. 2006, pp. 143-48.
Article in a Newspaper
Cite a newspaper article as you would a magazine article, but note the different pagination in a newspaper. If there is more than one edition available for that date (as in an early and late edition of a newspaper), identify the edition after the article title.
Brubaker, Bill. "New Health Center Targets County's Uninsured Patients." Washington Post, 24 May 2007, p. LZ01.
Krugman, Andrew. "Fear of Eating." New York Times, 21 May 2007, late ed., p. A1.
If the newspaper is a less well-known or local publication, include the city name in brackets after the title of the newspaper.
Behre, Robert. "Presidential Hopefuls Get Final Crack at Core of S.C. Democrats." Post and Courier [Charleston, SC], 29 Apr. 2007, p. A11.
Trembacki, Paul. "Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team." Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette, IN], 5 Dec. 2000, p. 20.
A Review
To cite a review, include the title of the review (if available), then the phrase, “Review of” and provide the title of the work (in italics for books, plays, and films; in quotation marks for articles, poems, and short stories). Finally, provide performance and/or publication information.
Review Author. "Title of Review (if there is one)." Review of Performance Title, by Author/Director/Artist. Title of Periodical, Day Month Year, page.
Seitz, Matt Zoller. "Life in the Sprawling Suburbs, If You Can Really Call It Living." Review of Radiant City, directed by Gary Burns and Jim Brown, New York Times, 30 May 2007, p. E1.
Weiller, K. H. Review of Sport, Rhetoric, and Gender: Historical Perspectives and Media Representations, edited by Linda K. Fuller. Choice, Apr. 2007, p. 1377.
An Editorial & Letter to the Editor
Cite as you would any article in a periodical, but include the designators "Editorial" or "Letter" to identify the type of work it is.
"Of Mines and Men." Editorial. Wall Street Journal, eastern edition, 24 Oct. 2003, p. A14.
Hamer, John. Letter. American Journalism Review, Dec. 2006/Jan. 2007, p. 7.
Anonymous Articles
Cite the article title first, and finish the citation as you would any other for that kind of periodical.
"Business: Global Warming's Boom Town; Tourism in Greenland." The Economist, 26 May 2007, p. 82.
"Aging; Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare." Women's Health Weekly, 10 May 2007, p. 18.
An Article in a Scholarly Journal
A scholarly journal can be thought of as a container, as are collections of short stories or poems, a television series, or even a website. A container can be thought of as anything that is a part of a larger body of works. In this case, cite the author and title of article as you normally would. Then, put the title of the journal in italics. Include the volume number (“vol.”) and issue number (“no.”) when possible, separated by commas. Finally, add the year and page numbers.
Author(s). "Title of Article." Title of Journal, Volume, Issue, Year, pages.
Bagchi, Alaknanda. "Conflicting Nationalisms: The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devi's Bashai Tudu." Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature, vol. 15, no. 1, 1996, pp. 41-50.
Duvall, John N. "The (Super)Marketplace of Images: Television as Unmediated Mediation in DeLillo's White Noise." Arizona Quarterly, vol. 50, no. 3, 1994, pp. 127-53.
An Article in a Special Issue of a Scholarly Journal
When an article appears in a special issue of a journal, cite the name of the special issue in the entry’s title space, in italics, and end with a period. Add the descriptor “special issue of” and include the name of the journal, also in italics, followed by the rest of the information required for a standard scholarly journal citation.
Web entries should follow a similar format, and should include a URL, DOI, or permalink.
Burgess, Anthony. "Politics in the Novels of Graham Greene." Literature and Society, special issue of Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 2, no. 2, 1967, pp. 93-99.
Case, Sue-Ellen. “Eve's Apple, or Women's Narrative Bytes.” Technocriticism and Hypernarrative, special issue of Modern Fiction Studies, vol. 43, no. 3, 1997, pp. 631-50. Project Muse, doi:10.1353/mfs.1997.0056.
Contributors:Tony Russell, Allen Brizee, Elizabeth Angeli, Russell Keck, Joshua M. Paiz, Michelle Campbell, Rodrigo Rodr�guez-Fuentes, Daniel P. Kenzie, Susan Wegener, Maryam Ghafoor, Purdue OWL Staff.
Summary:
MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (8th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page.
MLA Works Cited: Electronic Sources (Web Publications)
It is always a good idea to maintain personal copies of electronic information, when possible. It is good practice to print or save web pages or, better, use a program like Adobe Acrobat to keep your own copies for future reference. Most web browsers will include URL/electronic address information when you print, which makes later reference easy. Also, you might use the Bookmark function in your web browser in order to return to documents more easily.
Important Note on the Use of URLs in MLA
Include a URL or web address to help readers locate your sources. Because web addresses are not static (i.e., they change often) and because documents sometimes appear in multiple places on the web (e.g., on multiple databases), MLA encourages the use of citing containers such as Youtube, JSTOR, Spotify, or Netflix in order to easily access and verify sources. However, MLA only requires the www. address, so eliminate all https:// when citing URLs.
Many scholarly journal articles found in databases include a DOI (digital object identifier. If a DOI is available, cite the DOI number instead of the URL.
Online newspapers and magazines sometimes include a “permalink,” which is a shortened, stable version of a URL. Look for a “share” or “cite this” button to see if a source includes a permalink. If you can find a permalink, use that instead of a URL.
Abbreviations Commonly Used with Electronic Sources
If page numbers are not available, use par. or pars. to denote paragraph numbers. Use these in place of the p. or pp. abbreviation.
MLA also uses the phrase, “Accessed” to denote which date you accessed the web page when available or necessary. It is not required to do so but especially encouraged when there is no copyright date listed on a website.
Basic Style for Citations of Electronic Sources (Including Online Databases)
Here are some common features you should try and find before citing electronic sources in MLA style. Not every Web page will provide all of the following information. However, collect as much of the following information as possible both for your citations and for your research notes:
Author and/or editor names (if available)
Article name in quotation marks.
Title of the website, project, or book in italics.
Any version numbers available, including editions (ed.), revisions, posting dates, volumes (vol.), or issue numbers (no.).
Publisher information, including the publisher name and publishing date.
Take note of any page numbers (p. or pp.) or paragraph numbers (par. or pars.).
Date you accessed the material (Date Accessed).
URL (without the https://) DOI or permalink.
Remember to cite containers after your regular citation. Examples of containers are collections of short stories or poems, a television series, or even a website. A container is anything that is a part of a larger body of works.
Use the following format:
Author. Title. Title of container (self contained if book), Other contributors (translators or editors), Version (edition), Number (vol. and/or no.), Publisher, Publication Date, Location (pages, paragraphs and/or URL, DOI or permalink). 2nd container’s title, Other contributors, Version, Number, Publisher, Publication date, Location, Date of Access (if applicable).
Citing an Entire Web Site
It is a good idea to list your date of access because web postings are often updated, and information available on one date may no longer be available later. When using the URL, be sure to include the complete address for the site except for the https://.
Editor, author, or compiler name (if available). Name of Site. Version number, Name of institution/organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher), date of resource creation (if available), URL, DOI or permalink. Date of access (if applicable).
The Purdue OWL Family of Sites. The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and Purdue U, 2008, owl.english.purdue.edu/owl. Accessed 23 Apr. 2008.
Felluga, Dino. Guide to Literary and Critical Theory. Purdue U, 28 Nov. 2003, www.cla.purdue.edu/english/theory/. Accessed 10 May 2006.
Course or Department Websites
Give the instructor name. Then list the title of the course (or the school catalog designation for the course) in italics. Give appropriate department and school names as well, following the course title.
Felluga, Dino. Survey of the Literature of England. Purdue U, Aug. 2006, web.ics.purdue.edu/~felluga/241/241/Home.html. Accessed 31 May 2007.
English Department. Purdue U, 20 Apr. 2009, www.cla.purdue.edu/english/.
A Page on a Web Site
For an individual page on a Web site, list the author or alias if known, followed by the information covered above for entire Web sites. If the publisher is the same as the website name, only list it once.
"Athlete's Foot - Topic Overview." WebMD, 25 Sept. 2014, www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/tc/athletes-foot-topic-overview.
Lundman, Susan. "How to Make Vegetarian Chili." eHow, www.ehow.com/how_10727_make-vegetarian-chili.html. Accessed 6 July 2015.
An Image (Including a Painting, Sculpture, or Photograph)
Provide the artist's name, the work of art italicized, the date of creation, the institution and city where the work is housed. Follow this initial entry with the name of the Website in italics, and the date of access.
Goya, Francisco. The Family of Charles IV. 1800. Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid. Museo Nacional del Prado, www.museodelprado.es/en/the-collection/art-work/the-family-of-carlos-iv/f47898fc-aa1c-48f6-a779-71759e417e74. Accessed 22 May 2006.
Klee, Paul. Twittering Machine. 1922. Museum of Modern Art, New York. The Artchive, www.artchive.com/artchive/K/klee/twittering_machine.jpg.html. Accessed May 2006.
If the work is cited on the web only, then provide the name of the artist, the title of the work, and then follow the citation format for a website. If the work is posted via a username, use that username for the author.
Adams, Clifton R. “People relax beside a swimming pool at a country estate near Phoenix, Arizona, 1928.” Found, National Geographic Creative, 2 June 2016, natgeofound.tumblr.com/.
An Article in a Web Magazine
Provide the author name, article name in quotation marks, title of the web magazine in italics, publisher name, publication date, URL, and the date of access.
Bernstein, Mark. "10 Tips on Writing the Living Web." A List Apart: For People Who Make Websites, 16 Aug. 2002, alistapart.com/article/writeliving. Accessed 4 May 2009.
An Article in an Online Scholarly Journal
For all online scholarly journals, provide the author(s) name(s), the name of the article in quotation marks, the title of the publication in italics, all volume and issue numbers, and the year of publication. Include a URL, DOI, or permalink to help readers locate the source.
Article in an Online-only Scholarly Journal
MLA requires a page range for articles that appear in Scholarly Journals. If the journal you are citing appears exclusively in an online format (i.e. there is no corresponding print publication) that does not make use of page numbers, indicate the URL or other location information.
Dolby, Nadine. “Research in Youth Culture and Policy: Current Conditions and Future Directions.” Social Work and Society: The International Online-Only Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, 2008, www.socwork.net/sws/article/view/60/362. Accessed 20 May 2009.
Article in an Online Scholarly Journal That Also Appears in Print
Cite articles in online scholarly journals that also appear in print as you would a scholarly journal in print, including the page range of the article. Provide the URL and the date of access.
Wheelis, Mark. "Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention." Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol. 6, no. 6, 2000, pp. 595-600, wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/6/6/00-0607_article. Accessed 8 Feb. 2009.
An Article from an Online Database (or Other Electronic Subscription Service)
Cite articles from online databases (e.g. LexisNexis, ProQuest, JSTOR, ScienceDirect) and other subscription services as containers. Thus, provide the title of the database italicized before the DOI or URL. If a DOI is not provided, use the URL instead. Provide the date of access if you wish.
Alonso, Alvaro, and Julio A. Camargo. "Toxicity of Nitrite to Three Species of Freshwater Invertebrates." Environmental Toxicology, vol. 21, no. 1, 3 Feb. 2006, pp. 90-94. Wiley Online Library, doi: 10.1002/tox.20155.
Langhamer, Claire. “Love and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century England.” Historical Journal, vol. 50, no. 1, 2007, pp. 173-96. ProQuest, doi:10.1017/S0018246X06005966. Accessed 27 May 2009.
E-mail (including E-mail Interviews)
Give the author of the message, followed by the subject line in quotation marks. State to whom to message was sent with the phrase, “Received by” and the recipient’s name. Include the date the message was sent. Use standard capitalization.
Kunka, Andrew. "Re: Modernist Literature." Received by John Watts, 15 Nov. 2000.
Neyhart, David. "Re: Online Tutoring." Received by Joe Barbato, 1 Dec. 2016.
A Listserv, Discussion Group, or Blog Posting
Cite web postings as you would a standard web entry. Provide the author of the work, the title of the posting in quotation marks, the web site name in italics, the publisher, and the posting date. Follow with the date of access. Include screen names as author names when author name is not known. If both names are known, place the author’s name in brackets.
Editor, screen name, author, or compiler name (if available). “Posting Title.” Name of Site, Version number (if available), Name of institution/organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher), URL. Date of access.
Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez]. “Re: Best Strategy: Fenced Pastures vs. Max Number of Rooms?” BoardGameGeek, 29 Sept. 2008, boardgamegeek.com/thread/343929/best-strategy-fenced-pastures-vs-max-number-rooms. Accessed 5 Apr. 2009.
A Tweet
Begin with the user's Twitter handle in place of the author’s name. Next, place the tweet in its entirety in quotations, inserting a period after the tweet within the quotations. Include the date and time of posting, using the reader's time zone; separate the date and time with a comma and end with a period. Include the date accessed if you deem necessary.
@tombrokaw. "SC demonstrated why all the debates are the engines of this campaign." Twitter, 22 Jan. 2012, 3:06 a.m., twitter.com/tombrokaw/status/160996868971704320.
@PurdueWLab. "Spring break is around the corner, and all our locations will be open next week." Twitter, 5 Mar. 2012, 12:58 p.m., twitter.com/PurdueWLab/status/176728308736737282.
A YouTube Video
Video and audio sources need to be documented using the same basic guidelines for citing print sources in MLA style. Include as much descriptive information as necessary to help readers understand the type and nature of the source you are citing. If the author’s name is the same as the uploader, only cite the author once. If the author is different from the uploaded, cite the author’s name before the title.
“8 Hot Dog Gadgets put to the Test.” YouTube, uploaded by Crazy Russian Hacker, 6 June 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=WBlpjSEtELs.
McGonigal, Jane. “Gaming and Productivity.” YouTube, uploaded by Big Think, 3 July 2012, www.youtube.com/watch?v=mkdzy9bWW3E.
A Comment on a Website or Article
List the username as the author. Use the phrase, Comment on, before the title. Use quotation marks around the article title. Name the publisher, date, time (listed on near the comment), and the URL.
Not Omniscent Enough. Comment on "Flight Attendant Tells Passenger to ‘Shut Up’ After Argument After Pasta." ABC News, 9 Jun 2016, 4:00 p.m., abcnews.go.com/US/flight-attendant-tells-passenger-shut-argument-pasta/story?id=39704050.
Contributors:Tony Russell, Allen Brizee, Elizabeth Angeli, Russell Keck, Joshua M. Paiz, Michelle Campbell, Rodrigo Rodr�guez-Fuentes, Daniel P. Kenzie, Susan Wegener, Maryam Ghafoor, Purdue OWL Staff.
Summary:
MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (8th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page.
MLA Works Cited: Other Common Sources
Several sources have multiple means for citation, especially those that appear in varied formats: films, DVDs, T.V shows, music, published and unpublished interviews, interviews over e-mail; published and unpublished conference proceedings. The following section groups these sorts of citations as well as others not covered in the print, periodical, and electronic sources sections.
Use the following format for all sources:
Author. Title. Title of container (self contained if book), Other contributors (translators or editors), Version (edition), Number (vol. and/or no.), Publisher, Publication Date, Location (pages, paragraphs URL or DOI). 2nd container’s title, Other contributors, Version, Number, Publisher, Publication date, Location, Date of Access (if applicable).
An Interview
Interviews typically fall into two categories: print or broadcast published and unpublished (personal) interviews, although interviews may also appear in other, similar formats such as in e-mail format or as a Web document.
Personal Interviews
Personal interviews refer to those interviews that you conduct yourself. List the interview by the name of the interviewee. Include the descriptor Personal interview and the date of the interview.
Smith, Jane. Personal interview. 19 May 2014.
Published Interviews (Print or Broadcast)
List the interview by the full name of the interviewee. If the name of the interview is part of a larger work like a book, a television program, or a film series, place the title of the interview in quotation marks. Place the title of the larger work in italics. If the interview appears as an independent title, italicize it. For books, include the author or editor name after the book title.
Note: If the interview from which you quote does not feature a title, add the descriptor, Interview by (unformatted) after the interviewee’s name and before the interviewee’s name.
Gaitskill, Mary. Interview with Charles Bock. Mississippi Review, vol. 27, no. 3, 1999, pp. 129-50.
Amis, Kingsley. “Mimic and Moralist.” Interviews with Britain’s Angry Young Men, By Dale Salwak, Borgo P, 1984.
Online-only Published Interviews
List the interview by the name of the interviewee. If the interview has a title, place it in quotation marks. Cite the remainder of the entry as you would other exclusive web content. Place the name of the website in italics, give the publisher name (or sponsor), the publication date, and the URL.
Note: If the interview from which you quote does not feature a title, add the descriptor Interview by (unformatted) after the interviewee’s name and before the interviewer’s name.
Zinkievich, Craig. Interview by Gareth Von Kallenbach. Skewed & Reviewed, 27 Apr. 2009, www.arcgames.com/en/games/star-trek-online/news/detail/1056940-skewed-%2526-reviewed-interviews-craig. Accessed 15 Mar. 2009.
Speeches, Lectures, or Other Oral Presentations (including Conference Presentations)
Provide the speaker’s name. Then, give the title of the speech (if any) in quotation marks. Follow with the title of the particular conference or meeting and then the name of the organization. Name the venue and its city (if the name of the city is not listed in the venue’s name). Use the descriptor that appropriately expresses the type of presentation (e.g., Address, Lecture, Reading, Keynote Speech, Guest Lecture, Conference Presentation).
Stein, Bob. “Reading and Writing in the Digital Era.” Discovering Digital Dimensions, Computers and Writing Conference, 23 May 2003, Union Club Hotel, West Lafayette, IN. Keynote Address.
Published Conference Proceedings
Cite published conference proceedings like a book. If the date and location of the conference are not part of the published title, add this information after the published proceedings title.
Last Name, First Name, editor. Conference Title that Includes Conference Date and Location, Publisher, Date of Publication.
Last Name, First Name, editor. Conference Title that Does Not Include Conference Date and Location, Conference Date, Conference Location, Publisher, Date of Publication.
To cite a presentation from a published conference proceedings, begin with the presenter’s name. Place the name of the presentation in quotation marks. Follow with publication information for the conference proceedings.
Last Name, First Name. “Conference Paper Title.” Conference Title that Includes Conference Date and Location, edited by Conference Editor(s), Publisher, Date of Publication.
A Painting, Sculpture, or Photograph
Provide the artist's name, the title of the artwork in italics, the date of composition, and the medium of the piece. Finally, provide the name of the institution that houses the artwork followed by the location of the institution (if the location is not listed in the name of the institution, e.g. The Art Institute of Chicago).
Goya, Francisco. The Family of Charles IV. 1800, oil on canvas, Museo del Prado, Madrid.
For photographic reproductions of artwork (e.g. images of artwork in a book), treat the book or website as a container. Remember that for a second container, the title is listed first, before the contributors. Cite the bibliographic information as above followed by the information for the source in which the photograph appears, including page or reference numbers (plate, figure, etc.).
Goya, Francisco. The Family of Charles IV. 1800, Museo del Prado, Madrid. Gardener's Art Through the Ages, 10th ed., by Richard G. Tansey and Fred S. Kleiner, Harcourt Brace, p. 939.
A Song or Album
Music can be cited multiple ways. Mainly, this depends on the container that you accessed the music from. Generally, citations begin with the artist name. They might also be listed by composers or performers. Otherwise, list composer and performer information after the album title. Put individual song titles in quotation marks. Album names are italicized. Provide the name of the recording manufacturer followed by the publication date.
If information such as record label or name of album is unavailable from your source, do not list that information.
Spotify
Rae Morris. “Skin.” Cold, Atlantic Records, 2014, Spotify, open.spotify.com/track/0OPES3Tw5r86O6fudK8gxi.
Online Album
Beyoncé. “Pray You Catch Me.” Lemonade, Parkwood Entertainment, 2016, www.beyonce.com/album/lemonade-visual-album/.
CD
Nirvana. "Smells Like Teen Spirit." Nevermind, Geffen, 1991.
Films or Movies
List films by their title. Include the name of the director, the film studio or distributor, and the release year. If relevant, list performer names after the director's name.
The Usual Suspects. Directed by Bryan Singer, performances by Kevin Spacey, Gabriel Byrne, Chazz Palminteri, Stephen Baldwin, and Benecio del Toro, Polygram, 1995.
To emphasize specific performers or directors, begin the citation with the name of the desired performer or director, followed by the appropriate title for that person.
Lucas, George, director. Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope. Twentieth Century Fox, 1977.
Television Shows
Recorded Television Episodes
Cite recorded television episodes like films (see above). Begin with the episode name in quotation marks. Follow with the series name in italics. When the title of the collection of recordings is different than the original series (e.g., the show Friends is in DVD release under the title Friends: The Complete Sixth Season), list the title that would help researchers to locate the recording. Give the distributor name followed by the date of distribution.
"The One Where Chandler Can't Cry." Friends: The Complete Sixth Season, written by Andrew Reich and Ted Cohen, directed by Kevin Bright, Warner Brothers, 2004.
Broadcast TV or Radio Program
Begin with the title of the episode in quotation marks. Provide the name of the series or program in italics. Also include the network name, call letters of the station followed by the date of broadcast and city.
"The Blessing Way." The X-Files. Fox, WXIA, Atlanta, 19 Jul. 1998.
Netflix, Hulu, Google Play
Generally, when citing a specific episode, follow the format below.
“94 Meetings.” Parks and Recreation, season 2, episode 21, NBC, 29 Apr. 2010. Netflix, www.netflix.com/watch/70152031?trackId=200256157&tctx=0%2C20%2C0974d361-27cd-44de-9c2a-2d9d868b9f64-12120962.
An Entire TV Series
When citing the entire series of a TV show, use the following format.
Daniels, Greg and Michael Schur, creators. Parks and Recreation. Deedle-Dee Productions and Universal Media Studios, 2015.
A Specific Performance or Aspect of a TV Show
If you want to emphasize a particular aspect of the show, include that particular information. For instance, if you are writing about a specific character during a certain episode, include the performer’s name as well as the creator’s.
“94 Meetings.” Parks and Recreation, created by Greg Daniels and Michael Schur, performance by Amy Poehler, season 2, episode 21, Deedle-Dee Productions and Universal Media Studios, 2010.
If you wish to emphasize a particular character throughout the show’s run time, follow this format.
Poehler, Amy, performer. Parks and Recreation. Deedle-Dee Productions and Universal Media Studios, 2009-2015.
Podcasts
“Best of Not My Job Musicians.” Wait Wait…Don’t Tell Me! from NPR, 4 June 2016, http://www.npr.org/podcasts/344098539/wait-wait-don-t-tell-me.
Spoken-Word Albums such as Comedy Albums
Treat spoken-word albums the same as musical albums.
Hedberg, Mitch. Strategic Grill Locations. Comedy Central, 2003.
Digital Files (PDFs, MP3s, JPEGs)
Determine the type of work to cite (e.g., article, image, sound recording) and cite appropriately. End the entry with the name of the digital format (e.g., PDF, JPEG file, Microsoft Word file, MP3). If the work does not follow traditional parameters for citation, give the author’s name, the name of the work, the date of creation, and the location.
Beethoven, Ludwig van. Moonlight Sonata. Crownstar, 2006.
Smith, George. “Pax Americana: Strife in a Time of Peace.” 2005. Microsoft Word file.
Council of Writing Program Administrators, National Council of Teachers of English, and National Writing Project. Framework for Success in Postsecondary Writing. CWPA, NCTE, and NWP, 2011, wpacouncil.org/files/framework-for-success-postsecondary-writing.pdf.
Bentley, Phyllis. “Yorkshire and the Novelist.” The Kenyon Review, vol. 30, no. 4, 1968, pp. 509-22. JSTOR, www.jstor.org.iii/stable/4334841.
Contributors:Tony Russell, Allen Brizee, Elizabeth Angeli, Russell Keck, Joshua M. Paiz, Michelle Campbell, Rodrigo Rodr�guez-Fuentes, Daniel P. Kenzie, Susan Wegener, Maryam Ghafoor, Purdue OWL Staff.
Summary:
MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (8th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page.
MLA Additional Resources
It's always best to consult the current MLA Handbook for any MLA question. If you are using MLA style for a class assignment, it's also a good idea to consult your professor, advisor, TA, or other campus resources for help. They're the ones who can tell you how the style should apply in your particular case.
The MLA Style Center is a new online resource with additional information about MLA style.
For extraordinary questions that aren't covered clearly in the style manual or haven't been answered by your teacher or advisor, Purdue students, staff and faculty can make an appointment at the Purdue Writing Lab. If you're off campus, consult the Writing Center Directory to find a writing center near you.
Print resources from the Modern Language Association
MLA Handbook (8th edition) ISBN 9781603292627
Contributors:Tony Russell, Allen Brizee, Elizabeth Angeli, Russell Keck, Joshua M. Paiz, Michelle Campbell, Rodrigo Rodr�guez-Fuentes, Daniel P. Kenzie, Susan Wegener, Maryam Ghafoor, Purdue OWL Staff.
Summary:
MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (8th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page.
MLA Abbreviations
There are a few common trends in abbreviating that you should follow when using MLA, though there are always exceptions to these rules. For a complete list of common abbreviations used in academic writing, see Section 1.6 in the MLA Handbook (8th ed.).
Uppercase letter abbreviations
Do not use periods or spaces in abbreviations composed solely of capital letters, except in the case of proper names:
US, MA, CD, HTML
P. D. James, J. R. R. Tolkien, E. B. White
unless the name is only composed of initials only:
FDR
Lowercase letter abbreviations
Use a period if the abbreviation ends in a lower case letter, unless referring to an Internet suffix, where the period should come before the abbreviation:
assn., conf., Eng., esp.
.com, .edu, .gov (URL suffixes)
Note: Degree names are a notable exception to the lowercase abbreviation rule.
PhD, EdD, PsyD
Use periods between letters without spacing if each letter represents a word in common lower case abbreviations:
a.m., e.g., i.e.
mph, os, rpm, ns, lb
Abbreviations in citations
Condense citations as much as possible using abbreviations.
Time Designations
Remember to follow common trends in abbreviating time and location within citations. Month names longer than four letters used in journal and magazine citations:
Jan., Feb., Mar., Apr., Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec.
Geographic Names
Use geographic names of states and countries. Abbreviate country, province, and state names.
Logan, UT; Manchester, Eng.; Sherbrooke, QC
Scholarly Abbreviations
List common scholarly abbreviations as they appear below:
anon. for anonymous
vol. for volume
Publisher Names
Cite publishers’ names in full as they appear on title or copyright pages. For example, cite the entire name for a publisher (e.g. W. W. Norton or Liveright Publishing).
Exceptions are listed below:
Omit articles and business abbreviations (like Corp., Inc., Co., and Ltd.).
Use the acronym of the publisher if the company is commonly known by that abbreviation (e.g. MLA, ERIC, GPO). For publishers who are not known by an abbreviation, write the entire name.
Use only U and P when referring to university presses (e.g. Cambridge UP or U of Chicago P)
For more information on scholarly abbreviations, see Section 1.6.3 of the MLA Handbook (8th ed.). See also the following examples:
U of California P
McGraw-Hill
Little, Brown
Contributors:Tony Russell, Allen Brizee, Elizabeth Angeli, Russell Keck, Joshua M. Paiz, Michelle Campbell, Rodrigo Rodr�guez-Fuentes, Daniel P. Kenzie, Susan Wegener, Maryam Ghafoor, Purdue OWL Staff.
Summary:
MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (8th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page.
MLA Sample Works Cited Page
This page provides an example of a Works Cited page in MLA 2016 format.
Works Cited
Dean, Cornelia. "Executive on a Mission: Saving the Planet." The New York Times, 22 May 2007, www.nytimes.com/2007/05/22/science/earth/22ander.html?_r=0. Accessed 12 May 2016.
Ebert, Roger. Review of An Inconvenient Truth, directed by Davis Guggenheim. rogerebert.com, 1 June 2006, http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/an-inconvenient-truth-2006. Accessed 15 June 2016.
Gowdy, John. "Avoiding Self-organized Extinction: Toward a Co-evolutionary Economics of Sustainability." International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology, vol. 14, no. 1, 2007, pp. 27-36.
An Inconvenient Truth. Directed by Davis Guggenheim, performances by Al Gore and Billy West, Paramount, 2006.
Leroux, Marcel. Global Warming: Myth Or Reality?: The Erring Ways of Climatology. Springer, 2005.
Milken, Michael, et al. "On Global Warming and Financial Imbalances." New Perspectives Quarterly, vol. 23, no. 4, 2006, p. 63.
Nordhaus, William D. "After Kyoto: Alternative Mechanisms to Control Global Warming." American Economic Review, vol. 96, no. 2, 2006, pp. 31-34.
---. "Global Warming Economics." Science, vol. 294, no. 5545, 9 Nov. 2001, pp. 1283-84, DOI: 10.1126/science.1065007.
Regas, Diane. “Three Key Energy Policies That Can Help Us Turn the Corner on Climate.” Environmental Defense Fund, 1 June 2016, www.edf.org/blog/2016/06/01/3-key-energy-policies-can-help-us-turn-corner-climate. Accessed 19 July 2016.
Revkin, Andrew C. “Clinton on Climate Change.” The New York Times, 17 May 2007, www.nytimes.com/video/world/americas/1194817109438/clinton-on-climate-change.html. Accessed 29 July 2016.
Shulte, Bret. "Putting a Price on Pollution." US News & World Report, vol. 142, no. 17, 14 May 2007, p. 37. Ebsco, Access no: 24984616.
Uzawa, Hirofumi. Economic Theory and Global Warming. Cambridge UP, 2003.
Contributors:Tony Russell, Allen Brizee, Elizabeth Angeli, Russell Keck, Joshua M. Paiz, Michelle Campbell, Rodrigo Rodr�guez-Fuentes, Daniel P. Kenzie, Susan Wegener, Maryam Ghafoor, Purdue OWL Staff.
Summary:
MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (8th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page.
MLA Sample Paper
This resource contains a sample MLA paper that adheres to the 2016 updates. To download the MLA sample paper, select the MLA Sample Paper PDF file in the Media box above.
Contributors:Tony Russell, Allen Brizee, Elizabeth Angeli, Russell Keck, Joshua M. Paiz, Michelle Campbell, Rodrigo Rodr�guez-Fuentes, Daniel P. Kenzie, Susan Wegener, Maryam Ghafoor, Purdue OWL Staff.
Summary:
MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (8th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page.
MLA Tables, Figures, and Examples
The purpose of visual materials or other illustrations is to enhance the audience's understanding of information in the document and/or awareness of a topic. Writers can embed several types of visuals using most basic word processing software: diagrams, musical scores, photographs, or, for documents that will be read electronically, audio/video applications.
General guidelines
Collect sources. Gather the source information required for MLA documentation for the source medium of the illustration (e.g. print, Web, podcast).
Determine what types of illustrations best suit your purpose. Consider the purpose of each illustration, how it contributes to the purpose of the document and the reader's understanding, and whether or not the audience will be able to view and/or understand the illustration easily.
Use illustrations of the best quality. Avoid blurry, pixilated, or distorted images for both print and electronic documents. Often pixelation and distortion occurs when writers manipulate image sizes. Keep images in their original sizes or use photo editing software to modify them. Reproduce distorted graphs, tables, or diagrams with spreadsheet or publishing software, but be sure to include all source information. Always represent the original source information faithfully and avoid unethical practices of false representation or manipulation.
Use illustrations sparingly. Decide what items can best improve the document's ability to augment readers' understanding of the information, appreciation for the subject, and/or illustration of the main points. Do not provide illustrations for illustrations' sake. Scrutinize illustrations for how potentially informative or persuasive they can be.
Do not use illustrations to boost page length. In the case of student papers, instructors often do not count the space taken up by visual aids toward the required page length of the document. Remember that texts explain, while illustrations enhance. Illustrations cannot carry the entire weight of the document.
Labels, captions, and source information
Illustrations appear directly embedded in the document, except in the case of manuscripts that are being prepared for publication. (For preparing manuscripts with visual materials for publication, see Note on Manuscripts below.) Each illustration must include a label, a number, a caption and/or source information.
The illustration label and number should always appear in two places: the document main text (e.g. see fig. 1) and near the illustration itself (Fig. 1).
Captions provide titles or explanatory notes.
Source information documentation will always depend upon the medium of the source illustration. If you provide source information with all of your illustrations, you do not need to provide this information on the Works Cited page.
Source information and note form
For source information, MLA lists sources in note form. These entries appear much like standard MLA bibliographic entries with a few exceptions:
Author names are in First_Name—Last_Name format.
Commas are substituted for periods (except in the case of the period that ends the entry).
Publication information for books (publisher, year) appears in parentheses.
Relevant page numbers follow the publication information.
Note: Use semicolons to denote entry sections when long series of commas make these sections difficult to ascertain as being like or separate. (See examples below.) The MLA Handbook 8th edition states that if the table or illustration caption provides complete citation information about the source and the source is not cited in the text, authors do not need to list the source in the Works Cited list.
Examples - Documenting source information in "Note form"
Book
Tom Shachtman, Absolute Zero and the Conquest of Cold, Houghton Mifflin, 1999, p. 35.
Website (using semicolons to group like information together)
United States; Dept. of Commerce; Census Bureau; Manufacturing, Mining, and Construction Statistics; Housing Units Authorized by Building Permits; US Dept. of Commerce, 5 Feb. 2008; table 1a.
In this example, the commas in Manufacturing, Mining, and Construction Statistics prompt the need for semicolons in order for the series information to be read easily. Even if Manufacturing, Mining, and Construction Statistics had not appeared in the entry, the multiple "author names" of United States, Dept. of Commerce, and Census Bureau would have necessitated the use of a semicolon before and after the title and between ensuing sections to the end of the entry.
Furthermore, the publisher and date in a standard entry are separated by a comma and belong together; thus, their inclusion here (US Dept. of Commerce, 5 Feb. 2008) also necessitates the semicolons.
MLA documentation for tables, figures, and examples
MLA provides three designations for document illustrations: tables, figures, and examples (see specific sections below).
Tables
Refer to the table and its corresponding numeral in-text. Do not capitalize the word table. This is typically done in parentheses (e.g. "(see table 2)").
Situate the table near the text to which it relates.
Align the table flush-left to the margin.
Label the table Table and provide its corresponding Arabic numeral. No punctuation is necessary after the label and number (see example below).
On the next line, provide a caption for the table, most often the table title. Use standard capitalization rules.
Place the table below the caption, flush-left, making sure to maintain basic MLA style formatting (e.g. one-inch margins).
Below the title, signal the source information with the descriptor "Source," followed by a colon, then provide the correct MLA bibliographic information for the source in note form (see instructions and examples above). Use a hanging indent for lines after the first. If you provide source information with your illustrations, you do not need to provide this information on the Works Cited page.
If additional caption information or explanatory notes is necessary, use lowercase letters formatted in superscript in the caption information or table. Below the source information, indent, provide a corresponding lowercase letter (not in superscript), a space, and the note.
Labels, captions, and notes are double-spaced.
Table Example
In-text reference:
In 1985, women aged 65 and older were 59% more likely than men of the same age to reside in a nursing home, and though 11,700 less women of that age group were enrolled in 1999, men over the same time period ranged from 30,000 to 39,000 persons while women accounted for 49,000 to 61,500 (see table 1).
Table reference:
Table 1
Rate of nursing home residence among people age 65 or older, by sex and age group, 1985, 1995, 1997, 1999a
Image Caption: Example Table
Source: Federal Interagency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics, Older Americans 2008: Key Indicators of Well-Being, Federal Interagency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics, Mar. 2008, table 35A.
a. Note: Rates for 65 and over category are age-adjusted using the 2000 standard population. Beginning in 1997, population figures are adjusted for net underenumeration using the 1990 National Population Adjustment Matrix from the U.S. Census Bureau. People residing in personal care or domiciliary care homes are excluded from the numerator.
Figures
All visuals/illustrations that are not tables or musical score examples (e.g. maps, diagrams, charts, videos, podcasts, etc.) are labeled Figure or Fig.
Refer to the figure in-text and provide an Arabic numeral that corresponds to the figure. Do not capitalize figure or fig.
MLA does not specify alignment requirements for figures; thus, these images may be embedded as the reader sees fit. However, continue to follow basic MLA Style formatting (e.g. one-inch margins).
Below the figure, provide a label name and its corresponding arabic numeral (no bold or italics), followed by a period (e.g. Fig. 1.). Here, Figure and Fig. are capitalized.
Beginning with the same line as the label and number, provide a title and/or caption as well as relevant source information in note form (see instructions and examples above). If you provide source information with your illustrations, you do not need to provide this information on the Works Cited page.
Figures Example
In-text reference:
Some readers found Harry’s final battle with Voldemort a disappointment, and recently, the podcast, MuggleCast debated the subject (see fig. 2).
Figure caption (below an embedded podcast file for a document to be viewed electronically):
Fig. 2. Harry Potter and Voldemort final battle debate from Andrew Sims et al.; “Show 166”; MuggleCast; MuggleNet.com, 19 Dec. 2008, www.mugglenet.com/2015/11/the-snape-debate-rowling-speaks-out.
Examples
The descriptor Example only refers to musical illustrations (e.g. portions of a musical score). Example is often abbreviated Ex.
Refer to the example in-text and provide an Arabic numeral that corresponds to the example. Do not capitalize example or ex.
Supply the illustration, making sure to maintain basic MLA Style formatting (e.g. one-inch margins).
Below the example, provide the label (capitalized Example or Ex.) and number and a caption or title. The caption or title will often take the form of source information along with an explanation, for example, of what part of the score is being illustrated. If you provide source information with your illustrations, you do not need to provide this information on the Works Cited page.
Note on manuscripts
Do not embed illustrations (tables, figures, or examples) in manuscripts for publication. Put placeholders in the text to show where the illustrations will go. Type these placeholders on their own line, flush left, and bracketed (e.g. [table 1]). At the end of the document, provide label, number, caption, and source information in an organized list. Send files for illustrations in the appropriate format to your editor separately. If you provide source information with your illustrations, you do not need to provide this information on the Works Cited page.
Contributors:Tony Russell, Allen Brizee, Elizabeth Angeli, Russell Keck, Joshua M. Paiz, Michelle Campbell, Rodrigo Rodr�guez-Fuentes, Daniel P. Kenzie, Susan Wegener, Maryam Ghafoor, Purdue OWL Staff.
Summary:
MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (8th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page.
MLA PowerPoint Presentation
Select the MLA PowerPoint Presentation link in the Media box above to download slides that provide a detailed review of the MLA citation style.
Contributors:Tony Russell, Allen Brizee, Elizabeth Angeli, Russell Keck, Joshua M. Paiz, Michelle Campbell, Rodrigo Rodr�guez-Fuentes, Daniel P. Kenzie, Susan Wegener, Maryam Ghafoor, Purdue OWL Staff.
Summary:
MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (8th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page.
MLA Undergraduate Sample Paper
This resource contains an undergraduate sample MLA paper that adheres to the 2009 updates. Select the Undergraduate MLA 2009 Sample Paper PDF file in the Media box above.
Contributors:Tony Russell, Allen Brizee, Elizabeth Angeli, Russell Keck, Joshua M. Paiz, Michelle Campbell, Rodrigo Rodr�guez-Fuentes, Daniel P. Kenzie, Susan Wegener, Maryam Ghafoor, Purdue OWL Staff.
Summary:
MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (8th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page.
MLA Classroom Poster
The MLA poster at the link below is a printable jpg file you may download and print out at different sizes for use in classrooms, writing centers, or as a pocket reference. Please keep in mind that the file size, as a print-quality resource (120 dpi), is large, so it may take a while to download. You may adjust the print size of the poster from your print menu. As is, the poster is 27 x 36 inches.
Because the poster is quite large, standard printers cannot print the poster. If you do not have access to a printer that can print large documents, contact a local print shop to print the poster. The Purdue OWL cannot grant requests to print and mail posters.
If you do not have access to a print shop to print the poster, please use the resources we have available here for printing on standard 8.5 x 11 inch paper. Go to resource you would like to print, scroll down to the bottom of the page, and click "Full Resource for Printing."
Also please note that the poster only contains basic MLA guidelines. For detailed instructions, please see the complete OWL MLA resources here .
The Purdue OWL MLA Classroom Poster was developed by Kate Bouwens for the Purdue Professional Writing - Purdue OWL Internship class, English 490, in spring 2009.
Purdue OWL MLA Classroom Poster (Please note: The poster is best viewed in Firefox.)
Contributors:Tony Russell, Allen Brizee, Elizabeth Angeli, Russell Keck, Joshua M. Paiz, Michelle Campbell, Rodrigo Rodr�guez-Fuentes, Daniel P. Kenzie, Susan Wegener, Maryam Ghafoor, Purdue OWL Staff.
Summary:
MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (8th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page.
MLA Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
The following FAQs address issues in MLA citation and/or formatting. Further information on MLA style and citation can be found at the Purdue OWL’s MLA Style and Formatting resource .
I have to write a paper in MLA format. Where can I learn more about writing in MLA?
The Purdue OWL maintains an extensive resource that deals with MLA style. See our MLA Formatting and Style Guide . Additionally, the MLA Style Center is an official resource that provides answers to frequently asked questions, guidance on formatting research papers, documentation tips, and other assistance in writing paper in MLA format.
How do I use MLA citations and list of works cited in a PowerPoint presentation?
To cite sources in a slide presentation, MLA suggests including brief citations on each slide that includes material from your sources, including quotations, summaries and paraphrases, images, or data. Include a works-cited list on a slide at the end of your presentation. MLA also suggests providing your list of sources to your audience, either through a URL or printed copy that you hand out in your presentation. For more details, see the MLA Handbook, 8th ed., pp. 127-28.
How do I cite email?
When you document an email in your list of works cited, use the subject of the message as the title. The title should be capitalized and in quotation marks.
Boyle, Anthony T. “Re: Utopia.” Received by Daniel J. Cahill, 21 June 1997.
What is a container?
Unlike earlier versions, the eighth edition handbook refers to containers, which are the larger wholes in which the source is located. For example, if you want to cite a poem that is listed in a collection of poems, the individual poem is the source, while the larger collection is the container. The title of the container is usually italicized and followed by a comma, since the information that follows next describes the container. A container could be a television series, which is made up of episodes, a website, which contains articles and postings, or many other sources within sources.
Bazin, Patrick. “Toward Metareading.” The Future of the Book, edited by Geoffrey Nunberg, U of California P, 1996, pp. 153-68.
“Hush.” Buffy the Vampire Slayer, created by Joss Whedon, performance by Sarah Michelle Gellar, season 4, episode 10, Mutant Enemy, 1999.
What is a DOI?
A DOI, or digital object identifier, is a series of digits and letters that leads to the location of an online source. Articles in journals are often assigned DOIs to ensure that the source is locatable, even if the URL changes. If your source has a DOI, use that instead of a URL.
Chan, Evans. “Postmodernism and Hong Kong Cinema.” Postmodern Culture, vol. 10, no. 3, May 2000. Project Muse, doi: 10.1353/pmc.2000.0021.
Do I need to include a URL when I document online sources in my list of works cited?
MLA’s eighth edition handbook recommends including URLs when documenting an online source. This is so your readers have the most specific information when attempting to locate your source. If your teacher prefers that you do not include URLs in your works-cited list, be sure to follow her/his instructions.
Gay, Roxane. “Who Gets to be Angry?” The New York Times, 10 June 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/12/opinion/sunday/who-gets-to-be-angry.html?_r=0
When the title of a newspaper begins with an article (the, a, an) do I need to include it when I list the title in my citation?
Yes. This is one of the changes in the eighth edition handbook. Previously, MLA did not require the article in the title of a periodical (newspaper, journal, magazine), but the updated handbook states that the article should now be considered part of the title. The article should be capitalized and italicized. For example, refer to The New York Times, (rather than New York Times), when citing it in your text or works-cited list.
How do I cite e-books or Kindle books?
An e-book is considered a version, so it should be listed after the title of the book, before the publication information. If you know the type of e-book you used (such as Kindle or Ebook library), be sure to specify that. Avoid using device-specific numbering systems, since they will vary among different devices. If the book has chapters, sections, or other stable numbering systems, it is permissible to identify parts of the text that way.
Theile, Verena and Linda Tredennick, editors. New Formalism and Literary Theory. Kindle ed., Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
How do I cite a tweet?
The full text of the tweet should be your title. Enclose the text in quotation marks, and include the date, time, and URL.
@persiankiwi. “We have report of large street battles in east & west of Tehran now - #Iranelection.” Twitter, 23 June 2009, 11:15 a.m., twitter.com/persiankiwi/status/2298106072.
If you know the real name of an author listed under a pseudonym, add it in parenthesis (this information is not required, but include it if it will be helpful to your readers).
@lclambeck (Linda Lambeck). “The #bridgeport school funding upshot: the state legislature lacks political will to do right thing.” Twitter, 7 June 2016, 5:59 p.m., twitter.com/lclambeck/status/ 752985641261162496.
How do I cite a book that I accessed online?
Cite the book just like you would if it were in print. Then add the name of the database or website you used to access the online book, and add a URL or other location indicator at the end of the citation.
Pettegree, Andrew. The Invention of News: How the World Came to Know about Itself. Yale UP, 2014. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost), 0-search.ebscohost.com.iii-server.ualr.edu/ login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=692353&site=ehost-live&scope=site.
How do I cite an unpublished manuscript/document?
Author. Title of Manuscript/Document. date of composition (at least year), along with "the name and location of the library, research institution, or personal collection housing the material."
Henderson, George Wylie. Baby Lou and the Angel Bud. Collection of Roslyn Kirkland Allen, New York.
How do I cite the US Constitution?
In general, do not italicize or enclose in quotation marks the title of laws, acts, and similar documents in either the text or the list of works cited (Declaration of Independence, Constitution of the United States, Taft-Hartley Act). Such titles are usually abbreviated, and the works are cited by sections. The years are added if relevant.
Because these directives aren’t very specific, you can use the following example as a guide for the Works Cited entry:
U.S. Constitution. Art./Amend. XII, Sec. 3.
You need only provide either the article number or the amendment number as appropriate.
The complementary parenthetical citation is written as (US Const. amend. XII, sec. 3). You might also reference the U.S. Constitution in the sentence itself and only provide the amendment and section number in the parentheses at the end of the sentence.
How do I cite a definition from an online dictionary, like Dictionary.com?
In most cases, a word defined in an online dictionary is within two containers: the original source and the web source. Be sure to italicize both containers, and include the URL. The access date is optional, but include it if it will best help your readers locate the source.
“Perchloric acid.” The American Heritage Stedman’s Medical Dictionary, Houghton Mifflin, 1995. Dictionary.com, www.dictionary.com/ browse/perchloric-acid?s=t. Accessed 13 Dec. 2010.
How do I cite a footnote?
The eighth edition handbook does not address this question, so we advise following the format traditionally recommended by the MLA style guidelines. This states that citing another author’s footnote in your own text should include the following, in parentheses: author’s name, the page number, the letter n (to indicate note), and the note number. There are no spaces between the page number, the letter n, and the note number.
(Smith 123n6)
How do I cite genealogies and birth/death certificates?
This is a very particular and a very peculiar case. MLA does not offer any guidelines on how to handle genealogies and birth certificates. However, after searching through web, we have found the following resources that might be useful to you:
Genealogy.com offers a method of citing birth/death certificates. Follow the link and scroll down to “Official Records.”
In addition, Archive.gov offers a leaflet called Citing Records in the National Archives of the United States .
How do I cite the information from food nutrition labels?
Treat food nutrition labels as you would any other source. Make sure to include the core elements, in the proper order, and provide as much information as your readers will need to locate the source.
“Nutrition Label of Kraft Macaroni and Cheese.” Kraftfoods, Pay Less Supermarket, 2016.
How do I cite an informational plaque or an information card?
Treat informational plaques/cards as you would any other source. Make sure to include the core elements, in the proper order, and provide as much information as your readers will need to locate the source. Use the title of the plaque as the title of your source. If you have experienced an object firsthand, such as in a museum, give the name of the place, the city in which it is located, and the dates of the exhibition.
“Alexander McQueen’s Gothic.” Gothic to Goth: Romantic Era Fashion and its Legacy, Wadsworth Athenaeum, Hartford, Connecticut, March 5-July 10, 2016.
When I am repeatedly quoting or paraphrasing the same source in my paper, do I have to keep citing that source at the end of each sentence?
When you reference the same source more than once in the same paragraph, and no other source intervenes, you may give the in-text citation just once at the end of the paragraph. If, however, this technique creates any ambiguity about your reference, it is better to cite the source every time you reference it.
For example:
Romeo and Juliet presents an opposition between two worlds: “the world of the everyday,” associated with the adults in the play, and “the world of romance,” associated with the two lovers. Romeo and Juliet’s language of love nevertheless becomes “fully responsive to the tang of actuality” (Zender 138, 141).
This makes clear that the first quotation is from the first page number in the parentheses, and the second quotation is from the second number.
There are other ways to do this as well. You may cite the author’s name with the page number after the first direct quotation, and just list the page number after the second quotation.
Romeo and Juliet presents an opposition between two worlds: “the world of the everyday,” associated with the adults in the play, and “the world of romance,” associated with the two lovers (Zender 138). Romeo and Juliet’s language of love nevertheless becomes “fully responsive to the tang of actuality” (141).
If I quote from two different sources in the same sentence, how do I cite both?
While the MLA does not prohibit references to more than one source in the same sentence, it is generally best to begin a new sentence when referring to a new source. Your goal is to present your information as clearly as possible so that your readers can best follow your points. With that in mind, if you find yourself attempting to cite two sources in the same sentence, chances are, your ideas will be clearer if you break them into two sentences.
For example:
There is no official consensus on how to define the new formalism. Some scholars assert that the method is difficult to pin down (Wolfson 9). On the other hand, some say that a neoformalist approach may be used to examine a text’s transhistorical effect (Marcovits 591).
If I “just know” a fact or idea (something I learned in high school, for example), do I have to cite my high school course or textbook?
This question falls under the issue of common knowledge. Common knowledge generally includes biographical information, dates of historical events, and other undisputed, widely available information. If you think that your average, reasonable reader already accepts this information as fact, it is not necessary to document it.
Contributors:Tony Russell, Allen Brizee, Elizabeth Angeli, Russell Keck, Joshua M. Paiz, Michelle Campbell, Rodrigo Rodr�guez-Fuentes, Daniel P. Kenzie, Susan Wegener, Maryam Ghafoor, Purdue OWL Staff.
Summary:
MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (8th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page.
MLA Bibliography Handouts
Contributors:Tony Russell, Allen Brizee, Elizabeth Angeli, Russell Keck, Joshua M. Paiz, Michelle Campbell, Rodrigo Rodr�guez-Fuentes, Daniel P. Kenzie, Susan Wegener, Maryam Ghafoor, Purdue OWL Staff.
Summary:
MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (8th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page.
MLA Classroom Mini-posters
This resource contains links to classroom mini-posters that address selected topics in MLA. Currently, we have posters that explain citing online journals and journal articles accessed from an insitutional database. Our posters are available in two sizes, 22x15 inches and 8.5x11. Please click the appropriate links to download the poster of your chosing.
Citing Online Journals Mini-poster
The 22x15" poster can be found here .
The 8.5x11" poster can be found here .
Citing Journals from an Institutional Database
The 22x15" poster can be found here .
The 8.5x11" poster can be found here .
Contributors:Tony Russell, Allen Brizee, Elizabeth Angeli, Russell Keck, Joshua M. Paiz, Michelle Campbell, Rodrigo Rodr�guez-Fuentes, Daniel P. Kenzie, Susan Wegener, Maryam Ghafoor, Purdue OWL Staff.
Summary:
MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (8th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page.
MLA Classroom Mini-posters
Contributors:Tony Russell, Allen Brizee, Elizabeth Angeli, Russell Keck, Joshua M. Paiz, Michelle Campbell, Rodrigo Rodr�guez-Fuentes, Daniel P. Kenzie, Susan Wegener, Maryam Ghafoor, Purdue OWL Staff.
Summary:
MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (8th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page.
MLA Eighth Edition: What's New and Different
In April 2016, MLA replaced its seventh edition resources with a new eighth edition. This updated version reflects the ways in which digital publication has changed how writers and researchers document sources. Therefore, the new edition includes significant shifts in the approach to source documentation in academic writing. While earlier editions emphasized the importance of following specific guidelines for formatting, the eighth edition focuses on the practice and process of scholarly documentation. The logic here is basic: a style guide should offer a method that is widely applicable. Rather than insisting that writers follow strict citation formulas, this handbook outlines the principles of MLA documentation and explains how writers can use them in many different situations.
For this reason, the new edition focuses on the writer’s strategy and individual decisions. Not all scholarly prose is the same, and every writer should evaluate her/his readers and determine how to best engage them. The writer’s goal should be to provide a document and list of sources that is easy for readers to use, so that the reading experience is informative and enjoyable.
Like earlier editions, this handbook includes information on evaluating sources, avoiding plagiarism, using quotations, constructing abbreviations, and other topics important to the scholarly writer. But what is different about the eighth edition is that it recommends a universal set of guidelines that writers can apply to any source, in any field. In the past, writers would create an entry in a works cited list by looking at MLA’s instructions for how to cite a specific type of source. For example, if you needed to cite a film, you would consult the handbook to see the proper format for documenting film. In this new edition, MLA explains that this method is no longer practical, since types of sources are sometimes undefinable, or accessible in more than one way (for instance, a YouTube clip from a film is not the same as the original film itself). Therefore, the eighth edition offers a new model for entries in a works cited list, so that rather than consulting the handbook for the proper way to document a specific type of source, the writer creates entries by consulting MLA’s list of core elements and compiling them in the recommended order.
Core elements are those basic pieces of information that should be common to all sources, from books to articles, from lectures to tweets. The MLA core elements are as follows:
Author
Version
If you have included these elements and assembled them in a way that makes sense to your readers, then your works cited entries will be consistent and thorough.
Look for updates to OWLs resources and more detailed information about changes to MLA guidelines coming soon.
Examples
Since the eighth edition focuses on the principles of documenting sources, rather than on strict adherence to a particular format for each source, citations in this new edition vary only slightly from the old ways. When comparing works cited entries in the new eighth edition with the former seventh edition, see that differences in citation style are minimal; punctuation is streamlined, volume and issue numbers are identified as such, and there is no excess information such as city of publication or media type.
Note the differences in citing a print book with one author:
Eighth edition (the new way):
Jacobs, Alan. The Pleasures of Reading in an Age of Distraction. Oxford UP, 2011.
In this version, only the most essential information is included (author’s name, book title, publisher, and date). Note that the city of publication is not needed, and the medium of publication is eliminated.
Seventh edition (the old way):
Jacobs, Alan. The Pleasures of Reading in an Age of Distraction. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2011. Print.
This version includes the city of publication (Oxford) and the medium (print), which the new eighth edition does not require.
The differences in citing an article from a scholarly journal:
Eighth edition:
Kincaid, Jamaica. “In History.” Callaloo, vol. 24, no. 2, Spring 2001, pp. 620-26.
This version identifies the volume (24), the number (2), and the page numbers (620-26) of the scholarly journal, rather than leaving those numbers without clear explanation. This helps readers best make sense of your citation and allows them to locate your source without getting bogged down with extra information or references that can be difficult to decipher. Also note that punctuation is simple; only commas separate the journal title, volume, number, date, and page numbers.
Seventh edition:
Kinkaid, Jamaica. “In History.” Callaloo 24.2 (Spring 2001): 620-26. Web.
This version includes the volume and number (24.2), and page numbers (620-26) of the journal, but does not explain those references. The seventh edition emphasized following a strict punctuation formula, such as parentheses around the date and the colon, while the new eighth edition focuses on providing this information in a more streamlined manner by using only commas to separate each component.
Takeaways
If you are already familiar with traditional MLA citation methods, continue to use them in a more simplified form. Since the eighth edition emphasizes the writer’s freedom to create references based on the expectations of the audience, consider what your readers need to know if they want to find your source.
Think of MLA style principles as flexible guides, rather than rules. Part of your responsibility as a writer is to evaluate your readers and decide what your particular audience needs to know about your sources.
Your goal is to inform, persuade, and otherwise connect with your audience; error-free writing, along with trustworthy documentation, allows readers to focus on your ideas.
In-text citations should look consistent throughout your paper. The principles behind in-text citations have changed very little from the seventh to the eighth editions.
List of works cited/works consulted needs to include basic core information, such as author’s name, title of source, publication date, and other information, depending on the type of source. Each entry should be uniform and simple, but should give enough information so that your readers can locate your sources.
These updated MLA guidelines are based on a simple theory: once you know the basic principles of style and citation, you can apply that knowledge widely, and generate useful documentation for any type of publication, in any field.
For a more detailed overview of how to cite sources using the eighth edition, see How to Cite Document Sources in MLA Style: An Overview .
Contributors:Tony Russell, Allen Brizee, Elizabeth Angeli, Russell Keck, Joshua M. Paiz, Michelle Campbell, Rodrigo Rodr�guez-Fuentes, Daniel P. Kenzie, Susan Wegener, Maryam Ghafoor, Purdue OWL Staff.
Summary:
MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (8th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page.
MLA 8th Edition: What's New and Different
Contributors:Tony Russell, Allen Brizee, Elizabeth Angeli, Russell Keck, Joshua M. Paiz, Michelle Campbell, Rodrigo Rodr�guez-Fuentes, Daniel P. Kenzie, Susan Wegener, Maryam Ghafoor, Purdue OWL Staff.
Summary:
MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (8th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page.
MLA General Format
MLA style specifies guidelines for formatting manuscripts and using the English language in writing. MLA style also provides writers with a system for referencing their sources through parenthetical citation in their essays and Works Cited pages.
Writers who properly use MLA also build their credibility by demonstrating accountability to their source material. Most importantly, the use of MLA style can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism, which is the purposeful or accidental uncredited use of source material by other writers.
If you are asked to use MLA format, be sure to consult the MLA Handbook (8th edition). Publishing scholars and graduate students should also consult the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (3rd edition). The MLA Handbook is available in most writing centers and reference libraries; it is also widely available in bookstores, libraries, and at the MLA web site. See the Additional Resources section of this handout for a list of helpful books and sites about using MLA style.
Paper Format
The preparation of papers and manuscripts in MLA style is covered in chapter four of the MLA Handbook, and chapter four of the MLA Style Manual. Below are some basic guidelines for formatting a paper in MLA style.
General Guidelines
Type your paper on a computer and print it out on standard, white 8.5 x 11-inch paper.
Double-space the text of your paper, and use a legible font (e.g. Times New Roman). Whatever font you choose, MLA recommends that the regular and italics type styles contrast enough that they are recognizable one from another. The font size should be 12 pt.
Leave only one space after periods or other punctuation marks (unless otherwise instructed by your instructor).
Set the margins of your document to 1 inch on all sides.
Indent the first line of paragraphs one half-inch from the left margin. MLA recommends that you use the Tab key as opposed to pushing the Space Bar five times.
Create a header that numbers all pages consecutively in the upper right-hand corner, one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin. (Note: Your instructor may ask that you omit the number on your first page. Always follow your instructor's guidelines.)
Use italics throughout your essay for the titles of longer works and, only when absolutely necessary, providing emphasis.
If you have any endnotes, include them on a separate page before your Works Cited page. Entitle the section Notes (centered, unformatted).
Formatting the First Page of Your Paper
Do not make a title page for your paper unless specifically requested.
In the upper left-hand corner of the first page, list your name, your instructor's name, the course, and the date. Again, be sure to use double-spaced text.
Double space again and center the title. Do not underline, italicize, or place your title in quotation marks; write the title in Title Case (standard capitalization), not in all capital letters.
Use quotation marks and/or italics when referring to other works in your title, just as you would in your text: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas as Morality Play; Human Weariness in "After Apple Picking"
Double space between the title and the first line of the text.
Create a header in the upper right-hand corner that includes your last name, followed by a space with a page number; number all pages consecutively with Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.), one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin. (Note: Your instructor or other readers may ask that you omit last name/page number header on your first page. Always follow instructor guidelines.)
Here is a sample of the first page of a paper in MLA style:
Image Caption: The First Page of an MLA Paper
Section Headings
Writers sometimes use Section Headings to improve a document’s readability. These sections may include individual chapters or other named parts of a book or essay.
Essays
MLA recommends that when you divide an essay into sections that you number those sections with an arabic number and a period followed by a space and the section name.
1. Early Writings
4. Final Years
Books
MLA does not have a prescribed system of headings for books (for more information on headings, please see page 146 in the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing, 3rd edition). If you are only using one level of headings, meaning that all of the sections are distinct and parallel and have no additional sections that fit within them, MLA recommends that these sections resemble one another grammatically. For instance, if your headings are typically short phrases, make all of the headings short phrases (and not, for example, full sentences). Otherwise, the formatting is up to you. It should, however, be consistent throughout the document.
If you employ multiple levels of headings (some of your sections have sections within sections), you may want to provide a key of your chosen level headings and their formatting to your instructor or editor.
Sample Section Headings
The following sample headings are meant to be used only as a reference. You may employ whatever system of formatting that works best for you so long as it remains consistent throughout the document.
Numbered:
| i don't know |
Which motorway links the M6 north of Preston to Blackpool? | CBRD » Motorway Database » M55
Factfile Images Timeline Exit List
Blackpool is busy enough to require a direct motorway connection to the M6 and the wider world, and the M55 is here to do the job. It begins to the north of Preston and runs to the outskirts of Blackpool where traffic is dispersed onto a number of smaller approach roads.
During the summer, it's often thick with traffic, and accounts for about half of the traffic load of the M6 around Preston. In winter months it tends to be noticeably quieter. Even so, Blackpool and Preston are large urban centres in their own right, and the motorway remains reasonably well used all through the year.
There's no junction 2 on the M55, which was reserved for the Preston Western Bypass. This road was first proposed in the 1950s, and when the M6 was first built it was supposed to be one side of a complete box around the city. The plan reappeared in the 1980s, and eventually was cancelled for good. Its fate was sealed when the M6 Preston Bypass was widened to dual four-lanes instead.
The original plan was to extend the M65 to join the M55 at J2, and construct an M59 from the missing junction on the M58 to the south-west of Preston. The Western Bypass, complete with a new crossing of the Ribble, is now back on the cards as a future proposal for a local road to allow Preston's westward expansion.
The M55 is perhaps the candidate for most unassuming bit of road to be a crucial part of British motoring history. The section of motorway from the M6 to M55 junction 1 was built as the northernmost part of the Preston Bypass, meaning that it was once Britain's first motorway.
Factfile
M6
Images
Views of the M55 from on and off the road. If you have a photo to contribute, contact me .
Eastbound, approaching the M6, the weaving here in the short distance between the merge from junction 1 and the split for the M6 is a sight to behold. The M6 interchange ahead is Britain's first three-level junction.
Photo by Steven Jukes
Heading westbound between junctions 1 and 3, the road surface looks worn out (perhaps it is original to the motorway). Despite being effectively a spur to the seaside, the M55 was built in the best 1970's tradition with three lanes each way. At the time it opened it was wider than the busiest section of the M5.
Photo by Steven Jukes
When the various parts of the M55 were built, listed in chronological order.
Open
| M55 |
What type of animal is 'Lanky', the mascot of Lancashire County Cricket Club? | CBRD » Motorway Database » M55
Factfile Images Timeline Exit List
Blackpool is busy enough to require a direct motorway connection to the M6 and the wider world, and the M55 is here to do the job. It begins to the north of Preston and runs to the outskirts of Blackpool where traffic is dispersed onto a number of smaller approach roads.
During the summer, it's often thick with traffic, and accounts for about half of the traffic load of the M6 around Preston. In winter months it tends to be noticeably quieter. Even so, Blackpool and Preston are large urban centres in their own right, and the motorway remains reasonably well used all through the year.
There's no junction 2 on the M55, which was reserved for the Preston Western Bypass. This road was first proposed in the 1950s, and when the M6 was first built it was supposed to be one side of a complete box around the city. The plan reappeared in the 1980s, and eventually was cancelled for good. Its fate was sealed when the M6 Preston Bypass was widened to dual four-lanes instead.
The original plan was to extend the M65 to join the M55 at J2, and construct an M59 from the missing junction on the M58 to the south-west of Preston. The Western Bypass, complete with a new crossing of the Ribble, is now back on the cards as a future proposal for a local road to allow Preston's westward expansion.
The M55 is perhaps the candidate for most unassuming bit of road to be a crucial part of British motoring history. The section of motorway from the M6 to M55 junction 1 was built as the northernmost part of the Preston Bypass, meaning that it was once Britain's first motorway.
Factfile
M6
Images
Views of the M55 from on and off the road. If you have a photo to contribute, contact me .
Eastbound, approaching the M6, the weaving here in the short distance between the merge from junction 1 and the split for the M6 is a sight to behold. The M6 interchange ahead is Britain's first three-level junction.
Photo by Steven Jukes
Heading westbound between junctions 1 and 3, the road surface looks worn out (perhaps it is original to the motorway). Despite being effectively a spur to the seaside, the M55 was built in the best 1970's tradition with three lanes each way. At the time it opened it was wider than the busiest section of the M5.
Photo by Steven Jukes
When the various parts of the M55 were built, listed in chronological order.
Open
| i don't know |
Who was the Prime Minister when King George V came to the throne? | King George V
King George V
▼ Primary Sources ▼
King George V
George, the second son of Edward VII and Alexandra of Denmark, was born at Marlborough House on 3rd June, 1865. Most of his childhood was spent at Sandringham, Buckingham Palace and Balmoral.
After being educated at home by the Rev. J. N. Dalton, George became a naval cadet at Dartmouth. By 1889 he was commander of a torpedo boat. However, in January 1892, his naval career came to an end when his older brother, Prince Edward, died of pneumonia. Edward had been engaged to marry his German cousin, Princes Mary of Teck. It was now decided she should marry George instead.
George was now heir to the throne and it was decided that he could no longer risk his life as a naval commander. He was granted the title, the Duke of York and became a member of the House of Lords . George was also given a political education that included an in-depth study of the British Constitution. However, unlike his father, he did not learn to speak any foreign languages.
George, Duke of York, married Princess Mary in 1893. Mary had six children: Edward VIII (1894-1972), George VI (1895-1952), Mary (1897-1965), Henry, Duke of Gloucester (1900-1974), George , Duke of Kent (1902-1942) and Prince John (1905-1919).
Edward VII died in 1910 during the Liberal Government's conflict with the Lords. His father had promised to give his support to the reform of the House of Lords if Herbert Asquith and the Liberal Party won a General Election on this issue. Although the 1910 General Election held in December did not produce a clear victory for the Liberals, George V agreed to keep his father's promise.
When the House of Lords attempted to stop the passage of the 1911 Parliament Act , George V made it clear he was willing to create 250 new Liberal peers in order to remove the Conservative majority in the Lords. Faced with the prospect of a House of Lords with a permanent Liberal majority, the Conservatives agreed to let the 1911 Parliament Act become law.
The outbreak of the First World War created problems for the royal family because of its German background and the family name of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. To stress his support for the British, the king made several visits to the Western Front . On one visit to France in 1915 he fell off his horse and broke his pelvis.
In 1916 Noel Pemberton Billing founded a journal called The Imperialist that was part-funded by Lord Beaverbrook . Billing claimed in his journal that there was a secret society called the Unseen Hand . As Ernest Sackville Turner , the author of Dear Old Blighty (1980) has pointed out: "One of the great delusions of the war was that there existed an Unseen (or Hidden, or Invisible) Hand, a pro-German influence which perennially strove to paralyse the nation's will and to set its most heroic efforts at naught... As defeat seemed to loom, as French military morale broke and Russia made her separate peace, more and more were ready to believe that the Unseen Hand stood for a confederacy of evil men, taking their orders from Berlin, dedicated to the downfall of Britain by subversion of the military, the Cabinet, the Civil Service and the City; and working not only through spiritualists, whores and homosexuals."
Michael Kettle , the author of Salome's Last Veil : The Libel Case of the Century (1977) has pointed out: "Even Buckingham Palace was now seriously alarmed. The Royal advisers were acutely aware that the Royal Family could hardly be described as, well, entirely British. In fact, the Saxe-Coburgs were pure German, unashamedly came from Hanover, and had much more in common with the Hohenzollerns, the German Royal House, than with any decent old British family. The Prince Consort, it was still remembered (the old Queen's first cousin as well as her husband), had spoken a very funny sort of English indeed; and old King Edward had quite an accent, which could become very funny at times too. The present King was all right and spoke well enough. But it was not until mid-1917 that he had renounced his foreign orders and titles - in fact many of them were German - and had hastily changed the family name."
(If you find this article useful, please feel free to share. You can follow John Simkin on Twitter , Google+ & Facebook or subscribe to our monthly newsletter )
On 25th April, 1917, The Times printed a short piece, headed: "The House of Windsor", reporting that King George V, while addressing the Mayor and Corporation of Windsor, "said his family had long been associated with Windsor, and he had decided, considering the close connection which the Royal House had had for many centuries with the Royal Borough, to adopt the name of Windsor as their family name".
In 1917 George V took the controversial decision to deny political asylum to the Tsar Nicholas II and his family after the Bolshevik Revolution. People where shocked by George's unwillingness to protect his cousin but his advisers argued that it was important for the king to distance himself from the autocratic Russian royal family. Some people questioned this decision when it became known that the Bolsheviks had executed Tsar Nicholas, his wife and their five children.
In 1924 George V appointed Ramsay MacDonald , Britain's first Labour Prime Minister. Two years later he played an important role in persuading the Conservative Government not to take an unduly aggressive attitude towards the unions during the General Strike . It an attempt to achieve national harmony during the economic crisis of 1931, the king persuaded MacDonald to lead a coalition government. The following year George V introduced the idea of broadcasting a Christmas message to the people.
The king had not enjoyed good health for a long time and during his final years he spent much of his time on his grand passion, philately. Patriotically, he concentrated on collected stamps from the British Empire. George V died of influenza on 20th January, 1936. His eldest son, Edward now became king.
▲ Main Article ▲
Primary Sources
(1) King George V visited the scene of the Somme Offensive on 14th August, 1916. At the end of his visit he released the following statement.
It has been a great pleasure and satisfaction to me to be with my Armies during the past week. I have been able to judge for myself of their splendid condition for war and of the spirit of cheerful confidence which animates all ranks, united in loyal cooperation to their Chiefs and to one another.
Since my last visit to the front there has been almost uninterrupted fighting on parts of our line. The offensive recently begun has since been resolutely maintained by day and by night. I have had opportunities of visiting some of the scenes of the later desperate struggles, and of appreciating, to a slight extent, the demands made upon your courage and physical endurance in order to assail and capture positions prepared during the past two years and stoutly defended to the last.
I have realized not only the splendid work which has been done in immediate touch with the enemy - in the air, under ground, as well as on the ground - but also the vast organizations behind the fighting line, honourable alike to the genius of the initiators and to the heart and hand of the workers. Everywhere there is proof that all, men and women, are playing their part, and I rejoice to think their noble efforts are being heartily seconded by all classes at home.
The happy relations maintained by my Armies and those of our French Allies were equally noticeable between my troops and the inhabitants of the districts in which they are quartered, and from whom they have received a cordial welcome ever since their first arrival in France.
Do not think that I and your fellow-countrymen forget the heavy sacrifices which the Armies have made and the bravery and endurance they have displayed during the past two years of bitter conflict. These sacrifices have not been in vain; the arms of the Allies will never be laid down until our cause has triumphed.
I return home more than ever proud of you.
(2) Michael Kettle , Salome's Last Veil : The Libel Case of the Century (1977)
Even Buckingham Palace was now seriously alarmed. The Royal advisers were acutely aware that the Royal Family could hardly be described as, well, entirely British. In fact, the Saxe-Coburgs were pure German, unashamedly came from Hanover, and had much more in common with the Hohenzollerns, the German Royal House, than with any decent old British family. The Prince Consort, it was still remembered (the old Queen's first cousin as well as her husband), had spoken a very funny sort of English indeed; and old King Edward had quite an accent, which could become very funny at times too. The present King was all right and spoke well enough. But it was not until mid-1917 that he had renounced his foreign orders and titles - in fact many of them were German - and had hastily changed the family name. The press coverage for that had been very carefully managed, not too little and not too much. But Lord Stamfordham (the King's secretary) knew well what someone like Noel Pemberton Billing could rake up in the present state of war hysteria over aliens; the name Wettin was not only obviously German, but had a nasty Jewish tinge to it as well. He shuddered at what Billing might do in the Vigilante ("Our Royal Aliens" or perhaps even "The Ashkenazim at the Palace"). It was decided that the King must take the initiative. He must naturalise himself again at once.
(3) Herbert Morrison , like many members of the Labour Party , was angry with the role played by George V in the formation of the National Government. Morrison wrote about this An Autobiography (1960)
In the first place the Prime Minister, who it must be remembered was also leader of the Labour Party, had gone to the Palace with the cabinet's mandate for all of us, including himself, to resign office. Secondly, he had not consulted his colleagues about the proposal which the King had made to him, with the support of Baldwin for the Conservatives and Sir Herbert Samuel for the Liberals. In this context his colleagues to be consulted were not only members of the cabinet, but members of the Parliamentary Labour Party and indeed the National Executive of the Labour Party and, in my view, the General Council of the Trades Union Congress. Thirdly, his decision meant that the Labour Party would be in opposition and, therefore, find itself opposing those former Labour colleagues who entered the new government, as well as the Conservatives and Liberals who were to be part of it. Clearly the Labour Party would be injured in the country as a result of these events, although I think many of my colleagues did not appreciate this at the time but thought that the Party would be in an advantageous position politically if the new government, as was almost certain, was to cut unemployment benefit and make other economies which would prove to be unpopular.
On MacDonald's sudden and - to his colleagues - unannounced decision to desert the Labour Party I thought, and still think, that King George V was mistaken in taking the course he did by inviting - or did he urge? - MacDonald to become prime minister in a coalition. The natural constitutional course for him to have taken was to ask Baldwin as the leader of the Conservative Party to form a government with Liberal support, which would almost certainly have been forthcoming. As it was, the action of the King was conducive to a split in the Labour Party even though the numbers that went with MacDonald were very few.
At the subsequent general election many Labour supporters were naturally confused when they found Labour leaders like MacDonald, Snowden and Thomas, making speeches in which they advised the electors to vote against the Labour Party. In all this controversy the name of the King became involved. None of us wished to speak up too pointedly on that matter in view of the general desire to keep the Crown out of politics, but the King's action had in a way drawn the monarchy into politics, and pretty dangerous politics at that.
(4) Ramsay MacDonald , diary entry (20th January, 1936)
The King was sitting up in chair with three pillows propping him up. He had changed greatly; his voice was fairly firm but his body weak. I read the business in its usual form and after a slight pause he answered "Approved" in the same tones as usual... He seemed detached from us all and weary. Then he had to sign the warrant... His right hand was plainly useless and lay out of sight on his leg. Dawson knelt by the table in front of him and helped him to manipulate his left, the fingers of which he kept drumming upon the warrant in front of him. "I cannot concentrate" he said with a sighing smile. Dawson suggested he should help him by supporting the pen which seemed to be difficult for him to do.... Watching the struggle he went through to write his clearly expressed desire affection moved me to tears. Then we began to walk out of the bedroom. At first the King took no notice but was told that we were going. He looked at us and smiled. I was the last out and I shall never forget the look illuminated by affection (his eyes looked rather large) which he gave me and continued it as I went and bowed a second time - my final farewell to a gracious and kingly friend and a master whom I have served with all my heart.
(5) Clement Attlee , speech in the House of Commons (January 1936)
Even without a world war, those years, I think, must have been years of stress. The advance of science, the spread of education, the progress of ideas of self-government at home and overseas, the pressure of economic forces must have called for difficult readjustments. The world war came and accelerated all these developments. It was a forcing-house of change. The old world passed away and a new one was born.
Two things, I think, were required of the Sovereign of a great State in those conditions. The first was sympathy with new ideas and readiness to accept change and to adapt himself to altered conditions. The second was to give to society, bewildered by the rapid progress of events, a rallying-point of stability. These things were found in King George in full measure. They are not common. History affords many examples of rulers who failed, of thrones which were overturned because their occupants stubbornly set themselves against the march of events. King George succeeded where others failed because he was a democrat. He was a supreme exponent of the difficult art of constitutional Kingship. He knew and understood his people and the age in which they lived, and progressed with them. Let me note some outstanding examples. The right to vote has been given to practically every man and woman of full age. The franchise now depends on citizenship and not on the ownership of property. The power of the Upper House has been diminished.
Such a change elsewhere and at other times has been resisted by monarchs. King George accepted it as a necessary and just consequence of modem conditions. In the same spirit he accepted the achievement of office by a new Party, the members of which were predominantly drawn from the manual workers, an event almost unthinkable a few decades ago. He agreed to a series of acts whereby the Dominions attained equality with the mother country. The Irish Free State was created and India was set on the road to self-government. He relinquished his nominal sovereignty, or rather he allowed his nominal sovereignty to be apparently diminished, but by doing so he established his real sovereignty in the hearts of the peoples of the Empire. It is the glory of our Constitution that, under it, great changes effected elsewhere by violence are brought about peaceably owing to its adaptability. All this requires that this same quality should be displayed by the King and this King George did.
Equally important, I think, has been the power of the King to offer a point of stability in a distracted world. The movements of mass hysteria which have been witnessed elsewhere have passed this country by. One reason has been the presence of a King who commanded the respect and affection of his people and who was beyond the spirit of faction. There was no need to elevate some individual party leader into a national hero, because the King was there to express the views of his people.
King George throughout the long years of the war took his full part in the national effort. His example inspired his people in the struggle. But he was no glorifier of war. He stood always for peace. He sought as soon as the war ended to do his utmost to heal its wounds and recreate good relations between nations. No less in the difficult post-war years he shared in the work of reconstruction. He was a real social reformer and took the keenest personal interest in the problems of the day. He recognised the claims of social justice and felt equally the tragedy of unemployment. He shared to the full the life of his people.
What were the qualities which enabled the late King to succeed where others failed? It seems to me they were his selflessness and devotion to duty, his kindliness and humanity, his practical wisdom and his courage at all times. The ceremonies which we have witnessed during the last few days carry us back to a time when the functions of a King were very different. The duties of Kingship have had to be reinterpreted with the passing years. King George showed an incomparable understanding of what is required of a King in the modern world. It has been a great piece of good fortune, I think, for our generation that, just when scientific invention has enabled, for the first time, so many citizens of the British Commonwealth to hear for themselves the voice of their King, we should have had on the throne a man who so well understood how to speak to his people, a man who set before the nation ideals of peace, justice and service. We have seen the end of a noble life, a life devoted to the welfare of humanity. In the long roll of British Sovereigns none will, I think, take a higher place than King George.
| Herbert Asquith |
Which planet is the nickname of Mozart's last symphony? | King George V
King George V
▼ Primary Sources ▼
King George V
George, the second son of Edward VII and Alexandra of Denmark, was born at Marlborough House on 3rd June, 1865. Most of his childhood was spent at Sandringham, Buckingham Palace and Balmoral.
After being educated at home by the Rev. J. N. Dalton, George became a naval cadet at Dartmouth. By 1889 he was commander of a torpedo boat. However, in January 1892, his naval career came to an end when his older brother, Prince Edward, died of pneumonia. Edward had been engaged to marry his German cousin, Princes Mary of Teck. It was now decided she should marry George instead.
George was now heir to the throne and it was decided that he could no longer risk his life as a naval commander. He was granted the title, the Duke of York and became a member of the House of Lords . George was also given a political education that included an in-depth study of the British Constitution. However, unlike his father, he did not learn to speak any foreign languages.
George, Duke of York, married Princess Mary in 1893. Mary had six children: Edward VIII (1894-1972), George VI (1895-1952), Mary (1897-1965), Henry, Duke of Gloucester (1900-1974), George , Duke of Kent (1902-1942) and Prince John (1905-1919).
Edward VII died in 1910 during the Liberal Government's conflict with the Lords. His father had promised to give his support to the reform of the House of Lords if Herbert Asquith and the Liberal Party won a General Election on this issue. Although the 1910 General Election held in December did not produce a clear victory for the Liberals, George V agreed to keep his father's promise.
When the House of Lords attempted to stop the passage of the 1911 Parliament Act , George V made it clear he was willing to create 250 new Liberal peers in order to remove the Conservative majority in the Lords. Faced with the prospect of a House of Lords with a permanent Liberal majority, the Conservatives agreed to let the 1911 Parliament Act become law.
The outbreak of the First World War created problems for the royal family because of its German background and the family name of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. To stress his support for the British, the king made several visits to the Western Front . On one visit to France in 1915 he fell off his horse and broke his pelvis.
In 1916 Noel Pemberton Billing founded a journal called The Imperialist that was part-funded by Lord Beaverbrook . Billing claimed in his journal that there was a secret society called the Unseen Hand . As Ernest Sackville Turner , the author of Dear Old Blighty (1980) has pointed out: "One of the great delusions of the war was that there existed an Unseen (or Hidden, or Invisible) Hand, a pro-German influence which perennially strove to paralyse the nation's will and to set its most heroic efforts at naught... As defeat seemed to loom, as French military morale broke and Russia made her separate peace, more and more were ready to believe that the Unseen Hand stood for a confederacy of evil men, taking their orders from Berlin, dedicated to the downfall of Britain by subversion of the military, the Cabinet, the Civil Service and the City; and working not only through spiritualists, whores and homosexuals."
Michael Kettle , the author of Salome's Last Veil : The Libel Case of the Century (1977) has pointed out: "Even Buckingham Palace was now seriously alarmed. The Royal advisers were acutely aware that the Royal Family could hardly be described as, well, entirely British. In fact, the Saxe-Coburgs were pure German, unashamedly came from Hanover, and had much more in common with the Hohenzollerns, the German Royal House, than with any decent old British family. The Prince Consort, it was still remembered (the old Queen's first cousin as well as her husband), had spoken a very funny sort of English indeed; and old King Edward had quite an accent, which could become very funny at times too. The present King was all right and spoke well enough. But it was not until mid-1917 that he had renounced his foreign orders and titles - in fact many of them were German - and had hastily changed the family name."
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On 25th April, 1917, The Times printed a short piece, headed: "The House of Windsor", reporting that King George V, while addressing the Mayor and Corporation of Windsor, "said his family had long been associated with Windsor, and he had decided, considering the close connection which the Royal House had had for many centuries with the Royal Borough, to adopt the name of Windsor as their family name".
In 1917 George V took the controversial decision to deny political asylum to the Tsar Nicholas II and his family after the Bolshevik Revolution. People where shocked by George's unwillingness to protect his cousin but his advisers argued that it was important for the king to distance himself from the autocratic Russian royal family. Some people questioned this decision when it became known that the Bolsheviks had executed Tsar Nicholas, his wife and their five children.
In 1924 George V appointed Ramsay MacDonald , Britain's first Labour Prime Minister. Two years later he played an important role in persuading the Conservative Government not to take an unduly aggressive attitude towards the unions during the General Strike . It an attempt to achieve national harmony during the economic crisis of 1931, the king persuaded MacDonald to lead a coalition government. The following year George V introduced the idea of broadcasting a Christmas message to the people.
The king had not enjoyed good health for a long time and during his final years he spent much of his time on his grand passion, philately. Patriotically, he concentrated on collected stamps from the British Empire. George V died of influenza on 20th January, 1936. His eldest son, Edward now became king.
▲ Main Article ▲
Primary Sources
(1) King George V visited the scene of the Somme Offensive on 14th August, 1916. At the end of his visit he released the following statement.
It has been a great pleasure and satisfaction to me to be with my Armies during the past week. I have been able to judge for myself of their splendid condition for war and of the spirit of cheerful confidence which animates all ranks, united in loyal cooperation to their Chiefs and to one another.
Since my last visit to the front there has been almost uninterrupted fighting on parts of our line. The offensive recently begun has since been resolutely maintained by day and by night. I have had opportunities of visiting some of the scenes of the later desperate struggles, and of appreciating, to a slight extent, the demands made upon your courage and physical endurance in order to assail and capture positions prepared during the past two years and stoutly defended to the last.
I have realized not only the splendid work which has been done in immediate touch with the enemy - in the air, under ground, as well as on the ground - but also the vast organizations behind the fighting line, honourable alike to the genius of the initiators and to the heart and hand of the workers. Everywhere there is proof that all, men and women, are playing their part, and I rejoice to think their noble efforts are being heartily seconded by all classes at home.
The happy relations maintained by my Armies and those of our French Allies were equally noticeable between my troops and the inhabitants of the districts in which they are quartered, and from whom they have received a cordial welcome ever since their first arrival in France.
Do not think that I and your fellow-countrymen forget the heavy sacrifices which the Armies have made and the bravery and endurance they have displayed during the past two years of bitter conflict. These sacrifices have not been in vain; the arms of the Allies will never be laid down until our cause has triumphed.
I return home more than ever proud of you.
(2) Michael Kettle , Salome's Last Veil : The Libel Case of the Century (1977)
Even Buckingham Palace was now seriously alarmed. The Royal advisers were acutely aware that the Royal Family could hardly be described as, well, entirely British. In fact, the Saxe-Coburgs were pure German, unashamedly came from Hanover, and had much more in common with the Hohenzollerns, the German Royal House, than with any decent old British family. The Prince Consort, it was still remembered (the old Queen's first cousin as well as her husband), had spoken a very funny sort of English indeed; and old King Edward had quite an accent, which could become very funny at times too. The present King was all right and spoke well enough. But it was not until mid-1917 that he had renounced his foreign orders and titles - in fact many of them were German - and had hastily changed the family name. The press coverage for that had been very carefully managed, not too little and not too much. But Lord Stamfordham (the King's secretary) knew well what someone like Noel Pemberton Billing could rake up in the present state of war hysteria over aliens; the name Wettin was not only obviously German, but had a nasty Jewish tinge to it as well. He shuddered at what Billing might do in the Vigilante ("Our Royal Aliens" or perhaps even "The Ashkenazim at the Palace"). It was decided that the King must take the initiative. He must naturalise himself again at once.
(3) Herbert Morrison , like many members of the Labour Party , was angry with the role played by George V in the formation of the National Government. Morrison wrote about this An Autobiography (1960)
In the first place the Prime Minister, who it must be remembered was also leader of the Labour Party, had gone to the Palace with the cabinet's mandate for all of us, including himself, to resign office. Secondly, he had not consulted his colleagues about the proposal which the King had made to him, with the support of Baldwin for the Conservatives and Sir Herbert Samuel for the Liberals. In this context his colleagues to be consulted were not only members of the cabinet, but members of the Parliamentary Labour Party and indeed the National Executive of the Labour Party and, in my view, the General Council of the Trades Union Congress. Thirdly, his decision meant that the Labour Party would be in opposition and, therefore, find itself opposing those former Labour colleagues who entered the new government, as well as the Conservatives and Liberals who were to be part of it. Clearly the Labour Party would be injured in the country as a result of these events, although I think many of my colleagues did not appreciate this at the time but thought that the Party would be in an advantageous position politically if the new government, as was almost certain, was to cut unemployment benefit and make other economies which would prove to be unpopular.
On MacDonald's sudden and - to his colleagues - unannounced decision to desert the Labour Party I thought, and still think, that King George V was mistaken in taking the course he did by inviting - or did he urge? - MacDonald to become prime minister in a coalition. The natural constitutional course for him to have taken was to ask Baldwin as the leader of the Conservative Party to form a government with Liberal support, which would almost certainly have been forthcoming. As it was, the action of the King was conducive to a split in the Labour Party even though the numbers that went with MacDonald were very few.
At the subsequent general election many Labour supporters were naturally confused when they found Labour leaders like MacDonald, Snowden and Thomas, making speeches in which they advised the electors to vote against the Labour Party. In all this controversy the name of the King became involved. None of us wished to speak up too pointedly on that matter in view of the general desire to keep the Crown out of politics, but the King's action had in a way drawn the monarchy into politics, and pretty dangerous politics at that.
(4) Ramsay MacDonald , diary entry (20th January, 1936)
The King was sitting up in chair with three pillows propping him up. He had changed greatly; his voice was fairly firm but his body weak. I read the business in its usual form and after a slight pause he answered "Approved" in the same tones as usual... He seemed detached from us all and weary. Then he had to sign the warrant... His right hand was plainly useless and lay out of sight on his leg. Dawson knelt by the table in front of him and helped him to manipulate his left, the fingers of which he kept drumming upon the warrant in front of him. "I cannot concentrate" he said with a sighing smile. Dawson suggested he should help him by supporting the pen which seemed to be difficult for him to do.... Watching the struggle he went through to write his clearly expressed desire affection moved me to tears. Then we began to walk out of the bedroom. At first the King took no notice but was told that we were going. He looked at us and smiled. I was the last out and I shall never forget the look illuminated by affection (his eyes looked rather large) which he gave me and continued it as I went and bowed a second time - my final farewell to a gracious and kingly friend and a master whom I have served with all my heart.
(5) Clement Attlee , speech in the House of Commons (January 1936)
Even without a world war, those years, I think, must have been years of stress. The advance of science, the spread of education, the progress of ideas of self-government at home and overseas, the pressure of economic forces must have called for difficult readjustments. The world war came and accelerated all these developments. It was a forcing-house of change. The old world passed away and a new one was born.
Two things, I think, were required of the Sovereign of a great State in those conditions. The first was sympathy with new ideas and readiness to accept change and to adapt himself to altered conditions. The second was to give to society, bewildered by the rapid progress of events, a rallying-point of stability. These things were found in King George in full measure. They are not common. History affords many examples of rulers who failed, of thrones which were overturned because their occupants stubbornly set themselves against the march of events. King George succeeded where others failed because he was a democrat. He was a supreme exponent of the difficult art of constitutional Kingship. He knew and understood his people and the age in which they lived, and progressed with them. Let me note some outstanding examples. The right to vote has been given to practically every man and woman of full age. The franchise now depends on citizenship and not on the ownership of property. The power of the Upper House has been diminished.
Such a change elsewhere and at other times has been resisted by monarchs. King George accepted it as a necessary and just consequence of modem conditions. In the same spirit he accepted the achievement of office by a new Party, the members of which were predominantly drawn from the manual workers, an event almost unthinkable a few decades ago. He agreed to a series of acts whereby the Dominions attained equality with the mother country. The Irish Free State was created and India was set on the road to self-government. He relinquished his nominal sovereignty, or rather he allowed his nominal sovereignty to be apparently diminished, but by doing so he established his real sovereignty in the hearts of the peoples of the Empire. It is the glory of our Constitution that, under it, great changes effected elsewhere by violence are brought about peaceably owing to its adaptability. All this requires that this same quality should be displayed by the King and this King George did.
Equally important, I think, has been the power of the King to offer a point of stability in a distracted world. The movements of mass hysteria which have been witnessed elsewhere have passed this country by. One reason has been the presence of a King who commanded the respect and affection of his people and who was beyond the spirit of faction. There was no need to elevate some individual party leader into a national hero, because the King was there to express the views of his people.
King George throughout the long years of the war took his full part in the national effort. His example inspired his people in the struggle. But he was no glorifier of war. He stood always for peace. He sought as soon as the war ended to do his utmost to heal its wounds and recreate good relations between nations. No less in the difficult post-war years he shared in the work of reconstruction. He was a real social reformer and took the keenest personal interest in the problems of the day. He recognised the claims of social justice and felt equally the tragedy of unemployment. He shared to the full the life of his people.
What were the qualities which enabled the late King to succeed where others failed? It seems to me they were his selflessness and devotion to duty, his kindliness and humanity, his practical wisdom and his courage at all times. The ceremonies which we have witnessed during the last few days carry us back to a time when the functions of a King were very different. The duties of Kingship have had to be reinterpreted with the passing years. King George showed an incomparable understanding of what is required of a King in the modern world. It has been a great piece of good fortune, I think, for our generation that, just when scientific invention has enabled, for the first time, so many citizens of the British Commonwealth to hear for themselves the voice of their King, we should have had on the throne a man who so well understood how to speak to his people, a man who set before the nation ideals of peace, justice and service. We have seen the end of a noble life, a life devoted to the welfare of humanity. In the long roll of British Sovereigns none will, I think, take a higher place than King George.
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The 'Potemkin Stairs' are a feature of which Ukranian city? | Potemkin Stairs - Ukraine Travel Video - YouTube
Potemkin Stairs - Ukraine Travel Video
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Published on Mar 1, 2015
The Potemkin Stairs is a giant stairway in Odessa, Ukraine. The stairs are considered a formal entrance into the city from the direction of the sea and are the best known symbol of Odessa. At the top of the Potemkin Steps there is a bronze monument depicting Duke de Richelieu. A beautiful view on Odessa Port opens from this place.
| ODESSA |
Which political party does Australian prime Minister Julia Gillard represent? | Last
Photos - Odessa
The final destination of our 2006 Belarus - Ukraine tour was the city of Odessa, most famous from the Potemkin steps scene in Eisenstein’s film The Battleship Potemkin. We walked around Odessa for some days, visited the partisan catacombs and attempted to get into Transnistria. We shot many photos as always so our reader can judge for themselves if Odessa is worth a visit.
It was our intention to relax the last days of our holiday and spend most time on the beaches, restaurants and bars of the Arcadia. Bad weather however forced a change off plans and the last days of our holiday ended up more active then planned. Besides exploring Odessa did we visit the catacombs and museum of Partisan Glory in Nerubayskooe village. We also attempted to enter Transnistria a breakaway province from Moldova, but were not allowed in. All in all is Odessa an interesting destination well worth to stay some days, but it can not match the Crimea or Kiev.
Odessa - Potemkin stairs
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Who wrote the novel 'Howards End'? | Howards End by E.M. Forster | PenguinRandomHouse.com
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About Howards End
First published in 1910, Howards End is the novel that earned E. M. Forster recognition as a major writer.
At its heart lie two families—the wealthy and business-minded Wilcoxes and the cultured and idealistic Schlegels. When the beautiful and independent Helen Schlegel begins an impetuous affair with the ardent Paul Wilcox, a series of events is sparked—some very funny, some very tragic—that results in a dispute over who will inherit Howards End, the Wilcoxes’ charming country home.
As much about the clash between individual wills as the clash between the sexes and the classes, Howards End is a novel whose central tenet, “Only connect,” remains a powerful prescription for modern life.
Introduction by Alfred Kazan
(Book Jacket Status: Not Jacketed)
From the Hardcover edition.
About Howards End
"Only Connect," Forster’s key aphorism, informs this novel about an English country house, Howards End, and its influence on the lives of the wealthy and materialistic Wilcoxes; the cultured, idealistic Schlegel sisters; and the poor bank clerk Leonard Bast. Bringing together people from different classes and nations by way of sympathetic insight and understanding, Howards End eloquently addresses the question "Who shall inherit England?" (Lionel Trilling).
About Howards End
What makes this masterpiece a pure delight for contemporary readers is its vibrant portrait of life in Edwardian England, and the wonderful characters who inhabit the charming old country house in Hertfordshire called Howards End. This cozy house becomes the object of an inheritance dispute between the upright conservative Wilcox family and the Schlegel sisters, Margaret and Helen, sensitive and intuitive women loved by men willing to leap wide social barriers to fulfill their ardor. Through romantic entanglements, disappearing wills, and sudden tragedy, the conflict over the house emerges as a symbolic struggle for England’s future. Rich with the tradition, spirit, and wit distinctively English, Howards End is a remarkable novel of rare insight and understanding. As in his celebrated A Passage to India, E. M. Forster brings to vivid life a country and an era through the destinies of his unforgettable characters.
About Howards End
First published in 1910, Howards End is the novel that earned E. M. Forster recognition as a major writer.
At its heart lie two families—the wealthy and business-minded Wilcoxes and the cultured and idealistic Schlegels. When the beautiful and independent Helen Schlegel begins an impetuous affair with the ardent Paul Wilcox, a series of events is sparked—some very funny, some very tragic—that results in a dispute over who will inherit Howards End, the Wilcoxes’ charming country home.
As much about the clash between individual wills as the clash between the sexes and the classes, Howards End is a novel whose central tenet, “Only connect,” remains a powerful prescription for modern life.
Introduction by Alfred Kazan
(Book Jacket Status: Not Jacketed)
About Howards End
"Only Connect," Forster’s key aphorism, informs this novel about an English country house, Howards End, and its influence on the lives of the wealthy and materialistic Wilcoxes; the cultured, idealistic Schlegel sisters; and the poor bank clerk Leonard Bast. Bringing together people from different classes and nations by way of sympathetic insight and understanding, Howards End eloquently addresses the question "Who shall inherit England?" (Lionel Trilling).
About Howards End
Howards End is a classic English novel . . . superb and wholly cherishable . . . one that admirers have no trouble reading over and over again," said Alfred Kazin.
First published in 1910, Howards End is the novel that earned E. M. Forster recognition as a major writer. At its heart lie two families–the wealthy and business-minded Wilcoxes and the cultured and idealistic Schlegels. When the beautiful and independent Helen Schlegel begins an impetuous affair with the ardent Paul Wilcox, a series of events is sparked–some very funny, some very tragic–that results in a dispute over who will inherit Howards End, the Wilcoxes’ charming country home. As much about the clash between individual wills as the clash between the sexes and the classes, Howards End is a novel whose central tenet, "Only connect," remains a powerful prescription for modern life.
"Howards End is undoubtedly Forster’s masterpiece; it develops to their full the themes and attitudes of [his] early books and throws back upon them a new and enhancing light," wrote the critic Lionel Trilling.
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Praise
With a new Introduction by James Ivory
Commentary by Virginia Woolf, Lionel Trilling, Malcolm Bradbury, and Joseph Epstein
"Howards End is a classic English novel . . . superb and wholly cherishable . . . one that admirers have no trouble reading over and over again," said Alfred Kazin.
First published in 1910, Howards End is the novel that earned E. M. Forster recognition as a major writer. At its heart lie two families—the wealthy and business-minded Wilcoxes and the cultured and idealistic Schlegels. When the beautiful and independent Helen Schlegel begins an impetuous affair with the ardent Paul Wilcox, a series of events is sparked—some very funny, some very tragic—that results in a dispute over who will inherit Howards End, the Wilcoxes’ charming country home. As much about the clash between individual wills as the clash between the sexes and the classes, Howards End is a novel whose central tenet, "Only connect," remains a powerful prescription for modern life.
"Howards End is undoubtedly Forster’s masterpiece; it develops to their full the themes and attitudes of [his] early books and throws back upon them a new and enhancing light," wrote the critic Lionel Trilling.
About E.M. Forster
Edward Morgan Forster was born January 1, 1879 in London and was raised from infancy by his mother and paternal aunts after his father’s death. Forster’s boyhood experiences at the Tonbridge School, Kent were an unpleasant contrast to the happiness… More about E.M. Forster
About E.M. Forster
Edward Morgan Forster was born January 1, 1879 in London and was raised from infancy by his mother and paternal aunts after his father’s death. Forster’s boyhood experiences at the Tonbridge School, Kent were an unpleasant contrast to the happiness… More about E.M. Forster
About E.M. Forster
Edward Morgan Forster was born January 1, 1879 in London and was raised from infancy by his mother and paternal aunts after his father’s death. Forster’s boyhood experiences at the Tonbridge School, Kent were an unpleasant contrast to the happiness… More about E.M. Forster
About E. M. Forster
Edward Morgan Forster was born in London in 1879, attended Tonbridge School as a day boy, and went on to King’s College, Cambridge, in 1897. With King’s he had a lifelong connection and was elected to an Honorary Fellowship in… More about E. M. Forster
About E.M. Forster
Edward Morgan Forster was born January 1, 1879 in London and was raised from infancy by his mother and paternal aunts after his father’s death. Forster’s boyhood experiences at the Tonbridge School, Kent were an unpleasant contrast to the happiness… More about E.M. Forster
About E.M. Forster
Edward Morgan Forster was born January 1, 1879 in London and was raised from infancy by his mother and paternal aunts after his father’s death. Forster’s boyhood experiences at the Tonbridge School, Kent were an unpleasant contrast to the happiness… More about E.M. Forster
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Which US rock band comprises brothers Caleb, Nathan and Jared Followill with their cousin Matthew? | Howards End - Reading Guides - Penguin Classics - Penguin Group (USA)
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Howards End
by E.M. Forster
INTRODUCTION
"The more people one knows, the easier it is to replace them. It is one of the curses of London. I quite expect to end my life caring most for a place."
The place that E. M. Forster loved so deeply that he made it the centerpiece of one of his best-loved novels was a country house just north of London called Rooksnest. From the moment he moved in with his mother at age four, "I took it to my heart and hoped . . . that I would live and die there." Much more than just a house, for Forster, Rooksnest came to represent English country valuesa connection to place, a respect for individuality, and a commitment to the contemplative lifethat were increasingly threatened by the urbanization and industrialization sweeping Edwardian England. Forster's childhood idyll was to last only ten years, for at fourteen he moved with his mother to the newly fashionable bourgeois suburb of Tonbridge Wells, home to many members of the growing business class that would become a central concern of his fiction.
In Tonbridge Wells, Forster met families who, like the Wilcoxes of Howards End, were energetic capitalists focused on motorcars and moneymaking. And if Tonbridge Wells gave rise to the Wilcoxes, Cambridge was the likely birthplace of the other central family of Howards End, the Schlegels. It was as a university student at King's College that Forster was first inspired by the liberal humanism of philosopher George Moore, who advocated the contemplation of beauty and the cultivation of personal relations as a spiritual antidote to the rootless, mechanistic ethos of his age. Forster, together with the young men who would later form the Bloomsbury group of writers (Lytton Strachey, John Maynard Keynes, and Leonard Woolf, among others), embraced this challenge to traditional religious morality and to the growing commercial spirit of the time. Forster spent some of his happiest days in this company, a lifestyle mirrored in the Schlegels' passion for art, friendship, and the life of the mind.
Yet, like the Schlegel sisters, he was not completely satisfied by life among the London literati. More importantly, he was starting to understand the practicality of conformist values, of "social conventions, economic trend, efficiency," and he grew acutely aware of the limitations of liberal ideals. The Bloomsbury group's sitting-room debates and fashionable walking-parties were for Forster too narrow, too disdainful of the economic and material conditions that made their way of life possible. Against this backdrop, the character of Margaret emergedher curious attraction to Henry, her appreciation of money, her pragmatism. Unlike her sister Helen, whose brief entrancement with the dynamic Wilcox men quickly evolves into contempt for them, Margaret, like the man who created her, envisions a marriage of soul and body, country and city, passion and prose, culture and commerce.
While Forster created the Wilcox and Schlegel families and the England they inhabit from his own experiences, the interior lives of Leonard Bast and Jacky were drawn purely from imagination. Leonard, a poor insurance clerk only a few steps removed from his rural, working-class roots, hopes to "come to Culture suddenly, much as the Revivalist hopes to come to Jesus." To Forster, who believed that "the character of the English is essentially middle-class," it was people like Leonard and the Wilcoxesaspiring to wealth, political power, and culturewho would eventually "inherit" England, not the dying aristocratic class of the Schlegels nor the working classes. Forster used Leonard's connection with the Schlegels as the social conscience of the book. As critic Wilfred Stone wrote, "Just as [Leonard] stands on the edge of the social �abyss,' so he affords the Schlegels a glimpse into it increasing both their 'panic and emptiness' and their guilt over class and money."
Because Forster did not keep comprehensive journals during his most fertile period as a writer and later destroyed some of his diaries, it is not possible to trace the entire composition of Howards End. It is known that the outline for the book crystallized sometime in 1908, about two years after Forster made a trip to the countryside to spend time with the Postens, an oddly matched stockbroker and his clever, cultured second wife who provided the immediate model for the relationship between Henry and Margaret. In a journal entry of February 1910, Forster wrote, "Am grinding out my novel into a contrast between money and deaththe latter is truly an ally of the personal against the mechanical." Clearly the advancing machine age was at the forefront of Forster's consciousness at the time. With the social issues of man versus machine, country versus city, and culture versus money weighing on his mind, Forster completed his fourth novel. Published in November 1910, Howards End was greeted with glorious reviews, making Forster a literary star.
Over the years, Howards End has remained one of Forster's most beloved novels. Few works combine social comedy and political commentary with the skillful characterizations seen in the Schlegel sisters. Writing during a time of lively discussion about his country's socioeconomic conditions, Forster conceived the work as a "condition-of-England novel," a work designed to enter Edwardian debates about wealth and poverty, art and pragmatism, country life and urban sprawl that would not have sounded unfamiliar in Thatcher's England or Reagan's America. Forster, with a comic suspicion of the dogmas championed by liberals and conservatives alike, provides a distinctly humanistic perspective on some of the central debates of his time and ours.
Ultimately, Howards End is the most optimistic expression of Forster's unique vision, a sensibility that transcends the temporal confines of his novel. Its richly drawn characters and the struggles they faceto maintain human connection in an increasingly depersonalized society, to find a spiritual home in the worldare still as current as they were at the beginning of the twentieth century.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
The differences between the two Schlegel sisters are highlighted in their reactions to Beethoven: Helen "can see heroes and shipwrecks in the music's flood," while Margaret "can see only the music." Discuss the disparity in their outlooks and how this leads to disagreements, for example, over Leonard Bast and Henry Wilcox.
Given Forster's portrayal of Henry Wilcox, what do you think attracts Margaret to him? Why does she accept his proposal of marriage, even though she admits to her sister that she does not love him? Does she grow to love him in the end?
Compared to more radical modernist contemporaries like D. H. Lawrence and Ford Madox Ford, Forster's retention of the omniscient narrator appears conservative and traditional. Yet the narrator's "omniscience" is distinctively qualified and tentative: "It is rather a moment when the commentator should step forward. Ought the Wilcoxes to have offered their home to Margaret? I think not." Whose viewpoint (or viewpoints) does the narrator convey?
The juxtaposition of masculine principles (money, logic, conquest, the external life) and feminine principles (spirit, intuition, accommodation, the inner life) is perhaps best embodied in the characters of Henry and Helen. Margaret, however, is less stereotypically feminine and maternal, saying "I do not love children. I am thankful I have none." The narrator tells us that "On the whole she sided with men as they are." When Margaret ultimately "charged straight through these Wilcoxes" and united Helen and Henry at Howards End, was it a victory in the masculine or feminine mode?
Leonard Bast is portrayed as a spiritual orphan, "sucked into the town" and loosed from the moorings of his working-class origins. Are the Wilcoxes and the Schlegels responsible for his death? To what extent is his ascent from poverty hindered by his own personal limitations and ambitions?
Although Forster's work is not conventionally religious, he frequently expresses a deep spirituality. Discuss the spiritual outlook expressed in Margaret's contemplation on love (Chapter XX), Mrs. Wilcox's bond with the English countryside, and Helen's "mind that readily shreds the visible."
"I'm brokenI'm ended," says Henry Wilcox as he contemplates his son's imminent arrest near the end of the book. Has Henry in fact changed at the end of the novel? Have his values been transformed by his marriage to Margaret? Before their marriage the narrator asserts that Henry "did alter her charactera little." Is that true?
In the final chapter, Margaret and Helen's vista from Howards End is spoiled only by the "red rust" in the distance, the mark of London encroaching on the pristine landscape. Discuss Forster's view of technology and his hope for a civilization that will "rest on the earth."
Images of water are repeatedly evoked in Howards End to suggest the dynamic ebb and flow of life, "progress," and the rush of time. London is a place where "all the qualities, good, bad, and indifferent, [are] streaming away." Contrast these images with the farm house, wych-elm, and meadow that bind the characters to the earth and the past.
"More and more," Margaret protests, "do I refuse to draw my income and sneer at those who guarantee it. . . . Hurray for riches!" Margaret's vigorous defense of the material basis of her lifestyle, a defense that shocks some of her family and friends, reflects Forster's own reexamination of the antibusiness, antimaterialist sentiments he had imbibed during his university education. How do her comments highlight the limitations of both the intellectuals' and the capitalists' attitudes toward wealth? Why can't she and her family ultimately help the Leonard Basts of the world let alone the "unthinkable" poorer classesfinancially?
On the surface, Ruth Wilcox is very different from Margaret Schlegel: unworldly, apolitical, more easily accepting of her husband's ways and views. On what basis does she sense such a close bond with Margaret and come to see her as the proper "spiritual heir" of Howards End? What does Margaret mean when she says to Helen, "I feel that you and I and Henry are only fragments of that woman's mind"?
ABOUT E.M. FORSTER
Edward Morgan Forster was born on New Year's Day, 1879, in Dorset Square, London, the second child (the first died soon after birth) of middle-class parents, Edward Llewellyn Forster, a Cambridge graduate and architect, and Alice Clara "Lily" Whichelo. When his son was just one, Forster's father died after a long battle with consumption, leaving the family little money and making Lily a widow at twenty-five. Unwilling to live with relatives and unable to afford a London apartment, Lily moved to a house in the English countryside, Rooksnest, where she devoted herself to her son. At Rooksnest, Forster's life was spent in the nurturing, overprotective "haze of elderly ladies" that included paternal aunts and Lily's friends, and he formed a deep emotional attachment to the place, drawing later on the memories for Howards End.
When Forster was fourteen years old, he and Lily faced the disheartening news that their lease at Rooksnest was up, and they sadly moved to the suburb of Tonbridge Wells. Here, Forster attended the boarding school as a day boy, with classics as his major study. At Tonbridge he wrote for the school newspaper and won several awards for his essays, but nonetheless it was here, a place that contrasted so sharply with his happy home life, where his feelings of being an outsider hardened into an abiding distaste for the English school system.
Forster's intellectual and social life blossomed when, in 1897, he entered King's College, Cambridge. With the guidance and encouragement of his classics professor, Forster grew to admire the modern European writers Tolstoy, Proust, and Ibsen, and began to test his own powers as a writer. It was during these years, too, that he first began to acknowledge his homosexuality, falling in love with another undergraduate, H. O. Meredith, who would be the center of his posthumously published novel Maurice (finished in 1914). Meredith helped Forster become a member of the "Apostles," the university's foremost discussion group, where he formed friendships with many of the intellectuals later associated with the Bloomsbury group in London.
In 1901, with his formal education over and uncertain about a career, Forster, accompanied by Lily, set off on a year-long trip to Italy to study Italian history, language, art, and literature, and to work on a novel-in-progress. In 1903 he published his first short story, "Albergo Empedocle," and soon thereafter started to write for the Independent Review, a social and political journal founded by his Cambridge friends, to which he would contribute regularly for many years. His first three published novels, Where Angels Fear to Tread (1905), The Longest Journey (1907), and A Room with a View (1908) received generally favorable reviews and made him a minor literary celebrity, but not until the publication of Howards End (1910) did Forster achieve major acclaim as a writer.
During 1912 and 1913 Forster journeyed to India, beginning a lifelong fascination with the subcontinent. A return journey to India in 1921 provided the inspiration for A Passage to India (1924), which was hailed as a masterpiece on publication. After writing five novels in succession, then ending a fourteen-year hiatus with A Passage to India, Forster retired as a novelist at the age of forty-five.
He spent the second half of his life as a voracious reader, reviewer, and supporter of young writers such as J. R. Ackerley and Eudora Welty. A prominent public intellectual, Forster became the first president of England's National Council on Civil Liberties and was a lifelong spokesman for personal and political tolerance, testifying in the trial that successfully overturned the ban on D. H. Lawrence's Lady Chatterley's Lover. King's College awarded Forster an honorary fellowship in 1946, and he spent the rest of his years in Cambridge. Leading an active literary and social life to the end, Forster died in 1970 at age 91.
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Which is the next triangular number in the sequence: 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, .......? | Triangular Number Sequence
Triangular Number Sequence
This is the Triangular Number Sequence:
1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28, 36, 45, ...
This sequence is generated from a pattern of dots which form a triangle.
By adding another row of dots and counting all the dots we can find the next number of the sequence:
A Rule
We can make a "Rule" so we can calculate any triangular number.
First, rearrange the dots (and give each pattern a number n), like this:
Then double the number of dots, and form them into a rectangle:
The rectangles are n high and n+1 wide
and xn is how many dots in the triangle (the value of the Triangular Number n)
And we get (remembering we doubled the dots):
2xn = n(n+1)
| 28 |
"Give the word that completes the fourth line of this poem: "" Tyger Tyger, burning bright, In the forests of the night; What immortal hand or eye. Could frame thy fearful ..........""?" | Triangular Number -- from Wolfram MathWorld
(3)
where
is a binomial coefficient . As a result, the number of distinct wine glass clinks that can be made among a group of
people (which is simply
) is given by the triangular number
.
is therefore the additive analog of the factorial
.
A plot of the first few triangular numbers represented as a sequence of binary bits is shown above. The top portion shows
to
, and the bottom shows the next 510 values.
The odd triangular numbers are given by 1, 3, 15, 21, 45, 55, ... (OEIS A014493 ), while the even triangular numbers are 6, 10, 28, 36, 66, 78, ... (OEIS A014494 ).
gives the number and arrangement of the tetractys (which is also the arrangement of bowling pins), while
gives the number and arrangement of balls in billiards . Triangular numbers satisfy the recurrence relation
(4)
6, 28, 66, 190, 276, 496, 946, 1128, 1770, 2278, ...
The smallest of two integers for which
is four times a triangular number is 5, as determined by Cesàro in 1886 (Le Lionnais 1983, p. 56). The only Fibonacci numbers which are triangular are 1, 3, 21, and 55 (Ming 1989), and the only Pell number which is triangular is 1 (McDaniel 1996). The beast number 666 is triangular, since
(34)
In fact, it is the largest repdigit triangular number (Bellew and Weger 1975-76).
The positive divisors of
are all of the form
, those of
are all of the form
, and those of
are all of the form
; that is, they end in the decimal digit 1 or 9.
Fermat's polygonal number theorem states that every positive integer is a sum of at most three triangular numbers, four square numbers , five pentagonal numbers , and
- polygonal numbers . Gauss proved the triangular case (Wells 1986, p. 47), and noted the event in his diary on July 10, 1796, with the notation
(35)
This case is equivalent to the statement that every number of the form
is a sum of three odd squares (Duke 1997). Dirichlet derived the number of ways in which an integer
can be expressed as the sum of three triangular numbers (Duke 1997). The result is particularly simple for a prime of the form
, in which case it is the number of squares mod
minus the number of nonsquares mod
in the interval from 1 to
(Deligne 1973, Duke 1997).
The only triangular numbers which are the product of three consecutive integers are 6, 120, 210, 990, 185136, 258474216 (OEIS A001219 ; Guy 1994, p. 148).
SEE ALSO: Bowling , Cubic Triangular Number , Figurate Number , Heptagonal Triangular Number , Octagonal Triangular Number , Pentagonal Triangular Number , Pronic Number , Square Triangular Number , Tetractys
REFERENCES:
Ball, W. W. R. and Coxeter, H. S. M. Mathematical Recreations and Essays, 13th ed. New York: Dover, p. 59, 1987.
Bellew, D. W. and Weger, R. C. "Repdigit Triangular Numbers." J. Recr. Math. 8, 96-97, 1975-76.
Conway, J. H. and Guy, R. K. The Book of Numbers. New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 33-38, 1996.
Deligne, P. "La Conjecture de Weil." Inst. Hautes Études Sci. Pub. Math. 43, 273-308, 1973.
Dudeney, H. E. Amusements in Mathematics. New York: Dover, pp. 67 and 167, 1970.
Duke, W. "Some Old Problems and New Results about Quadratic Forms." Not. Amer. Math. Soc. 44, 190-196, 1997.
Eaton, C. F. "Problem 1482." Math. Mag. 68, 307, 1995.
Eaton, C. F. "Perfect Number in Terms of Triangular Numbers." Solution to Problem 1482. Math. Mag. 69, 308-309, 1996.
Guy, R. K. "Sums of Squares" and "Figurate Numbers." §C20 and §D3 in Unsolved Problems in Number Theory, 2nd ed. New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 136-138 and 147-150, 1994.
Hindin, H. "Stars, Hexes, Triangular Numbers and Pythagorean Triples." J. Recr. Math. 16, 191-193, 1983-1984.
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Which is the smallest, and most southerly, 'Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty' in England, with an area of just over six square miles? | Solent handbook 2015 -16 by Solent Handbook & Directory - issuu
Photo: Ainhoa Sanchez/Volvo Ocean Race
MARCH 2015 - APRIL 2016
Ports and Harbours sponsored by
MDL Marinas
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INTRODUCTION Sailing allows you to see life from a different perspective… The timeless art of moving a vessel across water using nothing but the power of the wind has changed the world.
Photo: Paul Wyeth
Welcome to the fifth edition of the Solent Handbook & Directory which, like sailing, is constantly evolving. It is a valuable source of information for locals, as well as for visitors and holidaymakers to the Solent area. TKZ Media launched the first Solent Handbook in 2011. Our unique blend of thought-provoking articles, together with a calendar of Solent sailing events, tide tables, maps, directory of services, and guides to popular destinations ensures a winning read. The Solent Handbook has now become a must-have guide whether you are sailing, cruising or enjoying a shore-based holiday. This year we would like to thank inspirational multi-award winning sailor Natasha Lambert - dubbed Miss Isle - for providing the Foreword, and talking about her love of the Solent. We must also mention sailor and author Graham Sunderland who offers his insight on the new Cowes Breakwater. He reveals how the project will affect sailing in the area – and his answers are guaranteed to interest all. We’d like to thank all our advertisers for their continued support and we’d like to ask you to let advertisers know that you’ve seen their adverts in the Solent Handbook. And let us not forget all those wonderful people who have contributed, supported and made the Handbook possible. Finally, don’t forget to make regular visits to our online publication www.solenthandbook.com. This constantly evolving website is where sailors and boaters can keep up to date with everything that’s happening in the Solent and further afield. We hope you enjoy this Handbook. It is intended not only as a practical guide to a wonderful sport, but also aims to convey the joy of being afloat.
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WELCOME TO THE SOLENT
WELCOME TO THE SOLENT
Before I started sailing I would walk along Cowes seafront and gaze out at all the bustling traffic in the Solent, marvelling at the apparent randomness of the scene. I wondered how on earth anyone knew what to do and how could they all possibly avoid colliding into each other? But they did! As I have cerebral palsy I sail my boat Miss Isle completely by mouth using a single straw mounted in a helmet. I never dreamed that one day I would be out there, controlling my own vessel! The first time I sailed solo across the Solent from Cowes to Calshot was just the best days sailing anyone could ever have. It is a day I will never forget. I have sailed extensively in the Solent and no two days are ever the same. The tide, the wind, the traffic - they constantly throw up new experiences and challenges. It is never boring. The Solent still remains the vibrant home of sailing. People come from every corner of the globe to race in our wonderful playground. The Solent is also the home of the most amazing institutions. The Ellen MacArthur Cancer Trust based in Cowes supports young people recovering from cancer by taking them on sailing trips. Elsewhere, the Artemis Academy works tirelessly to produce the country’s next top solo racers, and Wetwheels provides powerboating for people with disabilities - the list goes on. Behind the scenes are the people who operate our wonderful marinas. The skilled and talented world-class boat builders who engineer the boats we all sail in; the sailmakers with years of experience designing building and repairing the engines of the sailing boats; the chandlers with vast stocks of material for every conceivable event. All these people are here around the Solent, just waiting to help. This really is a very special place. Although I am still only 17 and can’t really fully engage in the onshore parties and activities, you can’t help but be overwhelmed by the atmosphere which envelops the Solent. You don’t need to be a sailor to appreciate amazing spectacles such as Cowes Week. And let’s not forget the beautiful countryside and unspoilt beaches that border the Solent. And if nightlife and shopping are what you seek, we have the historic cities of Portsmouth and Southampton close by. Whether you are a local or a visitor, we must all treasure this special place we call the Solent. I will be out sailing most weeks during this summer in my specially adapted boat and I hope if you see me you will give me a wave! Natasha Lambert YJA Apollo Young Sailor of the Year 2013 www.missisle.com
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SOLENT YACHT CLUBS
SOLENT YACHT CLUBS BEMBRIDGE SAILING CLUB Founded in 1886, Bembridge Sailing Club provides the base for the Bembridge Redwing, Bembridge OneDesign, and Illusion fleets. It is an RYA Training Centre and Volvo Champion Club. Visiting yachtsmen from RYA affiliated clubs are always welcome. Lunch available every weekend. Rallies by prior arrangement.
BRADING HAVEN YACHT CLUB Set up by businessmen and artisans, Brading Haven Yacht Club has gained a reputation with visiting yachtsmen for being one of the friendliest clubs in the Solent area. The active cruising section and year round dinghy sailors make full use of the comfortable clubhouse, bar, and high quality affordable catering.
CHICHESTER CRUISER RACING CLUB Chichester Cruiser Racing Club offers two handicap fleets – Alpha (VPRS) and Beta (progressive) for round the cans racing in Hayling Bay and passage races to Littlehampton and Yarmouth and everywhere between. Plus a week-long cruise in company across the Channel. All events have lively social dinners.
CHICHESTER YACHT CLUB Set in a beautiful location on Chichester Harbour between Premier and Birdham Marinas. Restaurant and bar open for lunch and dinner every day AprilSeptember, closed Sunday evening, Monday and Tuesday October to March. Friendly members’ club for yachts, motors and dinghies, with cruising in company, racing, and full social programme. Visiting sailors and rallies welcome.
COWES CORINTHIAN YACHT CLUB Cowes Corinthian Yacht Club was established in 1952 by the late “Tiny” Mitchell as a club for local sailors. CCYC has recently undergone refurbishment including the installing of new apron, pontoons, a new walkway and access bridge, and an 8m boom crane lift.
EAST COWES SAILING CLUB The Club – which was founded in 1912 – encourages sailing, good sportsmanship, youth training, racing and fishing. ECSC boasts its own river frontage, small raft moorings, deep-water pontoon and secure shore side premises. It organises weekly racing for cruisers, keelboats and dinghies and annual charity event ‘Sail the Wight’.
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SOLENT YACHT CLUBS
SOLENT YACHT CLUBS GURNARD SAILING CLUB Gurnard SC is the leading dinghy sailing club on the Isle of Wight. Racing from March to December caters for all levels. The Club is an RYA training centre with established cadet section. Open events are held annually including a Junior Regatta and Cowes Dinghy Week, with races for dinghies and catamarans.
ISLAND SAILING CLUB The Island Sailing Club is the largest sailing club in Cowes, and is best known for organising the J.P. Morgan Asset Management Round the Island Race. The Club operates a fleet of Sonar day boats, which can be hired by Club members and non-members. ISC Tuesday evening racing throughout the summer is very popular. Photo: Steve Sleight
KEYHAVEN YACHT CLUB Keyhaven Yacht Club is situated in one of the most beautiful harbours on the Solent. The harbour is shielded by the massive shingle bar that leads to Hurst Castle. With its easy access to the Solent, the harbour is a perfect haven for small yachts and dinghies.
LYMINGTON TOWN SAILING CLUB Lymington Town Sailing Club – established in 1946 – has an enviable record for winning world and national championships.The Club has lively keelboat, dinghy racing, and cruising sections, and organises the Classic Series and autumn Solent Circuit as well as motorboat section cruises around the south coast and beyond, in addition to weekly dinghy races and Saturday Sailing activities.
MARCHWOOD YACHT CLUB Situated on the left bank of the River Test, near the military base, MYC is the hidden gem of the Solent with comprehensive facilities entirely operated by volunteers. These include clubhouse, parking, pontoons, moorings, scrub off, and winter layup, with a secure yard. Visitors are welcome. Contact the Secretary for details.
ROYAL AIRFORCE YACHT CLUB The Royal Air Force Yacht Club is a friendly club and is open to all. You do not need an RAF background to join, anyone with a boating interest is welcome. Set in a beautiful location in Hamble on the river, there are excellent catering and events facilities available to visitors and businesses alike. Permanent moorings are available to club members.
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Founded in 1838 – with a clubhouse enjoying stunning views across the Solent – the Royal London Yacht Club on Cowes Parade provides members with excellent facilities, accommodation and catering throughout the year. The RLYC has an enviable reputation for quality race management – including being the Organising Authority for Charles Stanley Cowes Classics Week. Photo: Louise Morton
ROYAL LYMINGTON YACHT CLUB Successful on the water, friendly and welcoming ashore, the Royal Lymington encourages and promotes yachting of all aspects, and maintains a clubhouse with a bustling social programme. The Club has excellent facilities including a bar, river-room, and a balcony terrace overlooking the river and the Solent beyond.
ROYAL OCEAN RACING CLUB The Royal Ocean Racing Club (RORC) was founded in 1925 in Plymouth following the first Fastnet Race. In 2014 the RORC merged with the Royal Corinthian Yacht Club, Cowes to produce a Club with 4,000 members and Clubhouses in both Cowes and London. The Cowes Clubhouse is set in attractive gardens and enjoys panoramic views with on-site facilities including 12 bedrooms, members’ lounge, dining rooms and terrace area. The London Clubhouse is nestled in the heart of St James’s and facilities include 15 bedrooms, 2 meeting rooms, bar and dining for up to 30 covers. RORC run a full and varied programme of offshore and inshore races in the Solent and abroad in Europe and the Rest of the World. The RORC is a national authority for the measurement, rating and racing of offshore yachts. RORC’s London Clubhouse
ROYAL SOLENT YACHT CLUB The Royal Solent Yacht Club, established in 1878, is located on the seafront next to Yarmouth Pier. Regattas are organised in the Solent and Christchurch Bay. The Club enjoys unrivalled views across the western Solent. With excellent bar and catering facilities; new members, visiting yachtsmen, and visitors from affiliated clubs are always welcome.
ROYAL SOUTHAMPTON YACHT CLUB Providing year round racing and cruising, including the popular Double Handed series, sailing is complemented by an RYA training and cadet programme. With restaurants, bars, and moorings at both clubhouses – one at Ocean Village and one on the tranquil Beaulieu River – the RSYC offers attractive venues for social and corporate events.
ROYAL SOUTHERN YACHT CLUB The Royal Southern Yacht Club, Hamble, was established in 1837. The Club hosts national and world championships, cruises extensively by motor and sail, and hosts regattas for yachts large and small. The clubhouse boasts well-appointed accommodation, a bar, restaurant, and moorings.
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ROYAL LONDON YACHT CLUB
SOLENT YACHT CLUBS
SOLENT YACHT CLUBS ROYAL THAMES YACHT CLUB Founded in 1775 as the Cumberland Fleet, the Royal Thames Yacht Club is the world’s oldest continuously operating yacht club. In Cowes, the Royal Thames operates primarily from the Royal London Yacht Club, with which it has full reciprocal arrangements. The Royal Thames’ Clubhouse is at 60 Knightsbridge, London.
ROYAL VICTORIA YACHT CLUB The Club was founded in 1845 by Prince Albert to give Queen Victoria a yacht club she was entitled to enter as a mere female. RVYC has racing for dinghies, Squibs, and cruisers, offers RYA training, and holds many social functions. Facilities include a bar and restaurant, and 54m of pontoon moorings for visitors.
ROYAL YACHT SQUADRON Founded in 1815, the Royal Yacht Squadron will be celebrating its bicentenary this year. The clubhouse is located at Cowes, on the Isle of Wight, off the south coast of England, in a castle originally built in 1539 by Henry VIII. The club has always had close ties with the Royal Navy and has had many illustrious members, such as Vice-Admiral Sir Thomas Hardy, Sir Ernest Shackleton, Sir Francis Chichester, Hammond Innes, Sir Robin Knox Johnston and Sir Ben Ainslie. The club’s patron is Queen Elizabeth II and the Admiral is the Duke of Edinburgh.
SEA VIEW YACHT CLUB Sea View Yacht Club enjoys a unique location on the northeast tip of the Isle of Wight with stunning views over the Solent. The Club provides members with comprehensive RYA training. Offering full bar and catering facilities to visiting yachtsmen with access to the water at all states of tide.
WARSASH SAILING CLUB The Warsash Sailing Club, founded in 1957, has two well-appointed clubhouses with boat compounds and waterside facilities near the mouth of the River Hamble. Its Spring Series is a premier regatta and its racing calendar provides for dinghies and cruisers, with open meetings and RYA training courses, and a full social activities. Visitors by water are welcome to enjoy its bar and restaurant facilities at this historical D Day departure site.
YARMOUTH SAILING CLUB Yarmouth Sailing Club is a small, friendly and informal club with over 900 members and run entirely on a volunteer basis. It offers training, racing, and recreational sailing events for Scows, Optimists, and other classes. The Club runs a full winter social programme. A warm welcome is always extended to visiting yachtsmen.
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SOLENT RACING SOLENT RACING
SPONSORED BY UKSA
A few people claim to dislike racing in the Solent, because it’s such a tricky place. It’s true that it has strong tides, complex wind patterns, lots of leisure and commercial traffic, choppy water, and ever-changing conditions - but, for many sailors, it’s the complexity that makes Solent racing such a rewarding challenge.
Photo: Paul Wyeth
Windward-leeward courses set in areas of no tide and with steady winds may create a ‘fairer’ race course but they can become repetitive and limited in their challenge. Boat speed and tactics are highlighted but strategy, navigation, and boat handling get much more of a test around Solent courses. The ideal, of course, is to enjoy and learn from both. Fortunately, the Solent offers plenty of locations that allow a variety of courses, even windward-leeward courses in areas that enjoy some tidal shelter. Consequently, this wonderful, sheltered area is home to a rich mixture of events, including racing for dinghies, small keelboats, cruiser-racers, and handicap and level-racing for larger racing yachts. Most racing from Cowes for example, and there is a huge amount of it in all types of boats, takes place in the central Solent but courses can also be set in the eastern and western Solent, depending on conditions. The Hill Head Plateau, just to the east of the Brambles Bank, is a favourite place for race officers to set windward-leeward courses as it benefits from shallow water for easy mark laying and the tidal shadow of the bank to its west. Sometimes, though, race officers forget that there are other areas in the central Solent that can be even better for windward-leeward courses in some combinations of wind and tide. The area inshore and to the northwest of the Thorn channel, and the area to the east of Osborne Bay under the Isle of Wight shore, can both be good alternatives, as can close under the mainland shore, inshore of the north channel around the Brambles. In this section of the Solent Handbook you’ll find some general information on Solent racing, including types of courses, how racing is organised, getting involved, finding crew, and preparing for racing. For more information ask at your local club and check www.SolentHandbook.com.
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Types of racing
Many people think of the Solent as mainly suitable for day racing keelboats and cruiser-racers rather than dinghy racing. In fact, there is plenty of opportunity for dinghy racing despite the tidal rates in much of the area, which are not ideal for small boat racing.
Dinghies
The most popular area for dinghy racing is just outside the Solent, at Hayling Island Sailing Club. Tidal conditions in Hayling Bay are easier than in the Solent and traffic near the racing areas is considerably less. Within the Solent, however, there is still plenty of dinghy racing. Just west of Cowes is Gurnard Sailing Club which is the main dinghy club on the Isle of Wight. Elsewhere, there is dinghy racing out of clubs in Lymington and Yarmouth, the Hamble River, Southampton Water, the area between Hill Head and Stokes Bay, which has three dinghy clubs in close proximity, and at Wootton on the Isle of Wight.
Small keelboats
The small keelboat classes are, for many people, the heart of Solent racing. Classes which race most weekends throughout the season include the classic Daring class, Dragons, Etchells, Flying Fifteens, Sonars, X One Designs, and Laser SB3s. All these fleets have class starts in Cowes Week with the SB3s and XoDs being the two largest classes in the Week.
Cruising racing and big boat racing
If you’re into yacht racing there really is plenty of choice with most Solent yacht clubs running their own evening race series plus summer weekend race series. Then there is the racing run by JOG and RORC. JOG - the Junior Offshore Group - runs both an inshore and offshore series for yachts racing under IRC with both series proving very popular. RORC - the Royal Ocean Racing Club - organises a series of offshore races from Cowes, which count towards the season’s championship. RORC also runs the Fastnet Race and Commodores’ Cup, both biennial events that alternate with each other. This year it is the turn of the Fastnet Race, which starts on 16 August and celebrates its 90th anniversary. For those who prefer yacht racing on windward-leeward courses, there are ample opportunities for that too. And, if you prefer racing classic yachts even that is catered for, with The Metre & Classic Keelboat Regatta, and Panerai British Classic Week which is steadily growing in popularity and attracting some truly gorgeous yachts.
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SOLENT RACING
SOLENT RACING On the race course
Even if you are an expert racer and a Solent regular it is really important to remind yourself of the basics well before heading out for the start. These include the type and location of the course, the starting sequence and race signals, and the other important information in the Notice of Race and Sailing Instructions.
Types of course
The spreader mark, When racing in the Solent the two 1A, may not be used most usual types of courses you’ll encounter are windward1 1A leeward courses from a committee boat start line or round-the-cans courses, Typically Start line may be 1-2 miles to leeward of the usually from one of the clubs’ leeward mark shore lines or occasionally from a committee boat start. A Start/Finish line committee-boat start can be If two buoys set up in several locations in form a leeward gate pass and around the central Solent 2 between them but the most used location is on the Hill Head Plateau to the north of the main channel and east of the Brambles Bank. On busy weekends several courses may be set in this area so it is important to find out the approximate location of the committee boat before heading out. A windward-leeward course may have the start line between the windward and leeward marks, or to leeward of the leeward mark. Also, there may be a leeward gate rather than a single mark.
Starting sequence
The Racing Rules of Sailing standard start sequence is often used, especially for racing on windward-leeward courses. Signal Flag and sound Warning signal Class flag; 1 sound
Minutes before starting signal 5
Preparatory signal
P, I, Z, Z with I, or black flag; 1 sound
4
Preparatory flag removed; 1 long sound
1
Class flag removed; 1 sound
0
The standard sequence (rrS 26) can be changed in the Sailing Instructions (SIs) and for shore line starts from Cowes, for example, it may be changed to give a longer period between the Warning and Preparatory signals. In these cases the Warning signal is given 10 minutes before the start, with the Preparatory signal hoisted at 5 minutes before the start, and lowered at 1 minute before the start.
Racing rules
All racers should familiarise themselves with the latest Racing Rules of Sailing (RRS) 2013-2016. They are revised and published every four years by the International Sailing Federation and a copy of the current RRS, highlighted to show changes, can be downloaded from www.sailing.org/documents/racingrules/index.php. Make sure that you read and understand the rules - it will help keep you out of trouble and give you an advantage on the race course. 16
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The specialist yard at the heart of the Solent.
Photography: Rick Tomlinson
A full-service boatyard set 500m from the entrance to Portsmouth Harbour, Endeavour Quay is perfect for race preparation, running repairs or refits: 24 hour lifting service 30m lifting dock 180 tonne travel hoist 35 tonne mobile crane 45 tonne boat mover
No air draft restriction 90m of deep water berthing 3 boatsheds up to 40m Project accommodation Open yard policy
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SOLENT RACING
SOLENT RACING Signals
Racing is governed by the use of flag signals - often with accompanying sound signals. The flag is always the primary system; if the sound signal fails it is disregarded. Visual signals - flags or shapes - are used to control races and the attention of competitors is drawn to the visual signals by sound signals. When a visual signal is displayed over a class flag, the signal applies only to that class. POSTPONEMENT SIGNALS
AP (Answering Pennant) - Races that have not started are postponed. The warning signal will be made one minute after removal of the AP unless at that time the race is postponed again or abandoned. AP over H - Races not started are postponed. Further signals ashore.
AP over A - Races not started are postponed. No more racing today. AP over a numeral pennant 1-6 - Races are postponed by 1-6 hours from the scheduled starting time. Note: In Cowes, it is common for clubs to use an AP over AP with two sound signals to indicate racing is postponed and competitors are requested not to leave harbour. ABANDONMENT SIGNALS
N - All races that have started are abandoned. The warning signal will be made one minute after the signal is removed, unless the race is again abandoned or postponed.
PREPARATORY SIGNALS CONT.
Z - 20% Penalty rule, rule 30.2 is in force.
Black flag - Black flag rule, rule 30.3 is in force. RECALL SIGNALS
X - Individual recall.
First Substitute - General recall. The warning signal will be made one minute after the signal is removed. COURSE CHANGE SIGNALS
S - Rule 32.2 is in force. The course has been shortened.
C - The position of the next mark has been changed. OTHER SIGNALS
F - Optional Attention Signal: The warning signal will be displayed five minutes after this signal. This signal will be removed one minute before the next signal. Not used for classes which use Flag F as their class flag.
N over H - All races are abandoned. Further signals will be made ashore. L - Flown afloat : Come within hail or follow this boat. Flown ashore: A notice to competitors has been posted. N over A - All races are abandoned. No more racing today. PREPARATORY SIGNALS
M - The object displaying this signal replaces a missing mark.
Y - Personal buoyancy must be worn. P - Preparatory signal.
I - Round-an-End rule, rule 30.1 is in force.
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Blue flag or shape - This race committee boat is in position at the finishing line.
The complete racing experience
W
hether an experienced or novice sailor, our sailing days provide fun and enjoyment on the water at affordable prices for you, your clients and colleagues. Based in the sheltered waters of the Solent, Sea View Yacht Club, Isle of Wight, home to the Mermaids, enjoys spectacular views across the Solent to Portsmouth harbour.
Sailing is all within sight of our picturesque Clubhouse where you can come ashore for lunch and enjoy the Club’s hospitality, soaking up some of the best sea views on the south coast. Our Mermaids are modern 26’ yachts but of classic design, all painted in unique colours. Available from April to October and appeal to both the beginner and experienced sailor.
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SOLENT RACING
SOLENT RACING Race preparation, crew, and equipment
You may think that when you line up to start you’ve got as good a chance as most of the fleet for a good place in the race. You’d be wrong! Most races are won before the start thanks to the work the skipper and crew put in to prepare themselves and the boat to do well on the race course. Some of that preparation may begin months or years beforehand in preparing the boat so it has the speed and reliability to win, and preparing the crew so that they can handle the boat efficiently in all conditions and circumstances. Other preparation takes place just before the race when the skipper and crew learn the SIs, check the weather and tide, arrive at the course early, and make the strategic decisions.
Getting crew
Having a good crew is always important and it often takes weeks or months to develop a crew’s skills and ability to work together. Finding crew can be difficult - although the more successful you are on the race course the easier it is! A good place to start is your local yacht club and others in the area. Post a note on their message boards and websites, and look around for online forums. The bigger events, such as the J.P. Morgan Asset Management Round the Island Race and Aberdeen Asset Management Cowes Week, have forums on their websites where you can advertise for crew and crew can advertise for a boat. Once you’ve found a crew, make sure you sail, and preferably race, with them before the big event. Training should cover the boat layout and its gear, safety procedures, and boat handling in all the important manoeuvres and sail changes.
Skipper’s check list
Your actual check list will depend on the type of boat, length of race, and course location but for a typical Solent race make sure you consider: • Have sufficient crew, all the sails you’ll need, with all the gear in working order, including safety equipment, and get afloat well ahead of start time with plenty of time to sail to the course area. • If you keep your boat afloat, has the bottom been scrubbed within the last two weeks? It’s amazing how many boats you see racing which have dirty hulls. • Race information - Make sure you have a copy of the sailing instructions (SIs), an up-to-date racing chart of the area (Solent buoys may change position and/or name from one year to the next so get a 2015 racing chart now), and the times of High Water for the day, with a good tidal stream chart for the area - the more detailed the better. • Bottled water and something to snack on, and the right sailing clothing for the conditions. Don’t forget a hat and sunscreen. Watch the weather trends for 3-5 days ahead of the event, and start studying it in detail in the 24 hours ahead of the event. Go afloat with an up-to-date forecast and study how any changes expected during the day may affect the strategy for the race.
Preparing for offshore racing
If you’re heading offshore you’ll need more food and drink, and more clothing plus more detailed weather and route planning ahead of the race. You may also need to add safety equipment, depending on the category of the race. Offshore races can be tough on both boat and crew so make sure the boat and its equipment are in top class order and always sail with a crew that has sufficient experience among it to deal with a long race or with bad conditions. 20
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THE LATEST IN HIGH PERFORMANCE ACTIVE FOOTWEAR FROM CHATHAM SUMMER 2015
For more information please contact the Chatham team on 0845 2700 217 or email [email protected] www.chatham.co.uk
DEVELOPED BY
OFFSHORE RACING
OFFSHORE RACING CONTRIBUTED BY CRAIG NUTTER SPONSORED BY MEDINA YARD
Craig has an awesome sailing CV, which includes competing in two British America’s Cup teams and working to win two Olympic Medals. He gets special pleasure spending time on the water with his family.
Photo: Paul Wyeth
Since it began in 1925, the Rolex Fastnet Race has grown to become one of ocean racing’s greatest events. It takes competitors across approximately 608 miles and up to five days battling the wind and tricky tidal conditions to round the Fastnet Rock on the southern tip of Ireland. Three hundred yachts participate in the bi-annual Fastnet which will once again take place this August. Starting off at the Royal Yacht Squadron in Cowes, it heads West out past the iconic Needles Lighthouse, next to the jutting chalk teeth of the Needles themselves. Racers then continue on across Poole Bay to pass Swanage and Anvil Point. At this peninsula the large fleet has been racing for 33 miles from the start area - with another 140 miles or so to go to before they pass Land’s End. As they swarm across Poole Bay, boats begin to fan out. Some head into the English Channel, while many others move back inshore into Poole bay. Bigger, faster yachts start to stretch their legs - leaving smaller, slower boats in their wake. The frenetic energy at the start of the race often leads to short tacking down the western Solent and jousting to get through Hurst narrows. Sailing close to Churning Shingles bank offers the best tidal relief. By the time Anvil Point is reached the boats are spearing through the swirling overfalls off St Albans Head, just a few miles beyond, There is an overwhelming sense that the boat and crew are easing into the offshore realm. This is the reason the crews have spent time sailing and practicing together, so they can feel comfortable, whatever the weather. For most boats in the fleet, the next landmark will appear first as a light from the lighthouse (Fl (4) 20s 25M). For some of the yachts that have got further down the track, the silhouette will appear as a serpent’s head on the end of a long, low neck heading out across the sea from the right. This is the notorious Portland Bill - 50 miles from the start. As the sun slips towards the horizon the temperature drops. The first 22
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OFFSHORE RACING OFFSHORE RACING
meal is cooked and eaten, before warmer clothes are put on ready for the first night. All the time, the boats are kept at best speed for the conditions. The strategy to get past Portland is decided, with varying levels of tenacity on each boat. Despite planning, there is also the knowledge that there is always the overfalls, which can be heard and seen further inshore. Margins are tight, so to save distance the corner is cut and the boat is forced to slice, slam, shake and crash through these awkward standing, grinding, waves of water. Clothing and foul weather gear is done up tight to keep out the spray and mass of water rolling down the deck. Suddenly it stops as immediately as it started, leaving the boat and crew to get across Lyme Bay and weather the next headland. As the fleet comes together it is an opportunity to spot rivals and assess who is doing well or not. They spread out across Lyme Bay looking for the best combination of tide and wind to get to the Start Point - 50 miles or so away from Portland Bill. Start Point protects the entrance to Dartmouth and other harbours in Lyme bay from the prevailing Westerly winds. Each boat racing operates a watch system which allows crew members time to rest. Even hunkered down sitting out on the rail wrapped-up in foulies and warm clothes gives a pretence of escape. As the boats sail through the first night, life on board settles into a rhythm.
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OFFSHORE RACING
OFFSHORE RACING The boat feels good and the sail changes went well. The practice really does make a difference, and the weather is not so bad. A few hours later some crews are convinced they can see the loom of the lighthouse at Start Point it has the characteristics from our direction of Fl (3) 10s 62m 25M. Passing Start Point we can tick off the first 100 miles of the race. Lizard Point is the next major headland 60 miles away. On this stretch the boats will pass the isolated Eddystone Rock, with its lighthouse Fl(2) 10s 24M perched resolutely on a small islet, about eight miles south-south-west from Plymouth where the race will eventually end. Passing Plymouth and making their way towards the headland at The Lizard, many iconic Cornish harbours are spotted along the way. Fowey and Falmouth in particular are noted as they are big and safe enough for us to get into fairly safely, if the need arose. Once past the Lizard it is onwards past the Bishop Rock light Fl(2) 15s 24M and then Longships at Land’s End. Having passed Land’s End the boats will have covered over 180 miles of the race in a straight-line. The next leg is out across the Irish Sea towards the southern coast of Ireland, and the Fastnet Rock. All along the south coast of England, the Navigator and Strategist would have been making hourly decisions depending on the speed and position of the boat. They want to make the best possible use of the currents and tides as they are tugged around the headlands and across the bays by the moon and spinning earth.
quatix™ quatix™ is a highly accurate marine GPS that includes tactical sailing features never before combined into a single wrist-mounted navigator. To learn more, visit garmin.com
©2015 Garmin Ltd. or its subsidiaries
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With Land’s End left far behind, the boats are out in the Irish Sea with about 160 miles to sail before reaching the Fastnet Rock. If the boats and crews hope to do well in the race, they have to be kept going fast with the correct sail for the wind strength and direction. With the expanse of water towards Ireland ahead, the boats really are going offshore. Any rivals still in sight would be travelling at similar speeds as your own boa. The crew keep an eye on these to gauge how things go, as the boats escape the clutches of the coastal tidal streams. The tactician will have made his plan using the weather forecast for the following 24 hours. So it is best speed with the on-board routine, of snacks, meals, drinks and rest hopefully running like clockwork. A good routine on board is vital, especially if conditions are grim or tedious. The first Fastnet Race came together after pioneering British ocean yachtsman Weston Martyr had the privilege of competing in the Newport to Bermuda race of 1924. He was so enamoured by the adventure that he campaigned for a British equivalent and became a member of a three man committee to establish our own Race, that became the Fastnet Race. Martyr wrote at the time: “It is without question the very finest sport ‘we’ can possibly engage in for to play this game at all it is necessary to possess in the very highest degree,
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OFFSHORE RACING
Photo: Paul Wyeth
those hallmarks of a true sportsman, skill, courage and endurance.” The race goes into its second night for most of the boats as they leave the Cornish coast behind. GPS on board regularly plots a position of the boat as she sails her merry way across the Irish Sea. The electronic track shows the wind shifting slowly, as was predicted by the navigator. A decision is made to take best advantage of this shift in the wind, when to tack and to tack again. This will hopefully allow the boat to sail the least number of miles, in the best wind pressure. The surrounding sea is shades of grey, brown or green, always changing. The shimmering crests and edges reflect the light in the sky as they move incessantly past the boat. As you hike out doing your bit to help keep the boat upright for more power, you can’t help but be mesmerised by this seascape. The horizon plays tricks for hours, But suddenly there is a shadow of something on top of the line of sea in the far distance; land, the coast of Ireland. Still with many hours to go before we even see the Fastnet Rock the human in us acknowledges that some will already be ashore, in dry clean clothes, and in the beer tent long before us! However, the sailor in us also notes how great these large fast boats are going, and how well sailed they must need to be to keep going this well. The Fastnet Rock is at 51O 23’.30N and 09O 36’W and the course shows we must leave this place to Port. It is an imposing, desolate, lump of dark, hard rock covered in streaks of guano. Growing out of it, the white painted Lighthouse Fl 5s 27M, stands up 49 metres above the sea, with dark, rectangular window ports up the sheer curved stone tower. But, we are racing so the cockpit is tidied and it is treated like any other well drilled mark rounding, with the next sail made ready for the change. The sails are changed and new course steered as we leave the western side of the Fastnet behind. This next mark is a clearing mark to avoid the incoming boats being charged into by the boats racing round and heading back to Plymouth. Another big course change and well drilled boat manoeuvre is required. Despite sitting on board damp and tired for a couple of days It is surprising how hard you work to try help save the odd second. 26
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OFFSHORE RACING
OFFSHORE RACING Coming back from the ‘rock’ the normal prevailing Westerlies means the wind is aft. Most boats raise their big sails and head towards the Bishop Rock with its lighthouse as a turning mark before the last ‘sprint’ towards Plymouth. The Scilly Isles is made up of 50 Islands, the pilot book suggests they are 21-30 miles west-south-west of Land’s End, with many rocky outcrops and off-lying dangers. But that is still many hours away depending how well the boats can slide downwind. The modern, lighter displacement boats can sail faster downwind by accelerating, and increasing their boatspeed by changing their apparent wind angle, so these boats will be gybing downwind towards the leeward mark, in this case Bishop Rock. If the breeze is really fresh - over 22-25kts - this means a quick, tense ride but the motion is a lot different than pounding upwind through the waves out there in the Irish Sea. The crew are keen to get home as fast and safely as we can, with a good breeze meaning only another day or so of racing. Still the sun climbs the sky and then descends to leave the boats in the dark. Crews rely on head torches and flashlights to see sails, controls and the gas stove. Approach to the Scilly Isles congregation is marked by an official safety exclusion zone, forcing yachts to avoid the treacherous rocks within. The Bishop Rock lighthouse is magnificent, Fl(2) 15s 24M; not only what it does as a warning beacon to the passing shipping, but how it has survived mighty Atlantic gales in its stoic vigil. Tides and currents really do swirl around all the Islands of the Scillies, with lots of overfalls and eddies, so it is a good feeling to leave them behind and make a course towards The Lizard and Plymouth beyond. Back in the coastal bosom of England there are tides to embrace and counter currents to be wary of. So tactics are very important for some, boat speed is paramount for others, but finishing is important for us all. On board every entered yacht is a position transmitter which provides race control with an accurate position of each vessel for safety and shows followers of the race how each boat is doing. This information is investigated more keenly as we approach the end. How well have we done? How have the rivals faired? Still we race on, the finish is through the western entrance past the Plymouth Breakwater. The large Eddystone Lighthouse is a prominent visual reference and sometimes navy warships can be seen on manoeuvres. This is the final tense push to the finish! Then it has arrived - and there is joy, handshakes and smiles all round. Another one over but not finished. There is something about being offshore you don’t want to let go, it is an experience which will never be normal.
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CONTRIBUTED BY STEVE SLEIGHT
Photo: Paul Wyeth
The Solent is renowned as one of the most popular recreational boating areas in the world but it’s much more than that. Formed around 7,000 years ago, when the Solent river estuary gradually flooded at the end of the last ice age, the Isle of Wight became separated from the mainland as the chalk ridge between The Needles and Old Harry Rocks on the mainland eroded. Today, the Solent has more small estuaries in close proximity than anywhere else in Great Britain and is located in one of the most sheltered channels in Europe. It is unique in Europe for its complex tides and the long periods of stand at High and Low Waters. The wide range of marine habitats makes the Solent of international significance for wildlife, and one of the most important sites on the bird migration routes from the Arctic to Africa. With its huge diversity of wildlife and habitats, along with its heritage and archaeological importance, much of the coastline has protected status and is recognised as being of national and international importance. The Solent’s unique characteristics have made Southampton the leading cruise port and one of the main commercial ports in the country and enabled Portsmouth’s maritime heritage and naval importance. Consequently, the Solent has a high level of shipping movements with vessels of all types being seen. The huge diversity of the area, together with the close proximity of many ports, harbours, and anchorages, makes the Solent a wonderful cruising ground for sailors and powerboaters. The choice in number, size, and atmosphere of the many destinations in the Solent make it perfect for weekending or holiday cruising, especially when family cruising as there is much to satisfy all tastes. While mid-sized and large yachts and powerboats tend to congregate in the larger yachting centres such as Lymington, Cowes, Hamble, and Portsmouth there are many other destinations and anchorages available to smaller craft and those who don’t wish to follow the well-plowed wakes of the majority.
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SOLENT CRUISING
SOLENT CRUISING The double high tides of the Solent add to its cruising benefits but the strength and complexities of the tidal streams must be taken into account when planning and making passages in the Solent. See Cowes Tide Tables and Portsmouth Tide Tables. Good weather information is readily available in this area, both actual and forecast (refer to ‘Weather’ and ‘Useful Contacts’), but make allowance for the fact that the geography of the area impacts on the wind as it does for the tides and many weather models do not accurately predict local Solent variations. In summer, especially when the morning’s gradient wind is northwest, look for a sea breeze from late morning, building through the afternoon when it can deliver a fresh southwesterly. If this is blowing against an ebb tide conditions can become quite choppy before calming down again as the sea breeze loses its power. Approaches to the Solent The Solent can be entered from the west or east. At the western end, the eroded chalk cliffs of The Needles, together with its iconic lighthouse, have been a welcome sight to many returning sailors over the centuries, while to the east, the more protected entrance is through the Forts, where Portsmouth and Spithead, with all their maritime heritage, greet the sailor’s arrival. From the west Heading for the Solent from Poole or further west the obvious choice is to enter through the Needles channel. In light to moderate conditions with a favourable tide the main channel south of the notorious Shingles bank is benign, but if the ebb is running expect a more turbulent entry and if a west or southwest wind of more than Force 5-6 is fighting a strong ebb tide this is definitely a place to avoid. Breaking seas over The Bridge, rough water in the channel, and overfalls in Hurst Narrows all await the incautious.
Photo: Paul Wyeth
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SOLENT CRUISING
A far less vigorous option, which is much under-used, is the North channel which is approached to the north of the Shingles and is much safer in rough weather. Stay to the north of the Shingles and leave North Head buoy to starboard, turning into the channel which runs parallel to Hurst beach. When entering Hurst Narrows take care to avoid The Trap which is a steep-sided shingle spit extending out from the beach near the round fort. Once past, the shingle bank runs northeast and is fairly steep-sided with room to anchor for shelter or a lunch stop. From the east Arriving from the east, the main entrance is between Horse Sand Fort to the north and No Man’s Land Fort to the south. If coming from Langstone or Chichester harbours there is a shorter route using the Main Passage in the submerged barrier between Horse Sand Fort and the mainland, or the Boat Passage close to the shore is available for small craft. Since the submerged barrier between No Man’s Land Fort was removed passage can be made inshore of the fort with a least depth of 2m over foul ground between the Fort and the red post to the southwest, which is useful when approaching from the south. Once past the fort make sure to avoid the extensive Ryde Sands by staying far enough north to clear the red post at the northeastern extremity of the Sands by a decent margin. Note that the Sands to the west of the post extend slightly north of it so don’t cut the corner near Low Water. The western Solent The western Solent offers two different but attractive coastlines, varied wildlife habitats and less commercial traffic than the central or eastern parts. It has a wide area of navigable water for most yachts and motor cruisers, is well buoyed, and offers a great choice of harbours and anchorages within 8 miles. With Keyhaven, Lymington, Beaulieu, Yarmouth, and Newtown all within easy reach the western Solent offers the choice between anchoring among beautiful scenery and wildlife, or picking a pontoon or mooring in attractive towns with good facilities and attractions. At the western end, Keyhaven is often missed but is good to explore near High Water or for a lunch-stop anchorage in the shelter of Hurst Spit. Lymington or Yarmouth are very popular stopping points in the western Solent while Beaulieu and Newtown are favourite haunts for peace and wildlife. The volume of boats, both power and sail, during busy summer weekends and holidays mean that it can be difficult finding a berth in the popular areas and it is sensible to book ahead if possible or risk being unable to find a vacant berth or mooring, or even space to anchor.
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SOLENT CRUISING
Photo: Paul Wyeth
Solent tidal streams always make it worthwhile working the tide in small boats, especially near Springs, but the location of the western Solent harbours makes them convenient for cross-tide visits. So if the tide doesn’t serve for a passage from Lymington to Beaulieu, Newtown, or Cowes, a trip across to Yarmouth for lunch until the tide turns is an attractive detour. When punching tide along the Solent, the greatest tidal relief is found to the north of the channel where the bottom is less steep-to than on the Island shore. When fighting tide along the Island shore beware Gurnard, Salt Mead, and Hamstead Ledges and make sure that you calculate the height of tide carefully if you choose to stay close to the shore. Tidal streams in excess of 3.5 knots are experienced around Spring tides, particularly between Gurnard Ledge and Cowes, and between Yarmouth and Hurst Narrows. In strong wind against tide conditions, most commonly when an ebb stream meets a strong west or southwesterly wind, the seas in the western Solent can be steep and breaking, uncomfortable conditions for small to medium sized yachts or motor cruisers. Conditions are likely to be less rough north of the channel, in shallower water and out of the strongest tide. When heading for Cowes from the western Solent in rough conditions stay in mid-Solent or further north until level with Egypt Point before heading for Cowes to avoid the roughest water off Gurnard Bay.
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If heading for the eastern Solent or Southampton Water stay slightly south of Lepe Spit to avoid the roughest water in the strong stream that flows around the Spit. The central Solent The central Solent is a busy place with commercial traffic from east and west converging to head up the Thorn channel and into Southampton Water, along with ferries heading in and out of Cowes. The most important feature to avoid is the Brambles Bank, which lies at the western end of the Hill Head Plateau and borders the Thorn channel to the east. This shallow patch claims many an unwary yacht or powerboat each season. Much yacht racing takes place on the Hill Head Plateau because of the tidal relief obtained here and considerate cruising sailors and powerboaters should avoid passing through the fleets of race boats. Very large ships approach the Thorn channel from the east, making the tight turn to starboard off Cowes to enter the channel. When the ebb is running vessels start their turn off Cowes, while on the flood they turn later, near Gurnard cardinal buoy. The size and density of the commercial traffic in this area, together with their speed, makes it imperative to keep a good lookout. Remember that there is a Precautionary Area between Calshot and Cowes where all vessels over 150m are given a Moving Prohibited Zone of 1,000 metres ahead and 100 metres to either side. All vessels under 20m must stay clear of this moving zone.
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SOLENT CRUISING
SOLENT CRUISING
SOLENT CRUISING To the north of the Brambles Bank, the North channel provides access to Southampton Water for small commercial craft coming from the west, saving them the extra distance needed to round the Brambles to the south and the passage up the Thorn channel. To the north of this channel the Hill Head and Lee-on-Solent shorelines are popular areas for dinghy sailing, windsurfing, kitesurfing, and jet skiing. Small recreational fishing boats are also found throughout the central Solent, often anchored on the plateau or near the shorelines. The Solent’s most famous port, Cowes, lies at the centre of the Solent and its convenient geographical position, plus its easy entry, make it a popular destination for yachts and powerboats of all types. As it is also the home of passenger and car ferry operations, plus commercial traffic headed up the river Medina, the entrance is often crowded and care should be taken when entering or leaving. The tide off Cowes runs very strongly and due allowance for the strong east or west going stream should be made when entering or leaving as the stream changes direction in the harbour entrance. When a strong wind meets a strong tide off Cowes the seas on Prince consort Shoal can get quite lumpy. This can be avoided if coming from the east by staying inshore but beware of The Shrape mud which, at low tide, extends almost as far as the racing buoys, and do not be tempted to cut through the extensive mooring buoys which line the east side of the harbour. round No. 2 red can at the entrance before heading upriver. The other main yachting harbour in the central Solent is the Hamble river with its many marinas and yachting facilities. Southampton Water has much commercial traffic but there are still places for the leisure sailor to explore including Ashlett Creek on the west side below the Fawley Marine Terminal jetties. Further up Southampton Water is Hythe Marina Village on the west side, while Ocean Village Marina is just beyond Southampton Dockhead up the River Itchen with Shamrock Quay and Saxon Wharf a bit further on beyond the Itchen Bridge. Small boats have plenty of exploration available to them in both the rivers Test and Itchen. The eastern Solent The eastern Solent has a different character to the western arm and the mainland shore is more developed. The sand and gravel sea bed which predominates to the west gives way to a greater proportion of mud in the east. Cross-Solent ferry traffic is high with car ferries operating between Portsmouth and Fishbourne at the entrance to Wootton Creek. Fast passenger catamarans run between Portsmouth and Ryde Pier head while the last remaining passenger hovercraft service runs between Southsea and Ryde. The major deep water shipping channel is south of Ryde Middle bank and very large ships regularly transit the area, with outgoing and incoming vessels often passing in the eastern Solent. Yachts and powerboats using this area should try to avoid the main channel, either staying to the south of the channel in ample water off the Island shore, or passing over Ryde Middle bank to the north of the main channel. The North channel runs to the north of Ryde Middle bank and is used by smaller commercial and military craft. The eastern Solent is also often busy at weekends and in high summer with yachts racing. 34
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SOLENT CRUISING SOLENT CRUISING
On the Island shore, Osborne Bay, just to the east of Cowes, is a popular day-time or overnight anchorage as it is well sheltered from west or southwest winds and has an attractive shoreline. Just to the east, Wootton Creek is nice to explore in a small boat and when the tide serves but the entrance is dominated by the car ferry terminal and caution is needed when ferries are arriving and leaving. Further east is Ryde Pier and, beyond, the small Ryde Harbour which is accessible only around high tide and by small to medium sized shallow draft boats. Ryde Sands is the major obstacle in this area and this extensive sandbank catches out many unwary craft. To the north, the coastline turns northeast at Gilkicker Point and runs to the narrow entrance to Portsmouth Harbour. Portsmouth has much to offer the sailor or powerboater looking for exploration with a variety of marinas and opportunities for anchoring. Beyond the forts to the east lie Langstone and Chichester harbours, both of which have bars at their entrances which make it unsafe to enter or leave in rough conditions, such as when a strong southerly wind opposes a strong ebb tide. Both harbours are superb boating areas that are particularly appealing to owners of small yachts and powerboats who enjoy exploring, creek crawling, and wildlife watching. Together with the varied ports, harbours, and anchorages within the Solent, Langstone and Chichester make up the most compact yet varied cruising ground in Europe, a real treasure to be enjoyed and protected.
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CONTRIBUTED BY SIMON ROWELL • ROWELL YACHTING SERVICES
Photo: Paul Wyeth
Low Pressure Systems – What do they do?
Much of the weather in the Solent is driven by depressions passing to the north of us. These are generally well forecast, but we can help ourselves greatly by understanding the general progression of weather coming over us. By knowing where we are in relation to the overall passage of the system we can gain a much better insight about what is going to happen next, and therefore how we can prepare our boats and crew for its approach. The conditions at the surface depend on the air mass in which the observer is, and any fronts that may be passing overhead. Let’s look at a cross section through a typical low (Figure 1). The cross section is taken along the direction of travel of the system, and so can be used as a guide to the general flow of conditions as they pass overhead. Looking at the overall shape, the warm sector is deeper than the colder air masses ahead and behind it, which makes sense as it is warmer and therefore will expand more. The tropopause is the top of the troposphere, and is the dividing line between the troposphere and the stratosphere. Also, note that the horizontal and vertical scales are quite different, and the slope of both the cold and warm fronts is exaggerated.
Fig 1: a cross section through the low (top) and the vertical activity along that cross section (bottom)
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ASK THE RNLI Experienced or novice? Cruiser, angler or kayaker … ? One thing’s certain: you love being out on the water. Now you can have true peace of mind every time you go afloat. Ask the RNLI. Every year we rescue over 7,900 people around the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. People just like you. But if you book an RNLI Advice Onboard session, you can talk through your safety before you become a statistic. And, it’s completely free.
Photo: Rod Kirkpatrick
ASK THE RNLI
FOR FREE SAFETY ADVICE ASHORE OR ONBOARD
RNLI.org/adviceonboard To book your confidential chat: Phone us on 0845 045 6999, go online, or visit one of our lifeboat stations. The RNLI is the charity that saves lives at sea
Royal National Lifeboat Institution, a charity registered in England and Wales (209603) and Scotland (SC037736). Registered charity number 20003326 in the Republic of Ireland
WEATHER
WEATHER
Photo: Peter Mumford - Beken of Cowes
The Warm Front This is the leading edge of the warm conveyor, and the front of the warm sector. As such, the warm air will climb up over the cold conveyor ahead of it, and as it rises it will cool and the moisture in it will condense to form clouds and then rain. The thickness of the clouds decreases with altitude, starting with nimbostratus (or fog – which is just cloud at ground level), then altocumulus, altostratus, cirrostratus and cirrus clouds. So if you are ahead of one of these, to start with the visibility will be quite good, as you will be in relatively cold, dry air, and there will be some light stratus or cumulus cloud around. Several hundred kilometres before the surface front reaches you high level wispy cirrus clouds will appear, getting lower and thicker until the actual front arrives at surface together with rain and possibly fog. The wind will be from the south or even south east (in the northern hemisphere) and the barometer will be steadily falling. The air temperature will be cooler ahead of the warm front, but before it clouds over the sun will make for more pleasant conditions. At the warm front the wind will veer towards the south west, the rain will be at its heaviest to date before easing off to a drizzle or less, visibility will be poor in fog or rain, and the barometer will stop falling so quickly. The Warm Sector This is part of a single air mass, so the conditions will be more stable here. The warm sector is where the warm conveyor is, so the air will be relatively warm and wet. There may well be low stratus cloud or some fog with occasional rain or drizzle, and this will make the temperature feel cool as the sun is blocked, even if the air temperature is up. This level of moisture in the air will give moderate visibility, which may be poor if it rains. The wind will be steady from around the south west, and the barometer will also be steady, generally either rising or falling very slowly. If it’s falling, it may well be that the entire low is deepening. This sector is usually good for sailing, but not for sunbathing. The Cold Front The cold front is a very different animal to the warm front. As the air mass is cold and dry, it cannot climb up and over the warm sector air mass, so all the interaction between the two air masses happens in a much more vertical plane, potentially allowing the formation of massive cumulonimbus clouds fed by warm updrafts from the warm sector. Just ahead of the front there may be a sudden dip in pressure by 1 or 2 hPa, and the wind may back by up to 20O. Both of these effects are short-lived, and often pass un-noticed in the rush to put in a reef. Conditions under the front can be severe, with unpredictable squalls coming off the edges of the cumulonimbus clouds, and heavy rain or hail and electrical storms all possible. As a result of all this, visibility may be very poor.
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WEATHER
After the cold front has passed, however, the wind will veer again towards the west or north west, the skies will clear almost immediately, and as the air is now part of the cold, dry air mass the visibility will be excellent and there may be some scenic cumulus clouds if any. The wind may not yet decrease in strength, however – that depends on the isobar spacing. The pressure will now start to increase however, so calmer weather will be on the way. The End of a Depression - Occlusions As the whole system becomes more mature the cold front will start to catch up with the warm front, very much like a zipper being done up (Figure 2) This forms an occluded front and results in what’s left of the warm sector being pushed up above the preceding and following cold air masses which now join up (Figure 2). The example shown is a warm occlusion because the air advancing faster behind the cold front is warmer than the air ahead of the warm front. If it was the other way round, with the air behind the cold front colder than the air ahead of the warm front, it would be a cold occlusion. From the observer’s point of view beneath them, they’re both wet. Cold fronts are quicker than warm fronts because the warm air that rises up the warm front becomes cold and dry by the time it gets up to the top – effectively the advancing cold and dry air behind the cold front simply shoves the warm and wet air in the warm sector up and over the air in front of it. As all this warm wet air is lifted, it cools, causing water vapour to condense as the air cools to appear in the form of a persistent miserable drizzle and low level cloud. As this is towards the end of the frontal system’s life it’s normally not very energetic, just wet.
Fig 2: an occluded front as (top) a synoptic chart and (bottom) a vertical cross-section
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A GUIDE TO BUYING & SELLING A BOAT
BUYING & SELLING
WHAT AN ABYA BROKER WILL DO FOR YOU The Association of Brokers and Yacht Agents (ABYA) is the professional association for yacht brokers. All our members are Qualified Experienced Professionals and consist of the UK’s leading yacht brokers and boat dealers. ABYA members include all of the following activities as part of their service.
Liaise With The Seller and Agree On A Sales Plan
An ABYA broker can advise you on market conditions, the likely current value of your boat and give guidance on presentation and location for sale, plus advise you on where money should be spent (or not) to help sell your boat.
Sign An Agreement and Start Conveyancing Process
The seller and broker will agree the suggested selling price and enter into a written agreement. With this commitment in place the broker can start the conveyancing process. Conveyancing is the legal due‐diligence check into the paperwork and history of the boat, including: registration, title history (its record of legal ownership), any outstanding finance, VAT & RCD status. This can be a time‐consuming process but it means buyers can come to ABYA brokers and buy with confidence knowing that these checks have been made before the boat is even put on sale.
Create Marketing Materials
An ABYA broker will put together photography, and/or video and a full written specification for the boat. This will be approved by the seller prior to marketing. Again, this can be a time‐consuming and costly exercise involving travel and specialist knowledge and skills. 
Implement An Effective Advertising Plan
An ABYA broker will then buy advertising on behalf of the buyer. This is a fast moving environment and the broker will use his experience and judgement to choose the right media across varying platforms as well as his own website and in‐house media. A static website and waiting for the phone to ring is unlikely to bring results.
Gather and Filter Sales Enquiries
Your ABYA broker will qualify leads, send out details of the boat and book viewings. This may involve considerable travel time and will often be during unsociable hours and at weekends.
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Arrange Viewings and Find A Buyer
At viewings your ABYA broker will use his knowledge of the industry to bring the right boat together with the right buyer. Again, this not an easy area and good brokers are skilled and well‐practised in it.
Agree Terms and Draw Up S&P Documentation
Once an agreement is reached your broker will put his legal hat back on and draw‐up the sale and purchase agreement. The broker will liaise with the surveyor, the yards for lift‐outs and lift‐ins, sea trial skippers and general advice as to who is responsible for what at each stage of the process.
Process The Sale and Secure Payment
The broker will assist in more negotiation if there are any issues after the survey and advise both parties on legal or contractual responsibility. If all is well the transaction will proceed to completion. The broker’s role now, is effectively to protect each side. The purchaser makes his balance payment to the secure client account, safe in the knowledge that no funds will be handed over until the right title documents have been delivered and re‐checked. The seller is also safe in the knowledge that title to his boat will not pass until funds have been cleared through the secure account. Once the correct documents have been delivered and the funds have fully cleared, the broker can transfer ownership to the buyer, draw up the completion statement, make any agreed payments such as paying off an outstanding mortgage, simultaneously and safely distribute the sales proceeds to the seller.
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A GUIDE TO BUYING & SELLING A BOAT
BUYING & SELLING
CONTRIBUTED BY KEITH COLWELL, RNLI COMMUNITY INCIDENT REDUCTION MANAGER
Photo: Keith Walker
Last year, RNLI lifeboats from Hayling Island to Poole launched 181 times and spent over 1,100 hours at sea, rescuing boats that had suffered from mechanical or steering failure, a fouled propeller or simply from running out of fuel. In essence, vessels which were not necessarily in immediate danger but needed help before the situation became worse. Add in a similar number of rescues by the independent Solent lifeboats, assistance by volunteer harbour patrols, the numerous craft looked after by the marine breakdown service Sea Start, and who knows how many others towed in by fellow boat owners, and engine failure is the number one reason why hundreds of boats - power and sail - ‘get into trouble’. In many cases, these problems could have been avoided if the owner had shown some TLC to their boat’s engine. So how should you be looking after your petrol or diesel donkey? Servicing Every engine - big and small - requires regular servicing. For most leisure boats, that will mean an annual service, even if the engine may have only been run for just a few hours during the whole year. Marine engines work in harsh conditions compared to road vehicle engines, which adds to their wear and tear. Neglecting basic tasks such as checking and changing drive belts, water pump impellers, oil, fuel and air filters, is likely to lead to unexpected breakdowns usually at the most inconvenient time! Get to know your engine. Always check the engine compartment before leaving your mooring or slipway, giving the engine a quick once over. Look for signs such as oil, fuel or water in the bilges. Are the water and fuel filters clear and the engine oil level and cooling water level correct? Have you found anything unexpected? If in doubt, don’t go out. When running, keep an ear out for any abnormal sounds which can indicate when something’s wrong. Regularly check the engine compartment when underway for oil, water or fuel leaks. Watch the engine instruments for engine oil pressure or cooling water temperature changes. Understand how your engine works and where the key components such as the cooling-water pump and fuel filters are located. Learn how to service and repair these items yourself. If you have a diesel
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engine, go on a RYA engine course to find out how to provide engine ‘first aid’. If you have a petrol engine, talk to your engine’s mechanic and ask him what are the most likely reasons for your engine to break down and what you could do to remedy them at sea. Make sure you carry a set of ‘first aid’ spares for your engine. For a diesel, this will include fuel filters, engine oil, drive belts and impellers for the water pump, as well as a selection of bits and pieces, such as self-amalgamating tape, hose and hose clips, nuts and bolts etc., which you can use to jury-rig a repair to get you home. And to make the repair, you’ll need a small set of tools. It doesn’t have to be extensive, just the right tools for the job. Do you have enough fuel? If you are new to boating, it’s easy to underestimate how much fuel a boat consumes. Compared to cars, boats are fuel thirsty. It’s quite normal for a large motor cruiser to have a consumption figure of half a mile to the Photo: John Feltham gallon or, put another way, approximately 10 litres per mile. Displacement motor boats and sailing yachts fare better with consumption figures of around 5 to 10 mpg or 0.5 to 1 litre per mile at full throttle. Easing off the gas, to bring the boat to a cruising speed, will save fuel. Of course, with boating, because weather and sea conditions will affect your boat’s consumption, we should work on the basis of litres per hour. When planning a journey always use the thirds rule - a third of capacity to get there, a third back and a third spare to ensure you have enough for changing conditions. Alternative means Carry an alternative means of propulsion. Sails? Are your sailing skills sufficient to take you to a mooring or anchorage? Remember, if you have a marina berth, the marina staff are always happy to help tow you in the last half mile. Radio ahead so that they can get themselves organised. On a small boat, paddles can be used to get yourself out of harm’s way and take you to the nearest point of safety. Single engine motor boats should carry an auxiliary outboard. However, make sure you have sufficient petrol (and oil if a two-stroke) for the auxiliary. Can it use the same fuel as your main engine? Can it use the same fuel line? And if yours is a twin-engine boat, can the boat be propelled by one engine. Does it have independent fuel supply for each engine to prevent contaminated fuel from stopping both engines? Will the power steering still function if one or other engine fails? Prevention is better than cure To save yourself from getting into trouble and to know what to do if you do, the RNLI offer a free advice service called Advice Onboard to anyone who goes afloat. We have a number of trained advisors who will come to your boat and go through every aspect of staying safe on the water and provide you with a written report with their suggestions to improve safety onboard. And, just in case the worst still happens, we’ll even explain how to prepare your boat for a tow. To arrange an RNLI Advice Onboard either telephone 0845 046 6999 or go to the website RNLI.org/adviceonboard.
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SOLENT EVENTS DIARY
Where to next? SEVENSTAR-YACHT-TRANSPORT.COM
INTERNATIONAL ETCHELLS 10-03-15 March – October 30 feet of pure one-design sailing machine which can plane downwind, and slips along in the light. The largest fleet of dry sailed keelboat in Cowes. Owner-driven with two or three crew, strict one-design credentials and an annual six-sail limit. It’s as much fun as the big boats, but less hassle with fewer crew and less maintenance. Easy to trail or ship overseas, it fits into a 40 foot high top container. The Annual World Championships are held in different places each year – USA, Australia, Europe and Asia and will be in Cowes in September 2016. Fifty fleets worldwide and over 1,400 boats built to date, with older boats retaining their competitiveness. Past world champions include Dennis Connor, Bill Hardesty, Stuart Childerley, Andy Beadsworth, Jud Smith, Ken Read, Poul HojJensen, Vince Brun, Dave Curtis and Chris Law. Ben Ainslie was third in the 2009 Worlds sailing with John Bertrand and Andrew Palfrey, the last two named going on to win the 2010 Worlds with Tom Slingsby. The Etchells Invitational Regatta for the Gertrude Cup will be held on 1 – 5 August 2015. Film of last year’s Regatta on www.etchellsinvitational.com. We have loaner boats available and an active youth programme. Fleet captain: [email protected] or 07768 063868. www.etchellsukfleet.co.uk
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DARING CLASS April – October The Daring was designed as a One Design by Arthur Robb, based SYT_SolantDirectory_82x106_nr1.indd 2 10-03-15 on his successful 5.5 metre yacht Vision, the silver medal winner in the 1956 Olympics. The classic design has proved popular and enduring, offering great value for money for this type of One Design racing. Darings race in the Solent off Cowes every weekend from the middle of April to the middle of October. Since 2010 seven new hulls and modern decks have been moulded, with another due for 2015, ensuring that Darings will enjoy fantastic racing for another 50 years. www.daring.org.uk DRAGON CLASS SOLENT DIVISION April – October The Dragon is a beautiful 29 foot keelboat, which has a 3 or 4 person crew and is raced throughout the world. There has been an active fleet established in Cowes ever since the class first appeared in the UK in the ‘30s. The class are active participants in the Cowes Keelboat Solent Series and the Cowes Keelboat Championship, with occasional “stand-alone” championship weekends for appropriate silverware. The UK National Championships (Edinburgh Cup) are in Largs this year, from 30 June to 4 July. The South Coasts are in Cowes, from 11-13 July, organised by the RCYC. www.solent-dragons.org X ONE DESIGN CLASS April – October The XOD class has six active fleets around the Solent area, at Cowes, Hamble, Itchenor, Lymington, Parkstone and Yarmouth. XODs attract many experienced helms and crew and the standard of racing at the front of the fleets is very high. XODs are traditionally the largest entry in Cowes Week, with over half the entire fleet, in excess of 80 boats, sailing from home ports to participate each year. In 2011, the Centenary of the first XOD race was celebrated by 145 XODs competing during Cowes Week, a record entry for the regatta. The XODs are also the largest fleet in the increasingly popular Cowes Classics Week with 50 entries in 2014, and this is expected to be exceeded in 2015. www.xonedesign.org.uk
Photo: Beken of Cowes
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SOLENT EVENTS DIARY JOG CHAMPIONSHIP 3 April – 3 October The Junior Offshore Group (JOG) was established in 1950 to allow smaller yachts to compete offshore; it organises highly competitive races for IRC rated yachts. JOG runs a full programme every season, grouped into an Inshore and Offshore Series. Competitors enjoy a high standard of racing and a similarly high level of camaraderie at the parties which are held at the end of almost every race in a host port. Most JOG races start in the Solent from the club’s fixed line and distinctive starting box just east of Egypt Point, Cowes. www.jog.org.uk RSYC DOUBLE HANDED RACING 11 April – 10 October The Royal Southampton Yacht Club is the UK’s home of Double Handed racing. The 2015 series comprises 12 races: 4 Inshore, 4 Offshore and 4 Alongshore, open to all comers in IRC, RSYC & Multihull classes. This includes the ever-popular Island Double on Saturday 18 July, which regularly attracts upwards of 120 boats. The RSYC have been awarded the Double Handed IRC National Championships for a second year (this time in conjunction with RORC incorporating the Royal Corinthian YC) taking place on Friday 18 and Saturday 19 September. For full details of the complete RSYC race schedule visit: www.rsyc.org.uk
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Palm Beach? SOLENT EVENTS DIARY
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ISLAND SAILING CLUB EVENING RACE SERIES 21 April – 1 September – Tuesday Nights The Island Sailing Club’s ever-popular Evening Race Series provides SYT_SolantDirectory_82x106_nr1.indd 1 10-03-15 races for all sizes of boat on Tuesday evenings, with the exception of Cowes Week, through to 1 September when the traditional Bang & Go Back Race marks the end of the evening season. Other open events take place throughout the year – contact the ISC for details – [email protected]. www.islandsc.org.uk/isctuesday.aspx VICE ADMIRAL’S CUP 15 – 17 May The Royal Ocean Racing Club’s annual Vice Admiral’s Cup regatta will take place from Friday 15 to Sunday 17 May. Since its introduction the event has gone from strength to strength, with its close racing format making it enjoyable for the competitors. This year there will be racing for the following classes: J/111, J/109, Quarter Tonners and SB20s. There will also be two IRC Classes for yachts with an IRC Rating between 0.900 and 1.250 and a further Class for boats with a rating between 1.100 and 1.300 with a DLR of 135 or less. www.rorc.org IRC SOLENT REGION CHAMPIONSHIP 16 May – 4 September Spanning the full length of the Solent, from the Nab Tower race in the east to the Royal Solent Regatta off Yarmouth, this series aims to encourage larger fleets of IRC-rated yachts in a wide range of competitive racing. Post-race hospitality at host clubs provides the opportunity to experience the unique atmosphere of each, and socialise with fellow competitors. Boats can enter any combination of events, or the whole series, on the website. www.solentirc.org.uk YARMOUTH OLD GAFFERS FESTIVAL 29 – 31 May The theme for the 19th Annual Old Gaffers Festival will be ‘In The Pink’, in aid of the Breast Cancer Campaign for Research and Awareness – everyone is invited to wear pink or fly a few pink flags in support. With fun for the whole family, the harbour will be filled with visiting gaff-rigged vessels, some of which will race in the Solent on Saturday morning. There will be a Continental market, food and craft stalls, children’s rides, classical vehicle display, non-stop free daytime entertainment, flower festival and real ale bar. On Friday and Saturday evenings (ticket required) there will be dancing to live music in the marquee on the Quay. www.yarmoutholdgaffersfestival.co.uk DUBARRY WOMEN’S OPEN KEELBOAT CHAMPIONSHIPS 30 – 31 May The Women’s Open Keelboat Championship is a weekend for sailors with 100% female crew. WOKC focuses on high quality, competitive keelboat racing, accommodating a range of experience and age groups across key one design and handicap fleets. Hosted by Hamble River Sailing Club. www.wokc.co.uk
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SOLENT EVENTS DIARY WESTWARD CHALLENGE 14 – 16 June Run as an invitational race, with the Royal Yacht Squadron as the organising authority, the Westward Cup was first held in 2010 and was a tremendous success. It marked the revival of, and interest in, Big Class yacht racing in the Solent and around the world. At the time of going to press, several of the world’s most beautiful classic yachts have so far confirmed their entry. Racing will make maximum use of the waters around the Isle of Wight to ensure the captains and crews enjoy challenging and competitive racing that only these waters can deliver. www.rys.org.uk J.P. MORGAN ASSET MANAGEMENT ROUND THE ISLAND RACE 27 June The annual J.P. Morgan Asset Management Round the Island Race, organised by the Island Sailing Club (ISC), is one of the most iconic yacht races in the world, and it takes place around the Isle of Wight. The one-day Race regularly attracts over 1,700 boats and around 16,000 sailors, making it one of the largest yacht races and the fourth largest participation sporting events in the UK. Competitors come from all over the UK, other parts of Europe and as far away as the USA to follow the 50 nautical mile course around the Isle of Wight. Starting on the famous Royal Yacht Squadron line in Cowes, the fleet races west about, to The Needles, round St Catherine’s Point and Bembridge Ledge buoy, and back to the Solent to the finish line at Cowes. The Race is a great opportunity for friends and first timers to race against world-renowned sailors. This year, the organisers are delighted to be hosting the thrilling spectacle of the GC32 foiling catamarans in Cowes to compete for the ‘Cowes Cup’, culminating in the Class competing in the Race as part of their Europe-wide GC32 Racing Tour. For those not competing there are many vantage points both on the Island and the south coast, from which to watch the race, such as Hurst Castle, The Needles and the Spinnaker Tower. If you want to be on the start line for this year’s Race, standard entries close at midnight on Saturday 13 June and late entries close at noon on Wednesday 24 June. For entry details and all the news, head for the home page of the official Race website. You can also keep up to date with RTI Race news and share your stories on both Twitter and Facebook. Use the hashtag #raceforall. The Ellen MacArthur Cancer Trust is the Race Official Charity and you can donate at http://www.justgiving.com/company/roundtheisland. The Race website includes a Forum with a ‘crew wanted’ and ‘crew available’ section and you can contribute to other general race discussions. The ISC looks forward to welcoming you to this year’s event, and to the Race Village in Cowes Yacht Haven. www.roundtheisland.org.uk
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The Coutts Quarter Ton Cup will be hosted by the Royal Ocean Racing Cub, Cowes, from 8 – 10 July. Now in its eleventh year, the event will once again be open to Quarter Tonners built under all three iterations of the Quarter Ton Rule and will be raced under IRC. This year’s event will follow the well-established and much loved formula of lots of fast and furious racing afloat, followed by lots of informal and fun après sailing ashore. Once again there will be a Corinthian Division for the all-amateur crews which have proved very popular. With upwards of 30 teams expected to race, including a number of new crews, competition will be fierce and the old guard can expect to have the young pretenders snapping at their heels. www.rorc.org PANERAI BRITISH CLASSIC WEEK 18 – 25 July As one of the highlight events during an exceptional summer of sailing regattas in the UK, the Panerai British Classic Week, organised by the British Classic Yacht Club, takes place in Cowes. More than 70 of the world’s most iconic classic and vintage yachts are expected to compete, once again providing a magnificent spectacle of classic yacht racing in the exciting waters of the Solent. There will be a six-race series, plus a race around the Isle of Wight following the original clockwise course of the first America’s Cup. Racing will be demanding and competitive but will still retain that Corinthian spirit synonymous with classic boat racing. www.britishclassicyachtclub.org/regatta
Photo: Guido Cantini/Panerai
CHARLES STANLEY COWES CLASSICS WEEK 20 – 24 July Cowes Classics Week, run by the Royal London Yacht Club, offers class racing for all metre boats, classic racing keelboats and one designs including, but not restricted to, 12mR, 8mR, 6mR (classic and modern), 5.5mR, Daring, Dragon (classic and modern), Solent Sunbeam, Bembridge Redwing, Seaview Mermaid, Squib, XOD, Folkboat, Victory, Bembridge, Loch Long and Yarmouth One Designs, Flying Fifteen and Swallow. There are also classes for Classic Yachts including a non-spinnaker class, Classical/Revival Day Boats and old Gaffers. Racing from Committee Boats will be on a mix of laid and round-the-cans courses. The social programme includes tea and home-made cake after racing, sponsors’ Receptions and dining/ partying at each of the major Yacht Clubs in Cowes. www.cowesclassicsweek.org
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SOLENT EVENTS DIARY COWES DINGHY WEEK 1 – 5 August Cowes Dinghy Week Regatta is hosted by Gurnard Sailing Club in the waters of the western Solent. Dinghy Week is a friendly, but fiercely contested, regatta attracting around 150 entries from sailors of all ages, in a range of classes with social events most evenings. There will be class racing for classes with eight or more entries, a catamaran handicap class and three monohull handicap classes. www.gurnardsc.org.uk THE ETCHELLS INVITATIONAL REGATTA 1 – 5 August Hosted by the Royal Thames Yacht Club, teams from around the world will be sailing to win the 140 year old Gertrude Cup Trophy. Twenty identical boats with identical new North sails will be launched at Shepard’s Wharf, race-ready for the teams to race over four days in the central Solent. Teams change hulls every morning but keep the same sails. 2014 saw the inauguration of this event and there is a film on www.etchellsinvitational.com showing how the 20 teams from 11 different countries fought to win the trophy. www.etchellsinvitational.com ABERDEEN ASSET MANAGEMENT COWES WEEK 8 – 15 August Since 1826 Cowes Week has played a key part in the British sporting summer calendar and is one of the UK’s longest running and most successful sporting events. The eight day regatta now stages around 40 daily races for between 800 and 1,000 boats and has a varied race programme to suit the most competitively campaigned boats, cruiser racers, and everything in between; there’s something for everyone at this, the world’s best known sailing regatta. Aberdeen Asset Management Cowes Week, as the event is now known, attracts up to 8,000 competitors ranging from Olympic and worldclass professionals to weekend sailors, and in excess of 100,000 spectators come to watch the sailing, enjoy the social scene, and to experience the unique atmosphere. www.aamcowesweek.co.uk
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Tahiti?
10-03-15 10:0
In 2015 the Rolex Fastnet Race will start from the Royal Yacht Squadron line off Cowes, Isle of Wight, on Sunday 16 August. Founded in 1925, this year will see the 90th Anniversary of the race and the largest fleet to ever compete in the race, at 380 yachts, varying from Corinthian 30ft monohulls racing under IRC to Professional 131ft multihulls racing for the course record. The 608 mile course leaves the Solent through the Needles and runs along the West Coast and up through the Irish Sea to round the Fastnet Rock, before navigating round the Isles of Scilly and finishing in Plymouth. Spectators will be able to watch the race start from Cowes or the south coast of the mainland, and meet the boats as they arrive in Plymouth. www.fastnet.rorc.org CHICHESTER HARBOUR RACE REGATTA WEEK 17 – 21 August Hayling Island Sailing Club – three race areas. Series A – RS 400, Merlin, Flying Fifteen, Finn, Laser classes plus Fast Asymmetric with Foils, Medium Asymmetric and Fast Handicap fleets. Series B – RS 200, Laser, Radial, 4.7, Solo, RS Feva classes and Medium Handicap. Series C – Topper, RS Tera, Optimist classes and Slow Handicap Series A & B have one race a day with three to count, and Series C has nine races with three to count. www.chichesterharbourrace.sailevent.net COWES CLASSIC POWERBOAT FESTIVAL 5 – 6 September This year’s Cowes Classic Powerboat Festival will be based at Cowes Yacht Haven and will see a mix of race boats and some wonderful classic boats all taking part in the Festival. The boats will assemble in the North Basin at Cowes Yacht Haven on Saturday 5 September, which means the public are able to watch all the activity from shore, as boats and crew undergo technical inspection and carry out last minute race preparation. Racing takes place on Sunday 6 September, and will consist of two races. The Cowes-Torquay-Cowes powerboat race, which is the longest running offshore powerboat race in the world, will start at 0900 off Gurnard and the race boats are expected to return to Cowes between 1430 and 1730, finishing north of Gurnard cardinal buoy. The Cowes-Poole-Cowes race – for a range of other classes – will start at 1000 and sees the race boats travel down the Western Solent and around Poole Bay before returning to Cowes. Adding to the excitement will be a flotilla of ‘classic’ powerboats which will provide safety support for the race starts before performing a parade in the Western Solent. www.cowestorquaycowes.co.uk
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Photo: Paul Wyeth
LITTLE BRITAIN CHALLENGE CUP 11 – 13 September The Little Britain Challenge Cup is the premier construction and property industry event. First started in 1988, 2015 sees the 28th regatta. Taking place in Cowes, with racing run by the Royal Yacht Squadron, the action-packed three day regatta attracts a large cross-section of organisations and individuals who are involved in the building world. www.littlebritain.co.uk SOUTHAMPTON BOAT SHOW 11 – 20 September The Southampton Boat Show – Britain’s best-loved on-water Boat Show – is a much anticipated event, providing fun-filled days out for boaters, families and friends to see thousands of boats, brands, products and suppliers. www.southamptonboatshow.com
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Thalang Phuket? GARMIN HAMBLE WINTER SERIES
4 October – 29 November SYT_SolantDirectory_82x106_thalangphuket.indd 3
SOLENT EVENTS DIARY
SEVENSTAR-YACHT-TRANSPORT.COM
10-03-15 10:0
The Garmin Hamble Winter Series provides the best winter sailing in the UK for IRC0-4, J/111, J/70, J/80, J/109 and SB20 one designs and sportsboats. The Series provides top class, competitive racing and a great welcome back at host Hamble River Sailing Club’s Clubhouse. www.hamblewinterseries.com
DOYLE SAILS HAMBLE ONE DESIGN CHAMPIONSHIPS 10 – 11 October and 17 – 18 October The Solent’s Autumn Championship for one design yachts: J/111, J/109, J/80, J/70, SB20 etc. Top class competitive racing and a great welcome back at host Hamble River Sailing Club’s Clubhouse. www.hamblewinterseries.com MDL HAMBLE BIG BOAT CHAMPIONSHIPS 10 – 11 October and 17 – 18 October This is an annual top class Solent event for yachts of 40ft and over. Competitive racing and a great welcome back at host Hamble River Sailing Club’s Clubhouse. www.hamblewinterseries.com
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APRIL Wed 01 Fri 03 Fri 03 Fri 03 Sat 04 Sat 04 Sun 05 Sun 05 Mon 06 Wed 08 Thu 09 Fri 10 Sat 11 Sat 11 Sat 11 Sat 11 Sat 11 Sat 11 Sun 12 Sun 12 Sun 12 Sun 12 Sun 12 Wed 15 Wed 15 Thu 16 Fri 17 Fri 17 Sat 18 Sat 18 Sat 18 Sat 18 Sat 18 Sat 18 Sun 19 Sun 19 Sun 19 Sun 19 Sun 19
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Hamble River SC - Wed Night Racing EB 1 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing JOG - Offshore Championship Cowes to Cherbourg RORC incorporating RCYC - RORC Easter Challenge Hamble River SC - XOD EB1 Bembridge SC - Illusions - Vernons Easter Cup Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing JOG - Offshore Championship Cherbourg to Cowes Lymington Town SC - Black Rock Race Hamble River SC - Wed Night Racing EB 2 East Cowes SC - Evening Mass Start & Ladies 1 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Porstmouth SC - Parhelion Spring Series 3 Royal Southampton YC - Spring Solent Double Inshore 1 Lymington Town SC - Dinghy Cruise 1 Hamble River SC - XOD EB2 Solo Offshore RC - Inshore Series Races 1 and 2 Royal Southern YC - Match Cup Qualifier ISAF Grade 4 Royal Southampton YC - Spring Series 1 and 2 Warsash SC - Warsash Spring Series 4 Lymington Town SC - Sun Early Points Race 6 Royal Lymington YC - Spring Series 2 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Lymington Town SC - Wed Early Points Race 1 Hamble River SC - Wednesday Night Racing EB 3 East Cowes SC - Spring Evening Series 1 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Royal Solent YC - Pilot Cutters Portsmouth SC - Parhelion Spring Series 4 Hamble River SC - XOD EB3 JOG - Offshore Championship Nab Tower Chichester Cruiser RC - Series 1 Bembridge SC - Illusions - St Georges Day Trophy Warsash SC - Warsash Spring Championship 1 Warsash SC - Warsash Spring Series 5 Island Sailing Club - Spring Series Day 1 Royal Southampton YC - Spring Series 3 and 4 Lymington Town SC - Sun Early Points Race 7 Royal Lymington YC - Spring Series 3
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Visit www.boatinsure.co.uk or call us 01732 223650. Sun 19 Sun 19 Tue 21 Wed 22 Wed 22 Wed 22 Thu 23 Fri 24 Sat 25 Sat 25 Sat 25 Sat 25 Sat 25 Sat 25 Sat 25 Sat 25 Sat 25 Sun 26 Sun 26 Sun 26 Sun 26 Sun 26 Sun 26 Mon 27 Tue 28 Wed 29 Wed 29 Wed 29 Thu 30 Thu 30
Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Chichester Cruiser RC - Series 2 Island Sailing Club - Evening Race Series Race 1 Royal Solent YC - Wed Evening Early Bird Race Lymington Town SC - Wed Early Points Race 2 Hamble River SC - Wed Night Racing EB 4 East Cowes SC - Spring Evening Series 2 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Portsmouth SC - Parhelion Spring Series 5 Solo Offshore RC - Inshore Series Race 3 Royal Lymington YC - Duo Series 1 Royal Southampton YC - Spring Series 5 and 6 Hamble River SC - XOD EB4 RORC Incorporating RCYC - Members Race 1 Royal London YC - Warm Up Regatta Warsash SC - Warsash Spring Championship 2 Stokes Bay SC - Musto Skiff - B14 and RS 800 Open Warsash SC - Warsash Spring Series 6 Island Sailing Club - Spring Series Day 2 Lymington Town SC - Sun Early Points Race 8 Royal Lymington YC - Spring Series 4 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Bembridge SC - Illusions - Woodford Long Distance Race Royal Southern YC - UK Fire Fighter Championships Island Sailing Club - Evening Race Series Race 2 Royal Solent YC - Wed Evening Racing Series 1 Race 1 Lymington Town SC - Wed Early Points Race 3 Hamble River SC - Wed Night Racing Bottle Pursuit East Cowes SC - Spring Evening Series 3 Royal Lymington YC - Thu Night Racing Early Series 1
MAY Fri 01 Fri 01 Sat 02 Sat 02 Sat 02
Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing JOG - Offshore Championship St Vaast RORC - Cervantes Trophy Race Royal Lymington YC - Duo Series 2 Royal Southampton YC - Weymouth Double Leg 1 and Offshore 1
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SOLENT EVENTS CALENDAR
SOLENT EVENTS CALENDAR Sat 02 Sat 02 Sat 02 Sat 02 Sat 02 Sat 02 Sun 03 Sun 03 Sun 03 Sun 03 Sun 03 Mon 04 Tue 05 Wed 06 Wed 06 Wed 06 Thu 07 Thu 07 Fri 08 Fri 08 Fri 08 Sat 09 Sat 09 Sat 09 Sat 09 Sun 10 Sun 10 Sun 10 Sun 10 Sun 10 Tue 12 Wed 13 Wed 13 Wed 13 Wed 13 Thu 14 Thu 14 Fri 15 Fri 15 Fri 15 Sat 16 Sat 16 Sat 16 Sat 16 Sat 16 Sat 16 Sat 16 Sat 16 Sat 16 Sat 16 Sun 17 Sun 17 Sun 17 Sun 17 Sun 17 Sun 17 Tue 19 Wed 20 Wed 20 Wed 20 Thu 21 Thu 21 Thu 21 Fri 22 Fri 22 Fri 22 Fri 22 Sat 23 Sat 23 Sat 23 Sat 23 Sat 23 Sat 23 Sat 23 Sun 24 Sun 24 Sun 24 Sun 24 Mon 25 Tue 26 Wed 27 Wed 27 Wed 27 Thu 28 Thu 28 Thu 28 Thu 28 Fri 29
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Old Gaffers Association - Chichester Rally Hamble River SC - XOD A1 Chichester Cruiser RC - Spring Series 1 Royal Southern YC - Solent Cruiser Race Royal Southern YC - Sigma 38 National Championships Royal London YC - Cowes Keelboat Solent Series Island Sailing Club - Spring Series Day 3 Royal Southampton YC - Weymouth Double Return Leg 2 and Offshore 2 Lymington Town SC - Sun Early Summer Points A and B Race 1 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Chichester Cruiser RC - Spring Series 2 Chichester Cruiser RC - Spring Series 3 Island Sailing Club - Evening Race Series Race 3 Royal Solent YC - Wed Evening Racing Series 1 Race 2 Lymington Town SC - Wed Early Points Race 4 Hamble River SC - Wed Night Racing A1 East Cowes SC - Spring Evening Series 4 Royal Lymington YC - Thu Night Racing Early Series 2 Royal Southern YC - Fri Night Racing Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Solo Offshore RC - Offshore Series Races 1 and 2 Chichester Cruiser RC - Crews Race Royal Yacht Squadron - Cowes Keelboat Championship 1 RORC incorporating RCYC - Etchells South Coast Championship Royal Southern YC - May Regatta Island Sailing Club - Spring Series Day 4 Royal Southampton YC - Spring Series 7 and 8 Lymington Town SC - Sun Early Summer Points A and B Race 2 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Chichester Cruiser RC - Series 3 Island Sailing Club - Evening Race Series Race 4 Royal Solent YC - Wed Evening Racing Series 1 Race 3 Lymington Town SC - Wed Early Points Race 5 Island SC - IOW Businesses Sonar Evening Regatta Day 1 Hamble River SC - Wed Night Racing A2 East Cowes SC - Spring Evening Series 5 Royal Lymington YC - Thu Night Racing Early Series 3 Royal Southern YC - Fri Night Racing Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing RORC incorporating RCYC - Vice Admirals Cup RORC incorporating RCYC - City Livery Yacht Club Race Royal Southampton YC - Clarkson Cup / IRC Solent Region Championships Day1 East Cowes SC - Passage Race to Lymington Lymington Town SC - Hamble Scramble Lymington to Hamble Race Lymington Town SC - Dinghy Cruise 2 Royal Lymington YC - Sat Cruiser Racer Series 1 Hamble River SC - XOD A2 JOG - Offshore Championship Cowes to Yarmouth Britannia Corporate Events - Legal Cup Royal Thames YC - Cowes Keelboat Solent Series Island Sailing Club - Spring Series Day 5 Royal Southampton YC - Spring Series 9 and 10 Lymington Town SC - Hamble Scramble Hamble to Lymington Race Lymington Town SC - Sun Early Summer Points A and B Race 3 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing JOG - Offshore Championship Yarmouth to Cowes Island Sailing Club - Evening Race Series Race 5 Royal Solent YC - Wed Evening Racing Series 1 Race 4 Lymington Town SC - Wed Early Points Race 6 Hamble River SC - Wed Night Racing A3 East Cowes SC - Spring Evening Series 6 Royal Southampton YC - Evening Twilight Series 1 Royal Lymington YC - Thu Night Racing Early Series 4 Royal London YC / RSrnYC / and DYC - Cowes Deauville Race and Rally Royal Southampton YC - Cherbourg Double Offshore 3 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing JOG - Offshore Championship Dielette RORC - Myth of Malham Race Hamble River SC - XOD A3 Chichester Cruiser RC - Series 4 RORC incorporating RCYC - Bank of England Regatta Royal Yacht Squadron Racing - Sir Kenneth Preston Trophy Stokes Bay SC - Dart 18 Open RORC incorporating RCYC - Cowes Keelboat Solent Series Island Sailing Club - Spring Series Day 6 Lymington Town SC - Sun Early Summer Points A and B Race 4 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Chichester Cruiser RC - Ladies Race Chichester Cruiser RC - Series 5 Island Sailing Club - Evening Race Series Race 6 Royal Solent YC - Wed Evening Racing Series 1 Race 5 Lymington Town SC - Wed Early Points Race 7 Hamble River SC - Wed Night Racing A4 East Cowes SC - Evening Mass Start & Ladies 2 Royal Southampton YC - Evening Twilight Series 2 Royal Lymington YC - Thu Night Racing Early Series 5 Old Gaffers Association - Yarmouth Old Gaffers Festival Royal Southern YC - Fri Night Racing
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Visit www.boatinsure.co.uk or call us 01732 223650. Fri 29 Fri 29 Fri 29 Fri 29 Sat 30 Sat 30 Sat 30 Sat 30 Sat 30 Sat 30 Sat 30 Sat 30 Sat 30 Sun 31 Sun 31 Sun 31
Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Solo Offshore RC - Offshore Series Race 3 Royal Solent YC - Old Gaffers Stokes Bay SC - B14 Nationals Island Sailing Club - Inshore Series Day 1 Christchurch Bay Race Lymington Town SC - Novice and Junior Race Royal Victoria YC - Optimist Open Hamble River SC - Womens Open Keelboat Championship / XOD A4 Chichester Cruiser RC - Summer Series 1 Royal Victoria YC / EWCC - Optimist Regatta Royal Southern YC - Hamble Yarmouth Cup and Rally Royal London YC - Cowes Keelboat Championship Royal Lymington YC - Folkboat Nationals and 50th Anniversary Lymington Town SC - Sun Early Summer Points A and B Race 5 Hamble River SC - Womens Open Keelboat Championship / Foxer Sailing Chichester Cruiser RC - Summer Series 2 & 3
JUNE Tue 02 Tue 02 Wed 03 Wed 03 Wed 03 Wed 03 Thu 04 Thu 04 Thu 04 Thu 04 Fri 05 Fri 05 Fri 05 Fri 05 Fri 05 Sat 06 Sat 06 Sat 06 Sat 06 Sat 06 Sat 06 Sat 06 Sun 07 Sun 07 Sun 07 Sun 07 Sun 07 Mon 08 Tue 09 Wed 10 Wed 10 Wed 10 Wed 10 Thu 11 Thu 11 Thu 11 Thu 11 Thu 11 Fri 12 Fri 12 Sat 13 Sat 13 Sat 13 Sat 13 Sat 13 Sat 13 Sat 13 Sun 14 Sun 14 Tue 16 Wed 17 Wed 17 Wed 17 Wed 17 Thu 18 Thu 18 Thu 18 Fri 19 Fri 19 Fri 19 Sat 20 Sat 20 Sat 20 Sat 20 Sat 20
Island Sailing Club - Evening Race Series Race 7 Royal Yacht Squadron Racing - Bicentenary Racing Royal Solent YC - Wed Evening Racing Series 1 Race 6 Hamble River SC - Wed Night Racing A5 Royal Solent YC - Members BIC Regatta Lymington Town SC - Wed Early Points Race 8 East Cowes SC - Midsummer Evening Series 1 Royal Southampton YC - Evening Twilight Series 3 Royal Lymington YC - Thu Night Racing Early Series 6 Britannia Corporate Events - Lutine Lineslip Royal Yacht Squadron - Fleet Review RORC - De Guingand Bowl Race Royal Southern YC - Fri Night Racing Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Chichester Cruiser RC - Series 6 East Cowes SC - Sail the Wight Lymington Town SC - Dinghy Cruise 3 RORC incorporating RCYC - Tiny Mitchell Regatta / Contessa 32 Regatta / IRC Solent Region Championships Day 2 Royal Lymington YC - Duo Series 3 Hamble River SC - XOD A5 Royal London YC - BCYC Tuning Fork Regatta Cowes Corinthian YC - Cowes Keelboat Solent Series Royal Southern YC - Club Day Pursuit Race Lymington Town SC - Cowes and Back Race Lymington Town SC - Sun Early Summer Points A and B Race 6 Hamble River SC - Foxer Interstellars RORC Incorporating RCYC - Contessa 32 Regatta Island Sailing Club - IDOR Regatta Island Sailing Club - Evening Race Series Race 8 Royal Solent YC - Wed Evening Racing Series 1 Race 7 Lymington Town SC - Wed Early Points Race 9 Hamble River SC - Wed Night Racing A6 Royal Southern YC - Match Cup ISAF Grade 2 East Cowes SC - Midsummer Evening Series 2 Royal Lymington YC - Thu Night Racing Early Series 7 Island Sailing Club - J Cup Regatta Royal Southern YC - Match Cup Royal Southampton YC - Evening Twilight Series 4 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing JOG - Offshore Championship Alderney Old Gaffers Association - Dutch Style Gaffer Race Royal Southampton YC - Poole Bar Double Alongshore 2 Hamble River SC - XOD A6 Island Sailing Club - BPMI Cup Regatta Solo Offshore RC - Inshore Series Races 4 and 5 Royal Thames YC - Cowes Keelboat Championship 3 Royal Lymington YC - Summer Keelboat Regatta Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Royal Yacht Squadron Racing - Westward Cup Island Sailing Club - Evening Race Series Race 9 Royal Solent YC - Wed Evening Racing Series 2 Race 1 Lymington Town SC - Wed Early Points Race 10 Island SC - IOW Businesses Sonar Evening Regatta Day 2 Hamble River SC - Wed Night Racing A7 East Cowes SC - Midsummer Evening Series 3 Royal Southampton YC - Evening Twilight Series 5 Royal Lymington YC - Thu Night Racing Early Series 8 RORC - Morgan Cup Race Royal Southern YC - Fri Night Racing Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing RORC incorporating RCYC - Members Race 2 JOG - Offshore Championship Eastern Approaches Chichester Cruiser RC - Series 7 Royal Southern YC - June Regatta / IRC Solent Region Championships Day 3 Royal Southern YC - Sonata Southerns
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SOLENT EVENTS CALENDAR
SOLENT EVENTS CALENDAR Sat 20 Sat 20 Sat 20 Sat 20 Sun 21 Sun 21 Sun 21 Mon 22 Tue 23 Wed 24 Wed 24 Wed 24 Wed 24 Wed 24 Wed 24 Thu 25 Thu 25 Thu 25 Thu 25 Thu 25 Fri 26 Fri 26 Sat 27 Sat 27 Sun 28 Sun 28 Sun 28 Tue 30
Royal Thames YC - Cumberland Regatta Royal Thames YC - Cowes Keelboat Solent Series Britannia Corporate Events - Energy Regatta Royal London YC - Etchells Bedrock Lymington Town SC - Sun Early Summer Points A and B Race 7 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Chichester Cruiser RC - Series 8 RORC incorporating RCYC - Sirmoor YS Regatta Island Sailing Club - Evening Race Series Race 10 River Hamble CC - Dinghy Evening Regatta Island Sailing Club - The Cowes Cup GC32 Class Foiling Catamarans River Hamble CC - Cruiser and XOD Invitation Handicap Race Royal Solent YC - Wed Evening Racing Series 2 Race 2 Lymington Town SC - Ladies Race and Crews Race Hamble River SC - Wed Night Racing A8 / RHCC Race River Hamble CC - Cruiser and XOD Invitation Pursuit Race East Cowes SC - Midsummer Evening Series 4 Royal Southampton YC - Evening Twilight Series 6 Royal Lymington YC - Thu Night Racing Early Series 9 Stokes Bay SC - Moth Nationals Royal Southern YC - Fri Night Racing Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Island Sailing Club - JP Morgan Asset Management Round The Island Race Hamble River SC - XOD A7 Lymington Town SC - Sun Early Summer Points A and B Race 8 Royal London YC - David Thomas Regatta Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Island Sailing Club - Evening Race Series Race 11
JULY Wed 01 Wed 01 Wed 01 Thu 02 Thu 02 Thu 02 Thu 02 Fri 03 Fri 03 Sat 04 Sat 04 Sat 04 Sat 04 Sat 04 Sat 04 Sat 04 Sat 04 Sat 04 Sat 04 Sat 04 Sat 04 Sat 04 Sun 05 Sun 05 Sun 05 Tue 07 Wed 08 Wed 08 Wed 08 Wed 08 Thu 09 Thu 09 Thu 09 Fri 10 Fri 10 Fri 10 Fri 10 Sat 11 Sat 11 Sat 11 Sat 11 Sat 11 Sat 11 Sat 11 Sat 11 Sat 11 Sun 12 Sun 12 Tue 14 Wed 15 Wed 15 Wed 15 Wed 15 Thu 16 Thu 16 Thu 16 Fri 17
Royal Solent YC - Wed Evening Racing Series 2 Race 3 Lymington Town SC - Wed Summer Points Race 1 Hamble River SC - Wed Night Racing Copper Kettle Pursuit Island Sailing Club - Savills Sonar Regatta East Cowes SC - Midsummer Evening Series 5 Royal Southampton YC - Evening Summer Series 1 Royal Lymington YC - Thu Night Racing Late Series 1 Royal Southern YC - Fri Night Racing Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing River Hamble CC - Harbour Masters Dinghy Pursuit Race Island Sailing Club - Inshore Series Day 2 Solent Race East Cowes SC - Seamanship Race Gort Cup Royal Southampton YC - West Princessa Alongshore 2 Lymington Town SC - Dinghy Cruise 4 Royal Lymington YC - Sat Cruiser Racer Series 2 Chichester Cruiser RC - Series 9 Island Sailing Club - ISC Annual Regatta Island Sailing Club - Cowes Keelboat Solent Series Royal Southern YC - July Regatta Royal Solent YC - Prince Consort Royal London YC - Etchells Nationals Royal Yacht Squadron Racing - Swan European Regatta Lymington Town SC - Sun Late Summer Points A and B Race 1 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Chichester Cruiser RC - Series 10 Island Sailing Club - Evening Race Series Race 12 Royal Solent YC - Wed Evening Racing Series 2 Race 4 Lymington Town SC - Wed Summer Points Race 2 Hamble River SC - Wed Night Racing B1 RORC incorporating RCYC - Quarter Ton Cup East Cowes SC - Midsummer Evening Series 6 Royal Southampton YC - Evening Summer Series 2 Royal Lymington YC - Thu Night Racing Late Series 2 RORC - Cowes - Dinard - St Malo Race Royal Southern YC - Fri Night Racing Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing JOG - Offshore Championship Cowes Dinard St Malo Old Gaffers Association - Poole Harbour Rally Hamble River SC - XOD B1 / IRC Small Boat Regatta Cowes Corinthian YC - Contessa 32 Cowes-Poole-Cowes Race RORC incorporating RCYC - Stug Perry Trophy / Portcullis Regatta Royal Thames YC - Saida Cup Etchells Open Itchenor Sailing Club - National Swallow Championships Royal Southern YC - XOD Central Solent Championships RORC incorporating RCYC - Cowes Keelboat Solent Series Royal Victoria YC / EWCC - RVYC Regatta Lymington Town SC - Coronation Cup Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing / IRC Small Boat Regatta Island Sailing Club - Evening Race Series Race 13 Royal Solent YC - Wed Evening Racing Series 2 Race 5 Lymington Town SC - Wed Summer Points Race 3 Island SC - IOW Businesses Sonar Evening Regatta Day 3 Hamble River SC - Wed Night Racing B2 East Cowes SC - Late Summer Evening Series 1 Royal Southampton YC - Evening Summer Series 3 Royal Lymington YC - Thu Night Racing Late Series 3 RORC incorporating RCYC - IRC National Championship
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Visit www.boatinsure.co.uk or call us 01732 223650. Fri 17 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Sat 18 RORC incorporating RCYC - XOD Telegraph Trophy Sat 18 Royal Southern YC - Poole and Back Race and Rally Sat 18 RORC incorporating RCYC - Cowes Keelboat Solent Series including racing for the Solent Sunbeams Sat 18 Solo Offshore RC - Stand Alone Championship Sat 18 Royal Southampton YC - Island Double Alongshore 3 Sat 18 Lymington Town SC - Lymington Dinghy Regatta Sat 18 Hamble River SC - XOD B2 Sun 19 Royal Yacht Squadron Racing - Panerai British Classic Week Sun 19 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Mon 20 Royal London YC / RORC incorporating RCYC / ISC / CCYC / RVYC - Charles Stanley Cowes Classics Week Tue 21 Island Sailing Club - Evening Race Series Race 14 Wed 22 Royal Solent YC - Wed Evening Racing Series 2 Race 6 Wed 22 Lymington Town SC - Wed Summer Points Race 4 Wed 22 Hamble River SC - Wed Night Racing B3 Thu 23 East Cowes SC - Late Summer Evening Series 2 Thu 23 Royal Southampton YC - Evening Summer Series 4 Thu 23 Royal Lymington YC - Thu Night Racing Late Series 4 Thu 23 Portsmouth - AMERICA’S CUP WORLD SERIES Fri 24 Royal Southern YC - Fri Night Racing Fri 24 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Fri 24 Royal Solent YC - Taittinger Regatta / IRC Solent Region Championships Day 4 Fri 24 Gurnard SC - Junior Regatta Sat 25 Hamble River SC - XOD B3 Sat 25 JOG - Offshore Championship Weymouth Sat 25 Island Sailing Club - Cowes Keelboat Championship 4 Sat 25 Royal Southern YC - Channel Challenge / Cruiser Race Sun 26 Royal Temple YC - Ramsgate Week Sun 26 Royal Yacht Squadron Racing - International BIC Regatta Sun 26 Lymington Town SC - Sun Late Summer Points A and B Race 2 Sun 26 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Mon 27 Royal Solent YC - Sunset Series
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SOLENT EVENTS CALENDAR
SOLENT EVENTS CALENDAR Tue 28 Wed 29 Wed 29 Wed 29 Thu 30 Thu 30 Thu 30 Fri 31 Fri 31
Island Sailing Club - Evening Race Series Race 15 Royal Solent YC - Wed Evening Racing Series 2 Race 7 Lymington Town SC - Wed Summer Points Race 5 Hamble River SC - Wed Night Racing B4 East Cowes SC - Late Summer Evening Series 3 Royal Lymington YC - Thu Night Racing Late Series 5 Royal Lymington YC - RS Elite Nationals Royal Southern YC - Fri Night Racing Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing
AUGUST Sat 01 Sat 01 Sat 01 Sat 01 Sat 01 Sat 01 Sat 01 Sun 02 Sun 02 Sun 02 Sun 02 Sun 02 Mon 03 Tue 04 Wed 05 Wed 05 Wed 05 Thu 06 Thu 06 Fri 07 Sat 08 Sun 09 Sun 09 Wed 12 Wed 12 Wed 12 Thu 13 Fri 14 Sun 16 Sun 16 Sat 16 Sat 16 Sat 16 Mon 17 Tue 18 Wed 19 Wed 19 Wed 19 Thu 20 Thu 20 Thu 20 Fri 21 Fri 21 Fri 21 Sat 22 Sat 22 Sat 22 Sat 22 Sat 22 Sat 22 Sat 22 Sun 23 Sun 23 Sun 23 Sun 23 Tue 25 Wed 26 Wed 26 Wed 26 Thu 27 Thu 27 Thu 27 Fri 28 Fri 28 Fri 28 Fri 28 Sat 29 Sat 29 Sat 29 Sat 29 Sat 29 Sun 30 Sun 30 Sun 30 Mon 31
RORC - Channel Race Household Division YC - Annual Regatta Royal Southampton YC - Laid Marks & Summer Double Inshore Races 2 and 3 Hamble River SC - XOD B4 Bembridge SC / EWCC - Bembridge Village Regatta Royal Thames YC - Gertrude Cup International Etchells Invitational Gurnard SC - Cowes Dinghy Week Lymington Town SC - Newtown Race Royal London YC - Cowes Keelboat Solent Series Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Brading Haven YC / EWCC - Dinghy Regatta Royal London YC - International Invitational Etchells Regatta Brading Haven YC / EWCC - Solent Scow Championships Island Sailing Club - Evening Race Series Race 16 Royal Solent YC - Wed Evening Racing Series 3 Race 1 Lymington Town SC - Wed Summer Points Race 6 Hamble River SC - Wed Night Racing B5 East Cowes SC - Late Summer Evening Series 4 Royal Lymington YC - Thu Night Racing Late Series 6 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing ABERDEEN ASSET MANAGEMENT COWES WEEK Lymington Town SC - Sun Late Summer Points A and B Race 3 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Royal Solent YC - Wed Evening Racing Series 3 Race 2 Lymington Town SC - Wed Summer Points Race 7 Hamble River SC - Wed Night Racing Royal Lymington YC - Thu Night Racing Late Series 7 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing RORC - Rolex Fastnet Race Lymington Town SC - RNLI Pursuit Race Royal Lymington YC - RNLI 50th Anniversary Regatta Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Seaview YC / EWCC - Optimist Rregatta Royal Solent YC - Dinghy Week Island Sailing Club - Evening Race Series Race 17 Royal Solent YC - Wed Evening Racing Series 3 Race 3 Lymington Town SC - Wed Summer Points Race 8 Hamble River SC - Wed Night Racing B6 East Cowes SC - Late Summer Evening Series 5 Royal Southampton YC - Evening Summer Series 5 Royal Lymington YC - Thu Night Racing Late Series 8 Royal Solent YC - Sailspy Laser Team Racing Event Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Bembridge SC / EWCC - Annual Regatta Royal Southern YC - Under 21 Race Island Sailing Club - Mini Tonner Regatta East Cowes SC - ECSC Regatta Royal Lymington YC - Sat Cruiser Racer Series 3 Hamble River SC - XOD B5 Swanwick Bursledon and Warsash Regatta Royal Solent YC - 50th Anniversary Folkboat Week Royal Southern YC - Family Fun Race Day Lymington Town SC - Sun Late Summer Points A and B Race 4 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Seaview YC / EWCC - Annual Regatta Island Sailing Club - Evening Race Series Race 18 Royal Solent YC - Wed Evening Racing Series 3 Race 4 Lymington Town SC - Wed Summer Points Race 9 Hamble River SC - Wed Night Racing B7 East Cowes SC - Late Summer Evening Series 6 Royal Southampton YC - Evening Summer Series 6 Royal Lymington YC - Thu Night Racing Late Series 9 Royal Southampton YC - Torquay Double Offshore 4 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Offshore Championship The Channel Race Cowes to St Peter Port Solo Offshore RC - Offshore Series Races 4 and 5 Lymington Town SC - Dinghy Cruise 5 Hamble River SC - XOD B6 Brading Haven YC / EWCC - Annual Regatta Sea View YC / EWCC - XOD Regatta RORC incorporating RCYC - August Bank Holiday Regatta Island Sailing Club - ISC Autumn Series Day 1 Lymington Town SC - Sun Late Summer Points A and B Race 5 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Brading Haven YC / EWCC - Cadet Regatta
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SOLENT EVENTS CALENDAR
SEPTEMBER Tue 01 Island Sailing Club - Evening Race Series Bang and Go Back Wed 02 Royal Solent YC - Wed Evening Racing Series 3 Race 5 Wed 02 Lymington Town SC - Wed Summer Points Race 10 Wed 02 Hamble River SC - Wed Night Racing B8 Thu 03 East Cowes SC - Evening Race Fri 04 RORC - Cherbourg Race Fri 04 Royal Southern YC - Fri Night Racing Fri 04 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Sat 05 Old Gaffers Association - Annual Race and Rally Sat 05 Royal Lymington YC - Duo Series 4 Sat 05 Royal London YC - Windsor Cup for Jubilee Sailing Trust Sat 05 Hamble River SC - XOD Autumn 1 Sat 05 Chichester Cruiser RC - Series 11 Sat 05 RORC incorporating RCYC - Spread Eagle Regatta Sat 05 Stokes Bay SC - Catamaran Open and Vortex Nationals Sat 05 Cowes Corinthian YC - Cowes Keelboat Championship 5 Sat 05 Island Sailing Club - Contessa 26 Nationals Sat 05 Royal Air Force YC - Battle of Britain Regatta / IRC Solent Region Championships Day 5 Sat 05 Royal Southern YC - SB20 National Championships Sun 06 Island Sailing Club - ISC Autumn Series Day 2 Sun 06 Lymington Town SC - Christchurch Ledge Race Sun 06 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Sun 06 RORC incorporating RCYC - Members Race 3 Sun 06 Chichester Cruiser RC - Series 12 Wed 09 Royal Solent YC - Wed Evening Racing Series 3 Race 6 Wed 09 Island Sailing Club - Lloyds Register Sonar Regatta Thu 10 Royal Yacht Squadron Racing - Little Britain Challenge Cup Fri 11 Royal Southern YC - Fri Night Racing Fri 11 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Sat 12 East Cowes SC - Mass Start & Ladies 3 Sat 12 Lymington Town SC - Dinghy Cruise 6 Sat 12 Royal Lymington YC - Duo Series 5 Sat 12 Royal Victoria YC - Laser South Coast GP Sat 12 Hamble River SC - XOD Autumn 2 Sat 12 JOG - Offshore Championship Cowes to Poole via back of Wight Sat 12 Chichester Cruiser RC - Series 13 Sat 12 Royal Victoria YC / EWCC - Laser South Coast GP Sat 12 Royal Lymington YC - Classics Regatta Sat 12 Royal Solent YC - RAYC Regatta Sat 12 Cowes Corinthian YC - Cowes Keelboat Solent Series Sat 12 Bembridge SC / EWCC - MOCRA Bembridge Regatta Sun 13 Island Sailing Club - ISC Autumn Series Day 3 Sun 13 Lymington Town SC - Sun Late Summer Points A and B Race 6 Sun 13 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Sun 13 JOG - Offshore Championship Poole to Cowes Sun 13 Chichester Cruiser RC - Series 14 Wed 16 Royal Solent YC - Wed Evening Racing Series 3 Race 7 Thu 17 Britannia Corporate Events - EMC Silicon Cup Thu 17 Royal Southern YC - J80 National Championships Fri 18 Royal Southern YC - Fri Night Racing Fri 18 Royal Southampton YC / RORC incorporating RCYC - IRC Double Handed National Championships Fri 18 City YC - City Yacht Club Regatta Fri 18 Royal London YC - Contessa 32 National Championships Fri 18 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Sat 19 Royal Solent YC - Centenary Chase Sat 19 East Cowes SC - Passage Race Hayling Bay Sat 19 Stokes Bay SC - Laser Traveller Sat 19 Royal Lymington YC - Sat Cruiser Racer Series 4 Sat 19 Chichester Cruiser RC - Series 15 Sat 19 Royal Southern YC - September Regatta Sat 19 RORC incorporating RCYC - Cowes Keelboat Championship 6 Sat 19 Royal London YC - Britannia Weekend Sun 20 Island Sailing Club - ISC Autumn Series Day 4 Sun 20 Royal Southampton YC - Nab Double Alongshore 4 Sun 20 Hamble River SC - Barts Bash Wed 23 Royal Solent YC - Champagne Race Fri 25 Royal Southern YC - Fri Night Racing Fri 25 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Fri 25 JOG - Cherbourg II Fri 25 Solo Offshore RC - Offshore Series Races 6 and 7 Sat 26 Portsmouth SC - Parhelion Autumn Series 1 Sat 26 Royal Lymington YC - Duo Series 6 Sat 26 Hamble River SC - XOD Autumn 3 Sat 26 Royal Southampton YC - RNLI Yarmouth Race / Rally and Back Sat 26 Royal Southern YC - Hamble Scramble and Rally Sat 26 Royal London YC - Cowes Keelboat Solent Series Sat 26 Portsmouth SC / RNC & RAYC - Portsmouth Regatta / IRC Solent Region Championships Day 6 Sun 27 Island Sailing Club - ISC Autumn Series Day 5 Sun 27 Lymington Town SC - Sun Late Summer Points A and B Race 7 Sun 27 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing
SOLENT EVENTS CALENDAR
SOLENT EVENTS CALENDAR
Photo: Paul Wyeth OCTOBER Fri 02 Sat 03 Sat 03 Sat 03 Sat 03 Sat 03 Sat 03 Sat 03 Sat 03 Sun 04 Sun 04 Sun 04 Sun 04 Sun 04 Sun 04 Sat 03 Fri 09 Sat 10 Sat 10 Sat 10 Sat 10 Sat 10 Sat 10 Sat 10 Sat 10 Sun 11 Sun 11 Sun 11 Sun 11 Sun 11 Sun 11 Fri 16 Sat 17 Sat 17 Sat 17 Sat 17 Sat 17 Sun 18 Sun 18 Sun 18 Sun 18 Sun 18 Sun 18 Sun 18 Sun 18 Sun 18 Fri 23 Sat 24 Sat 24 Sat 24 Sat 24 Sun 25 Sun 25 Sun 25 Sun 25 Sun 25 Sun 25 Sat 31 Sat 31
Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Portsmouth SC - Parhelion Autumn Series 2 Royal Southern YC - Ladies Race Royal Lymington YC - Potter Ship Race Royal London YC - ASTO Small Ships Race Hamble River SC - XOD Autumn 4 JOG - Offshore Championship Owers Island Sailing Club - Inshore Series Day 3 Nab Tower Race Island Sailing Club - Cowes Keelboat Solent Series Island Sailing Club - ISC Autumn Series Day 6 Royal Southern YC - Ancient Mariners Race Royal Solent YC - Turkey Cup East Cowes SC - Autumn 1 Lymington Town SC - Sun Late Summer Points A and B Race 8 Hamble River SC - Hamble Winter Series 1 / Foxer Sailing / IRC Solent Region Championships Day 7 RORC incorporating RCYC - Arrow Trophy Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Portsmouth SC - Parhelion Autumn Series 3 Solo Offshore RC - Inshore Series Race 6 Royal Lymington YC - Champion of Champions Race Royal Southampton YC - Autumn Solent Double Inshore 4 Hamble River SC - Hamble Big Boat and One Design Championship 1 / XOD Autumn 5 Royal Southern YC - Folly Rally Island Sailing Club - John Lewis Partnership Sailing Club Regatta Royal Yacht Squadron - Cowes Keelboat Solent Series Royal Solent YC - Winter Series 1 Race 1 East Cowes YC - Autumn 2 Royal Southampton YC - Winter Series 1 and 2 Lymington Town SC - Coastal Pursuits Solent Circuit Race 1 Lymington Town SC - Sun Winter Series Race 1 Hamble River SC - Hamble Winter Series 2 / Hamble Big Boat and One Design Championship 2 / Foxer Sailing Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Portsmouth SC - Parhelion Autumn Series 4 Hamble River SC - Hamble Big Boat and One Design Championship 3 / XOD Autumn 5 RORC incorporating RCYC - Trafalgar Regatta Chichester Cruiser RC - Sparkes Trophy Bembridge SC - Illusions - Trafalgar Trophy Portsmouth SC - Frostbite Series 1 Royal Solent YC - Winter Series 1 Race 2 East Cowes SC - Autumn 3 Royal Southampton YC - Winter Series 3 and 4 Lymington Town SC - Coastal Pursuits Solent Circuit Race 2 Lymington Town SC - Sun Winter Series Race 2 Royal London YC - Jenny Anne Memorial Trophy Hamble River SC - Hamble Winter Series 3 / Hamble Big Boat and One Design Championship 4 / Foxer Sailing Chichester Cruiser RC - Nab Cups Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Portsmouth SC - Parhelion Autumn Series 5 Solo Offshore RC - Inshore Series Race 7 Hamble River SC - XOD Autumn 6 Bembridge SC - Illusions - Picnic Hamper Royal Solent YC - Winter Series 1 Race 3 East Cowes SC - Autumn 4 Royal Southampton YC - Winter Series 5 and 6 Lymington Town SC - Coastal Pursuits Solent Circuit Race 3 Lymington Town SC - Sun Winter Series Race 3 Hamble River SC - Hamle Winter Series 4 / Foxer Sailing Portsmouth SC - Parhelion Autumn Series 6 Bembridge SC - Illusions - Guy Fawkes Trophy
NOVEMBER Sun 01 Sun 01 Sun 01 Sun 01 Sun 01 Sun 01 Sat 07
Portsmouth SC - Frostbite Series 2 Royal Solent YC - Winter Series 1 Race 4 Royal Southampton YC - Charity Pursuit Race Lymington Town SC - Coastal Pursuits Solent Circuit Race 4 Lymington Town SC - Sun Winter Series Race 4 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Royal Solent YC - Winter Series 1 Race 5
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Sat 07 Sun 08 Sun 08 Sun 08 Sun 08 Sun 08 Sat 14 Sun 15 Sun 15 Sun 15 Sun 15 Sun 15 Sun 15 Sun 22 Sun 22 Sun 22 Sun 22 Sun 22 Sat 28 Sun 29 Sun 29 Sun 29 Sun 29
Hamble River SC - Foxer Winter Championship Portsmouth SC - Frostbite Series 3 Royal Southampton YC - Winter Series 7 and 8 Lymington Town SC - Coastal Pursuits Solent Circuit Race 5 Lymington Town SC - Sun Winter Series Race 5 Hamble River SC - Hamble Winter Series 5 / Foxer Winter Championship Bembridge SC - Illusions - Bailey Bowl Royal Solent YC - Winter Series 2 Race 1 Portsmouth SC - Frostbite Series 4 Royal Southampton YC - Winter Series 9 and 10 Lymington Town SC - Coastal Pursuits Solent Circuit Race 6 Lymington Town SC - Sun Winter Series Race 6 Hamble River SC - Hamble Winter Series 6 / Foxer Sailing Portsmouth SC - Frostbite Series 5 Royal Solent YC - Winter Series 2 Race 2 Lymington Town SC - Coastal Pursuits Solent Circuit Race 7 Lymington Town SC - Sun Winter Series Race 7 Hamble River SC - Hamble Winter Series 7 / Foxer Sailing Bembridge SC - Illusions - Inter Club Team Racing Portsmouth SC - Frostbite Series 6 Royal Solent YC - Winter Series 2 Race 3 Lymington Town SC - Sun Winter Series Race 8 Hamble River SC - Hamble Winter Series 8 / Foxer Sailing
DECEMBER Sun 06 Sun 06 Sun 06 Sun 06 Sat 12 Sat 12 Sun 13 Sun 13 Sun 13 Sun 20 Fri 25 Sat 26 Sun 27 Sun 27
Portsmouth SC - Frostbite Series Reserve Day Royal Solent YC - Winter Series 2 Race 4 Lymington Town SC - Sun Winter Series Race 9 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Royal Lymington YC - Needles Relief Race Bembridge SC - Illusions - Christmas Cracker Royal Solent YC - Winter Series 2 Race 5 Lymington Town SC - Sun Winter Series Race 10 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Portsmouth SC - Third Annual Hot Turkey Race Royal Southern YC - Foxer Racing Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Bembridge SC - Illusions - Icebreaker
SOLENT EVENTS CALENDAR
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THE TIDES THEY ARE A-CHANGIN’ WINNING TIDES
BY GRAHAM SUNDERLAND It’s the big question on every sailor’s lips; the one which dominates conversation among all who navigate the Solent.... How does the newly-constructed Cowes Breakwater affect tides in the area? Well, the Solent Handbook can exclusively reveal the answer to that poser.
Professional sailor Graham Sunderland has studied tidal patterns around the £7.5million project. Cowes-based Graham - the man behind renowned sailing bible ‘Winning Tides’ - carried out extensive mapping of the waters surrounding the 350-metre-long, detached rock-armoured breakwater. Now, he is set to unveil his findings in a forthcoming publication, which will be released within months. Graham revealed: “The changes that the wall has thrown up are actually more than I had initially envisaged. “There is some very crucial details which will prove vital to racers sailing the areas in the book. “Many people were asking what changes have taken place since the wall has been built? I have always wanted to a Cowes book so this was clearly the time. “The information I have mapped is really interesting. “The scale of the new book shows the shore line to West Bramble and the detail around Cowes, Gurnard and as far east as the Shrape mud.” Graham became a household name in sailing circles thanks to the intimate knowledge contained within ‘Winning Tides’. This half-hour tidal stream prediction book is a must-have for any racing sailor. It set a fresh standard by providing the most comprehensive, accurate and easily-accessed tidal stream information available on the Solent and surrounding area. Graham has sailed the Solent since being a child, yet admits researching the book was often a labour of love. He recalled: “I spent a year-and-a-half on the book, nine months of which involved going out in the RIB every single morning. “I would observe and record data before heading back at night. “I have so many stories to tell from the time spent out on the RIB. “I was over at Lepe Spit one really foggy February day. I missed the line that was at the back of a buoy and wound up running over it and wrapping it around the prop. “I couldn’t get it going so eventually decided I was going to have to go into the water. “I called my wife and told her what I was going to do and asked her to get a bath running for me, and said if she didn’t hear from me to let the right people know what was going on.
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THE TIDES THEY ARE A-CHANGIN’
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WINNING TIDES
“Anyway I stripped off completely, jumped in and cut the rope off. It was absolutely perishing. “I clambered back out, pulled my clothes and headed straight back in. “That was a miserable moment. “Another day I was heading over to Portsmouth when the HMS Sutherland, a Royal Navy frigate, appeared. “It was a really cold December day and I had my balaclava on pottering around in the RIB. “It was a time of high alert so they actually stopped the frigate and sent over a patrol boat. “They asked what I was doing. I had to try and explain about the survey work while all these poor blokes onboard wanted desperately to get home and see their families. “They stayed with me all the way back in just to make sure I wasn’t up to something.” Graham has sailed throughout the world but admits few places compare to the Solent. He went on: “The uniqueness of the Solent is the varied racing on offer. One minute you are battling round a headland trying to cheat tide then looking looking for the fastest flow in deep water. “You have to get your head out the boat and keep watching what is going on. It changes constantly. “Having the Isle of Wight sitting right in the middle of it all affects everything from the weather to the tides in quite a dynamic way.”
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USEFUL CONTACTS
Photo: Paul Wyeth
HM Coastguard (Lee-on-Solent) 02392 552100 HM Customs National ‘Yachtline’ (24 hour yacht reporting) 0845 723 1110 HM Customs National Advice Service 0300 200 3700 Emergency Services (Coastguard, Police, Ambulance, Fire) 999 Non-Emergency Calls 101 NHS 111 111 Sea Start 0800 885500 / 01489 557364 The National Coastwatch Institution: Gosport NCI, Portsmouth Harbour Entrance 02392 765194 Lee NCI, Lee-on-Solent beach 02392 556758 Calshot NCI, Radar Tower Calshot Spit 02380 893562 Needles NCI, Lookout Station, The Needles 01983 754231 Blue Funnel Cruises 02380 223278 Brittany Ferries 0871 244 0744 Gosport Ferry 02392 524551 Hamble Ferry 02380 454512 Hovertravel 08434 878887 Hythe Ferry 02380 840722 Red Funnel 0844 844 9988 Solent & Wightline Cruises 01983 564602 Wightlink 0333 999 7333 Hayling Ferry 07702 928154 P&O Ferries 08716 646464 LD Lines 0844 576 8836 Southampton Airport 0844 481 7777 Bournemouth Airport 01202 364000 Gatwick Airport 0844 892 0322 Heathrow Airport 0844 335 1801 National Express 08717 818181 National Rail Enquiries 08457 484950 Transport for London 0343 222 1234 Traveline 0871 200 2233
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SPONSORED BY MDL MARINAS A Solent Handbook wouldn’t be complete without revealing some of the hidden delights to be found in the area and so this section introduces the reader to the wonderful diversity of harbours, ports, and rivers to be found around the Solent. The Solent has many harbours ranging from quaint creeks to some of the busiest ports in the world. Whether you want to have a relaxing cruise or a challenging race the Solent has got it all. There are plenty of bays and rivers to explore where you can drop your anchor for lunch and maybe take a swim, or if it’s the exhilaration of racing you are after, then why not take part in one of the hundreds of sailing regattas offered here during the season, and in fact over the winter too if you are the hardy type! If you’re after some retail therapy, or fancy a night out, there is something for everyone; the Solent plays host to some of the best restaurants in the UK offering fresh, local produce. We hope you enjoy browsing through our guides to some of the most popular destinations in the Solent - and that your stay here is a memorable one.
DISTANCE TABLE Bembridge Hbr 13 Chichester Hbr 17 8 Cowes 2 10 15 Fareham
14 10 12 10
R. Hamble (ent) 6 15 18 6 14 Keyhaven
8 20 25 12 22 13
Langstone Hbr 14 6
5 12 10 18 25
Lymington Hbr 7 8 23 10 20 12 3 21 Newtown
4 14 19 5 16 9 6 17 4
Portsmouth Hbr 12 5 8 10 3 13 18 5 19 12 Ryde Hbr
8 4 8 5 6 8 16 7 14 10 3
Southampton 9 18 23 9 16 5 16 21 16 12 18 12 Wootton
6 5 10 4 9 8 16 10 12 9 5 2 10
Yarmouth Hbr 7 19 24 9 18 13 3 21 2 2 19 13 16 12 Ventnor Haven 22 12 18 22 18 23 33 17 28 25 15 14 25 15 28
Ventnor Haven
Chichester Hbr
Bembridge Hbr
27 42 49 29 40 32 20 39 22 24 37 35 35 32 20 30 Beaulieu R. (ent)
Poole
Approximate distances in nautical miles. To be used as a guide only and not for navigation.
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SOLENT PORTS & HARBOURS
SOLENT PORTS & HARBOURS
FREEDOM IS CHOOSING ONE HOME BERTH AND HAVING COMPLIMENTARY ACCESS TO OVER 90 MARINA DESTINATIONS THE MOST GENEROUS BOATYARD DISCOUNTS BUYING FUEL AT COST UNLIMITED FREE WIFI
TERMS & CONDITIONS APPLY
Woolverstone Mercury Yacht Harbour Port Hamble Hamble Point
Bray Windsor
Saxon Wharf Shamrock Quay Ocean Village Hythe Marina Village Torquay Cobb’s Quay
Queen Anne’s Battery
BEAULIEU RIVER BEAULIEU RIVER
50º46’.58N, 01º21’.60W (ENT)
The Beaulieu River is centrally located on the Solent, and is one of the most picturesque rivers in the south. Forming part of the Beaulieu Estate, Beaulieu River is one of the few privately owned rivers in the world and is largely unspoilt, both in terms of its landscape and as a haven for wildlife. The banks play host to an exceptional variety of habitat with an equally varied display of flora and fauna.
Photo: Laura Boynton
When approaching Beaulieu River from the east, keep the lit south cardinal to starboard off Stone Point and steer to the vicinity of a lit, yellow spherical racing buoy close to the transit which should be 324° with the leading marks aligned with the front port No. 2 beacon and the eastern edge of Lepe House. To approach from the west, keep well off the mud banks of Warren Flat and Beaulieu Spit and again steer a course towards the racing buoy and transit as above. The Beaulieu Spit dolphin marks the entrance, a large port hand tripod. It is recommended to avoid the entrance 2 hours either side of LW to avoid the bar 0.8m depth at LW Springs. If your boat draws 5 feet, you can enter the river 1½ hours after LW Springs. The navigation channel at the mouth of the river is defined with red and green piles and, further upstream, branches of willow painted red and green known as ‘withies’ are used. The river benefits from a double tide, and a secondary high water. The flood tide takes 6 hours coming in; then, after a gentle fall, there is a second high tide some 2 hours later followed by a period of slack water for about an hour. Then the ebb sets in, and LW is reached in just 3½ hours.
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BEAULIEU RIVER BEAULIEU RIVER
Buckler’s Hard village and its marina are 3.5m upstream from the entrance to Beaulieu River. Set within the heart of the New Forest National Park, Buckler’s Hard Yacht Harbour offers a unique location for short stays and welcomes visiting vessels. The masters of vessels arriving inside the limits of the river are expected to report to the Harbour Master within 24 hours. The harbour does not listen on a Channel; please phone the Harbour Office on 01590 616200. The harbour speed limit is 5 knots from the entrance and for the entire length of the river. Visitors are welcome to enter the marina at any time, day or night. Berths for overnight visitors can be reserved in advance, subject to availability. Alternatively, you may be offered a visitor pontoon or mooring upstream of the marina but a dinghy will be required to get ashore. The marina is dredged to 6 feet below Mean Low Water Springs. Buckler’s Hard Yacht Harbour is a member of TransEurope Marinas, and in 2013 was awarded the top rating of 5 Gold Anchors by The Yacht Harbour Association. It has full marine services and facilities available including a boatyard, chandlery, fuel waste disposal facilities, scrubbing grid, yacht valet service, security, toilets, showers, and a launderette. Diesel, petrol, and fresh water are available from the fuel jetty. A small selection of grocery items including fresh milk, bread, newspapers (weekends only) confectionery, soft drinks and ice may be obtained from the Harbour Master’s Office. A Water Taxi will be available from Easter to September, contact them on VHF Ch 77, Call Sign ‘Beaulieu River Taxi’. Telephone the Harbour Office for more details. Contact: Harbour Master’s Office, Buckler’s Hard Yacht Harbour, Beaulieu, Hampshire, SO42 7XB. Tel: 01590 616200. www.beaulieuriver.com
Photo: Laura Boynton
BEMBRIDGE HARBOUR BEMBRIDGE HARBOUR
50º41’.62N, 01º06’.40W + (ENT)
Bembridge Harbour lies on the eastern tip of the Isle of Wight, just a short sail from many Solent harbours with Chichester, Langstone, and Portsmouth all within a 10 mile radius. For yachtsmen embarking on a Channel crossing, Bembridge Harbour has the added attraction that it is at least an hour closer to the continent than the mainland marinas at the same end of the Solent.
Photo: Donna Woodward Taylor
The Harbour is designated a ‘Site of Special Scientific Interest’ in recognition of its significance as a habitat for wildlife. The harbour’s European importance is confirmed by its status as a ‘Special Protection Area’ and it is designated a ‘wetland of international importance’ under the Ramsar Convention. The harbour has an area of saltmarsh as well as other important habitats such as sand dunes, vegetated shingle, and saline lagoons. The harbour’s saltmarsh and inter-tidal mud provide feeding grounds for wintering and migratory waterfowl and the Island’s only RSPB site edges onto the harbour. Bembridge is a large, picturesque and sheltered harbour with beautiful beaches and, although the entrance is tidally restricted, once inside its shelter a warm welcome awaits visiting yachts whatever the weather. It has the two villages of Bembridge and St. Helens surrounding it, and the small town of Brading is a few miles away.
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01983 778077 MEDIA RIB for CHARTER
The entrance is due south of Portsmouth Harbour entrance and is marked by a tide gauge topped with a yellow cross. As you pass the tide gauge you will see the village of Seaview to starboard and the St Helens Fort to port. Vessels should leave the tide gauge to their port side on the approach and this will line them up with the channel markers which are in pairs, the first pair being buoys 1 and 2 which are lit at night - all other buoys are marked with reflective tape. On passing buoys 6a and 7a you will be running parallel to the shore with the harbour entrance appearing in the distance. On big Spring tides beware the current which can be strong through into the harbour. A pictorial guide to the entrance channel is available to download from the harbour website and there is also a Navionics chart showing approx depths for guidance. New during 2015: live-feed tidal data from the bar, available on the website and at the Berthing Office. Once inside the harbour there is a drying beach anchorage on your port side adjacent to Bembridge Sailing Club. Approximately half way down the harbour on your starboard side you will come to the Duver Marina visitors’ pontoon which gives access to the shore on the north side of the harbour. Rafting may be necessary at peak times. Visitors are advised to call on VHF Ch 80 Call Sign ‘Bembridge Harbour’ for berthing instructions on entering the harbour. Berths are allocated strictly on a first-come, first-served basis. Harbour staff are on duty ±3 hours HW at weekends and 0800-1800 weekdays. Rallies are very welcome - five or more boats receive a 5% discount, with a larger discount for rallies in excess of 10 boats. As a general rule of thumb, access to the harbour for a vessel drawing 1.5m is ±3 hours HW Portsmouth, Neaps or Springs. In recent years an extensive dredging programme has been completed within the harbour, re-establishing depths of 2m LWMS. An extension to the visitor’s pontoon has increased the available berthing space, and shoreside facilities have been refurbished and extended. There is a water taxi service, VHF Ch 80 Call sign ‘Bembridge Water Taxi’, tel: 07582 806017. The taxi is based at the Duver Pontoon and operates between various pick up and drop off points (subject to tidal access). There are showers and toilets, a laundry (at Bembridge Marina), water (own hosepipe), electricity, and waste removal facilities. WiFi is available to all visitors (first 1/2 hour free). An undercover dry stack service for RIBs and powerboats up to 10m and 5T is available within the harbour at Bembridge Boat Storage located adjacent to the Harbour Office www.bembridgeboatstorage.co.uk Contact: Bembridge Harbour Authority, Harbour Office, The Duver, St Helens, Isle of Wight, PO33 1YB. Tel: 01983 872828. Website: www.bembridgeharbour.co.uk or follow the Facebook page.
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CHICHESTER HARBOUR CHICHESTER HARBOUR
50º46’.86N, 00º56’.00W (ENT)
Chichester Harbour is an ideal water recreation centre with its 11 square miles of water, 17 miles of well marked and lit channels and easy access to the Solent. The sheltered waters are ideal for racing and day sailing and its channels offer secure moorings for cruising vessels. In addition, the harbour is an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and of national and international importance for nature conservation.
Photo: Paul Adams
The low lying entrance to Chichester Harbour, is not easily distinguished against the backdrop of the South Downs and is bordered on both sides by extensive drying banks; West Pole, Middle Pole and East Pole Sands, the latter extending more than a mile seaward. A deep-water channel running between these banks to the harbour entrance is interrupted by a bar joining West to Middle Pole and East Pole Sands, this mobile feature varies in position and height and is periodically dredged to maintain a charted depth of 1.5 metres. The width of the dredged channel across the Bar is a little less than 200 yards. Vessels approaching the harbour from the west are advised to shape a course for West Pole Beacon 50º 45’.45 N, 00º 56’.59 W. On rounding the Beacon aim to pass between Eastoke Buoy and West Winner Beacons leaving the Bar Beacon 50º 46’.023 N, 00º 56’.380 W, close to port. When approaching the harbour from the east, mariners are advised not to cross the 5 metre contour until West Pole Beacon bears 310º T. On reaching the beacon shape a course for the harbour entrance keeping the Bar Beacon close to port. Chichester Bar is normally dredged to approximately 1.5m below chart datum giving a depth of 2m at MLWS. However, through gradual accretion and after severe gales the bottom can vary markedly and it is then prudent to assume a least depth of 0.8 metres below Chart Datum. Mariners should be aware that ebb tides in the entrance to the harbour can attain a rate of up to 6 knots on springs. With a falling tide and strong winds from a southerly sector a dangerous sea may be encountered. In these conditions it is advisable to exercise caution and cross the bar between three hours before and one hour after HW springs. In very strong winds entry should not be attempted. The speed limit throughout the harbour is 8 knots.
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(023) 9246 6321 (023) 9246 3572
CHICHESTER HARBOUR
mdlmarinas.co.uk
Up-to-date tide and weather information at the Harbour Entrance is available at www.chimet.co.uk or from the Harbour Office. Banner 1.indd 20/03/2014 The1Harbour Patrol maintains a VHF radio watch on Ch 14, Call Sign ‘Chichester Harbour Radio’ or ‘Chichester Harbour Patrol’. The speed limit throughout the harbour is 8 knots. Useful navigation information, including race start times and locations, is published each weekend as an eNewsletter, sign up at www.conservancy.co.uk to receive a copy. Itchenor - visitor moorings, fresh water, showers, free pump-out station and scrubbing piles available, contact Chichester Harbour Patrol for information. Ferry available weekends and bank holidays April to mid May and October, daily mid May to September, call ‘Ferry’ on Ch 8. Emsworth - visitor moorings, fresh water and scrubbing piles available. Ferry operates weekends and bank holidays Easter to September 2hrs either side of HW. Call ’Emsworth Mobile’ on Ch 14 for information or ferry. Long-term moorings are available throughout the harbour managed by Chichester Harbour Conservancy. These offer the opportunity to enjoy the best of the beautiful natural environment of Chichester Harbour. Located in some idyllic settings these well maintained and sheltered moorings offer a cost effective way to experience this Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Contact: Chichester Harbour Conservancy, Harbour Office, Itchenor, Chichester, PO20 7AW. Tel: 01243 512301 www.conservancy.co.uk Sparkes Marina - is situated on the south-east tip of Hayling Island within Chichester Harbour, one of Europe’s largest natural harbours. An array of birds and marine life, stunning sunsets and calm waters are just some of the advantages of this beautiful location. When approaching the marina, enter Chichester Harbour and proceed on the starboard side of the channel until the Hayling Island Sailing Club mast is bearing 240 degrees M (236 degrees T) on the portside. From this position you will see an East Cardinal Mark with tide gauge bearing approximately 290 degrees M (286 degrees T) and a jetty pontoon on the sailing club shore. Alter course to port onto a heading of 281 degrees M (277 degrees T). Adjust your course to pass midway between the cardinal mark and the pontoon. You will now see transit marks consisting of two Day-Glo orange St Andrew’s Crosses, bearing 281 degrees M (277 degrees T), adjusting your course to keep the transit in line. Proceed down the transit for approximately three cables, leaving the pile mooring to port. As you pass the last pile mooring you will see steel piles with red can top marks on your port bow (South West). Follow these marks, which will lead you into the marina. The approach channel from the Sailing Club to the Marina has been dredged to 2 metres below CD. Sparkes Marina has 140 berths; max LOA: 20m; fuel (diesel, petrol and marine gas); dry boat sailing for yachts and motorboats; swinging moorings; 40 ton mobile crane; storage ashore; full
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CHICHESTER HARBOUR
CHICHESTER HARBOUR maintenance services; 24-hour showers and toilets; laundry facilities; restaurant and bar; yacht brokerage; sea school; and MDL Wi-Fi. Contact: Sparkes Marina, Wittering Road, Hayling Island, PO11 9SR. Tel: 023 9246 3572. www.sparkesmarina.co.uk Northney Marina - Situated on the north shore of Hayling Island within Chichester Harbour, one of the largest natural harbours in Europe. The harbour’s sheltered waters provide safe cruising and there are plenty of anchorages to explore within the area, such as Itchenor with its quaint pubs or Bosham village. When approaching Northney Marina, enter Chichester Harbour on the top half of the flood. Continue north up Emsworth Channel for 3 miles to Emsworth south cardinal light beacon. Here fork 45° to port up Sweare Deep. After 8 cables turn sharply port around the Northney red beacon. Enter the marina via a short channel dredged 1m; access H24. Northney Marina has 228 berths; max LOA: 24m; fuel (diesel); boat lifting and storage ashore; 35 ton boat hoist; slipway; car parking and trailer storage; boatyard services; yacht brokerage; laundry facilities; provisions shop; and MDL Wi-Fi. Contact: Northney Marina, Northney Road, Hayling Island, PO11 0NH. Tel: 023 9246 6321. www.northneymarina.co.uk Emsworth Yacht Harbour - Emsworth is a friendly, family owned marina within walking distance of the attractive village of Emsworth. There are limits on access due to the fixed sill and the marina is accessible ±2 HW. The marina has 220 fully serviced pontoon berths; hard-standing for 200 boats; and a visitor pontoon. There is a 50 tonne travel hoist, 10 tonne crane, and Wise W10 boat parker. Chandlery and boat broker on site; range of boat repair services; slipway and drying grid; diesel and Calor Gas sales; and free WiFi. Contact: Emsworth Yacht Harbour, Thorney Road, Emsworth, Hants, PO10 8BP. Tel: 01243 377727. www.emsworth-marina.co.uk Thornham Marina - Thornham Marina is at the top of Prinsted Bay in Chichester Harbour. Visitors can moor on drying pontoon berths, on pontoon berths within a gated basin, or on swinging moorings. Access to pontoon berths is around ±2 HW, (swinging moorings is 2.5 hours), depending on tide height. To find Thornham Marina enter into Thorney Channel and proceed north, pass Thorney Island SC and church to port. Follow the moorings all the way to the entrance to Prinsted Bay. After entering the bay, follow the channel markers which will then guide you into the deep water pool or pontoon berths. Call Sign ‘Thornham Marina’, VHF Ch 80. There is storage for around 300 vessels; a 12 ton boat hoist; electricity and water; toilets and showers; and car parking. Contact: Thornham Marina, Thornham Lane, Prinsted, Nr. Emsworth, PO10 8DD. Tel: 01243 375335. www.thornhammarina.com
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Birdham Pool Marina - The marina is situated on the southern edge of Chichester Harbour six miles from the entrance, in an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The marina runs alongside a traditional working shipyard which provides excellent services. Birdham Pool can accommodate up to 265 vessels and berthing is mostly between piles, bow or stern to the shore or jetties. The approach channel to Birdham Pool Marina is approximately 10m in width. Please call on VHF Ch 80, Call Sign ‘Birdham Pool Marina’, or by mobile to the lock on 07831 466815. Entrance and exit via the lock is available ±3.5 hours HW. Contact: Birdham Pool Limited, Birdham, Chichester, West Sussex, PO20 7BG. Tel: 01243 512310. www.birdhampool.co.uk Chichester Marina - Chichester Marina is situated upstream from Birdham Pool on the starboard side of Chichester Harbour. Once inside the harbour you need to head northeast past East Head and toward Itchenor to arrive at the Marina. The channel to the marina is marked by the Chichester Marina starboard pile. Maximum speed 6 knots. On arrival, moor your vessel on the outer waiting pontoon and visit the marina reception for locking instructions. Alternatively, you can contact the marina for a berth allocation prior to your arrival. During busy periods a queuing procedure may be in operation. The duty lock-keeper can advise on current locking arrangements.  The lock allows 24-hour access to the marina with excellent security provided around the clock. The marina has luxury toilets and showers; a launderette; a new Café Bistro overlooking the water; free Wi-Fi; a friendly yacht club, free parking; post collection; a new boatyard facility with a wide variety of marine tenants and an undercover boatshed. Contact: Premier Chichester Marina, Birdham, Chichester, West Sussex, PO20 7EJ. Tel: 01243 512731. www.premiermarinas.com/chichester Haines Boatyard - Haines Boatyard is synonymous with the shipwright and painting expertise required to restore and maintain a varied range of classic and modern keelboats, yachts and motor craft. They are proud of their long heritage offering a wide range of services for boats up to 34ft and 6 tonnes, including hauling, launching, pressure washing and anti-fouling. Indoor and outdoor summer and winter storage is available for all types of boat up to 28ft. Facilities include a fully-equipped shipwright, painting and rigging workshop with a 10 ton gantry. Contact: Haines Boatyard, Itchenor, Chichester, West Sussex, PO20 7AN. Tel: 01243 512228. Email: [email protected]
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COWES & RIVER MEDINA COWES & RIVER MEDINA
50º46’.08N, 01º17’.95W
Cowes is fortunate to enjoy the benefits of its geography and history. Its position at the centre of the Solent, with a harbour that’s easily accessible and a river navigable as far as Newport, has made it the Isle of Wight’s main port as well as a popular destination harbour and event centre for sailing and powerboating.
Photo: Rick Tomlinson
Cowes’ history is steeped in yachting tradition. Even before the 1815 founding in London of The Yacht Club, which went on to become the Royal Yacht Squadron, Cowes was a fashionable watering place. The Cowes Regatta, which was based on the annual licensing of the local pilot vessels and races between them, was a popular spectator sport for visitors even before the advent of Cowes Week. When Queen Victoria’s court was at Osborne House the town became famous for yachting and social events. Today, Cowes has evolved to meet the demands of a growing leisure marine audience and tourist visitors. The harbour and river offer easy access and a choice of mooring types, either close to the town or in the more tranquil stretches of the River Medina. In addition to leisure craft the harbour and river see a large number of commercial movements including Red Funnel car ferries, high-speed Red Jet ferries, and cargo vessels up to 100m. A new 350m detached breakwater is currently under construction; this is located between the No. 2 buoy and the Shrape Breakwater. The breakwater is surrounded by an exclusion zone which is marked by lit buoys and extends approximately 70m from the breakwater with the exception of the western end which lies adjacent to the fairway. Works will continue through the summer of 2015 with completion expected in October.
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COWES & RIVER MEDINA For up-to-date details of the construction works and exclusion zones refer to the Cowes Local Notices to Mariners www.cowesharbourcommission.co.uk/local_notices_to_mariners and the project pages at http://www.cowesharbourcommission.co.uk/ cowes_breakwater_project The approach to Cowes is fairly straightforward by day or night but caution is always advised especially at or near Springs when strong tides run across Cowes Roads and in the Inner Harbour which can easily set you off course. The best approach for vessels that cannot use the Small Craft Channel is from the north and keeping close to the starboard-hand marker No.1, following the starboard side of the channel. Beware that between HW-3hrs and HW a strong westerly setting cross current may be experienced at the entrance and again in the Inner Fairway between the Island Sailing Club and Town Quay particularly on spring tides. Sailing boats should ensure that their engines are running to assist safe navigation; once past Town Quay the cross tide is considerably reduced. Small craft may opt to use the Small Craft Channel, that connects the eastern approaches to Cowes, with the main fairway opposite Town Quay, enabling small vessels to avoid the main harbour entrance when approaching/ departing Cowes from/to the north and east. The depth in the Small Craft Channel may be as little as 0.2m below chart datum. As a rule of thumb, if your draught is more than the current tide height you should avoid using the channel. The current tide height can be found on the cowesharbourcommission.co.uk home page or on the tide boards located at Town Quay, Watch House and the Shrape Beacon. Vessels using the channel should stay below 6 knots and pass to seaward of the Shrape Beacon and between the three pairs of red and green buoys, and also the two pairs of yellow marks which mark the eastern end of the channel, and avoid entering the moorings either side or the Shrape Watersports Area to the east of the Shrape Breakwater. Hazards include the numerous mooring buoys to the east of Cowes entrance and areas of foul ground and drying banks to the west (rocks); you need to constantly monitor your position. The Red Jet ferries often approach and depart the No. 1 and 2 fairway buoys at high speed and the Red Funnel car ferries should not be obstructed; Rule 9 applies in the fairway which extends approximately 500m to the north of the No. 1 and No. 2 buoys. There is a 6 knot through the water speed limit within Cowes Harbour. All sailing vessels with engines shall have their engines ready for immediate use when sailing south of No 4 buoy. The Town Quay basin and surrounding area are often busy and vessels must keep watch for Red Funnel car ferry and Red Jet catamaran movements. Avoid overtaking the Red Jets on their starboard side as they slow to make a 180 degree turn to starboard prior to berthing. The Cowes Chain Ferry or Floating Bridge as it is also known, operates throughout the year for around 18 hours each day and takes passengers and vehicles across the narrow mouth of the River Medina estuary between Cowes and East Cowes. Depending on the tide and position of the Chain Ferry in the river, the depth of navigable water above the level of the chains does vary, being
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deepest in the centre of the fairway and steadily decreasing towards the banks of the River Medina and at the bow of the ferry. With the Chain Ferry berthed on either the Cowes or East Cowes side, the depth of navigable water above the chains is a minimum of 1.7m below chart datum in the centre of the fairway. Beware of strong tides in the vicinity of the Chain Ferry, especially to the east of the fairway over Spring tides during the ebb when the tidal rate can be over 4 knots. For further information contact the Ferry Manager on 01983 293041. Cowes owes much of its popularity to its location in the centre of the Solent and its position midway between Weymouth (46 nautical miles) and Brighton (53 nautical miles), in the centre of the most popular sailing area in the country. As a result, during the summer season there are lots of recreational craft moored on buoys, pontoons, and pile moorings within Cowes Harbour and along the River Medina. A large number of yacht races start and/or finish in Cowes, and the harbour is also popular with visiting cruisers and powerboaters. The main sailing season runs from April to October with the busiest period during July and August. Cowes Week, which is held in the first half of August, sees the approaches to Cowes Harbour and the fairway become extremely crowded. To contact the afloat Cowes Harbour Master call on VHF Ch 69 Call Sign ‘HM1’ or ‘Cowes Harbour Radio’ for the Harbour Master’s Office. Contact: Harbour Office, Town Quay, Cowes, PO31 7AS. Tel: 01983 293952. www.cowesharbourcommission.co.uk
www.theanchorcowes.co.uk
COWES & RIVER MEDINA
COWES & RIVER MEDINA
COWES & RIVER MEDINA Scrubbing berths can be found at Town Quay next to the Harbour Office, or a lift and scrub can be arranged through one of the marinas. Petrol and red diesel are available from Lallow’s Boatyard (50m south of Cowes Yacht Haven on the western side of the fairway) as well as at Cowes Harbour Fuels which also supplies calor gas, engine oils and fuel treatments and is suitable for deep draught vessels. Fresh water is available at Trinity Landing and Town Quay. There are several public landing places and slipways. In Cowes there is the Whitegates pontoon suitable for tenders, a slipway between Thetis Wharf and Shepards Wharf Marina, Town Quay adjacent to the Red Jet terminal (up to 7m LOA), the Sun Slip by HSBC Bank, the Market Slip by the Waterside Pub, the Watch House slip next to the old HM Customs, the south end of Trinity Landing, and at Egypt Point there is a slipway east of the Point. Also in East Cowes at Bells landing (tidal) just north of Cowes Union Flag hangar, the White Hart slip south of the Red Funnel ferry terminal, the pontoon south of Trinity Wharf, and the Folly slip. Vessels up to 7m LOA can moor at Town Quay, next to the Red Jet ferry terminal from where there is direct access to the High Street. The pontoon at Trinity Landing also offers walk ashore access. Whitegates visitor pontoons are situated on both sides of the main fairway, south of the Chain Ferry. In addition, from March to October M Row, off The Green, provides heavy duty deep water moorings, max LOA 25m. Cowes Yacht Haven - Cowes Yacht Haven is centrally located giving visitors instant access to Cowes town centre. The marina is accessible at all states of the tide and has 260 fully serviced berths, max LOA 50m. There is a 30 ton hoist and 15 ton mobile crane, WiFi, winter berthing and dry sailing, on-site engineers, electricians and boat repairers, laundry, showers and toilets. Cowes Yacht Haven Events Centre is an ideal location for rallies or other events. with room to seat up to 400 guests and 3000sq/m of outdoor exhibition space. Call VHF 80 ‘Cowes Yacht Haven’ for berthing instructions. Contact: Cowes Yacht Haven, Vectis Yard, High Street, Cowes PO31 7BD. Tel: 01983 299975. www.cowesyachthaven.com. Shepards Wharf Marina - Shepards Wharf is just minutes walk from the bustling centre of Cowes. There is capacity for up to 100 visitors, 35 residents and a basin for the exclusive use of dry sailing clients. Shepards is popular with many organised rallies and regattas. VHF Ch 80 Call Sign ‘Shepards Wharf Marina’. Shepards Wharf Marina services include boat lifting, dry sailing, electricity and water, free WIFI, free showers and toilets, a pump out and waste facility, CCTV, a restaurant, sail maker, annual moorings, as well as visitor and winter berths. Berths can be booked in advance; at peak times in the season rafting up may be necessary. Contact: Shepards Wharf Marina; Medina Road, Cowes, PO31 7HT. Tel: 01983 297821. www.shepardswharfmarina.co.uk East Cowes Marina - East Cowes Marina is situated in a sheltered location on the eastern bank of the Medina River, just upstream of
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on board to a
life at sea
UKSA is a youth charity based in Cowes on the Isle of Wight. We believe in giving young people the chance to transform their lives through the power of the sea. But we also run courses and recreational days for all, from experienced professionals to children to superyacht students to ex-offenders. You can gain RYA and career certification or simply enjoy a range of fun activities.
For more information, visit uksa.org UKSAsailing
@UKSAsailing
Charity Recreation Professional Schools & Groups Development
COWES & RIVER MEDINA
COWES & RIVER MEDINA the Chain Ferry linking Cowes with East Cowes. VHF 80 Call Sign ‘East Cowes Marina’. The marina provides 240 annual berths and over 140 visitors’ berths. Visitor berths can be booked in advance, and are all ‘walk-ashore’ with free electricity and fresh water. Shore side facilities include high quality washrooms and showers, a laundry room, car parking, and yacht stores. Free WiFi and internet stations are available in the marina reception. Next to the marina office the ever popular ‘Lifeboat’ pub, with its sunny decking area overlooking the river, serves quality food all day, every day. The marina is a great base for all the Isle of Wight’s major events, including the Round the Island Race, Cowes Week, and the music festivals. East Cowes town has a Waitrose and Co-op, a post office, cash machine, restaurants, cafés and takeaways. There are lovely Medina river walks, and Osborne House and the Classic Boat Museum are just a few minutes stroll away. Cowes is easily accessible by Chain Ferry or the friendly and efficient Sally Water Taxi service operating from the marina. The marina welcomes rallies, and a marquee and BBQ area are available for hire. Contact: East Cowes Marina, Britannia Way, East Cowes, PO32 6UB. Tel: 01983 293 983. www.deanreddyhoff.co.uk//east-cowes-marina Folly Inn - If you wish to travel from East Cowes or Cowes to the Folly Inn, the Folly Waterbus is available on VHF Ch 77 or tel. 07974 864627. There are three visitor pontoons up the Medina River near the Folly Inn, one is a walk ashore and the other two are in mid-river. All are run by the Folly Berthing Master. The walk ashore pontoon has water and electricity, showers and toilets are accessible 24 hours a day at the Folly Inn. There is also a scrubbing berth available nearby. Call on VHF Ch 72 Call Sign ‘Folly Launch’ as you are passing port hand marker No. 10 for berthing instructions. Contact: Folly Moorings, River Medina, Isle of Wight. Tel: 07884 400046. www.follymoorings.co.uk Island Harbour - Set in one of the most picturesque riverside locations, in an area of outstanding natural beauty, Island Harbour is situated just over a mile south of Cowes. This peaceful friendly marina, ideally suited to couples and families, offers over 200 pontoon walk ashore berths, as well as many amenities including a fully refurbished bar and restaurant that is now under the marina’s management. Showers, a laundry room, car parking, and free WiFi are also available. Other facilities include a well stocked chandlery, winter hard standing, on site boat repairers, a 50 ton travel hoist and a slipway. Call Sign ‘Island Harbour’ on VHF Ch 80. Notify the Marina of your arrival when entering the Folly Reach, to enter Island Harbour,
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Visitor and Annual berths ~ All walk-ashore Hard standing available ~ Free Wi-Fi Showers and laundry room ~ Water taxis Isle of Wight Festival packages ~ Camping
Marina Enquiries: 01983 539 994 Restaurant Enquiries: 01983 533 388 Email: [email protected]
www.island-harbour.co.uk
COWES & RIVER MEDINA
COWES & RIVER MEDINA continue up the main channel until you reach the five red lane markers on your port side (if approaching from Cowes), then make your turn as directed by the duty Lock Keeper,. There is a ‘waiting pontoon’ opposite the lane markers for waiting craft or if directed there by the Marina staff. Access is approximately 4 hours either side of HW depending on your draft, although there is a 2.5 metre draft restriction into the marina over the lock seal. Marina staff are always on hand to help you through the lock as well as assist you onto your berth in inclement weather. Contact: Island Harbour, Mill Lane, Binfield, Newport, PO30 2LA. Tel: 01983 539994. www.island-harbour.co.uk Newport Harbour - Newport Harbour is a small leisure harbour situated at the navigable head of the River Medina, some 5 miles south from the port of Cowes. The harbour is close to the centre of Newport, county town of the Isle of Wight, and a broad range of facilities are available nearby. The harbour dries out completely at LW. Public transport is readily available to other parts of the Isle of Wight, making Newport Harbour a great destination for the sailing family. To reach Newport Harbour from Cowes, a beacon at the Folly displays a rapid flashing green light. This is located 1.5 cables south of the Folly Inn Point at the end of the row of yacht moorings.
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Moving south, two pairs of fixed green lights are located on the west bank, at the northern and southern ends of the Cement Mills site. At Dodnor, a further pair of fixed green lights mark the end of a small jetty extending from the west bank. Shallow points upstream are marked by red buoys on the port side and green buoys on the starboard. On the east bank, the approach to Newport Harbour is identified by large white beacons with pairs of horizontal red lights showing at night. When lined up, these beacons bear a course of 192º T and show the approach channel to the harbour. HW Spring tides give an average 2.5m depth in the approach channel and at the visitors’ pontoons, but this may increase depending on weather conditions. The Neap high tide depth is 1.8m. The harbour dries out at LW, around 5 hours after HW, revealing a firm level bottom. It is advised that fin keeled boats should lie against the quay walls south of the visitors’ pontoons. Newport Harbour has showers and toilets, water and electricity on the pontoons, waste facilities, two slipways, and dry berth storage for around 50 boats. Boat repairs and gas available from Odessa Marine boatyard on the west bank and a chandlery is next door at Little London. Contact: Newport Harbour Office, Town Quay, Newport, PO30 2ED. Tel: 01983 525994. www.iwight.com
www.thelifeboatcowes.co.uk
FAREHAM FAREHAM
FAREHAM CHANNEL: 50º50’.40N, 01º10’.40W (ENT)
Fareham provides a unique opportunity to explore a rich heritage of both maritime and national history, peaceful woodland walks, conservation areas, plus an attractive safe coastline.
Photo: Fareham TIC
North of the marinas on your port side as you enter Portsmouth Harbour, and the docks on your starboard side, is Fareham Lake. Further north are Bomb Ketch Lake and Spider Lake on your starboard side, then a couple of southerly cardinal marks which need to be left to starboard. From now on the channel is marked by piles. Bedbenham Pier, on your port side, should not be approached closer than 12m. The channel is lit as far as Foxbury Point. Anyone planning to push on up to Fareham must take note of the overhead electricity cables, which cross the channel from Cams Hall Golf Course across to Fareham Reach, and only have a safe clearance of 16m at Mean High Water Springs. Close to Fareham depths rapidly shallow out in the channel. WicorMarine Yacht Haven - situated to the north of Bedenham Pier, and only a half-hour from the harbour entrance, is a family owned and operated marina offering a variety of deep water or tidal pontoon, swinging moorings, and storage, as well as competitive rates for a mid-season scrub and short-term storage. It boasts a wonderful licensed cafe SALT as well as a well-stocked chandlery and can offer own-boat sail training. A number of marine trades are on site to deal with repairs and maintenance and there is a wellequipped tool hire store. Visitors are welcome. Contact: WicorMarine Yacht Haven, Cranleigh Road, Portchester, Fareham, PO16 9DR. Tel: 01329 237112. www.wicormarine.co.uk Portsmouth Marine Engineering - Continuing onwards from WicorMarine Yacht Haven, and after the sailing club you will pass, on your port side, a yard run by Portsmouth Marine Engineering with around 130 pontoon berths, some with electricity, shower and toilet facilities. They can offer temporary visitors’ berths subject to availability. There is a 10 ton boat crane, and storage for 35 boats on dry land. Contact: Portsmouth Marine Engineering (VRS Holdings Ltd), Lower Quay, Fareham, PO16 0RJ. Tel: 01329 232854. www.portsmouthmarine.co.uk email [email protected]
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KEYHAVEN
50º42’.85N, 01º33’.26W (ENT) KEYHAVEN
Keyhaven is an attractive harbour at the western tip of the Solent lying within an area of unspoilt Hampshire coast. The harbour is shielded by the massive shingle bar that leads to the famous Hurst Castle situated at its strategic position, guarding the western approaches to the Solent and originally built by Henry VIII.
Photo: New Forest District Council
Keyhaven has many qualities ranging from the extent of sheltered water, which makes it so suitable for teaching youngsters sailing and canoeing, to the great wealth of nature conservation and landscape interest. To approach Keyhaven from the west, enter the Solent by Hurst Point and beware of The Trap if coming in via the north channel. Be aware of strong tidal cross streams. The entrance is approximately 0.5m north-northwest of Hurst Point. There are two unlit buoys, one red and one green near the entrance at North Point. The depth between these buoys is virtually at chart datum so whatever height of tide is shown at that time is how much water there is. Normally, entry is restricted to 2 hours each side of HW. Red and white hooped transit posts line up at a bearing of 308º. Proceed through the buoys until a red buoy is abeam on your port side. Enter the river around this buoy. Note the first of many starboard hand laterals for the channel. When entering from the east, and when Port Albert is abeam, turn to starboard and head towards the red and green buoys. Then follow the directions above. It is not advisable to to attempt entering Keyhaven in strong easterly winds. There is a 4 knot speed limit once inside the River. Anchorage is close to the spit on your port side. The deepest water is always where the mooring buoys are. There are no dedicated visitor moorings. Pick up any spare buoy and contact the River Warden on VHF 37/M1 or P1 or phone 01590 645695. Charges for both mooring and anchoring apply. The West Solent Boat Builders yard is situated immediately behind the quay providing a full range of boatyard facilities, including cranage. On the north side of the quay, a slipway with a cradle is used to haul out vessels too heavy to be lifted by crane. Contact: Keyhaven River Warden, The Observation Tower, Keyhaven Quay, Keyhaven, SO41 0TR. Tel: 01590 645695. www.newforest.gov.uk Please note, information in this publication is to be used as a guide only and not for navigation.
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LANGSTONE HARBOUR LANGSTONE HARBOUR
50º47’.01N, 01º01’.60W + (ENT)
Langstone Harbour lies on Hampshire’s southeast coast, a large tidal bay between Portsmouth Harbour to the west and Chichester Harbour to the east. Commercial shipping, fishing, and recreational boating have been well established in the peaceful, sheltered waters of the harbour for many years.
Photo: Richard Barnes
There is abundant wildlife in Langstone Harbour which remains an area of real wilderness alongside the major city of Portsmouth. Sailors, boaters and other water sports enthusiasts share the harbour with the resident wildlife and, providing a little consideration is shown, all the different uses can coexist in harmony. Langstone Harbour contains a number of nesting islands and landing is not allowed. Visitors should avoid trampling the mud and saltmarsh plants to ensure their survival into the future. Langstone Harbour is a shallow, natural harbour with extensive mudflats which are exposed during low tide. The whole harbour is one of Hampshire’s several ‘Sites of Special Scientific Interest’ (SSSI) with international status. Together with neighbouring Chichester Harbour, it is a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance, and part of the Solent European Marine Site. The approach to Langstone Harbour is easy in most weather conditions, but best from High Water -3 to +1 hour. The entrance channel lies between the East and West Winner drying banks, which offer some protection. Once close to the Fairway Beacon, approximately 1 mile to the south of the harbour entrance, in line with a conspicuous chimney, steer 344º to just clear East Winner. The entrance itself deepens and favours the west side. The harbour speed limit is 10 knots and, because of the environmental sensitivity of the area’s wildlife, there are also restrictions on certain activities. Chichester Harbour is accessible under the Hayling road bridge for vessels of low air draught at certain states of the tide.
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LANGSTONE HARBOUR LANGSTONE HARBOUR
All vessels using Langstone Harbour are obliged to pay harbour dues; this includes vessels visiting Southsea Marina. All vessels on the water must display their daily or annual plaque. Fuel, water, and waste reception facilities are available at the Hayling pontoon. Harbour Office call up is VHF Ch 12/16; the working frequency is Ch 12. There are three public slipways in Langstone Harbour; the Ferry Point slipway, Hayling Island; Eastney slipway, Portsmouth; and the Broadmarsh slipway. Contact: Langstone Harbour Board, Harbour Office, Ferry Road, Hayling Island, PO11 0DG. Tel: 02392 463419. www.langstoneharbour.org.uk Southsea Marina - Southsea Marina is a small friendly marina set in Langstone Harbour. Contact the marina on VHF channel 80 call sign ‘Southsea Marina’ when approaching Southsea Marina channel to be given berthing instructions. The speed limit in the marina channel is 5 knots. Southsea Marina has a tidal gate which opens and closes automatically at certain states of the tide and when closed there is a waiting pontoon. The tides for Southsea Marina and the times of the tidal gate opening and closing are available to download at www.premiermarinas.com/southsea. Southsea Marina offers new luxury facilities, a launderette, an on-site bar and restaurant, 24-hour diesel and petrol and a fully serviced boatyard. The marina also has a fishing club, free WiFi, electricity and water on the pontoons and bottled gas. A convenience store and a cashpoint are 10 minutes’ walk away. Contact: Premier Southsea Marina, Fort Cumberland Road, Portsmouth, PO4 9RJ. Tel: 023 9282 2719. www.premiermarinas.com/southsea
Photo: Premier Marinas
LYMINGTON HARBOUR LYMINGTON HARBOUR
50º45’.10N, 01º31’.40W (ENT)
Lymington Harbour is located within an attractive estuary on the Hampshire coast at the western end of the Solent. The estuary is 2 miles long with the entrance channel lying between salt marshes. It is shared by yachtsmen, fishermen, and the Isle of Wight ferry.
Photo: Ryan Willegers
Lymington River is well sheltered and access is available at all states of tide making it a popular destination for visiting yachtsmen. The speed limit is 6 knots with an advisory limit of 4 knots upstream of the wave screens near the entrance to the Lymington Yacht Haven. There is a double High Water at Springs which gives a stand of 3 hours. At Neaps there is a stand of 2 hours. However, wind direction and force and barometric pressure can materially alter these conditions. The tidal range at Springs is 3.1m and at Neaps 1.5m. On approach the first thing you see is the yacht club starting platform with a distant backdrop of masts in the Yacht Haven marina. Leave the platform well to starboard. Jack in the Basket is a single red pile with a basket top-mark to the southwest of the entrance. Water depth in much of the marked channel is in excess of -2.0m below chart datum. However, on the marked channel margins the depth of water is shallower in some locations. Please give way to the Wightlink ferries which run every hour at peak times. For guidance refer to the ‘River Safety’ section on www.lymingtonharbour.co.uk. At night, the main channel piles are lit, green to starboard and red to port, all flashing every two seconds. Leading lights for entering the river are fixed red on 319°T. In Short Reach (as the river bends to the right) there are two red and white transit posts lit by fixed white directional lights to the west of the river at the south end and two black and white posts similarly lit on the east side of the Reach at the north end. These are to assist the ferries to line up and pass in the river.
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LYMINGTON HARBOUR
Either side of the marked navigation channel in Short Reach are rock breakwaters. The end of the eastern breakwater that is nearest the navigation channel is marked at night by a beacon displaying two fixed green lights vertically disposed. The end of the western breakwater that is nearest the navigation channel is marked at night by two fixed red lights vertically disposed. The extent of both breakwater underwater footprints is marked by yellow special marks mounted on vertical posts – keep clear. The wave screens mark the beginning of the inner harbour. Beyond these you pass to port in quick succession the entrance to the Yacht Haven marina, Dan Bran visitors’ pontoon, the Harbour Master’s pontoon and the Harbour Office, public slipway, the two yacht clubs and finally Berthon Lymington Marina which faces the ferry terminal on the opposite bank. Above the ferry terminal the channel narrows and turns to port between two lines of piles forming moorings. This part of the channel has a maintained depth of 1.7m up to the Town Quay where there are visitors’ mooring buoys and pontoons for visitors. At the Town Quay there is room for up to 60 visiting boats within two minutes walk of the town centre. Harbour staff can be contacted on 01590 672014. An out-of-hours messaging service operates. The Harbour Master does not offer a VHF service.
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LYMINGTON HARBOUR
LYMINGTON HARBOUR Visitors are invited to go directly to the Town Quay where walk ashore and fore and aft moorings are available on a first come first served basis. Mooring areas are maintained to 1.7m below chart datum. There is a separate walk-ashore facility further downstream, the Dan Bran pontoon, which is available on a pre-booked basis for visiting boats. The Dan Bran visitor pontoon, which has both electricity and water, can accommodate rallies of up to fifty (10m) boats moored together. Mooring areas are maintained to a minimum of 1.7m below chart datum. There are also six bookable berths for small boats up to 8m in length on the inside of the Harbour Master’s Pontoon. There are showers open for visitors all year round adjacent to the visitors’ moorings on the Town Quay. Separate shower facilities are available for users of the Dan Bran pontoon. Two scrubbing areas are available at the Town Quay slipway and three areas immediately north of the Royal Lymington Yacht Club. Reservations and payment must be made through the Harbour Office first. There is a public slipway from the Bath Road car park; a charge is made for launching. Please pay Harbour staff on the slipway or at the nearby Harbour Office. Public pontoons for landing can be found at the Town Quay and off the car park in Bath Road. Boats must not be left unattended in the yellow hatched emergency area on the Harbour Master pontoon. Contact: Lymington Harbour Commissioners, Harbour Office, Bath Road, Lymington SO41 3SE. Tel: 01590 672014. www.lymingtonharbour.co.uk Both marinas at Lymington may be contacted on VHF Ch 80 for berth availability.
Photo: Ryan Willegers
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Lymington Yacht Haven - Lymington Yacht Haven is the first marina that comes into sight as you make your way up the Lymington River. The Yacht Haven offers 24-hour security, on-the-water fuel 24/7 (except Christmas Day), showers, Wi-Fi, and a bar and restaurant with panoramic views across the Solent to the Isle of Wight. Lymington Yacht Haven boasts a comprehensive range of marine services on-site, including full hoists and wash off facilities, engine servicing and repairs, rigging specialists, and a chandlery. Out-ofhours haul outs are available in emergencies. Contact: Lymington Yacht Haven, Kings Saltern Road, Lymington, Hampshire, SO41 3QD. Tel: 01590 677071. www.yachthavens.com/lymington Berthon Lymington Marina - Lymington Marina is located on the west bank of the Lymington River opposite Lymington Pier railway station and the Wightlink ferry terminal. One of the longest established marinas in the UK, Lymington Marina offers 280 deep water, well-protected berths for yachts up to 45m (150ft) LOA. Full marina facilities are available, including shore power, water, fuel, gas, deluxe washrooms, a launderette, and ice. Call Sign ‘Berthon Lymington Marina’. Contact: Lymington Marina Berthon, The Shipyard, Bath Road, Lymington, Hampshire, SO41 3YL. Tel: 01590 673312. www.berthon.co.uk
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NEWTOWN HARBOUR NEWTOWN HARBOUR
50º43’.45N, 01º24’.66W (ENT)
Newtown Harbour, on the Isle of Wight, lies to the west of Newport and east of Yarmouth. Newtown is a National Nature Reserve administered by the National Trust, and is a fragile area for wildlife and a low key, quiet, and unspoilt location. The estuary is probably the best example of an undisturbed natural harbour on the south coast.
Photo: Island Visions, Jamie Russell
Visitors are encouraged to enjoy the peace and tranquillity of the place but also to respect its charm and character and keep noise and disturbance to a minimum. The winding estuary at Newtown has provided a sheltered harbour for boats over many centuries. It is thought to have once been capable of accommodating much larger ships than the pleasure craft which use it today. The silting up of the channels led to the decline of Newtown as the harbour became difficult to navigate. These days, many of Newtown’s visitors arrive by small boats and use the moorings which are managed by the National Trust. They are attracted by the beautiful scenery, peaceful setting, and the abundant wildlife which thrives on the nature reserve. When approaching Newtown from either east or west, vessels should keep to the north of the west cardinal fairway buoy. Upon approaching the buoy, keep to the west of the buoy and then proceed inbound keeping the leading marks in alignment. The minimum draft in the entrance at Low Water Springs is approximately 2m, therefore boats can enter Newtown River at Low Water. However, vessels should navigate with caution at this time. Prudence and good seamanship should suggest arrival on a rising tide! The leading marks are on a bearing of 130°. The speed limit is a maximum of 5 knots. If a vessel, such as a fully loaded RIB, is creating excessive wash at 5 knots then speed should be reduced further. Depths vary throughout the estuary. Anchoring is free of charge, however visitors are encouraged to make a voluntary donation to the National Trust which maintains this beautiful location. There are visitor moorings in the estuary, charges apply, and the Harbour Master can be contacted by phone on 01983 531424, but not VHF.
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MORE THAN JUST A PUB! NEWTOWN HARBOUR
IOW DINING PUB OF THE YEAR FOR 2015
MICHELIN PUB GUIDE 2015
THE NEW INN Main Road | Shalfleet | IW | PO30 4NS 01983 531314 www.thenew-inn.co.uk Water is available on the landward end of the footbridge at Newtown Quay; waste facilities at Shalfleet Quay. There is a landing place at Shalfleet Quay which is the main point of access to reach the New Inn. There is a National Trust visitor point at the Newtown nature reserve but the nearest toilet and refreshment facilities are in nearby villages. A free local information leaflet can be obtained from the Harbour Master. Contact: Newtown Harbour Master. Tel: 01983 531424. Extracts from ‘Discovering Newtown’ are reproduced with the permission of the National Trust. Visit www.nationaltrust.org.uk to find out more.
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POOLE HARBOUR POOLE HARBOUR
50°43’.50N, 001°59’.00W (ENT)
Poole is the second largest natural harbour in the world, with an interior coastline of over 100 miles and covering nearly 10,000 acres. It is a very shallow harbour and mariners are advised to stay within the marked channels, indicated by the red and green lateral posts or buoys, at all times within the Harbour to avoid running aground.
Photo: Poole Harbour Commission
When approaching from the east, the high cliffs of ‘Anvil Point’ will be clearly visible. As you get closer the white chalk cliffs of ‘Handfast Point’, also known as ‘Old Harry Rocks’, come into view. The main Swash Channel into Poole is well marked and is usable day and night in all conditions. In very strong winds from the south or southeast it can become dangerous on the ebb in the vicinity of Poole Bar. The channel itself runs between the ‘training bank’ on the western side and ‘Hook Sands’ on the eastern side. A small craft channel runs along the western side of the Swash Channel and is the recommended entrance for leisure vessels. It is marked on its western side by a series of lit and unlit red piles on the training bank and bounded on the eastern side by the red can buoys of the Main Swash Channel. Vessels using this channel should re-join the main Swash Channel between Number 8 buoy and Number 10 ready to traverse the Harbour Entrance. A handy alternative to the main Swash Channel, for those coming along the coast from the east, is to head straight for the entrance via the East Looe Channel. This is well marked with port and starboard hand buoys and runs west over the sands before dog-legging round to the southwest close along the shore. It is quite shallow and should be navigated with caution and avoided by deeper draught vessels. The Harbour Entrance is only 300m wide causing tides up to 5kn on an ebbing spring. Consult the tidal stream atlas and plan your entrance accordingly. A Chain Ferry runs across the Harbour Entrance taking vehicles and passengers between Sandbanks and Shell Bay. The ferry has right of way over all vessels. When the ferry is about to cross a black ball is hoisted in the rigging and a white strobe light will flash on the mast. 98
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Cobb’s Quay Marina l
Dry Stack
POOLE HARBOUR
mdlmarinas.co.uk
After entering the harbour, the striking façade of Brownsea Castle will be Banner 1.indd 4 clearly visible. There are many options available with regard 20/03/2014 to an overnight stop. Poole Quay Boat Haven is easily reached by following the Middle Ship Channel round to the north and then west until you reach the south cardinal Stakes buoy (Number 29). Follow the ‘Little Channel’ towards Town Quay and the entrance to the Marina is clearly visible on the right hand side. Alternatively take the North Channel, leave the main ship channel at the ‘Bell’ Southerly Cardinal and proceed along the channel heading initially northeast and then bearing round to northwest. From this channel the Royal Motor Yacht Club, Salterns Marina, Parkstone Yacht Club, and Parkstone Bay Marina are easily accessible. South Deep offers a sheltered spot for a quiet night at anchor. After passing through the entrance make a sharp turn to port between port hand buoy No. 14 and the east cardinal Brownsea and venture down the marked channel southeast of Brownsea Island. You can’t anchor in the channel but with care you should find deep water just outside it. Navigational Hints: See Admiralty Chart 2611 or Imray Chart Y23. Please note: Be aware of the chain ferry in the entrance to the harbour and a byelaw which states that all vessels must give way to the chain and use a motor if fitted when transiting the harbour entrance. Contact: Poole Harbour Commissioners, 20 New Quay Road, Hamworthy, Poole, Dorset BH15 4AF. Tel: 01202 440200. www.phc.co.uk Poole Harbour Control: Tel: 01202 440230. VHF Channel 14 (vessels should maintain a listening watch from Bar Buoy inbound) Call Sign ‘Poole Harbour Control’. Poole Quay Boat Haven: Tel: 01202 649488 (Option 1). VHF Channel 80. Call Sign ‘Poole Quay Boat Haven’. Cobb’s Quay Marina - With its lively, seafaring atmosphere, this 1,090 berth marina is a favourite with yachtsmen and motor cruisers alike. It is situated at Hamworthy in Holes Bay within Poole Harbour, the world’s second largest natural harbour. Much of the shoreline is undeveloped and there are many inlets and small islands to explore by boat. To reach Cobb’s Quay Marina, enter Poole Harbour by the main Swash Channel from Poole Bar buoy; or from the east via the shallower East Looe Channel. Go up-harbour via the North Channel or Middle Ship Channel. Pass Poole Quay and transit the lifting bridges. Follow the buoyed channel to the marina. Cobb’s Quay offers 850 marina berths (max LOA: 25m) and 240 dry stack berths (max LOA: 10m); fuel (petrol/diesel); gas; boat lifting and storage ashore; slipway; laundry facilities; restaurant and bar; brokerage; chandlery; convenience store; and Wi-Fi. Contact: Cobb’s Quay Marina, Hamworthy, Poole, Dorset, BH15 4EL. VHF Ch 80. Tel: 01202 674299. www.cobbsquaymarina.co.uk
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POOLE HARBOUR
POOLE HARBOUR
Salterns Marina - Located within the beautiful, sheltered waters of Poole Harbour, this award-winning 5 Gold Anchor marina offers permanent and visitor berths, swinging moorings, Versadock and storage ashore. On-site car parking and full marina and boatyard facilities including 24-hour manned security, 24-hour fuel, slipway, on-site hotel, bar and restaurant. Call on VHF Ch 80 or 37, call sign ‘Salterns Marina’. Contact: Salterns Marina, 40 Salterns Way, Lilliput, Poole, Dorset, BH14 8JR. Tel: 01202 709971. www.salterns.co.uk
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www.lakeyard.co.uk Agents for Boston Whaler UK Dorset Yacht Company T: +44 (0)1202 674531 www.bostonwhaler.co.uk
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PORT SOLENT
Port Solent is located in the northeast corner of Portsmouth Harbour, near the historic Portchester Castle. Portchester is one of the best preserved of the Roman ‘Saxon shore’ forts and was built in the third century. There are spectacular views over the Solent from the Castle’s towers.
Photo: Premier Marinas
The entrance to Portchester Lake lies about a mile north of Portsmouth Harbour entrance; it is marked to the west by pile 57 and to the east by pile 95. The whole channel is marked by red piles to the west and by green piles to the east. Twenty of the piles are lit by navigational lights.
Although the channel in the south is wide, the best water is defined by a number of craft moored to large buoys, which are not lit, and should be left to port. At night this reach of the channel is clearly defined by lit starboard hand piles. As you clear the moored craft, and in the vicinity of lit pile 63 to port and lit pile 88 to starboard, the channel narrows and starts a long, slow left-hand bend. North of 86 the bend tightens and the best water lies close to the three lit port piles. On the right-hand side opposite these piles is Tipner Lake which is a cul-de-sac and should be avoided. As you proceed around the bend the gates at lit piles no 68 to port and no 80 to starboard mark the sharp turn left into the final section of channel with Portchester Castle to port. Note there is a speed limit in Portsmouth Harbour of 10 knots and there is an advisory speed limit of 5 knots in the upper reaches of Portchester Channel past the Castle. It is not permitted to stop or linger in the safety arcs of Tipner Range. If you intend to proceed to Port Solent Marina, at pile 78 make your call to Port Solent on VHF Ch 80 and request a lock in. In season the upper section is well marked by moored yachts. Off season beware of many unlit boat moorings on both sides of the channel. From pile No. 80 turn almost due north to pile 79. At low tide keep to the port side of the channel to pile 72a, thereafter cross to the starboard pile No. 76. Pile No. 75 opens the channel between rows of piled yacht moorings. Proceed between the moorings steering on pile A and pile B. Once abeam of pile B, steer to follow a line leaving the outer pontoons to starboard. At pile B the lock entrance will be clearly visible. Do not proceed into the lock barrel unless three green entry lights show. If it is necessary to wait for the lock, you can moor to the outer waiting pontoon, clear of the lock entrance. Port Solent Marina - Port Solent Marina is set against the vibrant backdrop of The Boardwalk’s restaurants, bars and shops, and sailors are drawn to its unique atmosphere. Onsite there is a fully serviced boatyard with storage ashore for 500 boats, 24-hour fuel, luxury showers and toilets, and car parking. Patrols, CCTV and the lock, which allows 24-hour access to the marina, provide security. Call on VHF channel 80. Contact: Port Solent Marina, South Lockside, Port Solent, Portsmouth, PO6 4TJ. Tel: 023 9221 0765. www.premiermarinas.com/portsolent
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PORT SOLENT CHANNEL: 50º50’.10N, 01º06’.80W (ENT)
PORTSMOUTH & GOSPORT PORTSMOUTH & GOSPORT
50º47’.38N, 001º06’.65W (HARBOUR ENTRANCE)
Portsmouth is Britain’s premier naval base and one of the busiest harbours in the country. It is a very large natural harbour, almost completely landlocked except for the narrow entrance, with the approaches themselves well sheltered by the Isle of Wight.
The Queen’s Harbour Master (QHM) Portsmouth is the regulatory authority of the Dockyard Port of Portsmouth, an area of approximately 55 square miles that encompasses not only Portsmouth Harbour itself, but includes all the waters from Cowes in the west to Hayling Island down to Sandown Bay in the east, with the single exception of Bembridge Harbour. Traffic co-ordination for shipping entering and leaving Portsmouth Harbour is performed by Harbour Control which is manned 24 hours a day. The QHM and his staff have to ensure that the 117,000 yearly shipping movements under their control are safely carried out and with the minimum impact to the surrounding area. To facilitate the safe passage of small craft to and from Portsmouth Harbour, a ‘Small Boat Channel’ exists for vessels less than 20m in length on the western side of the harbour entrance. The northern and
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The Perfect Destination Marina Portsmouth Harbour
Visitor berthing at the South’s Premium Retail Outlet Immediate access from the marina to over 90 famous retail outlet stores, cosmopolitan bars, restaurants and much more...
PREMIUM RETAIL OUTLET Call +44 (0)23 9283 6732 www.gunwharf-quays.com
PORTSMOUTH & GOSPORT
PORTSMOUTH & GOSPORT
southern extremities of the Small Boat Channel are at Ballast beacon and No. 4 Bar buoy. Remember, small boats are extremely difficult to see and the harbour entrance is a blind bend to larger vessels. Enter and leave the harbour through the Small Boat Channel. All craft fitted with engines, when navigating in the approach channel to Portsmouth Harbour, are to proceed under power between No. 4 Bar buoy and the Ballast beacon. Vessels are only to cross the main channel when they are to the north of Ballast beacon, and permission has been obtained from the QHM on VHF Ch 11. The Small Boat Channel may only be entered or exited by vessels approaching from the east at its northern or southern extremities. A traffic pattern is established around Ballast beacon; small boats entering the harbour are to pass close to the east of Ballast beacon and those exiting close to the west. If crossing the harbour entrance, do so to the north of Ballast beacon or to the south of No. 4 Bar buoy. Keep to the starboard side of the Small Boat Channel and adjust speed to remain within the channel rather than overtake and be forced into the main channel. Small boats may continue to use the Small Boat Channel when the main channel is closed for the passage of a large vessel. Do not underestimate the speed of ships. If your boat is slow, allow sufficient time to take evasive action in the vicinity of large ships. Be visible. At night make sure your navigation lights can be seen. If you see the navigation lights of a vessel and think you have not been seen, get out of the way. Carry a radar reflector high on your boat. Remember, from the bridge of a loaded container ship or large tanker, the captain or pilot will lose sight of you a third of a mile ahead, although you can see the ship at all times. Ships with deep draught may have less room for manoeuvre than is immediately apparent. At night be extra vigilant as, even on a clear night, you will have difficulty seeing a big ship approach. You might see it first as a black shadow against a background of shore lights, or as a growing shadow, at that point you are not far apart. Remember that your lights will not be easily spotted from the ship.
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It is essential that all mariners operating north of a line between Outer Spit Buoy and Gilkicker Point maintain a close watch on VHF Ch 11, for vessel traffic information from QHM Harbour Control. In an emergency, if you believe you have not been seen or you are unsure of a ship’s intentions, call them on VHF Ch 11 or 16, then shift to a working frequency for inter-ship safety messages. The Swashway is an important channel for shallow draught vessels approaching and leaving Portsmouth Harbour. It should be noted that hovercraft and high-speed catamaran ferries often transit the area en-route to and from Ryde at speeds in excess of 24 knots. As non-displacement craft, hovercraft usually navigate outside the Swashway in areas where depths are shallow. The Spitbank area, as a whole, is regularly used for yacht racing and regattas. Yachts and slow moving craft are advised to keep watch for the possible approach of high-speed ferries and other fast craft. High-speed craft are cautioned not to assume that other boats, particularly those whom they are overtaking, are aware of their presence, and are to give them a sufficiently wide berth. Extra caution is to be taken when operating in the vicinity of the harbour entrance to prevent small and less powerful boats being swept into mid-channel from the Small Boat Channel by the strong cross-tide.
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PORTSMOUTH & GOSPORT
PORTSMOUTH & GOSPORT
PORTSMOUTH & GOSPORT The speed limit within Portsmouth Harbour is 10 knots and the same within 0.5nm of the line of MLWS in any part of the Port of Portsmouth outside the harbour. The speed limit in each case is to be taken as ‘speed through the water’.
When visibility in the harbour or approach channel is less than 0.25 of a nautical mile the QHM may declare the fog routine to be in force. Small boats may proceed with caution but must keep clear of the main navigable channels and the approach channel. The QHM will direct that the routine is in force, and when it has ended, by broadcasts on VHF Ch 11 or 13. Vessels without operational radars are advised not to proceed in such conditions, and in any event, should navigate with extreme caution in conditions of restricted visibility. Contact: Queen’s Harbour Master Portsmouth, Semaphore Tower, HM Naval Base, Portsmouth, PO1 3LT. Tel: 02392 723694. www.qhm.mod.uk/portsmouth/ for access to all QHM Portsmouth LNTM and General Directions. Reference: QHM Portsmouth General Direction 07/10. Small Boat Channel and access to Gunwharf Quays and Town Camber. The Small Boat Channel, as displayed on Admiralty charts, is defined by Ballast Beacon at its northern extremity and No 4 Bar Buoy to the south. As the harbour entrance is a blind bend for large vessels, small boats operating near the harbour entrance are often difficult to detect, the following rules therefore apply to all small boats: 1. Small Boats must enter and leave the harbour through the Small Boat Channel. 2. All craft fitted with engines, when navigating in the Approach Channel to Portsmouth Harbour, are to proceed under power between No 4 Bar Buoy, Ballast Beacon and Gunwharf Quays/Town Camber. 3. The Small Boat Channel may only be entered or exited by vessels approaching from the vicinity of Gunwharf Quays/Town Camber north of Ballast Beacon.
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PORTSMOUTH & GOSPORT
PORTSMOUTH & GOSPORT 4. A traffic pattern is established at Ballast Beacon; small boats entering the harbour are to pass close to the east of Ballast Beacon, those exiting close to the west. 5. Small boats, unless authorised by QHM, are not to loiter in the Small Boat Channel. 6. Small boats should remain on the Starboard side of the Small Boat Channel, adjusting their speed to remain within the Small Boat Channel to avoid overtaking or leaving the Channel. 7. Immediately prior to departure from Gunwharf Quays/Town Camber, small boats are to request permission, from QHM on VHF Ch 11, to cross the harbour to Ballast Beacon before entering the Channel. Note - There are no visitor berths or moorings at Gunwharf Quays, and boats will only be permitted to cross the harbour to Gunwharf Quays if they have an assigned berth. The Gunwharf Berthing Manager can be contacted by VHF Ch 80 or 02392 836732. Gunwharf Quays Marina - Located just 200m from the entrance to Portsmouth Harbour and situated on the East side of the Harbour, beneath the landmark Spinnaker Tower, is Gunwharf Quays Marina. Set against the vibrant backdrop of Portsmouth’s Historic Naval Dockyard, this specially designed marina can accommodate power and sail craft up to 79 metres, with a maximum depth of 5.5 metres. Boasting spacious marina berths with ample manoeuvring space and wide walk-ashore floating pontoons, this prime south coast marina prides itself on offering a raft of dedicated services and facilities. Not to mention a unique waterside experience with an excellent mix of retail, dining and leisure. All essential pontoon services include ample supplies of electricity and fresh water, free and unlimited Wi-Fi, a complimentary laundry service, 24-hour CCTV and a secure access control system. Marina visitors can also enjoy easy access to a nearby fuelling pontoon, as well as subsidised parking in Gunwharf Quays’ awardwinning car park. A worthy recipient of the Yacht Harbour Association’s four gold anchor award, this marina has quality shoreside facilities, including individual showers, basins and changing areas. Add a friendly and professional team who are dedicated to making your stay an enjoyable one, and you have the perfect destination marina. Contact - Gunwharf Quays Marina, Gunwharf Quays, Portsmouth, PO1 3TZ. Tel: 02392 836732. Email: [email protected]. www.gunwharf-quays.com/marina
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PORTSMOUTH & GOSPORT
PORTSMOUTH & GOSPORT Town Quay (Camber) - Set in the most historic part of the city, the Camber Dock is home to the Wightlink Isle of Wight ferry service, local fishing vessels, commercial barges and work boats, KB Boat Park dry stack, and private yachts and motor boats. Visitors are welcome at the Camber Dock and a number of marine related services are available. There is a slipway, trailer park, car park, and boat storage available. Contact: Camber Harbour Office, East Street, Camber Quay, Old Portsmouth, PO1 2JJ. Tel: 023 9283 3166. www.kb-boatpark.co.uk Haslar Marina - Haslar Marina is a modern purpose-built marina in Portsmouth Harbour just minutes from the waters of the Solent. Located in Haslar Creek, Gosport, and protected by a large wave screen, the marina offers sheltered berthing with no tidal restrictions. The marina has up to 120 dedicated visitors’ berths, catering for vessels up to 60m LOA. All berths are fully serviced with water, electricity, and Wi-Fi. Facilities include showers and washrooms, two laundries, bars and restaurants, 24-hour security, and car parking. Sealift 2 are now operating from Haslar Marina. Call Sign ‘Haslar Marina’ on VHF 80. Contact: Haslar Marina, Haslar Road, Gosport, PO12 1NU. Tel: 023 9260 1201. www.deanreddyhoff.co.uk//haslar-marina Gosport Marina - Gosport Marina is situated 500m from Portsmouth Harbour. The marina is dredged to a minimum of 2m and a breakwater redevelopment ensures boats are protected from the wash created by passing ships. Gosport Marina can accommodate 500 boats on berths ranging up to 30m. The marina has excellent toilets and showers, a launderette, a quality Café Bistro, The Boat House Café, fuel berth, dry stack storage, on-site boat care and boat sales. There is electricity and water on the pontoons, berth holder car parking, Wi-Fi and bottled gas available. Gosport High Street with a variety of shops is just two minutes away. Call VHF channel 80 to speak to Gosport Marina. Contact: Gosport Marina, Mumby Road, Gosport, PO12 1AH. Tel: 023 9252 4811. www.premiermarinas.com/gosport The Gosport Ferry provides fast shuttle services from nearby Gosport Ferry pontoon to the popular Gunwharf Quays with its designer outlets, bowling alley, cinema, restaurants and bars.
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PORTSMOUTH & GOSPORT Endeavour Quay - Endeavour Quay provides a comprehensive new build, refit, storage, maintenance and repair facility for sailing yachts and power craft up to 40 metres LOA or 180 tonnes. A range of independent on-site services is available, coupled with an open yard policy. Service and support of major yacht race projects, private and commercial vessel refits, alongside standard repair and maintenance work. The marina has easy access to the Solent and English Channel, with no air draft restriction. There is 90m of serviced waiting pontoons, a 30m long and 8.5m wide lifting dock, and a 180 tonne travel hoist. Tel: 02392 584 200. www.endeavourquay.co.uk Royal Clarence Marina - Royal Clarence Marina lies within a deep water basin fronting the Royal Navy’s former victualling yard, is less than 10 minutes from the entrance to Portsmouth Harbour and close to Gosport town centre. The marina provides fully serviced pontoon berths ranging in length from 10.5 to 18m. There is also over 350 metres of alongside berthing available for international events and other maritime spectaculars. The marina enjoys one of the deepest water basins in southern England with the capacity to take vessels up to 5.25m draft. The ‘alongside berths’ are also ideal for club rallies and events as large numbers of vessels can be berthed. Royal Clarence Marina has 180 fully serviced berths as well as the heavy duty and deep water berths. VHF Ch 80, Call Sign ‘Royal Clarence Marina’. Contact: Royal Clarence Marina, Weevil Lane, Gosport, PO12 1AX. Tel: 02392 523523. www.royalclarencemarina.org
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RIVER HAMBLE & WARSASH 50°50’.40N, 01°18’.50W (ENT) RIVER HAMBLE & WARSASH
Internationally famous as a first class sailing centre, the River Hamble is also renowned for the excellence of its servicing and repair facilities offered in a variety of marinas and boatyards. Whether your interest is racing, power-boating or blue water cruising, the Hamble has the facilities you need; deep water, easy access to the Solent at all states of tide.
Popular with locals and visitors alike, the Hamble is perfect for weekend excursions or as a departure point for destinations further afield. It is used extensively by yachtsmen; competitors in Cowes Week and the Round the Island Race use the harbour as a base, and closer to home, local yacht clubs host the Hamble Winter Series, Warsash Spring Series, Bursledon Regatta, National, European and World championships. The river is not just a sailing Mecca, it is a nationally and internationally important site for nature conservation and a bird watchers’ paradise. Riverside walks or simply watching the world go by are popular pastimes. It also offers a safe location for rowing, canoeing and kayaking, and for the up-coming sport of paddleboarding. The river is a constant hive of activity during the summer season and therefore care should always be taken. Access to the River Hamble is available at all states of tide, although waves can build up at the entrance in a southwesterly wind combined with an ebb tide. By day, from the vicinity of Hamble Point Buoy, follow the main channel which is clearly marked with lit port and starboard-hand piles. From the Warsash Maritime Academy Jetty, the starboard side of the channel is clearly marked by four lit starboard-hand buoys. A ‘preferred channel’ mark (pile) is at the southern end of the first pontoon encountered; leave it to port for the main channel. Thereafter, the main channel is clearly marked with lit port and starboard-hand piles. At night, follow Hamble Common Directional light on a bearing of 352°, then Sailing Club Directional light on a bearing of 029° and then follow the lit buoys and piles as above. Depths obviously vary. Most marinas are dredged to 1.5m. Depths in the main channel vary from at least 4m in the approaches, to 2.2m at Bursledon Bend. Tidal streams can be very strong, particularly on the ebb. Mariners are advised to keep to the centre line or to starboard of the centre line and not too close to the entrance piles, especially at Low Water.
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RIVER HAMBLE & WARSASH Walk ashore facilities are available for visitors at the Harbour Master’s jetty at Warsash and Hamble. There are also mid-stream visitors’ pontoons available between piles B1 and B6. For berth allocation, call the Harbour Master on VHF Ch 68 Call Sign ‘Hamble Harbour Radio’. There is a 6 knot ‘through the water’ speed limit from No. 1 pile and wash limit on all vessels whilst within the River Hamble harbour limits. No anchoring is allowed in the river, except in the Upper Hamble, above Manor Farm Country Park Jetty, where anchored boats must not be left unattended. Access to the Upper Hamble is through three bridges, the lowest of which (A27) has a clearance of 3.5 metres at Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT). Contact: River Hamble Harbour Authority, Harbour Office, Shore Road, Warsash, SO31 9FR. Tel: 01489 576387. www.hants.gov.uk/ hambleharbour. Marinas may be contacted on VHF Ch 80 for berth availability. Hamble Point Marina - Hamble Point Marina lies near the mouth of the River Hamble, on the west bank, 500m north of Warsash Jetty. The marina has 230 berths (max LOA: 30m) and 121 dry stack berths (max LOA: 10m). There is boat lifting and storage ashore; a 75 ton boat hoist; a 4 ton crane for masts / engines; slipway; boat repairs; electronic services; storage; chandlery; bar and restaurant; yacht brokerage; dry sailing facility; trailer sailing; Wi-Fi; laundry and recycling facilities. Contact: Hamble Point Marina, School Lane, Hamble, Southampton, SO31 4NB. Tel: 023 8045 2464. www.hamblepointmarina.co.uk Port Hamble Marina - Port Hamble Marina is situated on the River Hamble right in the heart of the South Coast’s sailing scene. With thousands of visitors every year, this busy marina is popular with racing enthusiasts and cruising vessels looking for a vibrant atmosphere. The picturesque Hamble Village, with its inviting pubs and restaurants, is only a few minutes’ walk away. When approaching Port Hamble, please keep clear of commercial shipping in Southampton Water. From abeam Calshot Castle head for Hamble Pt South Cardinal buoy at the mouth of the well-marked river. From here the channel is narrow between drying banks, so be sure to leave the No 2 East Cardinal beacon to port. At night two directional lights lead to Warsash Jetty on the east bank. Port Hamble Marina is about 0.75 miles north, the second marina on the west bank. The marina has 310 berths, max LOA: 24m; fuel (petrol/diesel) seven days a week; boat lifting and storage ashore at Hamble Point Marina and Mercury Yacht Harbour; electronic services; chandlery; laundry facilities; bar and restaurant; yacht brokerage; and Wi-Fi. Contact: Port Hamble Marina, Satchell Lane, Hamble, Southampton, SO31 4QD. Tel: 023 8045 2741. www.porthamblemarina.co.uk
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(023) 8045 2464 (023) 8045 2741 (023) 8045 5994
RIVER HAMBLE & WARSASH
Hamble Point Marina Port Hamble Marina Mercury Yacht Harbour mdlmarinas.co.uk
Stone Pier Yard – Marina and boatyard at Stone Pier in Warsash close to the mouth of the Hamble River. Services include craning, 20/03/2014 undercover and yard storage, berthing, and dry-sailing.  Contact: RK Marine, Stone Pier Boatyard, Shore Road, Warsash, Southampton, SO31 9FR. Tel: 01489 583572. www.rkmarine.com
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Mercury Yacht Harbour - Originally built by Sir Robin Knox Johnston, Mercury is situated in a sheltered wooded site where the shallow waters of Badnam Creek join the River Hamble. Just a twenty- minute walk from Hamble village, the marina offers berthing for 360 boats and enjoys deep water at all states of tide. Among its excellent facilities are a chandlery as well as a bar and restaurant with waterfront views. When approaching the marina, please keep clear of commercial shipping in Southampton Water. From abeam Calshot Castle head for Hamble Pt South Cardinal buoy at the mouth of the well-marked river. From here the channel is narrow between drying banks, so be sure to leave the No 2 East Cardinal beacon to port. At night two directional lights lead to Warsash Jetty on the east bank. About 1.35 miles north, Mercury Yacht Harbour is the third marina on the west bank.
THE ROYAL AIR FORCE YACHT CLUB
Where you’ll always find a welcome New members welcome (open to non-service personnel) Visiting yachtswomen and yachtsmen | Moorings available Excellent bar and catering | Active social programme – afloat and ashore | Excellent maintenance berths | Event facilities and management | Extensive waterside grounds | Clubhouse accommodation
What more could you ask for… come and visit us on the Hamble! www.rafyc.co.uk T: 023 8045 2208 RAFYC ad 20-02-15.indd 1
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RIVER HAMBLE & WARSASH
RIVER HAMBLE & WARSASH The marina has 360 berths, max LOA: 24m; boat lifting and storage ashore; electronic services; towing; chandlery; laundry facilities; bar and restaurant; yacht brokerage; sailing schools; yacht charters; and Wi-Fi. Contact: Mercury Yacht Harbour, Satchell Lane, Hamble, Southampton, SO31 4HQ. Tel: 023 8045 5994. www.mercuryyachtharbour.co.uk Universal Marina - Universal Marina is an independent family run marina set adjacent to 68 acres of tranquil, wooded riverbank, just minutes from the M27 and 15 minutes from the Solent. Renowned for its friendly staff and secure facilities, complemented by full yard services and ample free car parking. Berths range from 7.5m - 26m, deep water, semi-tidal, dinghy, and RIBs. Contact: Universal Marina, Crableck Lane, Sarisbury Green, Southampton, SO31 7ZN. Tel: 01489 574272. www.universalmarina.co.uk Swanwick Marina – Premier’s Swanwick Marina is situated on the picturesque eastern bank of the River Hamble, approximately two miles upriver from the entrance to Southampton Water. On approaching Swanwick Marina please contact the marina by phone or VHF Channel 80 for directions to a berth. At Swanwick Marina yachtsmen can look forward to a new fully serviced boatyard, a new dry stack, new luxury facilities, new launderette, free WiFi, electricity and water on pontoons. There is also 24-hour security, berth holder car parking, a new fuel berth and a Café Bistro -The Boat House Café. Contact: Swanwick Marina, Swanwick, Southampton, SO31 1ZL. Tel: 01489 884081. www.premiermarinas.com/swanwick Mariners Quay - Outboard powerboat dealer, expertise in rigging and servicing of outboard engines at Mariners Quay in Warsash close to the mouth of the Hamble River. Services include sales of outboard boats and custom built Atlanta ribs, sales of spares and parts for both Yamaha and Suzuki. Contact: Solent and Warsash Marine, Mariners Quay, Shore Road, Warsash SO31 9FR. Tel: 01489 583813 Email: [email protected]
Photo: Warsash Maritime Academy
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RYDE HARBOUR Ryde Harbour is located on the northeast coast of the Isle of Wight and enjoys excellent views across the Solent towards Portsmouth. The well situated harbour is protected from adverse weather conditions from most directions.
Photo: Island Visions, Jamie Russell
Known as ‘the gateway to the Island’ and a popular destination for families, Ryde Harbour lies next to long sandy beaches and is only minutes away from restaurants, a bowling alley, swimming pool, fun fair, skating rink, and a boating lake. Ryde Esplanade runs the full length of the seafront, followed by the sea wall promenade which passes the Canoe Lake and reaches as far as Puckpool Park to the east. Ferry connections to Portsmouth and Southsea are within walking distance. The harbour dries and is only accessible to small craft approximately 2.5 hours before and 2 hours after High Water Portsmouth for a boat with 1m draught. Depth available is up to 2m on Springs. Ryde Harbour Master can be contacted on VHF Ch 80 Call Sign ‘Ryde Harbour’. Approaching Ryde Harbour from the east, beware Ryde Sands (dries), either pass north of No Man’s Land Fort or use the inshore passage between it and Ryde Sands beacons (lit port hand markers). The drying channel at 197º across Ryde Sands is marked by three starboard hand markers and three port hand marker unlit buoys. Keep well clear of the hovercraft manoeuvring between Ryde Pier and the harbour, and the Wightlink high-speed ferries from and to Ryde Pier Head. The harbour entrance is lit after sunset by two fixed red lights (vertical) on the port side of the Harbour entrance, and one flashing green light on the starboard side of the harbour entrance. There is pontoon berthing for up to 100 visiting boats, the majority of which are family sailing and motor cruisers, varying in length from 5-10m. There are public slipways, showers and toilets close by, water on all pontoons, waste and recycling facilities, gas can be obtained from a local shop, and diesel is available from local garages. Boats may scrub alongside harbour breakwater.
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50º43’.98N, 01º09’.31W (ENT)
RYDE HARBOUR
RYDE HARBOUR
Photo: Island Visions, Jamie Russell
Contact: Ryde Harbour, The Esplanade, Ryde, Isle of Wight, PO33 1JA. Tel: 01983 613879 or 07970 009899. www.rydeharbour.com E-mail: [email protected] Please note, information in this publication is to be used as a guide only and not for navigation.
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SOUTHAMPTON WATER
As one of the country’s busiest and most successful deep-water ports, Southampton is a natural choice for a wide range of customers and trades, with facilities to handle virtually any type of cargo. Its natural deep-water harbour and unique double tide allow unrestricted access for the world’s largest vessels. ABP Southampton, in its role as the Statutory Harbour Authority for Southampton Water, has a strong commitment to protecting the local environment and plays an active role in ensuring that a balance of activities can be maintained, allowing port operations, recreational sailing, and wildlife to co-exist. In addition to its varied commercial activities Southampton Water is a haven for yachts and leisure craft, and ABP strives to preserve the safety of all users including recreational boat owners, as they sail the waters of the Solent. Contact: ABP Southampton, Vessel Traffic Services Centre, 37 Berth, Eastern Docks, Southampton, SO14 3GG. Tel: 02380 608208. www.southamptonvts.co.uk. Before contacting VTS by telephone, please consider whether the answer to your question can be found on the website. Keep your VHF tuned to Ch 12, the Port working frequency, and listen for traffic information from the Harbour Master’s Operations Room, Call Sign ‘Southampton VTS’ (Vessel Traffic Services). The VTS Centre guards Ch 9, 12, 14, 16, 20 and monitors Ch 71 and 74.
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SOUTHAMPTON WATER
50º49’.00N, 01º17’.05W +(ENT)
Southampton Water is an extremely popular area for yachtsmen because it offers sheltered cruising in nearly all weather conditions, while the Hamble and Itchen Rivers are perfect for leisurely exploration.
SOUTHAMPTON WATER
SOUTHAMPTON WATER The following extracts from the Yachtsman’s Guide to Southampton Water and its Approaches, and Southampton Notice to Mariners No. 2 and No. 3 of 2014, are reproduced with the permission of ABP Southampton. Facts to keep in mind: The number of large commercial ships serving the Port of Southampton and the number of recreational craft afloat in local waters is increasing. Most commercial vessels you meet will have an ABP Southampton Pilot on board regardless of the ship’s flag. They will be working on and listening to VHF Ch 12. Most large ships travel at a speed of between 10-15 knots whilst in the Solent and Southampton Water. The lower limit will vary from ship to ship and is ‘as safe navigation permits’. For various reasons, ships travel faster than you might think, even in congested areas. Light, partially loaded or unevenly trimmed ships may require to maintain a higher ‘as safe navigation permits’ speed in order to remain under full control. It takes less than 10 minutes for a fast ship to reach you from the visible horizon in clear weather, and in hazy conditions it takes a lot less. At 10 knots, a ship travels 1 nautical mile in six minutes; at 15 knots it takes only four minutes. Large deep draught ships cannot easily avoid small craft in narrow channels; it is up to you to stay clear.  A ship that is slowing down does not steer well; it needs the propeller action on the rudder to respond. When the ship’s engines are put ‘full astern’, its manoeuvrability will be affected. Remember that it takes time and considerable distance for a ship to stop. There are numerous other small vessels operating within the Port of Southampton. Watch out for ferries, hydrofoils, tugs towing barges, especially at night, when unlit barges may remain invisible. What can you do? Avoid sailing in the main navigational channels and fairways, especially in poor visibility. Obey Rule 9 of the ColRegs for conduct in narrow channels by keeping to the starboard side of the channel and crossing only when this does not impede the passage of a large vessel that can safely navigate only within the narrow channel. Do not underestimate the speed of ships. If your boat is slow, allow sufficient time to take effective evasive action in the vicinity of large ships. Be visible. At night make sure your navigation lights can be seen. If you see the navigation lights of a vessel and you think you haven’t been seen, get out of the way. Remember, from the bridge of a loaded container ship or large tanker, the Master or Pilot will lose sight of you a third of a mile ahead, although you can see the ship at all times. Keep watch at night. Even on a clear night you will have difficulty seeing a big ship approach. Remember that your lights will not be easily spotted from the ship. Watch the ship’s lights. If you see both sidelights, you are dead ahead - move out fast! Be aware that ships alter course at West Bramble and Calshot. Know whistle signals. Five or more short blasts on the whistle is the ‘Keep Clear’ signal. Check and see if it is for you - and if it is - give way. Three short blasts means ‘My engines are going astern’. Know flag signals and shapes. A large ship displaying a cylinder on her yardarm during the day or three red lights in a vertical line at night indicates the ship is severely restricted in her manoeuvrability so give her a wide berth. If you believe you have not been seen or you are unsure of a ship’s intentions, call them on Ch 12, then shift
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Hythe Marina Village Ocean Village Marina Saxon Wharf Shamrock Quay
(023) 8020 7073 (023) 8022 9385 (023) 8033 9490 (023) 8022 9461
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20/03/2014 Safety in small vessels: A speed limit of 6 knots (over the ground) applies to all craft proceeding north of the imaginary line drawn from Hythe Pier through the Weston Shelf buoy to the Weston Shore unless granted an exemption by the Harbour Master.
Although considered to be sheltered waters, Southampton Water and the Solent can be extremely hazardous. The six mile stretch of Southampton Water is exceedingly busy and has, on average, 70,000 commercial vessel and ferry movements per year. Mariners in ‘small vessels’ are therefore reminded of the following requirements: If not confined to the fairway, they should not use the fairway so as to obstruct other vessels which can only navigate within the fairway. When crossing the fairway, they should do so at right angles and not diagonally. When crossing a fairway or turning they should not stop or slow down so as to cause obstruction/damage to any other vessel. As a general principle, they should navigate on the correct side of the fairway. Southampton VTS makes succinct Traffic Information Broadcasts as follows: • 0610 to 2210 daily all year round The broadcasts will be made every 2 hours from 0610 until 2210 (inclusive), on VHF Ch 14, subject to operational requirements, and will be preceded by a broadcast made on VHF Ch 12. Information given in these broadcasts will include: • Current and expected movements of significant vessels in the area. • Weather and tide readings with current trends at Dock Head, Southampton. • Navigational Warning in force. • Any other information relevant to navigational safety. The Southampton VTS website at www.southamptonvts.co.uk contains much useful information for mariners in small vessels and regular use is recommended. Port of Southampton - Precautionary Area (Thorn Channel) Notice to Mariners No. 03 of 2014 1 Notice is hereby given that all vessels navigating within the Port of Southampton shall ensure that a vessel greater than 220 metres in length overall shall be given a ‘clear channel’ in the area between the Hook Buoy and the Prince Consort Buoy (hereinafter referred to as ‘The Precautionary Area’ - (see Chartlet 1)). The term ‘clear channel’ is defined as: ‘a clear and unimpeded passage ahead of a vessel when transiting the Precautionary Area’. The term ‘clear channel’ vessel is defined as: ‘a vessel greater than 220 metres in length overall which requires a clear and unimpeded passage ahead when transiting the Precautionary Area’. Vessels may enter ‘The Precautionary Area’ maintaining a safe distance astern of a ‘clear channel’ vessel. 2. Two vessels each having a length greater than 180 metres length overall shall not pass or overtake each other between Hook Buoy and a line drawn due south of West Bramble Buoy. 3. Moving Prohibited Zone (MPZ) (See Chartlet) Southampton Harbour Byelaws 2003 Byelaw No 11 enforces the requirement that all vessels over 150 metres in length overall when navigating within ‘The Precautionary Area’ referred to in this notice are automatically allocated a ‘Moving Prohibited Zone’ (MPZ). The MPZ is defined as an area extending 1000 metres ahead of the bow and 100 metres from the ship’s side on both sides of any vessel of over 150 metres in length overall whilst it is navigating within ‘The Precautionary Area’ (See Chartlet).
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to a working frequency (6 or an alternative) for inter-ship safety messages.
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SOUTHAMPTON WATER
Chartlet 1
The master of a small vessel (defined in Southampton Harbour Byelaws 2003 Byelaw No 3 as any vessel of less than 20 metres in length or a sailing vessel) shall ensure that the vessel does not enter an MPZ. For the purpose of indicating the presence of the MPZ the master of any vessel of over 150 metres length overall shall display on the vessel, where it can best be seen, by day, a black cylinder, and by night, 3 all round red lights in a vertical line. To reach any of the following marinas, proceed up Southampton Water keeping clear of all commercial shipping and beware of frequent cross Solent Hi-Speed and Ro-Ro ferries. Hythe Marina Village - Located on the western shore of Southampton Water, Hythe Marina Village also has waterside homes and shops close by. The marina entrance is controlled by lock gates, operated 24/7 all year round. There is a regular ferry service, which runs from Hythe into the centre of Southampton. On nearing Hythe Knock red buoy, at the junction of the Rivers Itchen and Test, Hythe Marina Village is conspicuous to port just beyond Hythe Pier. Call on VHF Ch 80 or by mobile for clearance to lock-in and for a berth. Enter via a short channel aligned 220째 and marked by beacons. Hythe Marina has 206 berths; max LOA: 16m*; fuel (petrol/diesel); gas; boat lifting and storage ashore; 40 ton boat hoist; slipway; boat repairs; laundry facilities; bars and restaurants; brokerage; and Wi-Fi. Contact: Hythe Marina Village, Shamrock Way, Hythe, Southampton, SO45 6DY. VHF Ch 80. Tel: 023 8020 7073. www.hythemarinavillage.co.uk *Larger vessels can be accommodated but check with marina in advance.
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Ocean Village Marina - Ocean Village is in the heart of Southampton and has a wide range of facilities. Overlooking the marina is the Royal Southampton Yacht Club which, although a members’ club, offers berth holders and visitors a warm welcome. The basin is deep enough to offer mooring facilities for tall ships and large yachts. It has also become famous for hosting the start and/or finish of around the world yacht races. To approach Ocean Village Marina, at Weston Shelf green buoy, near the junction of the Rivers Itchen and Test, keep to starboard up the Itchen. Ocean Village is about 1 mile further north to port and just short of the Itchen Bridge. Call on VHF Ch 80 or by mobile for a vacant berth. Ocean Village has 375 berths, max LOA: 90m; laundry facilities; cinemas, bars and restaurants; yacht brokerage; and Wi-Fi. Contact: Ocean Village Marina, 2 Channel Way, Southampton, SO14 3TG. VHF Ch 80. Tel: 023 8022 9385. www.oceanvillagemarina.co.uk Shamrock Quay - Shamrock Quay is a marina steeped in history, taking its name from the famous J-class yacht, Shamrock V, which was built on this site in 1931 to challenge for the America’s Cup. This 255 berth marina is still a major centre for refit and boat building with many specialist trades on site, as well as a bar, restaurants, café and shops.  To reach the marina, proceed up Southampton Water keeping clear of all commercial shipping. At Weston Shelf green buoy, near the
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SOUTHAMPTON WATER
SOUTHAMPTON WATER
SOUTHAMPTON WATER junction of the Rivers Itchen and Test, keep to starboard up the Itchen and observe the 6 knot speed limit. Shamrock Quay is 1300m beyond the Itchen Bridge on the port side, opposite No 5 green beacon. Shamrock Quay has 255 berths; max LOA: 70m; summer sports boat package; boat lifting and storage ashore; 75 ton travel hoist with a 3 ton jib crane; 47 ton boat mover; extensive marine trades and services; chandlery; laundry facilities; shops; bars and restaurants; café; yacht brokerage; yacht charters; and Wi-Fi. Contact: Shamrock Quay, William Street, Northam, Southampton, SO14 5QL. VHF Ch 80. Tel: 023 8022 9461. www.shamrockquay.co.uk Saxon Wharf - Situated north of Shamrock Quay, Saxon Wharf is a marine service centre offering outstanding facilities for superyachts and other large craft. Located near the centre of Southampton, with easy access to the motorway network, Saxon Wharf is the ideal location for big boats in need of secure, quick turnaround lift-outs, repair work or full scale refits. To reach Saxon Wharf, go past the Itchen Bridge and Shamrock Quay and follow the left bend past No. 9 green beacon. Saxon Wharf is to port, opposite Kemps Marina. Call on VHF Ch 80 or by mobile for a vacant berth. Saxon Wharf offers marina berths (max LOA: 80m) and 86 dry stack berths (max LOA: 13m); 200 ton boat hoist; storage ashore; fully serviced heavy-duty pontoons with electricity; extensive marine trades and services; fresh water; CCTV coverage; showers and toilets; car parking; and Wi-Fi. Contact: Saxon Wharf, Lower York Street, Northam, Southampton, SO14 5QF. VHF Ch 80. Tel: 023 8033 9490. www.saxonwharf.co.uk Kemp’s Quay - Kemps Quay has been established for over 35 years. The marina is situated on the east bank of the River Itchen, 2 miles north of the river mouth. Of the 260 berths available at the marina, 50 are non-tidal and afloat at all times, the remainder are semi-tidal. Hours afloat on these tidal berths vary in direct proportion to their proximity to the shore and are priced accordingly. The river bed is soft mud and affords stable berths for most craft when the tide is away. A landing/loading berth, afloat at all times, is available for boat owners who cannot leave or land within the tide window. Kemps Quay has single point security access; lift out and storage ashore; travel hoist with an 8 ton capacity; power washing; hard standing 12 weeks for up to 80 craft - included in the mooring fee; fresh water to all pontoons; electricity at selected points; toilets and shower block; owners’ store. Contact: Kemps Shipyard Limited, Quayside Road, Southampton, SO18 1BZ. Tel: 02380 632323. www.kempsquay.com  Town Quay Marina - Town Quay Marina, located on the eastern shores of Southampton Water, has 130 berths and a dedicated visitors’ pontoon. In the heart of Southampton, the marina is within walking distance of the city’s shopping centre, restaurants, bars and theatres. The marina is well served by transport links to the Isle of Wight, the New Forest and London and lies next to the Southampton Boat Show. Entrance to the marina is via a dogleg between two floating wave breaks that appear continuous from seaward. Beware of the adjacent Red Jet hi-speed ferry. The marina offers 24/7 berthing assistance; contact them on VHF Ch 80 or by phone. 124
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Photo: www.townquay.com
The marina is an RYA Active Marina and part of the TransEurope Marinas group. It has a berth holders’ reception, open 24/7 with free drinks, and is an official Ocean Safety drop off / collection point and a SeaSafe service point for life jackets. There is a chill-out deck with free use of gas barbecue, free bicycle hire for all customers, a slipway, car parking, laundry room, top quality shower rooms, free Wi-Fi, water and electric on all berths. Contact: Town Quay Marina, Associated British Ports, Management Office, Town Quay, Southampton, SO14 2AQ. Tel: 07764 293588 or 02380 234397. www.townquay.com
MARINA BERTHS Package Deals Available
Example: 25ft boat: all craneage/power wash/three months ashore and annual mooring from
£1582.50 inc VAT
Contact Sarah on 023 8063 2323 or [email protected]
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VENTNOR HAVEN VENTNOR HAVEN
50º35’.53N, 01º12’.50W (ENT)
Ventnor, on the south coast of the Isle of Wight, is sheltered by high cliffs. A steep road winds down from the terraced town past the famous cascade gardens to the seafront.
Photo: Island Visions, Jamie Russell
This fair weather haven provides the only stopping-off point along the south coast of the Isle of Wight, as well as an access facility for local boat owners, anglers, and other interest groups. You will find a harbour-side café and coffee shop, boat builders, boat charter, a fish landing stage with fishery outlet, and fish and chip shop. Navigating the Haven entrance is suitable only in certain weather conditions and tides. However, on a clear calm day it is one of the best runs round from the Solent. On approach, beware of races which occur south of St Catherine’s Point to the west and Dunnose Point to the east. Consult almanacs in advance for information on each race depending on the state of tide. The Haven mouth is approached from the east and is lit after sunset by two fixed navigation lights (vertical). Entry and exit are recommended 2 hours either side of High Water only with draught of less than 50cm. Stay close to the southerly markers to avoid sandbanks which form on the northern side of the mouth. Do not attempt to approach in easterly to southerly conditions as swell may occur at the entrance. The Haven is not suitable for sailing boats or motorboats which cannot dry out. The entrance dries completely at Spring Low Water and is very shallow during Neap Lows. The depth is variable, dependent on sediment movement and duration since the last dredge. Beware of the two rock arms - the largest extending seaward (south) from the site of the old pier before curving to the southeast. The smaller arm, some 58m to the east, extends seaward towards the first arm with a 24m gap. Shelter is reasonable in the lee of the rock arms during southwest through to northeasterly winds, and extremely vulnerable in east through to south-southeasterlies when swells can enter. The Haven is exposed to strong winds from all directions except northwest to northeast. 126
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VENTNOR HAVEN
VENTNOR HAVEN Cheetah Marine currently manage the Harbour. Contact them on 01983 852398 or 07974 126378 two to three days prior to arrival for all information. Limited space is available within the Haven on a first come first served basis. There is a 4 knot speed limit in the Haven. If harbour dues are not collected on arrival, report to the cafĂŠ at OceanBlue Quay above the Haven. No anchoring is permitted except in an emergency and no anchoring or mooring in the Haven entrance. Visiting boats should be aware of bathers and snorkelers swimming alongside the Haven rock arms. Fuel is not available at Ventnor, but can be obtained at the nearby villages of Whitwell (3 miles) and Sandford (5 miles). Do not pump out oily bilges into the Haven or surrounding area. Yachtsmen and all navigators are requested not to release washing water or to pump WC or bilge effluent into the Haven. This is particularly important in a drying harbour. Ask the Harbour Master for details of refuse disposal. The slipway is available free of charge for launch and recovery. Please exercise great care when manoeuvring your vehicle at the top of the slipway and on the slipway itself as it coincides with a pedestrian right of way. Contact: Ventnor Haven, OceanBlue Quay, PO38 1JR. Tel. 01983 852398 or 07974 126378. www.oceanbluequay.co.uk/haven/
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WOOTTON CREEK WOOTTON CREEK
50º44’.09N, 01º12’.77W (ENT)
Wootton Creek is one of the lovelier creeks in the Solent, with wooded valleys sweeping down to a winding creek. Midway between Cowes and Ryde, it was once used by trading sailing vessels visiting the brickworks at Ash Lake, and the tide mill at the head of the creek where the Sloop Inn now stands.
Photo: Island Visions, Jamie Russell
Today, there is little left apart from the old names. If trading barges could navigate to the head of the creek, then visiting yachts should easily make their way at least as far as the pontoons of the Royal Victoria Yacht Club (RVYC) at the entrance to the creek. It should be remembered that those skippers worked their tides, and even today 70 foot ketches drawing over 8 foot have laid alongside the RVYC pontoons, but have swiftly departed once the tide is on the ebb. An ideal time to visit is when High Water is over a lunchtime, meaning a good height of tide, and time to sample the RVYC hospitality at its bar and dining room. It is well-liked by visitors, and popular with rallies, and as a destination for passage races. Be aware that the direction of buoyage in the eastern Solent is from east to west. Pilotage is straightforward with a compass, dependable echo sounder, and a good lookout.
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WOOTTON CREEK The entrance to Wootton Creek is beset by hazards to the east and west. It is a busy car ferry port, with regular Wightlink sailings throughout the day and night. To the east, are drying gravel banks that have been known to embarrass a passing ferry. To the west are rock ledges coming out from the shore, and the dangerous Wootton Rocks themselves. Yachts close inshore may have local knowledge and lifting keels! The entrance to Wootton Creek is best taken from the north cardinal, Wootton Beacon. It lies approximately 3.5nm from Cowes and only 1.5nm from Ryde Pier. It is best approached an hour or so either side of High Water on the first attempt. The ferry fairway is lit, with an occulting sectored light, and there is plenty of shore lighting on the link-span. No matter from which point of the compass you’re approaching, it is best to stay to the north of Wootton Beacon for your approach. Once at Wootton Beacon, if safe from entering and departing ferries, turn southwest and run down the western side of the ferry channel, staying outside of the channel itself. Keep an eye on the echo sounder, there should be plenty of water, if there isn’t, then you won’t get very far into the creek! Be aware that you may find ferries waiting to dock at the ferry terminal to the west of the fairway. By the time you come to No. 7 dolphin, you’ll see the ferry link-span on your port hand, and the Wootton Creek port and starboard buoys ahead of you; these are maintained and positioned as needed by the Queen’s Harbour Master (QHM) at Portsmouth. Head through them, and if heading further up the Creek you will see the leading marks off to starboard on the opposite bank.
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WOOTTON CREEK
WOOTTON CREEK If calling at the RVYC, you will see their pontoons ahead of you. Berthing is straightforward, but be aware that at some states of tide there will be some flow across the pontoons. Do not approach through the private RVYC moorings, or indeed try to pick up one, as there are countless pick-up buoys and lines. If vessels are already berthed alongside hail and ask to raft up. The RVYC Manager may ask you to move your boat to accommodate other visitors. (Pontoon fees can be paid at the RVYC bar, or if the club is closed, dropped through the letterbox by the club entrance.) There is fresh water on the pontoons, showers and toilets in the clubhouse, a slipway, waste facilities, and an excellent bar and restaurant. The creek alongside the pontoons will dry, so unless you are prepared to take the ground, you must depart once the ebb starts to make. The water will seem to empty quite slowly for the first couple of hours, but be aware that around the third hour the tide goes away very quickly; do not linger over that last pint at the bar! The bottom is irregular in shape and consistency, and careful fendering, tending of lines, and a watchful eye is needed as your vessel takes the ground. The speed limit in the creek is 5 knots. The tidal current is relatively benign, seldom reaching above 4 knots although just after High Water at Springs, the sluice gates under Wootton Bridge are opened considerably increasing the flow in the upper reaches. There are no visitor moorings in the creek and anchoring in the channel is prohibited. Anchoring outside the channel is not recommended due to the proliferation of abandoned ground chains and other mooring tackle. There is a Council owned public slipway suitable for small vessels between the Sloop Inn and the bridge at the head of the creek. The village of Wootton Bridge offers a full range of facilities; Post Office, take-aways, tea room, launderette, doctor and vet, butcher, supermarket and wine warehouse; just outside the village is a garage. It’s about 30 minutes walk from the RVYC, or take the dinghy up the creek on the tide and land on the public slipway on the west bank at the head of the creek, right by the Sloop Inn. Contact: Royal Victoria Yacht Club, 91 Fishbourne Lane, Fishbourne, Isle of Wight, PO33 4EU. Tel: 01983 882325. www.rvyc.org.uk
Photo: Donna Woodward Taylor
YARMOUTH HARBOUR
Photo: Island Visions, Jamie Russell
Yarmouth Harbour is accessible at all states of the tide being dredged 2 metres below chart datum. Its close proximity to the Needles and the English Channel makes it ideal for those entering or leaving the Solent. The harbour entrance can become very congested especially on summer weekends. Great caution is to be taken entering and leaving the harbour and vessels must adhere to the speed limit of 4 knots within the harbour and Western Yar River, and 6 knots from the entrance Dolphin at the breakwater to the outer harbour limits. If the “Harbour full” sign and signal (flag R) is displayed (the Harbour Full sign on the Eastern side of the Harbour Entrance is illuminated at night), you should not attempt to enter the harbour. When approaching from the east, leave East Fairway buoy to port, turn onto a bearing of 187° and follow the leading light. When approaching from the west, leave the Poole Belle buoy to starboard, turn onto a bearing of 187° and again, follow the leading light. On spring tides the last hour of the flood and ebb can see strong tidal movement in the harbour entrance and in various parts of the harbour. There can be a double high tide or a long stand at Spring tides. Yarmouth Harbour operates on VHF Ch 68, Call Sign ‘Yarmouth Harbour’, monitored by the Harbour Office and Berthing Masters on the water. The water taxi operates on VHF Ch. 15, Call Sign ‘Harbour Taxi’ and can also be called on 07969 840173.
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YARMOUTH HARBOUR
50º42’.42N, 01º30’.00W (ENT)
The most westerly harbour on the Isle of Wight, picturesque Yarmouth welcomes more than 500,000 visitors a year by car ferry from Lymington, Hampshire, and 130,000 visitors by boat, many from elsewhere in the Solent, but also from the West Country, Ireland, the Channel Islands, France, Belgium, Holland, Germany, and Scandinavia.
YARMOUTH HARBOUR
Yarmouth Harbour Commissioners were granted the powers of general and special direction and new General Directions came into force on 1 March 2012 replacing the harbour’s previous Byelaws. Users of the harbour are asked to familiarise themselves with these new directions which can be downloaded from the harbour website www.yarmouth-harbour.co.uk. Yarmouth is shared by yachtsmen, fishermen, and ferry operators. At times the entrance can become very busy and special vigilance is required when navigating in this area. Visitors are particularly requested to give the Wightlink ferry a wide berth as it enters and leaves the harbour. Yarmouth Harbour Commissioners have completed Phases 2 and 3 of the planned harbour development creating more walk ashore pontoons and finger berths with power and water, making best use of the water space, constructing a new quay wall and installing a new crane with an environmentally friendly washdown facility. Previous phases also saw the redesigned layout with the initial walk ashore pontoons and a pontoon area, near the RNLI lifeboat berth and adjacent to the emergency slipway, that will be used for RIBs and small craft at lunchtimes and overnight walk ashore pontoon berths for yachts. A small extension to the pink pontoons was completed in April 2012. Yarmouth Harbour has a range of facilities including a crane on South Quay, maximum load 5 tonnes, showers and toilets, a launderette, gas, WiFi, night watchpersons, waste disposal facilities, and a power washer. There are several slipways that the public may use in Yarmouth. The largest slipway is on the corner between the South Quay and the Town Quay; accessed via the Wightlink marshalling area. At the western end of the South Quay there is another small but steep slipway, close to the Harbour Office. South of the swing bridge across the Western Yar River, on the east bank of the river, adjacent to the dinghy park there is a small slipway. Other slipways are located at Harold Hayles boatyard and at Yarmouth Sailing Club. If intending to pass through the Yar Swing Bridge into the river during the summer season please call Yar Bridge on VHF Ch 68. Boat owners are requested to co-operate by synchronising their bridge use around a schedule of fixed opening times, as published on www.yarmouth-harbour.co.uk. For winter operation, a minimum of a half hour’s notice is required, and by arrangement with the Harbour Office, call sign Yar Bridge on VHF Ch 68 or by phone on 01983 760321. The punctuality of boat arrivals to a close but safe proximity to the bridge is essential to prevent road traffic congestion. Contact: Yarmouth Harbour Office, The Quay, Yarmouth, Isle of Wight, PO41 0NT. Tel: 01983 760321. www.yarmouth-harbour.co.uk Please note, information in this publication is to be used as a guide only and not for navigation.
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SOLENT DIRECTORY INDEX
Photo: Peter Mumford - Beken of Cowes
Accommodation - Agents 136 Electrical / Electronics Accommodation - Bed & Breakfast / Engines / Outboards / Marine Engineers Guest Houses 136 Event Management Accommodation - Hotels / Inns 136 Marine Decking Accommodation - Self Catering 136 Marine Surveyors Beauty & Complementary Therapies / Masts / Rigging / Rope Systems Chiropractors 137 Moorings / Berths / Boat Storage / Dry Stack Boat Cleaning / Care & Maintenance 137 Paint / Spraying Boat Graphics & Hull Stripes 137 Photographers / Photographic Services Boat Sales / Brokers 137 Pubs & Bars Boat Transport / Yacht Delivery 137 Restaurants Boatyards / Boatbuilders / Repairers / Rib Hire & Charter Marine Surveyors 137 Sail Makers Cafes & Takeaways 138 Sailing & Power Schools Chandlers / Charts & Pilotage 138 Water Taxis Charter Boats / Boat Cruises / Sailing Holidays 138 Weather Clothing / Leisurewear & Footwear 138 Yacht & Race Management Corporate Hospitality 138 Yacht Clubs & Associations TAG Advert - Solent Handbook.pdf 1 09/03/2015 Cranes / Boat Lifts / Slipways / Hoists 138
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140 140 142 142 142 142 142 145 145 146 146 147 147 147 148 148 148 148
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together achieving goals... We know that your business is different to any other – so we’re a different sort of agency. We can build your website, design your logo, print your stationery or rebrand your building – whatever you need for your business. Telephone: 01983 619608 [email protected] tagdesign.agency www.SolentHandbook.com
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SOLENT DIRECTORY ACCOMMODATION - AGENTS Quay Management The first port of call for self-catering accommodation in Cowes EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.quaymanagement.co.uk 01983 291369 ACCOMMODATION - BED & BREAKFAST / GUEST HOUSES 2 The Pippins Off Bellevue Road, Cowes, Isle of Wight, PO31 7UU EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.pippinsbnb.co.uk
01983 281270
22 Castle Road Oak Cottage, Cowes, Isle of Wight, PO31 7QZ 01983 200986 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.oakcottagecowes.co.uk 07792 672707 Anchorage Guest House 23 Mill Hill Road, Cowes, PO31 7EE 01983 247975 www.anchoragecowes.co.uk
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
Britannia House Station Street, Lymington, Hampshire, SO41 3BA EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.britannia-house.com
01590 672091
Endeavour House 47 Mill Hill Road, Cowes, PO31 7EG 01983 297406 07850 205994 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.endeavourhousecowes.co.uk Quentin House 62 High Street, Cowes, PO31 7RL EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.primefood.co.uk
01983 291111 07454 941096
ACCOMMODATION - HOTELS / INNS The Anchor High Street, Cowes, PO31 7SA 01983 292823 [email protected] WEB SITE: www.theanchorcowes.co.uk
EMAIL:
The Duke of York Hotel Mill Hill Road, Cowes, PO31 7BT 01983 295171 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.dukeofyorkcowes.co.uk The Fountain Inn High Street, Cowes, PO31 7AW EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.fountaininn-cowes.co.uk
01983 292397
The Mayflower Kings Saltern Road, Lymington, SO41 3QD 01590 672160 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.themayflowerlymington.co.uk ACCOMMODATION - SELF CATERING 22 Castle Road Oak Cottage, Cowes, Isle of Wight, PO31 7QZ 01983 200986 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.oakcottagecowes.co.uk 07792 672707 Briary Cottage Egypt Esplanade, Cowes, PO31 8BS www.briarycottage.co.uk
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
www.SolentHandbook.com
01983 295443
Quay Management The first port of call for self-catering accommodation in Cowes EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.quaymanagement.co.uk 01983 291369 BEAUTY & COMP THERAPIES / CHIROPRACTORS
Cowes Chiropractic Clinic
83 Mill Hill Road, Cowes, PO31 7EQ 01983 282810 www.coweschiropracticclinic.co.uk [email protected]
SOLENT DIRECTORY
COMPANY ADDRESS TELEPHONE WEB SITE EMAIL SERVICES
McTimoney Chiropractic, Diversified Chiropractic, Remedial Massage, Five Element Acupuncture, Sports Therapy, Skincare, Reiki, Homeopathy, Counselling & Addiction Therapy. Call 01983 282810 to book a FREE 15 minute Chiropractic assessment. Reception opening hours - 0830 - 1730 Monday to Friday, 0830 - 1430 Saturday.
BOAT CLEANING / CARE & MAINTENANCE Hamble Yacht Services Hamble Yacht Services Refit & Repair, Advanced Rigging & Hydraulics, Port Hamble Marina, SO31 4NN 02380 454111 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.hambleyachtservices.co.uk www.advancedrigging.co.uk ProMo Marine Yacht Management Netley, Southampton, SO31 5FW EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.promomarine.com 07971 858938 Richardsons Yacht Services Island Harbour, Mill Lane, Newport, PO30 2LA www.richardsonsyacht.co.uk 01983 821095
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
BOAT GRAPHICS & HULL STRIPES Naughty Gull Marine Graphics Craglyn, Rock Lane, Corley, CV7 8BD EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.naughtygull.co.uk 01676 540769 Will Squibb Ltd Attrills Yard, The Duver, St Helens, PO33 1YB www.willsquibb.net
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
BOAT SALES / BROKERS ABYA The Association of Brokers & Yacht Agents EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.abya.co.uk
01983 874629 01730 710425
Ancasta International Boat Sales Port Hamble Marina, Hamble, SO31 4QD EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.ancasta.com 02380 450000 Golden Arrow Marine Poole 27 West Quay Road, Poole, BH15 1HX www.goldenarrow.co.uk 01202 677387
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
Salterns Brokerage Salterns Marina, 40 Salterns Way, Lilliput, Poole, BH14 8JR www.salternsbrokerage.co.uk 01202 707222
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
BOAT TRANSPORT / YACHT DELIVERY Boat Transport Ltd The Mainstay, 7 Fairview Drive, Southampton, SO45 5GX EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.boattransport.co.uk 07831 486710 Shoreline Yacht Transport Chichester www.boat-trans.co.uk
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
01243 785370 07836 789083
BOATYARDS / BOATBUILDERS / REPAIRERS / MARINE SURVEYORS Cowes Commercial Craft Coding SCV2 Compliance Insurance / Tonnage Surveys EMAIL: [email protected] 07813 609725
Hamble Yacht Services Hamble Yacht Services Refit & Repair, Advanced Rigging & Hydraulics, Port Hamble Marina, SO31 4NN 02380 454111 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.hambleyachtservices.co.uk www.advancedrigging.co.uk Medina Yard Arctic Road, Cowes, PO31 7PG EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.medinayard.co.uk
01983 203872
Richardsons Yacht Services Island Harbour, Mill Lane, Newport, PO30 2LA EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.richardsonsyacht.co.uk 01983 821095
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SOLENT DIRECTORY
SOLENT DIRECTORY Salterns Marina & Boatyard 40 Salterns Way, Lilliput, Poole, BH14 8JR EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.salterns.co.uk 01202 709971 Will Squibb Ltd Attrills Yard, The Duver, St Helens, PO33 1YB www.willsquibb.net
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
CAFES & TAKEAWAYS Sails Cafe 1 Shooters Hill, Cowes, PO31 7BE EMAIL: [email protected] The Blue Crab High Street, Yarmouth, Isle of Wight, PO41 0PL EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.thebluecrab.co.uk
01983 874629 01983 289758 01983 760014
CHANDLERS / CHARTS & PILOTAGE
COMPANY Winning Tides DESCRIPTION Tide books and other publications TELEPHONE 07970 547508 www.winningtides.co.uk WEB SITE EMAIL [email protected] SERVICES Products for racing sailors - from Tide Books to Wet Notes and
much more.
Fynn Marine Cowes Yacht Haven, Vectis Yard, Marina Walk, Cowes, PO31 7BD EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.fynnmarine.co.uk 01983 297500
Richardsons Yacht Services Island Harbour, Mill Lane, Newport, PO30 2LA www.richardsonsyacht.co.uk 01983 821095
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
Salterns Chandlery Salterns Marina, 40 Salterns Way, Lilliput, Poole, BH14 8JR www.salterns.co.uk 01202 701556
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
VisitMyHarbour 36 High Street, Cowes, PO31 7RS [email protected] Web Site: www.visitmyharbour.com
EMAIL:
01983 293757
CHARTER BOATS / BOAT CRUISES / SAILING HOLIDAYS Bembridge Powerboat Training & Charter The Duver, St Helens, PO33 1YB EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.powerboat-training.com 01983 778077 Coastal Pursuits Charter & Training Units 9-12 Saxon Wharf, Lower York Street, Southampton, SO14 5QF 02380 658790 www.coastalpursuits.co.uk
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
Hamble Point Yacht Charters Hamble Point Marina, SO31 4JD EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.yacht-charter.co.uk
02380 457110
Jillian Charters Oceanus 400, Cowes based EMAIL: [email protected]
07736 610242
One Stop Sailing 12 Thetis Road, Cowes, Isle of Wight, PO31 7DJ EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.onestopsailing.co.uk
01983 281228
ProMo Marine Yacht Management Netley, Southampton, SO31 5FW EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.promomarine.com 07971 858938 CLOTHING / LEISUREWEAR & FOOTWEAR Hudson Wight Performance Sailwear One The Parade, Cowes, PO31 7QJ EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.hudsonwight.com 01983 300144 Nipper Skipper Ltd PO Box 90, Attleborough, NR17 2NY www.nipperskipper.co.uk
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
01953 450944
CORPORATE HOSPITALITY Cowes Yacht Haven Ltd Vectis Yard, High Street, Cowes, PO31 7BD 01983 299975 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.cowesyachthaven.com Hamble Point Yacht Charters Hamble Point Marina, SO31 4JD EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.yacht-charter.co.uk
02380 457110
CRANES / BOAT LIFTS / SLIPWAYS / HOISTS Cowes Yacht Haven Ltd Vectis Yard, High Street, Cowes, PO31 7BD 01983 299975 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.cowesyachthaven.com Haines Boatyard Ferryside, Itchenor, Chichester PO20 7AN EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.hainesboatyard.com
01243 512228
Hamble Yacht Services Hamble Yacht Services Refit & Repair, Advanced Rigging & Hydraulics, Port Hamble Marina, SO31 4NN 02380 454111 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.hambleyachtservices.co.uk www.advancedrigging.co.uk 138
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SOLENT DIRECTORY
SOLENT DIRECTORY Lymington Yacht Haven King’s Saltern Road, Lymington, Hampshire, SO41 3QD EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.yachthavens.com/lymington/ 0 1590 677071 Medina Yard Arctic Road, Cowes, PO31 7PG EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.medinayard.co.uk
01983 203872
Richardsons Yacht Services Island Harbour, Mill Lane, Newport, PO30 2LA EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.richardsonsyacht.co.uk 01983 821095 Salterns Marina & Boatyard 40 Salterns Way, Lilliput, Poole, , BH14 8JR www.salterns.co.uk 01202 709971
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
ELECTRICAL / ELECTRONICS Greenham Regis Marine Electronics Itchenor, EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.greenham-regis.com
01243 511070
Greenham Regis Marine Electronics Lymington, 01590 671144 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.greenham-regis.com For Greenham Regis advert - see page 139
Greenham Regis Marine Electronics Poole, EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.greenham-regis.com
01202 676363
Greenham Regis Marine Electronics Southampton, EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.greenham-regis.com
02380 636555
Solent Marine Services Unit 4, Clarence Boatyard, Clarence Road, East Cowes, PO32 6TA EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.drysailing.co.uk 01983 282438 Will Squibb Ltd Attrills Yard, The Duver, St Helens, PO33 1YB www.willsquibb.net
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
01983 874629
ENGINES / OUTBOARDS / MARINE ENGINEERS Auto Marine Services 20A High Street, Botley, Southampton, SO30 2EA WEB SITE: www.automarineservices.co.uk 01489 785009
EMAIL:
Golden Arrow Marine Chichester Unit A1-A2, Chichester Marina, Birdham, PO20 7EJ www.goldenarrow.co.uk 01243 512313
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
Golden Arrow Marine Poole 27 West Quay Road, Poole, BH15 1HX 01202 677387 www.goldenarrow.co.uk
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
Golden Arrow Marine Portsmouth 4-5 The Slipway, Port Solent, PO6 4TR EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.goldenarrow.co.uk 02392 201171 Golden Arrow Marine Southampton Unit 17, Shamrock Quay, Southampton, SO14 5QH www.goldenarrow.co.uk 02380 710371
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
Haines Boatyard Ferryside, Itchenor, Chichester PO20 7AN [email protected] WEB SITE: www.hainesboatyard.com
EMAIL:
01243 512228
Hamble Yacht Services Hamble Yacht Services Refit & Repair, Advanced Rigging & Hydraulics, Port Hamble Marina, SO31 4NN 02380 454111 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.hambleyachtservices.co.uk www.advancedrigging.co.uk 140
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Quality Marine Engineering, Service and Support • SUPPLY • INSTALLATION • DYNAMOMETER TESTS • SERVICE • REPAIR • REFIT • PARTS
Service, Overhaul and Sales • Anchors • Control systems • Day boats • Engines • Gearboxes • Generators
• Hydraulic systems • Outboards • RIBS & Inflatables • Stabilizers • Thrusters • Windlass & capstans
4 branches along the South Coast | Chichester
| Portsmouth
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SOLENT DIRECTORY
SOLENT DIRECTORY Richardsons Yacht Services Island Harbour, Mill Lane, Newport, PO30 2LA EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.richardsonsyacht.co.uk 01983 821095 Solent Marine Services Unit 4, Clarence Boatyard, Clarence Road, East Cowes, PO32 6TA www.drysailing.co.uk 01983 282438
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
Will Squibb Ltd Attrills Yard, The Duver, St Helens, PO33 1YB www.willsquibb.net
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
01983 874629
EVENT MANAGEMENT Bembridge Powerboat Training & Charter The Duver, St Helens, PO33 1YB EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.powerboat-training.com 01983 778077 Coastal Pursuits Charter & Training Units 9-12 Saxon Wharf, Lower York Street, Southampton, SO14 5QF 02380 658790 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.coastalpursuits.co.uk Cowes Yacht Haven Ltd Vectis Yard, High Street, Cowes, Isle of Wight, PO31 7BD EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.cowesyachthaven.com 01983 299975 MSJ Events Ltd Regatta House, 18 Bath Road, Cowes, PO31 7QN
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
01983 245100
Solent Events Unit 6, Dell Buildings, Milford Road, Lymington, SO41 0ED EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.solent-events.co.uk 01590 674900 MARINE DECKING Solent Marine Services Unit 4, Clarence Boatyard, Clarence Road, East Cowes, PO32 6TA EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.drysailing.co.uk 01983 282438 MARINE SURVEYORS
YDSA The Yacht Designers & Surveyors Association [email protected] WEB SITE: www.ydsa.co.uk
EMAIL:
01730 710425
MASTS / RIGGING / ROPE SYSTEMS Hamble Yacht Services Hamble Yacht Services Refit & Repair, Advanced Rigging & Hydraulics, Port Hamble Marina, SO31 4NN 02380 454111 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.hambleyachtservices.co.uk www.advancedrigging.co.uk Richardsons Yacht Services Island Harbour, Mill Lane, Newport, PO30 2LA EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.richardsonsyacht.co.uk 01983 821095 MOORINGS / BERTHS / BOAT STORAGE / DRY STACK Birdham Pool Marina Birdham, Chichester, PO20 7BG EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.castlemarinas.co.uk
01243 512310
Cobb’s Quay Marina Hamworthy, Poole, Dorset, BH15 4EL 01202 674299 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.cobbsquaymarina.co.uk Cowes Yacht Haven Ltd Vectis Yard, High Street, Cowes, PO31 7BD www.cowesyachthaven.com
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
01983 299975
Drivers Dry Berthing Ltd Drivers Wharf, Southampton, SO14 0PF 023 8023 3302 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.dryberthing.com Fisherman’s Cottage 1 The Esplanade, Shanklin, PO37 6BN EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.shanklinchine.co.uk
01983 863882
Folly Moorings River Medina EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.follymoorings.co.uk
07884 400046
Haines Boatyard Ferryside, Itchenor, Chichester PO20 7AN EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.hainesboatyard.com
01243 512228
Hamble Point Marina School Lane, Hamble, Southampton, SO31 4NB 02380 452464 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.hamblepointmarina.co.uk
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[email protected]
Lancasters Estate Agents Cowes & Ryde offices. Call us on 01983 209020 Together we have the Island covered
SOLENT DIRECTORY
SOLENT DIRECTORY Hamble Yacht Services Hamble Yacht Services Refit & Repair, Advanced Rigging & Hydraulics, Port Hamble Marina, SO31 4NN 02380 454111 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.hambleyachtservices.co.uk www.advancedrigging.co.uk Hythe Marina Village Shamrock Way, Hythe, Southampton, SO45 6DY 02380 207073 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.hythemarinavillage.co.uk Island Harbour Marina Mill Lane, Newport, PO30 2LA EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.island-harbour.co.uk
01983 539994
Lymington Yacht Haven King’s Saltern Road, Lymington, SO41 3QD 01590 677071 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.yachthavens.com/lymington/
Medina Yard Arctic Road, Cowes, PO31 7PG www.medinayard.co.uk
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
01983 203872
Mercury Yacht Harbour Satchell Lane, Hamble, Southampton, SO31 4HQ EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.mercuryyachtharbour.co.uk 02380 455994 Northney Marina Hayling Island, PO11 0NH www.northneymarina.co.uk
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
02392 477321
Ocean Village Marina 2 Channel Way, Southampton, SO14 3TG 02380 229385 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.oceanvillagemarina.co.uk Port Hamble Marina Satchell Lane, Hamble, Southampton, SO31 4QD 02380 452741 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.porthamblemarina.co.uk Royal Clarence Marina Weevil Lane, Gosport, PO12 1AX EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.castlemarinas.co.uk
02392 523523
Salterns Marina & Boatyard 40 Salterns Way, Lilliput, Poole, BH14 8JR EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.salterns.co.uk 01202 709971 Saxon Wharf Lower York Street, Northam, Southampton, SO14 5QF 02380 339490 www.saxonwharf.co.uk
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
Shamrock Quay William Street, Northam, Southampton, , SO14 5QL 02380 229461 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.shamrockquay.co.uk
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Solent Marine Services Unit 4, Clarence Boatyard, Clarence Road, East Cowes, PO32 6TA EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.drysailing.co.uk 01983 282438 Sparkes Marina Hayling Island, PO11 9SR www.sparkesmarina.co.uk
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
02392 463572
FREE ONE WEEK TRIAL!*
For a convenient, secure berth for your pride and joy, choose Town Quay Marina – and relax. • 24-hour berthing assistance and on-site team • Berth holder lounge area • Outstanding shower facilities • Chill out deck and BBQ area • Free wifi • Free cycle hire • TransEurope marina
CONTACT US TODAY 023 8023 4397 OR VISIT OUR WEBSITE WWW.TOWNQUAY.COM
THE CITY CENTRE MARINA OF CHOICE *Offer available to new customers only subject to availability and not to be used in conjunction with any other offer.
Will Squibb Ltd Attrills Yard, The Duver, St Helens, PO33 1YB EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.willsquibb.net
01983 874629
PAINT / SPRAYING Richardsons Yacht Services Island Harbour, Mill Lane, Newport, PO30 2LA EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.richardsonsyacht.co.uk 01983 821095 Will Squibb Ltd Attrills Yard, The Duver, St Helens, PO33 1YB www.willsquibb.net
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
SOLENT DIRECTORY
SOLENT DIRECTORY
Rick Tomlinson Photography 6 Marina Walk, Cowes Yacht Haven, Cowes, PO31 7BD EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.rick-tomlinson.com PUBS / BARS Fisherman’s Cottage 1 The Esplanade, Shanklin, PO37 6BN EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.shanklinchine.co.uk
01983 863882
The Anchor High Street, Cowes, PO31 7SA 01983 292823 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.theanchorcowes.co.uk The Duke of York Hotel Mill Hill Road, Cowes, PO31 7BT 01983 295171 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.dukeofyorkcowes.co.uk The Fishbourne Fishbourne Lane, Fishbourne, PO33 4EU
01983 882823
The Fountain Inn High Street, Cowes, PO31 7AW EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.fountaininn-cowes.co.uk
01983 292397
The Jolly Roger 156 Priory Road, Gosport, PO12 4LQ 02392 582584 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.thejollyrogergosport.co.uk The Lifeboat Britannia Way, East Cowes Marina, PO32 6UB 01983 292711 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.thelifeboatcowes.co.uk The Mayflower Kings Saltern Road, Lymington, SO41 3QD 01590 672160 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.themayflowerlymington.co.uk The New Inn Main Road, Shalfleet, PO30 4NS
01983 531314
The Pier View 25 High Street, Cowes, PO31 7RY EMAIL: [email protected]
01983 294929
RESTAURANTS Fisherman’s Cottage 1 The Esplanade, Shanklin, PO37 6BN EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.shanklinchine.co.uk
01983 863882
The Anchor High Street, Cowes, PO31 7SA 01983 292823 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.theanchorcowes.co.uk The Blue Crab High Street, Yarmouth, PO41 0PL EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.thebluecrab.co.uk
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01983 760014
The Mayflower Kings Saltern Road, Lymington, SO41 3QD 01590 672160 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.themayflowerlymington.co.uk RIB HIRE & CHARTER Bembridge Powerboat Training & Charter The Duver, St Helens, PO33 1YB EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.powerboat-training.com 01983 778077 Coastal Pursuits Charter & Training Units 9-12 Saxon Wharf, Lower York Street, Southampton, SO14 5QF EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.coastalpursuits.co.uk 02380 658790 Fynn Marine Cowes Yacht Haven, Vectis Yard, Marina Walk, Cowes, PO31 7BD www.fynnmarine.co.uk 01983 297500
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
Solent Rib Charter Unit 6, Dell Buildings, Milford Road, Lymington, SO41 0ED www.solentribcharter.co.uk 07887 635000
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
SAIL MAKERS Kemp Sails (Wareham) Unit 6, Sandford Lane Ind Est, Wareham, BH20 4DY EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.kempsails.com 01929 554308 Kemp Sails (Gosport) Endeavour Quay, Mumby Road, Gosport, PO12 1AH [email protected] WEB SITE: www.kempsails.com 02392 808717
EMAIL:
OneSails GBR (South) Hamble Point Marina, School Lane, Hamble, SO31 4JD www.onesails.com 023 8045 8213
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
Paul Newell Sails 6 Redwing Quay, The Embankment, Bembridge, PO35 5PB EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.paulnewellsails.com 01983 872834
Your Sailmaker since 1949
• Sail-cloths from leading brands • Every sail individually designed • 2.2 million sails delivered globally • Fast delivery times worldwide • 5 year cruising sail guarantee E [email protected] W www.rollytaskersails.co.uk T +44 2380 457 976
Contact us for a quote
SAILING & POWER SCHOOLS Bembridge Powerboat Training & Charter The Duver, St Helens, PO33 1YB www.powerboat-training.com 01983 778077
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
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The Lifeboat Britannia Way, East Cowes Marina, PO32 6UB 01983 292711 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.thelifeboatcowes.co.uk
SOLENT DIRECTORY
SOLENT DIRECTORY Coastal Pursuits Charter & Training Units 9-12 Saxon Wharf, Lower York Street, Southampton, SO14 5QF 02380 658790 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.coastalpursuits.co.uk Hamble Point Yacht Charters Hamble Point Marina, SO31 4JD EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.yacht-charter.co.uk
02380 457110
One Stop Sailing 12 Thetis Road, Cowes, PO31 7DJ EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.onestopsailing.co.uk
01983 281228
Salterns Sea School Salterns Marina, 40 Salterns Way, Lilliput, Poole, BH14 8JR EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.salterns.co.uk 01202 709971 WATER TAXIS
Folly Launch (VHF Ch 72 Call Sign “Folly Launch”) [email protected] WEB SITE: www.follymoorings.co.uk
07884 400046
Folly Waterbus (VHF Ch 77 Call Sign “Folly Waterbus”) EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.follymoorings.co.uk
07974 864627
EMAIL:
WEATHER Rowell Yachting Services St Just-in-Roseland, Cornwall, TR2 5HY 01326 279131 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.rowellyachtingservices.com YACHT & RACE MANAGEMENT Hamble Yacht Services Hamble Yacht Services Refit & Repair, Advanced Rigging & Hydraulics, Port Hamble Marina, SO31 4NN 02380 454111 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.hambleyachtservices.co.uk www.advancedrigging.co.uk
ProMo Marine Yacht Management Netley, Southampton, SO31 5FW 07971 858938 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.promomarine.com YACHT CLUBS & ASSOCIATIONS Marchwood Yacht Club Marchwood, Southampton SO40 4UX 02380 666141 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.marchwoodyc.org.uk 07742 946755 Royal Air Force Yacht Club Rope Walk, Hamble, SO31 4HD www.rafyc.co.uk
02380 452208
Royal Lymington Yacht Club Bath Road, Lymington, SO41 3SE EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.rlymyc.org.uk
01590 672677
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
Royal Ocean Racing Club 20 St James’s Place, London, SW1A 1NN 0207 4932248 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.rorc.org Royal Ocean Racing Club The Parade, Cowes, PO31 7QU EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.rorc.org
01983 293581
Royal Ocean Racing Club Race Office 82 High Street, Cowes, PO31 7AJ EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.rorc.org 01983 295144 Royal Thames Yacht Club 60 Knightsbridge, London, SW1X 7LF www.royalthames.com
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
0207 235 2121
Royal Victoria Yacht Club 91 Fishbourne Lane, Fishbourne, Ryde, PO33 4EU EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.rvyc.org.uk 01983 882325 148
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RISE & FALL OF THE TIDE AT COWES Metres
COWES TIDE TABLES
TIDAL LEVELS REFERRED TO DATUM OF SOUNDINGS Place
Lat Long N W
Heights in metres above datum
Datum and remarks
MHWS MHWN MLWN MLWS
Cowes 50˚ 46’ 1˚ 18’ 4.2 Folly Inn 50˚ 44’ 1˚ 17’ 4.1 Newport 50˚ 42’ 1˚ 17’ 4.1
3.5 3.4 3.4
0.8 1.0 1.6
2.59m below Ordnance Datum (Newlyn) 2.59m below Ordnance Datum (Newlyn) 2.59m below Ordnance Datum (Newlyn)
© Crown Copyright and/or database rights. Reproduced by permission of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office and the UK Hydrographic Office (www.ukho.gov.uk)
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COWES TIDE TABLES
2015-16 COWES TIDE TABLES
All times GMT - add 1 hour for BST from 29 March to 25 October 2015 ENGLAND, SOUTH COAST, COWES. LAT 50046’N LONG 1018’W TIME ZONE UT (GMT). TIMES & HEIGHTS OF HIGH & LOW WATER
MARCH 2015 TIME m
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ADVERTISERS’ INDEX
ADVERTISERS’ INDEX 2 The Pippins 136 22 Castle Road 136 ABYA 41, 137 ABYA / YDSA 41, 55 Anarchy Sailing 109 Ancasta 5, 137 Anchorage Guest House 136 Anne Toms’ Gallery 134 Auto Marine Services 140 Beken of Cowes 145 Bembridge Powerboat Training & Charter 73, 138, 142, 147 Birdham Pool Marina 142 Blackgang Chine 127 Boat Transport 137 Briary Cottage 136 Britannia House 136 Chatham Marine 21 Coastal Pursuits Charter & Training 61, 138, 142, 147, 148 Cobb’s Quay Marina 142 Cowes Chiropractic Clinic 137 Cowes Commercial Craft Coding 1 37, 142 Cowes Week Ltd 13 Cowes Yacht Haven 138, 142, 150-157 Craftinsure 31 Dorset Lake Shipyard 102 Drivers Dry Berthing 119, 142 Endeavour House 136 Endeavour Quay 17 Fisherman’s Cottage 66, 142, 146 Folly Launch 78 Folly Moorings 142 Folly Waterbus 78, 148 Fynn Marine 138, 147 Garmin 24/IBC Golden Arrow Marine 137, 140, 141 Gosport Ferry 111 Greenham Regis 139, 140 Gunwharf Quays 105 Haines Boatyard 137, 138, 140, 142 Hamble Point Marina 142 Hamble Point Yacht Charters 138, 148 Hamble Yacht Services 5, 137, 138, 140, 142, 144, 148 Hamo Thornycroft 146 Haven Knox-Johnston 54/55/57/59 Hudson Wight 138 Hythe Marina Village 144 Island Harbour 85, 144 Isle of Wight Motorhomes 170 James Spence & Colleagues Dental Practice 118 Jeromes Solicitors 29
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Jillian Charters 138 Justboatstuf.com 138 Kemp Sails 107, 147 Kemp’s Quay 125 Lancasters 143 Lewmar 63 Lugleys of Cowes 169 Lymington Yacht Haven 93, 140, 144 Marchwood Yacht Club 148 McGrath Media 35 MDL Management PLC 68, 69, 75, 99, 115, 121 Medina Yard 11, 137, 140, 144 Mercury Yacht Harbour 144 MSJ Events 48, 142 Naughty Gull 15, 137 Nipper Skipper 138 Northney Marina 144 Norwest Marine 149 Ocean Village Marina 144 One Stop Sailing 33, 138, 148 OneSails GBR (South) 147 Panerai Back cover Paul Newell Sails 147 Paul Wyeth Marine Photography 146 Phoenix Maritime & Medical Line Ltd 97 Poole Quay Boat Haven 100, 101 Port Hamble Marina 144 Powerplus Marine 82, 140, 142 Priory Bay Hotel 9 ProMo Marine Yacht Management 137, 138, 148 Quay Management 136, 137 Quentin House 136 R K Marine 141 Rapanui 25 Richardsons Yacht Services 86, 137, 138, 140, 142, 145 Rick Tomlinson Photography 146 RNLI 37 Roach Pittis 53 Rolly Tasker Sails 147 Rowell Yachting Services 39, 148 Royal Air Force Yacht Club 115, 148 Royal Clarence Marina 144 Royal Lymington Yacht Club 148 Royal Ocean Racing Club Cowes 148 Royal Ocean Racing Club London 148 Royal Ocean Racing Club Race Office 148 Royal Thames Yacht Club 148 Royal Victoria Yacht Club 131, 148 Sails Café 59, 138
Salterns Brokerage 137 Salterns Chandlery 138 Salterns Marina & Boatyard 138, 140, 144 Salterns Sea School 148 Sapphire Yachting 128, 139 Savills (UK) Ltd 2 Saxon Wharf 144 SCRA 52 Sea View Yacht Club 19 Select Autos 167 Sevenstar Yacht Transport b.v. 44, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53 Shamrock Quay 144 Shoreline Yacht Transport 137 Solent Events 142 Solent Forts 7 Solent Marine Services 79, 140, 142, 145 Solent Rib Charter 147 Soltron 32 Songbird Villa 136 Southern Vectis 129 Sparkes Marina 145 Spinlock 23
SS Shieldhall 123 Swift Sails 147 TAG Design 135 The Anchor 81, 136, 146 The Blue Crab 133, 138, 146 The Boat House Café, Chichester 74 The Chequers Inn 93 The Duke of York Inn 136, 146 The Fishbourne 131, 146 The Fountain Inn 136, 146 The Jolly Roger 104, 146 The Lifeboat 87, 146, 147 The Mayflower 95, 136, 146, 147 The New Inn 97, 146 The Pier View 146 Town Quay Marina Southampton 145 UKSA 14, 15, 83, 158-165 Vecwash 84 VisitMyHarbour 79, 138 WightFibre 46 Will Squibb 72, 138, 140, 142, 145 Winning Tides 65, 138 Wroath Marine 140 YDSA 41, 142
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ADVERTISERS’ INDEX
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are many people to thank for their help with this fifth edition of the Solent Handbook & Directory. Firstly, we are very lucky to have the use of so many outstanding images from marine photographers Paul Wyeth, Peter Mumford - Beken of Cowes and Hamo Thornycroft, plus Jamie Russell of Island Visions. A special thank you to everyone who contributed photographs. To all our advertisers we wish you a very prosperous season, and to our readers we say, do remember to tell people that you’ve seen their adverts in the Solent Handbook. Tidal data for Cowes and Portsmouth, and the background chart of the Racing Marks Map and Location Map are reproduced by permission of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office and the UK Hydrographic Office (www.ukho.gov.uk). We have received help of one sort or another from numerous others including: Natasha Lambert, Graham Sunderland, Steve Sleight, Craig Nutter, Simon Rowell, the Maritime and Coastguard Agency, RNLI, SCRA, Poole Quay Boat Haven, Yarmouth Harbour Master, The National Trust, Newtown Harbour Master, Cowes Harbour Commission, the Royal Victoria Yacht Club, Ryde Harbour Master, Bembridge Harbour Master, Bembridge Sailing Club, Cheetah Marine, the Isle of Wight Council (www.iwight.com), Visit Isle of Wight (www.visitisleofwight.co.uk), Keyhaven River Warden, New Forest District Council, Lymington Harbour Master, Hampshire County Council (www.visit-hampshire.co.uk), Beaulieu Estate, Buckler’s Hard Yacht Harbour, ABP Southampton, Southampton City Council, MDL Marinas, Premier Marinas, Dean & Reddyhoff, River Hamble Harbour Authority, QHM Portsmouth, Portsmouth City Council, Fareham Tourist Information, Tudor Sailing Club, Visit my Harbour (www.visitmyharbour.com), Chichester Harbour Conservancy.
Produced and published by Inspired Media & Events Ltd. Printed by Trident Design & Print of Hinckley, Leicestershire. While every care has been taken in compiling this book the publishers do not accept any liability or provide any guarantee that the information is accurate, complete, or up-to-date. Inspired Media & Events Ltd and its employees and contractors have used their best efforts in preparing these pages and this publication. Inspired Media & Events Ltd and its employees and contractors make no warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, with regard to the information supplied. Inspired Media & Events Ltd and its employees and contractors shall not be liable in the event of incidental or consequential damages in connection with, or arising out of, the providing of the information offered here.
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| Isles of Scilly |
On which British island can you walk the 'Tennyson Trail' from Carisbrooke to Alum Bay? | Solent handbook 2015 -16 by Solent Handbook & Directory - issuu
Photo: Ainhoa Sanchez/Volvo Ocean Race
MARCH 2015 - APRIL 2016
Ports and Harbours sponsored by
MDL Marinas
www.SolentHandbook.com
INTRODUCTION Sailing allows you to see life from a different perspective… The timeless art of moving a vessel across water using nothing but the power of the wind has changed the world.
Photo: Paul Wyeth
Welcome to the fifth edition of the Solent Handbook & Directory which, like sailing, is constantly evolving. It is a valuable source of information for locals, as well as for visitors and holidaymakers to the Solent area. TKZ Media launched the first Solent Handbook in 2011. Our unique blend of thought-provoking articles, together with a calendar of Solent sailing events, tide tables, maps, directory of services, and guides to popular destinations ensures a winning read. The Solent Handbook has now become a must-have guide whether you are sailing, cruising or enjoying a shore-based holiday. This year we would like to thank inspirational multi-award winning sailor Natasha Lambert - dubbed Miss Isle - for providing the Foreword, and talking about her love of the Solent. We must also mention sailor and author Graham Sunderland who offers his insight on the new Cowes Breakwater. He reveals how the project will affect sailing in the area – and his answers are guaranteed to interest all. We’d like to thank all our advertisers for their continued support and we’d like to ask you to let advertisers know that you’ve seen their adverts in the Solent Handbook. And let us not forget all those wonderful people who have contributed, supported and made the Handbook possible. Finally, don’t forget to make regular visits to our online publication www.solenthandbook.com. This constantly evolving website is where sailors and boaters can keep up to date with everything that’s happening in the Solent and further afield. We hope you enjoy this Handbook. It is intended not only as a practical guide to a wonderful sport, but also aims to convey the joy of being afloat.
www.SolentHandbook.com
WELCOME TO THE SOLENT
WELCOME TO THE SOLENT
Before I started sailing I would walk along Cowes seafront and gaze out at all the bustling traffic in the Solent, marvelling at the apparent randomness of the scene. I wondered how on earth anyone knew what to do and how could they all possibly avoid colliding into each other? But they did! As I have cerebral palsy I sail my boat Miss Isle completely by mouth using a single straw mounted in a helmet. I never dreamed that one day I would be out there, controlling my own vessel! The first time I sailed solo across the Solent from Cowes to Calshot was just the best days sailing anyone could ever have. It is a day I will never forget. I have sailed extensively in the Solent and no two days are ever the same. The tide, the wind, the traffic - they constantly throw up new experiences and challenges. It is never boring. The Solent still remains the vibrant home of sailing. People come from every corner of the globe to race in our wonderful playground. The Solent is also the home of the most amazing institutions. The Ellen MacArthur Cancer Trust based in Cowes supports young people recovering from cancer by taking them on sailing trips. Elsewhere, the Artemis Academy works tirelessly to produce the country’s next top solo racers, and Wetwheels provides powerboating for people with disabilities - the list goes on. Behind the scenes are the people who operate our wonderful marinas. The skilled and talented world-class boat builders who engineer the boats we all sail in; the sailmakers with years of experience designing building and repairing the engines of the sailing boats; the chandlers with vast stocks of material for every conceivable event. All these people are here around the Solent, just waiting to help. This really is a very special place. Although I am still only 17 and can’t really fully engage in the onshore parties and activities, you can’t help but be overwhelmed by the atmosphere which envelops the Solent. You don’t need to be a sailor to appreciate amazing spectacles such as Cowes Week. And let’s not forget the beautiful countryside and unspoilt beaches that border the Solent. And if nightlife and shopping are what you seek, we have the historic cities of Portsmouth and Southampton close by. Whether you are a local or a visitor, we must all treasure this special place we call the Solent. I will be out sailing most weeks during this summer in my specially adapted boat and I hope if you see me you will give me a wave! Natasha Lambert YJA Apollo Young Sailor of the Year 2013 www.missisle.com
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SOLENT YACHT CLUBS
SOLENT YACHT CLUBS BEMBRIDGE SAILING CLUB Founded in 1886, Bembridge Sailing Club provides the base for the Bembridge Redwing, Bembridge OneDesign, and Illusion fleets. It is an RYA Training Centre and Volvo Champion Club. Visiting yachtsmen from RYA affiliated clubs are always welcome. Lunch available every weekend. Rallies by prior arrangement.
BRADING HAVEN YACHT CLUB Set up by businessmen and artisans, Brading Haven Yacht Club has gained a reputation with visiting yachtsmen for being one of the friendliest clubs in the Solent area. The active cruising section and year round dinghy sailors make full use of the comfortable clubhouse, bar, and high quality affordable catering.
CHICHESTER CRUISER RACING CLUB Chichester Cruiser Racing Club offers two handicap fleets – Alpha (VPRS) and Beta (progressive) for round the cans racing in Hayling Bay and passage races to Littlehampton and Yarmouth and everywhere between. Plus a week-long cruise in company across the Channel. All events have lively social dinners.
CHICHESTER YACHT CLUB Set in a beautiful location on Chichester Harbour between Premier and Birdham Marinas. Restaurant and bar open for lunch and dinner every day AprilSeptember, closed Sunday evening, Monday and Tuesday October to March. Friendly members’ club for yachts, motors and dinghies, with cruising in company, racing, and full social programme. Visiting sailors and rallies welcome.
COWES CORINTHIAN YACHT CLUB Cowes Corinthian Yacht Club was established in 1952 by the late “Tiny” Mitchell as a club for local sailors. CCYC has recently undergone refurbishment including the installing of new apron, pontoons, a new walkway and access bridge, and an 8m boom crane lift.
EAST COWES SAILING CLUB The Club – which was founded in 1912 – encourages sailing, good sportsmanship, youth training, racing and fishing. ECSC boasts its own river frontage, small raft moorings, deep-water pontoon and secure shore side premises. It organises weekly racing for cruisers, keelboats and dinghies and annual charity event ‘Sail the Wight’.
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SOLENT YACHT CLUBS
SOLENT YACHT CLUBS GURNARD SAILING CLUB Gurnard SC is the leading dinghy sailing club on the Isle of Wight. Racing from March to December caters for all levels. The Club is an RYA training centre with established cadet section. Open events are held annually including a Junior Regatta and Cowes Dinghy Week, with races for dinghies and catamarans.
ISLAND SAILING CLUB The Island Sailing Club is the largest sailing club in Cowes, and is best known for organising the J.P. Morgan Asset Management Round the Island Race. The Club operates a fleet of Sonar day boats, which can be hired by Club members and non-members. ISC Tuesday evening racing throughout the summer is very popular. Photo: Steve Sleight
KEYHAVEN YACHT CLUB Keyhaven Yacht Club is situated in one of the most beautiful harbours on the Solent. The harbour is shielded by the massive shingle bar that leads to Hurst Castle. With its easy access to the Solent, the harbour is a perfect haven for small yachts and dinghies.
LYMINGTON TOWN SAILING CLUB Lymington Town Sailing Club – established in 1946 – has an enviable record for winning world and national championships.The Club has lively keelboat, dinghy racing, and cruising sections, and organises the Classic Series and autumn Solent Circuit as well as motorboat section cruises around the south coast and beyond, in addition to weekly dinghy races and Saturday Sailing activities.
MARCHWOOD YACHT CLUB Situated on the left bank of the River Test, near the military base, MYC is the hidden gem of the Solent with comprehensive facilities entirely operated by volunteers. These include clubhouse, parking, pontoons, moorings, scrub off, and winter layup, with a secure yard. Visitors are welcome. Contact the Secretary for details.
ROYAL AIRFORCE YACHT CLUB The Royal Air Force Yacht Club is a friendly club and is open to all. You do not need an RAF background to join, anyone with a boating interest is welcome. Set in a beautiful location in Hamble on the river, there are excellent catering and events facilities available to visitors and businesses alike. Permanent moorings are available to club members.
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Founded in 1838 – with a clubhouse enjoying stunning views across the Solent – the Royal London Yacht Club on Cowes Parade provides members with excellent facilities, accommodation and catering throughout the year. The RLYC has an enviable reputation for quality race management – including being the Organising Authority for Charles Stanley Cowes Classics Week. Photo: Louise Morton
ROYAL LYMINGTON YACHT CLUB Successful on the water, friendly and welcoming ashore, the Royal Lymington encourages and promotes yachting of all aspects, and maintains a clubhouse with a bustling social programme. The Club has excellent facilities including a bar, river-room, and a balcony terrace overlooking the river and the Solent beyond.
ROYAL OCEAN RACING CLUB The Royal Ocean Racing Club (RORC) was founded in 1925 in Plymouth following the first Fastnet Race. In 2014 the RORC merged with the Royal Corinthian Yacht Club, Cowes to produce a Club with 4,000 members and Clubhouses in both Cowes and London. The Cowes Clubhouse is set in attractive gardens and enjoys panoramic views with on-site facilities including 12 bedrooms, members’ lounge, dining rooms and terrace area. The London Clubhouse is nestled in the heart of St James’s and facilities include 15 bedrooms, 2 meeting rooms, bar and dining for up to 30 covers. RORC run a full and varied programme of offshore and inshore races in the Solent and abroad in Europe and the Rest of the World. The RORC is a national authority for the measurement, rating and racing of offshore yachts. RORC’s London Clubhouse
ROYAL SOLENT YACHT CLUB The Royal Solent Yacht Club, established in 1878, is located on the seafront next to Yarmouth Pier. Regattas are organised in the Solent and Christchurch Bay. The Club enjoys unrivalled views across the western Solent. With excellent bar and catering facilities; new members, visiting yachtsmen, and visitors from affiliated clubs are always welcome.
ROYAL SOUTHAMPTON YACHT CLUB Providing year round racing and cruising, including the popular Double Handed series, sailing is complemented by an RYA training and cadet programme. With restaurants, bars, and moorings at both clubhouses – one at Ocean Village and one on the tranquil Beaulieu River – the RSYC offers attractive venues for social and corporate events.
ROYAL SOUTHERN YACHT CLUB The Royal Southern Yacht Club, Hamble, was established in 1837. The Club hosts national and world championships, cruises extensively by motor and sail, and hosts regattas for yachts large and small. The clubhouse boasts well-appointed accommodation, a bar, restaurant, and moorings.
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ROYAL LONDON YACHT CLUB
SOLENT YACHT CLUBS
SOLENT YACHT CLUBS ROYAL THAMES YACHT CLUB Founded in 1775 as the Cumberland Fleet, the Royal Thames Yacht Club is the world’s oldest continuously operating yacht club. In Cowes, the Royal Thames operates primarily from the Royal London Yacht Club, with which it has full reciprocal arrangements. The Royal Thames’ Clubhouse is at 60 Knightsbridge, London.
ROYAL VICTORIA YACHT CLUB The Club was founded in 1845 by Prince Albert to give Queen Victoria a yacht club she was entitled to enter as a mere female. RVYC has racing for dinghies, Squibs, and cruisers, offers RYA training, and holds many social functions. Facilities include a bar and restaurant, and 54m of pontoon moorings for visitors.
ROYAL YACHT SQUADRON Founded in 1815, the Royal Yacht Squadron will be celebrating its bicentenary this year. The clubhouse is located at Cowes, on the Isle of Wight, off the south coast of England, in a castle originally built in 1539 by Henry VIII. The club has always had close ties with the Royal Navy and has had many illustrious members, such as Vice-Admiral Sir Thomas Hardy, Sir Ernest Shackleton, Sir Francis Chichester, Hammond Innes, Sir Robin Knox Johnston and Sir Ben Ainslie. The club’s patron is Queen Elizabeth II and the Admiral is the Duke of Edinburgh.
SEA VIEW YACHT CLUB Sea View Yacht Club enjoys a unique location on the northeast tip of the Isle of Wight with stunning views over the Solent. The Club provides members with comprehensive RYA training. Offering full bar and catering facilities to visiting yachtsmen with access to the water at all states of tide.
WARSASH SAILING CLUB The Warsash Sailing Club, founded in 1957, has two well-appointed clubhouses with boat compounds and waterside facilities near the mouth of the River Hamble. Its Spring Series is a premier regatta and its racing calendar provides for dinghies and cruisers, with open meetings and RYA training courses, and a full social activities. Visitors by water are welcome to enjoy its bar and restaurant facilities at this historical D Day departure site.
YARMOUTH SAILING CLUB Yarmouth Sailing Club is a small, friendly and informal club with over 900 members and run entirely on a volunteer basis. It offers training, racing, and recreational sailing events for Scows, Optimists, and other classes. The Club runs a full winter social programme. A warm welcome is always extended to visiting yachtsmen.
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SOLENT RACING SOLENT RACING
SPONSORED BY UKSA
A few people claim to dislike racing in the Solent, because it’s such a tricky place. It’s true that it has strong tides, complex wind patterns, lots of leisure and commercial traffic, choppy water, and ever-changing conditions - but, for many sailors, it’s the complexity that makes Solent racing such a rewarding challenge.
Photo: Paul Wyeth
Windward-leeward courses set in areas of no tide and with steady winds may create a ‘fairer’ race course but they can become repetitive and limited in their challenge. Boat speed and tactics are highlighted but strategy, navigation, and boat handling get much more of a test around Solent courses. The ideal, of course, is to enjoy and learn from both. Fortunately, the Solent offers plenty of locations that allow a variety of courses, even windward-leeward courses in areas that enjoy some tidal shelter. Consequently, this wonderful, sheltered area is home to a rich mixture of events, including racing for dinghies, small keelboats, cruiser-racers, and handicap and level-racing for larger racing yachts. Most racing from Cowes for example, and there is a huge amount of it in all types of boats, takes place in the central Solent but courses can also be set in the eastern and western Solent, depending on conditions. The Hill Head Plateau, just to the east of the Brambles Bank, is a favourite place for race officers to set windward-leeward courses as it benefits from shallow water for easy mark laying and the tidal shadow of the bank to its west. Sometimes, though, race officers forget that there are other areas in the central Solent that can be even better for windward-leeward courses in some combinations of wind and tide. The area inshore and to the northwest of the Thorn channel, and the area to the east of Osborne Bay under the Isle of Wight shore, can both be good alternatives, as can close under the mainland shore, inshore of the north channel around the Brambles. In this section of the Solent Handbook you’ll find some general information on Solent racing, including types of courses, how racing is organised, getting involved, finding crew, and preparing for racing. For more information ask at your local club and check www.SolentHandbook.com.
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Types of racing
Many people think of the Solent as mainly suitable for day racing keelboats and cruiser-racers rather than dinghy racing. In fact, there is plenty of opportunity for dinghy racing despite the tidal rates in much of the area, which are not ideal for small boat racing.
Dinghies
The most popular area for dinghy racing is just outside the Solent, at Hayling Island Sailing Club. Tidal conditions in Hayling Bay are easier than in the Solent and traffic near the racing areas is considerably less. Within the Solent, however, there is still plenty of dinghy racing. Just west of Cowes is Gurnard Sailing Club which is the main dinghy club on the Isle of Wight. Elsewhere, there is dinghy racing out of clubs in Lymington and Yarmouth, the Hamble River, Southampton Water, the area between Hill Head and Stokes Bay, which has three dinghy clubs in close proximity, and at Wootton on the Isle of Wight.
Small keelboats
The small keelboat classes are, for many people, the heart of Solent racing. Classes which race most weekends throughout the season include the classic Daring class, Dragons, Etchells, Flying Fifteens, Sonars, X One Designs, and Laser SB3s. All these fleets have class starts in Cowes Week with the SB3s and XoDs being the two largest classes in the Week.
Cruising racing and big boat racing
If you’re into yacht racing there really is plenty of choice with most Solent yacht clubs running their own evening race series plus summer weekend race series. Then there is the racing run by JOG and RORC. JOG - the Junior Offshore Group - runs both an inshore and offshore series for yachts racing under IRC with both series proving very popular. RORC - the Royal Ocean Racing Club - organises a series of offshore races from Cowes, which count towards the season’s championship. RORC also runs the Fastnet Race and Commodores’ Cup, both biennial events that alternate with each other. This year it is the turn of the Fastnet Race, which starts on 16 August and celebrates its 90th anniversary. For those who prefer yacht racing on windward-leeward courses, there are ample opportunities for that too. And, if you prefer racing classic yachts even that is catered for, with The Metre & Classic Keelboat Regatta, and Panerai British Classic Week which is steadily growing in popularity and attracting some truly gorgeous yachts.
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SOLENT RACING
SOLENT RACING On the race course
Even if you are an expert racer and a Solent regular it is really important to remind yourself of the basics well before heading out for the start. These include the type and location of the course, the starting sequence and race signals, and the other important information in the Notice of Race and Sailing Instructions.
Types of course
The spreader mark, When racing in the Solent the two 1A, may not be used most usual types of courses you’ll encounter are windward1 1A leeward courses from a committee boat start line or round-the-cans courses, Typically Start line may be 1-2 miles to leeward of the usually from one of the clubs’ leeward mark shore lines or occasionally from a committee boat start. A Start/Finish line committee-boat start can be If two buoys set up in several locations in form a leeward gate pass and around the central Solent 2 between them but the most used location is on the Hill Head Plateau to the north of the main channel and east of the Brambles Bank. On busy weekends several courses may be set in this area so it is important to find out the approximate location of the committee boat before heading out. A windward-leeward course may have the start line between the windward and leeward marks, or to leeward of the leeward mark. Also, there may be a leeward gate rather than a single mark.
Starting sequence
The Racing Rules of Sailing standard start sequence is often used, especially for racing on windward-leeward courses. Signal Flag and sound Warning signal Class flag; 1 sound
Minutes before starting signal 5
Preparatory signal
P, I, Z, Z with I, or black flag; 1 sound
4
Preparatory flag removed; 1 long sound
1
Class flag removed; 1 sound
0
The standard sequence (rrS 26) can be changed in the Sailing Instructions (SIs) and for shore line starts from Cowes, for example, it may be changed to give a longer period between the Warning and Preparatory signals. In these cases the Warning signal is given 10 minutes before the start, with the Preparatory signal hoisted at 5 minutes before the start, and lowered at 1 minute before the start.
Racing rules
All racers should familiarise themselves with the latest Racing Rules of Sailing (RRS) 2013-2016. They are revised and published every four years by the International Sailing Federation and a copy of the current RRS, highlighted to show changes, can be downloaded from www.sailing.org/documents/racingrules/index.php. Make sure that you read and understand the rules - it will help keep you out of trouble and give you an advantage on the race course. 16
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The specialist yard at the heart of the Solent.
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A full-service boatyard set 500m from the entrance to Portsmouth Harbour, Endeavour Quay is perfect for race preparation, running repairs or refits: 24 hour lifting service 30m lifting dock 180 tonne travel hoist 35 tonne mobile crane 45 tonne boat mover
No air draft restriction 90m of deep water berthing 3 boatsheds up to 40m Project accommodation Open yard policy
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SOLENT RACING
SOLENT RACING Signals
Racing is governed by the use of flag signals - often with accompanying sound signals. The flag is always the primary system; if the sound signal fails it is disregarded. Visual signals - flags or shapes - are used to control races and the attention of competitors is drawn to the visual signals by sound signals. When a visual signal is displayed over a class flag, the signal applies only to that class. POSTPONEMENT SIGNALS
AP (Answering Pennant) - Races that have not started are postponed. The warning signal will be made one minute after removal of the AP unless at that time the race is postponed again or abandoned. AP over H - Races not started are postponed. Further signals ashore.
AP over A - Races not started are postponed. No more racing today. AP over a numeral pennant 1-6 - Races are postponed by 1-6 hours from the scheduled starting time. Note: In Cowes, it is common for clubs to use an AP over AP with two sound signals to indicate racing is postponed and competitors are requested not to leave harbour. ABANDONMENT SIGNALS
N - All races that have started are abandoned. The warning signal will be made one minute after the signal is removed, unless the race is again abandoned or postponed.
PREPARATORY SIGNALS CONT.
Z - 20% Penalty rule, rule 30.2 is in force.
Black flag - Black flag rule, rule 30.3 is in force. RECALL SIGNALS
X - Individual recall.
First Substitute - General recall. The warning signal will be made one minute after the signal is removed. COURSE CHANGE SIGNALS
S - Rule 32.2 is in force. The course has been shortened.
C - The position of the next mark has been changed. OTHER SIGNALS
F - Optional Attention Signal: The warning signal will be displayed five minutes after this signal. This signal will be removed one minute before the next signal. Not used for classes which use Flag F as their class flag.
N over H - All races are abandoned. Further signals will be made ashore. L - Flown afloat : Come within hail or follow this boat. Flown ashore: A notice to competitors has been posted. N over A - All races are abandoned. No more racing today. PREPARATORY SIGNALS
M - The object displaying this signal replaces a missing mark.
Y - Personal buoyancy must be worn. P - Preparatory signal.
I - Round-an-End rule, rule 30.1 is in force.
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Blue flag or shape - This race committee boat is in position at the finishing line.
The complete racing experience
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hether an experienced or novice sailor, our sailing days provide fun and enjoyment on the water at affordable prices for you, your clients and colleagues. Based in the sheltered waters of the Solent, Sea View Yacht Club, Isle of Wight, home to the Mermaids, enjoys spectacular views across the Solent to Portsmouth harbour.
Sailing is all within sight of our picturesque Clubhouse where you can come ashore for lunch and enjoy the Club’s hospitality, soaking up some of the best sea views on the south coast. Our Mermaids are modern 26’ yachts but of classic design, all painted in unique colours. Available from April to October and appeal to both the beginner and experienced sailor.
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SOLENT RACING
SOLENT RACING Race preparation, crew, and equipment
You may think that when you line up to start you’ve got as good a chance as most of the fleet for a good place in the race. You’d be wrong! Most races are won before the start thanks to the work the skipper and crew put in to prepare themselves and the boat to do well on the race course. Some of that preparation may begin months or years beforehand in preparing the boat so it has the speed and reliability to win, and preparing the crew so that they can handle the boat efficiently in all conditions and circumstances. Other preparation takes place just before the race when the skipper and crew learn the SIs, check the weather and tide, arrive at the course early, and make the strategic decisions.
Getting crew
Having a good crew is always important and it often takes weeks or months to develop a crew’s skills and ability to work together. Finding crew can be difficult - although the more successful you are on the race course the easier it is! A good place to start is your local yacht club and others in the area. Post a note on their message boards and websites, and look around for online forums. The bigger events, such as the J.P. Morgan Asset Management Round the Island Race and Aberdeen Asset Management Cowes Week, have forums on their websites where you can advertise for crew and crew can advertise for a boat. Once you’ve found a crew, make sure you sail, and preferably race, with them before the big event. Training should cover the boat layout and its gear, safety procedures, and boat handling in all the important manoeuvres and sail changes.
Skipper’s check list
Your actual check list will depend on the type of boat, length of race, and course location but for a typical Solent race make sure you consider: • Have sufficient crew, all the sails you’ll need, with all the gear in working order, including safety equipment, and get afloat well ahead of start time with plenty of time to sail to the course area. • If you keep your boat afloat, has the bottom been scrubbed within the last two weeks? It’s amazing how many boats you see racing which have dirty hulls. • Race information - Make sure you have a copy of the sailing instructions (SIs), an up-to-date racing chart of the area (Solent buoys may change position and/or name from one year to the next so get a 2015 racing chart now), and the times of High Water for the day, with a good tidal stream chart for the area - the more detailed the better. • Bottled water and something to snack on, and the right sailing clothing for the conditions. Don’t forget a hat and sunscreen. Watch the weather trends for 3-5 days ahead of the event, and start studying it in detail in the 24 hours ahead of the event. Go afloat with an up-to-date forecast and study how any changes expected during the day may affect the strategy for the race.
Preparing for offshore racing
If you’re heading offshore you’ll need more food and drink, and more clothing plus more detailed weather and route planning ahead of the race. You may also need to add safety equipment, depending on the category of the race. Offshore races can be tough on both boat and crew so make sure the boat and its equipment are in top class order and always sail with a crew that has sufficient experience among it to deal with a long race or with bad conditions. 20
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THE LATEST IN HIGH PERFORMANCE ACTIVE FOOTWEAR FROM CHATHAM SUMMER 2015
For more information please contact the Chatham team on 0845 2700 217 or email [email protected] www.chatham.co.uk
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OFFSHORE RACING
OFFSHORE RACING CONTRIBUTED BY CRAIG NUTTER SPONSORED BY MEDINA YARD
Craig has an awesome sailing CV, which includes competing in two British America’s Cup teams and working to win two Olympic Medals. He gets special pleasure spending time on the water with his family.
Photo: Paul Wyeth
Since it began in 1925, the Rolex Fastnet Race has grown to become one of ocean racing’s greatest events. It takes competitors across approximately 608 miles and up to five days battling the wind and tricky tidal conditions to round the Fastnet Rock on the southern tip of Ireland. Three hundred yachts participate in the bi-annual Fastnet which will once again take place this August. Starting off at the Royal Yacht Squadron in Cowes, it heads West out past the iconic Needles Lighthouse, next to the jutting chalk teeth of the Needles themselves. Racers then continue on across Poole Bay to pass Swanage and Anvil Point. At this peninsula the large fleet has been racing for 33 miles from the start area - with another 140 miles or so to go to before they pass Land’s End. As they swarm across Poole Bay, boats begin to fan out. Some head into the English Channel, while many others move back inshore into Poole bay. Bigger, faster yachts start to stretch their legs - leaving smaller, slower boats in their wake. The frenetic energy at the start of the race often leads to short tacking down the western Solent and jousting to get through Hurst narrows. Sailing close to Churning Shingles bank offers the best tidal relief. By the time Anvil Point is reached the boats are spearing through the swirling overfalls off St Albans Head, just a few miles beyond, There is an overwhelming sense that the boat and crew are easing into the offshore realm. This is the reason the crews have spent time sailing and practicing together, so they can feel comfortable, whatever the weather. For most boats in the fleet, the next landmark will appear first as a light from the lighthouse (Fl (4) 20s 25M). For some of the yachts that have got further down the track, the silhouette will appear as a serpent’s head on the end of a long, low neck heading out across the sea from the right. This is the notorious Portland Bill - 50 miles from the start. As the sun slips towards the horizon the temperature drops. The first 22
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OFFSHORE RACING OFFSHORE RACING
meal is cooked and eaten, before warmer clothes are put on ready for the first night. All the time, the boats are kept at best speed for the conditions. The strategy to get past Portland is decided, with varying levels of tenacity on each boat. Despite planning, there is also the knowledge that there is always the overfalls, which can be heard and seen further inshore. Margins are tight, so to save distance the corner is cut and the boat is forced to slice, slam, shake and crash through these awkward standing, grinding, waves of water. Clothing and foul weather gear is done up tight to keep out the spray and mass of water rolling down the deck. Suddenly it stops as immediately as it started, leaving the boat and crew to get across Lyme Bay and weather the next headland. As the fleet comes together it is an opportunity to spot rivals and assess who is doing well or not. They spread out across Lyme Bay looking for the best combination of tide and wind to get to the Start Point - 50 miles or so away from Portland Bill. Start Point protects the entrance to Dartmouth and other harbours in Lyme bay from the prevailing Westerly winds. Each boat racing operates a watch system which allows crew members time to rest. Even hunkered down sitting out on the rail wrapped-up in foulies and warm clothes gives a pretence of escape. As the boats sail through the first night, life on board settles into a rhythm.
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OFFSHORE RACING
OFFSHORE RACING The boat feels good and the sail changes went well. The practice really does make a difference, and the weather is not so bad. A few hours later some crews are convinced they can see the loom of the lighthouse at Start Point it has the characteristics from our direction of Fl (3) 10s 62m 25M. Passing Start Point we can tick off the first 100 miles of the race. Lizard Point is the next major headland 60 miles away. On this stretch the boats will pass the isolated Eddystone Rock, with its lighthouse Fl(2) 10s 24M perched resolutely on a small islet, about eight miles south-south-west from Plymouth where the race will eventually end. Passing Plymouth and making their way towards the headland at The Lizard, many iconic Cornish harbours are spotted along the way. Fowey and Falmouth in particular are noted as they are big and safe enough for us to get into fairly safely, if the need arose. Once past the Lizard it is onwards past the Bishop Rock light Fl(2) 15s 24M and then Longships at Land’s End. Having passed Land’s End the boats will have covered over 180 miles of the race in a straight-line. The next leg is out across the Irish Sea towards the southern coast of Ireland, and the Fastnet Rock. All along the south coast of England, the Navigator and Strategist would have been making hourly decisions depending on the speed and position of the boat. They want to make the best possible use of the currents and tides as they are tugged around the headlands and across the bays by the moon and spinning earth.
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With Land’s End left far behind, the boats are out in the Irish Sea with about 160 miles to sail before reaching the Fastnet Rock. If the boats and crews hope to do well in the race, they have to be kept going fast with the correct sail for the wind strength and direction. With the expanse of water towards Ireland ahead, the boats really are going offshore. Any rivals still in sight would be travelling at similar speeds as your own boa. The crew keep an eye on these to gauge how things go, as the boats escape the clutches of the coastal tidal streams. The tactician will have made his plan using the weather forecast for the following 24 hours. So it is best speed with the on-board routine, of snacks, meals, drinks and rest hopefully running like clockwork. A good routine on board is vital, especially if conditions are grim or tedious. The first Fastnet Race came together after pioneering British ocean yachtsman Weston Martyr had the privilege of competing in the Newport to Bermuda race of 1924. He was so enamoured by the adventure that he campaigned for a British equivalent and became a member of a three man committee to establish our own Race, that became the Fastnet Race. Martyr wrote at the time: “It is without question the very finest sport ‘we’ can possibly engage in for to play this game at all it is necessary to possess in the very highest degree,
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Photo: Paul Wyeth
those hallmarks of a true sportsman, skill, courage and endurance.” The race goes into its second night for most of the boats as they leave the Cornish coast behind. GPS on board regularly plots a position of the boat as she sails her merry way across the Irish Sea. The electronic track shows the wind shifting slowly, as was predicted by the navigator. A decision is made to take best advantage of this shift in the wind, when to tack and to tack again. This will hopefully allow the boat to sail the least number of miles, in the best wind pressure. The surrounding sea is shades of grey, brown or green, always changing. The shimmering crests and edges reflect the light in the sky as they move incessantly past the boat. As you hike out doing your bit to help keep the boat upright for more power, you can’t help but be mesmerised by this seascape. The horizon plays tricks for hours, But suddenly there is a shadow of something on top of the line of sea in the far distance; land, the coast of Ireland. Still with many hours to go before we even see the Fastnet Rock the human in us acknowledges that some will already be ashore, in dry clean clothes, and in the beer tent long before us! However, the sailor in us also notes how great these large fast boats are going, and how well sailed they must need to be to keep going this well. The Fastnet Rock is at 51O 23’.30N and 09O 36’W and the course shows we must leave this place to Port. It is an imposing, desolate, lump of dark, hard rock covered in streaks of guano. Growing out of it, the white painted Lighthouse Fl 5s 27M, stands up 49 metres above the sea, with dark, rectangular window ports up the sheer curved stone tower. But, we are racing so the cockpit is tidied and it is treated like any other well drilled mark rounding, with the next sail made ready for the change. The sails are changed and new course steered as we leave the western side of the Fastnet behind. This next mark is a clearing mark to avoid the incoming boats being charged into by the boats racing round and heading back to Plymouth. Another big course change and well drilled boat manoeuvre is required. Despite sitting on board damp and tired for a couple of days It is surprising how hard you work to try help save the odd second. 26
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OFFSHORE RACING
OFFSHORE RACING Coming back from the ‘rock’ the normal prevailing Westerlies means the wind is aft. Most boats raise their big sails and head towards the Bishop Rock with its lighthouse as a turning mark before the last ‘sprint’ towards Plymouth. The Scilly Isles is made up of 50 Islands, the pilot book suggests they are 21-30 miles west-south-west of Land’s End, with many rocky outcrops and off-lying dangers. But that is still many hours away depending how well the boats can slide downwind. The modern, lighter displacement boats can sail faster downwind by accelerating, and increasing their boatspeed by changing their apparent wind angle, so these boats will be gybing downwind towards the leeward mark, in this case Bishop Rock. If the breeze is really fresh - over 22-25kts - this means a quick, tense ride but the motion is a lot different than pounding upwind through the waves out there in the Irish Sea. The crew are keen to get home as fast and safely as we can, with a good breeze meaning only another day or so of racing. Still the sun climbs the sky and then descends to leave the boats in the dark. Crews rely on head torches and flashlights to see sails, controls and the gas stove. Approach to the Scilly Isles congregation is marked by an official safety exclusion zone, forcing yachts to avoid the treacherous rocks within. The Bishop Rock lighthouse is magnificent, Fl(2) 15s 24M; not only what it does as a warning beacon to the passing shipping, but how it has survived mighty Atlantic gales in its stoic vigil. Tides and currents really do swirl around all the Islands of the Scillies, with lots of overfalls and eddies, so it is a good feeling to leave them behind and make a course towards The Lizard and Plymouth beyond. Back in the coastal bosom of England there are tides to embrace and counter currents to be wary of. So tactics are very important for some, boat speed is paramount for others, but finishing is important for us all. On board every entered yacht is a position transmitter which provides race control with an accurate position of each vessel for safety and shows followers of the race how each boat is doing. This information is investigated more keenly as we approach the end. How well have we done? How have the rivals faired? Still we race on, the finish is through the western entrance past the Plymouth Breakwater. The large Eddystone Lighthouse is a prominent visual reference and sometimes navy warships can be seen on manoeuvres. This is the final tense push to the finish! Then it has arrived - and there is joy, handshakes and smiles all round. Another one over but not finished. There is something about being offshore you don’t want to let go, it is an experience which will never be normal.
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CONTRIBUTED BY STEVE SLEIGHT
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The Solent is renowned as one of the most popular recreational boating areas in the world but it’s much more than that. Formed around 7,000 years ago, when the Solent river estuary gradually flooded at the end of the last ice age, the Isle of Wight became separated from the mainland as the chalk ridge between The Needles and Old Harry Rocks on the mainland eroded. Today, the Solent has more small estuaries in close proximity than anywhere else in Great Britain and is located in one of the most sheltered channels in Europe. It is unique in Europe for its complex tides and the long periods of stand at High and Low Waters. The wide range of marine habitats makes the Solent of international significance for wildlife, and one of the most important sites on the bird migration routes from the Arctic to Africa. With its huge diversity of wildlife and habitats, along with its heritage and archaeological importance, much of the coastline has protected status and is recognised as being of national and international importance. The Solent’s unique characteristics have made Southampton the leading cruise port and one of the main commercial ports in the country and enabled Portsmouth’s maritime heritage and naval importance. Consequently, the Solent has a high level of shipping movements with vessels of all types being seen. The huge diversity of the area, together with the close proximity of many ports, harbours, and anchorages, makes the Solent a wonderful cruising ground for sailors and powerboaters. The choice in number, size, and atmosphere of the many destinations in the Solent make it perfect for weekending or holiday cruising, especially when family cruising as there is much to satisfy all tastes. While mid-sized and large yachts and powerboats tend to congregate in the larger yachting centres such as Lymington, Cowes, Hamble, and Portsmouth there are many other destinations and anchorages available to smaller craft and those who don’t wish to follow the well-plowed wakes of the majority.
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SOLENT CRUISING
SOLENT CRUISING The double high tides of the Solent add to its cruising benefits but the strength and complexities of the tidal streams must be taken into account when planning and making passages in the Solent. See Cowes Tide Tables and Portsmouth Tide Tables. Good weather information is readily available in this area, both actual and forecast (refer to ‘Weather’ and ‘Useful Contacts’), but make allowance for the fact that the geography of the area impacts on the wind as it does for the tides and many weather models do not accurately predict local Solent variations. In summer, especially when the morning’s gradient wind is northwest, look for a sea breeze from late morning, building through the afternoon when it can deliver a fresh southwesterly. If this is blowing against an ebb tide conditions can become quite choppy before calming down again as the sea breeze loses its power. Approaches to the Solent The Solent can be entered from the west or east. At the western end, the eroded chalk cliffs of The Needles, together with its iconic lighthouse, have been a welcome sight to many returning sailors over the centuries, while to the east, the more protected entrance is through the Forts, where Portsmouth and Spithead, with all their maritime heritage, greet the sailor’s arrival. From the west Heading for the Solent from Poole or further west the obvious choice is to enter through the Needles channel. In light to moderate conditions with a favourable tide the main channel south of the notorious Shingles bank is benign, but if the ebb is running expect a more turbulent entry and if a west or southwest wind of more than Force 5-6 is fighting a strong ebb tide this is definitely a place to avoid. Breaking seas over The Bridge, rough water in the channel, and overfalls in Hurst Narrows all await the incautious.
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SOLENT CRUISING
A far less vigorous option, which is much under-used, is the North channel which is approached to the north of the Shingles and is much safer in rough weather. Stay to the north of the Shingles and leave North Head buoy to starboard, turning into the channel which runs parallel to Hurst beach. When entering Hurst Narrows take care to avoid The Trap which is a steep-sided shingle spit extending out from the beach near the round fort. Once past, the shingle bank runs northeast and is fairly steep-sided with room to anchor for shelter or a lunch stop. From the east Arriving from the east, the main entrance is between Horse Sand Fort to the north and No Man’s Land Fort to the south. If coming from Langstone or Chichester harbours there is a shorter route using the Main Passage in the submerged barrier between Horse Sand Fort and the mainland, or the Boat Passage close to the shore is available for small craft. Since the submerged barrier between No Man’s Land Fort was removed passage can be made inshore of the fort with a least depth of 2m over foul ground between the Fort and the red post to the southwest, which is useful when approaching from the south. Once past the fort make sure to avoid the extensive Ryde Sands by staying far enough north to clear the red post at the northeastern extremity of the Sands by a decent margin. Note that the Sands to the west of the post extend slightly north of it so don’t cut the corner near Low Water. The western Solent The western Solent offers two different but attractive coastlines, varied wildlife habitats and less commercial traffic than the central or eastern parts. It has a wide area of navigable water for most yachts and motor cruisers, is well buoyed, and offers a great choice of harbours and anchorages within 8 miles. With Keyhaven, Lymington, Beaulieu, Yarmouth, and Newtown all within easy reach the western Solent offers the choice between anchoring among beautiful scenery and wildlife, or picking a pontoon or mooring in attractive towns with good facilities and attractions. At the western end, Keyhaven is often missed but is good to explore near High Water or for a lunch-stop anchorage in the shelter of Hurst Spit. Lymington or Yarmouth are very popular stopping points in the western Solent while Beaulieu and Newtown are favourite haunts for peace and wildlife. The volume of boats, both power and sail, during busy summer weekends and holidays mean that it can be difficult finding a berth in the popular areas and it is sensible to book ahead if possible or risk being unable to find a vacant berth or mooring, or even space to anchor.
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SOLENT CRUISING
Photo: Paul Wyeth
Solent tidal streams always make it worthwhile working the tide in small boats, especially near Springs, but the location of the western Solent harbours makes them convenient for cross-tide visits. So if the tide doesn’t serve for a passage from Lymington to Beaulieu, Newtown, or Cowes, a trip across to Yarmouth for lunch until the tide turns is an attractive detour. When punching tide along the Solent, the greatest tidal relief is found to the north of the channel where the bottom is less steep-to than on the Island shore. When fighting tide along the Island shore beware Gurnard, Salt Mead, and Hamstead Ledges and make sure that you calculate the height of tide carefully if you choose to stay close to the shore. Tidal streams in excess of 3.5 knots are experienced around Spring tides, particularly between Gurnard Ledge and Cowes, and between Yarmouth and Hurst Narrows. In strong wind against tide conditions, most commonly when an ebb stream meets a strong west or southwesterly wind, the seas in the western Solent can be steep and breaking, uncomfortable conditions for small to medium sized yachts or motor cruisers. Conditions are likely to be less rough north of the channel, in shallower water and out of the strongest tide. When heading for Cowes from the western Solent in rough conditions stay in mid-Solent or further north until level with Egypt Point before heading for Cowes to avoid the roughest water off Gurnard Bay.
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If heading for the eastern Solent or Southampton Water stay slightly south of Lepe Spit to avoid the roughest water in the strong stream that flows around the Spit. The central Solent The central Solent is a busy place with commercial traffic from east and west converging to head up the Thorn channel and into Southampton Water, along with ferries heading in and out of Cowes. The most important feature to avoid is the Brambles Bank, which lies at the western end of the Hill Head Plateau and borders the Thorn channel to the east. This shallow patch claims many an unwary yacht or powerboat each season. Much yacht racing takes place on the Hill Head Plateau because of the tidal relief obtained here and considerate cruising sailors and powerboaters should avoid passing through the fleets of race boats. Very large ships approach the Thorn channel from the east, making the tight turn to starboard off Cowes to enter the channel. When the ebb is running vessels start their turn off Cowes, while on the flood they turn later, near Gurnard cardinal buoy. The size and density of the commercial traffic in this area, together with their speed, makes it imperative to keep a good lookout. Remember that there is a Precautionary Area between Calshot and Cowes where all vessels over 150m are given a Moving Prohibited Zone of 1,000 metres ahead and 100 metres to either side. All vessels under 20m must stay clear of this moving zone.
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SOLENT CRUISING
SOLENT CRUISING
SOLENT CRUISING To the north of the Brambles Bank, the North channel provides access to Southampton Water for small commercial craft coming from the west, saving them the extra distance needed to round the Brambles to the south and the passage up the Thorn channel. To the north of this channel the Hill Head and Lee-on-Solent shorelines are popular areas for dinghy sailing, windsurfing, kitesurfing, and jet skiing. Small recreational fishing boats are also found throughout the central Solent, often anchored on the plateau or near the shorelines. The Solent’s most famous port, Cowes, lies at the centre of the Solent and its convenient geographical position, plus its easy entry, make it a popular destination for yachts and powerboats of all types. As it is also the home of passenger and car ferry operations, plus commercial traffic headed up the river Medina, the entrance is often crowded and care should be taken when entering or leaving. The tide off Cowes runs very strongly and due allowance for the strong east or west going stream should be made when entering or leaving as the stream changes direction in the harbour entrance. When a strong wind meets a strong tide off Cowes the seas on Prince consort Shoal can get quite lumpy. This can be avoided if coming from the east by staying inshore but beware of The Shrape mud which, at low tide, extends almost as far as the racing buoys, and do not be tempted to cut through the extensive mooring buoys which line the east side of the harbour. round No. 2 red can at the entrance before heading upriver. The other main yachting harbour in the central Solent is the Hamble river with its many marinas and yachting facilities. Southampton Water has much commercial traffic but there are still places for the leisure sailor to explore including Ashlett Creek on the west side below the Fawley Marine Terminal jetties. Further up Southampton Water is Hythe Marina Village on the west side, while Ocean Village Marina is just beyond Southampton Dockhead up the River Itchen with Shamrock Quay and Saxon Wharf a bit further on beyond the Itchen Bridge. Small boats have plenty of exploration available to them in both the rivers Test and Itchen. The eastern Solent The eastern Solent has a different character to the western arm and the mainland shore is more developed. The sand and gravel sea bed which predominates to the west gives way to a greater proportion of mud in the east. Cross-Solent ferry traffic is high with car ferries operating between Portsmouth and Fishbourne at the entrance to Wootton Creek. Fast passenger catamarans run between Portsmouth and Ryde Pier head while the last remaining passenger hovercraft service runs between Southsea and Ryde. The major deep water shipping channel is south of Ryde Middle bank and very large ships regularly transit the area, with outgoing and incoming vessels often passing in the eastern Solent. Yachts and powerboats using this area should try to avoid the main channel, either staying to the south of the channel in ample water off the Island shore, or passing over Ryde Middle bank to the north of the main channel. The North channel runs to the north of Ryde Middle bank and is used by smaller commercial and military craft. The eastern Solent is also often busy at weekends and in high summer with yachts racing. 34
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SOLENT CRUISING SOLENT CRUISING
On the Island shore, Osborne Bay, just to the east of Cowes, is a popular day-time or overnight anchorage as it is well sheltered from west or southwest winds and has an attractive shoreline. Just to the east, Wootton Creek is nice to explore in a small boat and when the tide serves but the entrance is dominated by the car ferry terminal and caution is needed when ferries are arriving and leaving. Further east is Ryde Pier and, beyond, the small Ryde Harbour which is accessible only around high tide and by small to medium sized shallow draft boats. Ryde Sands is the major obstacle in this area and this extensive sandbank catches out many unwary craft. To the north, the coastline turns northeast at Gilkicker Point and runs to the narrow entrance to Portsmouth Harbour. Portsmouth has much to offer the sailor or powerboater looking for exploration with a variety of marinas and opportunities for anchoring. Beyond the forts to the east lie Langstone and Chichester harbours, both of which have bars at their entrances which make it unsafe to enter or leave in rough conditions, such as when a strong southerly wind opposes a strong ebb tide. Both harbours are superb boating areas that are particularly appealing to owners of small yachts and powerboats who enjoy exploring, creek crawling, and wildlife watching. Together with the varied ports, harbours, and anchorages within the Solent, Langstone and Chichester make up the most compact yet varied cruising ground in Europe, a real treasure to be enjoyed and protected.
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Photo: Paul Wyeth
Low Pressure Systems – What do they do?
Much of the weather in the Solent is driven by depressions passing to the north of us. These are generally well forecast, but we can help ourselves greatly by understanding the general progression of weather coming over us. By knowing where we are in relation to the overall passage of the system we can gain a much better insight about what is going to happen next, and therefore how we can prepare our boats and crew for its approach. The conditions at the surface depend on the air mass in which the observer is, and any fronts that may be passing overhead. Let’s look at a cross section through a typical low (Figure 1). The cross section is taken along the direction of travel of the system, and so can be used as a guide to the general flow of conditions as they pass overhead. Looking at the overall shape, the warm sector is deeper than the colder air masses ahead and behind it, which makes sense as it is warmer and therefore will expand more. The tropopause is the top of the troposphere, and is the dividing line between the troposphere and the stratosphere. Also, note that the horizontal and vertical scales are quite different, and the slope of both the cold and warm fronts is exaggerated.
Fig 1: a cross section through the low (top) and the vertical activity along that cross section (bottom)
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ASK THE RNLI Experienced or novice? Cruiser, angler or kayaker … ? One thing’s certain: you love being out on the water. Now you can have true peace of mind every time you go afloat. Ask the RNLI. Every year we rescue over 7,900 people around the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. People just like you. But if you book an RNLI Advice Onboard session, you can talk through your safety before you become a statistic. And, it’s completely free.
Photo: Rod Kirkpatrick
ASK THE RNLI
FOR FREE SAFETY ADVICE ASHORE OR ONBOARD
RNLI.org/adviceonboard To book your confidential chat: Phone us on 0845 045 6999, go online, or visit one of our lifeboat stations. The RNLI is the charity that saves lives at sea
Royal National Lifeboat Institution, a charity registered in England and Wales (209603) and Scotland (SC037736). Registered charity number 20003326 in the Republic of Ireland
WEATHER
WEATHER
Photo: Peter Mumford - Beken of Cowes
The Warm Front This is the leading edge of the warm conveyor, and the front of the warm sector. As such, the warm air will climb up over the cold conveyor ahead of it, and as it rises it will cool and the moisture in it will condense to form clouds and then rain. The thickness of the clouds decreases with altitude, starting with nimbostratus (or fog – which is just cloud at ground level), then altocumulus, altostratus, cirrostratus and cirrus clouds. So if you are ahead of one of these, to start with the visibility will be quite good, as you will be in relatively cold, dry air, and there will be some light stratus or cumulus cloud around. Several hundred kilometres before the surface front reaches you high level wispy cirrus clouds will appear, getting lower and thicker until the actual front arrives at surface together with rain and possibly fog. The wind will be from the south or even south east (in the northern hemisphere) and the barometer will be steadily falling. The air temperature will be cooler ahead of the warm front, but before it clouds over the sun will make for more pleasant conditions. At the warm front the wind will veer towards the south west, the rain will be at its heaviest to date before easing off to a drizzle or less, visibility will be poor in fog or rain, and the barometer will stop falling so quickly. The Warm Sector This is part of a single air mass, so the conditions will be more stable here. The warm sector is where the warm conveyor is, so the air will be relatively warm and wet. There may well be low stratus cloud or some fog with occasional rain or drizzle, and this will make the temperature feel cool as the sun is blocked, even if the air temperature is up. This level of moisture in the air will give moderate visibility, which may be poor if it rains. The wind will be steady from around the south west, and the barometer will also be steady, generally either rising or falling very slowly. If it’s falling, it may well be that the entire low is deepening. This sector is usually good for sailing, but not for sunbathing. The Cold Front The cold front is a very different animal to the warm front. As the air mass is cold and dry, it cannot climb up and over the warm sector air mass, so all the interaction between the two air masses happens in a much more vertical plane, potentially allowing the formation of massive cumulonimbus clouds fed by warm updrafts from the warm sector. Just ahead of the front there may be a sudden dip in pressure by 1 or 2 hPa, and the wind may back by up to 20O. Both of these effects are short-lived, and often pass un-noticed in the rush to put in a reef. Conditions under the front can be severe, with unpredictable squalls coming off the edges of the cumulonimbus clouds, and heavy rain or hail and electrical storms all possible. As a result of all this, visibility may be very poor.
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WEATHER
After the cold front has passed, however, the wind will veer again towards the west or north west, the skies will clear almost immediately, and as the air is now part of the cold, dry air mass the visibility will be excellent and there may be some scenic cumulus clouds if any. The wind may not yet decrease in strength, however – that depends on the isobar spacing. The pressure will now start to increase however, so calmer weather will be on the way. The End of a Depression - Occlusions As the whole system becomes more mature the cold front will start to catch up with the warm front, very much like a zipper being done up (Figure 2) This forms an occluded front and results in what’s left of the warm sector being pushed up above the preceding and following cold air masses which now join up (Figure 2). The example shown is a warm occlusion because the air advancing faster behind the cold front is warmer than the air ahead of the warm front. If it was the other way round, with the air behind the cold front colder than the air ahead of the warm front, it would be a cold occlusion. From the observer’s point of view beneath them, they’re both wet. Cold fronts are quicker than warm fronts because the warm air that rises up the warm front becomes cold and dry by the time it gets up to the top – effectively the advancing cold and dry air behind the cold front simply shoves the warm and wet air in the warm sector up and over the air in front of it. As all this warm wet air is lifted, it cools, causing water vapour to condense as the air cools to appear in the form of a persistent miserable drizzle and low level cloud. As this is towards the end of the frontal system’s life it’s normally not very energetic, just wet.
Fig 2: an occluded front as (top) a synoptic chart and (bottom) a vertical cross-section
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A GUIDE TO BUYING & SELLING A BOAT
BUYING & SELLING
WHAT AN ABYA BROKER WILL DO FOR YOU The Association of Brokers and Yacht Agents (ABYA) is the professional association for yacht brokers. All our members are Qualified Experienced Professionals and consist of the UK’s leading yacht brokers and boat dealers. ABYA members include all of the following activities as part of their service.
Liaise With The Seller and Agree On A Sales Plan
An ABYA broker can advise you on market conditions, the likely current value of your boat and give guidance on presentation and location for sale, plus advise you on where money should be spent (or not) to help sell your boat.
Sign An Agreement and Start Conveyancing Process
The seller and broker will agree the suggested selling price and enter into a written agreement. With this commitment in place the broker can start the conveyancing process. Conveyancing is the legal due‐diligence check into the paperwork and history of the boat, including: registration, title history (its record of legal ownership), any outstanding finance, VAT & RCD status. This can be a time‐consuming process but it means buyers can come to ABYA brokers and buy with confidence knowing that these checks have been made before the boat is even put on sale.
Create Marketing Materials
An ABYA broker will put together photography, and/or video and a full written specification for the boat. This will be approved by the seller prior to marketing. Again, this can be a time‐consuming and costly exercise involving travel and specialist knowledge and skills. 
Implement An Effective Advertising Plan
An ABYA broker will then buy advertising on behalf of the buyer. This is a fast moving environment and the broker will use his experience and judgement to choose the right media across varying platforms as well as his own website and in‐house media. A static website and waiting for the phone to ring is unlikely to bring results.
Gather and Filter Sales Enquiries
Your ABYA broker will qualify leads, send out details of the boat and book viewings. This may involve considerable travel time and will often be during unsociable hours and at weekends.
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Arrange Viewings and Find A Buyer
At viewings your ABYA broker will use his knowledge of the industry to bring the right boat together with the right buyer. Again, this not an easy area and good brokers are skilled and well‐practised in it.
Agree Terms and Draw Up S&P Documentation
Once an agreement is reached your broker will put his legal hat back on and draw‐up the sale and purchase agreement. The broker will liaise with the surveyor, the yards for lift‐outs and lift‐ins, sea trial skippers and general advice as to who is responsible for what at each stage of the process.
Process The Sale and Secure Payment
The broker will assist in more negotiation if there are any issues after the survey and advise both parties on legal or contractual responsibility. If all is well the transaction will proceed to completion. The broker’s role now, is effectively to protect each side. The purchaser makes his balance payment to the secure client account, safe in the knowledge that no funds will be handed over until the right title documents have been delivered and re‐checked. The seller is also safe in the knowledge that title to his boat will not pass until funds have been cleared through the secure account. Once the correct documents have been delivered and the funds have fully cleared, the broker can transfer ownership to the buyer, draw up the completion statement, make any agreed payments such as paying off an outstanding mortgage, simultaneously and safely distribute the sales proceeds to the seller.
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A GUIDE TO BUYING & SELLING A BOAT
BUYING & SELLING
CONTRIBUTED BY KEITH COLWELL, RNLI COMMUNITY INCIDENT REDUCTION MANAGER
Photo: Keith Walker
Last year, RNLI lifeboats from Hayling Island to Poole launched 181 times and spent over 1,100 hours at sea, rescuing boats that had suffered from mechanical or steering failure, a fouled propeller or simply from running out of fuel. In essence, vessels which were not necessarily in immediate danger but needed help before the situation became worse. Add in a similar number of rescues by the independent Solent lifeboats, assistance by volunteer harbour patrols, the numerous craft looked after by the marine breakdown service Sea Start, and who knows how many others towed in by fellow boat owners, and engine failure is the number one reason why hundreds of boats - power and sail - ‘get into trouble’. In many cases, these problems could have been avoided if the owner had shown some TLC to their boat’s engine. So how should you be looking after your petrol or diesel donkey? Servicing Every engine - big and small - requires regular servicing. For most leisure boats, that will mean an annual service, even if the engine may have only been run for just a few hours during the whole year. Marine engines work in harsh conditions compared to road vehicle engines, which adds to their wear and tear. Neglecting basic tasks such as checking and changing drive belts, water pump impellers, oil, fuel and air filters, is likely to lead to unexpected breakdowns usually at the most inconvenient time! Get to know your engine. Always check the engine compartment before leaving your mooring or slipway, giving the engine a quick once over. Look for signs such as oil, fuel or water in the bilges. Are the water and fuel filters clear and the engine oil level and cooling water level correct? Have you found anything unexpected? If in doubt, don’t go out. When running, keep an ear out for any abnormal sounds which can indicate when something’s wrong. Regularly check the engine compartment when underway for oil, water or fuel leaks. Watch the engine instruments for engine oil pressure or cooling water temperature changes. Understand how your engine works and where the key components such as the cooling-water pump and fuel filters are located. Learn how to service and repair these items yourself. If you have a diesel
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engine, go on a RYA engine course to find out how to provide engine ‘first aid’. If you have a petrol engine, talk to your engine’s mechanic and ask him what are the most likely reasons for your engine to break down and what you could do to remedy them at sea. Make sure you carry a set of ‘first aid’ spares for your engine. For a diesel, this will include fuel filters, engine oil, drive belts and impellers for the water pump, as well as a selection of bits and pieces, such as self-amalgamating tape, hose and hose clips, nuts and bolts etc., which you can use to jury-rig a repair to get you home. And to make the repair, you’ll need a small set of tools. It doesn’t have to be extensive, just the right tools for the job. Do you have enough fuel? If you are new to boating, it’s easy to underestimate how much fuel a boat consumes. Compared to cars, boats are fuel thirsty. It’s quite normal for a large motor cruiser to have a consumption figure of half a mile to the Photo: John Feltham gallon or, put another way, approximately 10 litres per mile. Displacement motor boats and sailing yachts fare better with consumption figures of around 5 to 10 mpg or 0.5 to 1 litre per mile at full throttle. Easing off the gas, to bring the boat to a cruising speed, will save fuel. Of course, with boating, because weather and sea conditions will affect your boat’s consumption, we should work on the basis of litres per hour. When planning a journey always use the thirds rule - a third of capacity to get there, a third back and a third spare to ensure you have enough for changing conditions. Alternative means Carry an alternative means of propulsion. Sails? Are your sailing skills sufficient to take you to a mooring or anchorage? Remember, if you have a marina berth, the marina staff are always happy to help tow you in the last half mile. Radio ahead so that they can get themselves organised. On a small boat, paddles can be used to get yourself out of harm’s way and take you to the nearest point of safety. Single engine motor boats should carry an auxiliary outboard. However, make sure you have sufficient petrol (and oil if a two-stroke) for the auxiliary. Can it use the same fuel as your main engine? Can it use the same fuel line? And if yours is a twin-engine boat, can the boat be propelled by one engine. Does it have independent fuel supply for each engine to prevent contaminated fuel from stopping both engines? Will the power steering still function if one or other engine fails? Prevention is better than cure To save yourself from getting into trouble and to know what to do if you do, the RNLI offer a free advice service called Advice Onboard to anyone who goes afloat. We have a number of trained advisors who will come to your boat and go through every aspect of staying safe on the water and provide you with a written report with their suggestions to improve safety onboard. And, just in case the worst still happens, we’ll even explain how to prepare your boat for a tow. To arrange an RNLI Advice Onboard either telephone 0845 046 6999 or go to the website RNLI.org/adviceonboard.
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SOLENT EVENTS DIARY
Where to next? SEVENSTAR-YACHT-TRANSPORT.COM
INTERNATIONAL ETCHELLS 10-03-15 March – October 30 feet of pure one-design sailing machine which can plane downwind, and slips along in the light. The largest fleet of dry sailed keelboat in Cowes. Owner-driven with two or three crew, strict one-design credentials and an annual six-sail limit. It’s as much fun as the big boats, but less hassle with fewer crew and less maintenance. Easy to trail or ship overseas, it fits into a 40 foot high top container. The Annual World Championships are held in different places each year – USA, Australia, Europe and Asia and will be in Cowes in September 2016. Fifty fleets worldwide and over 1,400 boats built to date, with older boats retaining their competitiveness. Past world champions include Dennis Connor, Bill Hardesty, Stuart Childerley, Andy Beadsworth, Jud Smith, Ken Read, Poul HojJensen, Vince Brun, Dave Curtis and Chris Law. Ben Ainslie was third in the 2009 Worlds sailing with John Bertrand and Andrew Palfrey, the last two named going on to win the 2010 Worlds with Tom Slingsby. The Etchells Invitational Regatta for the Gertrude Cup will be held on 1 – 5 August 2015. Film of last year’s Regatta on www.etchellsinvitational.com. We have loaner boats available and an active youth programme. Fleet captain: [email protected] or 07768 063868. www.etchellsukfleet.co.uk
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Cape Town? SOLENT EVENTS DIARY
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DARING CLASS April – October The Daring was designed as a One Design by Arthur Robb, based SYT_SolantDirectory_82x106_nr1.indd 2 10-03-15 on his successful 5.5 metre yacht Vision, the silver medal winner in the 1956 Olympics. The classic design has proved popular and enduring, offering great value for money for this type of One Design racing. Darings race in the Solent off Cowes every weekend from the middle of April to the middle of October. Since 2010 seven new hulls and modern decks have been moulded, with another due for 2015, ensuring that Darings will enjoy fantastic racing for another 50 years. www.daring.org.uk DRAGON CLASS SOLENT DIVISION April – October The Dragon is a beautiful 29 foot keelboat, which has a 3 or 4 person crew and is raced throughout the world. There has been an active fleet established in Cowes ever since the class first appeared in the UK in the ‘30s. The class are active participants in the Cowes Keelboat Solent Series and the Cowes Keelboat Championship, with occasional “stand-alone” championship weekends for appropriate silverware. The UK National Championships (Edinburgh Cup) are in Largs this year, from 30 June to 4 July. The South Coasts are in Cowes, from 11-13 July, organised by the RCYC. www.solent-dragons.org X ONE DESIGN CLASS April – October The XOD class has six active fleets around the Solent area, at Cowes, Hamble, Itchenor, Lymington, Parkstone and Yarmouth. XODs attract many experienced helms and crew and the standard of racing at the front of the fleets is very high. XODs are traditionally the largest entry in Cowes Week, with over half the entire fleet, in excess of 80 boats, sailing from home ports to participate each year. In 2011, the Centenary of the first XOD race was celebrated by 145 XODs competing during Cowes Week, a record entry for the regatta. The XODs are also the largest fleet in the increasingly popular Cowes Classics Week with 50 entries in 2014, and this is expected to be exceeded in 2015. www.xonedesign.org.uk
Photo: Beken of Cowes
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SOLENT EVENTS DIARY JOG CHAMPIONSHIP 3 April – 3 October The Junior Offshore Group (JOG) was established in 1950 to allow smaller yachts to compete offshore; it organises highly competitive races for IRC rated yachts. JOG runs a full programme every season, grouped into an Inshore and Offshore Series. Competitors enjoy a high standard of racing and a similarly high level of camaraderie at the parties which are held at the end of almost every race in a host port. Most JOG races start in the Solent from the club’s fixed line and distinctive starting box just east of Egypt Point, Cowes. www.jog.org.uk RSYC DOUBLE HANDED RACING 11 April – 10 October The Royal Southampton Yacht Club is the UK’s home of Double Handed racing. The 2015 series comprises 12 races: 4 Inshore, 4 Offshore and 4 Alongshore, open to all comers in IRC, RSYC & Multihull classes. This includes the ever-popular Island Double on Saturday 18 July, which regularly attracts upwards of 120 boats. The RSYC have been awarded the Double Handed IRC National Championships for a second year (this time in conjunction with RORC incorporating the Royal Corinthian YC) taking place on Friday 18 and Saturday 19 September. For full details of the complete RSYC race schedule visit: www.rsyc.org.uk
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Palm Beach? SOLENT EVENTS DIARY
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ISLAND SAILING CLUB EVENING RACE SERIES 21 April – 1 September – Tuesday Nights The Island Sailing Club’s ever-popular Evening Race Series provides SYT_SolantDirectory_82x106_nr1.indd 1 10-03-15 races for all sizes of boat on Tuesday evenings, with the exception of Cowes Week, through to 1 September when the traditional Bang & Go Back Race marks the end of the evening season. Other open events take place throughout the year – contact the ISC for details – [email protected]. www.islandsc.org.uk/isctuesday.aspx VICE ADMIRAL’S CUP 15 – 17 May The Royal Ocean Racing Club’s annual Vice Admiral’s Cup regatta will take place from Friday 15 to Sunday 17 May. Since its introduction the event has gone from strength to strength, with its close racing format making it enjoyable for the competitors. This year there will be racing for the following classes: J/111, J/109, Quarter Tonners and SB20s. There will also be two IRC Classes for yachts with an IRC Rating between 0.900 and 1.250 and a further Class for boats with a rating between 1.100 and 1.300 with a DLR of 135 or less. www.rorc.org IRC SOLENT REGION CHAMPIONSHIP 16 May – 4 September Spanning the full length of the Solent, from the Nab Tower race in the east to the Royal Solent Regatta off Yarmouth, this series aims to encourage larger fleets of IRC-rated yachts in a wide range of competitive racing. Post-race hospitality at host clubs provides the opportunity to experience the unique atmosphere of each, and socialise with fellow competitors. Boats can enter any combination of events, or the whole series, on the website. www.solentirc.org.uk YARMOUTH OLD GAFFERS FESTIVAL 29 – 31 May The theme for the 19th Annual Old Gaffers Festival will be ‘In The Pink’, in aid of the Breast Cancer Campaign for Research and Awareness – everyone is invited to wear pink or fly a few pink flags in support. With fun for the whole family, the harbour will be filled with visiting gaff-rigged vessels, some of which will race in the Solent on Saturday morning. There will be a Continental market, food and craft stalls, children’s rides, classical vehicle display, non-stop free daytime entertainment, flower festival and real ale bar. On Friday and Saturday evenings (ticket required) there will be dancing to live music in the marquee on the Quay. www.yarmoutholdgaffersfestival.co.uk DUBARRY WOMEN’S OPEN KEELBOAT CHAMPIONSHIPS 30 – 31 May The Women’s Open Keelboat Championship is a weekend for sailors with 100% female crew. WOKC focuses on high quality, competitive keelboat racing, accommodating a range of experience and age groups across key one design and handicap fleets. Hosted by Hamble River Sailing Club. www.wokc.co.uk
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SOLENT EVENTS DIARY
SOLENT EVENTS DIARY WESTWARD CHALLENGE 14 – 16 June Run as an invitational race, with the Royal Yacht Squadron as the organising authority, the Westward Cup was first held in 2010 and was a tremendous success. It marked the revival of, and interest in, Big Class yacht racing in the Solent and around the world. At the time of going to press, several of the world’s most beautiful classic yachts have so far confirmed their entry. Racing will make maximum use of the waters around the Isle of Wight to ensure the captains and crews enjoy challenging and competitive racing that only these waters can deliver. www.rys.org.uk J.P. MORGAN ASSET MANAGEMENT ROUND THE ISLAND RACE 27 June The annual J.P. Morgan Asset Management Round the Island Race, organised by the Island Sailing Club (ISC), is one of the most iconic yacht races in the world, and it takes place around the Isle of Wight. The one-day Race regularly attracts over 1,700 boats and around 16,000 sailors, making it one of the largest yacht races and the fourth largest participation sporting events in the UK. Competitors come from all over the UK, other parts of Europe and as far away as the USA to follow the 50 nautical mile course around the Isle of Wight. Starting on the famous Royal Yacht Squadron line in Cowes, the fleet races west about, to The Needles, round St Catherine’s Point and Bembridge Ledge buoy, and back to the Solent to the finish line at Cowes. The Race is a great opportunity for friends and first timers to race against world-renowned sailors. This year, the organisers are delighted to be hosting the thrilling spectacle of the GC32 foiling catamarans in Cowes to compete for the ‘Cowes Cup’, culminating in the Class competing in the Race as part of their Europe-wide GC32 Racing Tour. For those not competing there are many vantage points both on the Island and the south coast, from which to watch the race, such as Hurst Castle, The Needles and the Spinnaker Tower. If you want to be on the start line for this year’s Race, standard entries close at midnight on Saturday 13 June and late entries close at noon on Wednesday 24 June. For entry details and all the news, head for the home page of the official Race website. You can also keep up to date with RTI Race news and share your stories on both Twitter and Facebook. Use the hashtag #raceforall. The Ellen MacArthur Cancer Trust is the Race Official Charity and you can donate at http://www.justgiving.com/company/roundtheisland. The Race website includes a Forum with a ‘crew wanted’ and ‘crew available’ section and you can contribute to other general race discussions. The ISC looks forward to welcoming you to this year’s event, and to the Race Village in Cowes Yacht Haven. www.roundtheisland.org.uk
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8 – 10 July SYT_SolantDirectory_82x106_thalangphuket.indd 5
SOLENT EVENTS DIARY
Saint Thomas?
10-03-15 10:0
The Coutts Quarter Ton Cup will be hosted by the Royal Ocean Racing Cub, Cowes, from 8 – 10 July. Now in its eleventh year, the event will once again be open to Quarter Tonners built under all three iterations of the Quarter Ton Rule and will be raced under IRC. This year’s event will follow the well-established and much loved formula of lots of fast and furious racing afloat, followed by lots of informal and fun après sailing ashore. Once again there will be a Corinthian Division for the all-amateur crews which have proved very popular. With upwards of 30 teams expected to race, including a number of new crews, competition will be fierce and the old guard can expect to have the young pretenders snapping at their heels. www.rorc.org PANERAI BRITISH CLASSIC WEEK 18 – 25 July As one of the highlight events during an exceptional summer of sailing regattas in the UK, the Panerai British Classic Week, organised by the British Classic Yacht Club, takes place in Cowes. More than 70 of the world’s most iconic classic and vintage yachts are expected to compete, once again providing a magnificent spectacle of classic yacht racing in the exciting waters of the Solent. There will be a six-race series, plus a race around the Isle of Wight following the original clockwise course of the first America’s Cup. Racing will be demanding and competitive but will still retain that Corinthian spirit synonymous with classic boat racing. www.britishclassicyachtclub.org/regatta
Photo: Guido Cantini/Panerai
CHARLES STANLEY COWES CLASSICS WEEK 20 – 24 July Cowes Classics Week, run by the Royal London Yacht Club, offers class racing for all metre boats, classic racing keelboats and one designs including, but not restricted to, 12mR, 8mR, 6mR (classic and modern), 5.5mR, Daring, Dragon (classic and modern), Solent Sunbeam, Bembridge Redwing, Seaview Mermaid, Squib, XOD, Folkboat, Victory, Bembridge, Loch Long and Yarmouth One Designs, Flying Fifteen and Swallow. There are also classes for Classic Yachts including a non-spinnaker class, Classical/Revival Day Boats and old Gaffers. Racing from Committee Boats will be on a mix of laid and round-the-cans courses. The social programme includes tea and home-made cake after racing, sponsors’ Receptions and dining/ partying at each of the major Yacht Clubs in Cowes. www.cowesclassicsweek.org
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SOLENT EVENTS DIARY
SOLENT EVENTS DIARY COWES DINGHY WEEK 1 – 5 August Cowes Dinghy Week Regatta is hosted by Gurnard Sailing Club in the waters of the western Solent. Dinghy Week is a friendly, but fiercely contested, regatta attracting around 150 entries from sailors of all ages, in a range of classes with social events most evenings. There will be class racing for classes with eight or more entries, a catamaran handicap class and three monohull handicap classes. www.gurnardsc.org.uk THE ETCHELLS INVITATIONAL REGATTA 1 – 5 August Hosted by the Royal Thames Yacht Club, teams from around the world will be sailing to win the 140 year old Gertrude Cup Trophy. Twenty identical boats with identical new North sails will be launched at Shepard’s Wharf, race-ready for the teams to race over four days in the central Solent. Teams change hulls every morning but keep the same sails. 2014 saw the inauguration of this event and there is a film on www.etchellsinvitational.com showing how the 20 teams from 11 different countries fought to win the trophy. www.etchellsinvitational.com ABERDEEN ASSET MANAGEMENT COWES WEEK 8 – 15 August Since 1826 Cowes Week has played a key part in the British sporting summer calendar and is one of the UK’s longest running and most successful sporting events. The eight day regatta now stages around 40 daily races for between 800 and 1,000 boats and has a varied race programme to suit the most competitively campaigned boats, cruiser racers, and everything in between; there’s something for everyone at this, the world’s best known sailing regatta. Aberdeen Asset Management Cowes Week, as the event is now known, attracts up to 8,000 competitors ranging from Olympic and worldclass professionals to weekend sailors, and in excess of 100,000 spectators come to watch the sailing, enjoy the social scene, and to experience the unique atmosphere. www.aamcowesweek.co.uk
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Tahiti?
10-03-15 10:0
In 2015 the Rolex Fastnet Race will start from the Royal Yacht Squadron line off Cowes, Isle of Wight, on Sunday 16 August. Founded in 1925, this year will see the 90th Anniversary of the race and the largest fleet to ever compete in the race, at 380 yachts, varying from Corinthian 30ft monohulls racing under IRC to Professional 131ft multihulls racing for the course record. The 608 mile course leaves the Solent through the Needles and runs along the West Coast and up through the Irish Sea to round the Fastnet Rock, before navigating round the Isles of Scilly and finishing in Plymouth. Spectators will be able to watch the race start from Cowes or the south coast of the mainland, and meet the boats as they arrive in Plymouth. www.fastnet.rorc.org CHICHESTER HARBOUR RACE REGATTA WEEK 17 – 21 August Hayling Island Sailing Club – three race areas. Series A – RS 400, Merlin, Flying Fifteen, Finn, Laser classes plus Fast Asymmetric with Foils, Medium Asymmetric and Fast Handicap fleets. Series B – RS 200, Laser, Radial, 4.7, Solo, RS Feva classes and Medium Handicap. Series C – Topper, RS Tera, Optimist classes and Slow Handicap Series A & B have one race a day with three to count, and Series C has nine races with three to count. www.chichesterharbourrace.sailevent.net COWES CLASSIC POWERBOAT FESTIVAL 5 – 6 September This year’s Cowes Classic Powerboat Festival will be based at Cowes Yacht Haven and will see a mix of race boats and some wonderful classic boats all taking part in the Festival. The boats will assemble in the North Basin at Cowes Yacht Haven on Saturday 5 September, which means the public are able to watch all the activity from shore, as boats and crew undergo technical inspection and carry out last minute race preparation. Racing takes place on Sunday 6 September, and will consist of two races. The Cowes-Torquay-Cowes powerboat race, which is the longest running offshore powerboat race in the world, will start at 0900 off Gurnard and the race boats are expected to return to Cowes between 1430 and 1730, finishing north of Gurnard cardinal buoy. The Cowes-Poole-Cowes race – for a range of other classes – will start at 1000 and sees the race boats travel down the Western Solent and around Poole Bay before returning to Cowes. Adding to the excitement will be a flotilla of ‘classic’ powerboats which will provide safety support for the race starts before performing a parade in the Western Solent. www.cowestorquaycowes.co.uk
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SOLENT EVENTS DIARY
Photo: Paul Wyeth
LITTLE BRITAIN CHALLENGE CUP 11 – 13 September The Little Britain Challenge Cup is the premier construction and property industry event. First started in 1988, 2015 sees the 28th regatta. Taking place in Cowes, with racing run by the Royal Yacht Squadron, the action-packed three day regatta attracts a large cross-section of organisations and individuals who are involved in the building world. www.littlebritain.co.uk SOUTHAMPTON BOAT SHOW 11 – 20 September The Southampton Boat Show – Britain’s best-loved on-water Boat Show – is a much anticipated event, providing fun-filled days out for boaters, families and friends to see thousands of boats, brands, products and suppliers. www.southamptonboatshow.com
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Thalang Phuket? GARMIN HAMBLE WINTER SERIES
4 October – 29 November SYT_SolantDirectory_82x106_thalangphuket.indd 3
SOLENT EVENTS DIARY
SEVENSTAR-YACHT-TRANSPORT.COM
10-03-15 10:0
The Garmin Hamble Winter Series provides the best winter sailing in the UK for IRC0-4, J/111, J/70, J/80, J/109 and SB20 one designs and sportsboats. The Series provides top class, competitive racing and a great welcome back at host Hamble River Sailing Club’s Clubhouse. www.hamblewinterseries.com
DOYLE SAILS HAMBLE ONE DESIGN CHAMPIONSHIPS 10 – 11 October and 17 – 18 October The Solent’s Autumn Championship for one design yachts: J/111, J/109, J/80, J/70, SB20 etc. Top class competitive racing and a great welcome back at host Hamble River Sailing Club’s Clubhouse. www.hamblewinterseries.com MDL HAMBLE BIG BOAT CHAMPIONSHIPS 10 – 11 October and 17 – 18 October This is an annual top class Solent event for yachts of 40ft and over. Competitive racing and a great welcome back at host Hamble River Sailing Club’s Clubhouse. www.hamblewinterseries.com
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APRIL Wed 01 Fri 03 Fri 03 Fri 03 Sat 04 Sat 04 Sun 05 Sun 05 Mon 06 Wed 08 Thu 09 Fri 10 Sat 11 Sat 11 Sat 11 Sat 11 Sat 11 Sat 11 Sun 12 Sun 12 Sun 12 Sun 12 Sun 12 Wed 15 Wed 15 Thu 16 Fri 17 Fri 17 Sat 18 Sat 18 Sat 18 Sat 18 Sat 18 Sat 18 Sun 19 Sun 19 Sun 19 Sun 19 Sun 19
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Hamble River SC - Wed Night Racing EB 1 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing JOG - Offshore Championship Cowes to Cherbourg RORC incorporating RCYC - RORC Easter Challenge Hamble River SC - XOD EB1 Bembridge SC - Illusions - Vernons Easter Cup Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing JOG - Offshore Championship Cherbourg to Cowes Lymington Town SC - Black Rock Race Hamble River SC - Wed Night Racing EB 2 East Cowes SC - Evening Mass Start & Ladies 1 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Porstmouth SC - Parhelion Spring Series 3 Royal Southampton YC - Spring Solent Double Inshore 1 Lymington Town SC - Dinghy Cruise 1 Hamble River SC - XOD EB2 Solo Offshore RC - Inshore Series Races 1 and 2 Royal Southern YC - Match Cup Qualifier ISAF Grade 4 Royal Southampton YC - Spring Series 1 and 2 Warsash SC - Warsash Spring Series 4 Lymington Town SC - Sun Early Points Race 6 Royal Lymington YC - Spring Series 2 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Lymington Town SC - Wed Early Points Race 1 Hamble River SC - Wednesday Night Racing EB 3 East Cowes SC - Spring Evening Series 1 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Royal Solent YC - Pilot Cutters Portsmouth SC - Parhelion Spring Series 4 Hamble River SC - XOD EB3 JOG - Offshore Championship Nab Tower Chichester Cruiser RC - Series 1 Bembridge SC - Illusions - St Georges Day Trophy Warsash SC - Warsash Spring Championship 1 Warsash SC - Warsash Spring Series 5 Island Sailing Club - Spring Series Day 1 Royal Southampton YC - Spring Series 3 and 4 Lymington Town SC - Sun Early Points Race 7 Royal Lymington YC - Spring Series 3
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Visit www.boatinsure.co.uk or call us 01732 223650. Sun 19 Sun 19 Tue 21 Wed 22 Wed 22 Wed 22 Thu 23 Fri 24 Sat 25 Sat 25 Sat 25 Sat 25 Sat 25 Sat 25 Sat 25 Sat 25 Sat 25 Sun 26 Sun 26 Sun 26 Sun 26 Sun 26 Sun 26 Mon 27 Tue 28 Wed 29 Wed 29 Wed 29 Thu 30 Thu 30
Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Chichester Cruiser RC - Series 2 Island Sailing Club - Evening Race Series Race 1 Royal Solent YC - Wed Evening Early Bird Race Lymington Town SC - Wed Early Points Race 2 Hamble River SC - Wed Night Racing EB 4 East Cowes SC - Spring Evening Series 2 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Portsmouth SC - Parhelion Spring Series 5 Solo Offshore RC - Inshore Series Race 3 Royal Lymington YC - Duo Series 1 Royal Southampton YC - Spring Series 5 and 6 Hamble River SC - XOD EB4 RORC Incorporating RCYC - Members Race 1 Royal London YC - Warm Up Regatta Warsash SC - Warsash Spring Championship 2 Stokes Bay SC - Musto Skiff - B14 and RS 800 Open Warsash SC - Warsash Spring Series 6 Island Sailing Club - Spring Series Day 2 Lymington Town SC - Sun Early Points Race 8 Royal Lymington YC - Spring Series 4 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Bembridge SC - Illusions - Woodford Long Distance Race Royal Southern YC - UK Fire Fighter Championships Island Sailing Club - Evening Race Series Race 2 Royal Solent YC - Wed Evening Racing Series 1 Race 1 Lymington Town SC - Wed Early Points Race 3 Hamble River SC - Wed Night Racing Bottle Pursuit East Cowes SC - Spring Evening Series 3 Royal Lymington YC - Thu Night Racing Early Series 1
MAY Fri 01 Fri 01 Sat 02 Sat 02 Sat 02
Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing JOG - Offshore Championship St Vaast RORC - Cervantes Trophy Race Royal Lymington YC - Duo Series 2 Royal Southampton YC - Weymouth Double Leg 1 and Offshore 1
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SOLENT EVENTS CALENDAR
SOLENT EVENTS CALENDAR Sat 02 Sat 02 Sat 02 Sat 02 Sat 02 Sat 02 Sun 03 Sun 03 Sun 03 Sun 03 Sun 03 Mon 04 Tue 05 Wed 06 Wed 06 Wed 06 Thu 07 Thu 07 Fri 08 Fri 08 Fri 08 Sat 09 Sat 09 Sat 09 Sat 09 Sun 10 Sun 10 Sun 10 Sun 10 Sun 10 Tue 12 Wed 13 Wed 13 Wed 13 Wed 13 Thu 14 Thu 14 Fri 15 Fri 15 Fri 15 Sat 16 Sat 16 Sat 16 Sat 16 Sat 16 Sat 16 Sat 16 Sat 16 Sat 16 Sat 16 Sun 17 Sun 17 Sun 17 Sun 17 Sun 17 Sun 17 Tue 19 Wed 20 Wed 20 Wed 20 Thu 21 Thu 21 Thu 21 Fri 22 Fri 22 Fri 22 Fri 22 Sat 23 Sat 23 Sat 23 Sat 23 Sat 23 Sat 23 Sat 23 Sun 24 Sun 24 Sun 24 Sun 24 Mon 25 Tue 26 Wed 27 Wed 27 Wed 27 Thu 28 Thu 28 Thu 28 Thu 28 Fri 29
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Old Gaffers Association - Chichester Rally Hamble River SC - XOD A1 Chichester Cruiser RC - Spring Series 1 Royal Southern YC - Solent Cruiser Race Royal Southern YC - Sigma 38 National Championships Royal London YC - Cowes Keelboat Solent Series Island Sailing Club - Spring Series Day 3 Royal Southampton YC - Weymouth Double Return Leg 2 and Offshore 2 Lymington Town SC - Sun Early Summer Points A and B Race 1 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Chichester Cruiser RC - Spring Series 2 Chichester Cruiser RC - Spring Series 3 Island Sailing Club - Evening Race Series Race 3 Royal Solent YC - Wed Evening Racing Series 1 Race 2 Lymington Town SC - Wed Early Points Race 4 Hamble River SC - Wed Night Racing A1 East Cowes SC - Spring Evening Series 4 Royal Lymington YC - Thu Night Racing Early Series 2 Royal Southern YC - Fri Night Racing Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Solo Offshore RC - Offshore Series Races 1 and 2 Chichester Cruiser RC - Crews Race Royal Yacht Squadron - Cowes Keelboat Championship 1 RORC incorporating RCYC - Etchells South Coast Championship Royal Southern YC - May Regatta Island Sailing Club - Spring Series Day 4 Royal Southampton YC - Spring Series 7 and 8 Lymington Town SC - Sun Early Summer Points A and B Race 2 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Chichester Cruiser RC - Series 3 Island Sailing Club - Evening Race Series Race 4 Royal Solent YC - Wed Evening Racing Series 1 Race 3 Lymington Town SC - Wed Early Points Race 5 Island SC - IOW Businesses Sonar Evening Regatta Day 1 Hamble River SC - Wed Night Racing A2 East Cowes SC - Spring Evening Series 5 Royal Lymington YC - Thu Night Racing Early Series 3 Royal Southern YC - Fri Night Racing Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing RORC incorporating RCYC - Vice Admirals Cup RORC incorporating RCYC - City Livery Yacht Club Race Royal Southampton YC - Clarkson Cup / IRC Solent Region Championships Day1 East Cowes SC - Passage Race to Lymington Lymington Town SC - Hamble Scramble Lymington to Hamble Race Lymington Town SC - Dinghy Cruise 2 Royal Lymington YC - Sat Cruiser Racer Series 1 Hamble River SC - XOD A2 JOG - Offshore Championship Cowes to Yarmouth Britannia Corporate Events - Legal Cup Royal Thames YC - Cowes Keelboat Solent Series Island Sailing Club - Spring Series Day 5 Royal Southampton YC - Spring Series 9 and 10 Lymington Town SC - Hamble Scramble Hamble to Lymington Race Lymington Town SC - Sun Early Summer Points A and B Race 3 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing JOG - Offshore Championship Yarmouth to Cowes Island Sailing Club - Evening Race Series Race 5 Royal Solent YC - Wed Evening Racing Series 1 Race 4 Lymington Town SC - Wed Early Points Race 6 Hamble River SC - Wed Night Racing A3 East Cowes SC - Spring Evening Series 6 Royal Southampton YC - Evening Twilight Series 1 Royal Lymington YC - Thu Night Racing Early Series 4 Royal London YC / RSrnYC / and DYC - Cowes Deauville Race and Rally Royal Southampton YC - Cherbourg Double Offshore 3 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing JOG - Offshore Championship Dielette RORC - Myth of Malham Race Hamble River SC - XOD A3 Chichester Cruiser RC - Series 4 RORC incorporating RCYC - Bank of England Regatta Royal Yacht Squadron Racing - Sir Kenneth Preston Trophy Stokes Bay SC - Dart 18 Open RORC incorporating RCYC - Cowes Keelboat Solent Series Island Sailing Club - Spring Series Day 6 Lymington Town SC - Sun Early Summer Points A and B Race 4 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Chichester Cruiser RC - Ladies Race Chichester Cruiser RC - Series 5 Island Sailing Club - Evening Race Series Race 6 Royal Solent YC - Wed Evening Racing Series 1 Race 5 Lymington Town SC - Wed Early Points Race 7 Hamble River SC - Wed Night Racing A4 East Cowes SC - Evening Mass Start & Ladies 2 Royal Southampton YC - Evening Twilight Series 2 Royal Lymington YC - Thu Night Racing Early Series 5 Old Gaffers Association - Yarmouth Old Gaffers Festival Royal Southern YC - Fri Night Racing
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Visit www.boatinsure.co.uk or call us 01732 223650. Fri 29 Fri 29 Fri 29 Fri 29 Sat 30 Sat 30 Sat 30 Sat 30 Sat 30 Sat 30 Sat 30 Sat 30 Sat 30 Sun 31 Sun 31 Sun 31
Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Solo Offshore RC - Offshore Series Race 3 Royal Solent YC - Old Gaffers Stokes Bay SC - B14 Nationals Island Sailing Club - Inshore Series Day 1 Christchurch Bay Race Lymington Town SC - Novice and Junior Race Royal Victoria YC - Optimist Open Hamble River SC - Womens Open Keelboat Championship / XOD A4 Chichester Cruiser RC - Summer Series 1 Royal Victoria YC / EWCC - Optimist Regatta Royal Southern YC - Hamble Yarmouth Cup and Rally Royal London YC - Cowes Keelboat Championship Royal Lymington YC - Folkboat Nationals and 50th Anniversary Lymington Town SC - Sun Early Summer Points A and B Race 5 Hamble River SC - Womens Open Keelboat Championship / Foxer Sailing Chichester Cruiser RC - Summer Series 2 & 3
JUNE Tue 02 Tue 02 Wed 03 Wed 03 Wed 03 Wed 03 Thu 04 Thu 04 Thu 04 Thu 04 Fri 05 Fri 05 Fri 05 Fri 05 Fri 05 Sat 06 Sat 06 Sat 06 Sat 06 Sat 06 Sat 06 Sat 06 Sun 07 Sun 07 Sun 07 Sun 07 Sun 07 Mon 08 Tue 09 Wed 10 Wed 10 Wed 10 Wed 10 Thu 11 Thu 11 Thu 11 Thu 11 Thu 11 Fri 12 Fri 12 Sat 13 Sat 13 Sat 13 Sat 13 Sat 13 Sat 13 Sat 13 Sun 14 Sun 14 Tue 16 Wed 17 Wed 17 Wed 17 Wed 17 Thu 18 Thu 18 Thu 18 Fri 19 Fri 19 Fri 19 Sat 20 Sat 20 Sat 20 Sat 20 Sat 20
Island Sailing Club - Evening Race Series Race 7 Royal Yacht Squadron Racing - Bicentenary Racing Royal Solent YC - Wed Evening Racing Series 1 Race 6 Hamble River SC - Wed Night Racing A5 Royal Solent YC - Members BIC Regatta Lymington Town SC - Wed Early Points Race 8 East Cowes SC - Midsummer Evening Series 1 Royal Southampton YC - Evening Twilight Series 3 Royal Lymington YC - Thu Night Racing Early Series 6 Britannia Corporate Events - Lutine Lineslip Royal Yacht Squadron - Fleet Review RORC - De Guingand Bowl Race Royal Southern YC - Fri Night Racing Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Chichester Cruiser RC - Series 6 East Cowes SC - Sail the Wight Lymington Town SC - Dinghy Cruise 3 RORC incorporating RCYC - Tiny Mitchell Regatta / Contessa 32 Regatta / IRC Solent Region Championships Day 2 Royal Lymington YC - Duo Series 3 Hamble River SC - XOD A5 Royal London YC - BCYC Tuning Fork Regatta Cowes Corinthian YC - Cowes Keelboat Solent Series Royal Southern YC - Club Day Pursuit Race Lymington Town SC - Cowes and Back Race Lymington Town SC - Sun Early Summer Points A and B Race 6 Hamble River SC - Foxer Interstellars RORC Incorporating RCYC - Contessa 32 Regatta Island Sailing Club - IDOR Regatta Island Sailing Club - Evening Race Series Race 8 Royal Solent YC - Wed Evening Racing Series 1 Race 7 Lymington Town SC - Wed Early Points Race 9 Hamble River SC - Wed Night Racing A6 Royal Southern YC - Match Cup ISAF Grade 2 East Cowes SC - Midsummer Evening Series 2 Royal Lymington YC - Thu Night Racing Early Series 7 Island Sailing Club - J Cup Regatta Royal Southern YC - Match Cup Royal Southampton YC - Evening Twilight Series 4 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing JOG - Offshore Championship Alderney Old Gaffers Association - Dutch Style Gaffer Race Royal Southampton YC - Poole Bar Double Alongshore 2 Hamble River SC - XOD A6 Island Sailing Club - BPMI Cup Regatta Solo Offshore RC - Inshore Series Races 4 and 5 Royal Thames YC - Cowes Keelboat Championship 3 Royal Lymington YC - Summer Keelboat Regatta Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Royal Yacht Squadron Racing - Westward Cup Island Sailing Club - Evening Race Series Race 9 Royal Solent YC - Wed Evening Racing Series 2 Race 1 Lymington Town SC - Wed Early Points Race 10 Island SC - IOW Businesses Sonar Evening Regatta Day 2 Hamble River SC - Wed Night Racing A7 East Cowes SC - Midsummer Evening Series 3 Royal Southampton YC - Evening Twilight Series 5 Royal Lymington YC - Thu Night Racing Early Series 8 RORC - Morgan Cup Race Royal Southern YC - Fri Night Racing Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing RORC incorporating RCYC - Members Race 2 JOG - Offshore Championship Eastern Approaches Chichester Cruiser RC - Series 7 Royal Southern YC - June Regatta / IRC Solent Region Championships Day 3 Royal Southern YC - Sonata Southerns
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SOLENT EVENTS CALENDAR Sat 20 Sat 20 Sat 20 Sat 20 Sun 21 Sun 21 Sun 21 Mon 22 Tue 23 Wed 24 Wed 24 Wed 24 Wed 24 Wed 24 Wed 24 Thu 25 Thu 25 Thu 25 Thu 25 Thu 25 Fri 26 Fri 26 Sat 27 Sat 27 Sun 28 Sun 28 Sun 28 Tue 30
Royal Thames YC - Cumberland Regatta Royal Thames YC - Cowes Keelboat Solent Series Britannia Corporate Events - Energy Regatta Royal London YC - Etchells Bedrock Lymington Town SC - Sun Early Summer Points A and B Race 7 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Chichester Cruiser RC - Series 8 RORC incorporating RCYC - Sirmoor YS Regatta Island Sailing Club - Evening Race Series Race 10 River Hamble CC - Dinghy Evening Regatta Island Sailing Club - The Cowes Cup GC32 Class Foiling Catamarans River Hamble CC - Cruiser and XOD Invitation Handicap Race Royal Solent YC - Wed Evening Racing Series 2 Race 2 Lymington Town SC - Ladies Race and Crews Race Hamble River SC - Wed Night Racing A8 / RHCC Race River Hamble CC - Cruiser and XOD Invitation Pursuit Race East Cowes SC - Midsummer Evening Series 4 Royal Southampton YC - Evening Twilight Series 6 Royal Lymington YC - Thu Night Racing Early Series 9 Stokes Bay SC - Moth Nationals Royal Southern YC - Fri Night Racing Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Island Sailing Club - JP Morgan Asset Management Round The Island Race Hamble River SC - XOD A7 Lymington Town SC - Sun Early Summer Points A and B Race 8 Royal London YC - David Thomas Regatta Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Island Sailing Club - Evening Race Series Race 11
JULY Wed 01 Wed 01 Wed 01 Thu 02 Thu 02 Thu 02 Thu 02 Fri 03 Fri 03 Sat 04 Sat 04 Sat 04 Sat 04 Sat 04 Sat 04 Sat 04 Sat 04 Sat 04 Sat 04 Sat 04 Sat 04 Sat 04 Sun 05 Sun 05 Sun 05 Tue 07 Wed 08 Wed 08 Wed 08 Wed 08 Thu 09 Thu 09 Thu 09 Fri 10 Fri 10 Fri 10 Fri 10 Sat 11 Sat 11 Sat 11 Sat 11 Sat 11 Sat 11 Sat 11 Sat 11 Sat 11 Sun 12 Sun 12 Tue 14 Wed 15 Wed 15 Wed 15 Wed 15 Thu 16 Thu 16 Thu 16 Fri 17
Royal Solent YC - Wed Evening Racing Series 2 Race 3 Lymington Town SC - Wed Summer Points Race 1 Hamble River SC - Wed Night Racing Copper Kettle Pursuit Island Sailing Club - Savills Sonar Regatta East Cowes SC - Midsummer Evening Series 5 Royal Southampton YC - Evening Summer Series 1 Royal Lymington YC - Thu Night Racing Late Series 1 Royal Southern YC - Fri Night Racing Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing River Hamble CC - Harbour Masters Dinghy Pursuit Race Island Sailing Club - Inshore Series Day 2 Solent Race East Cowes SC - Seamanship Race Gort Cup Royal Southampton YC - West Princessa Alongshore 2 Lymington Town SC - Dinghy Cruise 4 Royal Lymington YC - Sat Cruiser Racer Series 2 Chichester Cruiser RC - Series 9 Island Sailing Club - ISC Annual Regatta Island Sailing Club - Cowes Keelboat Solent Series Royal Southern YC - July Regatta Royal Solent YC - Prince Consort Royal London YC - Etchells Nationals Royal Yacht Squadron Racing - Swan European Regatta Lymington Town SC - Sun Late Summer Points A and B Race 1 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Chichester Cruiser RC - Series 10 Island Sailing Club - Evening Race Series Race 12 Royal Solent YC - Wed Evening Racing Series 2 Race 4 Lymington Town SC - Wed Summer Points Race 2 Hamble River SC - Wed Night Racing B1 RORC incorporating RCYC - Quarter Ton Cup East Cowes SC - Midsummer Evening Series 6 Royal Southampton YC - Evening Summer Series 2 Royal Lymington YC - Thu Night Racing Late Series 2 RORC - Cowes - Dinard - St Malo Race Royal Southern YC - Fri Night Racing Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing JOG - Offshore Championship Cowes Dinard St Malo Old Gaffers Association - Poole Harbour Rally Hamble River SC - XOD B1 / IRC Small Boat Regatta Cowes Corinthian YC - Contessa 32 Cowes-Poole-Cowes Race RORC incorporating RCYC - Stug Perry Trophy / Portcullis Regatta Royal Thames YC - Saida Cup Etchells Open Itchenor Sailing Club - National Swallow Championships Royal Southern YC - XOD Central Solent Championships RORC incorporating RCYC - Cowes Keelboat Solent Series Royal Victoria YC / EWCC - RVYC Regatta Lymington Town SC - Coronation Cup Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing / IRC Small Boat Regatta Island Sailing Club - Evening Race Series Race 13 Royal Solent YC - Wed Evening Racing Series 2 Race 5 Lymington Town SC - Wed Summer Points Race 3 Island SC - IOW Businesses Sonar Evening Regatta Day 3 Hamble River SC - Wed Night Racing B2 East Cowes SC - Late Summer Evening Series 1 Royal Southampton YC - Evening Summer Series 3 Royal Lymington YC - Thu Night Racing Late Series 3 RORC incorporating RCYC - IRC National Championship
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Visit www.boatinsure.co.uk or call us 01732 223650. Fri 17 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Sat 18 RORC incorporating RCYC - XOD Telegraph Trophy Sat 18 Royal Southern YC - Poole and Back Race and Rally Sat 18 RORC incorporating RCYC - Cowes Keelboat Solent Series including racing for the Solent Sunbeams Sat 18 Solo Offshore RC - Stand Alone Championship Sat 18 Royal Southampton YC - Island Double Alongshore 3 Sat 18 Lymington Town SC - Lymington Dinghy Regatta Sat 18 Hamble River SC - XOD B2 Sun 19 Royal Yacht Squadron Racing - Panerai British Classic Week Sun 19 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Mon 20 Royal London YC / RORC incorporating RCYC / ISC / CCYC / RVYC - Charles Stanley Cowes Classics Week Tue 21 Island Sailing Club - Evening Race Series Race 14 Wed 22 Royal Solent YC - Wed Evening Racing Series 2 Race 6 Wed 22 Lymington Town SC - Wed Summer Points Race 4 Wed 22 Hamble River SC - Wed Night Racing B3 Thu 23 East Cowes SC - Late Summer Evening Series 2 Thu 23 Royal Southampton YC - Evening Summer Series 4 Thu 23 Royal Lymington YC - Thu Night Racing Late Series 4 Thu 23 Portsmouth - AMERICA’S CUP WORLD SERIES Fri 24 Royal Southern YC - Fri Night Racing Fri 24 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Fri 24 Royal Solent YC - Taittinger Regatta / IRC Solent Region Championships Day 4 Fri 24 Gurnard SC - Junior Regatta Sat 25 Hamble River SC - XOD B3 Sat 25 JOG - Offshore Championship Weymouth Sat 25 Island Sailing Club - Cowes Keelboat Championship 4 Sat 25 Royal Southern YC - Channel Challenge / Cruiser Race Sun 26 Royal Temple YC - Ramsgate Week Sun 26 Royal Yacht Squadron Racing - International BIC Regatta Sun 26 Lymington Town SC - Sun Late Summer Points A and B Race 2 Sun 26 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Mon 27 Royal Solent YC - Sunset Series
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SOLENT EVENTS CALENDAR
SOLENT EVENTS CALENDAR Tue 28 Wed 29 Wed 29 Wed 29 Thu 30 Thu 30 Thu 30 Fri 31 Fri 31
Island Sailing Club - Evening Race Series Race 15 Royal Solent YC - Wed Evening Racing Series 2 Race 7 Lymington Town SC - Wed Summer Points Race 5 Hamble River SC - Wed Night Racing B4 East Cowes SC - Late Summer Evening Series 3 Royal Lymington YC - Thu Night Racing Late Series 5 Royal Lymington YC - RS Elite Nationals Royal Southern YC - Fri Night Racing Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing
AUGUST Sat 01 Sat 01 Sat 01 Sat 01 Sat 01 Sat 01 Sat 01 Sun 02 Sun 02 Sun 02 Sun 02 Sun 02 Mon 03 Tue 04 Wed 05 Wed 05 Wed 05 Thu 06 Thu 06 Fri 07 Sat 08 Sun 09 Sun 09 Wed 12 Wed 12 Wed 12 Thu 13 Fri 14 Sun 16 Sun 16 Sat 16 Sat 16 Sat 16 Mon 17 Tue 18 Wed 19 Wed 19 Wed 19 Thu 20 Thu 20 Thu 20 Fri 21 Fri 21 Fri 21 Sat 22 Sat 22 Sat 22 Sat 22 Sat 22 Sat 22 Sat 22 Sun 23 Sun 23 Sun 23 Sun 23 Tue 25 Wed 26 Wed 26 Wed 26 Thu 27 Thu 27 Thu 27 Fri 28 Fri 28 Fri 28 Fri 28 Sat 29 Sat 29 Sat 29 Sat 29 Sat 29 Sun 30 Sun 30 Sun 30 Mon 31
RORC - Channel Race Household Division YC - Annual Regatta Royal Southampton YC - Laid Marks & Summer Double Inshore Races 2 and 3 Hamble River SC - XOD B4 Bembridge SC / EWCC - Bembridge Village Regatta Royal Thames YC - Gertrude Cup International Etchells Invitational Gurnard SC - Cowes Dinghy Week Lymington Town SC - Newtown Race Royal London YC - Cowes Keelboat Solent Series Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Brading Haven YC / EWCC - Dinghy Regatta Royal London YC - International Invitational Etchells Regatta Brading Haven YC / EWCC - Solent Scow Championships Island Sailing Club - Evening Race Series Race 16 Royal Solent YC - Wed Evening Racing Series 3 Race 1 Lymington Town SC - Wed Summer Points Race 6 Hamble River SC - Wed Night Racing B5 East Cowes SC - Late Summer Evening Series 4 Royal Lymington YC - Thu Night Racing Late Series 6 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing ABERDEEN ASSET MANAGEMENT COWES WEEK Lymington Town SC - Sun Late Summer Points A and B Race 3 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Royal Solent YC - Wed Evening Racing Series 3 Race 2 Lymington Town SC - Wed Summer Points Race 7 Hamble River SC - Wed Night Racing Royal Lymington YC - Thu Night Racing Late Series 7 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing RORC - Rolex Fastnet Race Lymington Town SC - RNLI Pursuit Race Royal Lymington YC - RNLI 50th Anniversary Regatta Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Seaview YC / EWCC - Optimist Rregatta Royal Solent YC - Dinghy Week Island Sailing Club - Evening Race Series Race 17 Royal Solent YC - Wed Evening Racing Series 3 Race 3 Lymington Town SC - Wed Summer Points Race 8 Hamble River SC - Wed Night Racing B6 East Cowes SC - Late Summer Evening Series 5 Royal Southampton YC - Evening Summer Series 5 Royal Lymington YC - Thu Night Racing Late Series 8 Royal Solent YC - Sailspy Laser Team Racing Event Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Bembridge SC / EWCC - Annual Regatta Royal Southern YC - Under 21 Race Island Sailing Club - Mini Tonner Regatta East Cowes SC - ECSC Regatta Royal Lymington YC - Sat Cruiser Racer Series 3 Hamble River SC - XOD B5 Swanwick Bursledon and Warsash Regatta Royal Solent YC - 50th Anniversary Folkboat Week Royal Southern YC - Family Fun Race Day Lymington Town SC - Sun Late Summer Points A and B Race 4 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Seaview YC / EWCC - Annual Regatta Island Sailing Club - Evening Race Series Race 18 Royal Solent YC - Wed Evening Racing Series 3 Race 4 Lymington Town SC - Wed Summer Points Race 9 Hamble River SC - Wed Night Racing B7 East Cowes SC - Late Summer Evening Series 6 Royal Southampton YC - Evening Summer Series 6 Royal Lymington YC - Thu Night Racing Late Series 9 Royal Southampton YC - Torquay Double Offshore 4 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Offshore Championship The Channel Race Cowes to St Peter Port Solo Offshore RC - Offshore Series Races 4 and 5 Lymington Town SC - Dinghy Cruise 5 Hamble River SC - XOD B6 Brading Haven YC / EWCC - Annual Regatta Sea View YC / EWCC - XOD Regatta RORC incorporating RCYC - August Bank Holiday Regatta Island Sailing Club - ISC Autumn Series Day 1 Lymington Town SC - Sun Late Summer Points A and B Race 5 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Brading Haven YC / EWCC - Cadet Regatta
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SOLENT EVENTS CALENDAR
SEPTEMBER Tue 01 Island Sailing Club - Evening Race Series Bang and Go Back Wed 02 Royal Solent YC - Wed Evening Racing Series 3 Race 5 Wed 02 Lymington Town SC - Wed Summer Points Race 10 Wed 02 Hamble River SC - Wed Night Racing B8 Thu 03 East Cowes SC - Evening Race Fri 04 RORC - Cherbourg Race Fri 04 Royal Southern YC - Fri Night Racing Fri 04 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Sat 05 Old Gaffers Association - Annual Race and Rally Sat 05 Royal Lymington YC - Duo Series 4 Sat 05 Royal London YC - Windsor Cup for Jubilee Sailing Trust Sat 05 Hamble River SC - XOD Autumn 1 Sat 05 Chichester Cruiser RC - Series 11 Sat 05 RORC incorporating RCYC - Spread Eagle Regatta Sat 05 Stokes Bay SC - Catamaran Open and Vortex Nationals Sat 05 Cowes Corinthian YC - Cowes Keelboat Championship 5 Sat 05 Island Sailing Club - Contessa 26 Nationals Sat 05 Royal Air Force YC - Battle of Britain Regatta / IRC Solent Region Championships Day 5 Sat 05 Royal Southern YC - SB20 National Championships Sun 06 Island Sailing Club - ISC Autumn Series Day 2 Sun 06 Lymington Town SC - Christchurch Ledge Race Sun 06 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Sun 06 RORC incorporating RCYC - Members Race 3 Sun 06 Chichester Cruiser RC - Series 12 Wed 09 Royal Solent YC - Wed Evening Racing Series 3 Race 6 Wed 09 Island Sailing Club - Lloyds Register Sonar Regatta Thu 10 Royal Yacht Squadron Racing - Little Britain Challenge Cup Fri 11 Royal Southern YC - Fri Night Racing Fri 11 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Sat 12 East Cowes SC - Mass Start & Ladies 3 Sat 12 Lymington Town SC - Dinghy Cruise 6 Sat 12 Royal Lymington YC - Duo Series 5 Sat 12 Royal Victoria YC - Laser South Coast GP Sat 12 Hamble River SC - XOD Autumn 2 Sat 12 JOG - Offshore Championship Cowes to Poole via back of Wight Sat 12 Chichester Cruiser RC - Series 13 Sat 12 Royal Victoria YC / EWCC - Laser South Coast GP Sat 12 Royal Lymington YC - Classics Regatta Sat 12 Royal Solent YC - RAYC Regatta Sat 12 Cowes Corinthian YC - Cowes Keelboat Solent Series Sat 12 Bembridge SC / EWCC - MOCRA Bembridge Regatta Sun 13 Island Sailing Club - ISC Autumn Series Day 3 Sun 13 Lymington Town SC - Sun Late Summer Points A and B Race 6 Sun 13 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Sun 13 JOG - Offshore Championship Poole to Cowes Sun 13 Chichester Cruiser RC - Series 14 Wed 16 Royal Solent YC - Wed Evening Racing Series 3 Race 7 Thu 17 Britannia Corporate Events - EMC Silicon Cup Thu 17 Royal Southern YC - J80 National Championships Fri 18 Royal Southern YC - Fri Night Racing Fri 18 Royal Southampton YC / RORC incorporating RCYC - IRC Double Handed National Championships Fri 18 City YC - City Yacht Club Regatta Fri 18 Royal London YC - Contessa 32 National Championships Fri 18 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Sat 19 Royal Solent YC - Centenary Chase Sat 19 East Cowes SC - Passage Race Hayling Bay Sat 19 Stokes Bay SC - Laser Traveller Sat 19 Royal Lymington YC - Sat Cruiser Racer Series 4 Sat 19 Chichester Cruiser RC - Series 15 Sat 19 Royal Southern YC - September Regatta Sat 19 RORC incorporating RCYC - Cowes Keelboat Championship 6 Sat 19 Royal London YC - Britannia Weekend Sun 20 Island Sailing Club - ISC Autumn Series Day 4 Sun 20 Royal Southampton YC - Nab Double Alongshore 4 Sun 20 Hamble River SC - Barts Bash Wed 23 Royal Solent YC - Champagne Race Fri 25 Royal Southern YC - Fri Night Racing Fri 25 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Fri 25 JOG - Cherbourg II Fri 25 Solo Offshore RC - Offshore Series Races 6 and 7 Sat 26 Portsmouth SC - Parhelion Autumn Series 1 Sat 26 Royal Lymington YC - Duo Series 6 Sat 26 Hamble River SC - XOD Autumn 3 Sat 26 Royal Southampton YC - RNLI Yarmouth Race / Rally and Back Sat 26 Royal Southern YC - Hamble Scramble and Rally Sat 26 Royal London YC - Cowes Keelboat Solent Series Sat 26 Portsmouth SC / RNC & RAYC - Portsmouth Regatta / IRC Solent Region Championships Day 6 Sun 27 Island Sailing Club - ISC Autumn Series Day 5 Sun 27 Lymington Town SC - Sun Late Summer Points A and B Race 7 Sun 27 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing
SOLENT EVENTS CALENDAR
SOLENT EVENTS CALENDAR
Photo: Paul Wyeth OCTOBER Fri 02 Sat 03 Sat 03 Sat 03 Sat 03 Sat 03 Sat 03 Sat 03 Sat 03 Sun 04 Sun 04 Sun 04 Sun 04 Sun 04 Sun 04 Sat 03 Fri 09 Sat 10 Sat 10 Sat 10 Sat 10 Sat 10 Sat 10 Sat 10 Sat 10 Sun 11 Sun 11 Sun 11 Sun 11 Sun 11 Sun 11 Fri 16 Sat 17 Sat 17 Sat 17 Sat 17 Sat 17 Sun 18 Sun 18 Sun 18 Sun 18 Sun 18 Sun 18 Sun 18 Sun 18 Sun 18 Fri 23 Sat 24 Sat 24 Sat 24 Sat 24 Sun 25 Sun 25 Sun 25 Sun 25 Sun 25 Sun 25 Sat 31 Sat 31
Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Portsmouth SC - Parhelion Autumn Series 2 Royal Southern YC - Ladies Race Royal Lymington YC - Potter Ship Race Royal London YC - ASTO Small Ships Race Hamble River SC - XOD Autumn 4 JOG - Offshore Championship Owers Island Sailing Club - Inshore Series Day 3 Nab Tower Race Island Sailing Club - Cowes Keelboat Solent Series Island Sailing Club - ISC Autumn Series Day 6 Royal Southern YC - Ancient Mariners Race Royal Solent YC - Turkey Cup East Cowes SC - Autumn 1 Lymington Town SC - Sun Late Summer Points A and B Race 8 Hamble River SC - Hamble Winter Series 1 / Foxer Sailing / IRC Solent Region Championships Day 7 RORC incorporating RCYC - Arrow Trophy Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Portsmouth SC - Parhelion Autumn Series 3 Solo Offshore RC - Inshore Series Race 6 Royal Lymington YC - Champion of Champions Race Royal Southampton YC - Autumn Solent Double Inshore 4 Hamble River SC - Hamble Big Boat and One Design Championship 1 / XOD Autumn 5 Royal Southern YC - Folly Rally Island Sailing Club - John Lewis Partnership Sailing Club Regatta Royal Yacht Squadron - Cowes Keelboat Solent Series Royal Solent YC - Winter Series 1 Race 1 East Cowes YC - Autumn 2 Royal Southampton YC - Winter Series 1 and 2 Lymington Town SC - Coastal Pursuits Solent Circuit Race 1 Lymington Town SC - Sun Winter Series Race 1 Hamble River SC - Hamble Winter Series 2 / Hamble Big Boat and One Design Championship 2 / Foxer Sailing Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Portsmouth SC - Parhelion Autumn Series 4 Hamble River SC - Hamble Big Boat and One Design Championship 3 / XOD Autumn 5 RORC incorporating RCYC - Trafalgar Regatta Chichester Cruiser RC - Sparkes Trophy Bembridge SC - Illusions - Trafalgar Trophy Portsmouth SC - Frostbite Series 1 Royal Solent YC - Winter Series 1 Race 2 East Cowes SC - Autumn 3 Royal Southampton YC - Winter Series 3 and 4 Lymington Town SC - Coastal Pursuits Solent Circuit Race 2 Lymington Town SC - Sun Winter Series Race 2 Royal London YC - Jenny Anne Memorial Trophy Hamble River SC - Hamble Winter Series 3 / Hamble Big Boat and One Design Championship 4 / Foxer Sailing Chichester Cruiser RC - Nab Cups Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Portsmouth SC - Parhelion Autumn Series 5 Solo Offshore RC - Inshore Series Race 7 Hamble River SC - XOD Autumn 6 Bembridge SC - Illusions - Picnic Hamper Royal Solent YC - Winter Series 1 Race 3 East Cowes SC - Autumn 4 Royal Southampton YC - Winter Series 5 and 6 Lymington Town SC - Coastal Pursuits Solent Circuit Race 3 Lymington Town SC - Sun Winter Series Race 3 Hamble River SC - Hamle Winter Series 4 / Foxer Sailing Portsmouth SC - Parhelion Autumn Series 6 Bembridge SC - Illusions - Guy Fawkes Trophy
NOVEMBER Sun 01 Sun 01 Sun 01 Sun 01 Sun 01 Sun 01 Sat 07
Portsmouth SC - Frostbite Series 2 Royal Solent YC - Winter Series 1 Race 4 Royal Southampton YC - Charity Pursuit Race Lymington Town SC - Coastal Pursuits Solent Circuit Race 4 Lymington Town SC - Sun Winter Series Race 4 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Royal Solent YC - Winter Series 1 Race 5
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Sat 07 Sun 08 Sun 08 Sun 08 Sun 08 Sun 08 Sat 14 Sun 15 Sun 15 Sun 15 Sun 15 Sun 15 Sun 15 Sun 22 Sun 22 Sun 22 Sun 22 Sun 22 Sat 28 Sun 29 Sun 29 Sun 29 Sun 29
Hamble River SC - Foxer Winter Championship Portsmouth SC - Frostbite Series 3 Royal Southampton YC - Winter Series 7 and 8 Lymington Town SC - Coastal Pursuits Solent Circuit Race 5 Lymington Town SC - Sun Winter Series Race 5 Hamble River SC - Hamble Winter Series 5 / Foxer Winter Championship Bembridge SC - Illusions - Bailey Bowl Royal Solent YC - Winter Series 2 Race 1 Portsmouth SC - Frostbite Series 4 Royal Southampton YC - Winter Series 9 and 10 Lymington Town SC - Coastal Pursuits Solent Circuit Race 6 Lymington Town SC - Sun Winter Series Race 6 Hamble River SC - Hamble Winter Series 6 / Foxer Sailing Portsmouth SC - Frostbite Series 5 Royal Solent YC - Winter Series 2 Race 2 Lymington Town SC - Coastal Pursuits Solent Circuit Race 7 Lymington Town SC - Sun Winter Series Race 7 Hamble River SC - Hamble Winter Series 7 / Foxer Sailing Bembridge SC - Illusions - Inter Club Team Racing Portsmouth SC - Frostbite Series 6 Royal Solent YC - Winter Series 2 Race 3 Lymington Town SC - Sun Winter Series Race 8 Hamble River SC - Hamble Winter Series 8 / Foxer Sailing
DECEMBER Sun 06 Sun 06 Sun 06 Sun 06 Sat 12 Sat 12 Sun 13 Sun 13 Sun 13 Sun 20 Fri 25 Sat 26 Sun 27 Sun 27
Portsmouth SC - Frostbite Series Reserve Day Royal Solent YC - Winter Series 2 Race 4 Lymington Town SC - Sun Winter Series Race 9 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Royal Lymington YC - Needles Relief Race Bembridge SC - Illusions - Christmas Cracker Royal Solent YC - Winter Series 2 Race 5 Lymington Town SC - Sun Winter Series Race 10 Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Portsmouth SC - Third Annual Hot Turkey Race Royal Southern YC - Foxer Racing Hamble River SC - Foxer Sailing Bembridge SC - Illusions - Icebreaker
SOLENT EVENTS CALENDAR
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THE TIDES THEY ARE A-CHANGIN’ WINNING TIDES
BY GRAHAM SUNDERLAND It’s the big question on every sailor’s lips; the one which dominates conversation among all who navigate the Solent.... How does the newly-constructed Cowes Breakwater affect tides in the area? Well, the Solent Handbook can exclusively reveal the answer to that poser.
Professional sailor Graham Sunderland has studied tidal patterns around the £7.5million project. Cowes-based Graham - the man behind renowned sailing bible ‘Winning Tides’ - carried out extensive mapping of the waters surrounding the 350-metre-long, detached rock-armoured breakwater. Now, he is set to unveil his findings in a forthcoming publication, which will be released within months. Graham revealed: “The changes that the wall has thrown up are actually more than I had initially envisaged. “There is some very crucial details which will prove vital to racers sailing the areas in the book. “Many people were asking what changes have taken place since the wall has been built? I have always wanted to a Cowes book so this was clearly the time. “The information I have mapped is really interesting. “The scale of the new book shows the shore line to West Bramble and the detail around Cowes, Gurnard and as far east as the Shrape mud.” Graham became a household name in sailing circles thanks to the intimate knowledge contained within ‘Winning Tides’. This half-hour tidal stream prediction book is a must-have for any racing sailor. It set a fresh standard by providing the most comprehensive, accurate and easily-accessed tidal stream information available on the Solent and surrounding area. Graham has sailed the Solent since being a child, yet admits researching the book was often a labour of love. He recalled: “I spent a year-and-a-half on the book, nine months of which involved going out in the RIB every single morning. “I would observe and record data before heading back at night. “I have so many stories to tell from the time spent out on the RIB. “I was over at Lepe Spit one really foggy February day. I missed the line that was at the back of a buoy and wound up running over it and wrapping it around the prop. “I couldn’t get it going so eventually decided I was going to have to go into the water. “I called my wife and told her what I was going to do and asked her to get a bath running for me, and said if she didn’t hear from me to let the right people know what was going on.
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THE TIDES THEY ARE A-CHANGIN’
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WINNING TIDES
“Anyway I stripped off completely, jumped in and cut the rope off. It was absolutely perishing. “I clambered back out, pulled my clothes and headed straight back in. “That was a miserable moment. “Another day I was heading over to Portsmouth when the HMS Sutherland, a Royal Navy frigate, appeared. “It was a really cold December day and I had my balaclava on pottering around in the RIB. “It was a time of high alert so they actually stopped the frigate and sent over a patrol boat. “They asked what I was doing. I had to try and explain about the survey work while all these poor blokes onboard wanted desperately to get home and see their families. “They stayed with me all the way back in just to make sure I wasn’t up to something.” Graham has sailed throughout the world but admits few places compare to the Solent. He went on: “The uniqueness of the Solent is the varied racing on offer. One minute you are battling round a headland trying to cheat tide then looking looking for the fastest flow in deep water. “You have to get your head out the boat and keep watching what is going on. It changes constantly. “Having the Isle of Wight sitting right in the middle of it all affects everything from the weather to the tides in quite a dynamic way.”
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USEFUL CONTACTS
Photo: Paul Wyeth
HM Coastguard (Lee-on-Solent) 02392 552100 HM Customs National ‘Yachtline’ (24 hour yacht reporting) 0845 723 1110 HM Customs National Advice Service 0300 200 3700 Emergency Services (Coastguard, Police, Ambulance, Fire) 999 Non-Emergency Calls 101 NHS 111 111 Sea Start 0800 885500 / 01489 557364 The National Coastwatch Institution: Gosport NCI, Portsmouth Harbour Entrance 02392 765194 Lee NCI, Lee-on-Solent beach 02392 556758 Calshot NCI, Radar Tower Calshot Spit 02380 893562 Needles NCI, Lookout Station, The Needles 01983 754231 Blue Funnel Cruises 02380 223278 Brittany Ferries 0871 244 0744 Gosport Ferry 02392 524551 Hamble Ferry 02380 454512 Hovertravel 08434 878887 Hythe Ferry 02380 840722 Red Funnel 0844 844 9988 Solent & Wightline Cruises 01983 564602 Wightlink 0333 999 7333 Hayling Ferry 07702 928154 P&O Ferries 08716 646464 LD Lines 0844 576 8836 Southampton Airport 0844 481 7777 Bournemouth Airport 01202 364000 Gatwick Airport 0844 892 0322 Heathrow Airport 0844 335 1801 National Express 08717 818181 National Rail Enquiries 08457 484950 Transport for London 0343 222 1234 Traveline 0871 200 2233
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SPONSORED BY MDL MARINAS A Solent Handbook wouldn’t be complete without revealing some of the hidden delights to be found in the area and so this section introduces the reader to the wonderful diversity of harbours, ports, and rivers to be found around the Solent. The Solent has many harbours ranging from quaint creeks to some of the busiest ports in the world. Whether you want to have a relaxing cruise or a challenging race the Solent has got it all. There are plenty of bays and rivers to explore where you can drop your anchor for lunch and maybe take a swim, or if it’s the exhilaration of racing you are after, then why not take part in one of the hundreds of sailing regattas offered here during the season, and in fact over the winter too if you are the hardy type! If you’re after some retail therapy, or fancy a night out, there is something for everyone; the Solent plays host to some of the best restaurants in the UK offering fresh, local produce. We hope you enjoy browsing through our guides to some of the most popular destinations in the Solent - and that your stay here is a memorable one.
DISTANCE TABLE Bembridge Hbr 13 Chichester Hbr 17 8 Cowes 2 10 15 Fareham
14 10 12 10
R. Hamble (ent) 6 15 18 6 14 Keyhaven
8 20 25 12 22 13
Langstone Hbr 14 6
5 12 10 18 25
Lymington Hbr 7 8 23 10 20 12 3 21 Newtown
4 14 19 5 16 9 6 17 4
Portsmouth Hbr 12 5 8 10 3 13 18 5 19 12 Ryde Hbr
8 4 8 5 6 8 16 7 14 10 3
Southampton 9 18 23 9 16 5 16 21 16 12 18 12 Wootton
6 5 10 4 9 8 16 10 12 9 5 2 10
Yarmouth Hbr 7 19 24 9 18 13 3 21 2 2 19 13 16 12 Ventnor Haven 22 12 18 22 18 23 33 17 28 25 15 14 25 15 28
Ventnor Haven
Chichester Hbr
Bembridge Hbr
27 42 49 29 40 32 20 39 22 24 37 35 35 32 20 30 Beaulieu R. (ent)
Poole
Approximate distances in nautical miles. To be used as a guide only and not for navigation.
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SOLENT PORTS & HARBOURS
SOLENT PORTS & HARBOURS
FREEDOM IS CHOOSING ONE HOME BERTH AND HAVING COMPLIMENTARY ACCESS TO OVER 90 MARINA DESTINATIONS THE MOST GENEROUS BOATYARD DISCOUNTS BUYING FUEL AT COST UNLIMITED FREE WIFI
TERMS & CONDITIONS APPLY
Woolverstone Mercury Yacht Harbour Port Hamble Hamble Point
Bray Windsor
Saxon Wharf Shamrock Quay Ocean Village Hythe Marina Village Torquay Cobb’s Quay
Queen Anne’s Battery
BEAULIEU RIVER BEAULIEU RIVER
50º46’.58N, 01º21’.60W (ENT)
The Beaulieu River is centrally located on the Solent, and is one of the most picturesque rivers in the south. Forming part of the Beaulieu Estate, Beaulieu River is one of the few privately owned rivers in the world and is largely unspoilt, both in terms of its landscape and as a haven for wildlife. The banks play host to an exceptional variety of habitat with an equally varied display of flora and fauna.
Photo: Laura Boynton
When approaching Beaulieu River from the east, keep the lit south cardinal to starboard off Stone Point and steer to the vicinity of a lit, yellow spherical racing buoy close to the transit which should be 324° with the leading marks aligned with the front port No. 2 beacon and the eastern edge of Lepe House. To approach from the west, keep well off the mud banks of Warren Flat and Beaulieu Spit and again steer a course towards the racing buoy and transit as above. The Beaulieu Spit dolphin marks the entrance, a large port hand tripod. It is recommended to avoid the entrance 2 hours either side of LW to avoid the bar 0.8m depth at LW Springs. If your boat draws 5 feet, you can enter the river 1½ hours after LW Springs. The navigation channel at the mouth of the river is defined with red and green piles and, further upstream, branches of willow painted red and green known as ‘withies’ are used. The river benefits from a double tide, and a secondary high water. The flood tide takes 6 hours coming in; then, after a gentle fall, there is a second high tide some 2 hours later followed by a period of slack water for about an hour. Then the ebb sets in, and LW is reached in just 3½ hours.
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BEAULIEU RIVER BEAULIEU RIVER
Buckler’s Hard village and its marina are 3.5m upstream from the entrance to Beaulieu River. Set within the heart of the New Forest National Park, Buckler’s Hard Yacht Harbour offers a unique location for short stays and welcomes visiting vessels. The masters of vessels arriving inside the limits of the river are expected to report to the Harbour Master within 24 hours. The harbour does not listen on a Channel; please phone the Harbour Office on 01590 616200. The harbour speed limit is 5 knots from the entrance and for the entire length of the river. Visitors are welcome to enter the marina at any time, day or night. Berths for overnight visitors can be reserved in advance, subject to availability. Alternatively, you may be offered a visitor pontoon or mooring upstream of the marina but a dinghy will be required to get ashore. The marina is dredged to 6 feet below Mean Low Water Springs. Buckler’s Hard Yacht Harbour is a member of TransEurope Marinas, and in 2013 was awarded the top rating of 5 Gold Anchors by The Yacht Harbour Association. It has full marine services and facilities available including a boatyard, chandlery, fuel waste disposal facilities, scrubbing grid, yacht valet service, security, toilets, showers, and a launderette. Diesel, petrol, and fresh water are available from the fuel jetty. A small selection of grocery items including fresh milk, bread, newspapers (weekends only) confectionery, soft drinks and ice may be obtained from the Harbour Master’s Office. A Water Taxi will be available from Easter to September, contact them on VHF Ch 77, Call Sign ‘Beaulieu River Taxi’. Telephone the Harbour Office for more details. Contact: Harbour Master’s Office, Buckler’s Hard Yacht Harbour, Beaulieu, Hampshire, SO42 7XB. Tel: 01590 616200. www.beaulieuriver.com
Photo: Laura Boynton
BEMBRIDGE HARBOUR BEMBRIDGE HARBOUR
50º41’.62N, 01º06’.40W + (ENT)
Bembridge Harbour lies on the eastern tip of the Isle of Wight, just a short sail from many Solent harbours with Chichester, Langstone, and Portsmouth all within a 10 mile radius. For yachtsmen embarking on a Channel crossing, Bembridge Harbour has the added attraction that it is at least an hour closer to the continent than the mainland marinas at the same end of the Solent.
Photo: Donna Woodward Taylor
The Harbour is designated a ‘Site of Special Scientific Interest’ in recognition of its significance as a habitat for wildlife. The harbour’s European importance is confirmed by its status as a ‘Special Protection Area’ and it is designated a ‘wetland of international importance’ under the Ramsar Convention. The harbour has an area of saltmarsh as well as other important habitats such as sand dunes, vegetated shingle, and saline lagoons. The harbour’s saltmarsh and inter-tidal mud provide feeding grounds for wintering and migratory waterfowl and the Island’s only RSPB site edges onto the harbour. Bembridge is a large, picturesque and sheltered harbour with beautiful beaches and, although the entrance is tidally restricted, once inside its shelter a warm welcome awaits visiting yachts whatever the weather. It has the two villages of Bembridge and St. Helens surrounding it, and the small town of Brading is a few miles away.
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01983 778077 MEDIA RIB for CHARTER
The entrance is due south of Portsmouth Harbour entrance and is marked by a tide gauge topped with a yellow cross. As you pass the tide gauge you will see the village of Seaview to starboard and the St Helens Fort to port. Vessels should leave the tide gauge to their port side on the approach and this will line them up with the channel markers which are in pairs, the first pair being buoys 1 and 2 which are lit at night - all other buoys are marked with reflective tape. On passing buoys 6a and 7a you will be running parallel to the shore with the harbour entrance appearing in the distance. On big Spring tides beware the current which can be strong through into the harbour. A pictorial guide to the entrance channel is available to download from the harbour website and there is also a Navionics chart showing approx depths for guidance. New during 2015: live-feed tidal data from the bar, available on the website and at the Berthing Office. Once inside the harbour there is a drying beach anchorage on your port side adjacent to Bembridge Sailing Club. Approximately half way down the harbour on your starboard side you will come to the Duver Marina visitors’ pontoon which gives access to the shore on the north side of the harbour. Rafting may be necessary at peak times. Visitors are advised to call on VHF Ch 80 Call Sign ‘Bembridge Harbour’ for berthing instructions on entering the harbour. Berths are allocated strictly on a first-come, first-served basis. Harbour staff are on duty ±3 hours HW at weekends and 0800-1800 weekdays. Rallies are very welcome - five or more boats receive a 5% discount, with a larger discount for rallies in excess of 10 boats. As a general rule of thumb, access to the harbour for a vessel drawing 1.5m is ±3 hours HW Portsmouth, Neaps or Springs. In recent years an extensive dredging programme has been completed within the harbour, re-establishing depths of 2m LWMS. An extension to the visitor’s pontoon has increased the available berthing space, and shoreside facilities have been refurbished and extended. There is a water taxi service, VHF Ch 80 Call sign ‘Bembridge Water Taxi’, tel: 07582 806017. The taxi is based at the Duver Pontoon and operates between various pick up and drop off points (subject to tidal access). There are showers and toilets, a laundry (at Bembridge Marina), water (own hosepipe), electricity, and waste removal facilities. WiFi is available to all visitors (first 1/2 hour free). An undercover dry stack service for RIBs and powerboats up to 10m and 5T is available within the harbour at Bembridge Boat Storage located adjacent to the Harbour Office www.bembridgeboatstorage.co.uk Contact: Bembridge Harbour Authority, Harbour Office, The Duver, St Helens, Isle of Wight, PO33 1YB. Tel: 01983 872828. Website: www.bembridgeharbour.co.uk or follow the Facebook page.
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CHICHESTER HARBOUR CHICHESTER HARBOUR
50º46’.86N, 00º56’.00W (ENT)
Chichester Harbour is an ideal water recreation centre with its 11 square miles of water, 17 miles of well marked and lit channels and easy access to the Solent. The sheltered waters are ideal for racing and day sailing and its channels offer secure moorings for cruising vessels. In addition, the harbour is an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and of national and international importance for nature conservation.
Photo: Paul Adams
The low lying entrance to Chichester Harbour, is not easily distinguished against the backdrop of the South Downs and is bordered on both sides by extensive drying banks; West Pole, Middle Pole and East Pole Sands, the latter extending more than a mile seaward. A deep-water channel running between these banks to the harbour entrance is interrupted by a bar joining West to Middle Pole and East Pole Sands, this mobile feature varies in position and height and is periodically dredged to maintain a charted depth of 1.5 metres. The width of the dredged channel across the Bar is a little less than 200 yards. Vessels approaching the harbour from the west are advised to shape a course for West Pole Beacon 50º 45’.45 N, 00º 56’.59 W. On rounding the Beacon aim to pass between Eastoke Buoy and West Winner Beacons leaving the Bar Beacon 50º 46’.023 N, 00º 56’.380 W, close to port. When approaching the harbour from the east, mariners are advised not to cross the 5 metre contour until West Pole Beacon bears 310º T. On reaching the beacon shape a course for the harbour entrance keeping the Bar Beacon close to port. Chichester Bar is normally dredged to approximately 1.5m below chart datum giving a depth of 2m at MLWS. However, through gradual accretion and after severe gales the bottom can vary markedly and it is then prudent to assume a least depth of 0.8 metres below Chart Datum. Mariners should be aware that ebb tides in the entrance to the harbour can attain a rate of up to 6 knots on springs. With a falling tide and strong winds from a southerly sector a dangerous sea may be encountered. In these conditions it is advisable to exercise caution and cross the bar between three hours before and one hour after HW springs. In very strong winds entry should not be attempted. The speed limit throughout the harbour is 8 knots.
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(023) 9246 6321 (023) 9246 3572
CHICHESTER HARBOUR
mdlmarinas.co.uk
Up-to-date tide and weather information at the Harbour Entrance is available at www.chimet.co.uk or from the Harbour Office. Banner 1.indd 20/03/2014 The1Harbour Patrol maintains a VHF radio watch on Ch 14, Call Sign ‘Chichester Harbour Radio’ or ‘Chichester Harbour Patrol’. The speed limit throughout the harbour is 8 knots. Useful navigation information, including race start times and locations, is published each weekend as an eNewsletter, sign up at www.conservancy.co.uk to receive a copy. Itchenor - visitor moorings, fresh water, showers, free pump-out station and scrubbing piles available, contact Chichester Harbour Patrol for information. Ferry available weekends and bank holidays April to mid May and October, daily mid May to September, call ‘Ferry’ on Ch 8. Emsworth - visitor moorings, fresh water and scrubbing piles available. Ferry operates weekends and bank holidays Easter to September 2hrs either side of HW. Call ’Emsworth Mobile’ on Ch 14 for information or ferry. Long-term moorings are available throughout the harbour managed by Chichester Harbour Conservancy. These offer the opportunity to enjoy the best of the beautiful natural environment of Chichester Harbour. Located in some idyllic settings these well maintained and sheltered moorings offer a cost effective way to experience this Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Contact: Chichester Harbour Conservancy, Harbour Office, Itchenor, Chichester, PO20 7AW. Tel: 01243 512301 www.conservancy.co.uk Sparkes Marina - is situated on the south-east tip of Hayling Island within Chichester Harbour, one of Europe’s largest natural harbours. An array of birds and marine life, stunning sunsets and calm waters are just some of the advantages of this beautiful location. When approaching the marina, enter Chichester Harbour and proceed on the starboard side of the channel until the Hayling Island Sailing Club mast is bearing 240 degrees M (236 degrees T) on the portside. From this position you will see an East Cardinal Mark with tide gauge bearing approximately 290 degrees M (286 degrees T) and a jetty pontoon on the sailing club shore. Alter course to port onto a heading of 281 degrees M (277 degrees T). Adjust your course to pass midway between the cardinal mark and the pontoon. You will now see transit marks consisting of two Day-Glo orange St Andrew’s Crosses, bearing 281 degrees M (277 degrees T), adjusting your course to keep the transit in line. Proceed down the transit for approximately three cables, leaving the pile mooring to port. As you pass the last pile mooring you will see steel piles with red can top marks on your port bow (South West). Follow these marks, which will lead you into the marina. The approach channel from the Sailing Club to the Marina has been dredged to 2 metres below CD. Sparkes Marina has 140 berths; max LOA: 20m; fuel (diesel, petrol and marine gas); dry boat sailing for yachts and motorboats; swinging moorings; 40 ton mobile crane; storage ashore; full
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CHICHESTER HARBOUR
CHICHESTER HARBOUR maintenance services; 24-hour showers and toilets; laundry facilities; restaurant and bar; yacht brokerage; sea school; and MDL Wi-Fi. Contact: Sparkes Marina, Wittering Road, Hayling Island, PO11 9SR. Tel: 023 9246 3572. www.sparkesmarina.co.uk Northney Marina - Situated on the north shore of Hayling Island within Chichester Harbour, one of the largest natural harbours in Europe. The harbour’s sheltered waters provide safe cruising and there are plenty of anchorages to explore within the area, such as Itchenor with its quaint pubs or Bosham village. When approaching Northney Marina, enter Chichester Harbour on the top half of the flood. Continue north up Emsworth Channel for 3 miles to Emsworth south cardinal light beacon. Here fork 45° to port up Sweare Deep. After 8 cables turn sharply port around the Northney red beacon. Enter the marina via a short channel dredged 1m; access H24. Northney Marina has 228 berths; max LOA: 24m; fuel (diesel); boat lifting and storage ashore; 35 ton boat hoist; slipway; car parking and trailer storage; boatyard services; yacht brokerage; laundry facilities; provisions shop; and MDL Wi-Fi. Contact: Northney Marina, Northney Road, Hayling Island, PO11 0NH. Tel: 023 9246 6321. www.northneymarina.co.uk Emsworth Yacht Harbour - Emsworth is a friendly, family owned marina within walking distance of the attractive village of Emsworth. There are limits on access due to the fixed sill and the marina is accessible ±2 HW. The marina has 220 fully serviced pontoon berths; hard-standing for 200 boats; and a visitor pontoon. There is a 50 tonne travel hoist, 10 tonne crane, and Wise W10 boat parker. Chandlery and boat broker on site; range of boat repair services; slipway and drying grid; diesel and Calor Gas sales; and free WiFi. Contact: Emsworth Yacht Harbour, Thorney Road, Emsworth, Hants, PO10 8BP. Tel: 01243 377727. www.emsworth-marina.co.uk Thornham Marina - Thornham Marina is at the top of Prinsted Bay in Chichester Harbour. Visitors can moor on drying pontoon berths, on pontoon berths within a gated basin, or on swinging moorings. Access to pontoon berths is around ±2 HW, (swinging moorings is 2.5 hours), depending on tide height. To find Thornham Marina enter into Thorney Channel and proceed north, pass Thorney Island SC and church to port. Follow the moorings all the way to the entrance to Prinsted Bay. After entering the bay, follow the channel markers which will then guide you into the deep water pool or pontoon berths. Call Sign ‘Thornham Marina’, VHF Ch 80. There is storage for around 300 vessels; a 12 ton boat hoist; electricity and water; toilets and showers; and car parking. Contact: Thornham Marina, Thornham Lane, Prinsted, Nr. Emsworth, PO10 8DD. Tel: 01243 375335. www.thornhammarina.com
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Birdham Pool Marina - The marina is situated on the southern edge of Chichester Harbour six miles from the entrance, in an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The marina runs alongside a traditional working shipyard which provides excellent services. Birdham Pool can accommodate up to 265 vessels and berthing is mostly between piles, bow or stern to the shore or jetties. The approach channel to Birdham Pool Marina is approximately 10m in width. Please call on VHF Ch 80, Call Sign ‘Birdham Pool Marina’, or by mobile to the lock on 07831 466815. Entrance and exit via the lock is available ±3.5 hours HW. Contact: Birdham Pool Limited, Birdham, Chichester, West Sussex, PO20 7BG. Tel: 01243 512310. www.birdhampool.co.uk Chichester Marina - Chichester Marina is situated upstream from Birdham Pool on the starboard side of Chichester Harbour. Once inside the harbour you need to head northeast past East Head and toward Itchenor to arrive at the Marina. The channel to the marina is marked by the Chichester Marina starboard pile. Maximum speed 6 knots. On arrival, moor your vessel on the outer waiting pontoon and visit the marina reception for locking instructions. Alternatively, you can contact the marina for a berth allocation prior to your arrival. During busy periods a queuing procedure may be in operation. The duty lock-keeper can advise on current locking arrangements.  The lock allows 24-hour access to the marina with excellent security provided around the clock. The marina has luxury toilets and showers; a launderette; a new Café Bistro overlooking the water; free Wi-Fi; a friendly yacht club, free parking; post collection; a new boatyard facility with a wide variety of marine tenants and an undercover boatshed. Contact: Premier Chichester Marina, Birdham, Chichester, West Sussex, PO20 7EJ. Tel: 01243 512731. www.premiermarinas.com/chichester Haines Boatyard - Haines Boatyard is synonymous with the shipwright and painting expertise required to restore and maintain a varied range of classic and modern keelboats, yachts and motor craft. They are proud of their long heritage offering a wide range of services for boats up to 34ft and 6 tonnes, including hauling, launching, pressure washing and anti-fouling. Indoor and outdoor summer and winter storage is available for all types of boat up to 28ft. Facilities include a fully-equipped shipwright, painting and rigging workshop with a 10 ton gantry. Contact: Haines Boatyard, Itchenor, Chichester, West Sussex, PO20 7AN. Tel: 01243 512228. Email: [email protected]
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COWES & RIVER MEDINA COWES & RIVER MEDINA
50º46’.08N, 01º17’.95W
Cowes is fortunate to enjoy the benefits of its geography and history. Its position at the centre of the Solent, with a harbour that’s easily accessible and a river navigable as far as Newport, has made it the Isle of Wight’s main port as well as a popular destination harbour and event centre for sailing and powerboating.
Photo: Rick Tomlinson
Cowes’ history is steeped in yachting tradition. Even before the 1815 founding in London of The Yacht Club, which went on to become the Royal Yacht Squadron, Cowes was a fashionable watering place. The Cowes Regatta, which was based on the annual licensing of the local pilot vessels and races between them, was a popular spectator sport for visitors even before the advent of Cowes Week. When Queen Victoria’s court was at Osborne House the town became famous for yachting and social events. Today, Cowes has evolved to meet the demands of a growing leisure marine audience and tourist visitors. The harbour and river offer easy access and a choice of mooring types, either close to the town or in the more tranquil stretches of the River Medina. In addition to leisure craft the harbour and river see a large number of commercial movements including Red Funnel car ferries, high-speed Red Jet ferries, and cargo vessels up to 100m. A new 350m detached breakwater is currently under construction; this is located between the No. 2 buoy and the Shrape Breakwater. The breakwater is surrounded by an exclusion zone which is marked by lit buoys and extends approximately 70m from the breakwater with the exception of the western end which lies adjacent to the fairway. Works will continue through the summer of 2015 with completion expected in October.
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COWES & RIVER MEDINA For up-to-date details of the construction works and exclusion zones refer to the Cowes Local Notices to Mariners www.cowesharbourcommission.co.uk/local_notices_to_mariners and the project pages at http://www.cowesharbourcommission.co.uk/ cowes_breakwater_project The approach to Cowes is fairly straightforward by day or night but caution is always advised especially at or near Springs when strong tides run across Cowes Roads and in the Inner Harbour which can easily set you off course. The best approach for vessels that cannot use the Small Craft Channel is from the north and keeping close to the starboard-hand marker No.1, following the starboard side of the channel. Beware that between HW-3hrs and HW a strong westerly setting cross current may be experienced at the entrance and again in the Inner Fairway between the Island Sailing Club and Town Quay particularly on spring tides. Sailing boats should ensure that their engines are running to assist safe navigation; once past Town Quay the cross tide is considerably reduced. Small craft may opt to use the Small Craft Channel, that connects the eastern approaches to Cowes, with the main fairway opposite Town Quay, enabling small vessels to avoid the main harbour entrance when approaching/ departing Cowes from/to the north and east. The depth in the Small Craft Channel may be as little as 0.2m below chart datum. As a rule of thumb, if your draught is more than the current tide height you should avoid using the channel. The current tide height can be found on the cowesharbourcommission.co.uk home page or on the tide boards located at Town Quay, Watch House and the Shrape Beacon. Vessels using the channel should stay below 6 knots and pass to seaward of the Shrape Beacon and between the three pairs of red and green buoys, and also the two pairs of yellow marks which mark the eastern end of the channel, and avoid entering the moorings either side or the Shrape Watersports Area to the east of the Shrape Breakwater. Hazards include the numerous mooring buoys to the east of Cowes entrance and areas of foul ground and drying banks to the west (rocks); you need to constantly monitor your position. The Red Jet ferries often approach and depart the No. 1 and 2 fairway buoys at high speed and the Red Funnel car ferries should not be obstructed; Rule 9 applies in the fairway which extends approximately 500m to the north of the No. 1 and No. 2 buoys. There is a 6 knot through the water speed limit within Cowes Harbour. All sailing vessels with engines shall have their engines ready for immediate use when sailing south of No 4 buoy. The Town Quay basin and surrounding area are often busy and vessels must keep watch for Red Funnel car ferry and Red Jet catamaran movements. Avoid overtaking the Red Jets on their starboard side as they slow to make a 180 degree turn to starboard prior to berthing. The Cowes Chain Ferry or Floating Bridge as it is also known, operates throughout the year for around 18 hours each day and takes passengers and vehicles across the narrow mouth of the River Medina estuary between Cowes and East Cowes. Depending on the tide and position of the Chain Ferry in the river, the depth of navigable water above the level of the chains does vary, being
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deepest in the centre of the fairway and steadily decreasing towards the banks of the River Medina and at the bow of the ferry. With the Chain Ferry berthed on either the Cowes or East Cowes side, the depth of navigable water above the chains is a minimum of 1.7m below chart datum in the centre of the fairway. Beware of strong tides in the vicinity of the Chain Ferry, especially to the east of the fairway over Spring tides during the ebb when the tidal rate can be over 4 knots. For further information contact the Ferry Manager on 01983 293041. Cowes owes much of its popularity to its location in the centre of the Solent and its position midway between Weymouth (46 nautical miles) and Brighton (53 nautical miles), in the centre of the most popular sailing area in the country. As a result, during the summer season there are lots of recreational craft moored on buoys, pontoons, and pile moorings within Cowes Harbour and along the River Medina. A large number of yacht races start and/or finish in Cowes, and the harbour is also popular with visiting cruisers and powerboaters. The main sailing season runs from April to October with the busiest period during July and August. Cowes Week, which is held in the first half of August, sees the approaches to Cowes Harbour and the fairway become extremely crowded. To contact the afloat Cowes Harbour Master call on VHF Ch 69 Call Sign ‘HM1’ or ‘Cowes Harbour Radio’ for the Harbour Master’s Office. Contact: Harbour Office, Town Quay, Cowes, PO31 7AS. Tel: 01983 293952. www.cowesharbourcommission.co.uk
www.theanchorcowes.co.uk
COWES & RIVER MEDINA
COWES & RIVER MEDINA
COWES & RIVER MEDINA Scrubbing berths can be found at Town Quay next to the Harbour Office, or a lift and scrub can be arranged through one of the marinas. Petrol and red diesel are available from Lallow’s Boatyard (50m south of Cowes Yacht Haven on the western side of the fairway) as well as at Cowes Harbour Fuels which also supplies calor gas, engine oils and fuel treatments and is suitable for deep draught vessels. Fresh water is available at Trinity Landing and Town Quay. There are several public landing places and slipways. In Cowes there is the Whitegates pontoon suitable for tenders, a slipway between Thetis Wharf and Shepards Wharf Marina, Town Quay adjacent to the Red Jet terminal (up to 7m LOA), the Sun Slip by HSBC Bank, the Market Slip by the Waterside Pub, the Watch House slip next to the old HM Customs, the south end of Trinity Landing, and at Egypt Point there is a slipway east of the Point. Also in East Cowes at Bells landing (tidal) just north of Cowes Union Flag hangar, the White Hart slip south of the Red Funnel ferry terminal, the pontoon south of Trinity Wharf, and the Folly slip. Vessels up to 7m LOA can moor at Town Quay, next to the Red Jet ferry terminal from where there is direct access to the High Street. The pontoon at Trinity Landing also offers walk ashore access. Whitegates visitor pontoons are situated on both sides of the main fairway, south of the Chain Ferry. In addition, from March to October M Row, off The Green, provides heavy duty deep water moorings, max LOA 25m. Cowes Yacht Haven - Cowes Yacht Haven is centrally located giving visitors instant access to Cowes town centre. The marina is accessible at all states of the tide and has 260 fully serviced berths, max LOA 50m. There is a 30 ton hoist and 15 ton mobile crane, WiFi, winter berthing and dry sailing, on-site engineers, electricians and boat repairers, laundry, showers and toilets. Cowes Yacht Haven Events Centre is an ideal location for rallies or other events. with room to seat up to 400 guests and 3000sq/m of outdoor exhibition space. Call VHF 80 ‘Cowes Yacht Haven’ for berthing instructions. Contact: Cowes Yacht Haven, Vectis Yard, High Street, Cowes PO31 7BD. Tel: 01983 299975. www.cowesyachthaven.com. Shepards Wharf Marina - Shepards Wharf is just minutes walk from the bustling centre of Cowes. There is capacity for up to 100 visitors, 35 residents and a basin for the exclusive use of dry sailing clients. Shepards is popular with many organised rallies and regattas. VHF Ch 80 Call Sign ‘Shepards Wharf Marina’. Shepards Wharf Marina services include boat lifting, dry sailing, electricity and water, free WIFI, free showers and toilets, a pump out and waste facility, CCTV, a restaurant, sail maker, annual moorings, as well as visitor and winter berths. Berths can be booked in advance; at peak times in the season rafting up may be necessary. Contact: Shepards Wharf Marina; Medina Road, Cowes, PO31 7HT. Tel: 01983 297821. www.shepardswharfmarina.co.uk East Cowes Marina - East Cowes Marina is situated in a sheltered location on the eastern bank of the Medina River, just upstream of
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on board to a
life at sea
UKSA is a youth charity based in Cowes on the Isle of Wight. We believe in giving young people the chance to transform their lives through the power of the sea. But we also run courses and recreational days for all, from experienced professionals to children to superyacht students to ex-offenders. You can gain RYA and career certification or simply enjoy a range of fun activities.
For more information, visit uksa.org UKSAsailing
@UKSAsailing
Charity Recreation Professional Schools & Groups Development
COWES & RIVER MEDINA
COWES & RIVER MEDINA the Chain Ferry linking Cowes with East Cowes. VHF 80 Call Sign ‘East Cowes Marina’. The marina provides 240 annual berths and over 140 visitors’ berths. Visitor berths can be booked in advance, and are all ‘walk-ashore’ with free electricity and fresh water. Shore side facilities include high quality washrooms and showers, a laundry room, car parking, and yacht stores. Free WiFi and internet stations are available in the marina reception. Next to the marina office the ever popular ‘Lifeboat’ pub, with its sunny decking area overlooking the river, serves quality food all day, every day. The marina is a great base for all the Isle of Wight’s major events, including the Round the Island Race, Cowes Week, and the music festivals. East Cowes town has a Waitrose and Co-op, a post office, cash machine, restaurants, cafés and takeaways. There are lovely Medina river walks, and Osborne House and the Classic Boat Museum are just a few minutes stroll away. Cowes is easily accessible by Chain Ferry or the friendly and efficient Sally Water Taxi service operating from the marina. The marina welcomes rallies, and a marquee and BBQ area are available for hire. Contact: East Cowes Marina, Britannia Way, East Cowes, PO32 6UB. Tel: 01983 293 983. www.deanreddyhoff.co.uk//east-cowes-marina Folly Inn - If you wish to travel from East Cowes or Cowes to the Folly Inn, the Folly Waterbus is available on VHF Ch 77 or tel. 07974 864627. There are three visitor pontoons up the Medina River near the Folly Inn, one is a walk ashore and the other two are in mid-river. All are run by the Folly Berthing Master. The walk ashore pontoon has water and electricity, showers and toilets are accessible 24 hours a day at the Folly Inn. There is also a scrubbing berth available nearby. Call on VHF Ch 72 Call Sign ‘Folly Launch’ as you are passing port hand marker No. 10 for berthing instructions. Contact: Folly Moorings, River Medina, Isle of Wight. Tel: 07884 400046. www.follymoorings.co.uk Island Harbour - Set in one of the most picturesque riverside locations, in an area of outstanding natural beauty, Island Harbour is situated just over a mile south of Cowes. This peaceful friendly marina, ideally suited to couples and families, offers over 200 pontoon walk ashore berths, as well as many amenities including a fully refurbished bar and restaurant that is now under the marina’s management. Showers, a laundry room, car parking, and free WiFi are also available. Other facilities include a well stocked chandlery, winter hard standing, on site boat repairers, a 50 ton travel hoist and a slipway. Call Sign ‘Island Harbour’ on VHF Ch 80. Notify the Marina of your arrival when entering the Folly Reach, to enter Island Harbour,
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Visitor and Annual berths ~ All walk-ashore Hard standing available ~ Free Wi-Fi Showers and laundry room ~ Water taxis Isle of Wight Festival packages ~ Camping
Marina Enquiries: 01983 539 994 Restaurant Enquiries: 01983 533 388 Email: [email protected]
www.island-harbour.co.uk
COWES & RIVER MEDINA
COWES & RIVER MEDINA continue up the main channel until you reach the five red lane markers on your port side (if approaching from Cowes), then make your turn as directed by the duty Lock Keeper,. There is a ‘waiting pontoon’ opposite the lane markers for waiting craft or if directed there by the Marina staff. Access is approximately 4 hours either side of HW depending on your draft, although there is a 2.5 metre draft restriction into the marina over the lock seal. Marina staff are always on hand to help you through the lock as well as assist you onto your berth in inclement weather. Contact: Island Harbour, Mill Lane, Binfield, Newport, PO30 2LA. Tel: 01983 539994. www.island-harbour.co.uk Newport Harbour - Newport Harbour is a small leisure harbour situated at the navigable head of the River Medina, some 5 miles south from the port of Cowes. The harbour is close to the centre of Newport, county town of the Isle of Wight, and a broad range of facilities are available nearby. The harbour dries out completely at LW. Public transport is readily available to other parts of the Isle of Wight, making Newport Harbour a great destination for the sailing family. To reach Newport Harbour from Cowes, a beacon at the Folly displays a rapid flashing green light. This is located 1.5 cables south of the Folly Inn Point at the end of the row of yacht moorings.
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Moving south, two pairs of fixed green lights are located on the west bank, at the northern and southern ends of the Cement Mills site. At Dodnor, a further pair of fixed green lights mark the end of a small jetty extending from the west bank. Shallow points upstream are marked by red buoys on the port side and green buoys on the starboard. On the east bank, the approach to Newport Harbour is identified by large white beacons with pairs of horizontal red lights showing at night. When lined up, these beacons bear a course of 192º T and show the approach channel to the harbour. HW Spring tides give an average 2.5m depth in the approach channel and at the visitors’ pontoons, but this may increase depending on weather conditions. The Neap high tide depth is 1.8m. The harbour dries out at LW, around 5 hours after HW, revealing a firm level bottom. It is advised that fin keeled boats should lie against the quay walls south of the visitors’ pontoons. Newport Harbour has showers and toilets, water and electricity on the pontoons, waste facilities, two slipways, and dry berth storage for around 50 boats. Boat repairs and gas available from Odessa Marine boatyard on the west bank and a chandlery is next door at Little London. Contact: Newport Harbour Office, Town Quay, Newport, PO30 2ED. Tel: 01983 525994. www.iwight.com
www.thelifeboatcowes.co.uk
FAREHAM FAREHAM
FAREHAM CHANNEL: 50º50’.40N, 01º10’.40W (ENT)
Fareham provides a unique opportunity to explore a rich heritage of both maritime and national history, peaceful woodland walks, conservation areas, plus an attractive safe coastline.
Photo: Fareham TIC
North of the marinas on your port side as you enter Portsmouth Harbour, and the docks on your starboard side, is Fareham Lake. Further north are Bomb Ketch Lake and Spider Lake on your starboard side, then a couple of southerly cardinal marks which need to be left to starboard. From now on the channel is marked by piles. Bedbenham Pier, on your port side, should not be approached closer than 12m. The channel is lit as far as Foxbury Point. Anyone planning to push on up to Fareham must take note of the overhead electricity cables, which cross the channel from Cams Hall Golf Course across to Fareham Reach, and only have a safe clearance of 16m at Mean High Water Springs. Close to Fareham depths rapidly shallow out in the channel. WicorMarine Yacht Haven - situated to the north of Bedenham Pier, and only a half-hour from the harbour entrance, is a family owned and operated marina offering a variety of deep water or tidal pontoon, swinging moorings, and storage, as well as competitive rates for a mid-season scrub and short-term storage. It boasts a wonderful licensed cafe SALT as well as a well-stocked chandlery and can offer own-boat sail training. A number of marine trades are on site to deal with repairs and maintenance and there is a wellequipped tool hire store. Visitors are welcome. Contact: WicorMarine Yacht Haven, Cranleigh Road, Portchester, Fareham, PO16 9DR. Tel: 01329 237112. www.wicormarine.co.uk Portsmouth Marine Engineering - Continuing onwards from WicorMarine Yacht Haven, and after the sailing club you will pass, on your port side, a yard run by Portsmouth Marine Engineering with around 130 pontoon berths, some with electricity, shower and toilet facilities. They can offer temporary visitors’ berths subject to availability. There is a 10 ton boat crane, and storage for 35 boats on dry land. Contact: Portsmouth Marine Engineering (VRS Holdings Ltd), Lower Quay, Fareham, PO16 0RJ. Tel: 01329 232854. www.portsmouthmarine.co.uk email [email protected]
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KEYHAVEN
50º42’.85N, 01º33’.26W (ENT) KEYHAVEN
Keyhaven is an attractive harbour at the western tip of the Solent lying within an area of unspoilt Hampshire coast. The harbour is shielded by the massive shingle bar that leads to the famous Hurst Castle situated at its strategic position, guarding the western approaches to the Solent and originally built by Henry VIII.
Photo: New Forest District Council
Keyhaven has many qualities ranging from the extent of sheltered water, which makes it so suitable for teaching youngsters sailing and canoeing, to the great wealth of nature conservation and landscape interest. To approach Keyhaven from the west, enter the Solent by Hurst Point and beware of The Trap if coming in via the north channel. Be aware of strong tidal cross streams. The entrance is approximately 0.5m north-northwest of Hurst Point. There are two unlit buoys, one red and one green near the entrance at North Point. The depth between these buoys is virtually at chart datum so whatever height of tide is shown at that time is how much water there is. Normally, entry is restricted to 2 hours each side of HW. Red and white hooped transit posts line up at a bearing of 308º. Proceed through the buoys until a red buoy is abeam on your port side. Enter the river around this buoy. Note the first of many starboard hand laterals for the channel. When entering from the east, and when Port Albert is abeam, turn to starboard and head towards the red and green buoys. Then follow the directions above. It is not advisable to to attempt entering Keyhaven in strong easterly winds. There is a 4 knot speed limit once inside the River. Anchorage is close to the spit on your port side. The deepest water is always where the mooring buoys are. There are no dedicated visitor moorings. Pick up any spare buoy and contact the River Warden on VHF 37/M1 or P1 or phone 01590 645695. Charges for both mooring and anchoring apply. The West Solent Boat Builders yard is situated immediately behind the quay providing a full range of boatyard facilities, including cranage. On the north side of the quay, a slipway with a cradle is used to haul out vessels too heavy to be lifted by crane. Contact: Keyhaven River Warden, The Observation Tower, Keyhaven Quay, Keyhaven, SO41 0TR. Tel: 01590 645695. www.newforest.gov.uk Please note, information in this publication is to be used as a guide only and not for navigation.
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LANGSTONE HARBOUR LANGSTONE HARBOUR
50º47’.01N, 01º01’.60W + (ENT)
Langstone Harbour lies on Hampshire’s southeast coast, a large tidal bay between Portsmouth Harbour to the west and Chichester Harbour to the east. Commercial shipping, fishing, and recreational boating have been well established in the peaceful, sheltered waters of the harbour for many years.
Photo: Richard Barnes
There is abundant wildlife in Langstone Harbour which remains an area of real wilderness alongside the major city of Portsmouth. Sailors, boaters and other water sports enthusiasts share the harbour with the resident wildlife and, providing a little consideration is shown, all the different uses can coexist in harmony. Langstone Harbour contains a number of nesting islands and landing is not allowed. Visitors should avoid trampling the mud and saltmarsh plants to ensure their survival into the future. Langstone Harbour is a shallow, natural harbour with extensive mudflats which are exposed during low tide. The whole harbour is one of Hampshire’s several ‘Sites of Special Scientific Interest’ (SSSI) with international status. Together with neighbouring Chichester Harbour, it is a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance, and part of the Solent European Marine Site. The approach to Langstone Harbour is easy in most weather conditions, but best from High Water -3 to +1 hour. The entrance channel lies between the East and West Winner drying banks, which offer some protection. Once close to the Fairway Beacon, approximately 1 mile to the south of the harbour entrance, in line with a conspicuous chimney, steer 344º to just clear East Winner. The entrance itself deepens and favours the west side. The harbour speed limit is 10 knots and, because of the environmental sensitivity of the area’s wildlife, there are also restrictions on certain activities. Chichester Harbour is accessible under the Hayling road bridge for vessels of low air draught at certain states of the tide.
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LANGSTONE HARBOUR LANGSTONE HARBOUR
All vessels using Langstone Harbour are obliged to pay harbour dues; this includes vessels visiting Southsea Marina. All vessels on the water must display their daily or annual plaque. Fuel, water, and waste reception facilities are available at the Hayling pontoon. Harbour Office call up is VHF Ch 12/16; the working frequency is Ch 12. There are three public slipways in Langstone Harbour; the Ferry Point slipway, Hayling Island; Eastney slipway, Portsmouth; and the Broadmarsh slipway. Contact: Langstone Harbour Board, Harbour Office, Ferry Road, Hayling Island, PO11 0DG. Tel: 02392 463419. www.langstoneharbour.org.uk Southsea Marina - Southsea Marina is a small friendly marina set in Langstone Harbour. Contact the marina on VHF channel 80 call sign ‘Southsea Marina’ when approaching Southsea Marina channel to be given berthing instructions. The speed limit in the marina channel is 5 knots. Southsea Marina has a tidal gate which opens and closes automatically at certain states of the tide and when closed there is a waiting pontoon. The tides for Southsea Marina and the times of the tidal gate opening and closing are available to download at www.premiermarinas.com/southsea. Southsea Marina offers new luxury facilities, a launderette, an on-site bar and restaurant, 24-hour diesel and petrol and a fully serviced boatyard. The marina also has a fishing club, free WiFi, electricity and water on the pontoons and bottled gas. A convenience store and a cashpoint are 10 minutes’ walk away. Contact: Premier Southsea Marina, Fort Cumberland Road, Portsmouth, PO4 9RJ. Tel: 023 9282 2719. www.premiermarinas.com/southsea
Photo: Premier Marinas
LYMINGTON HARBOUR LYMINGTON HARBOUR
50º45’.10N, 01º31’.40W (ENT)
Lymington Harbour is located within an attractive estuary on the Hampshire coast at the western end of the Solent. The estuary is 2 miles long with the entrance channel lying between salt marshes. It is shared by yachtsmen, fishermen, and the Isle of Wight ferry.
Photo: Ryan Willegers
Lymington River is well sheltered and access is available at all states of tide making it a popular destination for visiting yachtsmen. The speed limit is 6 knots with an advisory limit of 4 knots upstream of the wave screens near the entrance to the Lymington Yacht Haven. There is a double High Water at Springs which gives a stand of 3 hours. At Neaps there is a stand of 2 hours. However, wind direction and force and barometric pressure can materially alter these conditions. The tidal range at Springs is 3.1m and at Neaps 1.5m. On approach the first thing you see is the yacht club starting platform with a distant backdrop of masts in the Yacht Haven marina. Leave the platform well to starboard. Jack in the Basket is a single red pile with a basket top-mark to the southwest of the entrance. Water depth in much of the marked channel is in excess of -2.0m below chart datum. However, on the marked channel margins the depth of water is shallower in some locations. Please give way to the Wightlink ferries which run every hour at peak times. For guidance refer to the ‘River Safety’ section on www.lymingtonharbour.co.uk. At night, the main channel piles are lit, green to starboard and red to port, all flashing every two seconds. Leading lights for entering the river are fixed red on 319°T. In Short Reach (as the river bends to the right) there are two red and white transit posts lit by fixed white directional lights to the west of the river at the south end and two black and white posts similarly lit on the east side of the Reach at the north end. These are to assist the ferries to line up and pass in the river.
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LYMINGTON HARBOUR
Either side of the marked navigation channel in Short Reach are rock breakwaters. The end of the eastern breakwater that is nearest the navigation channel is marked at night by a beacon displaying two fixed green lights vertically disposed. The end of the western breakwater that is nearest the navigation channel is marked at night by two fixed red lights vertically disposed. The extent of both breakwater underwater footprints is marked by yellow special marks mounted on vertical posts – keep clear. The wave screens mark the beginning of the inner harbour. Beyond these you pass to port in quick succession the entrance to the Yacht Haven marina, Dan Bran visitors’ pontoon, the Harbour Master’s pontoon and the Harbour Office, public slipway, the two yacht clubs and finally Berthon Lymington Marina which faces the ferry terminal on the opposite bank. Above the ferry terminal the channel narrows and turns to port between two lines of piles forming moorings. This part of the channel has a maintained depth of 1.7m up to the Town Quay where there are visitors’ mooring buoys and pontoons for visitors. At the Town Quay there is room for up to 60 visiting boats within two minutes walk of the town centre. Harbour staff can be contacted on 01590 672014. An out-of-hours messaging service operates. The Harbour Master does not offer a VHF service.
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LYMINGTON HARBOUR Visitors are invited to go directly to the Town Quay where walk ashore and fore and aft moorings are available on a first come first served basis. Mooring areas are maintained to 1.7m below chart datum. There is a separate walk-ashore facility further downstream, the Dan Bran pontoon, which is available on a pre-booked basis for visiting boats. The Dan Bran visitor pontoon, which has both electricity and water, can accommodate rallies of up to fifty (10m) boats moored together. Mooring areas are maintained to a minimum of 1.7m below chart datum. There are also six bookable berths for small boats up to 8m in length on the inside of the Harbour Master’s Pontoon. There are showers open for visitors all year round adjacent to the visitors’ moorings on the Town Quay. Separate shower facilities are available for users of the Dan Bran pontoon. Two scrubbing areas are available at the Town Quay slipway and three areas immediately north of the Royal Lymington Yacht Club. Reservations and payment must be made through the Harbour Office first. There is a public slipway from the Bath Road car park; a charge is made for launching. Please pay Harbour staff on the slipway or at the nearby Harbour Office. Public pontoons for landing can be found at the Town Quay and off the car park in Bath Road. Boats must not be left unattended in the yellow hatched emergency area on the Harbour Master pontoon. Contact: Lymington Harbour Commissioners, Harbour Office, Bath Road, Lymington SO41 3SE. Tel: 01590 672014. www.lymingtonharbour.co.uk Both marinas at Lymington may be contacted on VHF Ch 80 for berth availability.
Photo: Ryan Willegers
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Lymington Yacht Haven - Lymington Yacht Haven is the first marina that comes into sight as you make your way up the Lymington River. The Yacht Haven offers 24-hour security, on-the-water fuel 24/7 (except Christmas Day), showers, Wi-Fi, and a bar and restaurant with panoramic views across the Solent to the Isle of Wight. Lymington Yacht Haven boasts a comprehensive range of marine services on-site, including full hoists and wash off facilities, engine servicing and repairs, rigging specialists, and a chandlery. Out-ofhours haul outs are available in emergencies. Contact: Lymington Yacht Haven, Kings Saltern Road, Lymington, Hampshire, SO41 3QD. Tel: 01590 677071. www.yachthavens.com/lymington Berthon Lymington Marina - Lymington Marina is located on the west bank of the Lymington River opposite Lymington Pier railway station and the Wightlink ferry terminal. One of the longest established marinas in the UK, Lymington Marina offers 280 deep water, well-protected berths for yachts up to 45m (150ft) LOA. Full marina facilities are available, including shore power, water, fuel, gas, deluxe washrooms, a launderette, and ice. Call Sign ‘Berthon Lymington Marina’. Contact: Lymington Marina Berthon, The Shipyard, Bath Road, Lymington, Hampshire, SO41 3YL. Tel: 01590 673312. www.berthon.co.uk
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NEWTOWN HARBOUR NEWTOWN HARBOUR
50º43’.45N, 01º24’.66W (ENT)
Newtown Harbour, on the Isle of Wight, lies to the west of Newport and east of Yarmouth. Newtown is a National Nature Reserve administered by the National Trust, and is a fragile area for wildlife and a low key, quiet, and unspoilt location. The estuary is probably the best example of an undisturbed natural harbour on the south coast.
Photo: Island Visions, Jamie Russell
Visitors are encouraged to enjoy the peace and tranquillity of the place but also to respect its charm and character and keep noise and disturbance to a minimum. The winding estuary at Newtown has provided a sheltered harbour for boats over many centuries. It is thought to have once been capable of accommodating much larger ships than the pleasure craft which use it today. The silting up of the channels led to the decline of Newtown as the harbour became difficult to navigate. These days, many of Newtown’s visitors arrive by small boats and use the moorings which are managed by the National Trust. They are attracted by the beautiful scenery, peaceful setting, and the abundant wildlife which thrives on the nature reserve. When approaching Newtown from either east or west, vessels should keep to the north of the west cardinal fairway buoy. Upon approaching the buoy, keep to the west of the buoy and then proceed inbound keeping the leading marks in alignment. The minimum draft in the entrance at Low Water Springs is approximately 2m, therefore boats can enter Newtown River at Low Water. However, vessels should navigate with caution at this time. Prudence and good seamanship should suggest arrival on a rising tide! The leading marks are on a bearing of 130°. The speed limit is a maximum of 5 knots. If a vessel, such as a fully loaded RIB, is creating excessive wash at 5 knots then speed should be reduced further. Depths vary throughout the estuary. Anchoring is free of charge, however visitors are encouraged to make a voluntary donation to the National Trust which maintains this beautiful location. There are visitor moorings in the estuary, charges apply, and the Harbour Master can be contacted by phone on 01983 531424, but not VHF.
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MORE THAN JUST A PUB! NEWTOWN HARBOUR
IOW DINING PUB OF THE YEAR FOR 2015
MICHELIN PUB GUIDE 2015
THE NEW INN Main Road | Shalfleet | IW | PO30 4NS 01983 531314 www.thenew-inn.co.uk Water is available on the landward end of the footbridge at Newtown Quay; waste facilities at Shalfleet Quay. There is a landing place at Shalfleet Quay which is the main point of access to reach the New Inn. There is a National Trust visitor point at the Newtown nature reserve but the nearest toilet and refreshment facilities are in nearby villages. A free local information leaflet can be obtained from the Harbour Master. Contact: Newtown Harbour Master. Tel: 01983 531424. Extracts from ‘Discovering Newtown’ are reproduced with the permission of the National Trust. Visit www.nationaltrust.org.uk to find out more.
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POOLE HARBOUR POOLE HARBOUR
50°43’.50N, 001°59’.00W (ENT)
Poole is the second largest natural harbour in the world, with an interior coastline of over 100 miles and covering nearly 10,000 acres. It is a very shallow harbour and mariners are advised to stay within the marked channels, indicated by the red and green lateral posts or buoys, at all times within the Harbour to avoid running aground.
Photo: Poole Harbour Commission
When approaching from the east, the high cliffs of ‘Anvil Point’ will be clearly visible. As you get closer the white chalk cliffs of ‘Handfast Point’, also known as ‘Old Harry Rocks’, come into view. The main Swash Channel into Poole is well marked and is usable day and night in all conditions. In very strong winds from the south or southeast it can become dangerous on the ebb in the vicinity of Poole Bar. The channel itself runs between the ‘training bank’ on the western side and ‘Hook Sands’ on the eastern side. A small craft channel runs along the western side of the Swash Channel and is the recommended entrance for leisure vessels. It is marked on its western side by a series of lit and unlit red piles on the training bank and bounded on the eastern side by the red can buoys of the Main Swash Channel. Vessels using this channel should re-join the main Swash Channel between Number 8 buoy and Number 10 ready to traverse the Harbour Entrance. A handy alternative to the main Swash Channel, for those coming along the coast from the east, is to head straight for the entrance via the East Looe Channel. This is well marked with port and starboard hand buoys and runs west over the sands before dog-legging round to the southwest close along the shore. It is quite shallow and should be navigated with caution and avoided by deeper draught vessels. The Harbour Entrance is only 300m wide causing tides up to 5kn on an ebbing spring. Consult the tidal stream atlas and plan your entrance accordingly. A Chain Ferry runs across the Harbour Entrance taking vehicles and passengers between Sandbanks and Shell Bay. The ferry has right of way over all vessels. When the ferry is about to cross a black ball is hoisted in the rigging and a white strobe light will flash on the mast. 98
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Cobb’s Quay Marina l
Dry Stack
POOLE HARBOUR
mdlmarinas.co.uk
After entering the harbour, the striking façade of Brownsea Castle will be Banner 1.indd 4 clearly visible. There are many options available with regard 20/03/2014 to an overnight stop. Poole Quay Boat Haven is easily reached by following the Middle Ship Channel round to the north and then west until you reach the south cardinal Stakes buoy (Number 29). Follow the ‘Little Channel’ towards Town Quay and the entrance to the Marina is clearly visible on the right hand side. Alternatively take the North Channel, leave the main ship channel at the ‘Bell’ Southerly Cardinal and proceed along the channel heading initially northeast and then bearing round to northwest. From this channel the Royal Motor Yacht Club, Salterns Marina, Parkstone Yacht Club, and Parkstone Bay Marina are easily accessible. South Deep offers a sheltered spot for a quiet night at anchor. After passing through the entrance make a sharp turn to port between port hand buoy No. 14 and the east cardinal Brownsea and venture down the marked channel southeast of Brownsea Island. You can’t anchor in the channel but with care you should find deep water just outside it. Navigational Hints: See Admiralty Chart 2611 or Imray Chart Y23. Please note: Be aware of the chain ferry in the entrance to the harbour and a byelaw which states that all vessels must give way to the chain and use a motor if fitted when transiting the harbour entrance. Contact: Poole Harbour Commissioners, 20 New Quay Road, Hamworthy, Poole, Dorset BH15 4AF. Tel: 01202 440200. www.phc.co.uk Poole Harbour Control: Tel: 01202 440230. VHF Channel 14 (vessels should maintain a listening watch from Bar Buoy inbound) Call Sign ‘Poole Harbour Control’. Poole Quay Boat Haven: Tel: 01202 649488 (Option 1). VHF Channel 80. Call Sign ‘Poole Quay Boat Haven’. Cobb’s Quay Marina - With its lively, seafaring atmosphere, this 1,090 berth marina is a favourite with yachtsmen and motor cruisers alike. It is situated at Hamworthy in Holes Bay within Poole Harbour, the world’s second largest natural harbour. Much of the shoreline is undeveloped and there are many inlets and small islands to explore by boat. To reach Cobb’s Quay Marina, enter Poole Harbour by the main Swash Channel from Poole Bar buoy; or from the east via the shallower East Looe Channel. Go up-harbour via the North Channel or Middle Ship Channel. Pass Poole Quay and transit the lifting bridges. Follow the buoyed channel to the marina. Cobb’s Quay offers 850 marina berths (max LOA: 25m) and 240 dry stack berths (max LOA: 10m); fuel (petrol/diesel); gas; boat lifting and storage ashore; slipway; laundry facilities; restaurant and bar; brokerage; chandlery; convenience store; and Wi-Fi. Contact: Cobb’s Quay Marina, Hamworthy, Poole, Dorset, BH15 4EL. VHF Ch 80. Tel: 01202 674299. www.cobbsquaymarina.co.uk
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POOLE HARBOUR
POOLE HARBOUR
Salterns Marina - Located within the beautiful, sheltered waters of Poole Harbour, this award-winning 5 Gold Anchor marina offers permanent and visitor berths, swinging moorings, Versadock and storage ashore. On-site car parking and full marina and boatyard facilities including 24-hour manned security, 24-hour fuel, slipway, on-site hotel, bar and restaurant. Call on VHF Ch 80 or 37, call sign ‘Salterns Marina’. Contact: Salterns Marina, 40 Salterns Way, Lilliput, Poole, Dorset, BH14 8JR. Tel: 01202 709971. www.salterns.co.uk
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CONTACT US... DORSET LAKE SHIPYARD Poole, Dorset. BH15 4DT Contact us on 01202 674531 [email protected]
www.lakeyard.co.uk Agents for Boston Whaler UK Dorset Yacht Company T: +44 (0)1202 674531 www.bostonwhaler.co.uk
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PORT SOLENT
Port Solent is located in the northeast corner of Portsmouth Harbour, near the historic Portchester Castle. Portchester is one of the best preserved of the Roman ‘Saxon shore’ forts and was built in the third century. There are spectacular views over the Solent from the Castle’s towers.
Photo: Premier Marinas
The entrance to Portchester Lake lies about a mile north of Portsmouth Harbour entrance; it is marked to the west by pile 57 and to the east by pile 95. The whole channel is marked by red piles to the west and by green piles to the east. Twenty of the piles are lit by navigational lights.
Although the channel in the south is wide, the best water is defined by a number of craft moored to large buoys, which are not lit, and should be left to port. At night this reach of the channel is clearly defined by lit starboard hand piles. As you clear the moored craft, and in the vicinity of lit pile 63 to port and lit pile 88 to starboard, the channel narrows and starts a long, slow left-hand bend. North of 86 the bend tightens and the best water lies close to the three lit port piles. On the right-hand side opposite these piles is Tipner Lake which is a cul-de-sac and should be avoided. As you proceed around the bend the gates at lit piles no 68 to port and no 80 to starboard mark the sharp turn left into the final section of channel with Portchester Castle to port. Note there is a speed limit in Portsmouth Harbour of 10 knots and there is an advisory speed limit of 5 knots in the upper reaches of Portchester Channel past the Castle. It is not permitted to stop or linger in the safety arcs of Tipner Range. If you intend to proceed to Port Solent Marina, at pile 78 make your call to Port Solent on VHF Ch 80 and request a lock in. In season the upper section is well marked by moored yachts. Off season beware of many unlit boat moorings on both sides of the channel. From pile No. 80 turn almost due north to pile 79. At low tide keep to the port side of the channel to pile 72a, thereafter cross to the starboard pile No. 76. Pile No. 75 opens the channel between rows of piled yacht moorings. Proceed between the moorings steering on pile A and pile B. Once abeam of pile B, steer to follow a line leaving the outer pontoons to starboard. At pile B the lock entrance will be clearly visible. Do not proceed into the lock barrel unless three green entry lights show. If it is necessary to wait for the lock, you can moor to the outer waiting pontoon, clear of the lock entrance. Port Solent Marina - Port Solent Marina is set against the vibrant backdrop of The Boardwalk’s restaurants, bars and shops, and sailors are drawn to its unique atmosphere. Onsite there is a fully serviced boatyard with storage ashore for 500 boats, 24-hour fuel, luxury showers and toilets, and car parking. Patrols, CCTV and the lock, which allows 24-hour access to the marina, provide security. Call on VHF channel 80. Contact: Port Solent Marina, South Lockside, Port Solent, Portsmouth, PO6 4TJ. Tel: 023 9221 0765. www.premiermarinas.com/portsolent
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PORT SOLENT CHANNEL: 50º50’.10N, 01º06’.80W (ENT)
PORTSMOUTH & GOSPORT PORTSMOUTH & GOSPORT
50º47’.38N, 001º06’.65W (HARBOUR ENTRANCE)
Portsmouth is Britain’s premier naval base and one of the busiest harbours in the country. It is a very large natural harbour, almost completely landlocked except for the narrow entrance, with the approaches themselves well sheltered by the Isle of Wight.
The Queen’s Harbour Master (QHM) Portsmouth is the regulatory authority of the Dockyard Port of Portsmouth, an area of approximately 55 square miles that encompasses not only Portsmouth Harbour itself, but includes all the waters from Cowes in the west to Hayling Island down to Sandown Bay in the east, with the single exception of Bembridge Harbour. Traffic co-ordination for shipping entering and leaving Portsmouth Harbour is performed by Harbour Control which is manned 24 hours a day. The QHM and his staff have to ensure that the 117,000 yearly shipping movements under their control are safely carried out and with the minimum impact to the surrounding area. To facilitate the safe passage of small craft to and from Portsmouth Harbour, a ‘Small Boat Channel’ exists for vessels less than 20m in length on the western side of the harbour entrance. The northern and
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The Perfect Destination Marina Portsmouth Harbour
Visitor berthing at the South’s Premium Retail Outlet Immediate access from the marina to over 90 famous retail outlet stores, cosmopolitan bars, restaurants and much more...
PREMIUM RETAIL OUTLET Call +44 (0)23 9283 6732 www.gunwharf-quays.com
PORTSMOUTH & GOSPORT
PORTSMOUTH & GOSPORT
southern extremities of the Small Boat Channel are at Ballast beacon and No. 4 Bar buoy. Remember, small boats are extremely difficult to see and the harbour entrance is a blind bend to larger vessels. Enter and leave the harbour through the Small Boat Channel. All craft fitted with engines, when navigating in the approach channel to Portsmouth Harbour, are to proceed under power between No. 4 Bar buoy and the Ballast beacon. Vessels are only to cross the main channel when they are to the north of Ballast beacon, and permission has been obtained from the QHM on VHF Ch 11. The Small Boat Channel may only be entered or exited by vessels approaching from the east at its northern or southern extremities. A traffic pattern is established around Ballast beacon; small boats entering the harbour are to pass close to the east of Ballast beacon and those exiting close to the west. If crossing the harbour entrance, do so to the north of Ballast beacon or to the south of No. 4 Bar buoy. Keep to the starboard side of the Small Boat Channel and adjust speed to remain within the channel rather than overtake and be forced into the main channel. Small boats may continue to use the Small Boat Channel when the main channel is closed for the passage of a large vessel. Do not underestimate the speed of ships. If your boat is slow, allow sufficient time to take evasive action in the vicinity of large ships. Be visible. At night make sure your navigation lights can be seen. If you see the navigation lights of a vessel and think you have not been seen, get out of the way. Carry a radar reflector high on your boat. Remember, from the bridge of a loaded container ship or large tanker, the captain or pilot will lose sight of you a third of a mile ahead, although you can see the ship at all times. Ships with deep draught may have less room for manoeuvre than is immediately apparent. At night be extra vigilant as, even on a clear night, you will have difficulty seeing a big ship approach. You might see it first as a black shadow against a background of shore lights, or as a growing shadow, at that point you are not far apart. Remember that your lights will not be easily spotted from the ship.
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It is essential that all mariners operating north of a line between Outer Spit Buoy and Gilkicker Point maintain a close watch on VHF Ch 11, for vessel traffic information from QHM Harbour Control. In an emergency, if you believe you have not been seen or you are unsure of a ship’s intentions, call them on VHF Ch 11 or 16, then shift to a working frequency for inter-ship safety messages. The Swashway is an important channel for shallow draught vessels approaching and leaving Portsmouth Harbour. It should be noted that hovercraft and high-speed catamaran ferries often transit the area en-route to and from Ryde at speeds in excess of 24 knots. As non-displacement craft, hovercraft usually navigate outside the Swashway in areas where depths are shallow. The Spitbank area, as a whole, is regularly used for yacht racing and regattas. Yachts and slow moving craft are advised to keep watch for the possible approach of high-speed ferries and other fast craft. High-speed craft are cautioned not to assume that other boats, particularly those whom they are overtaking, are aware of their presence, and are to give them a sufficiently wide berth. Extra caution is to be taken when operating in the vicinity of the harbour entrance to prevent small and less powerful boats being swept into mid-channel from the Small Boat Channel by the strong cross-tide.
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PORTSMOUTH & GOSPORT
PORTSMOUTH & GOSPORT
PORTSMOUTH & GOSPORT The speed limit within Portsmouth Harbour is 10 knots and the same within 0.5nm of the line of MLWS in any part of the Port of Portsmouth outside the harbour. The speed limit in each case is to be taken as ‘speed through the water’.
When visibility in the harbour or approach channel is less than 0.25 of a nautical mile the QHM may declare the fog routine to be in force. Small boats may proceed with caution but must keep clear of the main navigable channels and the approach channel. The QHM will direct that the routine is in force, and when it has ended, by broadcasts on VHF Ch 11 or 13. Vessels without operational radars are advised not to proceed in such conditions, and in any event, should navigate with extreme caution in conditions of restricted visibility. Contact: Queen’s Harbour Master Portsmouth, Semaphore Tower, HM Naval Base, Portsmouth, PO1 3LT. Tel: 02392 723694. www.qhm.mod.uk/portsmouth/ for access to all QHM Portsmouth LNTM and General Directions. Reference: QHM Portsmouth General Direction 07/10. Small Boat Channel and access to Gunwharf Quays and Town Camber. The Small Boat Channel, as displayed on Admiralty charts, is defined by Ballast Beacon at its northern extremity and No 4 Bar Buoy to the south. As the harbour entrance is a blind bend for large vessels, small boats operating near the harbour entrance are often difficult to detect, the following rules therefore apply to all small boats: 1. Small Boats must enter and leave the harbour through the Small Boat Channel. 2. All craft fitted with engines, when navigating in the Approach Channel to Portsmouth Harbour, are to proceed under power between No 4 Bar Buoy, Ballast Beacon and Gunwharf Quays/Town Camber. 3. The Small Boat Channel may only be entered or exited by vessels approaching from the vicinity of Gunwharf Quays/Town Camber north of Ballast Beacon.
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PORTSMOUTH & GOSPORT
PORTSMOUTH & GOSPORT 4. A traffic pattern is established at Ballast Beacon; small boats entering the harbour are to pass close to the east of Ballast Beacon, those exiting close to the west. 5. Small boats, unless authorised by QHM, are not to loiter in the Small Boat Channel. 6. Small boats should remain on the Starboard side of the Small Boat Channel, adjusting their speed to remain within the Small Boat Channel to avoid overtaking or leaving the Channel. 7. Immediately prior to departure from Gunwharf Quays/Town Camber, small boats are to request permission, from QHM on VHF Ch 11, to cross the harbour to Ballast Beacon before entering the Channel. Note - There are no visitor berths or moorings at Gunwharf Quays, and boats will only be permitted to cross the harbour to Gunwharf Quays if they have an assigned berth. The Gunwharf Berthing Manager can be contacted by VHF Ch 80 or 02392 836732. Gunwharf Quays Marina - Located just 200m from the entrance to Portsmouth Harbour and situated on the East side of the Harbour, beneath the landmark Spinnaker Tower, is Gunwharf Quays Marina. Set against the vibrant backdrop of Portsmouth’s Historic Naval Dockyard, this specially designed marina can accommodate power and sail craft up to 79 metres, with a maximum depth of 5.5 metres. Boasting spacious marina berths with ample manoeuvring space and wide walk-ashore floating pontoons, this prime south coast marina prides itself on offering a raft of dedicated services and facilities. Not to mention a unique waterside experience with an excellent mix of retail, dining and leisure. All essential pontoon services include ample supplies of electricity and fresh water, free and unlimited Wi-Fi, a complimentary laundry service, 24-hour CCTV and a secure access control system. Marina visitors can also enjoy easy access to a nearby fuelling pontoon, as well as subsidised parking in Gunwharf Quays’ awardwinning car park. A worthy recipient of the Yacht Harbour Association’s four gold anchor award, this marina has quality shoreside facilities, including individual showers, basins and changing areas. Add a friendly and professional team who are dedicated to making your stay an enjoyable one, and you have the perfect destination marina. Contact - Gunwharf Quays Marina, Gunwharf Quays, Portsmouth, PO1 3TZ. Tel: 02392 836732. Email: [email protected]. www.gunwharf-quays.com/marina
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PORTSMOUTH & GOSPORT
PORTSMOUTH & GOSPORT Town Quay (Camber) - Set in the most historic part of the city, the Camber Dock is home to the Wightlink Isle of Wight ferry service, local fishing vessels, commercial barges and work boats, KB Boat Park dry stack, and private yachts and motor boats. Visitors are welcome at the Camber Dock and a number of marine related services are available. There is a slipway, trailer park, car park, and boat storage available. Contact: Camber Harbour Office, East Street, Camber Quay, Old Portsmouth, PO1 2JJ. Tel: 023 9283 3166. www.kb-boatpark.co.uk Haslar Marina - Haslar Marina is a modern purpose-built marina in Portsmouth Harbour just minutes from the waters of the Solent. Located in Haslar Creek, Gosport, and protected by a large wave screen, the marina offers sheltered berthing with no tidal restrictions. The marina has up to 120 dedicated visitors’ berths, catering for vessels up to 60m LOA. All berths are fully serviced with water, electricity, and Wi-Fi. Facilities include showers and washrooms, two laundries, bars and restaurants, 24-hour security, and car parking. Sealift 2 are now operating from Haslar Marina. Call Sign ‘Haslar Marina’ on VHF 80. Contact: Haslar Marina, Haslar Road, Gosport, PO12 1NU. Tel: 023 9260 1201. www.deanreddyhoff.co.uk//haslar-marina Gosport Marina - Gosport Marina is situated 500m from Portsmouth Harbour. The marina is dredged to a minimum of 2m and a breakwater redevelopment ensures boats are protected from the wash created by passing ships. Gosport Marina can accommodate 500 boats on berths ranging up to 30m. The marina has excellent toilets and showers, a launderette, a quality Café Bistro, The Boat House Café, fuel berth, dry stack storage, on-site boat care and boat sales. There is electricity and water on the pontoons, berth holder car parking, Wi-Fi and bottled gas available. Gosport High Street with a variety of shops is just two minutes away. Call VHF channel 80 to speak to Gosport Marina. Contact: Gosport Marina, Mumby Road, Gosport, PO12 1AH. Tel: 023 9252 4811. www.premiermarinas.com/gosport The Gosport Ferry provides fast shuttle services from nearby Gosport Ferry pontoon to the popular Gunwharf Quays with its designer outlets, bowling alley, cinema, restaurants and bars.
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PORTSMOUTH & GOSPORT Endeavour Quay - Endeavour Quay provides a comprehensive new build, refit, storage, maintenance and repair facility for sailing yachts and power craft up to 40 metres LOA or 180 tonnes. A range of independent on-site services is available, coupled with an open yard policy. Service and support of major yacht race projects, private and commercial vessel refits, alongside standard repair and maintenance work. The marina has easy access to the Solent and English Channel, with no air draft restriction. There is 90m of serviced waiting pontoons, a 30m long and 8.5m wide lifting dock, and a 180 tonne travel hoist. Tel: 02392 584 200. www.endeavourquay.co.uk Royal Clarence Marina - Royal Clarence Marina lies within a deep water basin fronting the Royal Navy’s former victualling yard, is less than 10 minutes from the entrance to Portsmouth Harbour and close to Gosport town centre. The marina provides fully serviced pontoon berths ranging in length from 10.5 to 18m. There is also over 350 metres of alongside berthing available for international events and other maritime spectaculars. The marina enjoys one of the deepest water basins in southern England with the capacity to take vessels up to 5.25m draft. The ‘alongside berths’ are also ideal for club rallies and events as large numbers of vessels can be berthed. Royal Clarence Marina has 180 fully serviced berths as well as the heavy duty and deep water berths. VHF Ch 80, Call Sign ‘Royal Clarence Marina’. Contact: Royal Clarence Marina, Weevil Lane, Gosport, PO12 1AX. Tel: 02392 523523. www.royalclarencemarina.org
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RIVER HAMBLE & WARSASH 50°50’.40N, 01°18’.50W (ENT) RIVER HAMBLE & WARSASH
Internationally famous as a first class sailing centre, the River Hamble is also renowned for the excellence of its servicing and repair facilities offered in a variety of marinas and boatyards. Whether your interest is racing, power-boating or blue water cruising, the Hamble has the facilities you need; deep water, easy access to the Solent at all states of tide.
Popular with locals and visitors alike, the Hamble is perfect for weekend excursions or as a departure point for destinations further afield. It is used extensively by yachtsmen; competitors in Cowes Week and the Round the Island Race use the harbour as a base, and closer to home, local yacht clubs host the Hamble Winter Series, Warsash Spring Series, Bursledon Regatta, National, European and World championships. The river is not just a sailing Mecca, it is a nationally and internationally important site for nature conservation and a bird watchers’ paradise. Riverside walks or simply watching the world go by are popular pastimes. It also offers a safe location for rowing, canoeing and kayaking, and for the up-coming sport of paddleboarding. The river is a constant hive of activity during the summer season and therefore care should always be taken. Access to the River Hamble is available at all states of tide, although waves can build up at the entrance in a southwesterly wind combined with an ebb tide. By day, from the vicinity of Hamble Point Buoy, follow the main channel which is clearly marked with lit port and starboard-hand piles. From the Warsash Maritime Academy Jetty, the starboard side of the channel is clearly marked by four lit starboard-hand buoys. A ‘preferred channel’ mark (pile) is at the southern end of the first pontoon encountered; leave it to port for the main channel. Thereafter, the main channel is clearly marked with lit port and starboard-hand piles. At night, follow Hamble Common Directional light on a bearing of 352°, then Sailing Club Directional light on a bearing of 029° and then follow the lit buoys and piles as above. Depths obviously vary. Most marinas are dredged to 1.5m. Depths in the main channel vary from at least 4m in the approaches, to 2.2m at Bursledon Bend. Tidal streams can be very strong, particularly on the ebb. Mariners are advised to keep to the centre line or to starboard of the centre line and not too close to the entrance piles, especially at Low Water.
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RIVER HAMBLE & WARSASH
RIVER HAMBLE & WARSASH Walk ashore facilities are available for visitors at the Harbour Master’s jetty at Warsash and Hamble. There are also mid-stream visitors’ pontoons available between piles B1 and B6. For berth allocation, call the Harbour Master on VHF Ch 68 Call Sign ‘Hamble Harbour Radio’. There is a 6 knot ‘through the water’ speed limit from No. 1 pile and wash limit on all vessels whilst within the River Hamble harbour limits. No anchoring is allowed in the river, except in the Upper Hamble, above Manor Farm Country Park Jetty, where anchored boats must not be left unattended. Access to the Upper Hamble is through three bridges, the lowest of which (A27) has a clearance of 3.5 metres at Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT). Contact: River Hamble Harbour Authority, Harbour Office, Shore Road, Warsash, SO31 9FR. Tel: 01489 576387. www.hants.gov.uk/ hambleharbour. Marinas may be contacted on VHF Ch 80 for berth availability. Hamble Point Marina - Hamble Point Marina lies near the mouth of the River Hamble, on the west bank, 500m north of Warsash Jetty. The marina has 230 berths (max LOA: 30m) and 121 dry stack berths (max LOA: 10m). There is boat lifting and storage ashore; a 75 ton boat hoist; a 4 ton crane for masts / engines; slipway; boat repairs; electronic services; storage; chandlery; bar and restaurant; yacht brokerage; dry sailing facility; trailer sailing; Wi-Fi; laundry and recycling facilities. Contact: Hamble Point Marina, School Lane, Hamble, Southampton, SO31 4NB. Tel: 023 8045 2464. www.hamblepointmarina.co.uk Port Hamble Marina - Port Hamble Marina is situated on the River Hamble right in the heart of the South Coast’s sailing scene. With thousands of visitors every year, this busy marina is popular with racing enthusiasts and cruising vessels looking for a vibrant atmosphere. The picturesque Hamble Village, with its inviting pubs and restaurants, is only a few minutes’ walk away. When approaching Port Hamble, please keep clear of commercial shipping in Southampton Water. From abeam Calshot Castle head for Hamble Pt South Cardinal buoy at the mouth of the well-marked river. From here the channel is narrow between drying banks, so be sure to leave the No 2 East Cardinal beacon to port. At night two directional lights lead to Warsash Jetty on the east bank. Port Hamble Marina is about 0.75 miles north, the second marina on the west bank. The marina has 310 berths, max LOA: 24m; fuel (petrol/diesel) seven days a week; boat lifting and storage ashore at Hamble Point Marina and Mercury Yacht Harbour; electronic services; chandlery; laundry facilities; bar and restaurant; yacht brokerage; and Wi-Fi. Contact: Port Hamble Marina, Satchell Lane, Hamble, Southampton, SO31 4QD. Tel: 023 8045 2741. www.porthamblemarina.co.uk
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RIVER HAMBLE & WARSASH
Hamble Point Marina Port Hamble Marina Mercury Yacht Harbour mdlmarinas.co.uk
Stone Pier Yard – Marina and boatyard at Stone Pier in Warsash close to the mouth of the Hamble River. Services include craning, 20/03/2014 undercover and yard storage, berthing, and dry-sailing.  Contact: RK Marine, Stone Pier Boatyard, Shore Road, Warsash, Southampton, SO31 9FR. Tel: 01489 583572. www.rkmarine.com
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Mercury Yacht Harbour - Originally built by Sir Robin Knox Johnston, Mercury is situated in a sheltered wooded site where the shallow waters of Badnam Creek join the River Hamble. Just a twenty- minute walk from Hamble village, the marina offers berthing for 360 boats and enjoys deep water at all states of tide. Among its excellent facilities are a chandlery as well as a bar and restaurant with waterfront views. When approaching the marina, please keep clear of commercial shipping in Southampton Water. From abeam Calshot Castle head for Hamble Pt South Cardinal buoy at the mouth of the well-marked river. From here the channel is narrow between drying banks, so be sure to leave the No 2 East Cardinal beacon to port. At night two directional lights lead to Warsash Jetty on the east bank. About 1.35 miles north, Mercury Yacht Harbour is the third marina on the west bank.
THE ROYAL AIR FORCE YACHT CLUB
Where you’ll always find a welcome New members welcome (open to non-service personnel) Visiting yachtswomen and yachtsmen | Moorings available Excellent bar and catering | Active social programme – afloat and ashore | Excellent maintenance berths | Event facilities and management | Extensive waterside grounds | Clubhouse accommodation
What more could you ask for… come and visit us on the Hamble! www.rafyc.co.uk T: 023 8045 2208 RAFYC ad 20-02-15.indd 1
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RIVER HAMBLE & WARSASH
RIVER HAMBLE & WARSASH The marina has 360 berths, max LOA: 24m; boat lifting and storage ashore; electronic services; towing; chandlery; laundry facilities; bar and restaurant; yacht brokerage; sailing schools; yacht charters; and Wi-Fi. Contact: Mercury Yacht Harbour, Satchell Lane, Hamble, Southampton, SO31 4HQ. Tel: 023 8045 5994. www.mercuryyachtharbour.co.uk Universal Marina - Universal Marina is an independent family run marina set adjacent to 68 acres of tranquil, wooded riverbank, just minutes from the M27 and 15 minutes from the Solent. Renowned for its friendly staff and secure facilities, complemented by full yard services and ample free car parking. Berths range from 7.5m - 26m, deep water, semi-tidal, dinghy, and RIBs. Contact: Universal Marina, Crableck Lane, Sarisbury Green, Southampton, SO31 7ZN. Tel: 01489 574272. www.universalmarina.co.uk Swanwick Marina – Premier’s Swanwick Marina is situated on the picturesque eastern bank of the River Hamble, approximately two miles upriver from the entrance to Southampton Water. On approaching Swanwick Marina please contact the marina by phone or VHF Channel 80 for directions to a berth. At Swanwick Marina yachtsmen can look forward to a new fully serviced boatyard, a new dry stack, new luxury facilities, new launderette, free WiFi, electricity and water on pontoons. There is also 24-hour security, berth holder car parking, a new fuel berth and a Café Bistro -The Boat House Café. Contact: Swanwick Marina, Swanwick, Southampton, SO31 1ZL. Tel: 01489 884081. www.premiermarinas.com/swanwick Mariners Quay - Outboard powerboat dealer, expertise in rigging and servicing of outboard engines at Mariners Quay in Warsash close to the mouth of the Hamble River. Services include sales of outboard boats and custom built Atlanta ribs, sales of spares and parts for both Yamaha and Suzuki. Contact: Solent and Warsash Marine, Mariners Quay, Shore Road, Warsash SO31 9FR. Tel: 01489 583813 Email: [email protected]
Photo: Warsash Maritime Academy
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RYDE HARBOUR Ryde Harbour is located on the northeast coast of the Isle of Wight and enjoys excellent views across the Solent towards Portsmouth. The well situated harbour is protected from adverse weather conditions from most directions.
Photo: Island Visions, Jamie Russell
Known as ‘the gateway to the Island’ and a popular destination for families, Ryde Harbour lies next to long sandy beaches and is only minutes away from restaurants, a bowling alley, swimming pool, fun fair, skating rink, and a boating lake. Ryde Esplanade runs the full length of the seafront, followed by the sea wall promenade which passes the Canoe Lake and reaches as far as Puckpool Park to the east. Ferry connections to Portsmouth and Southsea are within walking distance. The harbour dries and is only accessible to small craft approximately 2.5 hours before and 2 hours after High Water Portsmouth for a boat with 1m draught. Depth available is up to 2m on Springs. Ryde Harbour Master can be contacted on VHF Ch 80 Call Sign ‘Ryde Harbour’. Approaching Ryde Harbour from the east, beware Ryde Sands (dries), either pass north of No Man’s Land Fort or use the inshore passage between it and Ryde Sands beacons (lit port hand markers). The drying channel at 197º across Ryde Sands is marked by three starboard hand markers and three port hand marker unlit buoys. Keep well clear of the hovercraft manoeuvring between Ryde Pier and the harbour, and the Wightlink high-speed ferries from and to Ryde Pier Head. The harbour entrance is lit after sunset by two fixed red lights (vertical) on the port side of the Harbour entrance, and one flashing green light on the starboard side of the harbour entrance. There is pontoon berthing for up to 100 visiting boats, the majority of which are family sailing and motor cruisers, varying in length from 5-10m. There are public slipways, showers and toilets close by, water on all pontoons, waste and recycling facilities, gas can be obtained from a local shop, and diesel is available from local garages. Boats may scrub alongside harbour breakwater.
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50º43’.98N, 01º09’.31W (ENT)
RYDE HARBOUR
RYDE HARBOUR
Photo: Island Visions, Jamie Russell
Contact: Ryde Harbour, The Esplanade, Ryde, Isle of Wight, PO33 1JA. Tel: 01983 613879 or 07970 009899. www.rydeharbour.com E-mail: [email protected] Please note, information in this publication is to be used as a guide only and not for navigation.
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SOUTHAMPTON WATER
As one of the country’s busiest and most successful deep-water ports, Southampton is a natural choice for a wide range of customers and trades, with facilities to handle virtually any type of cargo. Its natural deep-water harbour and unique double tide allow unrestricted access for the world’s largest vessels. ABP Southampton, in its role as the Statutory Harbour Authority for Southampton Water, has a strong commitment to protecting the local environment and plays an active role in ensuring that a balance of activities can be maintained, allowing port operations, recreational sailing, and wildlife to co-exist. In addition to its varied commercial activities Southampton Water is a haven for yachts and leisure craft, and ABP strives to preserve the safety of all users including recreational boat owners, as they sail the waters of the Solent. Contact: ABP Southampton, Vessel Traffic Services Centre, 37 Berth, Eastern Docks, Southampton, SO14 3GG. Tel: 02380 608208. www.southamptonvts.co.uk. Before contacting VTS by telephone, please consider whether the answer to your question can be found on the website. Keep your VHF tuned to Ch 12, the Port working frequency, and listen for traffic information from the Harbour Master’s Operations Room, Call Sign ‘Southampton VTS’ (Vessel Traffic Services). The VTS Centre guards Ch 9, 12, 14, 16, 20 and monitors Ch 71 and 74.
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SOUTHAMPTON WATER
50º49’.00N, 01º17’.05W +(ENT)
Southampton Water is an extremely popular area for yachtsmen because it offers sheltered cruising in nearly all weather conditions, while the Hamble and Itchen Rivers are perfect for leisurely exploration.
SOUTHAMPTON WATER
SOUTHAMPTON WATER The following extracts from the Yachtsman’s Guide to Southampton Water and its Approaches, and Southampton Notice to Mariners No. 2 and No. 3 of 2014, are reproduced with the permission of ABP Southampton. Facts to keep in mind: The number of large commercial ships serving the Port of Southampton and the number of recreational craft afloat in local waters is increasing. Most commercial vessels you meet will have an ABP Southampton Pilot on board regardless of the ship’s flag. They will be working on and listening to VHF Ch 12. Most large ships travel at a speed of between 10-15 knots whilst in the Solent and Southampton Water. The lower limit will vary from ship to ship and is ‘as safe navigation permits’. For various reasons, ships travel faster than you might think, even in congested areas. Light, partially loaded or unevenly trimmed ships may require to maintain a higher ‘as safe navigation permits’ speed in order to remain under full control. It takes less than 10 minutes for a fast ship to reach you from the visible horizon in clear weather, and in hazy conditions it takes a lot less. At 10 knots, a ship travels 1 nautical mile in six minutes; at 15 knots it takes only four minutes. Large deep draught ships cannot easily avoid small craft in narrow channels; it is up to you to stay clear.  A ship that is slowing down does not steer well; it needs the propeller action on the rudder to respond. When the ship’s engines are put ‘full astern’, its manoeuvrability will be affected. Remember that it takes time and considerable distance for a ship to stop. There are numerous other small vessels operating within the Port of Southampton. Watch out for ferries, hydrofoils, tugs towing barges, especially at night, when unlit barges may remain invisible. What can you do? Avoid sailing in the main navigational channels and fairways, especially in poor visibility. Obey Rule 9 of the ColRegs for conduct in narrow channels by keeping to the starboard side of the channel and crossing only when this does not impede the passage of a large vessel that can safely navigate only within the narrow channel. Do not underestimate the speed of ships. If your boat is slow, allow sufficient time to take effective evasive action in the vicinity of large ships. Be visible. At night make sure your navigation lights can be seen. If you see the navigation lights of a vessel and you think you haven’t been seen, get out of the way. Remember, from the bridge of a loaded container ship or large tanker, the Master or Pilot will lose sight of you a third of a mile ahead, although you can see the ship at all times. Keep watch at night. Even on a clear night you will have difficulty seeing a big ship approach. Remember that your lights will not be easily spotted from the ship. Watch the ship’s lights. If you see both sidelights, you are dead ahead - move out fast! Be aware that ships alter course at West Bramble and Calshot. Know whistle signals. Five or more short blasts on the whistle is the ‘Keep Clear’ signal. Check and see if it is for you - and if it is - give way. Three short blasts means ‘My engines are going astern’. Know flag signals and shapes. A large ship displaying a cylinder on her yardarm during the day or three red lights in a vertical line at night indicates the ship is severely restricted in her manoeuvrability so give her a wide berth. If you believe you have not been seen or you are unsure of a ship’s intentions, call them on Ch 12, then shift
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Hythe Marina Village Ocean Village Marina Saxon Wharf Shamrock Quay
(023) 8020 7073 (023) 8022 9385 (023) 8033 9490 (023) 8022 9461
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20/03/2014 Safety in small vessels: A speed limit of 6 knots (over the ground) applies to all craft proceeding north of the imaginary line drawn from Hythe Pier through the Weston Shelf buoy to the Weston Shore unless granted an exemption by the Harbour Master.
Although considered to be sheltered waters, Southampton Water and the Solent can be extremely hazardous. The six mile stretch of Southampton Water is exceedingly busy and has, on average, 70,000 commercial vessel and ferry movements per year. Mariners in ‘small vessels’ are therefore reminded of the following requirements: If not confined to the fairway, they should not use the fairway so as to obstruct other vessels which can only navigate within the fairway. When crossing the fairway, they should do so at right angles and not diagonally. When crossing a fairway or turning they should not stop or slow down so as to cause obstruction/damage to any other vessel. As a general principle, they should navigate on the correct side of the fairway. Southampton VTS makes succinct Traffic Information Broadcasts as follows: • 0610 to 2210 daily all year round The broadcasts will be made every 2 hours from 0610 until 2210 (inclusive), on VHF Ch 14, subject to operational requirements, and will be preceded by a broadcast made on VHF Ch 12. Information given in these broadcasts will include: • Current and expected movements of significant vessels in the area. • Weather and tide readings with current trends at Dock Head, Southampton. • Navigational Warning in force. • Any other information relevant to navigational safety. The Southampton VTS website at www.southamptonvts.co.uk contains much useful information for mariners in small vessels and regular use is recommended. Port of Southampton - Precautionary Area (Thorn Channel) Notice to Mariners No. 03 of 2014 1 Notice is hereby given that all vessels navigating within the Port of Southampton shall ensure that a vessel greater than 220 metres in length overall shall be given a ‘clear channel’ in the area between the Hook Buoy and the Prince Consort Buoy (hereinafter referred to as ‘The Precautionary Area’ - (see Chartlet 1)). The term ‘clear channel’ is defined as: ‘a clear and unimpeded passage ahead of a vessel when transiting the Precautionary Area’. The term ‘clear channel’ vessel is defined as: ‘a vessel greater than 220 metres in length overall which requires a clear and unimpeded passage ahead when transiting the Precautionary Area’. Vessels may enter ‘The Precautionary Area’ maintaining a safe distance astern of a ‘clear channel’ vessel. 2. Two vessels each having a length greater than 180 metres length overall shall not pass or overtake each other between Hook Buoy and a line drawn due south of West Bramble Buoy. 3. Moving Prohibited Zone (MPZ) (See Chartlet) Southampton Harbour Byelaws 2003 Byelaw No 11 enforces the requirement that all vessels over 150 metres in length overall when navigating within ‘The Precautionary Area’ referred to in this notice are automatically allocated a ‘Moving Prohibited Zone’ (MPZ). The MPZ is defined as an area extending 1000 metres ahead of the bow and 100 metres from the ship’s side on both sides of any vessel of over 150 metres in length overall whilst it is navigating within ‘The Precautionary Area’ (See Chartlet).
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to a working frequency (6 or an alternative) for inter-ship safety messages.
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SOUTHAMPTON WATER
Chartlet 1
The master of a small vessel (defined in Southampton Harbour Byelaws 2003 Byelaw No 3 as any vessel of less than 20 metres in length or a sailing vessel) shall ensure that the vessel does not enter an MPZ. For the purpose of indicating the presence of the MPZ the master of any vessel of over 150 metres length overall shall display on the vessel, where it can best be seen, by day, a black cylinder, and by night, 3 all round red lights in a vertical line. To reach any of the following marinas, proceed up Southampton Water keeping clear of all commercial shipping and beware of frequent cross Solent Hi-Speed and Ro-Ro ferries. Hythe Marina Village - Located on the western shore of Southampton Water, Hythe Marina Village also has waterside homes and shops close by. The marina entrance is controlled by lock gates, operated 24/7 all year round. There is a regular ferry service, which runs from Hythe into the centre of Southampton. On nearing Hythe Knock red buoy, at the junction of the Rivers Itchen and Test, Hythe Marina Village is conspicuous to port just beyond Hythe Pier. Call on VHF Ch 80 or by mobile for clearance to lock-in and for a berth. Enter via a short channel aligned 220째 and marked by beacons. Hythe Marina has 206 berths; max LOA: 16m*; fuel (petrol/diesel); gas; boat lifting and storage ashore; 40 ton boat hoist; slipway; boat repairs; laundry facilities; bars and restaurants; brokerage; and Wi-Fi. Contact: Hythe Marina Village, Shamrock Way, Hythe, Southampton, SO45 6DY. VHF Ch 80. Tel: 023 8020 7073. www.hythemarinavillage.co.uk *Larger vessels can be accommodated but check with marina in advance.
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Ocean Village Marina - Ocean Village is in the heart of Southampton and has a wide range of facilities. Overlooking the marina is the Royal Southampton Yacht Club which, although a members’ club, offers berth holders and visitors a warm welcome. The basin is deep enough to offer mooring facilities for tall ships and large yachts. It has also become famous for hosting the start and/or finish of around the world yacht races. To approach Ocean Village Marina, at Weston Shelf green buoy, near the junction of the Rivers Itchen and Test, keep to starboard up the Itchen. Ocean Village is about 1 mile further north to port and just short of the Itchen Bridge. Call on VHF Ch 80 or by mobile for a vacant berth. Ocean Village has 375 berths, max LOA: 90m; laundry facilities; cinemas, bars and restaurants; yacht brokerage; and Wi-Fi. Contact: Ocean Village Marina, 2 Channel Way, Southampton, SO14 3TG. VHF Ch 80. Tel: 023 8022 9385. www.oceanvillagemarina.co.uk Shamrock Quay - Shamrock Quay is a marina steeped in history, taking its name from the famous J-class yacht, Shamrock V, which was built on this site in 1931 to challenge for the America’s Cup. This 255 berth marina is still a major centre for refit and boat building with many specialist trades on site, as well as a bar, restaurants, café and shops.  To reach the marina, proceed up Southampton Water keeping clear of all commercial shipping. At Weston Shelf green buoy, near the
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SOUTHAMPTON WATER
SOUTHAMPTON WATER
SOUTHAMPTON WATER junction of the Rivers Itchen and Test, keep to starboard up the Itchen and observe the 6 knot speed limit. Shamrock Quay is 1300m beyond the Itchen Bridge on the port side, opposite No 5 green beacon. Shamrock Quay has 255 berths; max LOA: 70m; summer sports boat package; boat lifting and storage ashore; 75 ton travel hoist with a 3 ton jib crane; 47 ton boat mover; extensive marine trades and services; chandlery; laundry facilities; shops; bars and restaurants; café; yacht brokerage; yacht charters; and Wi-Fi. Contact: Shamrock Quay, William Street, Northam, Southampton, SO14 5QL. VHF Ch 80. Tel: 023 8022 9461. www.shamrockquay.co.uk Saxon Wharf - Situated north of Shamrock Quay, Saxon Wharf is a marine service centre offering outstanding facilities for superyachts and other large craft. Located near the centre of Southampton, with easy access to the motorway network, Saxon Wharf is the ideal location for big boats in need of secure, quick turnaround lift-outs, repair work or full scale refits. To reach Saxon Wharf, go past the Itchen Bridge and Shamrock Quay and follow the left bend past No. 9 green beacon. Saxon Wharf is to port, opposite Kemps Marina. Call on VHF Ch 80 or by mobile for a vacant berth. Saxon Wharf offers marina berths (max LOA: 80m) and 86 dry stack berths (max LOA: 13m); 200 ton boat hoist; storage ashore; fully serviced heavy-duty pontoons with electricity; extensive marine trades and services; fresh water; CCTV coverage; showers and toilets; car parking; and Wi-Fi. Contact: Saxon Wharf, Lower York Street, Northam, Southampton, SO14 5QF. VHF Ch 80. Tel: 023 8033 9490. www.saxonwharf.co.uk Kemp’s Quay - Kemps Quay has been established for over 35 years. The marina is situated on the east bank of the River Itchen, 2 miles north of the river mouth. Of the 260 berths available at the marina, 50 are non-tidal and afloat at all times, the remainder are semi-tidal. Hours afloat on these tidal berths vary in direct proportion to their proximity to the shore and are priced accordingly. The river bed is soft mud and affords stable berths for most craft when the tide is away. A landing/loading berth, afloat at all times, is available for boat owners who cannot leave or land within the tide window. Kemps Quay has single point security access; lift out and storage ashore; travel hoist with an 8 ton capacity; power washing; hard standing 12 weeks for up to 80 craft - included in the mooring fee; fresh water to all pontoons; electricity at selected points; toilets and shower block; owners’ store. Contact: Kemps Shipyard Limited, Quayside Road, Southampton, SO18 1BZ. Tel: 02380 632323. www.kempsquay.com  Town Quay Marina - Town Quay Marina, located on the eastern shores of Southampton Water, has 130 berths and a dedicated visitors’ pontoon. In the heart of Southampton, the marina is within walking distance of the city’s shopping centre, restaurants, bars and theatres. The marina is well served by transport links to the Isle of Wight, the New Forest and London and lies next to the Southampton Boat Show. Entrance to the marina is via a dogleg between two floating wave breaks that appear continuous from seaward. Beware of the adjacent Red Jet hi-speed ferry. The marina offers 24/7 berthing assistance; contact them on VHF Ch 80 or by phone. 124
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Photo: www.townquay.com
The marina is an RYA Active Marina and part of the TransEurope Marinas group. It has a berth holders’ reception, open 24/7 with free drinks, and is an official Ocean Safety drop off / collection point and a SeaSafe service point for life jackets. There is a chill-out deck with free use of gas barbecue, free bicycle hire for all customers, a slipway, car parking, laundry room, top quality shower rooms, free Wi-Fi, water and electric on all berths. Contact: Town Quay Marina, Associated British Ports, Management Office, Town Quay, Southampton, SO14 2AQ. Tel: 07764 293588 or 02380 234397. www.townquay.com
MARINA BERTHS Package Deals Available
Example: 25ft boat: all craneage/power wash/three months ashore and annual mooring from
£1582.50 inc VAT
Contact Sarah on 023 8063 2323 or [email protected]
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VENTNOR HAVEN VENTNOR HAVEN
50º35’.53N, 01º12’.50W (ENT)
Ventnor, on the south coast of the Isle of Wight, is sheltered by high cliffs. A steep road winds down from the terraced town past the famous cascade gardens to the seafront.
Photo: Island Visions, Jamie Russell
This fair weather haven provides the only stopping-off point along the south coast of the Isle of Wight, as well as an access facility for local boat owners, anglers, and other interest groups. You will find a harbour-side café and coffee shop, boat builders, boat charter, a fish landing stage with fishery outlet, and fish and chip shop. Navigating the Haven entrance is suitable only in certain weather conditions and tides. However, on a clear calm day it is one of the best runs round from the Solent. On approach, beware of races which occur south of St Catherine’s Point to the west and Dunnose Point to the east. Consult almanacs in advance for information on each race depending on the state of tide. The Haven mouth is approached from the east and is lit after sunset by two fixed navigation lights (vertical). Entry and exit are recommended 2 hours either side of High Water only with draught of less than 50cm. Stay close to the southerly markers to avoid sandbanks which form on the northern side of the mouth. Do not attempt to approach in easterly to southerly conditions as swell may occur at the entrance. The Haven is not suitable for sailing boats or motorboats which cannot dry out. The entrance dries completely at Spring Low Water and is very shallow during Neap Lows. The depth is variable, dependent on sediment movement and duration since the last dredge. Beware of the two rock arms - the largest extending seaward (south) from the site of the old pier before curving to the southeast. The smaller arm, some 58m to the east, extends seaward towards the first arm with a 24m gap. Shelter is reasonable in the lee of the rock arms during southwest through to northeasterly winds, and extremely vulnerable in east through to south-southeasterlies when swells can enter. The Haven is exposed to strong winds from all directions except northwest to northeast. 126
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VENTNOR HAVEN
VENTNOR HAVEN Cheetah Marine currently manage the Harbour. Contact them on 01983 852398 or 07974 126378 two to three days prior to arrival for all information. Limited space is available within the Haven on a first come first served basis. There is a 4 knot speed limit in the Haven. If harbour dues are not collected on arrival, report to the cafĂŠ at OceanBlue Quay above the Haven. No anchoring is permitted except in an emergency and no anchoring or mooring in the Haven entrance. Visiting boats should be aware of bathers and snorkelers swimming alongside the Haven rock arms. Fuel is not available at Ventnor, but can be obtained at the nearby villages of Whitwell (3 miles) and Sandford (5 miles). Do not pump out oily bilges into the Haven or surrounding area. Yachtsmen and all navigators are requested not to release washing water or to pump WC or bilge effluent into the Haven. This is particularly important in a drying harbour. Ask the Harbour Master for details of refuse disposal. The slipway is available free of charge for launch and recovery. Please exercise great care when manoeuvring your vehicle at the top of the slipway and on the slipway itself as it coincides with a pedestrian right of way. Contact: Ventnor Haven, OceanBlue Quay, PO38 1JR. Tel. 01983 852398 or 07974 126378. www.oceanbluequay.co.uk/haven/
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WOOTTON CREEK WOOTTON CREEK
50º44’.09N, 01º12’.77W (ENT)
Wootton Creek is one of the lovelier creeks in the Solent, with wooded valleys sweeping down to a winding creek. Midway between Cowes and Ryde, it was once used by trading sailing vessels visiting the brickworks at Ash Lake, and the tide mill at the head of the creek where the Sloop Inn now stands.
Photo: Island Visions, Jamie Russell
Today, there is little left apart from the old names. If trading barges could navigate to the head of the creek, then visiting yachts should easily make their way at least as far as the pontoons of the Royal Victoria Yacht Club (RVYC) at the entrance to the creek. It should be remembered that those skippers worked their tides, and even today 70 foot ketches drawing over 8 foot have laid alongside the RVYC pontoons, but have swiftly departed once the tide is on the ebb. An ideal time to visit is when High Water is over a lunchtime, meaning a good height of tide, and time to sample the RVYC hospitality at its bar and dining room. It is well-liked by visitors, and popular with rallies, and as a destination for passage races. Be aware that the direction of buoyage in the eastern Solent is from east to west. Pilotage is straightforward with a compass, dependable echo sounder, and a good lookout.
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WOOTTON CREEK The entrance to Wootton Creek is beset by hazards to the east and west. It is a busy car ferry port, with regular Wightlink sailings throughout the day and night. To the east, are drying gravel banks that have been known to embarrass a passing ferry. To the west are rock ledges coming out from the shore, and the dangerous Wootton Rocks themselves. Yachts close inshore may have local knowledge and lifting keels! The entrance to Wootton Creek is best taken from the north cardinal, Wootton Beacon. It lies approximately 3.5nm from Cowes and only 1.5nm from Ryde Pier. It is best approached an hour or so either side of High Water on the first attempt. The ferry fairway is lit, with an occulting sectored light, and there is plenty of shore lighting on the link-span. No matter from which point of the compass you’re approaching, it is best to stay to the north of Wootton Beacon for your approach. Once at Wootton Beacon, if safe from entering and departing ferries, turn southwest and run down the western side of the ferry channel, staying outside of the channel itself. Keep an eye on the echo sounder, there should be plenty of water, if there isn’t, then you won’t get very far into the creek! Be aware that you may find ferries waiting to dock at the ferry terminal to the west of the fairway. By the time you come to No. 7 dolphin, you’ll see the ferry link-span on your port hand, and the Wootton Creek port and starboard buoys ahead of you; these are maintained and positioned as needed by the Queen’s Harbour Master (QHM) at Portsmouth. Head through them, and if heading further up the Creek you will see the leading marks off to starboard on the opposite bank.
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WOOTTON CREEK
WOOTTON CREEK If calling at the RVYC, you will see their pontoons ahead of you. Berthing is straightforward, but be aware that at some states of tide there will be some flow across the pontoons. Do not approach through the private RVYC moorings, or indeed try to pick up one, as there are countless pick-up buoys and lines. If vessels are already berthed alongside hail and ask to raft up. The RVYC Manager may ask you to move your boat to accommodate other visitors. (Pontoon fees can be paid at the RVYC bar, or if the club is closed, dropped through the letterbox by the club entrance.) There is fresh water on the pontoons, showers and toilets in the clubhouse, a slipway, waste facilities, and an excellent bar and restaurant. The creek alongside the pontoons will dry, so unless you are prepared to take the ground, you must depart once the ebb starts to make. The water will seem to empty quite slowly for the first couple of hours, but be aware that around the third hour the tide goes away very quickly; do not linger over that last pint at the bar! The bottom is irregular in shape and consistency, and careful fendering, tending of lines, and a watchful eye is needed as your vessel takes the ground. The speed limit in the creek is 5 knots. The tidal current is relatively benign, seldom reaching above 4 knots although just after High Water at Springs, the sluice gates under Wootton Bridge are opened considerably increasing the flow in the upper reaches. There are no visitor moorings in the creek and anchoring in the channel is prohibited. Anchoring outside the channel is not recommended due to the proliferation of abandoned ground chains and other mooring tackle. There is a Council owned public slipway suitable for small vessels between the Sloop Inn and the bridge at the head of the creek. The village of Wootton Bridge offers a full range of facilities; Post Office, take-aways, tea room, launderette, doctor and vet, butcher, supermarket and wine warehouse; just outside the village is a garage. It’s about 30 minutes walk from the RVYC, or take the dinghy up the creek on the tide and land on the public slipway on the west bank at the head of the creek, right by the Sloop Inn. Contact: Royal Victoria Yacht Club, 91 Fishbourne Lane, Fishbourne, Isle of Wight, PO33 4EU. Tel: 01983 882325. www.rvyc.org.uk
Photo: Donna Woodward Taylor
YARMOUTH HARBOUR
Photo: Island Visions, Jamie Russell
Yarmouth Harbour is accessible at all states of the tide being dredged 2 metres below chart datum. Its close proximity to the Needles and the English Channel makes it ideal for those entering or leaving the Solent. The harbour entrance can become very congested especially on summer weekends. Great caution is to be taken entering and leaving the harbour and vessels must adhere to the speed limit of 4 knots within the harbour and Western Yar River, and 6 knots from the entrance Dolphin at the breakwater to the outer harbour limits. If the “Harbour full” sign and signal (flag R) is displayed (the Harbour Full sign on the Eastern side of the Harbour Entrance is illuminated at night), you should not attempt to enter the harbour. When approaching from the east, leave East Fairway buoy to port, turn onto a bearing of 187° and follow the leading light. When approaching from the west, leave the Poole Belle buoy to starboard, turn onto a bearing of 187° and again, follow the leading light. On spring tides the last hour of the flood and ebb can see strong tidal movement in the harbour entrance and in various parts of the harbour. There can be a double high tide or a long stand at Spring tides. Yarmouth Harbour operates on VHF Ch 68, Call Sign ‘Yarmouth Harbour’, monitored by the Harbour Office and Berthing Masters on the water. The water taxi operates on VHF Ch. 15, Call Sign ‘Harbour Taxi’ and can also be called on 07969 840173.
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YARMOUTH HARBOUR
50º42’.42N, 01º30’.00W (ENT)
The most westerly harbour on the Isle of Wight, picturesque Yarmouth welcomes more than 500,000 visitors a year by car ferry from Lymington, Hampshire, and 130,000 visitors by boat, many from elsewhere in the Solent, but also from the West Country, Ireland, the Channel Islands, France, Belgium, Holland, Germany, and Scandinavia.
YARMOUTH HARBOUR
Yarmouth Harbour Commissioners were granted the powers of general and special direction and new General Directions came into force on 1 March 2012 replacing the harbour’s previous Byelaws. Users of the harbour are asked to familiarise themselves with these new directions which can be downloaded from the harbour website www.yarmouth-harbour.co.uk. Yarmouth is shared by yachtsmen, fishermen, and ferry operators. At times the entrance can become very busy and special vigilance is required when navigating in this area. Visitors are particularly requested to give the Wightlink ferry a wide berth as it enters and leaves the harbour. Yarmouth Harbour Commissioners have completed Phases 2 and 3 of the planned harbour development creating more walk ashore pontoons and finger berths with power and water, making best use of the water space, constructing a new quay wall and installing a new crane with an environmentally friendly washdown facility. Previous phases also saw the redesigned layout with the initial walk ashore pontoons and a pontoon area, near the RNLI lifeboat berth and adjacent to the emergency slipway, that will be used for RIBs and small craft at lunchtimes and overnight walk ashore pontoon berths for yachts. A small extension to the pink pontoons was completed in April 2012. Yarmouth Harbour has a range of facilities including a crane on South Quay, maximum load 5 tonnes, showers and toilets, a launderette, gas, WiFi, night watchpersons, waste disposal facilities, and a power washer. There are several slipways that the public may use in Yarmouth. The largest slipway is on the corner between the South Quay and the Town Quay; accessed via the Wightlink marshalling area. At the western end of the South Quay there is another small but steep slipway, close to the Harbour Office. South of the swing bridge across the Western Yar River, on the east bank of the river, adjacent to the dinghy park there is a small slipway. Other slipways are located at Harold Hayles boatyard and at Yarmouth Sailing Club. If intending to pass through the Yar Swing Bridge into the river during the summer season please call Yar Bridge on VHF Ch 68. Boat owners are requested to co-operate by synchronising their bridge use around a schedule of fixed opening times, as published on www.yarmouth-harbour.co.uk. For winter operation, a minimum of a half hour’s notice is required, and by arrangement with the Harbour Office, call sign Yar Bridge on VHF Ch 68 or by phone on 01983 760321. The punctuality of boat arrivals to a close but safe proximity to the bridge is essential to prevent road traffic congestion. Contact: Yarmouth Harbour Office, The Quay, Yarmouth, Isle of Wight, PO41 0NT. Tel: 01983 760321. www.yarmouth-harbour.co.uk Please note, information in this publication is to be used as a guide only and not for navigation.
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SOLENT DIRECTORY INDEX
Photo: Peter Mumford - Beken of Cowes
Accommodation - Agents 136 Electrical / Electronics Accommodation - Bed & Breakfast / Engines / Outboards / Marine Engineers Guest Houses 136 Event Management Accommodation - Hotels / Inns 136 Marine Decking Accommodation - Self Catering 136 Marine Surveyors Beauty & Complementary Therapies / Masts / Rigging / Rope Systems Chiropractors 137 Moorings / Berths / Boat Storage / Dry Stack Boat Cleaning / Care & Maintenance 137 Paint / Spraying Boat Graphics & Hull Stripes 137 Photographers / Photographic Services Boat Sales / Brokers 137 Pubs & Bars Boat Transport / Yacht Delivery 137 Restaurants Boatyards / Boatbuilders / Repairers / Rib Hire & Charter Marine Surveyors 137 Sail Makers Cafes & Takeaways 138 Sailing & Power Schools Chandlers / Charts & Pilotage 138 Water Taxis Charter Boats / Boat Cruises / Sailing Holidays 138 Weather Clothing / Leisurewear & Footwear 138 Yacht & Race Management Corporate Hospitality 138 Yacht Clubs & Associations TAG Advert - Solent Handbook.pdf 1 09/03/2015 Cranes / Boat Lifts / Slipways / Hoists 138
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together achieving goals... We know that your business is different to any other – so we’re a different sort of agency. We can build your website, design your logo, print your stationery or rebrand your building – whatever you need for your business. Telephone: 01983 619608 [email protected] tagdesign.agency www.SolentHandbook.com
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SOLENT DIRECTORY ACCOMMODATION - AGENTS Quay Management The first port of call for self-catering accommodation in Cowes EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.quaymanagement.co.uk 01983 291369 ACCOMMODATION - BED & BREAKFAST / GUEST HOUSES 2 The Pippins Off Bellevue Road, Cowes, Isle of Wight, PO31 7UU EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.pippinsbnb.co.uk
01983 281270
22 Castle Road Oak Cottage, Cowes, Isle of Wight, PO31 7QZ 01983 200986 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.oakcottagecowes.co.uk 07792 672707 Anchorage Guest House 23 Mill Hill Road, Cowes, PO31 7EE 01983 247975 www.anchoragecowes.co.uk
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
Britannia House Station Street, Lymington, Hampshire, SO41 3BA EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.britannia-house.com
01590 672091
Endeavour House 47 Mill Hill Road, Cowes, PO31 7EG 01983 297406 07850 205994 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.endeavourhousecowes.co.uk Quentin House 62 High Street, Cowes, PO31 7RL EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.primefood.co.uk
01983 291111 07454 941096
ACCOMMODATION - HOTELS / INNS The Anchor High Street, Cowes, PO31 7SA 01983 292823 [email protected] WEB SITE: www.theanchorcowes.co.uk
EMAIL:
The Duke of York Hotel Mill Hill Road, Cowes, PO31 7BT 01983 295171 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.dukeofyorkcowes.co.uk The Fountain Inn High Street, Cowes, PO31 7AW EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.fountaininn-cowes.co.uk
01983 292397
The Mayflower Kings Saltern Road, Lymington, SO41 3QD 01590 672160 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.themayflowerlymington.co.uk ACCOMMODATION - SELF CATERING 22 Castle Road Oak Cottage, Cowes, Isle of Wight, PO31 7QZ 01983 200986 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.oakcottagecowes.co.uk 07792 672707 Briary Cottage Egypt Esplanade, Cowes, PO31 8BS www.briarycottage.co.uk
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
www.SolentHandbook.com
01983 295443
Quay Management The first port of call for self-catering accommodation in Cowes EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.quaymanagement.co.uk 01983 291369 BEAUTY & COMP THERAPIES / CHIROPRACTORS
Cowes Chiropractic Clinic
83 Mill Hill Road, Cowes, PO31 7EQ 01983 282810 www.coweschiropracticclinic.co.uk [email protected]
SOLENT DIRECTORY
COMPANY ADDRESS TELEPHONE WEB SITE EMAIL SERVICES
McTimoney Chiropractic, Diversified Chiropractic, Remedial Massage, Five Element Acupuncture, Sports Therapy, Skincare, Reiki, Homeopathy, Counselling & Addiction Therapy. Call 01983 282810 to book a FREE 15 minute Chiropractic assessment. Reception opening hours - 0830 - 1730 Monday to Friday, 0830 - 1430 Saturday.
BOAT CLEANING / CARE & MAINTENANCE Hamble Yacht Services Hamble Yacht Services Refit & Repair, Advanced Rigging & Hydraulics, Port Hamble Marina, SO31 4NN 02380 454111 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.hambleyachtservices.co.uk www.advancedrigging.co.uk ProMo Marine Yacht Management Netley, Southampton, SO31 5FW EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.promomarine.com 07971 858938 Richardsons Yacht Services Island Harbour, Mill Lane, Newport, PO30 2LA www.richardsonsyacht.co.uk 01983 821095
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
BOAT GRAPHICS & HULL STRIPES Naughty Gull Marine Graphics Craglyn, Rock Lane, Corley, CV7 8BD EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.naughtygull.co.uk 01676 540769 Will Squibb Ltd Attrills Yard, The Duver, St Helens, PO33 1YB www.willsquibb.net
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
BOAT SALES / BROKERS ABYA The Association of Brokers & Yacht Agents EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.abya.co.uk
01983 874629 01730 710425
Ancasta International Boat Sales Port Hamble Marina, Hamble, SO31 4QD EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.ancasta.com 02380 450000 Golden Arrow Marine Poole 27 West Quay Road, Poole, BH15 1HX www.goldenarrow.co.uk 01202 677387
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
Salterns Brokerage Salterns Marina, 40 Salterns Way, Lilliput, Poole, BH14 8JR www.salternsbrokerage.co.uk 01202 707222
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
BOAT TRANSPORT / YACHT DELIVERY Boat Transport Ltd The Mainstay, 7 Fairview Drive, Southampton, SO45 5GX EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.boattransport.co.uk 07831 486710 Shoreline Yacht Transport Chichester www.boat-trans.co.uk
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
01243 785370 07836 789083
BOATYARDS / BOATBUILDERS / REPAIRERS / MARINE SURVEYORS Cowes Commercial Craft Coding SCV2 Compliance Insurance / Tonnage Surveys EMAIL: [email protected] 07813 609725
Hamble Yacht Services Hamble Yacht Services Refit & Repair, Advanced Rigging & Hydraulics, Port Hamble Marina, SO31 4NN 02380 454111 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.hambleyachtservices.co.uk www.advancedrigging.co.uk Medina Yard Arctic Road, Cowes, PO31 7PG EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.medinayard.co.uk
01983 203872
Richardsons Yacht Services Island Harbour, Mill Lane, Newport, PO30 2LA EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.richardsonsyacht.co.uk 01983 821095
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SOLENT DIRECTORY Salterns Marina & Boatyard 40 Salterns Way, Lilliput, Poole, BH14 8JR EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.salterns.co.uk 01202 709971 Will Squibb Ltd Attrills Yard, The Duver, St Helens, PO33 1YB www.willsquibb.net
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
CAFES & TAKEAWAYS Sails Cafe 1 Shooters Hill, Cowes, PO31 7BE EMAIL: [email protected] The Blue Crab High Street, Yarmouth, Isle of Wight, PO41 0PL EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.thebluecrab.co.uk
01983 874629 01983 289758 01983 760014
CHANDLERS / CHARTS & PILOTAGE
COMPANY Winning Tides DESCRIPTION Tide books and other publications TELEPHONE 07970 547508 www.winningtides.co.uk WEB SITE EMAIL [email protected] SERVICES Products for racing sailors - from Tide Books to Wet Notes and
much more.
Fynn Marine Cowes Yacht Haven, Vectis Yard, Marina Walk, Cowes, PO31 7BD EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.fynnmarine.co.uk 01983 297500
Richardsons Yacht Services Island Harbour, Mill Lane, Newport, PO30 2LA www.richardsonsyacht.co.uk 01983 821095
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
Salterns Chandlery Salterns Marina, 40 Salterns Way, Lilliput, Poole, BH14 8JR www.salterns.co.uk 01202 701556
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
VisitMyHarbour 36 High Street, Cowes, PO31 7RS [email protected] Web Site: www.visitmyharbour.com
EMAIL:
01983 293757
CHARTER BOATS / BOAT CRUISES / SAILING HOLIDAYS Bembridge Powerboat Training & Charter The Duver, St Helens, PO33 1YB EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.powerboat-training.com 01983 778077 Coastal Pursuits Charter & Training Units 9-12 Saxon Wharf, Lower York Street, Southampton, SO14 5QF 02380 658790 www.coastalpursuits.co.uk
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
Hamble Point Yacht Charters Hamble Point Marina, SO31 4JD EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.yacht-charter.co.uk
02380 457110
Jillian Charters Oceanus 400, Cowes based EMAIL: [email protected]
07736 610242
One Stop Sailing 12 Thetis Road, Cowes, Isle of Wight, PO31 7DJ EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.onestopsailing.co.uk
01983 281228
ProMo Marine Yacht Management Netley, Southampton, SO31 5FW EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.promomarine.com 07971 858938 CLOTHING / LEISUREWEAR & FOOTWEAR Hudson Wight Performance Sailwear One The Parade, Cowes, PO31 7QJ EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.hudsonwight.com 01983 300144 Nipper Skipper Ltd PO Box 90, Attleborough, NR17 2NY www.nipperskipper.co.uk
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
01953 450944
CORPORATE HOSPITALITY Cowes Yacht Haven Ltd Vectis Yard, High Street, Cowes, PO31 7BD 01983 299975 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.cowesyachthaven.com Hamble Point Yacht Charters Hamble Point Marina, SO31 4JD EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.yacht-charter.co.uk
02380 457110
CRANES / BOAT LIFTS / SLIPWAYS / HOISTS Cowes Yacht Haven Ltd Vectis Yard, High Street, Cowes, PO31 7BD 01983 299975 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.cowesyachthaven.com Haines Boatyard Ferryside, Itchenor, Chichester PO20 7AN EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.hainesboatyard.com
01243 512228
Hamble Yacht Services Hamble Yacht Services Refit & Repair, Advanced Rigging & Hydraulics, Port Hamble Marina, SO31 4NN 02380 454111 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.hambleyachtservices.co.uk www.advancedrigging.co.uk 138
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SOLENT DIRECTORY Lymington Yacht Haven King’s Saltern Road, Lymington, Hampshire, SO41 3QD EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.yachthavens.com/lymington/ 0 1590 677071 Medina Yard Arctic Road, Cowes, PO31 7PG EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.medinayard.co.uk
01983 203872
Richardsons Yacht Services Island Harbour, Mill Lane, Newport, PO30 2LA EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.richardsonsyacht.co.uk 01983 821095 Salterns Marina & Boatyard 40 Salterns Way, Lilliput, Poole, , BH14 8JR www.salterns.co.uk 01202 709971
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
ELECTRICAL / ELECTRONICS Greenham Regis Marine Electronics Itchenor, EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.greenham-regis.com
01243 511070
Greenham Regis Marine Electronics Lymington, 01590 671144 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.greenham-regis.com For Greenham Regis advert - see page 139
Greenham Regis Marine Electronics Poole, EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.greenham-regis.com
01202 676363
Greenham Regis Marine Electronics Southampton, EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.greenham-regis.com
02380 636555
Solent Marine Services Unit 4, Clarence Boatyard, Clarence Road, East Cowes, PO32 6TA EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.drysailing.co.uk 01983 282438 Will Squibb Ltd Attrills Yard, The Duver, St Helens, PO33 1YB www.willsquibb.net
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
01983 874629
ENGINES / OUTBOARDS / MARINE ENGINEERS Auto Marine Services 20A High Street, Botley, Southampton, SO30 2EA WEB SITE: www.automarineservices.co.uk 01489 785009
EMAIL:
Golden Arrow Marine Chichester Unit A1-A2, Chichester Marina, Birdham, PO20 7EJ www.goldenarrow.co.uk 01243 512313
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
Golden Arrow Marine Poole 27 West Quay Road, Poole, BH15 1HX 01202 677387 www.goldenarrow.co.uk
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
Golden Arrow Marine Portsmouth 4-5 The Slipway, Port Solent, PO6 4TR EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.goldenarrow.co.uk 02392 201171 Golden Arrow Marine Southampton Unit 17, Shamrock Quay, Southampton, SO14 5QH www.goldenarrow.co.uk 02380 710371
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
Haines Boatyard Ferryside, Itchenor, Chichester PO20 7AN [email protected] WEB SITE: www.hainesboatyard.com
EMAIL:
01243 512228
Hamble Yacht Services Hamble Yacht Services Refit & Repair, Advanced Rigging & Hydraulics, Port Hamble Marina, SO31 4NN 02380 454111 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.hambleyachtservices.co.uk www.advancedrigging.co.uk 140
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Quality Marine Engineering, Service and Support • SUPPLY • INSTALLATION • DYNAMOMETER TESTS • SERVICE • REPAIR • REFIT • PARTS
Service, Overhaul and Sales • Anchors • Control systems • Day boats • Engines • Gearboxes • Generators
• Hydraulic systems • Outboards • RIBS & Inflatables • Stabilizers • Thrusters • Windlass & capstans
4 branches along the South Coast | Chichester
| Portsmouth
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SOLENT DIRECTORY Richardsons Yacht Services Island Harbour, Mill Lane, Newport, PO30 2LA EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.richardsonsyacht.co.uk 01983 821095 Solent Marine Services Unit 4, Clarence Boatyard, Clarence Road, East Cowes, PO32 6TA www.drysailing.co.uk 01983 282438
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
Will Squibb Ltd Attrills Yard, The Duver, St Helens, PO33 1YB www.willsquibb.net
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
01983 874629
EVENT MANAGEMENT Bembridge Powerboat Training & Charter The Duver, St Helens, PO33 1YB EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.powerboat-training.com 01983 778077 Coastal Pursuits Charter & Training Units 9-12 Saxon Wharf, Lower York Street, Southampton, SO14 5QF 02380 658790 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.coastalpursuits.co.uk Cowes Yacht Haven Ltd Vectis Yard, High Street, Cowes, Isle of Wight, PO31 7BD EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.cowesyachthaven.com 01983 299975 MSJ Events Ltd Regatta House, 18 Bath Road, Cowes, PO31 7QN
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
01983 245100
Solent Events Unit 6, Dell Buildings, Milford Road, Lymington, SO41 0ED EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.solent-events.co.uk 01590 674900 MARINE DECKING Solent Marine Services Unit 4, Clarence Boatyard, Clarence Road, East Cowes, PO32 6TA EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.drysailing.co.uk 01983 282438 MARINE SURVEYORS
YDSA The Yacht Designers & Surveyors Association [email protected] WEB SITE: www.ydsa.co.uk
EMAIL:
01730 710425
MASTS / RIGGING / ROPE SYSTEMS Hamble Yacht Services Hamble Yacht Services Refit & Repair, Advanced Rigging & Hydraulics, Port Hamble Marina, SO31 4NN 02380 454111 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.hambleyachtservices.co.uk www.advancedrigging.co.uk Richardsons Yacht Services Island Harbour, Mill Lane, Newport, PO30 2LA EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.richardsonsyacht.co.uk 01983 821095 MOORINGS / BERTHS / BOAT STORAGE / DRY STACK Birdham Pool Marina Birdham, Chichester, PO20 7BG EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.castlemarinas.co.uk
01243 512310
Cobb’s Quay Marina Hamworthy, Poole, Dorset, BH15 4EL 01202 674299 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.cobbsquaymarina.co.uk Cowes Yacht Haven Ltd Vectis Yard, High Street, Cowes, PO31 7BD www.cowesyachthaven.com
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
01983 299975
Drivers Dry Berthing Ltd Drivers Wharf, Southampton, SO14 0PF 023 8023 3302 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.dryberthing.com Fisherman’s Cottage 1 The Esplanade, Shanklin, PO37 6BN EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.shanklinchine.co.uk
01983 863882
Folly Moorings River Medina EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.follymoorings.co.uk
07884 400046
Haines Boatyard Ferryside, Itchenor, Chichester PO20 7AN EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.hainesboatyard.com
01243 512228
Hamble Point Marina School Lane, Hamble, Southampton, SO31 4NB 02380 452464 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.hamblepointmarina.co.uk
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for the life you want... ...call the Experts & follow your dreams 01983 209020 lancasters.org
[email protected]
Lancasters Estate Agents Cowes & Ryde offices. Call us on 01983 209020 Together we have the Island covered
SOLENT DIRECTORY
SOLENT DIRECTORY Hamble Yacht Services Hamble Yacht Services Refit & Repair, Advanced Rigging & Hydraulics, Port Hamble Marina, SO31 4NN 02380 454111 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.hambleyachtservices.co.uk www.advancedrigging.co.uk Hythe Marina Village Shamrock Way, Hythe, Southampton, SO45 6DY 02380 207073 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.hythemarinavillage.co.uk Island Harbour Marina Mill Lane, Newport, PO30 2LA EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.island-harbour.co.uk
01983 539994
Lymington Yacht Haven King’s Saltern Road, Lymington, SO41 3QD 01590 677071 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.yachthavens.com/lymington/
Medina Yard Arctic Road, Cowes, PO31 7PG www.medinayard.co.uk
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
01983 203872
Mercury Yacht Harbour Satchell Lane, Hamble, Southampton, SO31 4HQ EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.mercuryyachtharbour.co.uk 02380 455994 Northney Marina Hayling Island, PO11 0NH www.northneymarina.co.uk
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
02392 477321
Ocean Village Marina 2 Channel Way, Southampton, SO14 3TG 02380 229385 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.oceanvillagemarina.co.uk Port Hamble Marina Satchell Lane, Hamble, Southampton, SO31 4QD 02380 452741 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.porthamblemarina.co.uk Royal Clarence Marina Weevil Lane, Gosport, PO12 1AX EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.castlemarinas.co.uk
02392 523523
Salterns Marina & Boatyard 40 Salterns Way, Lilliput, Poole, BH14 8JR EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.salterns.co.uk 01202 709971 Saxon Wharf Lower York Street, Northam, Southampton, SO14 5QF 02380 339490 www.saxonwharf.co.uk
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
Shamrock Quay William Street, Northam, Southampton, , SO14 5QL 02380 229461 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.shamrockquay.co.uk
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Solent Marine Services Unit 4, Clarence Boatyard, Clarence Road, East Cowes, PO32 6TA EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.drysailing.co.uk 01983 282438 Sparkes Marina Hayling Island, PO11 9SR www.sparkesmarina.co.uk
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
02392 463572
FREE ONE WEEK TRIAL!*
For a convenient, secure berth for your pride and joy, choose Town Quay Marina – and relax. • 24-hour berthing assistance and on-site team • Berth holder lounge area • Outstanding shower facilities • Chill out deck and BBQ area • Free wifi • Free cycle hire • TransEurope marina
CONTACT US TODAY 023 8023 4397 OR VISIT OUR WEBSITE WWW.TOWNQUAY.COM
THE CITY CENTRE MARINA OF CHOICE *Offer available to new customers only subject to availability and not to be used in conjunction with any other offer.
Will Squibb Ltd Attrills Yard, The Duver, St Helens, PO33 1YB EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.willsquibb.net
01983 874629
PAINT / SPRAYING Richardsons Yacht Services Island Harbour, Mill Lane, Newport, PO30 2LA EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.richardsonsyacht.co.uk 01983 821095 Will Squibb Ltd Attrills Yard, The Duver, St Helens, PO33 1YB www.willsquibb.net
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
SOLENT DIRECTORY
SOLENT DIRECTORY
Rick Tomlinson Photography 6 Marina Walk, Cowes Yacht Haven, Cowes, PO31 7BD EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.rick-tomlinson.com PUBS / BARS Fisherman’s Cottage 1 The Esplanade, Shanklin, PO37 6BN EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.shanklinchine.co.uk
01983 863882
The Anchor High Street, Cowes, PO31 7SA 01983 292823 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.theanchorcowes.co.uk The Duke of York Hotel Mill Hill Road, Cowes, PO31 7BT 01983 295171 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.dukeofyorkcowes.co.uk The Fishbourne Fishbourne Lane, Fishbourne, PO33 4EU
01983 882823
The Fountain Inn High Street, Cowes, PO31 7AW EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.fountaininn-cowes.co.uk
01983 292397
The Jolly Roger 156 Priory Road, Gosport, PO12 4LQ 02392 582584 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.thejollyrogergosport.co.uk The Lifeboat Britannia Way, East Cowes Marina, PO32 6UB 01983 292711 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.thelifeboatcowes.co.uk The Mayflower Kings Saltern Road, Lymington, SO41 3QD 01590 672160 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.themayflowerlymington.co.uk The New Inn Main Road, Shalfleet, PO30 4NS
01983 531314
The Pier View 25 High Street, Cowes, PO31 7RY EMAIL: [email protected]
01983 294929
RESTAURANTS Fisherman’s Cottage 1 The Esplanade, Shanklin, PO37 6BN EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.shanklinchine.co.uk
01983 863882
The Anchor High Street, Cowes, PO31 7SA 01983 292823 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.theanchorcowes.co.uk The Blue Crab High Street, Yarmouth, PO41 0PL EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.thebluecrab.co.uk
146
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01983 760014
The Mayflower Kings Saltern Road, Lymington, SO41 3QD 01590 672160 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.themayflowerlymington.co.uk RIB HIRE & CHARTER Bembridge Powerboat Training & Charter The Duver, St Helens, PO33 1YB EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.powerboat-training.com 01983 778077 Coastal Pursuits Charter & Training Units 9-12 Saxon Wharf, Lower York Street, Southampton, SO14 5QF EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.coastalpursuits.co.uk 02380 658790 Fynn Marine Cowes Yacht Haven, Vectis Yard, Marina Walk, Cowes, PO31 7BD www.fynnmarine.co.uk 01983 297500
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
Solent Rib Charter Unit 6, Dell Buildings, Milford Road, Lymington, SO41 0ED www.solentribcharter.co.uk 07887 635000
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
SAIL MAKERS Kemp Sails (Wareham) Unit 6, Sandford Lane Ind Est, Wareham, BH20 4DY EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.kempsails.com 01929 554308 Kemp Sails (Gosport) Endeavour Quay, Mumby Road, Gosport, PO12 1AH [email protected] WEB SITE: www.kempsails.com 02392 808717
EMAIL:
OneSails GBR (South) Hamble Point Marina, School Lane, Hamble, SO31 4JD www.onesails.com 023 8045 8213
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
Paul Newell Sails 6 Redwing Quay, The Embankment, Bembridge, PO35 5PB EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.paulnewellsails.com 01983 872834
Your Sailmaker since 1949
• Sail-cloths from leading brands • Every sail individually designed • 2.2 million sails delivered globally • Fast delivery times worldwide • 5 year cruising sail guarantee E [email protected] W www.rollytaskersails.co.uk T +44 2380 457 976
Contact us for a quote
SAILING & POWER SCHOOLS Bembridge Powerboat Training & Charter The Duver, St Helens, PO33 1YB www.powerboat-training.com 01983 778077
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
147
SOLENT DIRECTORY
The Lifeboat Britannia Way, East Cowes Marina, PO32 6UB 01983 292711 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.thelifeboatcowes.co.uk
SOLENT DIRECTORY
SOLENT DIRECTORY Coastal Pursuits Charter & Training Units 9-12 Saxon Wharf, Lower York Street, Southampton, SO14 5QF 02380 658790 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.coastalpursuits.co.uk Hamble Point Yacht Charters Hamble Point Marina, SO31 4JD EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.yacht-charter.co.uk
02380 457110
One Stop Sailing 12 Thetis Road, Cowes, PO31 7DJ EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.onestopsailing.co.uk
01983 281228
Salterns Sea School Salterns Marina, 40 Salterns Way, Lilliput, Poole, BH14 8JR EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.salterns.co.uk 01202 709971 WATER TAXIS
Folly Launch (VHF Ch 72 Call Sign “Folly Launch”) [email protected] WEB SITE: www.follymoorings.co.uk
07884 400046
Folly Waterbus (VHF Ch 77 Call Sign “Folly Waterbus”) EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.follymoorings.co.uk
07974 864627
EMAIL:
WEATHER Rowell Yachting Services St Just-in-Roseland, Cornwall, TR2 5HY 01326 279131 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.rowellyachtingservices.com YACHT & RACE MANAGEMENT Hamble Yacht Services Hamble Yacht Services Refit & Repair, Advanced Rigging & Hydraulics, Port Hamble Marina, SO31 4NN 02380 454111 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.hambleyachtservices.co.uk www.advancedrigging.co.uk
ProMo Marine Yacht Management Netley, Southampton, SO31 5FW 07971 858938 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.promomarine.com YACHT CLUBS & ASSOCIATIONS Marchwood Yacht Club Marchwood, Southampton SO40 4UX 02380 666141 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.marchwoodyc.org.uk 07742 946755 Royal Air Force Yacht Club Rope Walk, Hamble, SO31 4HD www.rafyc.co.uk
02380 452208
Royal Lymington Yacht Club Bath Road, Lymington, SO41 3SE EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.rlymyc.org.uk
01590 672677
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
Royal Ocean Racing Club 20 St James’s Place, London, SW1A 1NN 0207 4932248 EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.rorc.org Royal Ocean Racing Club The Parade, Cowes, PO31 7QU EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.rorc.org
01983 293581
Royal Ocean Racing Club Race Office 82 High Street, Cowes, PO31 7AJ EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.rorc.org 01983 295144 Royal Thames Yacht Club 60 Knightsbridge, London, SW1X 7LF www.royalthames.com
EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE:
0207 235 2121
Royal Victoria Yacht Club 91 Fishbourne Lane, Fishbourne, Ryde, PO33 4EU EMAIL: [email protected] WEB SITE: www.rvyc.org.uk 01983 882325 148
www.SolentHandbook.com
RISE & FALL OF THE TIDE AT COWES Metres
COWES TIDE TABLES
TIDAL LEVELS REFERRED TO DATUM OF SOUNDINGS Place
Lat Long N W
Heights in metres above datum
Datum and remarks
MHWS MHWN MLWN MLWS
Cowes 50˚ 46’ 1˚ 18’ 4.2 Folly Inn 50˚ 44’ 1˚ 17’ 4.1 Newport 50˚ 42’ 1˚ 17’ 4.1
3.5 3.4 3.4
0.8 1.0 1.6
2.59m below Ordnance Datum (Newlyn) 2.59m below Ordnance Datum (Newlyn) 2.59m below Ordnance Datum (Newlyn)
© Crown Copyright and/or database rights. Reproduced by permission of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office and the UK Hydrographic Office (www.ukho.gov.uk)
150
COWES TIDE TABLES
2015-16 COWES TIDE TABLES
All times GMT - add 1 hour for BST from 29 March to 25 October 2015 ENGLAND, SOUTH COAST, COWES. LAT 50046’N LONG 1018’W TIME ZONE UT (GMT). TIMES & HEIGHTS OF HIGH & LOW WATER
MARCH 2015 TIME m
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ADVERTISERS’ INDEX
ADVERTISERS’ INDEX 2 The Pippins 136 22 Castle Road 136 ABYA 41, 137 ABYA / YDSA 41, 55 Anarchy Sailing 109 Ancasta 5, 137 Anchorage Guest House 136 Anne Toms’ Gallery 134 Auto Marine Services 140 Beken of Cowes 145 Bembridge Powerboat Training & Charter 73, 138, 142, 147 Birdham Pool Marina 142 Blackgang Chine 127 Boat Transport 137 Briary Cottage 136 Britannia House 136 Chatham Marine 21 Coastal Pursuits Charter & Training 61, 138, 142, 147, 148 Cobb’s Quay Marina 142 Cowes Chiropractic Clinic 137 Cowes Commercial Craft Coding 1 37, 142 Cowes Week Ltd 13 Cowes Yacht Haven 138, 142, 150-157 Craftinsure 31 Dorset Lake Shipyard 102 Drivers Dry Berthing 119, 142 Endeavour House 136 Endeavour Quay 17 Fisherman’s Cottage 66, 142, 146 Folly Launch 78 Folly Moorings 142 Folly Waterbus 78, 148 Fynn Marine 138, 147 Garmin 24/IBC Golden Arrow Marine 137, 140, 141 Gosport Ferry 111 Greenham Regis 139, 140 Gunwharf Quays 105 Haines Boatyard 137, 138, 140, 142 Hamble Point Marina 142 Hamble Point Yacht Charters 138, 148 Hamble Yacht Services 5, 137, 138, 140, 142, 144, 148 Hamo Thornycroft 146 Haven Knox-Johnston 54/55/57/59 Hudson Wight 138 Hythe Marina Village 144 Island Harbour 85, 144 Isle of Wight Motorhomes 170 James Spence & Colleagues Dental Practice 118 Jeromes Solicitors 29
166
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Jillian Charters 138 Justboatstuf.com 138 Kemp Sails 107, 147 Kemp’s Quay 125 Lancasters 143 Lewmar 63 Lugleys of Cowes 169 Lymington Yacht Haven 93, 140, 144 Marchwood Yacht Club 148 McGrath Media 35 MDL Management PLC 68, 69, 75, 99, 115, 121 Medina Yard 11, 137, 140, 144 Mercury Yacht Harbour 144 MSJ Events 48, 142 Naughty Gull 15, 137 Nipper Skipper 138 Northney Marina 144 Norwest Marine 149 Ocean Village Marina 144 One Stop Sailing 33, 138, 148 OneSails GBR (South) 147 Panerai Back cover Paul Newell Sails 147 Paul Wyeth Marine Photography 146 Phoenix Maritime & Medical Line Ltd 97 Poole Quay Boat Haven 100, 101 Port Hamble Marina 144 Powerplus Marine 82, 140, 142 Priory Bay Hotel 9 ProMo Marine Yacht Management 137, 138, 148 Quay Management 136, 137 Quentin House 136 R K Marine 141 Rapanui 25 Richardsons Yacht Services 86, 137, 138, 140, 142, 145 Rick Tomlinson Photography 146 RNLI 37 Roach Pittis 53 Rolly Tasker Sails 147 Rowell Yachting Services 39, 148 Royal Air Force Yacht Club 115, 148 Royal Clarence Marina 144 Royal Lymington Yacht Club 148 Royal Ocean Racing Club Cowes 148 Royal Ocean Racing Club London 148 Royal Ocean Racing Club Race Office 148 Royal Thames Yacht Club 148 Royal Victoria Yacht Club 131, 148 Sails Café 59, 138
Salterns Brokerage 137 Salterns Chandlery 138 Salterns Marina & Boatyard 138, 140, 144 Salterns Sea School 148 Sapphire Yachting 128, 139 Savills (UK) Ltd 2 Saxon Wharf 144 SCRA 52 Sea View Yacht Club 19 Select Autos 167 Sevenstar Yacht Transport b.v. 44, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53 Shamrock Quay 144 Shoreline Yacht Transport 137 Solent Events 142 Solent Forts 7 Solent Marine Services 79, 140, 142, 145 Solent Rib Charter 147 Soltron 32 Songbird Villa 136 Southern Vectis 129 Sparkes Marina 145 Spinlock 23
SS Shieldhall 123 Swift Sails 147 TAG Design 135 The Anchor 81, 136, 146 The Blue Crab 133, 138, 146 The Boat House Café, Chichester 74 The Chequers Inn 93 The Duke of York Inn 136, 146 The Fishbourne 131, 146 The Fountain Inn 136, 146 The Jolly Roger 104, 146 The Lifeboat 87, 146, 147 The Mayflower 95, 136, 146, 147 The New Inn 97, 146 The Pier View 146 Town Quay Marina Southampton 145 UKSA 14, 15, 83, 158-165 Vecwash 84 VisitMyHarbour 79, 138 WightFibre 46 Will Squibb 72, 138, 140, 142, 145 Winning Tides 65, 138 Wroath Marine 140 YDSA 41, 142
www.SolentHandbook.com
ADVERTISERS’ INDEX
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are many people to thank for their help with this fifth edition of the Solent Handbook & Directory. Firstly, we are very lucky to have the use of so many outstanding images from marine photographers Paul Wyeth, Peter Mumford - Beken of Cowes and Hamo Thornycroft, plus Jamie Russell of Island Visions. A special thank you to everyone who contributed photographs. To all our advertisers we wish you a very prosperous season, and to our readers we say, do remember to tell people that you’ve seen their adverts in the Solent Handbook. Tidal data for Cowes and Portsmouth, and the background chart of the Racing Marks Map and Location Map are reproduced by permission of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office and the UK Hydrographic Office (www.ukho.gov.uk). We have received help of one sort or another from numerous others including: Natasha Lambert, Graham Sunderland, Steve Sleight, Craig Nutter, Simon Rowell, the Maritime and Coastguard Agency, RNLI, SCRA, Poole Quay Boat Haven, Yarmouth Harbour Master, The National Trust, Newtown Harbour Master, Cowes Harbour Commission, the Royal Victoria Yacht Club, Ryde Harbour Master, Bembridge Harbour Master, Bembridge Sailing Club, Cheetah Marine, the Isle of Wight Council (www.iwight.com), Visit Isle of Wight (www.visitisleofwight.co.uk), Keyhaven River Warden, New Forest District Council, Lymington Harbour Master, Hampshire County Council (www.visit-hampshire.co.uk), Beaulieu Estate, Buckler’s Hard Yacht Harbour, ABP Southampton, Southampton City Council, MDL Marinas, Premier Marinas, Dean & Reddyhoff, River Hamble Harbour Authority, QHM Portsmouth, Portsmouth City Council, Fareham Tourist Information, Tudor Sailing Club, Visit my Harbour (www.visitmyharbour.com), Chichester Harbour Conservancy.
Produced and published by Inspired Media & Events Ltd. Printed by Trident Design & Print of Hinckley, Leicestershire. While every care has been taken in compiling this book the publishers do not accept any liability or provide any guarantee that the information is accurate, complete, or up-to-date. Inspired Media & Events Ltd and its employees and contractors have used their best efforts in preparing these pages and this publication. Inspired Media & Events Ltd and its employees and contractors make no warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, with regard to the information supplied. Inspired Media & Events Ltd and its employees and contractors shall not be liable in the event of incidental or consequential damages in connection with, or arising out of, the providing of the information offered here.
168
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How are 'Oscar Madison' and 'Felix Ungar' described in the title of a 1960's play, later a film and TV series? | The Odd Couple (TV Series 1970–1975) - IMDb
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Two men, a neat freak and a slob separated from their wives, have to live together despite their differences.
Creators:
Oscar and Felix appear together on Password and Felix is sure that they can win.
8.7
Oscar, on the advice from girlfriend Nancy, tries being nicer to Felix. In trying too hard to be so, it causes him to sleepwalk and hit Felix on the head with a rolled up newspaper every night.
8.7
Felix and Oscar appear on Let's Make a Deal to get a new bed for Felix after Oscar set his on fire.
8.6
2017 Golden Globes Nominees Back After 20 Years
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Title: The Odd Couple (1970–1975)
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Won 1 Golden Globe. Another 5 wins & 14 nominations. See more awards »
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Storyline
Felix and Oscar are an extremely odd couple: Felix is anal-retentive, neurotic, precise, and fastidiously clean. Oscar, on the other hand, is the exact opposite: sloppy and casual. They are sharing an apartment together, and their differing lifestyles inevitably lead to some conflicts and laughs. Written by Murray Chapman <[email protected]>
24 September 1970 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
La extraña pareja See more »
Filming Locations:
Did You Know?
Trivia
The original Broadway production of "The Odd Couple" by Neil Simon opened at the Plymouth Theater on March 10, 1965, ran for 966 performances and was nominated for the 1965 Tony Award as Best Play. See more »
Goofs
In the opening credits for the entire series, the type of luggage Felix is carrying changes. When he is indoors (leaving his apartment or arriving at Oscar's) he is carrying a white suitcase. But when he is walking outside he is not carrying the white suitcase. See more »
Quotes
(Claremont,USA) – See all my reviews
Great comedic concept from Neil Simonthe slob and the neat freak, two divorced men living together in a small Manhattan apartment. But it's really Klugman and Randall that make the premise work so welltheir chemistry is simply superb. Klugman seems a natural for Oscar the slob, with his sour expression and grouchy manner. Then there's Randall as Felix, with his no-fat body and absurdly picky manner. You just know he never played with mud pies or put on dirty socks.
It's amazing the writers get so many hilarious variations on the same themeFelix carrying on with his finicky obsessions to an annoying degree. He just can't seem to help himself. At the same time, we can't help sympathizing with poor Oscar who retaliates by turning his bedroom into a city dump. Actually actor Randall pulls off a really difficult trick: he manages to make Felix annoying without being dislikable. Any hint of the latter and the show would have fallen flat.
And who can forget the superb supporting cast, especially hawk-nosed Al Molinaro as Murray, the New York City policeMAN. He fits amiably right in with whatever the shenanigans might be, maybe too amiably for a cop. Then there're the rest of the poker playing characters, plus the girls led by Klugman's real life wife Brett and Father Knows Best's Elinor Donahue. Since nearly all the hijinks occur in the small apartment, the writers have their work cut out for them, and rise to the occasion they do, with only an occasional misfire. My favorite parts are when some poor put-upon old lady gets enough of Felix's extremes and swats him with her pursehe always looks so surprised, like he can't figure out why. Anyway, it's one of the best character-based comedies of the 70's or any TV decade.
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| Odd Couple |
The name of which mammal comes from the Afrikaans for 'earth pig'? | The Odd Couple Summary - eNotes.com
The Odd Couple Summary
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The regular weekly poker game is under way on a hot summer night in the smoke-filled living room of the once well-kept and fashionable upper West Side apartment of divorced newspaper sports writer Oscar Madison. In the three months since his wife had divorced him, the easygoing, pleasant, but slovenly Oscar has managed to litter his New York City apartment with dirty dishes, discarded clothes, old newspapers, empty bottles, and other trash. Hosting the poker game, Oscar is serving his friends warm drinks (the refrigerator has been broken for two weeks) and green sandwiches that he declares were made from “either very new cheese or very old meat.” The other poker players are Oscar’s friends—Murray, Speed, Roy, and Vinnie. Felix Ungar, Oscar’s best friend, is uncustomarily late for the game, and all the poker players are worried about him.
A phone call to Felix’s wife reveals that Felix and his wife have just separated after twelve years of marriage and that Felix has disappeared, sending his wife a telegram threatening suicide. When Felix finally arrives at the poker game, all the players attempt to calm him by pretending that everything is normal. They steer Felix away from the twelfth-story window of the apartment and wait anxiously as Felix goes into the bathroom. Felix eventually confesses that he had swallowed a whole bottle of pills from his wife’s medicine cabinet and had then vomited. After the poker players depart, Oscar consoles Felix, who reveals that he does not want a divorce and had stayed up the whole night before in a cheap Times Square hotel room considering a suicidal jump from the window. In an attempt to calm and help his friend, Oscar suggests that Felix move in with him. Felix, a fussy and compulsively neat person, agrees and immediately begins to clean up Oscar’s apartment.
At the next poker game, two weeks later, the atmosphere is very different because Felix is in charge. The apartment is immaculate, and Felix is taking orders for food and drink, serving carefully made sandwiches and ice-cold beer, reminding the poker players to put their...
(The entire section is 859 words.)
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The Odd Couple was not merely another Neil Simon hit: It might be considered the greatest hit of his career, if popularity is measured by the kind of impact a play has on American culture. The Odd Couple ran on Broadway for nearly one thousand performances, then was made into a film (1968), then into a very successful network television program (1970-1975), and then recast in a female version (1985), in which the two roommates are played by women. These facts alone would be significant indications of popularity, but Simon’s play has had such an impact on American life that the phrase “odd couple” has become part of American folklore. Many may not remember the names of the two men or which was the messy one, but nearly every adult is familiar with the situation to which the phrase “odd couple” refers and can use the phrase to describe similar situations.
The Odd Couple refers to Oscar Madison and Felix Ungar. Oscar, the messy one, is divorced from his wife and lives alone in a spacious, eight-room apartment on Riverside Drive in New York City. Even when he entertains Felix and his other poker-playing buddies, Oscar’s apartment is littered with dirty dishes, discarded clothes, and even garbage. When Felix’s wife demands a trial separation, Felix comes to live with Oscar and soon wears out his welcome, even with their poker buddies, because he insists on keeping the apartment sparkling clean and tidy. Furthermore, Felix’s despondency over his separation not only depresses Oscar but also ruins Oscar’s plans to seduce the two British sisters, Cecily and Gwendolyn Pigeon, who live in the apartment above them. When Oscar can endure no...
(The entire section is 690 words.)
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Lee Kuan Yew became Prime Minister of which country in 1959? | Singapore’s first Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew dies aged 91 - Channel NewsAsia
Channel NewsAsia
Singapore’s first Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew dies aged 91
Mr Lee leaves behind two sons and a daughter.
Posted 22 Aug 2015 13:53
Updated 30 Dec 2015 09:58
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SINGAPORE: Mr Lee Kuan Yew, who was Singapore’s first Prime Minister when the country gained Independence in 1965, has died on Monday (Mar 23) at the age of 91.
"The Prime Minister is deeply grieved to announce the passing of Mr Lee Kuan Yew, the founding Prime Minister of Singapore. Mr Lee passed away peacefully at the Singapore General Hospital today at 3.18am. He was 91," said the PMO.
Arrangements for the public to pay respects and for the funeral proceedings will be announced later, it added.
Mr Lee, who was born in 1923, formed the People’s Action Party in 1954, then became Prime Minister in 1959. He led the nation through a merger with the Federation of Malaysia in 1963, as well as into Independence in 1965.
He leaves behind two sons – Lee Hsien Loong and Lee Hsien Yang – and a daughter, Lee Wei Ling.
HIS EARLY YEARS
From early in his life, Mr Lee Kuan Yew had braced himself to face history’s tumultuous tides head-on.
His efforts to build a nation were shaped by his early life experiences.
For the young Lee Kuan Yew, the Japanese Occupation was the single most important event that shaped his political ideology. The depravation, cruelty and humiliation that the war wreaked on people made it clear to Mr Lee that, to control one’s destiny, one had to first gain power.
Born to English-educated parents Lee Chin Koon and Chua Jim Neo, Mr Lee was named “Kuan Yew” which means “light and brightness”, but also “bringing great glory to one’s ancestors”. He was given the English moniker “Harry” by his paternal grandfather.
He continued the family tradition of being educated in English, and read law at Cambridge University after excelling as a student at Raffles College. His experience of being as a colonial subject when he was in England in the late 1940s fuelled his interest in politics, while also sharpening his anti-colonial sentiments.
He said later: “I saw the British people as they were. They treated you as colonials and I resented that. I saw no reason why they should be governing me – they’re not superior. I decided, when I got back, I was going to put an end to this.”
Mr Lee’s political life began right after he returned to Singapore in 1950, when he began acting as a legal adviser and negotiator representing postal workers who were fighting for better pay and working conditions.
He was soon appointed by many more trade unions, including some which were controlled by pro-communists.
In a marriage of convenience to overthrow the British, Mr Lee formed the People’s Action Party in 1954 with these pro-communists and other anti-colonialists.
THE BATTLE FOR MERGER
A key part of winning power at the time was securing the support of the masses, and this meant reaching out to the Chinese-educated, which made up the majority of the population in Singapore. He had taken eight months of Mandarin classes in 1950, and he renewed his Mandarin education five years later, at the age of 32. And within a short time, he had mastered the language sufficiently to address public audiences.
In the mid-1950s, riots broke out that fuelled tensions between the local Government and the communist sympathisers in the Chinese community. A few pro-communist members of the PAP were arrested.
Leading the PAP, Mr Lee fought for their release and ran a campaign against corruption in the 1959 elections for a Legislative Assembly. The PAP won by a landslide, and Mr Lee achieved what he had set out to do – Singapore was self-governing, and he was Prime Minister.
But there were others who would contest the power he acquired, and they had different political agendas. It became apparent that leading Singapore meant having to break ranks with some of his anti-colonial allies – the pro-communists.
Mr Lee said of the pro-communists: “They were not crooks or opportunists but formidable opponents, men of great resolve, prepared to pay the price for the communist cause.”
Mr Lee and his team were well aware of the hard fight they faced against the pro-communists, having seen up close how they could mobilise the masses through riots and strikes to paralyse a Government. And success in this fight depended a lot on Mr Lee’s leadership.
The battle-lines were drawn sharply over the proposal for merger with Malaysia – the non-communists were for it, and the pro-communists were against it.
There were compelling economic reasons for merger, but Mr Lee was also clear about its political necessity. To him, merger was absolutely necessary to prevent Singapore and Malaya being “slowly engulfed and eroded away by the communists”.
He believed that building a common identity between individuals on either side of the Causeway would propel them across racial and religious divides towards a common land. Part of this was making sure that people felt that they are wanted, and not “step-children or step-brothers, but one in the family and a very important member of the family”.
He campaigned relentlessly and tirelessly for merger, speaking over the radio, and in nearly every corner of Singapore. After an intense public contest that pitted him against his political opponents, Mr Lee won and most Singaporeans voted in favour of the union with Malaysia.
On Sep 16, 1963, which coincided with his 40th birthday, Mr Lee declared Singapore’s entry into the Federation of Malaysia.
But this did not mean an easy working relationship between the two sides, and serious differences emerged. Mr Lee wanted a “Malaysian Malaysia”, where Malays and non-Malays were equal, and he would not condone a policy that supported Malay supremacy.
Differences between the two sides grew – from conflicts between personalities and disagreements about a common market, to the PAP’s participation in Malaysia’s general election. Malaysian politicians considered it a breach of understanding for the PAP to take part in mainland politics.
Things came to a head over constitutional rights. Mr Lee addressed the Malaysian Parliament in May 1965, in both English and Malay, laying out his case against communal politics.
But a year after racial riots were sparked off by what Mr Lee called Malay “ultras”, creating a deep divide, Singapore separated from Malaysia on Aug 9, 1965. It was a time of great disappointment for Mr Lee, a moment which he said was one of “anguish” for him.
FROM MUDFLAT TO METROPOLIS
And so it was that Singapore became an independent state that day in 1965, but not by choice. The island’s 2 million people faced an uncertain future, and that uncertainty weighed heavily on the man who was leading it.
Left with no hinterland and hardly any domestic market to speak of, Singapore’s only option was for its leaders to fight hard for its survival.
And despite the daunting task that loomed ahead, Mr Lee chose to set his sights on building a country of the future, and he never veered from that vision. In his own words in September 1965: “Here we make the model multiracial society. This is not a country that belongs to any single community - it belongs to all of us. This was a mudflat, a swamp. Today, it is a modern city. And 10 years from now, it will be a metropolis – never fear!”
But this difficult task was soon made more challenging by another crisis. In 1968, Britain unexpectedly announced its intention to withdraw its troops from Singapore. Mr Lee and his team now had to confront the prospect of a country without its own security forces. Worse, thousands of workers retrenched from the British bases joined the already large numbers of unemployed in the country.
Mr Lee’s good ties with British leaders led them to extend the departure of their forces to the end of 1971. These military bases contributed 20 per cent to the economy and provided jobs for 70,000 people, and the extension of the pull-out date softened the blow to Singapore’s economy.
In the face of these looming challenges, Mr Lee and his team soldiered on to hold the fledgling country together, and to make it work. The vacated British naval bases were used to boost the economy, and efforts were made to attract investors to set up industries on the former British army land.
To survive what was then a hostile neighbourhood, Mr Lee adopted a two-pronged approach to grow the economy.
First, to leapfrog the region and link up with the developed world, for both capital and market initiatives; and second, to transform Singapore into a “first world oasis in a third world region”. With first-world standards of service and infrastructure, Mr Lee saw the potential for Singapore to become the hub for businesses seeking a foothold in the region.
Mr Lee most likely saw the possibilities for Singapore, including eventually enjoying the world’s highest per-capita income, and becoming a leading business centre for Asia. He would have attributed such success to the confidence of foreign investors drawn to the nation’s amicable industrial relations.
Former President S R Nathan remembers Mr Lee’s focused approach: “He emphasised that his duty was to find ways and means of getting more jobs for people, and it was also the duty of the labour movement to help their fellow workers find jobs. And so for that, we needed industrial peace and a certain balance, not exploitation.”
GETTING THINGS DONE
The National Trades Union Congress (NTUC) was formed in 1961 when the PAP split. Led by Mr Devan Nair, a founding member of the PAP, the NTUC led Singapore’s labour movement away from militant trade unionism to one marked by cooperation.
This made Singapore the first in the world to have a tripartite arrangement where workers, employers and the Government came together to discuss general wage levels. This cooperation contributed significantly to harmonious labour relations and, ultimately, to Singapore’s rapid development in the 1970s and 1980s.
Mr Lee firmly believed that growth and development of the country was in the best interests of the workers and their unions. Speaking in 2011, he said: “In other words, growth is meaningless unless it is shared by the workers, shared not directly in wage increases, but indirectly in better homes, better schools, better hospitals, better playing fields, a healthier environment for their families, and for their children to grow up.”
Singapore’s metamorphosis from mudflat to metropolis was not just a physical transformation. Equally remarkable was the transformation of the psyche of an entire population. Within the span of a few decades, Singaporeans came to be seen as a people who could get things done.
Mr Lee played a big part in that change. From the start, he set the pace for excellence. He once told senior civil servants: “I want to make sure every button works, and if it doesn’t when I happen to be around, then somebody is going to be in for a rough time, because I do not want sloppiness.”
Sprucing up a young nation however was not so straightforward. Besides the challenge of ensuring sufficient security for the country’s borders, Mr Lee and his team had a more fundamental problem to tackle – that of a housing crisis.
HOUSING A NATION
Today, the 50-storey Pinnacle on Cantonment Road stands as an icon in Singapore’s 50-year-old public housing landscape. It is built on the site of one of the earliest public housing projects in the country. But housing in the 1950s was a far cry from what it is today. Slums were common when Singapore achieved self-government in 1959, and there was a full-blown housing crisis.
To meet the nation’s acute housing shortage, the PAP set up the Housing and Development Board in 1960. The aim set for it was to build 10,000 homes a year.
Its predecessor – the Singapore Improvement Trust (SIT) – was highly sceptical that the new board would meet its ambitious target. The SIT itself had built only 20,000 flats in its entire 30-year history.
The stakes were high and the difficulties daunting. The PAP, which had just come into power, needed to deliver results fast and gain the trust and confidence of Singaporeans.
There was doubt even with the Government of whether the HDB could get the job done, and a committee was set up to find out if the board had the capability and the materials to complete 10,000 houses as planned. When the committee published its report, the HDB had already completed 10,000 units of housing.
The HDB’s performance was crucial to the PAP’s re-election in 1963.
But it was more than a question of providing affordable homes for the people. The social motive to do this was equally compelling, and public housing helped tighten the weave of Singapore’s social fabric.
Mr Lee felt that it was important to have a rooted population. He said in 2010: “If you ask people to defend all the big houses where the bosses live, and they live in harbours, I don’t think that’s tenable. So we decided from the very beginning that everybody must have a home, every family will have something to defend, and that home must be owner-owned, but they have to pay by instalments over 20, 25, even 30 years. And that home we developed over the years into their most valuable asset.”
Today, more than 80 per cent of Singaporeans now live in subsidised public flats that they can call their own.
Singaporeans now had a personal stake in their country that went beyond feelings of patriotism. They had a physical space they could call home, and a vested interest to defend it.
National Service, aimed at defending the country and ensuring its borders were safe from external aggression, took on a different dimension.
After independence, Singapore was left with just two battalions of the Singapore Infantry Regiment. There was an urgent need to build a substantial defence force. And so National Service was introduced in 1967, with universal conscription making it compulsory for every male Singapore citizen to serve in the armed forces for about two years. It also contributed to promoting racial harmony.
UNIFIED BY LANGUAGE
In multi-racial Singapore, English is the common language used by all races. Mr Lee saw early on that English would be a unifier that would give Singapore an edge in the international arena.
But he also believed that knowing one’s mother tongue would build a sense of belonging to one’s roots, and increase self-confidence and self-respect. And so he championed bilingualism.
In retrospect, Mr Lee said that bilingualism was his most difficult policy to implement. He later admitted he had been wrong to assume that one could be equally fluent in two languages. He said in 2004: “Had I known all the difficulties of bilingualism in 1965, as I know now today, would I have done differently? Yes, in its implementation, but not in its policy. I don’t regret the stress and heavy burdens I put, because the other way would have been a destruction of the chance of building up some form of culture worth preserving.”
Former senior minister of state Ch’ng Jit Koon lauded Mr Lee’s foresight in creating a bilingual society. “If he did not succeed in bringing through our education system based on bilingual education, we will not have the advantage among other countries to tap on China’s economic trade,” he said in 2008.
Indeed, Mr Lee and his team were very sensitive to issues involving race, knowing how combustible such matters could be. The formative years of the PAP, the battles against communism and extremism and the racial riots he lived through meant that Mr Lee never underestimated the potentially explosive nature of race relations.
When it was time to remove the small, dilapidated mosques built on state land, he did so with caution. His plan was to replace these “suraus” with bigger and better mosques in every housing estate through voluntary contributions from the Malay-Muslim community, creating a sense of ownership and pride.
Mr Lee also took special interest in ensuring that Singapore’s different communities would all have a share in its prosperity. He believed better education was one of the keys to uplifting the Malay community.
Cabinet minister K Shanmugam said it would have been easy for politicians in Singapore to appeal to the sentiments of the majority Chinese community to gain political power. But he felt that part of the success of Singapore is due to leaders like Mr Lee, who shunned racial politics.
In an earlier interview in 2003, Mr Shanmugam said: “I think most sensible people in the Indian community, particularly those who went through the earlier struggles, who are older than me, accepted this - that we have the space and we have far more liberty and opportunity in Singapore than we would have if we were 6 per cent in any other society, including India, where many of the so-called upper caste Indians in Singapore would not have had a chance.”
Mr Lee Hsien Loong said that the elder Mr Lee remembered the situation that had existed in Malaysia before Singapore became an independent state. “After we became independent, a point that he always reiterated was – never do to the minorities in Singapore that which happened to us when we were a minority in Malaysia. Always make sure that the Malays, the Indians have their space, can live their way of life, and have full equal opportunities and are not discriminated against. And at the same time, help them to upgrade, improve, move forward,” he said in 2013.
CLEAN AND GREEN
Singapore is widely known for being a clean city, both in terms of its environment as well as governance. It is the least corrupt country in Asia, and according to the World Bank, it is one of the most preferred places in the world to do business.
But it was not always graft-free. Corruption was widely prevalent when Singapore was still a British colony. In the 1959 election, the PAP, then the opposition, campaigned against the Government’s corrupt practices. Mr Lee said at the time: “I am convinced that we will thrive and flourish, provided there is an honest and effective Government here.”
The PAP’s anti-corruption position resonated well with the voters. When the PAP Government took office, Mr Lee and his team turned up in all-white as a promise to the people that their leaders will not stand for corruption and will be “whiter than white”.
Over the years, the leadership’s zero tolerance for corruption earned Singapore a reputation for having a clean and effective Government. Establishing rule of law, public security and safety were fundamental to the success of the PAP.
Mr Lee applied the effort to stay clean to the island’s physical transformation as well. From the outset, he was adamant that urban development in the country did not proceed haphazardly. He had seen how a lack of planning had marred other cities, and was determined that Singapore did not make the same mistake.
Observers say this focus on paving the foundation for Singapore to have a first world environment while becoming a first world economy led to the good environment actually becoming an economic asset. And some felt that the efforts to green Singapore gave a certain softness and calmness to the country, and was not just an aesthetic benefit but spoke to the soul of Singaporeans.
Mr Lee expressed his passion for greening Singapore in practical ways. He planted a tree every year, a tradition he started in 1963. This kicked off an island-wide tree-planting initiative and launched Tree Planting Day, a national campaign that helped Singapore earn its reputation as a Garden City.
Mr Lee wrote in his memoirs: “After independence, I searched for some dramatic way to distinguish Singapore from other Third World countries and settled for a clean and green Singapore. Greening is the most cost-effective project I have launched.”
Mr Lee’s original vision of a Garden City evolved over the years into the concept of a City in a Garden, with about 2 million trees planted around the island.
In June 2012, this transformation was celebrated with the opening of the Gardens by the Bay.
Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong said this was just one example of how Singapore’s living environment is being transformed. “It may be a densely populated city, maybe one of the densest in the world, but we are determined that our people should be able to live comfortably, pleasantly, graciously. Not just good homes, efficient public transport or safe streets, but also be in touch with nature, never far from green spaces and blue waters,” he said in 2012.
Mr Lee Kuan Yew was not known to be sentimental about buildings or landmarks, and he was practical yet ambitious about transforming the nation’s landscape, even when it came to defying nature.
And one of his most important initiatives started in 1977, and involved the Singapore River – historically the lifeblood of the economy and the centre of commercial activity.
The river had been the conduit for Singapore’s entrepot trade, allowing for the movement of goods from the port to the city. Over the years, it had degenerated into a filthy, congested, polluted waterway. The industries along its banks had been dumping sewage and garbage into its waters. The water was badly polluted and caused a stench in the area.
Mr Lee’s proposal was perceived as a monumental feat: A clean-up of the entire river.
The rebirth of the Singapore River took 10 years to complete, and today, it is not only glistening again, but its banks are also bustling with trendy restaurants, clubs and offices, and fish have even returned.
The Singapore River, now part of the Marina reservoir, is a constant reminder of the man who defied time and tide. Its transformation mirrors the fascinating evolution of a small backwater into a thriving global metropolis, and its currents echo the ebb and flow of one man’s life as he turned an impossible dream into reality.
In Mr Lee Kuan Yew’s own words: “You begin your journey not knowing where it will take you. You have plans, you have dreams, but every now and again you have to take uncharted roads, face impassable mountains, cross treacherous rivers, be blocked by landslides and earthquakes. That’s the way my life has been.”
- CNA/ly
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Which composee was born in Leipzig in 1813 and died in Venice in 1883? | | National Review
@JohnFund
The key is to ensure that one generation won’t bankrupt future generations by living beyond its means.
Obituaries of Lee Kuan Yew, the first prime minister of Singapore who died this week at age 91, broke down into roughly two camps:
He was a hero, building a “clean as Disneyland” republic that runs like a Swiss watch.
He was an autocrat, who built a successful economy but crushed opponents and journalists who challenged his “managed” democracy.
Both statements have big elements of truth. I take a third approach, based on a fascinating visit I made to Singapore earlier this month. Lee Kuan Yew, a member of Britain’s left-wing Labour party while a student at Cambridge, managed to create a workable welfare state, one that provides for people without creating Social Security–like Ponzi schemes or unsustainable entitlements. Both liberals and conservatives have much to learn from what he built, the details of which are missing in most of the tributes to him.
Lee’s first priority when he became prime minister in 1959 was to reimagine Singapore’s economy. “Back then, this place was a swamp, with no natural resources, and it even had to import its drinking water from Malaysia,” Jim Rogers , a noted American investor who has lived in Singapore for nearly a decade, told me during my visit there.
By embracing free trade, capital formation, vigorous meritocratic education, low taxes, and a reliable judicial system, Lee raised the per capita income of his country from $500 a year to some $52,000 a year today. That’s 50 percent higher than that of Britain, the colonial power that ruled Singapore for 150 years. Its average annual growth rate has averaged 7 percent since the 1970s. “A 2010 study showed more patents and patent applications from the small city-state of Singapore (population 5.6 million) than from Russia (population 140 million),” noted economist Thomas Sowell observes .
But that wealth wasn’t used to create a traditional welfare state. Economist Mark Skousen notes that Singapore is rated along with Hong Kong as one of the two most free economies in the world. Any expansion of government is gradual and grudging. In 2013, when Singapore broadened its medical-benefits program, the local Straits Times newspaper made clear the government’s philosophy: “The first [priority] is to keep government subsidies targeted at those who most need them, rather than commit to benefits for all. Universal benefits are ‘wasteful and inequitable,’ and hard to take away once given, [finance minister Tharman Shanmugaratnam] said.”
That mindset is embodied in Singapore’s philosophy of welfare, which rests on four pillars:
Each generation should pay its own way.
Each family should pay its own way.
Each individual should pay his own way.
Only after passing through these three filters should anyone turn to the government for help. But it will be there when needed.
Singapore’s approach to the provision of health care, retirement income, and housing is in sharp distinction to that of other countries. People are required to make relatively high payments into savings plans from which they can later buy a home, pay tuition, and purchase a variety of insurance policies. For those under age 50, the employee contributes 20 percent of his income, and the employer 16 percent. A third of the employee’s share is put into a private Medisave account. When the balance reaches 34,100 U.S. dollars, any excess funds can be used for non-health-care purposes. All are enrolled in a catastrophic-health-care plan, although they can opt out.
Lee Kuan Yew's Greatest Accomplishment May Not Have Been Singapore's Economic Success
Health-care expert John Goodman is credited (along with economist Richard Rahn) with first proposing medical savings accounts in the U.S. He says Singapore shows that they can work as the backbone of a health-care system. “The issue is,” he says, “can individuals be counted on to manage their own health-care dollars responsibly, or does health care work better if all the dollars are controlled by government or insurance companies?”
The answer is clear.
Not only is Singapore’s population healthy, but the private sector dominates health-care spending, and consumer choice keeps health-care costs down. In Singapore, the government’s share of health-care spending has fallen to 20 percent, down from 50 percent 30 years ago. “Singapore has found a rational way to provide services that are provided by legalized Ponzi schemes in the rest of the developed world,” Goodman told me in an interview. “Those governments have made promises they must either default on or impose draconian taxes to pay for. Singapore has avoided that problem.”
It’s no wonder that other countries constantly consult Singapore for guidance on how to turbo-charge their economies. In 2011, Ghana’s vice president, John Dramani Mahama, told a visiting delegation from Singapore that his country “takes a lot of inspiration from Singapore in their economic transformation from a third- into a first-world country.”
There is less to emulate from Singapore’s brand of politics. As Frank Lavin, a former U.S. ambassador to Singapore from 2001 to 2005, notes : “Lee believed that open politics can lead to demagoguery, rent-seeking, and short-term thinking. Yet over time, Singapore did become more open, allowing for both political debate and contested elections. . . . Of Lee’s many successes, his most important legacy might be the move to that more open political system to complement the open economics.”
But from my visit there, I believe that the least appreciated part of Lee Kwan Yew’s legacy is his method of ensuring that one generation won’t bankrupt future generations by selfishly living beyond its means. It’s a welfare state that works, and one he always said was available to any political leader with the courage to tell his people the truth about the limits of government’s power to pass out goodies.
— John Fund is national-affairs correspondent for NRO.
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Inspired by a poster of Marlene Dietrich, who wrote the song 'Marlene On The Wall'? | Marlene On The Wall by Suzanne Vega Songfacts
Marlene On The Wall by Suzanne Vega Songfacts
Songfacts
Vega wrote this about coping with loneliness; she finds comfort by looking up to a poster of Marlene Dietrich on the wall. Vega really did have a poster of Dietrich on her wall. She explained in SongTalk magazine: "That was a truthful song. The lines came out of my life. But you want to be careful, too, because you don't want to get into 'Oh, my boyfriend left me...' I have a problem with specifically confessional songwriting. I think you have to craft it in some way. I don't think you can come on stage and blurt out your innermost feelings. My niece can blurt out her innermost feelings. She's four years old. I wouldn't want to pay $25 to go see her do that. You need to put it in a form. Although it is truthful, you have to give it some respect, or a certain kind of dignity, by putting it into a kind of form. Because these people are not my friends. They're paying to see a show, some form of entertainment. So I'm not gonna sit there and talk to them like Ronee Blakely in Nashville."
Marlene Dietrich was a German actress who became an international film star in the 1930's. During World War II, she put her movie career on hold in order to entertain US troops, a move that won her the Medal of Freedom, the highest military award a civilian can receive. Dietrich was 90 years old when she died in 1992.
Vega told SongTalk that this song always seemed "A little wide of mark, somehow." Said Vega: "It's accessible and people do like it, but for me, personally, inside myself, I feel I had something in mind, and I kind of did it, it was stylish, it was interesting, but I didn't feel it was quite the bulls-eye that some of the others were. The idea of using a poster as a reference point is a very pop idea. It's a song about Marlene Dietrich. You kind of get that from it, or it's a song about a relationship."
This was Vega's first single. It did well in the UK, but didn't get noticed in America. Vega, who is from New York, found success in the US 2 years later with her album Solitude Standing, which contained the hit song, "Luka."
| Suzanne Vega |
Who is the regular presenter on BBC Radio One on Monday to Friday from 10.00am to 12.45pm? | The Meaning of Marlene on the Wall
The Meaning of Marlene on the Wall
Categories:
by Frank Moraes
15 Dec 2011
Suzanne Vega’s Marlene on the Wall was one of the great pop songs of my youth, but its meaning was always murky to me. Over the weekend, I happened to hear the song again. For the first time, its meaning became clear.
It is well known that the Marlene on the Wall in this song is a picture (poster, painting) of Marlene Dietrich. Below is Susanne Vega in 1996 doing Marlene on the Wall with an introduction about how it came to be written. The story is a little confusing, because Vega merges how she came to admire Dietrich with how she happened to write the song. [The video is no longer available. Here is a performance of the song that does not include the introduction. The text of the introduction is printed below.]
Here is the quotation from the concert. It shows that she is not talking about the start of the song, but rather the start of her adoration of Dietrich:
It was written for the actress Marlene Dietrich. That’s the Marlene that I am talking about in this song. And the very first time that I ever saw Marlene Dietrich was one night when I was watching television, I was in my apartment sitting in the East Village in New York City which is where I’m from. So there I was and I turned on the TV set. It was one of those old sets that take a while to warm up.
So I turned on the knob and you get the little tiny dot in the middle of the screen. And I hear this man’s voice saying, “You have lead many men to death with your body.” I was like “All right!” because I didn’t see anything, you know, I didn’t know who the guy was, who he was talking to. And for a split second I had this fantasy, what if someone came to my door and said that to me? What would I say? And I thought that I would probably apologize. I would probably be like “Oh, I’m terribly sorry, are you sure it was me? It might have been so-and-so down the hall.” So, I was curious to know what who ever he was talking to would say.
Of course right then the picture came on and there’s Marlene Dietrich’s beautiful face in close-up. And her answer, of course, which is the only proper and logical one “Give me a kiss.” So right from that moment I was just hooked. I watched the rest of the movie. I became a huge Marlene Dietrich fan. The photograph on the wall I’m singing about in the song, is one that someone had given me, back in the days when I was hanging out at Folk City. They gave it to me because they knew that I was a fan of hers. I had it framed and had it on my wall. The song is written from the point of view of the photograph of Marlene Dietrich looking down into my bedroom at that point when I was in my early twenties. [1]
It is usually a mistake for artists to talk about their work. I wish that Vega had not made the title character concrete, because I think it would be even more interesting to consider that it was a Marlene Dumas painting. But Marlene Dietrich is interesting, and the whole idea of adding the perspective of a painting hanging on a wall is very clever.
Verse 1
“Marlene on the Wall” starts out with its two fundamental themes: apathy and violence. The first verse:
Even if I am in love with you
All this to say, what’s it to you?
Observe the blood, the rose tattoo
Of the fingerprints on me from you.
She is saying that she’s unsure of why she is in this relationship, but whatever it might be, it can’t be outweighed by the violence that she suffers at the hands of her partner. However, she is vague about this violence. The bruising—”rose tattoo”—does not come from fists or other tools of torture. In fact, fingerprints imply someone trying to hold on. I imagine a large male hand grasping a thin female wrist.
Regardless of the kind of violence, this opening verse clearly says that the singer is unclear about whether she wants to be in this relationship, even apart from the violence she is subjected to.
Verse 2
The plot thickens in the second verse:
Other evidence has shown
That you and I are still alone
We skirt around the danger zone
And don’t talk about it later.
Here she continues her clinical appraisal of the relationship in “Marlene on the Wall.” The main problem seems to be that the partners are alone despite their physical proximity. It is easy to conclude that the “danger zone” that she is talking about refers to the violence of the first verse. I think this is wrong. When she talks about the danger zone, she is talking about the area where people are close to being truthful to one another. I’m sure we’ve all had relationships where we could never quite get past the play acting, which is the foundation of most human interactions, into being truthful with the vulnerability that requires.
Refrain
Then she comes to the refrain:
Marlene watches from the wall
Her mocking smile says it all
As she records the rise and fall
Of every soldier passing.
But the only soldier now is me
I’m fighting things I cannot see
I think it’s called my destiny
That I am changing.
Marlene on the wall.
Vega does something very strange. She’s been singing in the second person to her lovers, but here she switches suddenly to an introspective third person through the vale of Marlene Dietrich. [2] The implication is that her encounters with men are at their places. At home, she is alone. Also, it would seem, she only really exists when she is alone. Hence the second person narrative when she is away with her lovers.
The use of the soldier as a metaphor serves two purposes. First, it reinforces the violent subtext of the song. Second, and even more important, it puts forth the idea of a line of men—serial monogamy. At this point—during the first refrain—this seems to be the extent of her changing: from one abusive man to another.
Verse 3
Vega complicates matters in the third verse:
I walk to your house in the afternoon
By the butcher’s shop with the sawdust strewn
“Don’t give away the goods too soon”
Is what she might have told me
Here she continues the effective but confusing second person point of view. The first two lines make clear that the singer is not forced into this relationship—she goes of her own free will, if indeed any of us have such a thing . Mostly, however, she is speculating about the advice that Marlene Dietrich would give her, but which she (as we see shortly) doesn’t follow: don’t give yourself away to these awful men.
Verse 4
In the last verse, she resolves the plot and shows growth of the singer:
And I tried so hard to resist
When you held me in your handsome fist
And reminded me of the night we kissed
And of why I should be leaving
Here she comes back to the original violent image of “Marlene on the Wall.” But it is contrasted with her memory of their first meeting, which we can assume was much more gentle—no fists were used that night. This contrast tells her that she should not be in this relationship. I choose to believe that this insight is enough to change her behavior, but of course, a darker reading is possible.
When she repeats the refrain, Vega changes the word “soldier” to “men,” to make it concrete. She is, shall we say, past speaking about her relationships in terms of metaphor. As such, her claim that “I am changing” sounds far more credible; now she may be changing in a more fundamental way, away from her dysfunctional relationships to something better, if only to being alone with Marlene Dietrich. It is due to this that “Marlene on the Wall” is hopeful despite its dark themes.
[1] She is likely referring to the 1931 film Dishonored, but she misquotes it.
[2] Note that Vega is incorrect in the video above when she talks about the POV of her song.
Other Somewhat Related Articles
| i don't know |
'Jungfrau' is the German for which sign of the zodiac? | ZODIAC SIGNS AND FAMILY HISTORY
ZODIAC SIGNS AND FAMILY HISTORY
One of the controversies surrounding Joseph Flory, immigrant father of the C-Line, involves religion. Since apparently several of his children were baptized as adults in the Conestoga Congregation of Lancaster Co. Pennsylvania, it is presumed Joseph was himself a "Dunkard" (Brethren), fleeing Europe for religious freedom. The theory that he was Brethren (non-believers in infant baptism) hits a snag. Walter Bunderman's 1948 book on Flory families in America pictures a photocopy of a purported 8 September 1733 baptismal certificate for Katherine Flory, alleged daughter of Joseph. If this is a genuine document, Joseph would have been Lutheran or Reformed, not Brethren. The baptismal certificate would have indicated that Katherine was baptized as an infant. It is, of course, possible that he changed his religious affiliation after his immigration. Roxann Flora Rhea read about the purported baptismal certificate; something about the wording in this document seemed strange. What follows is a report of her quest for some answers...and, yes, it does entail Signs of the Zodiac!
KATHERINE FLORY AND THE ZODIAC
BY
ROXANN FLORA RHEA
Katherine Flory, alleged daughter of Joseph Flory, who was said to have been born at sea prior to the landing of the Ship Hope on August 28, 1733, is best known for what we do not know or cannot prove about her. We don't know if she had a baptismal certificate as stated by Walter Bunderman in his book, nor do we know what ever became of it. He translated the purported document from German to English as follows: "Kathleen Flory is (word missing)...on this 8th day of September in year of our Lord 1733 in sign of the virgin". It is an understatement to say that the name Kathleen is suspect as a German name! Dick Gethmann gave an excellent description of the document in a Flora Listserve: "The document has two fold marks, it is partially torn, and it looks like there are some stains on it. It has 'decoration' both around and within the document, which makes reading it difficult". I have not seen the photocopy in Bunderman's book.
After consulting with the Lutheran Archives in Philadelphia (about 1998) I was assured that baptismal certificates were commonly issued to Lutheran families in Colonial America.
"In sign of the virgin"...is Virgin written in Latin (Virgo) or in German (jungfrau)? Are we seeing evidence of a Zodiac sign written in a church document. Impossible, I thought. The wording sounded almost Roman Catholic. My inquiries pertained to written Zodiac signs (not symbols). A German correspondent of mine answered my question about these signs by saying that the German Mennonites used Zodiac signs in their family Bibles because they did not like the month names used by the government and by the official church.
I placed requests (in August, 1999)on the Brethren Listserve and the Flora Listserve for information re signs of the Zodiac being used in the recording of births. Many folks gave personal experience with old family records and several had expertise in the Signs of the Zodiac. It became apparent that the usage was widespread, albeit, not entirely consistent. Brethren and Mennonite denominations were mentioned frequently.
Several inquiries led to a contact with a librarian from a Mennonite university in Harrisonburg, VA, who was able to give me some solid answers. She said that in their collection, they have many books with family records written in them. It is very common for the birth records to give both the date of birth and the sign of the Zodiac (such as In the sign of the Virgin, Taurus, Capricorn, etc.). As far as she knows this practice was common to Germanic families regardless of denomination. Most of the collection is Mennonite, but one appears to be Reformed, another Brethren. She has no way of knowing if the signs were significant other than for marking an event. She does know that Mennonite (and other German families) often noted the signs/phases of the moon in scheduling agricultural pursuits.
A sociologist at Elizabethtown College in PA. referred me to a Lutheran pastor, known as an expert on Pennsylvania German culture. The pastor and I spoke by phone (July, 2001). His comments indicated that the Zodiac signs were used by both Germans and Pennsylvania Germans from about 1700 to about 1770. They were used in almanacs and in the recording of births, etc. and included a 24 hour Zodiac. Folk beliefs and superstitions probably played a large part in their usage. I believe he also mentioned the moon signs; he has "possibly" seen Zodiac signs used in Church records as well as in family records. He also felt that the name Kathleen was out of place in a German document. His final statement was that one cannot build a theory concerning which religion was involved, based on usage of Zodiac signs.
Regarding the time frame mentioned by the Lutheran minister, I would cite a reference in a the book titled "Christian Gish of Virginia" compiled by Josephine Costello Huffaker in 1989. A specific devoted "Dunkard" family is mentioned, and the family Bible contains entries (in German) of each family birth including day, time of day and month. These appear to use one Zodiac sign for hour of birth and another for month of birth. The father reportedly used the Zodiac signs daily for guidance. Later one of the sons kept his family records in his Bible
using a Zodiac sign only for the hour of the birth. These two Bibles covered a period of time from the 1790's until 1833. (Section D pp. 1-2 and p.7).
Another contact was made in August, 2001 with a gentleman from the Lutheran Archives in Philadelphia. My description of the alleged "baptismal certificate" prompted him to remark that he agreed with my view that it was part of a family Bible or some other family record...not a baptismal certificate. He has never come across an entry in a church book which contained signs of the Zodiac in the body of the entry....most are quite sparse, and the date of birth is almost always only day/month/year. It is possible that symbols of Zodiac signs could have been built into the Fraktur art (a German style of type consisting of angular, broken lines) used in baptismal certificates. Might these be the "decorations" Dick referred to? In addition, the gentleman from the Archives commented that the Pennsylvania Germans were certainly well aware of the Zodiac and other folk beliefs. He remembers his own parents dealing with plantings depending on the phases of the moon, certain days of the year, etc. Almanacs always contained the full layout of signs of the Zodiac for the entire year.
It appears that the use of Zodiac signs by Germanic peoples had little to do with their religious denomination. I have not explored the many facets of Zodiac signs (sun, moon, and Ascendant signs), since my focus was on the use of signs, not the signs themselves. Although this report is not "scholarly," perhaps some light will be shed (sunlight or moonlight, take your choice) on the subject. The Katherine problem is, unfortunately, still with us! My conclusions about her are, of course, my personal opinions. The religious affiliation of both Katherine and Joseph remains unknown, as does much of their history. Would the old requirement of Brethren rebaptism be a factor? If her name were Kathleen, as Bunderman indicated in his translation, we are certainly not dealing with a German female. It is my feeling that the preponderance of evidence would indicate that Bunderman's representation of a "baptismal certificate" was incorrect and that the "document" is from a family birth record or Bible record. If this is the case, we can possibly say with a fair degree of certainty that Katherine was not born at sea, since the ship landed on 28 August, 1733. Bunderman felt that the "birth at sea" story was a Naff family tradition. Interesting, since she was, after all, supposed to be a Flory who married a Naff. I still carry Katherine only as a possible spouse of Jacob Naff...perhaps a second wife. To date there is virtually no proof of this relationship other than her grandson, the Rev. Isaac N. Naff's autobiography (about 1894), which apparently also no longer exists. He referred to Katherine as Eva, which presents an entirely different set of problems!
All of my references are not named, purely because I did not obtain their permission to do so. Although I am unable to answer comments or questions, I will enjoy reading whatever others may contribute. It is obvious that a copy of the Bunderman "certificate" needs to be submitted for translation by someone with expertise in reading German script. Dick Gethmann suggested this to me quite some time ago. Volunteers?
The image of the certificate below was graciously supplied by William Lucas and Dan Hagy.
| Virgo interferometer |
Known as the 'City of Roses', which is the most populous city in the US state of Oregon? | Virgo | Zodiac Signs - 2016 Check your's NOW?
Personality:
Virgo people are mentally stable, clever and believe in being practical. They are independent individuals and take their own decision. They are shy but they prefer serving other people. This is also the reason why they have so many friends to them. They have natural talent of identifying the problems of other people. They are also good critics as they can enlarge any given topic to some extent. They can become a good teacher or a columnist. They like to go outdoors and have fun.
Positive points:
Virgo people are very organized and they like to do their work according to the planning. They are accurate in their work and hence they also get praised from the other people. They are polite, kind person and make others happy in their company. They don’t expect anything in return after doing any work. They are not greedy about fame. Virgo people are intellectual and have good memory. They have ability to analyze the situation and find the answer themselves.
Negative Points:
Virgo believes in helping other people but sometimes people can take advantage of it and Virgo have tendency to become others slave. Virgo people just want to serve the person they love. People can use them for their purpose and then leave them. Ability to criticize someone can create problem in their life as their lover can get irritated by the constant remarks from them. As Virgo person looks for perfection, his partner’s even little mistake can make them impatient. Virgo people start worrying a lot as they grow older. Even small things like, what to wear for party or what color should be of curtains can make them worry. They need to have patience and relax themselves as these small things won’t do any harm. They are too serious and busy in their own life that they probably miss all the fun around.
Poll for Virgo
Aries, Libra, Gemini and Aquarius
Friendship:
A friendship means a lot to Virgo people and they can do anything to keep their friends happy. They tend to do their friends’ work in order to reduce their stress but often find themselves in a very busy schedule. Leo person have habit of making comments on any activity but they should know that nobody likes to be remarked by other person even if it’s from their friend. You must tell them in such way that it doesn’t hurt them. They make friendship which last for long.
Relationships:
Virgo
people are charming people but they either feel too shy to commit it or they think they are not fitting into their criteria. They also think that opposite sex will take too seriously and things won’t work between them. You can say that they lack confidence and self-esteem. They have fear of rejection and they think they are not attractive at all. Virgo people should have a talk to close friends and take their opinion on it. Once they overcome it, then they will be able to have interactions with opposite sex.
Once Virgo commit to their partner, then they become faithful and loyal to each other. They can become good parents also. They would teach their children good manners leading towards perfection. They would send their children to take part in several social activities and learn from their experiences.
Work life:
They dream of being at the top and keep themselves busy continuously. They would like to work on field works or at outdoors. They can be seen working on survey or farming. They feel good by serving others; hence they can become teacher or doctor. Talking to the students and solving their problems would give them lot of happiness. Same way treating a patient in the hospital can bring peace to them. They can also become a reporter or critic. They have tendency to talk with people and help them solve their problem, which can make them good investigator or policeman.
They are not good at taking responsibility and thus they can’t work at important positions. They feel uncomfortable at such positions. If they are forced to work on such position then they will mess up the things and lose their confidence.
How to Attract Virgo:
Virgo people like to be independent. They have unique ability of testing other people. They prefer thinking before doing anything. Let them have their own space and you will have easier way to get along with them. Avoid being too active around them as they rather prefer calm behavior. They like intellectual things so discuss such things or play logical games with them. Anything that is connected with mind will give them pleasure. Discuss the facts with them. They don’t like wayward talking; show them that you are straight forward while expressing your feelings.
Don’t make them follow your decision as they already have their opinion ready. Don’t give them any reason to worry as it can divert their attention from you. Virgo person will open himself to you when he is ready to make a relation with you.
Cultural Translations
| i don't know |
Who is the regular presenter on BBC Radio Two on Monday to Friday from 5.00pm to 7.00pm? | R2ok/Radio 2 timeline
related events of the year
and photos from the decade
30 Sept 1967 at 5.30am, Radio 2 and Radio 1 first broadcast, on 1500M and 247M respectively. Radio 2 was first introduced by Paul Hollingdale
'This is BBC Radio 2, the Light Programme and on 1500 metres Long Wave and VHF and Radio 1 on 247metres, good morning this is Paul Hollingdale on this opening day on Radio 1 and Radio 2 welcoming you to Breakfast Special ......'
The first record played was The Sound Of Music, Julie Andrews.
The George Martin Theme One signature music was used for both Radio 2 and 1 but soon there was a Radio 2 jingle with it's emphasis on 'easy' listening. Radio 2 and Radio 1 often shared frequencies when the programmes were the same on both stations.
Robin Scott is the first controller of Radio 2 (and 1)
In 1967 shows on Radio 2 included:
John Dunn presented Breakfast Special, later Ray Moore
Jimmy Young's show 9.55-12 noon was on Radios 1 & 2
Midday Spin 12 - 1.00pm featured different DJ's during the week, including Kenny Everett, Simon Dee, Duncan Johnson and Stuart Henry. In December Tony Brandon replaced Duncan Johnson.
Radio 2's evening shows were shared with Radio 1, and included
- Monday's 'Country Style presented by David Allan
- Wednesday's My Kind of Folk
- Saturday's Country Meets Folk was broadcast live from Charing Cross Playhouse London presented by Wally Whyton
- and the live Jazz Club was presented by Humphrey Lyttelton from venues around Britain.
Late Night Extra presenters included Bob Holness, Pete Myers, Barry Alldis, Mike Lennox, Terry Wogan
Big Band Show 1.00 - 1.55pm was varied:
- on Mondays Dave Cash
- on Tuesdays Keith Fordyce presented Pop Inn
- on Wednesdays Denny Piercy presented Parade Of The Pops
- on Thursdays Pop North was first presented by Ray Moore, later by Dave Lee Travis
- on Fridays the Joe Loss Show was presented by David Hamilton, Tony Hall, Roger Moffat
At weekends there were a lot of shows broadcast on both R1 and R2:
SATURDAY PROGRAMMES included:
8.32 Junior Choice (formerly Children's Favourites' on the Light Programme) presented by Leslie Crowther
10.00 Max Jaffa and Sandy MacPherson presented 'Melody Time'
Note: 10.00 Saturday Club with Keith Skues was possibly only on Radio 1 - a showcase for new and established artists (had started 1958 on the Light Programme as Saturday Skiffle Club) formerly presented by Brian Matthew
1.00pm Jack Jackson (comedy clips from albums and easy listening music)
2.00 Chris Denning Where It's At
3.00 'Pick of What's New', presenters included Pete Murray, Ed Stewart, Don Moss, Keith Skues, Jonathan King and Dave Lee Travis (Radio 1 & 2)
4.00 Pete Brady(Radio 1 & 2)
5.30 Country Meets Folk(Radio 1 & 2)
6.32 Scene & Heard news items, pop press review, interviews and looking at a current LP. This programme was often rescheduled to different times and days.(Radio 1 & 2)
10.00 Pete�s People (Pete Murray)(Radio 1 & 2)
12.05 Night Ride (Radio 1 & 2)
on the first SUNDAY, 1st October, Ed Stewart's Sunday show at 10.00am Happening Sunday which lasted 7 weeks
later the regular SUNDAY PROGRAMMES included
9.00 Junior Choice (Radio 1 & 2) - originally Leslie Crowther
10.00 Melodies For You presented by Eric Robinson (Radio 2 only)
12.00 Family Favourites (Radio 1 & 2)
also Wakey! Wakey! a Sunday lunchtime show with Billy Cotton, his band and friends
and later shows included Jazz Scene, David Jacobs and Night Ride.
Also in 1967,
2.00 - 3.00pm Woman's Hour weekdays
Be My Guest presented by Brian Matthew
Night Ride presented by John Curle
Round The Horne with Kenneth Horne
Record Roundabout with Jack Jackson
Album Time with Brian Matthew
Top Of The Form school quiz
Does The Team Think?
Cliff Richards presented a Be My Guest show
Katie Boyle presented Pop Over Europe
Hubert Gregg presented A Square Deal
Alan Keith presented Your Hundred Best Tunes
Humphrey Lyttelton presented Best Of Jazz
Sheridan Morley presented Late Night Line-Up (till 1975)
Kenneth Williams presented An International Cabaret from Talk Of the Town, London
Nov quiz show Treble Chance (ninth series) was presented by Brian Johnston
Oct '67 - Feb '68 The Clitheroe Kid
1967
January Tom Edwards replaced Simon Dee on Midday Spin
14 Feb Ed Stewart began presenting Junior Choice
Mondays offered:
Breakfast Special, Paul Hollingdale from 5.30am
9.00am as Radio 1 (Pete Murray's Family Choice)
10.00am as Radio 1 (Jimmy Young's show)
11.00am Morning Story followed by The Dales
11.30 Melody On The Move Jimmy Hanley presented a BBC Northern Ireland Orchestra programme
12.00 as Radio 1 Midday Spin with Barry Mason
1.00pm Grand Hotel a programme of music from Reginald Leopold & his orchestra
2.00pm Woman's Hour presented by Judith Chalmers
3.00pm as Radio 1, middle bit of Pete Brady's show
4.30pm Album Time with Brian Matthew
5.15pm Roundabout with Colin Hamilton
Round The Horne with Kenneth Horne
Country Style with David Allan
Jun - July What About Dick Emery? Sundays 2.00pm
Oct '68 - Feb '69 The Clitheroe Kid
1968
Peter Latham presented Breakfast Special
The Organist Entertains was born, presented by Robin Richmond.
Sunday Soapbox starts
Derek Nimmo had a time presenting Nimmo At Noon
Michael Parkinson's first radio show was Late Night Extra
the last Mrs Dale's Diary was broadcast on April 25th, starred Jessie Matthews
the first Waggoner's Walk was broadcast April 28th
Alan Dell produced show The Big Band Era
early in the year Wednesdays had to offer:
5.30am Breakfast Special with Peter Latham
9.00am Family Choice with Terry Scott
10.00am Jimmy Young
11.00am Morning Story followed by The Dales
12.00 Sam Costa
3.00pm as Radio 1, mid-part of Keith Skues show
4.30pm Roundabout with Brian Matthew
Album Time with David Gell
Time For Old Time
10.00pm Late Night Extra with Pete Myers
12.00 as Radio 1 Night Ride presented by John Peel and Jon Curle
from October Terry Wogan presents his breakfast show (R1 & R2) and Pete Murray presents Open House
Aug - Dec The Clitheroe Kid
1969
Ashley Lawrence, an Australian conductor, fronts the BBC Concert Orchestra (until 1989)
Tony Brandon starts his mid-morning show
Jack Jackson records his series at his home in Tenerife
Eric Robinson had to end his prentation of Melodies For You due to illness
Tuesdays offered:
9.00am Pete Murray's Open House
11.30am Tony Brandon
2.00pm Woman's Hour with Marjorie Anderson
3.00pm Wogan
6.00pm Album Time with Brian Matthew
7.00pm After Seven presented by David Jacobs or Michael Aspel
8.00pm Does The Team Think?
9.00pm Alan Dell's Big Band Sound
10.00 Late Night Extra with Shaw Taylor
Night Ride with Bruce Wyndham
Apr - Jun The Clitheroe Kid
1971
The quiz Pop Score begins in 1972
Apr Terry Wogan moved to the Breakfast Show and now only on R2
John Dunn starts afternoon show
Michael Aspel presented Family Favourites on Sundays
Hubert Gregg starts his show Thanks For The Memory
Alan Dell starts Dance Band Days and The Big Bands on Mondays
Colin Berry joins R2 as presenter and news reader
Woman's Hour moves to Radio 4
the Sunday schedule included:
8.00am Reginald Dixon at the organ
8.30am Music For Sunday with Dora Bryan
9.00am Junior Choice with Ed Stewart
10.00am Melodies For You
2.00pm Does The Team Think?
2.30pm Mike Yarwood (comic impressionist)
3.00pm Mitchell Minstrel Show
5.00pm Pick Of The Pops with Alan Freeman
7.00pm Sing Something Simple
9.00pm Your 100 Best Tunes with Alan Keith
10.00pm Sweet 'n' Swing
11.00pm Peter Clayton's Jazz Notes
12.00amJazz ClubNight Ride with Bruce Wyndham
also in 1972
Beat The Record began, presented by Don Davis
Today's Story a series of short stories
May - Aug The Clitheroe Kid ends
1972
7.30pm The Song Stylists with Teddy Johnson
8.00pm Best Of Jazz with Humphrey Lyttelton
9.00pm Big Band Sound with Alan Dell
10.00pm Late Night Extra with Barry Cryer
12.00 - 2.00am Night Ride with Simon Bates
also in 1973
Colin Berry began Radio 2 newsreading
Radio 2 ballroom started
7th April - 16th June Radio 2 began it's series of comprehensive documentaries with biographies of entertainers each dealt with in depth in a full series of programmes.The first featured Bing Crosby, and others included Fred Astaire, Noel Coward, Vera Lynn, Louis Armstrong
Mar - Apr Comedy Showcase Thursdays 10.00pm
? - ? first series of Hello Cheeky!, with Barry Cryer et al
on Mondays The Navy Lark
Dec Hello Cheeky! Christmas Special
1973
1.30pm Sport on 2 with Desmond Lynam
6.00pm Wally Whyton
7.30pm Radio 2 Top Tunes
8.15pm Kings Of The Keyboard
pm Saturday Night with the BBC Radio Orchestra
10.00pm European Pop Jury with David Gell
11.00pm - 12.00 Alan Dell
The Law Game began, presented by Shaw Taylor. First panel was Diana Dors, Pete Murray and Leslie Randall
Radio 2 broadcasted from the Olympics in Montreal (10pm-2.30am) by Terry Wogan
July Wit's End series chaired by Lance Percival, ran through to 1985. First panel were Bernard Cribbins, Barry Cryer, Jim Davidson and Don Maclean.
Three In a Row with Don Davis.
Alan Freeman presented a new series of Free Spin a telephone music quiz
Sammes� Songs � Friday night programme with the Mike Sammes Singers introduced by Ray Moore.
To celebrate the US bicentenary Radio 2 started a 26 part series on the history of US country music A-Pickin� and A-Grinnin� presented by George Hamilton IV.
October Radio 2 starts to use jingles produced by JAM Creative Productions replacing those previously produced by PAMS.
1 October Sam Costa�s last daytime show. He went on to present the Saturday morning show (10am-12 noon) for 6 months and Sunday night�s Glamorous Nights (until July 1981)
4 October John Dunn took over the weekday slot from Sam Costa (4.50 pm to 7pm)
May - Aug Hello Cheeky!
7.30pm Alan Dell Dance Band Days and Big Band Sound
9.00pm Best Of Jazz with Humphrey Lyttelton
10.00pm Star Sound
11.00pm - 12.00 Don Durbridge
Sheila Tracey starts on R2
June Radio 2's Gala Jubilee Concert, part of the BBC International Festival of Light Music, was introduced by Pete Murray
July a Sarah Vaughan special, a live tribute to the music of George Gershwin, she was interviewed by Peter Clayton
November David Hamilton's afternoon show is now Radio 2 only
The Late Show (11pm � midnight) presented by a rota of announcer/newsreaders Mon - Don Durbridge, Tues - Sheila Tracy, Wed - Tim Gudgin, Thurs - Ruth Cubbin, Fri - Len Jackson.
21 February 2000th episode of Waggoner�s Walk
1 May new series of The Impressionists.
16/17 May Jimmy Young presented his show from Moscow
8 August Town & Country Quiz with Keith Fordyce
5 October Semprini Serenade 20th Anniversary
1 October Teddy Johnson replaced Sam Costa on Saturday mornings (10-12 noon) until December. Sam Costa started to present Sam on Sunday from the following day (until May 1981).
14 October Victor Silvester on Radio 2 Ballroom with his 40th anniversary show
27 December Bing Crosby concert � his last recording before his death in October, introduced by Alan Dell.
31 December Wally Whyton took over the Saturday morning show from Teddy Johnson with The Sunny Side of Saturday.
Alan Freeman presented another series of Free Spin a telephone music quiz
In 1977 a lot of holiday cover provided by Ray Moore. He covered for Jimmy Young (July), John Dunn (July), Terry Wogan (Sept) and Pete Murray (November). Ray also started his own Sunday morning show (April 1977) called Banners and Bonnets
.
1977
1977
January Early Show was presented by Ray Moore (January-June), Richard Vaughan (June-July) and Tony Brandon (from August).
Drivetime show with Nick Page
Brian Matthew took over presenting all the weekday editions of The Late Show (11pm � midnight)
Benny Green presented Album Time on Sunday mornings, January until June.
Sacha Distel presented a Sunday afternoon show It�s The Good Life, January until June.
Benny Green presented Art Of The Songwriter
On The Third Beat, a programme of orchestral music from BBC Scotland. Brain Fahey led the orchestra. Introduced by James Alexander Gordon, summer Tuesdays at 7.30pm.
Three In A Row general knowledge quiz presented by Don Davis, Tuesdays 10.00pm
Thanks For The Memory presented by Hubert Gregg, Wednesdays 10.30pm
Listen To The Band presented by Charlie Chester, 7.30pm
Semprini Serenade, BBC Radio Orchestra, Wednesdays 8.15pm
25 March Tony Brandon took over Saturday morning slot from Sam Costa (until December)
3 April Round Midnight started, presented by Brian Matthew
26 June Richard Vaughan took over the Early Show (from Ray Moore)
from 2 July Album Time was presented by Peter Clayton.
2 July Brian Rix presented a Sunday afternoon music show
Thursdays offered:
Duggie Brown presented new series of Free Spin, telephone music quiz
A series of shows from the BBC International Festival of Light Music included:
Saturday 24th June Alan Dell presenting a programme of music by the Festival Big Band and Syd Lawrence Orch.
Tuesday 27 June at 9.00pm Among Your Souvenirs, a programme of Victorian and Edwardian music, presented by Alan Keith.
Radio 2 broadcasted from the Commonwealth Games in Edmonton
23 November frequency changes. Radio 1 separates completely from Radio 2.
11 December David Jacobs started his Saturday morning show (Junior Choice is now on Radio 1 only).
12 December Alan Dell started his Sunday afternoon series Sounds Easy.
Two�s Best presented by Len Jackson moved from Saturday to Sunday.
Oct - Dec Frankie Howerd's Variety Show Tuesdays 10.00pm
Steptoe & Son series (in the summer)
8.00pm Golden Age Of Hollywood
9.00pm Listen To The Band
9.30pm Organist Entertains
10.00pm Les Dawson at the Variety Club
11.00pm Round Midnight with Brian Matthew
1.00am Encore with Sheila Tracy
2.00am You And The Night And The Music with Charles Nove
also in 1982
The Name's The Game started, a quiz hosted by Roger Kitter.
first series of When Housewives had The Choice by Russell Davies, and featured Maureen Lipman and Julie Covington.
Night Owls started, presented by Dave Gell
Beat The Record now presented by Keith Fordyce
,B>October Music While You Work special series of 5 programmes
Can I Take That Again? began, Jonathon Hewat's show about radio bloopers
April - May Sunday 1.30pm series The Random Jottings Of Hinge And Bracket
1982
6.00pm John Dunn (Ken Jones sometimes sat in)
7.30pm
9.00pm Listen To The Band
9.30pm The Name's The Game
10.00pm The Impressionists
10.30pm Round MidnightBrian Matthew (sometimes Richard Stilgoe sat in)
11.00pm Big Band Special
2.00am You And The Night And The Music with Charles Nove
April - May and Oct - Nov Sunday 1.30pm series The Random Jottings Of Hinge And Bracket
1983
1983
Alan Dell Grammy Award for production of Sinatra/Dorsey albums
Terry Wogan awarded Sony for Popular Music show. from January 1984 every weekday Music All The Way, a programme of light music, no presenter, 3.30 - 4.00pm
Saturday Late Show presented by Ken Bruce
On The Air started, a quiz presented by David Rider
July Listen To The Band begins it's regular slot
Dec Terry Wogan leaves R2 for TV stardom
Wednesdays offered:
9.00 Lon Satton's Gospel Jubilee
10.00pm Wise On The Wireless with Ernie Wise
11.00 Round Midnight with Brian Matthew
1.00am Nightride with Alan Dedicoat
3.00 - 4.00amA Little Night Music
also in 1988
No Strings Attached, a progamme of unaccompanied singing.
for three weeks Your 100 Best Tunes was presented by Earl Spencer.
Seven Deadly Singsongs presented by Russell Davies.
Smiling Through , songs of WWII, devised by Cosmotheka.
Fletcher's Friends, a series presented by Cyril Fletcher
Cinema 2 began, presented by Charles Nove
Double Bill - a moviestars programme
The Latin Quarter began, presented by Lucy Dovan
Chris Ellis presented a series on entertainers
House In A Garden started, presented by Gloria Hunniford and Alan Titchmarsh
The Unfair Quiz, a comedy quiz presented by John Junkin
Humoresque, a comedy.music seris presented by Tony Capstick
1988
8.30 Genghis Khan Was a Cowboy Too with Hank Wangford
9.00pm Listen to the Band
10.00pm A Slight Case of Murdoch
10.15pm No Strings Attached
10.30pm Thanks For The memory with Hubert Gregg
11.00pm Round Midnight with Brian Matthew
1.00amNightride with Bill Rennells
3.00-4.00am A Little Night Music
also in 1989
The Max Jaffa Trio, performed a light music programme. Max Jaffa (violin), Alan Dalzeil (cello) and Gordon Langford (piano)
A Life Of Song - presented by Wally Ridley
Myself When Young Claire Raynor interviewed celebrities about their early years.
When Swing Was King presented by Mel Torme.
Ian Bradley presented Songs With A Story about 100 years of wartime songs (since the Crimea)
The Press Gang ended
The entire Gilbert & Sullivan operetta music was performed by the BBC Concert Orchestra over 12 programmes - the temporary displacement of Benny Green and Alan Dell resulted in many protests and pickets at the BBC.
Feb Apr Sunday 7.00pm series The Random Jottings Of Hinge And Bracket
25 December 25th Anniversary edition of I�m Sorry I�ll Read That Again
Apr - Jun Mind Your Own Business with Bernard Cribbins et al, Fridays at 10.00pm
Graham & Swift, a comedy series, presented by Carol Graham and Amanda Swift
Time Cycle, a comedy quiz presented by Adrian Love
Make 'em Laugh - comedy series presented by Bernard Cribbins
1989
1989
Barry Wordsworth becomes conductor of the BBC Concert Orchestra, featured on Friday Night Is Music Night
Ray Moore dies
posthumous Fergie Award for Ray Moore
January Frances Line replaces Bryant Marriott as Controller of Radio 2
January-March Billy Butler 13-week weekly show from Manchester
March end of Radio 1 using Radio 2 frequencies
29 March Final edition of Brian Matthew�s Round Midnight
April Sounds of the Sixties returns, presented by Brian Matthew
2 April Ken Bruce presents his first nightly late night show
Judith Chalmers, mid-morning show
6 April Sheridan Morley's Arts Programme starts on R2
Don Maclean's Good Morning Sunday
Saturday 25 August The last Sport on 2 was broadcast on Radio 2 MW
27 August Radio 5 born, using the AM frequencies released by Radio 2, for sport
Tuesdays offered:
9.00pm This Was Maurice Chevalier
10.00pm Ken Bruce
1.00amNightride with Colin Berry
3.00-4.00am A Little Night Music
June 5-part series of Music While You Work to mark 50th Anniversary, featured the Phil Tate Orchestra
also in 1990:
Heroes, a series in which musicians talked about influences
Tom Conti presented Melodies For You for three weeks
Music From The Movies, played by the BBC Concert Orchestra, presented by Tim Rice.
On Parade, a series on military bands, presented by Brian Johnston.
Roger Royle left Good Morning Sunday and later presented Sunday Half Hour
Saturday Club was briefly revived by Brian Matthew
Seven Age began, presented by Pete Haigh, interviewing people over 60 and playing their choice of a record for each decade of their life.
Roy Jefferies presented Roy's Recipes, a cookery series.
Paxton's America, a six part series on US folk music, presented by Tom Paxton
Nov - Dec Friday 7.00pm series At Home With Hinge And Bracket
Apr - May Mind Your Own Business with Bernard Cribbins et al, Fridays at 7.00pm
Junkin's Jokers - comedy interviews presented by John Junkin
Alan Dell dies 18 August
Stuart Henry dies 24 November
Feb Jim Moir becomes controller of R2
MarchBrian Hayes' Sunday show ends
Michael Parkinson's Sunday Supplement begins. Listen to the intro to Parky
Michael Aspel left R2 to make room for the arrival of Sunday Love Songs
April Steve Wright joins Radio 2 with his Saturday show and Sunday Love Songs
Hayes Over Britain on Tuesday nights, 7.00 - 8.30pm
Judi Spiers replaces Martin Kelner (Saturdays, mornings and then moved to afternoons)
Sundays 5.00-7.00pm, Frank Topping and then Pam Ayres replaces Charlie Chester
Roger Daltry stars in the R2 production of Jesus Christ Superstar
John Dunn broadcast from Antartica
Feb - Mar Laughter In The Air Thursdays 7.00pm, comedy documentary presented by Barry Took
Aug - Sept Talking Comedy various presenters, Saturdays at 1.00pm.
1996
Best Radio Programme (TRIC), Terry Wogan
Sony Awards 1997 (for 1996)
Outstanding Achievement (Gold) Jimmy Young
News Presentation (Silver) News Presentation
Themed Music Programme (Silver) Christmas Foreverett
Best Personality Based Programme (Silver) Steve Wright�s Saturday Show
Themed Music Programme (Bronze) The Simon And Garfunkel Story
Breakfast Show - Music Based (Bronze) Wake Up To Wogan
Daytime Music Sequence Programme (Bronze) Steve Wright�s Saturday Show
Comedy (Bronze) Talking Comedy with Paul O�Grady
Terry Wogan awarded honorary OBE
Wally Whyton dies 22 January
Charlie Chester dies 26 June
Stuart Maconie joins Radio 2
Paul Gambaccini joins R2, hosting America's Greatest Hits, 5.30 - 7.00pm
11 April Judi Spiers� final Saturday afternoon show for Radio 2
18 April Johnnie Walker begins a run on Saturday afternoons
Richard Baker replaces Hugh Scully on Melodies For You
Alan Freeman's Their Greatest Bits replaces Hayes Over Britain on Tuesdays
Mike Harding replaced Jim Lloyd (retired) on Folk on 2
Bob Harris Country replaced David Allan's Country Club
Debbie Thrower leaves R2
Steve Madden leaves R2 and was replaced by Katrina Leskanich on weekday overnights
Mark Lamarr joins R2 to host Reggae Show and Shake, Rattle & Roll
Jools Holland joins R2
Russell Davies takes on the Sunday slot left by Benny Green who died
Charles Nove leaves R2
October Drivetime with Johnnie Walker, Mon -Thurs; Des Lynam on Fridays
In October Alan Keith celebrated his 90th birthday, and Richard Baker presented a special programme that Sunday evening called "Alan Keith at 90".
Mar - Apr Comedy Showcase Thursdays 10.00pm
Sept - Oct Monkhouse Archive a programme of BBC comedy clips, Saturdays at 1.00pm. There was also a Christmas day special at 2.00pm
July - Aug Talking Comedy various presenters, Saturdays at 1.00pm.
1998
1998 Radio Personality Of The Year, Steve Wright
Sony Awards 1998 (for 1997)
The Weekend Award � Music (Gold) - Parkinson�s Sunday Supplement
The Evening/Late Night Award � Music (Gold) - The Richard Allinson Show
The Drivetime Award � Music (Gold) - The John Dunn Show
The Feature Award � Music (Gold) - The Club That Scott Built
The Feature Award � Music (Silver) - The Elvis Presley Story
The Special Interest Music Award (Silver) - Smokey Robinson�s Soul Selection
The Drama Award (Silver) - The Directors - Woody Allen
The Breakfast Award � Music (Silver)- Wake Up To Wogan
Alan Freeman awarded CBE
R2 Listeners exceed 9 million
Robin Richmond dies 27 July
Benny Green dies 22 June
Ed Stewart replaces Pam Ayres, Sundays 5.00-7.900pm
Des Lynam leaves R2, so Johnnie Walker takes on Drivetime Fridays with the rest of the week and passes his Saturday slot to Janice Long (3.30 - 5.30pm)
Johnnie Walker had to leave for for several months, April-November, during which Richard Allinson took the Drivetime slot, Lyn Parsons took Richard's show (10.30pm) and Nicky Horne took the weekend overnight slot.
July Steve Wright starts his regular weekday afternoon slot
July Jonathon Ross starts his Saturday 10.00-1.00pm show
Parkinson's Choice series
Lynn Parsons resumes her weekend overnight slot replacing Nicky Horne
Pam Ayres leaves R2
Aug - Sept Comedy Showcase Thursdays 10.00pm
Sept - Oct Monkhouse Archive a programme of BBC comedy clips, Saturdays at 1.00pm.
Apr - Jun Talking Comedy various presenters, Saturdays at 1.00pm.
1999
Sony Awards 1999 (for 1998)
Station Of The Year - BBC Radio 2
The Music Broadcaster Award (Gold) - Mark Lamarr
The Feature Award � Speech (Gold) The Unknown Soldier
The Special Interest Award � Music (Gold) Shake, Rattle And Roll (Mark Lamarr)
The Community Award (Silver) - Cancer And You
The Feature Award � Music (Silver) Frank Sinatra � The Voice Of The Century
The Station Branding Award (Silver) BBC Radio 2
The Feature Award � Music (Bronze) - The Jack Jackson Story
The Evening/Late Night Award � Music (Bronze) - Bob Harris
The Music Broadcaster Award (Bronze) - Bob Harris
Jim Moir approached Danny Baker and asked him if he wanted to replace Steve Wright on Saturday mornings (Steve was due to replace Ed Stewart on weekday afternoons). Danny, however, snubbed Moir's offer, stating "The time wasn't right".
Adrian Love dies 10th March
George Elrick dies 16 December
.
Lesley Douglas appointed as Head Of Programmes Radio 2
April Dale Winton replaces Alan Freeman as host of Pick of the Pops
Janice Long replaces Katrina Leskanich on the night-time show
Richard Allinson On Saturday, 3.30 - 6.30pm
Andy Peebles joins Radio 2 to present The Andy Peebles Soul Show on Wednesday nights. �
Jan - Feb Comedy Showcase Thursdays 10.00pm
Aug - July Monkhouse Archive a programme of BBC comedy clips, Saturdays at 1.00pm.
2000
2000 Radio Programme Of The Year, Jonathan Ross
Humphrey Lyttelton British Jazz Awards - Lifetime Achievement
Sony Awards 2000 (for 1999)
Lifetime Achievement Award Alan Freeman
Music Presentation Award (Gold) Jonathan Ross Show
Music Special Award (Gold) For Your Ears Only
Robin Scott dies
Album Chart Show presented by Simon Mayo on Mondays at 7.00pm
Stacey Kent takes over Big Band Special
8 November The News Huddlines ends its 51st and final series
December Sing Something Simple came off the air following the death of Cliff Adams
31 Dec Boy George hosts his first ever show on Radio 2 Boy George's New Year's Party" has been a regular since then, broadcasting from 2001 - 2004.
Mar - May Monkhouse Archive a programme of BBC comedy clips, Saturdays at 1.00pm.
Oct - Dec Talking Comedy various presenters, Saturdays at 1.00pm.
2001
2001 Radio Personality Of The Year, Jonathan Ross
Sony Awards 2001 (for 2000)
Station Of The Year (UK) BBC Radio 2
The Music Broadcaster Award (Gold) - Stuart Maconie
The Station Sound Award (Gold) BBC Radio 2
The Specialist Music Award (Gold) - A Beginner's Guide To Reggae
The Music Programming Award - Daily (Silver) - Johnnie Walker Drivetime
The Breakfast Music Award (Silver) - Wake Up To Wogan
The Specialist Music Award (Bronze) - Paul Jones
The Entertainment Award (Bronze) - Jonathan Ross Show
The Music Special Award (Bronze) Paul Simon Solo - Born At The Right Time
Terry Wogan Radio Academy award for 2000
Jonathon Ross Radio Personality of the Year
The News Huddlines won the 2001 TRIC award for radio/digital programme of the year.
Jimmy Young knighted
January Russell Davies show extended to 5pm
Andy Peebles left Radio 2.
Jimmy Young "retired from broadcasting"
Dec'01 - Jan '02, July - Sept and Nov - Jan'03 Monkhouse Archive a programme of BBC comedy clips, Saturdays at 1.00pm.
May - July Talking Comedy various presenters, Saturdays at 1.00pm.
2002
Sony Awards 2002 (for 2001)
Station Of The Year (UK) Radio 2
The Breakfast Award � Music (Gold) - Wake Up To Wogan
The Specialist Music Award (Silver) - A Beginner�s Guide To Reggae
The Entertainment Award (Silver) - The Jonathan Ross Show
The Music Programming Award (Bronze) - The Critical List
The Music Broadcast Award (Bronze) - Mark Lamarr
Patrick Fyffe dies 11 May (Dame Hilda Bracket)
6 January Jeremy Vine takes on the 12-2.00pm slot (replacing Jimmy Young)
March Sold On Song launched
Sybil Ruscoe takes on the weekend overnight show following the departure of Lynn Parsons
July - October Noel Edmonds joins Radio 2 as the interim host of Drivetime whilst Johnnie Walker is on sick leave. This was the first time Noel had been on radio in over 20 years.
10 October Lesley Douglas appointed Controller of Radio 2 and 6Music
Nov'02 - Jan'03 and July - Sept Monkhouse Archive a programme of BBC comedy clips, Saturdays at 1.00pm. There was also a Christmas day special at 12.30pm
2003
Sony Awards 2003 (for 2002)
The 2002 Award (Gold) - Jonathan Ross
The Music Broadcaster Award (Gold) - Paul Gambacinni
The Entertainment Award (Gold) - Jonathan Ross
The Music Programming Award (Silver) - Jonathan Ross
The Breakfast Music Award (Silver) - Wake Up To Wogan
Johnnie Walker in June announces he has cancer, but makes a good recovery
Alan Keith dies 18 March.
A repeat broadcast of Richard Baker's interview show "Alan Keith at 90".
Robin Boyle dies 25 July
Bob Monkhouse dies 19th December
5 January Lesley Douglas assumes position of Controller of R2 and 6Music
Richard Allinson On Saturday, 4.00-6.00pm
1st March Johnnie Walker returns to Drivetime
7 June Mark Radcliffe presents his first show, from 10.30pm, for R2
July Helen Mayhew joins R2 to present Big Band Special
July/AugustCharles Hazlewood present a series on music relationships featuring pop (old and new) and classical (old and new)
Sybil Ruscoe leaves Radio 2 and Charlie Jordan temporarily takes on the overnight weekend show July - September
Dale Winton's Pick Of The Pops ends
3 September Mariella Frostrup presents Green Room
4 September Dermot O'Leary starts his Saturday show 2.00-4.00pm
and Mark Lamarr starts his Alternative Sixties 7.30-8.30pm
Bob Harris late Saturday show
Helen Mayhew presents overnight Sat/Sun show 1.00-4.00am
5 September Elaine Paige's musicals show on Sundays starts, 1.00-2.30pm.
Also Lulu's show 3.30-5.00pm Sundays
7 September Desmond Carrington moves to Tuesdays with The Music Goes Round, 7.00-8.00pm
2004
2004 Radio Personality Of The Year, Jonathan Ross
Sony Awards 2004 (for 2003)
The Outstanding Contribution Gold Award - Johnnie Walker
The Weekly Music Show of the Year (Gold) - Jonathan Ross
The Comedy Award (Silver) - Jammin'
The Specialist Music Award (Bronze) - Mark Lamarr and producer Fiona Day (for A Beginner�s Guide To Reggae)
The Breakfast Show Of The Year (Bronze) - Wake Up To Wogan
The 'Music Special' Award (Bronze) - The History Of Psychedlia
Radio 2 has 13 million listeners
Hubert Gregg dies
John Peel dies 25 October
John Dunn dies 27 November
Chris Evans fronts shows on 25th and 28th March
10 September Richard Allinson's last Saturday show
17 September Chris Evans starts his Saturday show 2.00-5.00pm, and Dermot O'Leary moves to 5.00-7.00pm
September Lulu's show ends
Dale Winton's Pick Of The Pops returns
September/October Charles Hazlewood's second series on R2
December 2005 Ricky Gervais made his debut on Radio 2 (Christmas Eve and again on New Year's Eve) with two special Saturday afternoon shows.
2005
Terry Wogan awarded honorary knighthood
Terry Wogan Radio Broadcaster Of The Year
Jeremy Vine Sony Speech Broadcaster of the Year
Charles Hazlewood appointed Principal Guest Conductor for the BBC Concert Orch.
Charles Hazlewood Bronze Sony Music Broadcaster of the Year 2005 (mainly for his work on R3).
Tommy Vance dies 6 March
15 Jan Aled Jones replaced Don Maclean on Good Morning Sunday; Don Maclean retired after almost 16 years of hosting the programme.
31 March Johnnie Walker hosted his last Drivetime show, with Sally Boazman and special guest Neil Diamond
Stuart Maconie and John Inverdale each host 1 week of Drivetime
Saturday 15 April: Stuart Maconie presented his last Critical List show
Mark Lamarr began his late Friday/Saturday show on Radio 2 replacing Bob Harris (12.00 - 3.00am)
and Paul O'Grady presented one-off show 2.00 - 5.00pm �
Sunday 16 April: Helen Mayhew hosted her final show on Radio 2 (Sunday 1.00 - 4.00am)
and Ed Stewart�presented his final ever show on Radio 2
and Liza Minnelli hosted a special one-off show 7.00 - 8.00pm. �
Monday 17 April: Clare Teal replaced Helen Mayhew on Big Band Special at a new 9.00 - 9.30pm slot
Tuesday 18 April: Chris Evans' Show replaced Johnnie Walker's Drivetime Show.
Saturday 22 April: Pete Mitchell made his debut on Radio 2, hosting two new weekend shows. Pete replaced Janey Lee Grace on Saturday mornings (3.00 - 6.00am) and Helen Mayhew on Sunday mornings (1.00 - 4.00am).
Stuart Maconie took over the�Saturday afternoon slot (2.00 - 5.00pm) from Chris Evans and Paul Gambaccini got an extra half hour (7.00 - 9.00pm).�
Sunday 23 April: Johnnie Walker replaced Ed Stewart on the Sunday 5.00 - 7.00pm slot
from Saturday 2 September: Brian Matthew having time off due to illness. Johnnie Walker presented Sounds of The Sixties during Sept 2006 - Jan 2007 with stand-ins also by Sandie Shaw and Joe Brown
Sunday 12 November: Michael Ball sitting in for Johnnie Walker's Sunday show till early 2007
Sunday 19 November: Russell Brand moved from BBC 6music to a new Saturday evening slot on Radio 2. Saturday/Sunday schedule changed to:
16:30 Dermot O'Leary
20:00 Live and Exclusive / Documentary
21:00 Russell Brand
02:00 - 04:00 Pete Mitchell
17 December Sheridan Morley presented his last Melodies For You
During March the BBC Radio 2 'Shows & Music' messageboard was swamped with hundreds of messages from fans unhappy at the appointment of Chris Evans to the Drivetime slot, and this hit the headlines in some media press.
2006
from webcast of Evans' first 5.00pm show
October Paul Walters, Terry Wogan's long-time producer, died aged 59.
Biography and tributes at http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio2/shows/wogan/paulwalterscomments.shtml
Paul Walters 1947-2006
Biography and tributes at UK Radio Academy Hall of Fame
Alan Freeman 1927-2006
7, 14, 21 January Kicking the Establishment - Alan Titchmarsh presented a short series looking at the operatic careers of Gilbert and Sullivan
21 Jan the final Your 100 Best Tunes broadcast, presented by Richard Baker
21 January the final Sunday afternoon 'Art of the Songwriter Show', presented by Russell Davies, ending a traditional Sunday show going back to Benny Green's days, but see January 28.
28 January with the loss of Y100BT the Sunday schedule was re-arranged. Melodies For You returned, a longer show presented by Alan Titchmarsh, and Russell Davies' 'Art Of The Songwriter' moved to the 9.00pm slot.
The Sunday p.m. changes when POTP got half an hour more became:
1.30pm - 2.30pm Elaine Paige on musicals
2.30pm - 4.40pm Pick Of The Pops
4.30pm - 6.30pm Johnnie Walker Sunday Show
6.30pm - 8.30pm Alan Titchmarsh 'Melodies for You'
8.30pm - 9pm Sunday Half Hour
9pm - 10pm Russell Davies
11pm - midnight The David Jacobs Collection
March
It was announced that Humphrey Lyttelton would be off the air for a while and will only present his Best of Jazz for 26 weeks a year, at periods to be announced. This was one of many evening schedule changes announced. Several shows were moved earlier or later due to Mark Radcliffe moving to an earlier time and joined with Stuart Maconie.
April
Dermot O'Leary sat in for Ken Bruce for several weeks
2 December Michael Parkinson broadcast his very last Sunday Supplement with special guest Ian McKellern and a playlist including his favourites Diana Krall, Jane Monheit, Ella Fitzgerald, Mel Torme, Michael Buble, Count Basie, Frank Sinatra
2007
19:30 Friday Night Is Music Night
21:15 Book programme
21:30 Listen to the Band presented by Frank Renton
22:00 The Weekender presented by Matthew Wright
Sheridan Morley died, 16 February
40th Birthday schedule on Sunday 30th Sept. 2007:
0900-0955 Breakfast Special With Paul Hollingdale
0955-1000 Five To Ten
1000-1100 Junior Choice With Ed Stewart
1100-1300 The Kenny Everett Radio Show,from 3/10/81
1300-1430 Family Favourites With Michael Aspel
1430-1630 Pick Of The Pops With Smashie And Nicey
1630-1830 Brian Matthew
1830-1930 Semprini Serenade, from 24/01/71
1930-2000 Round The Horne
2000-2030 Sing Something Simple, from 16/03/00
7 Jan Humphrey Lyttelton returned with a new three month series of The Best Of Jazz, Mondays 10.30pm. His last show was broadcast on 17 March
29 March Stuart Maconie presented his final Saturday show.
from Sat 5th April
2.00pm Dermot O'Leary
5.00 Paul Gambaccini
7.00 Documentary slot. Included Bob Dylan's Theme Time Radio Hour and Suzi Quatro�s Heroes Of Rock�n�Roll
from Sun 6th April
11.00am - 1.00pm Michael Ball's Sunday Brunch
from April
midnight - 3.00am Janice Long show
Simon Mayo's Music Club ended March.
Trevor Nelson began his Soul Show
18 October an obscene phone-message prank against Andrew Sachs was broadcast on Russell Brand's Saturday evening show, featuring Russell Brand and Jonathan Ross. Only two complaints were received by the BBC at the time. The following week press articles appeared, drawing attention to the content of the show. By 29 October there had been 30,000 complaints.
28 October Russell Brand resigned
29 October Jonathan Ross suspended for 12 weeks
30 October R2 controller Lesley Douglas resigned
7 November R2's Dave Barber resigned
8 November R2 broadcast official BBC apologies at 10:03am and 9:10pm
16 November Radio 2 broadcast the last 'Dance Band Days' section of Malcolm Laycock's 'Sunday Night at 10' programme. The policy now is to not broadcast any pre-1940 British Dance Band Music, and ends the traditional 1/2 hour of Dance Band music begun by Alan Dell in 1972.
2008
Listen to the second BBC Apology
Read the original articles that appeared in the press and on the BBC website:
13-15 January, 6-10 April Zoe Ball sat in for Ken Bruce
7, 14 February Pirate Johnnie Walker shows
4, 12 April Pirate Johnnie Walker shows
(Pirate BBC Essex broadcast from ship LV18 at Harwich)
4 April - changes announced for weekend schedules and Comedy Hour moved to Thursday evenings
30 May Mo Dutta presented his last ever Radio 2 show. �
31 May Pete Mitchell presented his last ever Radio 2 show.
6 June :
Richard Allinson began his new weekend shows: Saturdays 3.00 - 6.00am; Sundays 2.00 - 5.00am �
Zoe Ball began her new Saturday breakfast show 6.00 - 8.00am �
Emma Forbes began her new Sunday breakfast show 5.00 - 7.00am
Weekday daytime schedule from May 2009:
03:00am Alex Lester
08:00am Sound of the 60s with Brian Matthew
10:00am Jonathon Ross
1:00pm Pick of the Pops - Dale Winton
3:00pm Dermot O'Leary
6:00pm Alan Carr with co-host Emma Forbes
8:00pm Paul Gambaccini- America's Greatest Hits
10:00pm Documentary
11:00pm Bob Harris
also:
20 May BBC announced that in future Jonathan Ross's Saturday Radio 2 show would be pre-recorded
26 July Malcolm Laycock announced that he was leaving Radio 2, bringing to an end any chance of a return of a British Dance Band music programme to Radio 2.
from August Sundays 10.00pm. Clare Teal presents a programme of big band sounds
The Sunday schedule from August 2009:
02:00am Richard Allinson
11:00pm The David Jacobs Collection
00:00am Janice Long
03:00am Alex Lester
7 September Terry Wogan announced he was leaving Radio 2 at the end of 2009 and that in 2010 his replacement on the breakfast show will be Chris Evans.
15 September Press Office announced that Simon Mayo will present the Drivetime Show from 11 January 2010
Fridays 7.00pm, 20 Nov-18 Dec Brian Matthew presented the series The Bands That Mattered, short biographies with music and interviews, of four of the great leaders of British Dance bands in the 1930s.
from December Sundays 10.00pm. Clare Teal playlists began to regularly feature records by British dance bands of the 1930s.
13 December Emma Forbes announced her Sunday Breakfast show had ended. She continues to co-host with Alan Carr on Saturdays. Lynn Parsons sat in for Emma on Sundays 20, 27 Dec and 3 January
18 December after 27 years, Terry Wogan presented his last Wake Up With Wogan show
2009
06.00am-09.00am Aled Jones extended Sunday breakfast show
Tuesdays from 6 April
7.00-8.00pm Jamie Cullum Jazz new regular jazz programme
10.00-11.00pm start of 4-part series of The Great American Songbook with Tony Bennett and Michael Parkinson
Wednesdays from 7 April
10.00-11.00pm A-Z of AOR Bob Harris starts 6 part series on Album Oriented Rock
Thursdays from 8 April
10.30-11.00pm new slot for Listen To The Band Frank Renton presents the best of brass music
11.00-12.00am 50 part series Tim Rice's American Pie history of popular music across the USA, starts with Washington state, presented by Tim Rice.
Fridays from 9 April
7.00-8.00pm new slot for Desmond Carrington's popular show The Music Goes Round and Around
8.00-10.00pm new time for Friday Night Is Music Night
After Thursday 8 April, Radcliffe & Maconie lost their Thursday night show, replaced by Radio 2 in concert which features live sessions and other music. Early shows were presented by Jo Whiley and included live session/recordings from Paul Weller, Stevie Wonder.
Thursdays from 15 April
7.00�8.00pm Bob Harris Country
8.00�10.00pm Radio 2 In Concert
10.00�10.30pm Nigel Ogden: The Organist Entertains
10.30�11.00pm Listen to the Band with Frank Renton
11.00-12.00am Tim Rice's American Pie
13 May According to the RAJAR figures the Chris Evans Breakfast Show attracted 9.5m listeners a week during the first quarter of 2010. Second Quarter figures suggest loss of 1 million of those listeners.
24 May Mondays 11.00pm-midnight Big Band Special returned to Radio 2, concerts presented by Clare Teal.
13 July Tuesdays 11.00pm - 00.00am Bill Kenwright presenting Bill Kenwright's Golden Years playing the hits of the late 1950s and early 1960s
17 July Last ever Saturday show presented by Jonathon Ross. During summer the Saturday shows 10.00am - 1.00pm presented by Patrick Kielty until 25 September.
August Holiday sit-ins included Zoe Ball for Ken Bruce, Chris Tarrant for Steve Wright, Liza Tarbuck for Simon Mayo.
13 August Sarah Kennedy presented her last 'Dawn Patrol' show on Radio 2. Her departure from Radio was announced 3 September while Lynn Parsons was sitting in during Sarah's holiday break from the show. Lynn Parsons continued to present 'The Early Breakfast Show' then Aled Jones, then Richard Allinson till end 2010.
2 October Saturdays 10.00am - 1.00pm Graham Norton became regular presenter.
6 November Tony Blackburn became the regular 'Pick Of The Pops' presenter on Saturdays.
December Mark Lamarr announced he was leaving Radio 2 at end of 2010.
2010
2010
2010
7 January BBC Press Office announced that Jonathan Ross will not pursue a renewal of his contract with the BBC. Ross continued Friday Night and Film 2010 on BBC TV and his BBC Radio 2 Saturday show until July 2010.
Moira Stuart began reading the news on the Chris Evans Breakfast programme from 11 January
from January Richard Madeley sat in for Zoe Ball on Saturdays during her maternity leave
Sir Terry Wogan on his first Sunday show 'Weekend Wogan'
15 February A review published by The BBC Trust includes "Radio 2 has a large audience who clearly love its output, but the review showed it must break out of the routine with its programming, in particular to be more distinctive during peak time".
Sir Michael Parkinson and Tony Bennett present the Great American Songbook
On Bank Holiday Monday 31st May Tony Blackburn presented a one-off live show featuring the 60 Top Selling Hits of the 1960s.
On Bank Holiday Monday 30 August 2010 presented another one-off live show featuring the top 100 million-selling UK singles.
Photo of Sarah kindly provided by photographer Eleanor Bentall
visit Eleanor's website at http://www.eleanorbentall.com
French & Saunders hosted three two-hour shows on Radio 2 over Christmas: Boxing Day, New Year's Day, and Bank Holiday Monday, 3 January 2011.
7 January Friday/Saturdays 0.00 - 3.00am Bob Harris sitting in for the departed Mark Lamarr
from 8 January 10.00 - 10.30pm Saturday evenings comedy sketch show, with various presenters e.g. Roy Hudd and David Quantick, Barry Cryer, Jimmy Carr, Matt Lucas
17 January 05.00 - 06.30am weekday mornings Early Breakfast began, presented by Vanessa Feltz
23 March The last evening Radcliffe & Maconie show
1st/2nd April Huey Morgan began his Friday/Saturday night 0.00-03.00am show of new pop/rock mix of music
4 April Jo Whiley began her regular evenings 8.00-9.30pm Mon - Wed show of new pop/rock and album tracks. Jo also continues her Thursday R2 in Concert show
2011
| Simon Mayo |
'Verseau' is the French for which sign of the zodiac? | nominated by Sir Terry Wogan
b. 3 August 1938
1967 - Late Night Extra (R1 and R2)
July 1969 - covered for Jimmy Young
October 1969 - Breakfast Show
1970 - Wogan's Afternoon Show 3.00-5.00pm
April 1972 - Breakfast Show 7.00-9.00am (R2 only from now on)
1972 - voted top DJ (Reveille)
1978 - show now on 7.30-10.00am
1983 - Sony Award
Dec 1984 - Terry left Radio 2 for TV
Jan 1993 - today Wake Up To Wogan 7.30-9.30am
1994 - Sony Best Breakfast Show
1997 - awarded honorary OBE
2001 - Radio Academy Award (for 2000)
2002 - Best Breakfast Award
2005 - Radio Broadcaster of the Year
nominated by Toggy tea slurper, The Dame of R2OK Michael Parkinson CBE
photo courtesy of
css-stellar plc b. 28 March 1935
1969 - presented Late Night Extra
1996 - today - Parkinson's Sunday Supplement
1998 - awarded Gold Weekend Music Award
1999 - series Parkinson's Choice
1971 - 1982 BBC Television chat show Parkinson
1985 - 1988 BBC Radio 4 Desert Island Discs
co-founded both Pavilion Books and TV-am
Further information about Parky at MBC website
nominated by John Wright
"Parky plays the classiest music on Radio 2" Bob Harris
image courtesy of
April 1997 - Bob Harris joins Radio 2 with his late show from 11pm - 1am
April 1998 - Bob Harris Country
Sept 2004 - Apr 2006, then from Nov 2006 - late Saturday show
Other notables:
1970 - 1975 - Radio 1 Sounds of the Seventies
1975-1977 - Radio Luxembourg
1972-1979 - BBC 2 TV - Old Grey Whistle Test
worked local radio
1989-1993 - night show Radio 1
nominated by Lord Evan Elpuss Richard Allinson
b.
1997 - late show 10.30pm - midnight
1998 - Late Night Radio Gold award
1998 - Drivetime 5.00-7.00pm
Jan 2004 - Sept 2005 - Saturday 4.00-6.00pm
now BBC Radio Oxford and BFBS
nominated by Lord Evan Elpuss Janice Long
photo courtesy of
1999 - took Saturday afternoon slot 3.30 - 5.30pm
April 2000 - today - night show, 00.00-03.00am
Other notables:
1982-1987 BBC Radio 1 presenter
- the first female presenter of BBC TV's Top Of The Pops
- in 1987, forced to leave Radio 1 after becoming pregnant
- sister of Keith Chegwin
nominated by Lord Evan Elpuss Ken Bruce
b.
1984 - Radio 2 Saturday late Show
Jan 1985 - Breakfast Show 08.00-10.00am
1986 - mid-morning show 09.30-11.00am
April 1990 - late show 10.00-midnight
1991 - early show 6.00-7.30am
Jan 1992 - today - mid-morning 09.30-11-30am
nominated by Natasha Alex Lester
b. 1956
Jan 1987 - today - before dawn 03.00 - 06.00am
Alex has been a regular fill-in for Terry Wogan and Drivetime
nominated by Rachel Paul Gambaccini
photo courtesy of
1998 - today - Radio 2, hosting America's Greatest Hits, Saturday evening
2003 - The Music Broadcaster Award (Gold)
other notables:
BBC Radio 1 for 18 years, US Chart Show
regular TV appearances including 13-year film review on TV-am and then GMTV, also Call My Bluff, Music For The Millennium, and The South Bank Show.
- co-author of 'The Guinness Book of British Hit Singles' with Tim and Jo Rice. - co-author of 'The Complete Eurovision Song Contest Companion'
- co-author of 'Television's Greatest Hits' with Rod Taylor (and the BBC 1 TV series)
- wrote 'Top 100 Albums', 'Track Records', 'Love Letters' and 'Radio Boy'
- inducted into the Radio Academy's Hall of Fame in Dec 2005
nominated by gfloyd Ed Stewart
b. 23 April 1941
1967 - Ed was presenting 'Pick of What's New'
1968 - 1978 - Junior Choice * on Saturdays and Sundays
1980 - 1984 - Family Favourites on Sundays
1980 - 1984 - 2.00pm weekdays - Request Show
1991 - Saturday afternoon show
1992 - 1999 - 3.30pm Ed Stewart Show
1999 - 2006 - Ed Stewart Show (on Sundays 5.00-7.00pm)
last regular show broadcast 16 April 2006
Junior Choice on Christmas Day from 2007 to 2015
Ed's last show broadcast 25 December 2015
other notables:
also one of the original Radio 1 presenters in 1967
first presenter of Radio 1's Newsbeat
* Ed Stewart's Junior Choice was on Radio 1 for twelve years 1968-1980
Radio Mercury 1984-1990
2005 pioneering podcast 'Chalet Show'
nominated by Lord Evan Elpuss Sybil Ruscoe
b. 1960
March 2003 -July 2004 - weekend overnight show
other notables:
1989 - 1990 - Radio 1 beakfast show with Simon Mayo
1990 - 1993 - Radio 1 news programme at 5.00pm
1994 - 1999 - Radio 5 show 2.00 - 4.00pm
Top Of The Pops presenter in 1990s
July 2004 - Nov 2006 - BBC local radio
nominated by Lord Evan Elpuss Ray Moore
b.
1967 - presented Pop North (Thursdays)
1972 - 1988 the Early Show 6.00am
d. 1989
nominated by Behind Geddon's Wall John Dunn
b. 4 March 1934
1967 - 1972 - Breakfast Special and Late Night Extra
1972 - 1973 - Afternoon Show 'Dunn Thing'
1973 - 1976 - Evening Show
1982 - 1998 - Drivetime (variable timings)
1998 Drivetime Radio Gold Award
1999 -2003 presented some Friday Night Is Music Night
d. 27 Nov 2004
nominated by Behind Geddon's Wall Johnnie Walker
b. 1945
1998 - March 2006 - Radio 2 Drivetime show (absent due to illness Jul 2003 - Feb 2004)
April 2006 - today Sunday Show
Johnnie has been a regular sit-in for Terry Wogan and also on Sounds Of The Sixties
2001 - Sony Music Production Award (Silver)
2004 - Sony Outstanding Contribution to Broadcasting (Gold)
2006 - awarded MBE
1966 - 1968 pirate stations Radio England and Radio Caroline
1969 - 1976 - Radio 1
1987 - 1995 Radio 1 including Saturday show Stereo Sequence which was also broadcast on Radio 2 early on.
nominated by quickssandra Sarah Kennedy
b.8 July 1950
1993 - today Dawn Patrol early morning show
1996 - Sony Gold Radio Award
2005 - awarded MBE
1981 - 1984 - ITV Game For A Laugh
1980s - ITV Busman's Holiday
1983 - 1984 - BBC TV 60 Minutes
author:
nominated by Lord Evan Elpuss Dave Lee Travis
b. 1945
1967 - ? Pop North and Pick Of What's New Radio 1 and 2
other notables:
1964 - 1965 Radio Caroline South
1967 - 1993 - BBC Radio 1
1993? - 2001 BBC World Service
? - 2002 - Classic Gold
2003 - today - BBC Three Counties
2005 - today - Spectrum FM (Spain)
2006 - today - Magic AM 1152 (Tyneside) Saturday Magic
nominated by Barkingbiker Jeremy Vine
b. 17 May 1965
2001 - 2002 stand-in for Jimmy Young
2003 - today Jeremy Vine show (afternoons)
other notables:
1987 - 1989 - BBC researcher and local radio newsreader
1989 - BBC Radio 4 Today
~ 1995 - 1999 - BBC TV reporter
1999 - BBC2 TV Newsnight
2003 - 2005 - BBC1 TV Politics Show
2005 Sony Best Speech Broadcaster
nominated by Helen May Sir Jimmy Young
b. 21 Sept 1922
1967 - 1973 - Radio 1 and 2 late morning show
1973 - 2002 - Radio 2 only The Jimmy Young Show variable times around lunchtime
1979 - Sony Radio Award
1997 - Sony Outstanding Contribution Award
2001 - awarded knighthood
other notables:
as a singer in the 1950s Jimmy Young had ten Top 10 hits, two reaching No 1 spot.
nominated by Helen May Chris Stuart
b.
1988 - 1991 - early morning show
~1992 - ~1993? - late show 10.00pm
before Radio 2 Chris Stuart worked at BBC Wales
nominated by happyKaytee Mark Radcliffe
b.1958
June 2004 - Apr 2007 - Radio 2 late show 10.30-midnight
Apr 2007 - today - Radio 2 Mon-Thurs 8.00-10.00pm with Stuart Maconie
- has sat in for Steve Wright's afternoon show
other notables:
1984 - BBC Radio 1 producer (incl. John Peel)
returned Piccadilly Radio 1985-1987
1990 presenter BBC Radio 5 'Hit The North'
1991-2004 presenter BBC Radio 1 (paired with Mark Riley since 1993)
- 1991 Sony Gold Specialist
- 2001 Sony Gold Music Programming
nominated by Behind Geddon's Wall Roger Royle
b.
1985 - 1990 Good Moring Sunday
1991 - 8 April 2007 - Radio 2 Sunday Half Hour
- still contributes Pause For Thought on the Terry Wogan breakfast show
other notables:
- TV shows have included Royle Progress on Southern TV and Royle Line on Ulster TV
- ordained in CofE in 1962
- 1990 honoured by the Archbishop of Canterbury with a Lambeth Degree in recognition for his work in the media
nominated by Ian Warburton Stuart Maconie
b. 1960
1998 - today - Radio 2 Critical List
Apr 2006 - today - Radio 2 Saturdays 2.00pm
Apr 2007 - today - Radio 2 Mon-Thurs 8.00-10.00pm with Mark Radcliffe
- also The Northern Soul show All Singing All Dancing All Night and Comedy Hour's Lloyd Cole Knew My Father with David Quantick & Andrew Collins
- also many music documentaries and sat in for Drivetime
2001 Sony Broadcaster of the year
also 1994-2001 Radio 5
2002 - today - BBC 6 Music Freak Zone
DVD Collection on BBC4 TV
other notables
Cider With Roadies, Pies & Prejudice and biographies Blur and James - Folklore
nominated by Lord Evan Elpuss Alan Dell
b. 8-3-1924 d. 18-8-1995
Radio 2 1967-1995 with Dance Band Days (1972 - 1995), Sounds Easy, Big Band Sound and Big Band Era
other notables:
South African radio broadcasting 1943 - 1950's ??
Radio Luxembourg early 1950's
BBC Light Programme 1956? - 1967 including Pick of the Pops
1983 - Grammy Award for production of Sinatra/Dorsey albums
nominated by howard66 Brian Matthew
b. 17 Sept 1928
1967 - Radio 2 Album Time and Be My Guest and also from 1969 Roundabout
Radio 2 Round Midnight from 1978 to 1990
1981 - Stop The World comedy series
since April 1990 Radio 2 Sounds of the 60s Saturday mornings
other notables:
1948 broadcasting in Germany
- joined the BBC in 1954
BBC Light Programme hosted Saturday Skiffle Club (1957) and Saturday Club (from 1958) and Easy Beat (from 1959)
Thank Your Lucky Stars (ITV 1961-66)
1988 Music Media Personality of the Year
1996 Gold Sony Radio Award and Broadcasting Press Guild Award for Outstanding Contribution to Radio
made pop records, "Goodness Gracious Me" with Maureen Evans and "What's It All About" with Peter Murray.
nominated by Ian Warburton .
| i don't know |
Which river forms most of the boundary between the US states of Oregon and Washington? | RCW 43.58.060: Oregon-Washington Columbia River boundary compact—Terms and provisions.
Oregon-Washington Columbia River boundary compact—Terms and provisions.
The terms and provisions of the compact referred to in RCW 43.58.050 are as follows:
INTERSTATE COMPACT DETERMINING
COLUMBIA RIVER
ARTICLE I. PURPOSE
The boundary between the states of Oregon and Washington along the course of the Columbia River has not been easy to ascertain because of changes in the main channel of the river with a result that a state of confusion and dispute exists and the enforcement and administration of the laws of the two states has been rendered difficult.
The purpose of this compact is to fix with precision by reference to stations of longitude and latitude the boundary between the states of Oregon and Washington from one marine league due west of the mouth of the Columbia River to the most easterly point at which the 46th parallel of North latitude crosses said river, at which point the river ceases to form the boundary between the two states.
ARTICLE II. DESCRIPTION
The boundary between the states of Oregon and Washington from one marine league due west of the mouth of the Columbia River to the point at which the last described point number (# 191) of the boundary as herein determined meets the 46th parallel of North latitude at 118° 59'10".12 of West longitude shall be as follows:
Beginning one marine league at sea off the mouth of the Columbia river at north latitude 46° 15'00".00; running thence due east to point number 1 of this description, which point is at north latitude 46° 15'00".00, west longitude 124° 05'00".00; thence from point number 1 continuing upstream in the channel of the Columbia river by a series of straight lines connecting the following numbered and described points in consecutive order.
Point
| Columbia |
Which cyclist was BBC Scotland Sports Personality of the Year in 2003 and 2008? | Snake River, Idaho, Oregon
Snake River, Idaho, Oregon
U.S. Forest Service, Wallowa-Whitman National Forest
Designated Reach:
December 1, 1975. The segment from Hells Canyon Dam downstream to an eastward extension of the north boundary of section 1, T5N, R47E, Willamette meridian.
Classification/Mileage:
Wild — 32.5 miles; Scenic — 34.4 miles; Total — 66.9 miles.
RELATED LINKS
Photo Credit: Tim Palmer
Is Hells Canyon The Deepest?
It's often claimed that Hells Canyon is the deepest canyon in the United States. But is it? It all depends on how you define a canyon and where you measure it. The highest point above the Snake River is He Devil Mountain in Idaho, a bit less than 7,900 feet above the water and 6 miles away. The other side of the Snake River is Bear Mountain in Oregon, which is only around 5,400 feet.
By comparison, Spanish Mountain rises 8,240 feet above the Kings River in California and is only 4 miles away. The highest point on the other side of the river, coincidentally, is also around 5,400 feet. And again, depending on where you measure and how you define a canyon, several sections of the Middle and South Forks of the Kings River have an average rise of 6,500 to 7,700 feet.
So why is there a dispute over whether Kings Canyon or Hells Canyon is deeper? Kings Canyon is a much more open landscape; Hells Canyon 'feels' like a canyon. But as someone pointed out, hey, the National Park Service calls it Kings Canyon National Park for a reason.
By the way, the Grand Canyon—which no one would dispute as a canyon—"only" reaches a depth of 6,093 feet from the river to the North Rim.
Snake River
The Snake River likely got its name from the first European explorers who misinterpreted the sign made by the Shoshone people who identified themselves in sign language by moving the hand in a swimming motion which appeared to these explorers to be a "snake." It actually signified that they lived near the river with many fish. In the 1950's, the name "Hells Canyon" was borrowed from Hells Canyon Creek, which enters the river near what is now Hells Canyon Dam.
The Hells Canyon area was once home to Shoshone and Nez Perce tribes. According to the Nez Perce tribe, Coyote dug the Snake River Canyon in a day to protect the people on the west side of the river from the Seven Devils, a band of evil spirits living in the mountain range to the east. In the late nineteenth century, the military drove the Native Americans out and settlers began ranching and mining in the canyon. Today, boaters can explore archaeological sites and old homesteads, all part of the canyon's rich, colorful history.
Hells Canyon is one of the most imposing river gorges in the West. Until a million years ago, the Owyhee Mountains acted as a dam between the Snake River and its current confluence with the Columbia River, creating a vast lake in what is now southwestern Idaho. When the mountains were finally breached, the Snake roared northward, cutting a giant chasm through the volcanic rock. The resulting canyon, roughly ten miles across, is not as dramatic as the Grand Canyon. However, when the surrounding peaks are visible from the river, the sense of depth is tremendous. The adjacent ridges average 5,500' above the river. He Devil Mountain, tallest of the Seven Devils (9,393') towers almost 8,000' above the river, creating the deepest gorge in the United States.
The river is as big as the landscape. Below Hells Canyon Dam, the Snake usually carries more water than the Colorado River through the Grand Canyon. Below the confluence with the Salmon River, flows average 35,000 cfs and often peak over 100,000 when the Salmon is high. Further downstream, the Clearwater and other rivers dump their flows into the Snake River, creating the Columbia River's largest tributary. (The total drainage area is approximately the size of Oregon.)
The outstandingly remarkable values of the Wild and Scenic Snake River are scenery, recreation, geology, wildlife, fisheries, cultural resources, vegetation/botany and ecology.
River recreational use is limited for all user groups (private float and power boat; commercial float and power boats) for each segment of river and within primary and secondary use seasons. Permits are required yearlong for use on the river by float or power boats and are available through www.rec.gov.com.
Choose a river
Choose a river
Seen as barren by the first explorers to today's first-time visitors, the rivers of the high desert simply hide their treasures well.
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Which 1994 film is based on the true life story of 'The Guildford Four'? | About: In the Name of the Father (film)
About: In the Name of the Father (film)
An Entity of Type : movie , from Named Graph : http://dbpedia.org , within Data Space : dbpedia.org
In the Name of the Father is a 1993 Irish-British-American biographical courtroom drama film co-written and directed by Jim Sheridan. It is based on the true life story of the Guildford Four, four people falsely convicted of the 1974 IRA's Guildford pub bombings, which killed four off-duty British soldiers and a civilian. The screenplay was adapted by Terry George and Jim Sheridan from the autobiography Proved Innocent: The Story of Gerry Conlon of the Guildford Four by Gerry Conlon.
Property
abstract
In the Name of the Father is a 1993 Irish-British-American biographical courtroom drama film co-written and directed by Jim Sheridan. It is based on the true life story of the Guildford Four, four people falsely convicted of the 1974 IRA's Guildford pub bombings, which killed four off-duty British soldiers and a civilian. The screenplay was adapted by Terry George and Jim Sheridan from the autobiography Proved Innocent: The Story of Gerry Conlon of the Guildford Four by Gerry Conlon. The film was positively received by critics, and received seven Academy Award nominations, including Best Actor in a Leading Role (Daniel Day-Lewis), Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Pete Postlethwaite), Best Actress in a Supporting Role (Emma Thompson), Best Director, and Best Picture.
(en)
بإسم الأب (بالإنجليزية: In the Name of the Father) هو فيلم درامي سياسي انتج في سنة 1993 من بطولة دانيال دي لويس وإيما تومسون وإخراج جيم شيريدان والذي فاز عن إخراجه لهذا الفيلم بجائزة الدب الذهبي في مهرجان برلين السينمائي، رشح الفيلم لسبع جوائز أوسكار وأربعة جوائز غولدن غلوب لعام 1994، ولكنه لم يفز..
(ar)
En el nombre del padre (In the Name of the Father) es una película irlandesa de 1993 basada en los casos de los Cuatro de Guildford y los Siete de Maguire. Fue dirigida por Jim Sheridan, y el guion fue adaptado por Terry George y Sheridan de la autobiografía de Gerard Conlon: Proved Innocent.
(es)
Au nom du père (In the Name of the Father) est un film irlando-britannique de 1993 réalisé par Jim Sheridan. Il s'agit d'une adaptation du livre autobiographique Proved Innocent de Gerry Conlon. Il s'agit d'une histoire tirée de faits réels. Ce film engagé, qui met en scène la chronique d’une erreur judiciaire, est l'un des plus marquants de la carrière de Jim Sheridan. Il a reçu l'Ours d'Or au Festival de Berlin en 1994, et a été nommé sept fois aux Oscars. Au nom du père est une critique virulente et sans concession du système judiciaire britannique lors des vagues d'attentats de l'IRA provisoire dans les années 1970. Il réunit Daniel Day-Lewis interprétant le rôle de Gerry Conlon, Pete Postlethwaite jouant le rôle du père, Giuseppe Conlon, et Emma Thompson dans le rôle de l’avocate Gareth Peirce.
(fr)
Im Namen des Vaters (Originaltitel: In the Name of the Father) ist eine britisch-amerikanische Koproduktion aus dem Jahr 1993. Der unter der Regie von Jim Sheridan entstandene Film basiert auf der wahren Geschichte der sogenannten Guildford Four.
(de)
Nel nome del padre (In the Name of the Father) è un film del 1993 diretto da Jim Sheridan, vincitore dell'Orso d'Oro al Festival di Berlino nel 1994. È tratto dal romanzo autobiografico Proved Innocent di Gerry Conlon, uno dei Guildford Four (tre ragazzi nordirlandesi e una ragazza inglese accusati di aver provocato un'esplosione in un pub di Guildford, oltre ad altri reati), interpretato nella pellicola da Daniel Day-Lewis.Il film è stato candidato a ben sette premi Oscar nel 1994, senza però aggiudicarsene alcuno.
(it)
『父の祈りを』（ちちのいのりを、In the Name of The Father）は、1993年製作のイギリス映画。ジム・シェリダン監督。 1974年にIRA暫定派によって実行されたロンドンでのテロ事件であり、英国の司法界史上最大の汚点とされるギルドフォード・パブ爆破事件を元に、冤罪で逮捕されたアイルランド人ジェリー・コンロンとその父親の、再審への長い戦いを描く。 ジェリー・コンロン自身の回想記『Proved Innocent』が原作になっている。 翌年のアカデミー賞には7部門にノミネートされたがいずれも受賞はならなかった。
(ja)
W imię ojca – film fabularny z 1993 roku, wyprodukowany w koprodukcji brytyjsko–irlandzkiej i wyreżyserowany przez Jima Sheridana. Scenariusz filmu oparto na autobiograficznej książce Gerry'ego Conlona. Niektóre ze scen filmu zostały zrealizowanie w dublińskim więzieniu Kilmainham Gaol.
(pl)
In the Name of the Father (br / pt: Em Nome do Pai) é um filme irlandês e britânico de 1993, do gênero drama, dirigido por Jim Sheridan e baseado no livro autobiográfico Proved Innocent, de Gerry Conlon.
(pt)
«Во имя отца» — кинофильм режиссёра Джима Шеридана, основанный на реальных событиях. Картина вызвала большой общественный резонанс и получила множество наград и номинаций на кинофестивалях. Главную роль исполняет постоянный актёр Шеридана Дэниел Дэй-Льюис.Главный приз Берлинского кинофестиваля, 7 номинаций на премию «Оскар», включая за лучший фильм года.
(ru)
《以父之名》（英语：In the Name of the Father）是一部於1993年上映的英國電影，吉姆·谢里丹导演，丹尼爾·戴-劉易斯主演。根據在英國北愛爾蘭發生的著名冤獄事件基爾福四人案（Guildford Four）改編，获得柏林影展金熊奖。
(zh)
In the Name of the Father
(en)
comment
بإسم الأب (بالإنجليزية: In the Name of the Father) هو فيلم درامي سياسي انتج في سنة 1993 من بطولة دانيال دي لويس وإيما تومسون وإخراج جيم شيريدان والذي فاز عن إخراجه لهذا الفيلم بجائزة الدب الذهبي في مهرجان برلين السينمائي، رشح الفيلم لسبع جوائز أوسكار وأربعة جوائز غولدن غلوب لعام 1994، ولكنه لم يفز..
(ar)
En el nombre del padre (In the Name of the Father) es una película irlandesa de 1993 basada en los casos de los Cuatro de Guildford y los Siete de Maguire. Fue dirigida por Jim Sheridan, y el guion fue adaptado por Terry George y Sheridan de la autobiografía de Gerard Conlon: Proved Innocent.
(es)
Im Namen des Vaters (Originaltitel: In the Name of the Father) ist eine britisch-amerikanische Koproduktion aus dem Jahr 1993. Der unter der Regie von Jim Sheridan entstandene Film basiert auf der wahren Geschichte der sogenannten Guildford Four.
(de)
Nel nome del padre (In the Name of the Father) è un film del 1993 diretto da Jim Sheridan, vincitore dell'Orso d'Oro al Festival di Berlino nel 1994. È tratto dal romanzo autobiografico Proved Innocent di Gerry Conlon, uno dei Guildford Four (tre ragazzi nordirlandesi e una ragazza inglese accusati di aver provocato un'esplosione in un pub di Guildford, oltre ad altri reati), interpretato nella pellicola da Daniel Day-Lewis.Il film è stato candidato a ben sette premi Oscar nel 1994, senza però aggiudicarsene alcuno.
(it)
In the Name of the Father (br / pt: Em Nome do Pai) é um filme irlandês e britânico de 1993, do gênero drama, dirigido por Jim Sheridan e baseado no livro autobiográfico Proved Innocent, de Gerry Conlon.
(pt)
«Во имя отца» — кинофильм режиссёра Джима Шеридана, основанный на реальных событиях. Картина вызвала большой общественный резонанс и получила множество наград и номинаций на кинофестивалях. Главную роль исполняет постоянный актёр Шеридана Дэниел Дэй-Льюис.Главный приз Берлинского кинофестиваля, 7 номинаций на премию «Оскар», включая за лучший фильм года.
(ru)
《以父之名》（英语：In the Name of the Father）是一部於1993年上映的英國電影，吉姆·谢里丹导演，丹尼爾·戴-劉易斯主演。根據在英國北愛爾蘭發生的著名冤獄事件基爾福四人案（Guildford Four）改編，获得柏林影展金熊奖。
(zh)
In the Name of the Father is a 1993 Irish-British-American biographical courtroom drama film co-written and directed by Jim Sheridan. It is based on the true life story of the Guildford Four, four people falsely convicted of the 1974 IRA's Guildford pub bombings, which killed four off-duty British soldiers and a civilian. The screenplay was adapted by Terry George and Jim Sheridan from the autobiography Proved Innocent: The Story of Gerry Conlon of the Guildford Four by Gerry Conlon.
(en)
Au nom du père (In the Name of the Father) est un film irlando-britannique de 1993 réalisé par Jim Sheridan. Il s'agit d'une adaptation du livre autobiographique Proved Innocent de Gerry Conlon.Il s'agit d'une histoire tirée de faits réels. Ce film engagé, qui met en scène la chronique d’une erreur judiciaire, est l'un des plus marquants de la carrière de Jim Sheridan. Il a reçu l'Ours d'Or au Festival de Berlin en 1994, et a été nommé sept fois aux Oscars. Au nom du père est une critique virulente et sans concession du système judiciaire britannique lors des vagues d'attentats de l'IRA provisoire dans les années 1970. Il réunit Daniel Day-Lewis interprétant le rôle de Gerry Conlon, Pete Postlethwaite jouant le rôle du père, Giuseppe Conlon, et Emma Thompson dans le rôle de l’avocate Garet
(fr)
『父の祈りを』（ちちのいのりを、In the Name of The Father）は、1993年製作のイギリス映画。ジム・シェリダン監督。1974年にIRA暫定派によって実行されたロンドンでのテロ事件であり、英国の司法界史上最大の汚点とされるギルドフォード・パブ爆破事件を元に、冤罪で逮捕されたアイルランド人ジェリー・コンロンとその父親の、再審への長い戦いを描く。ジェリー・コンロン自身の回想記『Proved Innocent』が原作になっている。翌年のアカデミー賞には7部門にノミネートされたがいずれも受賞はならなかった。
(ja)
W imię ojca – film fabularny z 1993 roku, wyprodukowany w koprodukcji brytyjsko–irlandzkiej i wyreżyserowany przez Jima Sheridana. Scenariusz filmu oparto na autobiograficznej książce Gerry'ego Conlona.Niektóre ze scen filmu zostały zrealizowanie w dublińskim więzieniu Kilmainham Gaol.
(pl)
| In the Name of the Father |
On which Scottish island is Goat Fell the highest point? | | ABCDEFilm
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Short description
In the Name of the Father is a 1993 biographical film directed by Jim Sheridan . It is based on the true life story of the Guildford Four , four people falsely convicted of the IRA 's Guildford pub bombings which killed four off-duty British soldiers and a civilian. The screenplay was adapted by Terry George and Jim Sheridan from the autobiography Proved Innocent: The Story of Gerry Conlon of the Guildford Four by Gerry Conlon .
information is taken from Wikipedia , more info about this film you can read here.
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The Aztecs called them 'azotochtli', which is Nahuatl for 'turtle-rabbit'. Which mammal has species including nine- banded, seven-banded and screaming hairy? | 1000+ images about armàdillos on Pinterest | Ants, Argentina and Deserts
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Pink Fairy Armadillo ~ found in central Argentina where it inhabits dry grasslands & sandy plains with thorn bushes & cacti. It has the ability to bury itself completely in a matter of seconds if frightened. They burrows small holes near ant colonies in dry dirt. It feeds mainly on ants and ant larvae near its burrow. 24 "The Mickey Mouse of the desert" - mouse-like rodent with a long tail, long hind legs for jumping, and exceptionally la
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| Armadillo (disambiguation) |
How are 'Max Bialystock' and 'Leo Bloom' described in the title of a 1960's film ,later a stage musical? | Dasypodidae - meddic
Dasypodidae
For other uses, see Armadillo (disambiguation).
Armadillo
Temporal range: 58.7–0 Ma
PreЄ
Dasypus
Nine-banded armadillo skeleton.
Armadillos are New World placental mammals with a leathery armour shell. Dasypodidae is the only surviving family in the order Cingulata, part of the superorder Xenarthra, along with the anteaters and sloths. The word armadillo means "little armoured one" in Spanish. The Aztecs called them āyōtōchtli [aːjoːˈtoːt͡ʃt͡ɬi], Nahuatl for "turtle-rabbit": āyōtl [ˈaːjoːt͡ɬ] (turtle) and tōchtli [ˈtoːt͡ʃt͡ɬi] (rabbit).[1]
About 10 extant genera and 20 extant species of armadillo have been described, some of which are distinguished by the number of bands on their armour. Their average length is about 75 cm (30 in), including tail. The giant armadillo grows up to 150 cm (59 in) and weighs up to 54 kg (119 lb), while the pink fairy armadillo is a diminutive species, with an overall length of 13–15 cm (5–6 in). All species are native to the Americas, where they inhabit a variety of environments.
Like all other xenarthran lineages, armadillos originated in South America. Due to the continent's former isolation, they were confined there for most of the Cenozoic. The recent formation of the Isthmus of Panama allowed a few members of the family to migrate northward into southern North America by the early Pleistocene, as part of the Great American Interchange.[2] (Some of their much larger cingulate relatives, the pampatheres and glyptodonts, made the same journey.[2])
Today, all extant armadillo species are still present in South America. They are particularly diverse in Paraguay (where eleven species exist) and surrounding areas. Many species are endangered. Some, including four species of Dasypus, are widely distributed over the Americas, whereas others, such as Yepes's mulita, are restricted to small ranges. Two species, the northern naked-tailed armadillo and nine-banded armadillo, are found in Central America; the latter has also reached the United States, primarily in the south-central states (notably Texas), but with a range that extends as far east as South Carolina and Florida, and as far north as Nebraska and central Indiana.[3] Their range has consistently expanded in North America over the last century due to a lack of natural predators.
Contents
6 External links
Habitat and anatomy
Armadillos are small to medium-sized mammals. The smallest species, the pink fairy armadillo, is roughly chipmunk-sized at 85 g (3.0 oz) and 13–15 cm (5.1–5.9 in) in total length. The largest species, the giant armadillo, can be the size of a small pig, weigh up to 54 kg (119 lb) and can be 150 cm (59 in) long.[4] They are prolific diggers. Many species use their sharp claws to dig for food, such as grubs, and to dig dens. The nine-banded armadillo prefers to build burrows in moist soil near the creeks, streams, and arroyos around which it lives and feeds. The diets of different armadillo species vary, but consist mainly of insects, grubs, and other invertebrates. Some species, however, feed almost entirely on ants and termites.
Paws of a hairy and a giant armadillo
In common with other xenarthrans, armadillos, in general, have low body temperatures of 33–36 °C (91–97 °F) and basal metabolic rates (40–60% of that expected in placental mammals of their mass). This is particularly true of types that specialize in using termites as their primary food source (for example, Priodontes and Tolypeutes).[5]
The armour is formed by plates of dermal bone covered in relatively small, overlapping epidermal scales called "scutes", composed of bone with a covering of horn. Most species have rigid shields over the shoulders and hips, with a number of bands separated by flexible skin covering the back and flanks. Additional armour covers the top of the head, the upper parts of the limbs, and the tail. The underside of the animal is never armoured, and is simply covered with soft skin and fur.[6]
This armour-like skin appears to be the main defense of many armadillos, although most escape predators by fleeing (often into thorny patches, from which their armour protects them) or digging to safety. Only the South American three-banded armadillos (Tolypeutes) rely heavily on their armour for protection. When threatened by a predator, Tolypeutes species frequently roll up into a ball. Other armadillo species cannot roll up because they have too many plates. The North American nine-banded armadillo tends to jump straight in the air when surprised, and consequently often collides with the undercarriage or fenders of passing vehicles.[7]
Armadillos have short legs, but can move quite quickly. The ninebanded armadillo is noted for its movement through water[8] which is accomplished via two different methods: it can walk underwater for short distances, holding its breath for as long as six minutes; also, to cross larger bodies of water, it is capable of increasing its buoyancy by swallowing air, inflating its stomach and intestines.[9]
Armadillos have very poor eyesight, and use their keen sense of smell to hunt for food.[4] They use their claws for digging and finding food, as well as for making their homes in burrows. They dig their burrows with their claws, making only a single corridor the width of the animal's body. They have five clawed toes on their hindfeet, and three to five toes with heavy digging claws on their forefeet. Armadillos have a large number of cheek teeth, which are not divided into premolars and molars, but usually have incisors or canines. The dentition of the nine-banded armadillo is P 7/7, M 1/1 = 32.[10]
Gestation lasts from 60 to 120 days, depending on species, although the nine-banded armadillo also exhibits delayed implantation, so the young are not typically born for eight months after mating. Most members of the genus Dasypus give birth to four monozygotic young (that is, identical quadruplets),[11] but other species may have typical litter sizes that range from one to eight. The young are born with soft, leathery skin, which hardens within a few weeks. They reach sexual maturity in three to 12 months, depending on the species. Armadillos are solitary animals that do not share their burrows with other adults.[6]
Classification
1658 woodcut of an armadillo
Nine-banded armadillo or long-nosed armadillo, Dasypus novemcinctus
Seven-banded armadillo, Dasypus septemcinctus
Southern long-nosed armadillo, Dasypus hybridus
Llanos long-nosed armadillo, Dasypus sabanicola
Greater long-nosed armadillo, Dasypus kappleri
Hairy long-nosed armadillo, Dasypus pilosus
Yepes's mulita, Dasypus yepesi
Southern three-banded armadillo, Tolypeutes matacus
Brazilian three-banded armadillo, Tolypeutes tricinctus
† indicates extinct taxon
Armadillos and humans
In science
Armadillos are often used in the study of leprosy, since they, along with mangabey monkeys, rabbits and mice (on their footpads), are among the few known species that can contract the disease systemically. They are particularly susceptible due to their unusually low body temperature, which is hospitable to the leprosy bacterium, Mycobacterium leprae. (The leprosy bacterium is difficult to culture and armadillos have a body temperature of 34 °C (93 °F), similar to human skin.) Humans can acquire a leprosy infection from armadillos by handling them or consuming armadillo meat.[13] Armadillos are a presumed vector and natural reservoir for the disease in Texas and Louisiana.[14] Prior to the arrival of Europeans in the late 15th century, leprosy was unknown in the New World. Given that armadillos are native to the New World, at some point they must have acquired the disease from humans.[14][13]
The armadillo is also a natural reservoir for Chagas disease.[15]
The nine-banded armadillo also serves science through its unusual reproductive system, in which four genetically identical offspring are born, the result of one original egg.[16][17][18] Because they are always genetically identical, the group of four young provides a good subject for scientific, behavioral or medical tests that need consistent biological and genetic makeup in the test subjects. This is the only reliable manifestation of polyembryony in the class Mammalia, and exists only within the genus Dasypus and not in all armadillos, as is commonly believed. Other species that display this trait include parasitoid wasps, certain flatworms and various aquatic invertebrates.[17]
Armadillos (mainly Dasypus) are common roadkill due to their habit of jumping three to four feet vertically when startled, which puts them into collision with the underside of vehicles. Wildlife enthusiasts are using the northward march of the armadillo as an opportunity to educate others about the animals, which can be a burrowing nuisance to property owners and managers.[16]
As musical instruments
Main article: Charango
Armadillo shells have traditionally been used to make the back of the charango, an Andean lute instrument.
In the news
Armadillo shells are so strong that two people have been reported as being injured by bullets ricocheting off armadillos' shells.[19]
References
^
Karttunen, Frances E. (1983). An Analytical Dictionary of Nahuatl. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-8061-2421-6.
View entry at "ayotoch" in Nahuatl Dictionary, by the Wired Humanities Projects, Stephanie Wood (ed.) Retrieved 2015-07-22.
^ a b
Woodburne, M. O. (14 July 2010). "The Great American Biotic Interchange: Dispersals, Tectonics, Climate, Sea Level and Holding Pens". Journal of Mammalian Evolution 17 (4): 245–264 (see p. 249). doi:10.1007/s10914-010-9144-8. PMC 2987556. PMID 21125025.
"Armadillos, Armadillo Pictures, Armadillo Facts". National Geographic. Retrieved 2015-07-22.
^
McNab, Brian K. (November 1980). "Energetics and the limits to the temperate distribution in armadillos". Journal of Mammalogy (American Society of Mammalogists) 61 (4): 606–627. doi:10.2307/1380307. JSTOR 1380307.
^ a b
Dickman, Christopher R. (1984). Macdonald, D., ed. The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. pp. 781–783. ISBN 0-87196-871-1.
^
"How high can a nine-banded armadillo jump?". Everyday Mysteries: Fun Science Facts from the Library of Congress. Library of Congress. 12 February 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-12-06. Retrieved 2009-12-17.
^
McDonough, Colleen M. & Loughry, W. J. (2013). The Nine-Banded Armadillo: A Natural History. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 181–182. ISBN 978-0-8061-8921-5.
^
Vijayaraghavan, R. (2009). "Nine-banded Armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus Animal Model for Leprosy (Hansen's Disease)". Scandinavian Journal of Laboratory Animal Sciences 36 (2): 167–176. Retrieved 2015-07-22.
^
Freeman, Patricia W. & Genoways, Hugh H. (December 1998). "Recent Northern Records of the Nine-banded Armadillo (Dasypodidae) in Nebraska". The Southwestern Naturalist 43 (4): 491–504. Retrieved 2010-06-07.
^
Bagatto, B.; Crossley, D. A. & Burggren, W. W. (1 June 2000). "Physiological variability in neonatal armadillo quadruplets: within- and between-litter differences". Journal of Experimental Biology. 159 203 (11): 267–277. PMID 10804163.
^
Billet, Guillaume; Hautier, Lionel; de Muizon, Christian & Valentin, Xavier (2011). "Oldest cingulate skulls provide congruence between morphological and molecular scenarios of armadillo evolution". Proceedings of the Royal Society 278 (1719): 2791. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.2443.
^ a b
Harris, Gardiner (27 April 2011). "Armadillos Can Transmit Leprosy to Humans, Federal Studies Confirm". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2011-05-06. Retrieved 2011-05-03.
^ a b
Truman, Richard W.; Singh, Pushpendra; Sharma, Rahul; et al. (April 28, 2011). "Probable Zoonotic Leprosy in the Southern United States". The New England Journal of Medicine (Waltham, MA: Massachusetts Medical Society) 364 (17): 1626–1633. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1010536. PMC 3138484. PMID 21524213. Retrieved 2011-05-03.
^
Yaeger, R. G. (March 1988). "The prevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in armadillos collected at a site near New Orleans, Louisiana". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 38 (2): 323–326. PMID 3128127.
^ a b
Schaefer, Joseph M.; Hostetler, Mark E. (January 1998). "The Nine-banded Armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus)". University of Florida, IFAS Extension. Archived from the original on 2010-01-02. Retrieved 2009-12-17.
^ a b
Loughry, W.J; Prodohl, Paulo A; McDonough, Colleen M & Avise, John C. (May–June 1998). "Polyembryony in Armadillos" (PDF). American Scientist 86 (3): 274–279. Bibcode:1998AmSci..86..274L. doi:10.1511/1998.3.274.
^
Hamlett, G.W.D. (September 1933). "Polyembryony in the Armadillo: Genetic or Physiological?". The Quarterly Review of Biology 8 (3): 348–358. doi:10.1086/394444. JSTOR 2808431.
^
Holpuch, Amanda (1 August 2015). "Texas man hospitalized after bullet bounces off armadillo". The Guardian. Retrieved 2015-09-04.
Further reading
Gardner, A. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., eds. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 94–99. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
Superina, Mariella; Pagnutti, Noralí; Abba, Agustín M. (2014). "What do we know about armadillos? An analysis of four centuries of knowledge about a group of South American mammals, with emphasis on their conservation". Mammal Review 44 (1): 69–80. doi:10.1111/mam.12010.
PMID 23705586
Experimental infection with Trichinella T12 in domestic cats.
Ribicich M, Krivokapich S, Pasqualetti M, Prous CL, Gatti GM, Falzoni E, Aronowicz T, Arbusti P, Fariña F, Rosa A.SourceFacultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UBA, Av. Chorroarín 280, C1427CWO Buenos Aires, Argentina. Electronic address: [email protected].
Veterinary parasitology.Vet Parasitol.2013 May 20;194(2-4):168-70. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.01.047. Epub 2013 Feb 5.
Trichinella spiralis has been documented in wild animals in Argentina, including puma, armadillos, rats and wild boars. In 2008, molecular analysis identified Trichinella T12 from a naturally infected puma (Puma concolor) from Patagonia. The aim of the present work was to study the relationship betw
PMID 23474230
New Sylvatic Hosts of Trypanosoma cruzi and Their Reservoir Competence in the Humid Chaco of Argentina: A Longitudinal Study.
Orozco MM, Enriquez GF, Alvarado-Otegui JA, Cardinal MV, Schijman AG, Kitron U, Gürtler RE.SourceLaboratory of Eco-Epidemiology, Department of Ecology, Genetics and Evolution, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de la Enfermedad de Chagas, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Environmental Studies, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.Am J Trop Med Hyg.2013 May;88(5):872-82. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.12-0519. Epub 2013 Mar 25.
Abstract. A four-year longitudinal study of the structure of sylvatic transmission cycles of Trypanosoma cruzi, reservoir host competence and parasite discrete typing units was conducted in a disturbed rural area of the humid Chaco in Argentina. Among 190 mammals examined by xenodiagnosis and polyme
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The capital city of which European country lies on the River Ljubljanica? | Day trips - Lake Bled & Ljubljana tour :: ZAGREB TOURS
Day trips
Spend a weekend in Zagreb
Home » Day trips » Lake Bled & Ljubljana tour
Lake Bled & Ljubljana tour
Word of Mouth
Book this Trip
On this day trip, we are taking you to discover two most beautiful gems of Slovenia: the magical Lake Bled and the charming capital Ljubljana
Frist we are taking you twords the Alpine region, where on the banks of the mountain lake, beneath the peaks of Julian Alps a charming little town of Bled is situated.
This pearl of Slovenia and the whole Alpine region, with a tiny island and St. Mary's Church in the middle of the Lake and an old medieval Castle up on the cliff that offers you an amazing views is definitely something you will be enchanted with.
On our way back to Zagreb, we will visit the Capital of Slovenia – Ljubljana. Strolling along the Ljubljanica River and the Old Town, we will hear all about its fascinating history. From the time of Jason and the Argonauts, throughout the Protestant reformation and Cultural Revolution to the modern days, Ljubljana became a charming middle European city worth visiting.
Trip reviews:
Standard departure time is 8 AM from your accommodation and it can be customized according to your preferences.
Explore Bled Castle - the odlest one in Slovenia
Admire the views of the Lake Bled and Julian Alps
Enjoy the stroll along Ljubljanica River in the heart of Ljubljana
Visit Ljubljana Castle and climb its viewing tower
Comfortable A/C sedan or minivan transportation
Friendly guidance of the professional and licensed, English speaking
ZagrebTours guide & driver
Entrance tickets for Bled Castle and Ljubljana Castle
Coffee & Cake break in Bled
Ljubljana
Ljubljana is the capital and largest city of Slovenia. It lies on the river Ljubljanica and was built in the Roman settlement Emona in 15 year AD. After the earthquake that destroyed the city in the 16th century, Ljubljana was rebuilt in Renaissance style and after a catastrophic earthquake in the 19th century in neo-classical and art nouveau style. Ljubljana architecture between the two world wars was enriched by the well-known architect Joža Plečnik. The symbol of the city is the dragon, which represents the strength and courage. According to the Greek legend, the Argonauts on their way home after having taken the Golden Fleece found a lake surrounded by a marsh somewhere on the present-day city of Ljubljana. It is there that Jason, main Argonaut, allegedly killed a dragon which then became the symbol of the city.
Bled
Bled is a town located on Lake Bled, a few kilometers south of the Austrian border and 50 km northwest of Ljubljana. Its location by the lake and at the foot of the Julian Alps provides excellent opportunities for the summer and winter holidays. Bled amazing position, healthy mountain air and a long swimming season is what attracts many tourists during the whole year. Irresistibly beautiful, clear lake, thousand castle and church are places that are definitely worth the visit.
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By tradition what is drunk by the winner of the 'Indianapolis 500' motor race? | Ljubljana, a romantic city » Visit Ljubljana
Visitors > POIGroups > Sightseeing > Ljubljana, a romantic city
Ljubljana, a romantic city
Being a truly romantic city full of beautiful views and inspiring stories, Ljubljana is a perfect place for a romantic getaway.
Love emanates even from the city's name, which sounds very similar to the Slovenian word 'ljubljena', meaning 'the beloved', and many people believe that this is not just a coincidence.
A picturesque setting for romantic experiences
Ljubljana is definitely a place where romance is in the air. The city owes its romantic character to its historical appearance on the one hand and its youthful energy on the other. Life moves at a relaxed pace and people still take time to sit around in open-air cafés and admire the city's jaw-dropping views.
The picturesque setting for your romantic getaway is enhanced by an ancient hilltop castle towering over the city, the dragons that stand as a symbol of Ljubljana, and the remarkable stories behind the city's historical streets.
Share your romantic stories of Ljubljana with us using the #LoveLjubljana hashtag!
The river Ljubljanica – the essence of the city's romantic soul
Ljubljana is a city crossed by a river, the Ljubljanica. The river, with its beautiful bridges and picturesque embankments designed by the famous 20th century architect Jože Plečnik, represents the very essence of the city's soul. Navigated by tourist boats, it gives you an opportunity to view the city from a completely different angle.
One of the bridges spanning the Ljubljanica is the Butchers' Bridge, Ljubljana's love bridge. It is adorned with creepy but artistically accomplished sculptures by Jakov Brdar as well as countless padlocks attached to it by lovers as a symbol of their commitment. The striking contrast between the sculptures and the love padlocks gives the bridge a very special character.
A story about a poet and his muse
Ljubljana is probably one of the few cities in the world whose central town square is adorned with a statue of a poet rather than some political or military hero. The poet, France Prešeren (1800–1849), who wrote mostly in Slovenian and is best known for his sonnets, was one of Europe's great Romantic poets.
Attached to the façade of a building across the way from the statue of the poet and the muse of poetry, designed by the architect Maks Fabiani and the sculptor Ivan Zajc, is a portrait statue of Prešeren's actual muse, Julija Primic, who never returned the poet's love. The immortal story about this unrequited love inspired the Brazilian writer Paolo Coelho, who used Ljubljana as the setting for his probably most romantic novel, Veronika Decides to Die.
Get married in Ljubljana
In Slovenia, you can find a large number of amazingly picturesque wedding locations, one of the best being Ljubljana Castle. Countless engagements have taken place on top of the castle's Outlook Tower and the castle houses two beautiful wedding rooms, the White and the Blue Room.
Foreigners can get married in Slovenia after completing an administrative procedure at a local administrative unit such as the capital's 'Upravna enota Ljubljana' (Ljubljana Administrative Unit). Basically, the following documents need to be provided:
a valid identity document (the most suitable being a passport),
a certified extract from the register of births,
a single status certificate.
Feel Slovenia and let Ljubljana fill you up with love
Ljubljana lies in the heart of Slovenia, a scenic country with a romantic feel boasting unspoilt countryside, beautiful mountains offering magical views, historical towns and castles, excellent food, and a number of world famous tourist gems such as Lake Bled and the Postojna Caves.
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Who was the Rawlinson and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon at Oxford University from 1925 to 1945? | Professorships Held by the Inklings
Professorships Held by the Inklings
a complete list of their incumbents
Oxford University
Rawlinson and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon
(Rawlinsonian to 1916)
Sir William A(lexander) Craigie (1867-1957)
1925-1945
J(ohn) R(onald) R(euel) Tolkien (1892-1973)
1946-1963
Merton Professor of English Language and Literature
1885-1916
Henry Cecil (Kennedy) Wyld (1870-1945)
1945-1959
J(ohn) R(onald) R(euel) Tolkien (1892-1973)
1959-1980
Merton Professor of English Literature
1904-1922
Sir Walter (Alexander) Raleigh (1861-1922)
1922-1928
Nevill (Henry Kendall Aylmer) Coghill (1899-1980)
1966-1975
Dame Helen (Louise) Gardner (1908-1986)
1976-2002
Goldsmiths' Professor of English Literature
(Reader before 1948)
H(erbert) F(rancis) B(rett) Brett-Smith (1884-1951)
1948-1970
Lord (Edward Christian) David (Gascoyne) Cecil (1902-1986)
1970-1984
J.R.R. Tolkien Professor of English Language and Literature
(Merton Professor of English Language to 1979)
1961-1979
(with books of their lectures)
1.
Praelections Poeticae (1711-19), trans. as Lectures on Poetry (1742)
2.
1741-1751
Robert Lowth (1710-1787)
De Sacra Poesi Hebraeorum (1753), trans. as Lectures on the Sacred Poetry of the Hebrews (1787)
6.
Praelectiones Poeticae in Schola Naturalis Philosophiae (1758)
7.
Praelectiones Academicae in Homerum (1870)
10.
1793-1801
James Hurdis (1763-1801)
Lectures showing the Several Sources of that Pleasure which the Human Mind Receives from Poetry (1797)
12.
Praelectiones Academicae Oxonii Habitae (1813)
13.
Di Poeticae Vi Medica (1844), trans. as Keble's Lectures on Poetry (1912)
16.
De Rei Poeticae Idea (1843); De Re Critica Praelectiones Oxonii Habitae (1847)
17.
On Translating Homer (1861-62); On the Study of Celtic Literature (1867)
19.
Sir Francis Hastings (Charles) Doyle, Bt. (1810-1888)
Lectures Delivered Before the University of Oxford (1869-77)
20.
| J. R. R. Tolkien |
What was the first name of 'Dr. No' in the film of that name? | John Ronald Reuel Tolkien - John Ronald Reuel Tolkien Biography - Poem Hunter
John Ronald Reuel Tolkien - John Ronald Reuel Tolkien Biography - Poem Hunter
Biography
Biography of John Ronald Reuel Tolkien
an English writer, poet, philologist, and university professor, best known as the author of the classic high fantasy works The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings, and The Silmarillion.
Tolkien was Rawlinson and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon at Oxford University from 1925 to 1945 and Merton Professor of English Language and Literature there from 1945 to 1959. He was a close friend of C. S. Lewis—they were both members of the informal literary discussion group known as the Inklings. Tolkien was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II on 28 March 1972.
After his death, Tolkien's son Christopher published a series of works based on his father's extensive notes and unpublished manuscripts, including The Silmarillion. These, together with The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings form a connected body of tales, poems, fictional histories, invented languages, and literary essays about a fantasy world called Arda, and Middle-earth within it. Between 1951 and 1955, Tolkien applied the term legendarium to the larger part of these writings.
While many other authors had published works of fantasy before Tolkien, the great success of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings led directly to a popular resurgence of the genre. This has caused Tolkien to be popularly identified as the "father" of modern fantasy literature—or, more precisely, of high fantasy. In 2008, The Times ranked him sixth on a list of "The 50 greatest British writers since 1945". Forbes ranked him the 5th top-earning dead celebrity in 2009.
Biography
Family Origins
Most of Tolkien's paternal ancestors were craftsmen. The Tolkien family had their roots in Lower Saxony, but had been living in England since the 18th century, becoming "quickly intensely English". The surname Tolkien is said to come from the German word tollkühn ("foolhardy"). German writers have suggested that in reality the name is more likely to derive from the village Tolkynen, near Rastenburg, East Prussia. The name of that place is derived from the now extinct Old Prussian language.
Tolkien's maternal grandparents, John and Edith Jane Suffield, were Baptists who lived in Birmingham and owned a shop in the city centre. The Suffield family had run various businesses out of the same building, called Lamb House, since the early 19th century. From 1810 Tolkien's great-great-grandfather William Suffield had a book and stationery shop there; from 1826 Tolkien's great-grandfather, also named John Suffield, had a drapery and hosiery business there.
Childhood
John Ronald Reuel Tolkien was born on 3 January 1892 in Bloemfontein in the Orange Free State (now Free State Province, part of South Africa) to Arthur Reuel Tolkien (1857–1896), an English bank manager, and his wife Mabel, née Suffield (1870–1904). The couple had left England when Arthur was promoted to head the Bloemfontein office of the British bank for which he worked. Tolkien had one sibling, his younger brother, Hilary Arthur Reuel, who was born on 17 February 1894.
As a child, Tolkien was bitten by a large baboon spider in the garden, an event which some think would have later echoes in his stories, although Tolkien admitted no actual memory of the event and no special hatred of spiders as an adult. In another incident, a family house-boy, who thought Tolkien a beautiful child, took the baby to his kraal to show him off, returning him the next morning.
When he was three, Tolkien went to England with his mother and brother on what was intended to be a lengthy family visit. His father, however, died in South Africa of rheumatic fever before he could join them. This left the family without an income, and so Tolkien's mother took him to live with her parents in Kings Heath, Birmingham. Soon after, in 1896, they moved to Sarehole (now in Hall Green), then a Worcestershire village, later annexed to Birmingham. He enjoyed exploring Sarehole Mill and Moseley Bog and the Clent, Lickey and Malvern Hills, which would later inspire scenes in his books, along with Worcestershire towns and villages such as Bromsgrove, Alcester, and Alvechurch and places such as his aunt Jane's farm of Bag End, the name of which would be used in his fiction.
Mabel Tolkien herself taught her two sons, and Ronald, as he was known in the family, was a keen pupil. She taught him a great deal of botany and awakened in him the enjoyment of the look and feel of plants. Young Tolkien liked to draw landscapes and trees, but his favourite lessons were those concerning languages, and his mother taught him the rudiments of Latin very early. He could read by the age of four and could write fluently soon afterwards. His mother allowed him to read many books. He disliked Treasure Island and The Pied Piper and thought Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll was "amusing but disturbing". He liked stories about "Red Indians" and the fantasy works by George MacDonald. In addition, the "Fairy Books" of Andrew Lang were particularly important to him and their influence is apparent in some of his later writings.
Tolkien attended King Edward's School, Birmingham, and later St. Philip's School, before winning a Foundation Scholarship and returning to King Edward's School. While a pupil at King Edward's School, he was one of a party of cadets from the school's Officers Training Corps who helped "line the route" for the coronation parade of King George V, being posted just outside the gates of Buckingham Palace.
Mabel Tolkien was received into the Roman Catholic Church in 1900 despite vehement protests by her Baptist family, who then stopped all financial assistance to her. In 1904, when Tolkien was 12, she died of acute diabetes at Fern Cottage in Rednal, which she was then renting. Mabel Tolkien was then about 34 years of age, about as old as a person with diabetes mellitus type 1 could live with no treatment—insulin would not be discovered until two decades later. Nine years after his mother's death, Tolkien wrote, "My own dear mother was a martyr indeed, and it is not to everybody that God grants so easy a way to his great gifts as he did to Hilary and myself, giving us a mother who killed herself with labour and trouble to ensure us keeping the faith."
Prior to her death, Mabel Tolkien had assigned the guardianship of her sons to Fr. Francis Xavier Morgan of the Birmingham Oratory, who was assigned to bring them up as good Catholics. Tolkien grew up in the Edgbaston area of Birmingham. He lived there in the shadow of Perrott's Folly and the Victorian tower of Edgbaston Waterworks, which may have influenced the images of the dark towers within his works. Another strong influence was the romantic medievalist paintings of Edward Burne-Jones and the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood; the Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery had a large collection of works on public display.
Youth
In 1911, while they were at King Edward's School, Birmingham, Tolkien and three friends, Rob Gilson, Geoffrey Smith and Christopher Wiseman, formed a semi-secret society which they called the "T.C.B.S.", the initials standing for "Tea Club and Barrovian Society", alluding to their fondness for drinking tea in Barrow's Stores near the school and, secretly, in the school library. After leaving school, the members stayed in touch and, in December 1914, they held a "council" in London at Wiseman's home. For Tolkien, the result of this meeting was a strong dedication to writing poetry.
The 1911 census of England and Wales shows Tolkien (occupation "school") lodging at 4 Highfield Road, Edgbaston, along with his brother Hilary (occupation "hardware merchant's clerk").
In 1911, Tolkien went on a summer holiday in Switzerland, a trip that he recollects vividly in a 1968 letter, noting that Bilbo's journey across the Misty Mountains ("including the glissade down the slithering stones into the pine woods") is directly based on his adventures as their party of 12 hiked from Interlaken to Lauterbrunnen and on to camp in the moraines beyond Mürren. Fifty-seven years later, Tolkien remembered his regret at leaving the view of the eternal snows of Jungfrau and Silberhorn ("the Silvertine (Celebdil) of my dreams"). They went across the Kleine Scheidegg to Grindelwald and on across the Grosse Scheidegg to Meiringen. They continued across the Grimsel Pass, through the upper Valais to Brig and on to the Aletsch glacier and Zermatt.
In October of the same year, Tolkien began studying at Exeter College, Oxford. He initially studied Classics but changed his course in 1913 to English Language and Literature, graduating in 1915 with first-class honours in his final examinations.
Courtship and Marriage
At the age of 16, Tolkien met Edith Mary Bratt, who was three years older, when he and his brother Hilary moved into the boarding house in which she lived. According to Humphrey Carpenter:
Edith and Ronald took to frequenting Birmingham teashops, especially one which had a balcony overlooking the pavement. There they would sit and throw sugarlumps into the hats of passers-by, moving to the next table when the sugar bowl was empty. ... With two people of their personalities and in their position, romance was bound to flourish. Both were orphans in need of affection, and they found that they could give it to each other. During the summer of 1909, they decided that they were in love.
His guardian, Father Francis Morgan, viewing Edith as a distraction from Tolkien's school work and horrified that his young charge was seriously involved with a Protestant girl, prohibited him from meeting, talking to, or even corresponding with her until he was 21. He obeyed this prohibition to the letter, with one notable early exception which made Father Morgan threaten to cut short his University career if he did not stop.
On the evening of his twenty-first birthday, Tolkien wrote to Edith a declaration of his love and asked her to marry him. Edith replied saying that she had already agreed to marry another man, but that she had done so because she had believed Tolkien had forgotten her. The two met up and beneath a railway viaduct renewed their love; Edith returned her engagement ring and announced that she was marrying Tolkien instead. Following their engagement Edith reluctantly announced that she was converting to Catholicism at Tolkien's insistence. Her landlord, a staunch Protestant, was infuriated and evicted her as soon as she was able to find other lodgings. Edith and Ronald were formally engaged in Birmingham, in January 1913, and married at Warwick, England, at Saint Mary Immaculate Catholic Church on 22 March 1916.
World War I
In 1914, the United Kingdom entered World War I. Tolkien's relatives were shocked when he elected not to immediately volunteer for the British Army. Instead, Tolkien entered a program wherein he delayed enlisting until completing his degree in July 1915. He was then commissioned as a Second Lieutenant in the Lancashire Fusiliers. He trained with the 13th (Reserve) Battalion on Cannock Chase, Staffordshire, for eleven months. In a letter to Edith, Tolkien complained, "Gentlemen are rare among the superiors, and even human beings rare indeed." Tolkien was then transferred to the 11th (Service) Battalion with the British Expeditionary Force, arriving in France on 4 June 1916. His departure from England on a troop transport inspired him to write his poem, The Lonely Isle. He later wrote, "Junior officers were being killed off, a dozen a minute. Parting from my wife then ... it was like a death."
Tolkien served as a signals officer at the Somme, participating in the Battle of Thiepval Ridge and the subsequent assault on the Schwaben Redoubt. According to John Garth, however:
Although Kitchener's army enshrined old social boundaries, it also chipped away at the class divide by throwing men from all walks of life into a desperate situation together. Tolkien wrote that the experience taught him, 'a deep sympathy and feeling for the Tommy; especially the plain soldier from the agricultural counties.' He remained profoundly grateful for the lesson. For a long time, he had been imprisoned in a tower, not of pearl, but of ivory.
Tolkien's time in combat was a terrible stress for Edith, who feared that every knock on the door might carry news of her husband's death. In order to get around the British Army's postal censorship, the Tolkiens had developed a secret code which accompanied his letters home. By using the code, Edith was able to track her husband's movements on a map of the Western Front.
On 27 October 1916 Tolkien came down with trench fever, a disease carried by the lice which were common in the dugouts. According to the memoirs of the Reverend Mervyn S. Evers, Anglican chaplain to the Lancashire Fusiliers:
On one occasion I spent the night with the Brigade Machine Gun Officer and the Signals Officer in one of the captured German dugouts ... We dossed down for the night in the hopes of getting some sleep, but it was not to be. We no sooner lay down than hordes of lice got up. So we went round to the Medical Officer, who was also in the dugout with his equipment, and he gave us some ointment which he assured us would keep the little brutes away. We anointed ourselves all over with the stuff and again lay down in great hopes, but it was not to be, because instead of discouraging them it seemed to act like a kind of hors d'oeuvre and the little beggars went at their feast with renewed vigour.
Tolkien was invalided to England on 8 November 1916. Many of his dearest school friends, including Gilson and Smith of the T.C.B.S., were killed in the war. In later years, Tolkien indignantly declared that those who searched his works for parallels to the Second World War were entirely mistaken:
One has indeed personally to come under the shadow of war to feel fully its oppression; but as the years go by it seems now often forgotten that to be caught in youth by 1914 was no less hideous an experience than to be involved in 1939 and the following years. By 1918 all but one of my close friends were dead.
Homefront
A weak and emaciated Tolkien spent the remainder of the war alternating between hospitals and garrison duties, being deemed medically unfit for general service.
During his recovery in a cottage in Little Haywood, Staffordshire, he began to work on what he called The Book of Lost Tales, beginning with The Fall of Gondolin. Throughout 1917 and 1918 his illness kept recurring, but he had recovered enough to do home service at various camps and was promoted to Lieutenant. It was at this time that Edith bore their first child, John Francis Reuel Tolkien.
When he was stationed at Kingston upon Hull, he and Edith went walking in the woods at nearby Roos, and Edith began to dance for him in a clearing among the flowering hemlock. After his wife's death in 1971, Tolkien remembered,
I never called Edith Luthien – but she was the source of the story that in time became the chief part of the Silmarillion. It was first conceived in a small woodland glade filled with hemlocks at Roos in Yorkshire (where I was for a brief time in command of an outpost of the Humber Garrison in 1917, and she was able to live with me for a while). In those days her hair was raven, her skin clear, her eyes brighter than you have seen them, and she could sing – and dance. But the story has gone crooked, & I am left, and I cannot plead before the inexorable Mandos.
This incident inspired the account of the meeting of Beren and Lúthien, and Tolkien often referred to Edith as "my Lúthien".
Academic and Writing Career
Tolkien's first civilian job after World War I was at the Oxford English Dictionary, where he worked mainly on the history and etymology of words of Germanic origin beginning with the letter W. In 1920, he took up a post as Reader in English Language at the University of Leeds, and became the youngest professor there. While at Leeds, he produced A Middle English Vocabulary and a definitive edition of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight with E. V. Gordon, both becoming academic standard works for several decades. He also translated Sir Gawain, Pearl, and Sir Orfeo. In 1925, he returned to Oxford as Rawlinson and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon, with a fellowship at Pembroke College.
During his time at Pembroke College Tolkien wrote The Hobbit and the first two volumes of The Lord of the Rings, whilst living at 20 Northmoor Road in North Oxford (where a blue plaque was placed in 2002). He also published a philological essay in 1932 on the name "Nodens", following Sir Mortimer Wheeler's unearthing of a Roman Asclepeion at Lydney Park, Gloucestershire, in 1928.
Beowulf
Tolkien's 1936 lecture, "Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics," had a lasting influence on Beowulf research. Lewis E. Nicholson said that the article Tolkien wrote about Beowulf is "widely recognized as a turning point in Beowulfian criticism", noting that Tolkien established the primacy of the poetic nature of the work as opposed to its purely linguistic elements. At the time, the consensus of scholarship deprecated Beowulf for dealing with childish battles with monsters rather than realistic tribal warfare; Tolkien argued that the author of Beowulf was addressing human destiny in general, not as limited by particular tribal politics, and therefore the monsters were essential to the poem. Where Beowulf does deal with specific tribal struggles, as at Finnsburg, Tolkien argued firmly against reading in fantastic elements. In the essay, Tolkien also revealed how highly he regarded Beowulf: "Beowulf is among my most valued sources," and this influence may be seen throughout his Middle-earth legendarium.
According to Humphrey Carpenter, Tolkien had an ingenious means of beginning his series of lectures on Beowulf:
He would come silently into the room, fix the audience with his gaze, and suddenly begin to declaim in a resounding voice the opening lines of the poem in the original Anglo-Saxon, commencing with a great cry of Hwæt! (The first word of this and several other Old English poems), which some undergraduates took to be 'Quiet!' It was not so much a recitation as a dramatic performance, an impersonation of an Anglo-Saxon bard in a mead hall, and it impressed generations of students because it brought home to them that Beowulf was not just a set text to be read for the purposes of examination, but a powerful piece of dramatic poetry.
Decades later, W.H. Auden wrote to his former professor,
"I don't think that I have ever told you what an unforgettable experience it was for me as an undergraduate, hearing you recite Beowulf. The voice was the voice of Gandalf."
In 2003, Tolkien's handwritten translation of and commentary on Beowulf, running to roughly 2000 pages, was discovered in the archives of the Bodleian Library.
World War II
In the run-up to World War II, Tolkien was earmarked as a codebreaker. In January 1939, he was asked whether he would be prepared to serve in the cryptographical department of the Foreign Office in the event of national emergency. He replied in the affirmative and, beginning on 27 March, took an instructional course at the London HQ of the Government Code and Cypher School. However, although he was "keen" to become a codebreaker, he was informed in October that his services would not be required at that time. Ultimately he never served as one. In 2009, The Daily Telegraph claimed Tolkien turned down a £500-a-year offer to become a full-time recruit for unknown reasons.
In 1945, Tolkien moved to Merton College, Oxford, becoming the Merton Professor of English Language and Literature, in which post he remained until his retirement in 1959. He served as an external examiner for University College, Dublin, for many years. In 1954 Tolkien received an honorary degree from the National University of Ireland (of which U.C.D. was a constituent college). Tolkien completed The Lord of the Rings in 1948, close to a decade after the first sketches.
Tolkien also translated the Book of Jonah for the Jerusalem Bible, which was published in 1966.
Family
The Tolkiens had four children: John Francis Reuel Tolkien (17 November 1917 – 22 January 2003), Michael Hilary Reuel Tolkien (22 October 1920 – 27 February 1984), Christopher John Reuel Tolkien (born 21 November 1924) and Priscilla Mary Anne Reuel Tolkien (born 18 June 1929). Tolkien was very devoted to his children and sent them illustrated letters from Father Christmas when they were young. Each year more characters were added, such as the Polar Bear (Father Christmas's helper), the Snow Man (his gardener), Ilbereth the elf (his secretary), and various other, minor characters. The major characters would relate tales of Father Christmas's battles against goblins who rode on bats and the various pranks committed by the Polar Bear.
Retirement and Later Years
During his life in retirement, from 1959 up to his death in 1973, Tolkien received steadily increasing public attention and literary fame. The sales of his books were so profitable that he regretted that he had not chosen early retirement. At first, he wrote enthusiastic answers to readers' enquiries, but he became increasingly unhappy about the sudden popularity of his books with the 1960s counter-culture movement. In a 1972 letter, he deplored having become a cult-figure, but admitted that "even the nose of a very modest idol [...] cannot remain entirely untickled by the sweet smell of incense!"
Fan attention became so intense that Tolkien had to take his phone number out of the public directory, and eventually he and Edith moved to Bournemouth, which was then a seaside resort patronized by the British upper class. Tolkien's status as a best-selling author gave them easy entry into polite society, but Tolkien deeply missed the company of his fellow Inklings. Edith, however, was overjoyed to step into the role of a society hostess, which had been the reason that Tolkien selected Bournemouth in the first place.
According to Humphrey Carpenter,
Those friends who knew Ronald and Edith Tolkien over the years never doubted that there was deep affection between them. It was visible in the small things, the almost absurd degree in which each worried about the other's health, and the care in which they chose and wrapped each other's birthday presents'; and in the large matters, the way in which Ronald willingly abandoned such a large part of his life in retirement to give Edith the last years in Bournemouth that he felt she deserved, and the degree in which she showed pride in his fame as an author. A principal source of happiness to them was their shared love of their family. This bound them together until the end of their lives, and it was perhaps the strongest force in the marriage. They delighted to discuss and mull over every detail of the lives of their children, and later their grandchildren.
Tolkien was appointed by Queen Elizabeth II a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the New Year's Honours List of 1 January 1972 and received the insignia of the Order at Buckingham Palace on 28 March 1972. In the same year Oxford University conferred upon him an honorary Doctorate of Letters.
Death
Edith Tolkien died on 29 November 1971, at the age of 82. According to Simon Tolkien:
"My grandmother died two years before my grandfather and he came back to live in Oxford. Merton College gave him rooms just off the High Street. I went there frequently and he'd take me to lunch in the Eastgate Hotel. Those lunches were rather wonderful for a 12-year-old boy spending time with his grandfather, but sometimes he seemed sad. There was one visit when he told me how much he missed my grandmother. It must have been very strange for him being alone after they had been married for more than 50 years."
Meanwhile, Tolkien had the name Lúthien engraved on the Edith's tombstone at Wolvercote Cemetery, Oxford. When Tolkien died 21 months later on 2 September 1973, at the age of 81, he was buried in the same grave, with Beren added to his name. The engravings read:
Edith Mary Tolkien
Beren
1892–1973
In Tolkien's Middle-earth legendarium, Lúthien was the most beautiful of all the Children of Ilúvatar, and forsook her immortality for her love of the mortal warrior Beren. After Beren was captured by the forces of the dark lord Morgoth, Lúthien rode to his rescue upon the talking wolfhound Huan. Ultimately, when Beren was slain in battle against the demonic wolf Carcharoth, Lúthien, like Orpheus, approached the Valar gods and persuaded them to restore her beloved to life.
Views
Tolkien was a devout Roman Catholic, and in his religious and political views he was mostly conservative, in the sense of favouring established conventions and orthodoxies over innovation and modernization; in 1943 he wrote, "My political opinions lean more and more to Anarchy (philosophically understood, meaning abolition of control not whiskered men with bombs)—or to 'unconstitutional' Monarchy."
Tolkien had an intense dislike for the side effects of industrialization, which he considered to be devouring the English countryside. For most of his adult life, he was disdainful of cars, preferring to ride a bicycle. This attitude can be seen in his work, most famously in the portrayal of the forced "industrialization" of the Shire in The Lord of the Rings.
Many commentators have remarked on a number of potential parallels between the Middle-earth saga and events in Tolkien's lifetime. The Lord of the Rings is often thought to represent England during and immediately after World War II. Tolkien ardently rejected this opinion in the foreword to the second edition of the novel, stating he preferred applicability to allegory. This theme is taken up at greater length in his essay "On Fairy-Stories", where he argues that fairy-stories are so apt because they are consistent both within themselves and with some truths about reality. He concludes that Christianity itself follows this pattern of inner consistency and external truth. His belief in the fundamental truths of Christianity leads commentators to find Christian themes in The Lord of the Rings. Tolkien objected strongly to C. S. Lewis's use of religious references in his stories, which were often overtly allegorical. However, Tolkien wrote that the Mount Doom scene exemplified lines from the Lord's Prayer.
His love of myths and his devout faith came together in his assertion that he believed mythology to be the divine echo of "the Truth". This view was expressed in his poem and essay entitled Mythopoeia. His theory that myths held "fundamental truths" became a central theme of the Inklings in general.
Tolkien's devout Catholic faith was a significant factor in the conversion of C. S. Lewis from atheism to Christianity, although Tolkien was dismayed that Lewis chose to join the Church of England.
In the last years of his life, Tolkien became greatly disappointed by some of the liturgical reforms and changes implemented after the Second Vatican Council, as his grandson Simon Tolkien recalls:
I vividly remember going to church with him in Bournemouth. He was a devout Roman Catholic and it was soon after the Church had changed the liturgy from Latin to English. My grandfather obviously didn't agree with this and made all the responses very loudly in Latin while the rest of the congregation answered in English. I found the whole experience quite excruciating, but my grandfather was oblivious. He simply had to do what he believed to be right.
Politics and Race
In a 1943 letter to his son Christopher, Tolkien wrote:
“My political opinions lean more and more to Anarchy (philosophically understood, meaning the abolition of control not whiskered men with bombs)—or to 'unconstitutional' Monarchy. I would arrest anybody who uses the word State (in any sense other than the inanimate realm of England and its inhabitants, a thing that has neither power, rights nor mind); and after a chance of recantation, execute them if they remained obstinate! If we could get back to personal names, it would do a lot of good. Government is an abstract noun meaning the art and process of governing and it should be an offence to write it with a capital G or so to refer to people.”
Anti-Stalinism
Tolkien voiced support for the Nationalists (eventually led by Franco during the Spanish Civil War) upon hearing that Republicans were destroying churches and killing priests and nuns.
Tolkien was contemptuous of Joseph Stalin. During World War II, Tolkien referred to Stalin as "that bloodthirsty old murderer." Tolkien also expressed hope that the United States would overthrow both Stalin and the CPSU after Hitler's defeat.
However, in 1961, Tolkien sharply criticized a Swedish commentator who suggested that The Lord of the Rings was an anti-communist parable and identified the Dark Lord with Stalin. Tolkien retorted,
"I utterly repudiate any such 'reading', which angers me. The situation was conceived long before the Russian revolution. Such allegory is entirely foreign to my thought."
Debate over Race
The question of racist or racialist elements in Tolkien's views and works has been the matter of some scholarly debate. Christine Chism distinguishes accusations as falling into three categories: intentional racism, unconscious Eurocentric bias, and an evolution from latent racism in Tolkien's early work to a conscious rejection of racist tendencies in his late work.
Tolkien expressed disgust at what he acknowledged as racism and once wrote of racial segregation in South Africa, "The treatment of colour nearly always horrifies anyone going out from Britain."
Opposition to Nazism
Tolkien vocally opposed Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party prior to the Second World War. In 1938, the publishing house Rütten & Loening Verlag was preparing to release The Hobbit in Nazi Germany. To Tolkien's outrage, he was asked beforehand whether he was of Aryan origin. In a letter to his British publisher Stanley Unwin, he condemned Nazi "race-doctrine" as "wholly pernicious and unscientific". He added that he had many Jewish friends and was considering, "letting a German translation go hang". He provided two letters to Rütten & Loening and instructed Unwin to send whichever he preferred. The more tactful letter was sent and was lost during the later bombing of Germany. In the unsent letter, Tolkien makes the point that "Aryan" is a linguistic term, denoting speakers of Indo-Iranian languages. He continued,
But if I am to understand that you are enquiring whether I am of Jewish origin, I can only reply that I regret that I appear to have no ancestors of that gifted people. My great-great-grandfather came to England in the eighteenth century from Germany: the main part of my descent is therefore purely English, and I am an English subject—which should be sufficient. I have been accustomed, nonetheless, to regard my German name with pride, and continued to do so throughout the period of the late regrettable war, in which I served in the English army. I cannot, however, forbear to comment that if impertinent and irrelevant inquiries of this sort are to become the rule in matters of literature, then the time is not far distant when a German name will no longer be a source of pride.
In a 1941 letter to his son Michael, he expressed his resentment at the distortion of Germanic history in "Nordicism":
You have to understand the good in things, to detect the real evil. But no one ever calls on me to 'broadcast' or do a postscript. Yet I suppose I know better than most what is the truth about this 'Nordic' nonsense. Anyway, I have in this war a burning private grudge... against that ruddy little ignoramus Adolf Hitler ... Ruining, perverting, misapplying, and making for ever accursed, that noble northern spirit, a supreme contribution to Europe, which I have ever loved, and tried to present in its true light. Nowhere, incidentally, was it nobler than in England, nor more early sanctified and Christianized.
In 1968, he objected to a description of Middle-earth as "Nordic", a term he said he disliked because of its association with racialist theories.
Total War
Tolkien criticized Allied use of total war tactics against civilians from Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan. In a 1945 letter to his son Christopher, he wrote:
We were supposed to have reached a stage of civilization in which it might still be necessary to execute a criminal, but not to gloat, or to hang his wife and child by him while the orc-crowd hooted. The destruction of Germany, be it 100 times merited, is one of the most appalling world-catastrophes. Well, well,—you and I can do nothing about it. And that [should] be a measure of the amount of guilt that can justly be assumed to attach to any member of a country who is not a member of its actual Government. Well the first War of the Machines seems to be drawing to its final inconclusive chapter—leaving, alas, everyone the poorer, many bereaved or maimed and millions dead, and only one thing triumphant: the Machines.
He also reacted with anger at the excesses of anti-German propaganda during the war. In 1944, he wrote in a letter to his son Christopher:
... it is distressing to see the press grovelling in the gutter as low as Goebbels in his prime, shrieking that any German commander who holds out in a desperate situation (when, too, the military needs of his side clearly benefit) is a drunkard, and a besotted fanatic. ... There was a solemn article in the local paper seriously advocating systematic exterminating of the entire German nation as the only proper course after military victory: because, if you please, they are rattlesnakes, and don't know the difference between good and evil! (What of the writer?) The Germans have just as much right to declare the Poles and Jews exterminable vermin, subhuman, as we have to select the Germans: in other words, no right, whatever they have done.
He was horrified by the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, referring to the scientists of the Manhattan Project as "these lunatic physicists" and "Babel-builders".
Writing
Tolkien devised several themes that were reused in successive drafts of his legendarium, beginning with The Book of Lost Tales, written while recuperating from illnesses contracted during The Battle of the Somme. The two most prominent stories, the tale of Beren and Lúthien and that of Túrin, were carried forward into long narrative poems (published in The Lays of Beleriand).
Influences
British adventure stories
One of the greatest influences on Tolkien was the Arts and Crafts polymath William Morris. Tolkien wished to imitate Morris's prose and poetry romances, from which he took hints for the names of features such as the Dead Marshes in The Lord of the Rings and Mirkwood, along with some general aspects of approach.
Edward Wyke-Smith's The Marvellous Land of Snergs, with its "table-high" title characters, strongly influenced the incidents, themes, and depiction of Bilbo's race in The Hobbit.
Tolkien also cited H. Rider Haggard's novel She in a telephone interview: "I suppose as a boy She interested me as much as anything—like the Greek shard of Amyntas [Amenartas], which was the kind of machine by which everything got moving." A supposed facsimile of this potsherd appeared in Haggard's first edition, and the ancient inscription it bore, once translated, led the English characters to She's ancient kingdom. Critics have compared this device to the Testament of Isildur in The Lord of the Rings and to Tolkien's efforts to produce as an illustration a realistic page from the Book of Mazarbul. Critics starting with Edwin Muir have found resemblances between Haggard's romances and Tolkien's.
Tolkien wrote of being impressed as a boy by S. R. Crockett's historical novel The Black Douglas and of basing the Necromancer (Sauron) on its villain, Gilles de Retz. Incidents in both The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings are similar in narrative and style to the novel, and its overall style and imagery have been suggested as an influence on Tolkien.
European Mythology
Tolkien was much inspired by early Germanic, especially Old English literature, poetry, and mythology, which were his chosen and much-loved areas of expertise. These sources of inspiration included Old English literature such as Beowulf, Norse sagas such as the Volsunga saga and the Hervarar saga, the Poetic Edda, the Prose Edda, the Nibelungenlied, and numerous other culturally related works. Despite the similarities of his work to the Volsunga saga and the Nibelungenlied, which were the basis for Richard Wagner's opera cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen, Tolkien dismissed critics' direct comparisons to Wagner, telling his publisher, "Both rings were round, and there the resemblance ceases." However, some critics believe that Tolkien was, in fact, indebted to Wagner for elements such as the "concept of the Ring as giving the owner mastery of the world ..." Two of the characteristics possessed by the One Ring, its inherent malevolence and corrupting power upon minds and wills, were not present in the mythical sources but have a central role in Wagner's opera.
Tolkien also acknowledged several non-Germanic influences or sources for some of his stories and ideas. Sophocles' play Oedipus the King he cited as inspiring elements of The Silmarillion and The Children of Húrin. In addition, Tolkien first read William Forsell Kirby's translation of the Finnish national epic, the Kalevala, while attending King Edward's School. He described its character of Väinämöinen as one of his influences for Gandalf the Grey. The Kalevala's antihero Kullervo was further described as an inspiration for Turin Turambar. Dimitra Fimi, Douglas A. Anderson, John Garth, and many other prominent Tolkien scholars believe that Tolkien also drew influence from a variety of Celtic (Irish, Scottish and Welsh) history and legends. However, after the Silmarillion manuscript was rejected, in part for its "eye-splitting" Celtic names, Tolkien denied their Celtic origin:
Needless to say they are not Celtic! Neither are the tales. I do know Celtic things (many in their original languages Irish and Welsh), and feel for them a certain distaste: largely for their fundamental unreason. They have bright colour, but are like a broken stained glass window reassembled without design. They are in fact 'mad' as your reader says—but I don't believe I am.
Catholicism
Catholic theology and imagery played a part in fashioning Tolkien's creative imagination, suffused as it was by his deeply religious spirit. Tolkien acknowledged this himself:
The Lord of the Rings is of course a fundamentally religious and Catholic work; unconsciously so at first, but consciously in the revision. That is why I have not put in, or have cut out, practically all references to anything like 'religion', to cults or practices, in the imaginary world. For the religious element is absorbed into the story and the symbolism.
Specifically, Paul H. Kocher argues that Tolkien describes evil in the orthodox Christian way as the absence of good. He cites many examples in The Lord of the Rings, such as Sauron's "Lidless Eye": "the black slit of its pupil opened on a pit, a window into nothing." Kocher sees Tolkien's source as Thomas Aquinas, "whom it is reasonable to suppose that Tolkien, as a medievalist and a Catholic, knows well". Tom Shippey makes the same point, but, instead of referring to Aquinas, says Tolkien was very familiar with Alfred the Great's Anglo-Saxon translation of Boethius' Consolation of Philosophy, known as the Lays of Boethius. Shippey contends that this Christian view of evil is most clearly stated by Boethius: "evil is nothing." He says Tolkien used the corollary that evil cannot create as the basis of Frodo's remark, "the Shadow ... can only mock, it cannot make: not real new things of its own," and related remarks by Treebeard and Elrond. He goes on to argue that in The Lord of the Rings evil does sometimes seem to be an independent force, more than merely the absence of good (though not independent to the point of the Manichaean heresy), and suggests that Alfred's additions to his translation of Boethius may have inspired that view.
Another interesting argument is Stratford Caldecott's theological view on the Ring and what it represents. "The Ring of Power exemplifies the dark magic of the corrupted will, the assertion of self in disobedience to God. It appears to give freedom, but its true function is to enslave the wearer to the Fallen Angel. It corrodes the human will of the wearer, rendering him increasingly “thin” and unreal; indeed, its gift of invisibility symbolizes this ability to destroy all natural human relationships and identity. You could say the Ring is sin itself: tempting and seemingly harmless to begin with, increasingly hard to give up and corrupting in the long run".
Publications
Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics
As well as his fiction, Tolkien was also a leading author of academic literary criticism. His seminal 1936 lecture, later published as an article, revolutionized the treatment of the Anglo-Saxon epic Beowulf by literary critics. The essay remains highly influential in the study of Old English literature to this day. Beowulf is one of the most significant influences upon Tolkien's later fiction, with major details of both The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings being adapted from the poem. The piece reveals many of the aspects of Beowulf which Tolkien found most inspiring, most prominently the role of monsters in literature, particularly that of the dragon which appears in the final third of the poem:
As for the poem, one dragon, however hot, does not make a summer, or a host; and a man might well exchange for one good dragon what he would not sell for a wilderness. And dragons, real dragons, essential both to the machinery and the ideas of a poem or tale, are actually rare.
The Silmarillion
Tolkien wrote a brief "Sketch of the Mythology" which included the tales of Beren and Lúthien and of Túrin, and that sketch eventually evolved into the Quenta Silmarillion, an epic history that Tolkien started three times but never published. Tolkien desperately hoped to publish it along with The Lord of the Rings, but publishers (both Allen & Unwin and Collins) got cold feet. Moreover, printing costs were very high in 1950s Britain, requiring The Lord of the Rings to be published in three volumes. The story of this continuous redrafting is told in the posthumous series The History of Middle-earth, edited by Tolkien's son, Christopher Tolkien. From around 1936, Tolkien began to extend this framework to include the tale of The Fall of Númenor, which was inspired by the legend of Atlantis. Published in 1977, the final work, entitled The Silmarillion, received the Locus Award for Best Fantasy novel in 1978.
Children's Books and Other Short Works
In addition to his mythopoeic compositions, Tolkien enjoyed inventing fantasy stories to entertain his children. He wrote annual Christmas letters from Father Christmas for them, building up a series of short stories (later compiled and published as The Father Christmas Letters). Other stories included Mr. Bliss and Roverandom (for children), and Leaf by Niggle (part of Tree and Leaf), The Adventures of Tom Bombadil, On Fairy-Stories, Smith of Wootton Major and Farmer Giles of Ham. Roverandom and Smith of Wootton Major, like The Hobbit, borrowed ideas from his legendarium.
The Hobbit
Tolkien never expected his stories to become popular, but by sheer accident a book called The Hobbit, which he had written some years before for his own children, came in 1936 to the attention of Susan Dagnall, an employee of the London publishing firm George Allen & Unwin, who persuaded Tolkien to submit it for publication. However, the book attracted adult readers as well as children, and it became popular enough for the publishers to ask Tolkien to produce a sequel.
The Lord of the Rings
The request for a sequel prompted Tolkien to begin what would become his most famous work: the epic novel The Lord of the Rings (originally published in three volumes 1954–1955). Tolkien spent more than ten years writing the primary narrative and appendices for The Lord of the Rings, during which time he received the constant support of the Inklings, in particular his closest friend Lewis, the author of The Chronicles of Narnia. Both The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings are set against the background of The Silmarillion, but in a time long after it.
Tolkien at first intended The Lord of the Rings to be a children's tale in the style of The Hobbit, but it quickly grew darker and more serious in the writing. Though a direct sequel to The Hobbit, it addressed an older audience, drawing on the immense back story of Beleriand that Tolkien had constructed in previous years, and which eventually saw posthumous publication in The Silmarillion and other volumes. Tolkien's influence weighs heavily on the fantasy genre that grew up after the success of The Lord of the Rings.
The Lord of the Rings became immensely popular in the 1960s and has remained so ever since, ranking as one of the most popular works of fiction of the 20th century, judged by both sales and reader surveys. In the 2003 "Big Read" survey conducted by the BBC, The Lord of the Rings was found to be the "Nation's Best-loved Book". Australians voted The Lord of the Rings "My Favourite Book" in a 2004 survey conducted by the Australian ABC. In a 1999 poll of Amazon.com customers, The Lord of the Rings was judged to be their favourite "book of the millennium". In 2002 Tolkien was voted the 92nd "greatest Briton" in a poll conducted by the BBC, and in 2004 he was voted 35th in the SABC3's Great South Africans, the only person to appear in both lists. His popularity is not limited to the English-speaking world: in a 2004 poll inspired by the UK's "Big Read" survey, about 250,000 Germans found The Lord of the Rings to be their favourite work of literature.
Posthumous Publications
The Silmarillion
Tolkien had appointed his son Christopher to be his literary executor, and he (with assistance from Guy Gavriel Kay, later a well-known fantasy author in his own right) organized some of his father's unpublished material into a single coherent volume, published as The Silmarillion in 1977—his father had previously attempted to get a collection of "Silmarillion" material published in 1937 before writing The Lord of the Rings.
Unfinished Tales and The History of Middle-earth
In 1980 Christopher Tolkien published a collection of more fragmentary material, under the title Unfinished Tales of Númenor and Middle-earth. In subsequent years (1983–1996) he published a large amount of the remaining unpublished materials, together with notes and extensive commentary, in a series of twelve volumes called The History of Middle-earth. They contain unfinished, abandoned, alternative, and outright contradictory accounts, since they were always a work in progress for Tolkien and he only rarely settled on a definitive version for any of the stories. There is not complete consistency between The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit, the two most closely related works, because Tolkien never fully integrated all their traditions into each other. He commented in 1965, while editing The Hobbit for a third edition, that he would have preferred to completely rewrite the book because of the style of its prose.
The Children of Húrin
More recently, in 2007, the collection was completed with the publication of The Children of Húrin by HarperCollins (in the UK and Canada) and Houghton Mifflin (in the US). The novel tells the story of Túrin Turambar and his sister Nienor, children of Húrin Thalion. The material was compiled by Christopher Tolkien from The Silmarillion, Unfinished Tales, The History of Middle-earth, and unpublished manuscripts.
The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún
In February 2009, Publishers Weekly announced that Houghton Mifflin Harcourt had acquired the American rights to Tolkien's unpublished work The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún. The work, which was released worldwide on 5 May 2009 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt and HarperCollins, retells the legend of Sigurd and the fall of the Niflungs from Germanic mythology. It is a narrative poem composed in alliterative verse and is modelled after the Old Norse poetry of the Elder Edda. Christopher Tolkien supplied copious notes and commentary upon his father's work.
According to Christopher Tolkien, it is no longer possible to trace the exact date of the work's composition. On the basis of circumstantial evidence, he suggests that it dates from the 1930s. In his foreword he wrote, "He scarcely ever (to my knowledge) referred to them. For my part, I cannot recall any conversation with him on the subject until very near the end of his life, when he spoke of them to me, and tried unsuccessfully to find them." In a 1967 letter to W. H. Auden, Tolkien wrote, "Thank you for your wonderful effort in translating and reorganizing The Song of the Sibyl. In return again I hope to send you, if I can lay my hands on it (I hope it isn't lost), a thing I did many years ago when trying to learn the art of writing alliterative poetry: an attempt to unify the lays about the Völsungs from the Elder Edda, written in the old eight-line fornyrðislag stanza."
Mr. Bliss
One of Tolkien's least-known short works is the children's storybook Mr. Bliss, published in 1982. It tells the story of Mr. Bliss and his first ride in his new motor-car. Many adventures follow: encounters with bears, angry neighbours, irate shopkeepers, and assorted collisions. The story was inspired by Tolkien's own vehicular mishaps with his first car, purchased in 1932. The bears were based on toy bears owned by Tolkien's sons. Tolkien was both author and illustrator of the book. He submitted it to his publishers as a balm to readers who were hungry for more from him after the success of The Hobbit. The lavish ink and coloured-pencil illustrations would have made production costs prohibitively expensive. Tolkien agreed to redraw the pictures in a simpler style, but then found he did not have time to do so. The book was published in 1982 as a facsimile of Tolkien's difficult-to-read illustrated manuscript, with a typeset transcription on each facing page.
Manuscript Locations
The Department of Special Collections and University Archives at Marquette University's John P. Raynor, S.J., Library in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, preserves many of Tolkien's manuscripts; other original material is in Oxford University's Bodleian Library. Marquette University has the manuscripts and proofs of The Lord of the Rings, The Hobbit, and other works, including Farmer Giles of Ham, while the Bodleian Library holds the papers containing Tolkien's Silmarillion mythology and his academic work.
In 2009, a partial draft of Language and Human Nature, which Tolkien had begun co-writing with C.S. Lewis but had never completed, was discovered at the Bodleian Library.
Languages and Philology
Linguistic Career
Both Tolkien's academic career and his literary production are inseparable from his love of language and philology. He specialized in English philology at university and in 1915 graduated with Old Norse as special subject. He worked for the Oxford English Dictionary from 1918 and is credited with having worked on a number of words starting with the letter W, including walrus, over which he struggled mightily. In 1920, he became Reader in English Language at the University of Leeds, where he claimed credit for raising the number of students of linguistics from five to twenty. He gave courses in Old English heroic verse, history of English, various Old English and Middle English texts, Old and Middle English philology, introductory Germanic philology, Gothic, Old Icelandic, and Medieval Welsh. When in 1925, aged thirty-three, Tolkien applied for the Rawlinson and Bosworth Professorship of Anglo-Saxon at Pembroke College, Oxford, he boasted that his students of Germanic philology in Leeds had even formed a "Viking Club". He also had a certain, if imperfect, knowledge of Finnish.
Privately, Tolkien was attracted to "things of racial and linguistic significance", and in his 1955 lecture English and Welsh, which is crucial to his understanding of race and language, he entertained notions of "inherent linguistic predilections", which he termed the "native language" as opposed to the "cradle-tongue" which a person first learns to speak. He considered the West Midlands dialect of Middle English to be his own "native language", and, as he wrote to W. H. Auden in 1955, "I am a West-midlander by blood (and took to early west-midland Middle English as a known tongue as soon as I set eyes on it)."
Tolkien learned Latin, French, and German from his mother, and while at school he learned Middle English, Old English, Finnish, Gothic, Greek, Italian, Old Norse, Spanish, Welsh, and Medieval Welsh. He was also familiar with Danish, Dutch, Lombardic, Norwegian, Russian, Serbian, Swedish and older forms of modern Germanic and Slavonic languages, revealing his deep linguistic knowledge, above all of the Germanic languages.
Language Construction
Parallel to Tolkien's professional work as a philologist, and sometimes overshadowing this work, to the effect that his academic output remained rather thin, was his affection for constructing languages. The most developed of these are Quenya and Sindarin, the etymological connection between which formed the core of much of Tolkien's legendarium. Language and grammar for Tolkien was a matter of aesthetics and euphony, and Quenya in particular was designed from "phonaesthetic" considerations; it was intended as an "Elvenlatin", and was phonologically based on Latin, with ingredients from Finnish, Welsh, English, and Greek. A notable addition came in late 1945 with Adûnaic or Númenórean, a language of a "faintly Semitic flavour", connected with Tolkien's Atlantis legend, which by The Notion Club Papers ties directly into his ideas about inability of language to be inherited, and via the "Second Age" and the story of Eärendil was grounded in the legendarium, thereby providing a link of Tolkien's 20th-century "real primary world" with the legendary past of his Middle-earth.
Tolkien considered languages inseparable from the mythology associated with them, and he consequently took a dim view of auxiliary languages: in 1930 a congress of Esperantists were told as much by him, in his lecture A Secret Vice, "Your language construction will breed a mythology", but by 1956 he had concluded that "Volapük, Esperanto, Ido, Novial, &c, &c, are dead, far deader than ancient unused languages, because their authors never invented any Esperanto legends".
The popularity of Tolkien's books has had a small but lasting effect on the use of language in fantasy literature in particular, and even on mainstream dictionaries, which today commonly accept Tolkien's idiosyncratic spellings dwarves and dwarvish (alongside dwarfs and dwarfish), which had been little used since the mid-19th century and earlier. (In fact, according to Tolkien, had the Old English plural survived, it would have been dwerrow.) He also coined the term eucatastrophe, though it remains mainly used in connection with his own work.
Legacy
Adaptations
In a 1951 letter to Milton Waldman, Tolkien wrote about his intentions to create a "body of more or less connected legend", of which "[t]he cycles should be linked to a majestic whole, and yet leave scope for other minds and hands, wielding paint and music and drama". The hands and minds of many artists have indeed been inspired by Tolkien's legends. Personally known to him were Pauline Baynes (Tolkien's favourite illustrator of The Adventures of Tom Bombadil and Farmer Giles of Ham) and Donald Swann (who set the music to The Road Goes Ever On). Queen Margrethe II of Denmark created illustrations to The Lord of the Rings in the early 1970s. She sent them to Tolkien, who was struck by the similarity they bore in style to his own drawings.
However, Tolkien was not fond of all the artistic representation of his works that were produced in his lifetime, and was sometimes harshly disapproving. In 1946, he rejected suggestions for illustrations by Horus Engels for the German edition of The Hobbit as "too Disnified ... Bilbo with a dribbling nose, and Gandalf as a figure of vulgar fun rather than the Odinic wanderer that I think of".
Tolkien was sceptical of the emerging Tolkien fandom in the United States, and in 1954 he returned proposals for the dust jackets of the American edition of The Lord of the Rings:
Thank you for sending me the projected 'blurbs', which I return. The Americans are not as a rule at all amenable to criticism or correction; but I think their effort is so poor that I feel constrained to make some effort to improve it.
He had dismissed dramatic representations of fantasy in his essay "On Fairy-Stories", first presented in 1939:
In human art Fantasy is a thing best left to words, to true literature. [...] Drama is naturally hostile to Fantasy. Fantasy, even of the simplest kind, hardly ever succeeds in Drama, when that is presented as it should be, visibly and audibly acted.
On receiving a screenplay for a proposed film adaptation of The Lord of the Rings by Morton Grady Zimmerman, Tolkien wrote:
I would ask them to make an effort of imagination sufficient to understand the irritation (and on occasion the resentment) of an author, who finds, increasingly as he proceeds, his work treated as it would seem carelessly in general, in places recklessly, and with no evident signs of any appreciation of what it is all about.
Tolkien went on to criticize the script scene by scene ("yet one more scene of screams and rather meaningless slashings"). He was not implacably opposed to the idea of a dramatic adaptation, however, and sold the film, stage and merchandise rights of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings to United Artists in 1968. United Artists never made a film, although director John Boorman was planning a live-action film in the early 1970s. In 1976 the rights were sold to Tolkien Enterprises, a division of the Saul Zaentz Company, and the first movie adaptation of The Lord of the Rings appeared in 1978, an animated rotoscoping film directed by Ralph Bakshi with screenplay by the fantasy writer Peter S. Beagle. It covered only the first half of the story of The Lord of the Rings. In 1977 an animated TV production of The Hobbit was made by Rankin-Bass, and in 1980 they produced an animated The Return of the King, which covered some of the portions of The Lord of the Rings that Bakshi was unable to complete.
From 2001 to 2003, New Line Cinema released The Lord of the Rings as a trilogy of live-action films that were filmed in New Zealand and directed by Peter Jackson. The series was successful, performing extremely well commercially and winning numerous Oscars.
There are currently plans for a two-film series based on The Hobbit (see The Hobbit (2012 film)). The films are scheduled for release in December 2012 and December 2013. Peter Jackson will serve as executive producer, director and co-writer.
Memorials
Posthumously named after Tolkien are the Tolkien Road in Eastbourne, East Sussex, and the asteroid 2675 Tolkien discovered in 1982. Tolkien Way in Stoke-on-Trent is named after Tolkien's eldest son, Fr. John Francis Tolkien, who was the priest in charge at the nearby Roman Catholic Church of Our Lady of the Angels and St. Peter in Chains. There is also a professorship in Tolkien's name at Oxford, the J.R.R. Tolkien Professor of English Literature and Language.
In the Dutch town of Geldrop, near Eindhoven, the streets of an entire new neighbourhood are named after Tolkien himself ("Laan van Tolkien") and some of the best-known characters from his books. A gaff-topsail schooner of Netherlands registry used for passenger cruises on the Baltic Sea and elsewhere in European waters was named J.R. Tolkien in 1998.
In the Hall Green and Moseley areas of Birmingham there are a number of parks and walkways dedicated to J. R. R. Tolkien—most notably, the Millstream Way and Moseley Bog. Collectively the parks are known as the Shire Country Parks. Every year at Sarehole Mill the Tolkien Weekend is held in memory of the author; the fiftieth anniversary of the release of The Lord of the Rings was commemorated in 2005.
In the Silicon Valley towns of Saratoga and San Jose in California, there are two housing developments with street names drawn from Tolkien's works. At the University of California at Davis are "Baggins End Innovative Housing", an on-campus commune consisting of 14 polyurethane-insulated fibreglass domes, and an off-campus development known as "Village Homes", a planned community designed to be ecologically sustainable and whose street names are taken from The Lord of the Rings. At the University of California at Irvine is the "Middle Earth" housing community where each building is named after a place in The Hobbit or The Lord of the Rings. At the University of California, Berkeley, the Berkeley Student Cooperative includes a vegetarian theme house known as Lothlorien, whose residents are known as "elves".
The Columbia, Maryland neighbourhood of Hobbit's Glen and its street names (including Rivendell Lane, Tooks Way, and Oakenshield Circle) come from Tolkien's works. There is also a Hobbit Restaurant in Ocean City, Maryland.
Since 2003 The Tolkien Society in organizing Tolkien Reading Day, that takes place on 25 March.
Commemorative Plaques
There are five blue plaques that commemorate places associated with Tolkien: one in Oxford, and four in Birmingham. One of the Birmingham plaques commemorates the inspiration provided by Sarehole Mill, near which he lived between the ages of four and eight, while two others mark childhood homes up to the time he left to attend Oxford University. The third one marks a hotel he stayed at while on leave from World War I. The Oxford plaque commemorates the residence where Tolkien wrote The Hobbit and most of The Lord of the Rings.
Another two plaques marking buildings associated with Tolkien are found in Oxford and Harrogate. The Harrogate plaque commemorates a residence where Tolkien convalesced from trench fever in 1917, while the Oxford plaque marks his home from 1953–1968 at 76 Sandfield Road, Headington.
John Ronald Reuel Tolkien's Works:
Fiction
1936 Songs for the Philologists, with E.V. Gordon et al.
1937 The Hobbit or There and Back Again,
1945 Leaf by Niggle (short story)
1945 The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun, published in Welsh Review
1949 Farmer Giles of Ham (medieval fable)
1953 The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm's Son (a play written in alliterative verse), published with the accompanying essays Beorhtnoth's Death and Ofermod, in Essays and Studies by members of the English Association, volume 6.
1954 The Fellowship of the Ring: being the first part of The Lord of the Rings
1954 The Two Towers: being the second part of The Lord of the Rings
1955 The Return of the King: being the third part of The Lord of the Rings
1962 The Adventures of Tom Bombadil and Other Verses from the Red Book
1964 Tree and Leaf (On Fairy-Stories and Leaf by Niggle in book form)
1966 Bilbo's Last Song (poem)
1966 The Tolkien Reader (The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm's Son, On Fairy-Stories, Leaf by Niggle, Farmer Giles of Ham, and The Adventures of Tom Bombadil)
1967 The Road Goes Ever On, with Donald Swann
1967 Smith of Wootton Major (short story)
Poetry
This is a list of poems written by J. R. R. Tolkien (years are the date of composition, if not stated otherwise)
The Battle of the Eastern Field 1911
From the many-willow'd margin of the immemorial Thames 1913
The Voyage of Eärendel the Evening Star (The Book of Lost Tales 2 267–269) 1914
The Bidding of the Minstrel 1914 (The Book of Lost Tales 2 261f.,269f. )
Tinfang Warble 1914 (The Book of Lost Tales 1 107f.)
Goblin Feet 1915
You and Me / and the Cottage of Lost Play 1915 (The Book of Lost Tales 1 27f.)
Kôr 1915, published as The City of the Gods in 1923 (The Book of Lost Tales 1 136)
Kortirion among the Trees 1915 (revised in 1937 and in the 1960s, The Trees of Kortirion)
Over Old Hills and Far Away 1915
A Song of Aryador 1915
The Shores of Elfland 1915
Habbanan beneath the Stars 1916
The Sorrowful City 1916
The Song of Eriol 1917 (The Book of Lost Tales 2 298ff.)
The Horns of Ulmo 1917
The Happy Mariners, published in 1920, composed in 1915
The Children of Húrin (begun in 1920 or earlier, continued to 1925) (The Lays of Beleriand)
The Clerke's Compleinte 1922
Iúmonna Gold Galdre Bewunden 1923
The Eadigan Saelidan 1923
Why the Man in the Moon Came Down Too Soon 1923
Enigmata Saxonic - a Nuper Inventa Duo 1923
The Cat and the Fiddle: A Nursery-Rhyme Undone and its Scandalous Secret Unlocked 1923
An Evening in Tavrobel 1924
The Lonely Isle 1924
Light as Leaf on Lindentree 1925
The Flight of the Noldoli from Valinor 1925 (The Lays of Beleriand)
The Lay of Leithian 1925–1931 (The Lays of Beleriand)
The Lay of Eärendel 1920s (The Lays of Beleriand)
The Nameless Land 1926
Adventures in Unnatural History and Medieval Metres, being the Freaks of Fisiologus 1927:
Fastitocalon
Tinfang Warble, published in 1927, composed in 1914
Mythopoeia, circa 1931 (published in Tree and Leaf)
Progress in Bimble Town 1931
Errantry 1933
Natura Apis: Morali Ricardi Eremite
Ofer Wídne Gársecg
The Root of the Boot
Ruddoc Hana
Syx Mynet
The Dragon's Visit 1937
Knocking at the Door: Lines induced by sensations when waiting for an answer at the door of an Exalted Academic Person 1937
The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun, published in Welsh Review, December 1945
Imram (The Death of St. Brendan) 1946 (published in Time and Tide, December 1955, Sauron Defeated 261ff,296ff)
Elvish translations of Catholic prayers (ed. Wynne, Smith, Hostetter in Vinyar Tengwar 43, 44, 2002), composed in the 1950s:
Ataremma versions (Quenya Pater Noster) versions I-VI
Aia María (Quenya Ave Maria) versions I-IV
Litany of Loreto in Quenya
Ortírielyanna (Quenya Sub tuum praesidium)
Alcar i Ataren (Quenya Gloria Patri)
Alcar mi tarmenel na Erun (Quenya Gloria in Excelsis Deo)
Ae Adar Nín (Sindarin Pater Noster)
The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm's Son 1953
The Adventures of Tom Bombadil published in 1962:
The Adventures of Tom Bombadil
Bombadil Goes Boating
Once upon a time 1965
Bilbo's Last Song 1966 (first published as a poster in 1974)
For W. H. A. in 1967 in Shenandoah
King Sheave in The Lost Road in 1987 in The Lost Road and Other Writings
Narqelion published in 1988 in Mythlore
Academic and other works
1922 A Middle English Vocabulary, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 168 pp.
1925 Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, co-edited with E.V. Gordon, Oxford University Press, 211 pp.; Revised edition 1967, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 232 pp.
1925 Some Contributions to Middle-English Lexicography, published in The Review of English Studies, volume 1, no. 2, pp. 210–215.
1925 The Devil's Coach Horses, published in The Review of English Studies, volume 1, no. 3, pp. 331–336.
1929 Ancrene Wisse and Hali Meiðhad, published in Essays and Studies by members of the English Association, Oxford, volume 14, pp. 104–126.
1932 The Name 'Nodens', concerning the name Nodens, published in Report on the Excavation of the Prehistoric, Roman, and Post-Roman Site in Lydney Park, Gloucestershire, Oxford, University Press for The Society of Antiquaries.
1932–34 Sigelwara Land parts I and II, in Medium Aevum, Oxford, volume 1, no. 3 (December 1932), pp. 183–196 and volume 3, no. 2 (June 1934), pp. 95–111.
1934 Chaucer as a Philologist: The Reeve's Tale, in Transactions of the Philological Society, London, pp. 1–70 (rediscovery of dialect humour, introducing the Hengwrt manuscript into textual criticism of Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales)
1937 Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics, London, Humphrey Milford, 56 pp. (publication of his 1936 lecture on Beowulf criticism)
1939 The Reeve's Tale: version prepared for recitation at the 'summer diversions', Oxford, 14 pp.
1939 On Fairy-Stories (1939 Andrew Lang lecture) - concerning Tolkien's philosophy on fantasy, this lecture was a shortened version of an essay later published in full in 1947.
1944 Sir Orfeo, Oxford, The Academic Copying Office, 18 pp. (an edition of the medieval poem)
1947 On Fairy-Stories (essay - published in Essays presented to Charles Williams, Oxford University Press) - first full publication of an essay concerning Tolkien's philosophy on fantasy, and which had been presented in shortened form as the 1939 Andrew Lang lecture.
1953 Ofermod and Beorhtnoth's Death, two essays published with the poem The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth, Beorhthelm's Son in Essays and Studies by members of the English Association, volume 6.
1953 Middle English "Losenger": Sketch of an etymological and semantic enquiry, published in Essais de philologie moderne: Communications présentées au Congrès International de Philologie Moderne (1951), Les Belles Lettres.
1962 Ancrene Wisse: The English Text of the Ancrene Riwle, Early English Text Society, Oxford University Press.
1963 English and Welsh, in Angles and Britons: O'Donnell Lectures, University of Cardiff Press.
1964 Introduction to Tree and Leaf, with details of the composition and history of Leaf by Niggle and On Fairy-Stories.
1966 Contributions to the Jerusalem Bible (as translator and lexicographer)
1966 Foreword to the Second Edition of The Lord of the Rings, with Tolkien's comments on the varied reaction to his work, his motivation for writing the work, and his opinion of allegory.
1966 Tolkien on Tolkien (autobiographical)
Posthumous Publications
See Tolkien research for essays and text fragments by Tolkien published posthumously in academic publications and forums.
1975 Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings (edited version) - published in A Tolkien Compass by Jared Lobdell. Written by Tolkien for use by translators of The Lord of the Rings, a full version, re-titled "Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings," was published in 2005 in The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion by Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull
1975 Translations of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Pearl and Sir Orfeo
1976 The Father Christmas Letters
1977 The Silmarillion
1979 Pictures by J. R. R. Tolkien
1980 Unfinished Tales of Númenor and Middle-earth
1980 Poems and Stories (a compilation of The Adventures of Tom Bombadil, The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm's Son, On Fairy-Stories, Leaf by Niggle, Farmer Giles of Ham and Smith of Wootton Major)
1981 The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien (eds. Christopher Tolkien and Humphrey Carpenter)
1981 The Old English "Exodus" Text translation and commentary by J. R. R. Tolkien; edited by Joan Turville-Petre. Clarendon Press, Oxford
1982 Finn and Hengest: The Fragment and the Episode
1982 Mr. Bliss
1983 The Monsters and the Critics (an essay collection)
Beowulf: the Monsters and the Critics (1936)
On Translating Beowulf (1940)
1983–1996 The History of Middle-earth:
The Book of Lost Tales 1 (1983)
The Book of Lost Tales 2 (1984)
The Lays of Beleriand (1985)
The Shaping of Middle-earth (1986)
The Lost Road and Other Writings (1987)
The Return of the Shadow (The History of The Lord of the Rings vol. 1) (1988)
The Treason of Isengard (The History of The Lord of the Rings vol. 2) (1989)
The War of the Ring (The History of The Lord of the Rings vol. 3) (1990)
Sauron Defeated (The History of The Lord of the Rings vol. 4, including The Notion Club Papers) (1992)
Morgoth's Ring (The Later Silmarillion vol. 1) (1993)
The War of the Jewels (The Later Silmarillion vol. 2) (1994)
The Peoples of Middle-earth (1996)
Index (2002)
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Which word completes the title of a story by Roald Dahl - 'Charlie And The Great Glass .....'? | Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator - Roald Dahl
Roald Dahl
Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator
Published in 1972
Synopsis
Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator is the sequel to one of Roald Dahl's best-loved stories, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory.
Background
Background
Willy Wonka has asked Charlie and the rest of the Bucket family to live with him. Now, moments after Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ended, we rejoin the adventure as the Great Glass Elevator blasts into outer space...
Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator is the sequel to one of the best-loved stories in children's literature. Published eight years after Charlie and the Chocolate Factory in 1972, it continues the story of Charlie Bucket, his family and the amazing Mr Willy Wonka. The book was dedicated to Roald's daughters Tessa, Ophelia and Lucy.
At first, Roald Dahl thought the word 'elevator' was too American, but the British word 'lift' seemed too boring. 'Air machine' was considered, but 'elevator' came out top in the end, although it is called a lift in Charlie and the Chocolate Factory.
| Elevator (disambiguation) |
In May 1967 who became the first sailor to circumnavigate the globe single-handed, with just one stop, in Sydney? | Charlie and Matilda: Roald Dahl Names - Appellation Mountain
Appellation Mountain
Charlie and Matilda: Roald Dahl Names
June 20, 2014
By appellationmountain 8 Comments
I have a secret name crush, a name so unusable – maybe even unthinkable – that I generally don’t mention it.
But lately, my daughter and I have been reading our way through Roald Dahl stories. They hit the sweet spot – his books are fantastic and dramatic, with big ideas, so I find them engaging. But they’re still light enough to hold her attention, and not so long that we can’t get through them in a week or two.
And the names. Did I mention the names?
My name crush is Veruca, one of the children who snags a Golden Ticket in Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory. She’s a spoiled brat, a child as stylish as Suri Cruise, but as relentless as Attila the Hun. The refrain from her signature song says it all: Don’t care how, I want it now!
The name’s meaning is appropriately repellent. Verruca is Latin for wart, and used in British English to refer to warts. Trace it back far enough and the root word more generally refers to a flaw or failing.
A widely-known, intentionally obnoxious child, plus an unpleasant meaning doesn’t necessarily make for a great name, and there have been few other Verucas. There’s one who makes the briefest of cameos in the Buffy the Vampire Slayer series, and a 1990s indie band who took their name from the character.
It turns out that Dahl was just a great namer – of his fictional characters, and his own children, too.
Let’s take a look at all of the Roald Dahl names.
Roald
Dahl Names in Real Life
Dahl was of British descent. He and American actress Patricia Neal married in 1953, and named five children together. (That’s the couple, pictured above.) Most of the names Dahl and Neal chose were ahead of their time, and some were downright quirky.
Olivia Twenty – Born in 1955, the couple’s first child was named Olivia Twenty. Olivia was rare in the 1950s, and Twenty, well … Harper Seven still raises eyebrows. It’s said that they named her for Patricia’s favorite Shakespearean heroine, and for the date of her birth – April 20th – plus the fact that Dahl had $20 in his pocket when he walked into the hospital.
Chantal Sophia – Two years later, Chantal Sophia arrived. Her French first name would have a good run in the 1990s, but was rarer than even Olivia in the 1950s. Her middle was rare, too, though better known. She later became a writer, too, though instead of Chantal, she prefers to be known as Tessa. Roald Dahl’s mom was named Sofie Magdalene.
Theo Matthew – The couple’s first son was born in 1960. Today Theo is gaining as an independent name, but back then, most boys would have been named Theodore instead.
Ophelia Magdalena – The Dahls chose another Shakespearean name for baby girl #3, who was born in 1964. They did a spectacular job with dramatic middles, too, didn’t they? Twenty, Sophia, Magdalena … Like Sophia, Magdalena honors Roald’s mom.
Lucy Neal – A year later, their youngest daughter arrived. Her middle is clearly a tribute to mom. She’s followed in her father’s footsteps as a writer.
Roald Dahl Names for Girls
Elvira – In Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator, Elvira Tibbs is Vice President of the United States.
Felicity – The name of Mrs. Fox, in The Fantastic Mr. Fox, and also the name of Roald Dahl’s second wife – though they married some years after the book was published, so I’m not sure if that’s a coincidence.
Georgina – One of the grandmothers from Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory, and a thoroughly English name. She probably feels more vintage, glamorous Duchess of Devonshire than grandmama nowadays.
Josephine – Like Georgina, Josephine was one of the aged grandmothers to little Charlie, and, also like Georgina, a name very much at home in 2014.
Lavender – She’s a friend of Matilda in the novel, and also a name from the Harry Potter series.
Matilda – One of the best of the Roald Dahl names, worn by a whipsmart little girl. Matilda has been adapted for the big screen, and now for Broadway. When the novel was published in 1988, Matilda was a clunky choice, long faded from use in the US. But now she’s back, charting at #644 and climbing in 2013.
Sophie – The BFG is about a Big Friendly Giant – hence the name. Sophie is the little girl who discovers the lone good-hearted giant. She’s named after Roald’s granddaughter, Tessa’s daughter, Sophie.
Veruca – My unworkable name crush, borrowed from the greedy Golden Ticket holder of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory fame.
Violet – Another Golden Ticket holder, a compulsive gum-chewing girl who meets her comeuppance in the Inventing Room room, where she chomps on some experimental gum and turns into a giant blueberry. It also brings to mind Downton Abbey’s delightfully acidic Dowager Countess and the eldest Garner-Affleck kid.
Boys Names from Roald Dahl
Ash – Another one from The Fantastic Mr. Fox, this one worn by Mr. Fox’s son. Pokemon also gives us a young Ash. It’s an interesting possibility now that Ashley is in mom-name territory, and Ashton is fading.
Augustus – He’s getting a lot of press thanks to The Fault in Our Stars. But in Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, Augustus Gloop was a gluttonous boy – and the first Golden Ticket holder to meet an unpleasant fate.
Charlie – The humble, good-hearted Charlie Bucket managed to avoid the fates of the other children on the Chocolate Factory tour, and he ends by winning the grand prize – a chance to inherit Willy Wonka’s legacy. He’s never referred to as Charles , and plenty of parents today are naming their children just Charlie – like David Arquette, who recently welcomed Charlie West. It’s also used for girls, but not in Dahl’s writing.
Fox – Strictly speaking, this isn’t a given name in Dahl’s work. Besides being fantastic, Mr. Fox is very much a fox, so his surname isn’t a stretch. But today, thanks to The X-Files and our affection for boys’ names ending with x, Fox seems like a given name possibility.
George – This name is used twice by Dahl, first for one of Charlie Bucket’s grandparents. It’s also the name of the title character in 1981’s George’s Marvellous Medicine. Now that the little prince is called George, can we expect to see all forms oft he name rise?
James Henry – Of Giant Peach fame, an orphan who goes on an incredible adventure in a magically enhanced giant peach.
Joe – Charlie’s beloved Grandpa Joe is the one who takes him on the Chocolate Factory tour.
Lancelot – In Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator, it’s the given name of the President of the United States.
What’s your favorite name from Roald Dahl’s stories? Are there any that I’ve missed? And is Veruca absolutely a non-starter?
Related articles
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Fetching Names: Into the Wayback Machine with the Girls’ Top 25
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Which musical features the song 'The Worst Pies In London'? | The Worst Pies in London - YouTube
The Worst Pies in London
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Published on Nov 8, 2014
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The Worst Pies in London · Stephen Sondheim
Sweeney Todd
| Sweeney Todd |
In which t.v. series was 'George Cowley' the head of 'C15'. | Sweeney Todd - The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (The Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Stephen Sondheim on Apple Music
Surprising, true to Sonheim, but a few bumps...
by gha10
As a huge fan of the original Broadway production of this wonderful Sondheim masterpiece, I was very worried when I heard that Johnny Depp had been given the title role as the role of Sweeney Todd is the most demanding baritone role in all of musical theatre. However, I am very pleased to say that Depp not only can sing, but he can sing well, very well. He infuses his song with the motives and emotions of his character, which is actually very hard to do. Helena Bonham Carter, has a very hard job: she has to create a character that is true to what is in the script and that can stand apart from the original Mrs. Lovett, the incomprabale Angela Lansbury, and I must say, she does. Her Mrs. Lovett is more soft, more sultry, more frightened even. However, Helena does fail to deliver a show-stopping "The Worst Pies in London" - her voice doesn't suit the song at all and she is not a belter by any means - her voice is very breathy, very soft, very quiet, but also very easy to listen to because it flows like water. Her voice does fit the lullaby-esque "Wait" and "Not While I'm Around" very well, and her "By the Sea" is very sweet and full of hope. Like Depp, she portrays her feelings when she sings, but, she is going to face a large amount of criticism from the Broadway circle, but film-goers and Broadway fans who are open to different interpretations of a role will love her. I certainly loved her "Wait" and "By the Sea", but Angelea Lansbury will always have every actress beat when it comes to the character's zaniness and her versions of "The Worst Pies in London", "God That's Good", and "Wait" will always be the best. But, Helena is still very enjoyable. Now, there are parts of this recording that beat the Broadway version: the film's Anthony and Johanna are WONDERFUL and very believable and can sing very, very well, whereas their Broadway counterparts are sappy and annoying, especially Betsey Jolson in the filmed version of the original stage show (hello, she crosses her eyes during her cadenza in "Green Finch and Linnet Bird"). Jayne Wisener is the BEST Johanna I have yet heard, and the same goes for Jamie Campbell Bower as Anthony. The film's Toby, Ed Sanders, is also superior to Broadway show's because HE IS ACTUALLY A CHILD, not a petite, short, 30 year-old man masquerading as one. Also, his "Not While I'm Around" is very effective because it is so believable and very sweet. The orchestrations in this version are also, for the most part, better than the stage version because there are more musicians and the sound is more big, brassy, and sweeping. But, this is no surprise since the orchestrations for the film were done by the same man who did them for the Broadway version, so, he just fine-tuned what he had already done. Now for the disappointing stuff: Johanna and Anthony's duet, the briskly-paced and youthful love ballad "Kiss Me" is gone, and it leaves a big hole because now Anthony and Johanna have no song in which to not only sing together, but we also miss a lot of character development. "God, That's Good" is a sad imitation of a great number from the stage version, and again, Helena can't beat Angela Lansbury at this one. Also, the song is far to short - I would them have rather cut it completely than butcher it the way they did. Also, the Beggar Woman doesn't sing as much in this, which I hated because she is a VERY important character. However, the good of this recording does out-weigh the bad, so, I do recommend it to both Burton/Johnny fans and to Sondheim fans, but only if they aren't overly critical of the changes made and the actors' interpretations of the roles. '
Splendid
by THIS IS PITIFUL
I have fallen in love with this, but don't mistake me, I also fell in love with the original Broadway. It's just sad to see how many of the Broadway fans of this are disappointed. I mean, seriously, how can you be disappointed? You would be far more upset if a movie was never made! You all can't have it both ways. Me, I prefer this over no movie at all. I have to say, even though some criticize the singing, I think it brings a brilliant spin to the characters. Depp doesn't need an angelic voice, and the force he has behind his voice makes the character far more fierce. As for Bonham-Carter, I loved her. The original Broadway Mrs. Lovett always aggrivated me. She was too jaunty and obnoxious. The new Mrs. Lovett is quite, mysterious, and extremely sympathetic. It's such a fresh and brilliant take on a classic formula. I for one, am in love.
LOVE IT!
by captnclaire
Just came back from seeing the movie! Those who hate blood and gore...you might wanna pass by this movie. Really bloodly...yet comical. It's a dramatic, musical, comedic, horror film. And Johnny Depp just makes the role! *Gasp!* I didn't know Snape could sing!
Biography
Born: March 22, 1930 in New York, NY
Genre: Soundtrack
Years Active: '50s, '60s, '70s, '80s, '90s, '00s, '10s
Stephen Sondheim was the most highly regarded composer/lyricist for the musical theater in his generation. Having his first musical produced on Broadway in 1957 and his 14th in 1994, he straddled two eras. The broadly popular musical theater of his early years gradually became a more insular art form, addressing a smaller, more dedicated, more serious audience. This jibed perfectly with the composer's own tendencies. In a sense, he was to the world of show tunes what Bob Dylan was to that of pop...
Top Albums and Songs by Stephen Sondheim
1.
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Which socialist society was founded in London in January 1884? | Fabian Society - Signs and symbols of cults, gangs and secret societies
Red Army Faction (Baader-meinhof)
MST/Landless Workers’ Movement (Movimento dos Trabalhadores Sem Terra)
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Fabian Society
(source: LSE archives )
NOTE: I was tipped about this emblem, and was bit shocked to find that the Fabian Society, a long-lived socialist think-tank in the UK, used to have a wolf in sheep’s clothing as their eerie coat of arms, designed by Goerge Bernard Shaw. (source: http://www2.lse.ac.uk/newsAndMedia/news/archives/2006/FabianWindow.aspx) They seem to have at some point replaced their old coat of arms in favor of the shown gruntled turtle . Their profile today has a sleek modern british design without any specific outward use of logos and emblems. (thanks for tip!)
Wikipedia says:
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The Fabian Society is a British socialist organisation whose purpose is to advance the principles of democratic socialism via gradualist and reformist effort in democracies , rather than by revolutionary overthrow. [1] [2] As founders of the Labour Party in 1900, the Fabian Society has influenced British policy to the present day, from the postwar creation of the modern welfare state to the election of Tony Blair . Later members of the Fabian Society included Jawaharlal Nehru and other leaders of new nations created out of the former British Empire , who used Fabian principles to create socialist democracies in India, Pakistan, Nigeria and elsewhere as Britain decolonised after World War II .
The Fabian Society founded the London School of Economics and Political Science in 1895 "for the betterment of society", now one of the leading institutions in the world, an incubator of influential politicians, economists, journalists, prime ministers and liberal billionaires.[ improper synthesis? ]
Today, the society functions primarily as a think tank and is one of 15 socialist societies affiliated with the Labour Party. Similar societies exist in Australia (the Australian Fabian Society ), in Canada (the Douglas–Coldwell Foundation and the now disbanded League for Social Reconstruction ), in Sicily (Sicilian Fabian Society) and in New Zealand (The NZ Fabian Society). [3]
Blue plaque at 17 Osnaburgh St, where the Society was founded in 1884
Fabian Society was named after "Fabius the Delayer" at the suggestion of Frank Podmore , above
The tortoise is the symbol of Fabian Society, representing its goal of gradual expansion of socialism. [1]
Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing, the original coat of arms
The Fabian Society was founded on 4 January 1884 in London as an offshoot of a society founded a year earlier called The Fellowship of the New Life . [4] Early Fellowship members included the visionary Victorian elite, among them poets Edward Carpenter and John Davidson , sexologist Havelock Ellis , and early socialist Edward R. Pease . They wanted to transform society by setting an example of clean simplified living for others to follow. Some members also wanted to become politically involved to aid society's transformation; they set up a separate society, the Fabian Society. All members were free to attend both societies. The Fabian Society additionally advocated renewal of Western European Renaissance ideas and their promulgation throughout the world.
The Fellowship of the New Life was dissolved in 1899, [5] but the Fabian Society grew to become the pre-eminent academic society in the United Kingdom in the Edwardian era . It was typified by the members of its vanguard Coefficients club . Public meetings of the Society were for many years held at Essex Hall , a popular location just off the Strand in central London. [6]
The Fabian Society was named—at the suggestion of Frank Podmore —in honour of the Roman general Fabius Maximus (nicknamed "Cunctator", meaning the "Delayer"). His Fabian strategy sought gradual victory against the Carthaginian army under the renowned general Hannibal through persistence, harassment, and wearing the enemy down by attrition rather than head-on battles.
An explanatory note appearing on the title page of the group's first pamphlet declared:
For the right moment you must wait, as Fabius did most patiently, when warring against Hannibal, though many censured his delays; but when the time comes you must strike hard, as Fabius did, or your waiting will be in vain, and fruitless. [7]
According to author Jon Perdue , "The logo of the Fabian Society, a tortoise, represented the group’s predilection for a slow, imperceptible transition to socialism, while its coat of arms, a 'wolf in sheep’s clothing', represented its preferred methodology for achieving its goal." [8] The wolf in sheep’s clothing symbolism was later abandoned, due to its obvious negative connotations.
Its nine [9] founding members were Frank Podmore, Edward R. Pease, William Clarke, Hubert Bland , [10] Percival Chubb, Frederick Keddell, [9] H. H. Champion , [11] Edith Nesbit , [12] and Rosamund Dale Owen. [9] [10] Havelock Ellis is sometimes also mentioned as a tenth founding member, though there is some question about this. [9]
Organisational growth
Immediately upon its inception, the Fabian Society began attracting many prominent contemporary figures drawn to its socialist cause, including George Bernard Shaw , H. G. Wells , Annie Besant , Graham Wallas , Charles Marson , Sydney Olivier , Oliver Lodge , Ramsay MacDonald and Emmeline Pankhurst . Even Bertrand Russell briefly became a member, but resigned after he expressed his belief that the Society's principle of entente (in this case, between countries allying themselves against Germany) could lead to war.
At the core of the Fabian Society were Sidney and Beatrice Webb . Together, they wrote numerous studies [13] of industrial Britain, including alternative co-operative economics that applied to ownership of capital as well as land.
Many Fabians participated in the formation of the Labour Party in 1900 and the group's constitution, written by Sidney Webb, borrowed heavily from the founding documents of the Fabian Society. At the Labour Party Foundation Conference in 1900, the Fabian Society claimed 861 members and sent one delegate.
The years 1903 to 1908 saw a growth in popular interest in the socialist idea in Great Britain and the Fabian Society grew accordingly, tripling its membership to nearly 2500 by the end of the period, half of whom were located in London. [14] In 1912 a student section was organised called the University Socialist Federation (USF) and by the outbreak of World War I this contingent counted its own membership of more than 500. [14]
Early Fabian views
The first Fabian Society pamphlets [15] advocating tenets of social justice coincided with the zeitgeist of Liberal reforms during the early 1900s, including eugenics. The Fabian proposals however were considerably more progressive than those that were enacted in the Liberal reform legislation. The Fabians lobbied for the introduction of a minimum wage in 1906, for the creation of a universal health care system in 1911 and for the abolition of hereditary peerages in 1917. [16]
Fabian socialists were in favour of reforming Britain's imperialist foreign policy as a conduit for internationalist reform , and were in favour of a capitalist welfare state modelled on the Bismarckian German model; they criticised Gladstonian liberalism both for its individualism at home and its internationalism abroad. They favoured a national minimum wage in order to stop British industries compensating for their inefficiency by lowering wages instead of investing in capital equipment; slum clearances and a health service in order for "the breeding of even a moderately Imperial race" which would be more productive and better militarily than the "stunted, anaemic, demoralised denizens ... of our great cities"; and a national education system because "it is in the classrooms ... that the future battles of the Empire for commercial prosperity are already being lost". [17]
In 1900 the Society produced Fabianism and the Empire, the first statement of its views on foreign affairs, drafted by Bernard Shaw and incorporating the suggestions of 150 Fabian members. It was directed against the liberal individualism of those such as John Morley and Sir William Harcourt . [18] It claimed that the classical liberal political economy was outdated, and that imperialism was the new stage of the international polity. The question was whether Britain would be the centre of a world empire or whether it would lose its colonies and end up as just two islands in the North Atlantic. It expressed support for Britain in the Boer War because small nations, such as the Boers , were anachronisms in the age of empires. [18] In order to hold onto the Empire, the British needed to fully exploit the trade opportunities secured by war; maintain the British armed forces in a high state of readiness to defend the Empire; the creation of a citizen army to replace the professional army; the Factory Acts would be amended to extend to 21 the age for half-time employment, so that the thirty hours gained would be used in "a combination of physical exercises, technical education, education in civil citizenship ... and field training in the use of modern weapons". [19]
The Fabians also favoured the nationalisation of land rent, believing that rents collected by landowners in respect of their land's value were unearned, an idea which drew heavily from the work of American economist Henry George .
Second generation
In the period between the two World Wars, the "Second Generation" Fabians, including the writers R. H. Tawney , G. D. H. Cole and Harold Laski , continued to be a major influence on socialist thought.
“
But the general idea is that each man should have power according to his knowledge and capacity. [...] And the keynote is that of my fairy State: From every man according to his capacity; to every man according to his needs. A democratic Socialism, controlled by majority votes, guided by numbers, can never succeed; a truly aristocratic Socialism, controlled by duty, guided by wisdom, is the next step upwards in civilisation.
”
— Annie Besant, a Fabian Society member and later president of Indian National Congress, [20]
It was at this time that many of the future leaders of the Third World were exposed to Fabian thought, most notably India's Jawaharlal Nehru , who subsequently framed economic policy for India on Fabian socialism lines. After independence from Britain, Nehru’s Fabian ideas committed India to an economy in which the state owned, operated and controlled means of production, in particular key heavy industrial sectors such as steel, telecommunications, transportation, electricity generation, mining and real estate development. Private activity, property rights and entrepreneurship were discouraged or regulated through permits, nationalisation of economic activity and high taxes were encouraged, rationing, control of individual choices and Mahalanobis model considered by Nehru as a means to implement the Fabian Society version of socialism. [21] [22] [23] In addition to Nehru, several pre-independence leaders in colonial India such as Annie Besant —Nehru's mentor and later a president of Indian National Congress - were members of the Fabian Society. [24]
Obafemi Awolowo , who later became the premier of Nigeria's now defunct Western Region, was also a Fabian member in the late 1940s. It was the Fabian ideology that Awolowo used to run the Western Region during his premiership with great success, although he was prevented from using it in a similar fashion on the national level in Nigeria. It is less known that the founder of Pakistan , Muhammad Ali Jinnah , was an avid member of the Fabian Society in the early 1930s. Lee Kuan Yew , the first Prime Minister of Singapore , stated in his memoirs that his initial political philosophy was strongly influenced by the Fabian Society. However, he later altered his views, considering the Fabian ideal of socialism as impractical. [25] In 1993, Lee said:
They [Fabian Socialists] were going to create a just society for the British workers—the beginning of a welfare state, cheap council housing, free medicine and dental treatment, free spectacles, generous unemployment benefits. Of course, for students from the colonies, like Singapore and Malaya, it was a great attraction as the alternative to communism. We did not see until the 1970s that that was the beginning of big problems contributing to the inevitable decline of the British economy. [25]
In the Middle East, the theories of Fabian Society intellectual movement of early-20th-century Britain inspired the Ba'athist vision. The Middle East adaptation of Fabian socialism led the state to control big industry, transport, banks, internal and external trade. The state would direct the course of economic development, with the ultimate aim to provide a guaranteed minimum standard of living for all. [26] Michel Aflaq , widely considered as the founder of the Ba'athist movement, was a Fabian socialist. Aflaq's ideas, with those of Salah al-Din al-Bitar and Zaki al-Arsuzi, came to fruition in the Arab world in the form of dictatorial regimes in Iraq and Syria . [27] Salāmah Mūsā of Egypt, another prominent champion of Arab Socialism, was a keen adherent of Fabian Society, and a member since 1909. [28]
Contemporary Fabianism
Through the course of the 20th century the group has always been influential in Labour Party circles, with members including Ramsay MacDonald , Clement Attlee , Anthony Crosland , Roy Jenkins , Hugh Dalton , Richard Crossman , Ian Mikardo , Tony Benn , Harold Wilson and more recently Shirley Williams , Tony Blair , Gordon Brown , Gordon Marsden and Ed Balls . The late Ben Pimlott served as its Chairman in the 1990s. (A Pimlott Prize for Political Writing was organised in his memory by the Fabian Society and The Guardian in 2005 and continues annually). The Society is affiliated to the Party as a socialist society . In recent years the Young Fabian group , founded in 1960, has become an important networking and discussion organisation for younger (under 31) Labour Party activists and played a role in the 1994 election of Tony Blair as Labour Leader. Today there is also an active Fabian Women's Network and Scottish and Welsh Fabian groups.
On 21 April 2009 the Society's website stated that it had 6,286 members: "Fabian national membership now stands at a 35 year high: it is over 20% higher than when the Labour Party came to office in May 1997. It is now double what it was when Clement Attlee left office in 1951".[ citation needed ]
The latest edition of the Dictionary of National Biography (a reference work listing details of famous or significant Britons throughout history) includes 174 Fabians. Four Fabians, Beatrice and Sidney Webb , Graham Wallas , and George Bernard Shaw founded the London School of Economics with the money left to the Fabian Society by Henry Hutchinson. Supposedly the decision was made at a breakfast party on 4 August 1894. The founders are depicted in the Fabian Window [29] designed by George Bernard Shaw . The window was stolen in 1978 and reappeared at Sotheby's in 2005. It was restored to display in the Shaw Library at the London School of Economics in 2006 at a ceremony over which Tony Blair presided. [30]
Influence on Labour government
With the advent of a Labour Party government in 1997, the Fabian Society was a forum for New Labour ideas and for critical approaches from across the party. The most significant Fabian contribution to Labour's policy agenda in government was Ed Balls 's 1992 pamphlet, advocating Bank of England independence . Balls had been a Financial Times journalist when he wrote this Fabian pamphlet, before going to work for Gordon Brown. BBC Business Editor Robert Peston , in his book Brown's Britain, calls this an "essential tract" and concludes that Balls "deserves as much credit – probably more – than anyone else for the creation of the modern Bank of England"; [31] William Keegan offers a similar analysis of Balls's Fabian pamphlet in his book on Labour's economic policy, [32] which traces in detail the path leading up to this dramatic policy change after Labour's first week in office.
The Fabian Society Tax Commission of 2000 was widely credited [33] with influencing the Labour government's policy and political strategy for its one significant public tax increase: the National Insurance rise to raise £8 billion for National Health Service spending. (The Fabian Commission had in fact called for a directly hypothecated "NHS tax" [34] to cover the full cost of NHS spending, arguing that linking taxation more directly to spending was essential to make tax rise publicly acceptable. The 2001 National Insurance rise was not formally hypothecated, but the government committed itself to using the additional funds for health spending.) Several other recommendations, including a new top rate of income tax, were to the left of government policy and not accepted, though this comprehensive review of UK taxation was influential in economic policy and political circles, and a new top rate of income tax of 50% was introduced in 2010. [35]
Fabianism outside the United Kingdom
The major influence on the Labour Party and on the English-speaking socialist movement worldwide, has meant that Fabianism became one of the main inspirations of international social democracy. Direct or indirect influence of the Fabians came on a lot of political movements elsewhere; for example, the liberal socialism of Carlo Rosselli (founder, with his brother Nello Rosselli , of the anti-fascist group's Giustizia e Libertà ), and all its derivatives, such as the Action Party in Italy . [36] The Community Movement , created by the socialist entrepreneur Adriano Olivetti , was then the only Italian party which referred explicitly to Fabianism, among his main inspirations along with federalism, social liberalism, fighting to partitocracy and social democracy. [37]
During 2000 the Sicilian Fabian Society was founded in Messina . [38]
Structure
Executive Committee
The Fabian Society is governed by an elected Executive Committee. The committee consists of ten ordinary members elected from a national list, three members nationally elected from a list nominated by local groups, representatives from the Young Fabians, Fabians Women's Network and Scottish and Welsh Fabians. There is also one staff representative and a directly elected Honorary Treasurer from the membership. Elections are held every other year, with the exception of the Young Fabians and staff representation which are elected annually. The Executive Committee meet quarterly. The Executive Committee elect a Chair and at least one Vice Chair annually to conduct its business.
Secretariat
The Fabian Society have a number of employees based in their headquarters in London. The secretariat is led by a General Secretary who is the organisation's CEO. The staff are arranged into departments including Research, Editorial, Events and Operations.
Young Fabians
Main article: Young Fabians
Since 1960 members aged under 31 years of age are also members of the Young Fabians. This group has its own elected Chair, executive committee and sub-groups. The Young Fabians are a voluntary organisation that serves as an incubator for member-led activities such as policy and social events, pamphlets and delegations. Within the group are five special interest communities called Networks that are run by voluntary steering groups and elect their own Chair and officers. The current Networks are Finance, Health, International Affairs, Education and Communications (Industry). It also publishes the quarterly magazine Anticipations.
Fabian Women's Network
All female members of the Fabian Society are also members of the Fabian Women's Network . This group has its own elected Chair and Executive Committee which organises conferences and events and works with the wider political movement to secure increased representation for women in politics and public life. It has a flagship mentoring programme that recruits on an annual basis and its President is Seema Malhotra , a Labour Party and Co-operative MP. The Network also publishes the quarterly magazine, Fabiana, runs a range of public speaking events, works closely in partnership with a range of women's campaigning organisations and regularly hosts a fringe at the Labour Party conference.
Criticism
In the early 1900s Fabian Society members advocated the ideal of a scientifically planned society and supported eugenics by way of sterilisation. [39] In an article published in The Guardian on 14 February 2008 (following the apology offered by Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd to the " stolen generations "), Geoffrey Robertson criticised Fabian socialists for providing the intellectual justification for the eugenics policy that led to the stolen generations scandal. [40] [41] However, this stands as an independent criticism of Fabianism as no other prominent lawyers, historians or political figures have been found to draw any such conclusion, other than Robertson himself.[ citation needed ] Such views on socialism, inequality and eugenics amongst 20th century Fabians was not a phenomenon limited to one individual or group of people; these were widely shared throughout a broad political spectrum. [42] [43]
Although H. G. Wells was a member of the Fabian Society from 1903 to 1908, he was a critic of its operations, particularly in his 1905 paper "The Faults of the Fabian", [44] and parodied the society in his 1910 novel The New Machiavelli . [45]
The Fabian society has been criticised for receiving funding from companies registered in tax havens. [46] [47]
| Fabian Society |
Which country in 1930 became the fifth to play Test Cricket, not winning their first match until they beat the West Indies in 1956? | Fabianism | socialist movement | Britannica.com
socialist movement
Ringling Bros. Folds Its Tent
Fabianism, socialist movement and theory that emerged from the activities of the Fabian Society , which was founded in London in 1884.
Fabianism became prominent in British socialist theory in the 1880s. The name Fabian derives from Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus , the Roman general famous for his delaying tactics against Hannibal during the Second Punic War. The early Fabians rejected the revolutionary doctrines of Marxism , recommending instead a gradual transition to a socialist society. The most-influential early Fabian theorists included George Bernard Shaw and Graham Wallas as well as Sidney and Beatrice Webb , who would remain prominent thinkers in the movement. In the 20th century other prominent Fabian thinkers included the academics Harold Laski and G.D.H. Cole (both of whom were sometimes far more radical than mainstream Fabians) as well as Labour Party politicians and activists such as R.H.S. Crossman , Roy Jenkins , Ian Mikardo , Denis Healey, and Margaret Cole. The Fabian Society survived into the 21st century as a think tank for moderate British socialists.
Sidney and Beatrice Webb
Brown Brothers
When Fabianism emerged in the United Kingdom during the 1880s, collectivism was widely considered necessary for human flourishing. Although some traditional liberals clung to laissez-faire politics and economics, theorists of new liberalism , such as T.H. Green in the 1880s, believed that substantial state intervention would be necessary if ordinary individuals were to prosper. In the early years of the 20th century, the dominant liberal position involved the acceptance and advancement of the extension of public control in industry. That dominant position also involved collective responsibility for children’s education and nutrition, housing, and employment, along with support for care of the sick and aged. Fabians, who sought to propagate their ideas by means of what they called “ permeation ,” targeted collectivist liberal politicians and radical social activists.
Two pioneers of Fabian theory— Shaw and Sidney Webb —were each advocates of the strategy of permeation. Nevertheless, they differed in their views of the most-appropriate target. In his essay “
Historic
” in Fabian Essays in Socialism (1889), Webb insisted that unconscious socialism had already proceeded through public control of services, largely by the municipalities. He thus believed that the Fabians should strive to influence the mainstream Liberal Party . Although in his preface to the 1919 edition of the Fabian Essays Webb said that the Fabians had always intended to create a new party, it was in fact Shaw who pressed for that when Webb saw no need. Shaw hoped to gradually replace rather than merely reform capitalism. He considered that Fabianism would be far more fruitful if it sought to inspire and permeate existing radicals who, he hoped, would eventually merge with socialist activists in Great Britain to found a new party of the left.
Although permeation remained a key concern among Fabians, some of the other ideas that characterized Fabian socialism in its formative years became less prominent as the 20th century progressed. That was the case regarding their adoption of David Ricardo ’s theory of rent, which Shaw had discussed in his essay “
Economic
” in the Fabian Essays. Sidney Webb’s idea that pragmatism should outweigh firm commitments was also abandoned as Fabians influenced by Shaw pressed for more-coherent socialist or social-democratic thinking with the aim of influencing public policy.
Shaw had always been more concerned than his fellow Fabians to develop a socialist theory rather than rely on pragmatism. Sidney Webb, nevertheless, came to accept that the failure to sufficiently emphasize equality was a weakness. In his 1919 introduction to the Fabian Essays, he conceded that it was Shaw who insisted that equality had to a key and prominent concern. That should involve not just equality before the law, in eligibility for office and in voting power, but also equality of material circumstances. Notwithstanding that development in Fabian theorizing, the society’s publishing activities waned in the late 1920s. Moreover, in the 1930s, the Webbs became supporters of Soviet communism and Shaw momentarily expressed admiration for Benito Mussolini, Italy’s fascist dictator.
George Bernard Shaw, c. 1934.
Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (digital file no. 3a26142u)
Buddha and Buddhism
Nevertheless, Fabianism was revived with the New Fabian Research Bureau (NFRB), formed by Cole independently of the society in 1931. The NFRB included a number of social-democratic intellectuals, such as Leonard Woolf , William Robson, Hugh Dalton, and Evan Durbin. Laski was briefly involved in the early 1930s. The bureau amalgamated with the Fabian Society in 1938.
Laski and Cole had by that time begun to juggle social-democratic and Marxist ideas. Nevertheless, in 1952, in his article “
Towards a Philosophy of Socialism
” in New Fabian Essays, Crossman disapproved of Laski’s efforts to merge Marxism and Fabianism. The Labour Party needed a sense of direction but not one influenced by Marxism, Crossman wrote, which forced policy into conformity with an imported rigid doctrine. Theory needed to challenge the status quo and expose the inadequacy of tradition as a guide to policy. He singled out Durbin for praise for having realized in the 1930s that this was so. For Crossman, theory was to be based on the principles of the British Labour Party and inspired by the belief that only human will and social conscience can liberate human beings.
As Bernard Crick ’s political theory from the 1960s through the turn of the century illustrated, influencing public policy remained a Fabian priority; thus, permeation continued to be a Fabian activity. Poverty, furthermore, persisted as a major concern, and gradualism remained key to Fabian strategy. Nevertheless, the search for a coherent socialist theory that Fabians once thought should replace the early pragmatism waned. In the early 21st century, the society declared that it sought to define progressive politics from the left of centre.
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Which word completes the titles of these Neil Simon plays: 'Plaza ......', 'California ......' and 'London .......'? | London Suite
London Suite
"Makes laughter easy!" - The New York Times
"You'll leave this bright comedy with a smile on your face." - NBC TV
"Booked solid with merciful laughter." - Newark Star-Ledger
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FEATURES / CONTAINS
Interior Set
America's premier comic playwright crosses the Atlantic for a suite of hilarious comedies set in a deluxe London hotel a sedate place until these characters check in. In Settling Accounts, the suite is occupied by an inebriated Welsh writer who is holding his long time business manager, caught absconding with the writer's money, at gun point. The villian concocts increasingly farfetched explanations of what he was doing at Heathrow with the cash.
An American widow and her daughter, in England to buy shoes, take over the suite in Going Home. At the daughter's insistence, mother spends her last evening in London with a rich Scotsman.
The hotel guests in The Man on the Floor are a married couple from New York who have lost their tickets to Wimbledon and are about to lose their suite to Kevin Costner who absolutely must have it now.
The evening ends on a funny, bittersweet note with Diana and Sidney, another chapter in the lives of two characters from California Suite. Diana, the Oscar-winning actress, and Sidney, her bisexual husband, are now divorced and are seeing each other for the first time in years. He needs money for his lover who is dying of cancer. The money is not a problem for Diana, but the realization that she still loves him is.
"Makes laughter easy!" - The New York Times
"You'll leave this bright comedy with a smile on your face." - NBC TV
"Booked solid with merciful laughter." - Newark Star-Ledger
Characters
| Suite 420 |
Which current presenter of 'Today' on BBC Radio 4 joined the programme in 1987? | Good Doctor, The
Good Doctor, The
2m, 3f
ISBN: 9780573609718
"A great deal of warmth and humor in his retelling of these Chekhovian tales." - Newhouse Newspapers
"There is much fun here. Mr. Simon's comic fancy is admirable." -The New York Times
This Broadway hit is a composite of Neil Simon and Anton Chekhov. The stories are droll, the portraits affectionate, the humor infectious and the fun unending.
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Music Score - The Good Doctor
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RECOGNITION / AWARDS
From Broadway
This Broadway hit is a composite of Neil Simon and Anton Chekhov. In one sketch a fiesty old woman storms a bank and upbraids the manager for his gout and lack of money. In another, a father takes his son to a house where he will be initiated into the mysteries of sex, only to relent at the last moment and leave the boy more perplexed than ever. In another sketch, a crafty seducer goes to work on a wedded woman, only to realize that the woman has been in command from the first overture. Let us not forget the classic tale of a man who offers to drown himself for three rubles. The stories are droll, the portraits affectionate, the humor infectious and the fun unending.
"A great deal of warmth and humor in his retelling of these Chekhovian tales." - Newhouse Newspapers
"There is much fun here. Mr. Simon's comic fancy is admirable." -The New York Times
Characters
Neil Simon
American playwright and screenwriter Neil Simon is widely regarded as one of the most successful, prolific and performed playwrights in the world. In addition toLost In Yonkers, which won a Tony Award and Pulitzer Prize, his plays and musicals include Come Blow Your Horn, Little Me, Barefoot in the Park, The Odd Couple, Sweet Charity, The Star-Spangled Girl, Plaza Suite, Promises, Promises, Last ... view full profile
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Add your review
Daryl Halter 24/04/2015 08:26
Just a wonderful show. Can be done with as little as 5 people but I will be using about 15 in my production at the end of June. Easy to stage with full set or just a piece set (what I'll be doing). Costuming with period is the only challenge/expense. Great for a large venue but I will stage it in a small intimate setting with only 100 seats available, I feel it is better this way as there are places where actors break the 4th wall and directly address the audience. :) I can't wait for opening night!
Kathryn Peterson 09/12/2014 19:04
Neil Simon has done an incredibly fine job of creating three dimentional characters in a smoothly crafted set of senarios that ring true in 2014 as well as anytime. The author has given the production crew the latitude to make the entire play simple or complex. If a theatre company has adequate funds to invest in fancy and elaborate costumes, that would be a great challange. Those of us with limited funds need to be creative in both costuming and sets. I can hardly wait to cast this play and get into rehearsals.
Linda Perrenoud 22/04/2014 12:42
The numerous scenes allow the actors to stretch their talents as they portray various characters. The script is funny; the set can be simple; and the costume period is gorgeous.
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In Greek myth who was the leader of the Titans, who overthrew his father Uranus and was then overthrown by his son Zeus? | Zeus VS. Cronus
Zeus VS. Cronus
A myth submitted to the site by Megan F.
Every family fights, for instance “The Kardashians,” but not as rough as Zeus and Cronus. In Greek Mythology siblings fight, even children and parents. In Greek Myths Cronus ruled over the Titans until Zeus came in and overthrew him. Zeus and Cronus are similar by how they both punished people and both overthrew their dads; they are different by how Zeus has never been defeated and Cronus has and Cronus had to eat his children to stay powerful (but it didn’t work) and Zeus didn’t have to do that to stay ruler.
Zeus and Cronus are similar by how they both punished people. Zeus punished people for lying and breaking oaths. Zeus had a very hard time to trust people, so when they did break his trust he would do something to them because he felt like it was what he should do. “He (Zeus) is also known to punish those that lie or break oaths”(Greek Mythology). Whereas, he did that to show how much he disliked liars and people who were untrustworthy. Cronus punished people to stay ruler of the Titans. Cronus was one of the 12 Titans and his father, Uranus, sent all of them away so he could stay ruler. Gaia asked her children to help her overthrow her husband. “...so she asked the twelve Titans for a volunteer to help her out. Only Cronus was brave enough… Once castrated, Uranus was no longer fit to rule… The rule to Cronus… who then freed his siblings from the Underworld… But soon re-imprisoned them” (Ancient History). Thus, he punished people because he felt like that was the way to show people that he is not a person you want to mess with. Therefore, since they both punished people they are similar in some ways.
Zeus and Cronus are similar by how they both overthrew their dads. Zeus overthrew his dad, Cronus, because his mother asked him to. “When he grew up Zeus would revolt against Cronus and the other Titans, defeat them, and banish them to Tartarus in the underworld” (Greek Mythology). Much less, Zeus defeated Cronus and the Titans to become ruler. Cronus overthrew his father because his mom told him to also. “Cronus was the ruling Titan who came to power by castrating his father, Uranus” (Ancient History). As a result, Cronus overthrew his father because his father was a horrible ruler and his mother wanted to get back at him for sending her children away. Therefore, since they both overthrew their fathers they are similar in that way.
Zeus and Cronus are different by how Zeus has never been defeated and Cronus has. Zeus never got defeated because he was a strong and a tremendous ruler. “The Titan War in which he overthrew the Titanes and imprisoned them in Tartaros. His battle with Typhoeus, a hundred headed, monstrous giant who attempted to capture heaven. The War of the Giants who attempted to storm Olympos but were slain by Zeus and the gods” (Theoi). Yet, in all of those battles he was never defeated because he was powerful and smart. Cronus was defeated by his son, Zeus. “The war was long and bloody and they all fought ferociously. The war finally ended when the three brothers cornered Cronus” (Gods and Goddess). In fact, Zeus was told to defeat his father because he was a terrible ruler and his mother said to. Therefore, they are different by how Zeus has never lost and Cronus has, by his own son.
Zeus and Cronus are different by how Cronus had to eat his children to ensure his safety, but Zeus didn't have to do that much. Zeus was powerful enough to stay ruler without having to do much because he was a amazing ruler. “Zeus was ever multi-faced and ever intriguing in his rule” (Gods and Goddess). Furthermore, that means that he would do whatever it takes to stay ruler, but he wouldn't eat somebody. Cronus had to eat his children to stay powerful because a prophecy said his children would overthrow him. “To ensure safety Cronus ate each of his children as they were born” (Greek Mythology). Thus proving, he “had” to eat them to stay powerful because he was nervous he wouldn't rule anymore if he didn't eat them. Therefore, Zeus and Cronus are different by how they said they had to stay powerful.
In “The Lion King” Simba and Scar have a battle because of how he was ruling the land, and that is why Zeus and Cronus fought. Zeus and Cronus are different by how Zeus has never been defeated and Cronus has, by Zeus. They are also different by how Cronus had to eat his children and Zeus didn’t have to do a lot to stay powerful. Zeus and Cronus are similar by how they both overthrew their dads to become ruler. They are also similar by how they both punished people when they got mad at them. Zeus and Cronus have similarities and differences because they are father and son and they cannot always get along.
Bibliography
| Cronus |
'The Sarah Jane Adventures' was a spin-off from which t.v. programme? | Cronus - mythical fables
world myths > Greek mythology > mythic history > Greek pantheon >
Cronus
Cronus /ˈkroʊnəs/ or both Cronos and Kronos /ˈkroʊnɒs/ (Greek: Κρόνος [krónos]) was in Greek mythology the leader and the youngest of the first generation of Titans, the divine descendants of Uranus, the sky and Gaia, the earth. He overthrew his father and ruled during the mythological Golden Age, until he was overthrown by his own son Zeus and imprisoned in Tartarus.
Cronus was usually depicted with a Harpe, Scythe or a Sickle, which was the instrument he used to castrate and depose Uranus, his father. In Athens, on the twelfth day of the Attic month of Hekatombaion, a festival called Kronia was held in honour of Cronus to celebrate the harvest, suggesting that, as a result of his association with the virtuous Golden Age, Cronus continued to preside as a patron of harvest. Cronus was also identified in classical antiquity with the Roman deity Saturn.
In ancient myth recorded by Hesiod's Theogony, Cronus envied the power of his father, the ruler of the universe, Uranus. Uranus drew the enmity of Cronus' mother, Gaia, when he hid the gigantic youngest children of Gaia, the hundred-handed Hecatonchires and one-eyed Cyclopes, in the Tartarus, so that they would not see the light. Gaia created a great stone sickle and gathered together Cronus and his brothers to persuade them to castrate Uranus.
Only Cronus was willing to do the deed, so Gaia gave him the sickle and placed him in ambush. When Uranus met with Gaia, Cronus attacked him with the sickle, castrating him and casting his testicles into the sea. From the blood that spilled out from Uranus and fell upon the earth, the Gigantes, Erinyes, and Meliae were produced. The testicles produced a white foam from which the goddess Aphrodite emerged.[2] For this, Uranus threatened vengeance and called his sons Titenes (Τιτῆνες; according to Hesiod meaning "straining ones," the source of the word "titan", but this etymology is disputed) for overstepping their boundaries and daring to commit such an act. (In an alternate version of this myth, a more benevolent Cronus overthrew the wicked serpentine Titan Ophion. In doing so, he released the world from bondage and for a time ruled it justly.)
After dispatching Uranus, Cronus re-imprisoned the Hecatonchires, and the Cyclopes and set the dragon Campe to guard them. He and his sister Rhea took the throne of the world as king and queen. The period in which Cronus ruled was called the Golden Age, as the people of the time had no need for laws or rules; everyone did the right thing, and immorality was absent.
Cronus learned from Gaia and Uranus that he was destined to be overcome by his own sons, just as he had overthrown his father. As a result, although he sired the gods Demeter, Hestia, Hera, Hades and Poseidon by Rhea, he devoured them all as soon as they were born to prevent the prophecy. When the sixth child, Zeus, was born Rhea sought Gaia to devise a plan to save them and to eventually get retribution on Cronus for his acts against his father and children. (Another child Cronus is reputed to have fathered is Chiron, by Philyra.)
Painting by Peter Paul Rubens of Cronus devouring one of his children, Poseidon
Rhea secretly gave birth to Zeus in Crete, and handed Cronus a stone wrapped in swaddling clothes, also known as the Omphalos Stone, which he promptly swallowed, thinking that it was his son.
Rhea kept Zeus hidden in a cave on Mount Ida, Crete. According to some versions of the story, he was then raised by a goat named Amalthea, while a company of Kouretes, armored male dancers, shouted and clapped their hands to make enough noise to mask the baby's cries from Cronus. Other versions of the myth have Zeus raised by the nymph Adamanthea, who hid Zeus by dangling him by a rope from a tree so that he was suspended between the earth, the sea, and the sky, all of which were ruled by his father, Cronus. Still other versions of the tale say that Zeus was raised by his grandmother, Gaia.
Once he had grown up, Zeus used an emetic given to him by Gaia to force Cronus to disgorge the contents of his stomach in reverse order: first the stone, which was set down at Pytho under the glens of Mount Parnassus to be a sign to mortal men, and then his two brothers and three sisters. In other versions of the tale, Metis gave Cronus an emetic to force him to disgorge the children, or Zeus cut Cronus' stomach open. After freeing his siblings, Zeus released the Hecatonchires, and the Cyclopes who forged for him his thunderbolts, Poseidon's trident and Hades' helmet of darkness.
In a vast war called the Titanomachy, Zeus and his brothers and sisters, with the help of the Hecatonchires, and Cyclopes, overthrew Cronus and the other Titans. Afterwards, many of the Titans were confined in Tartarus, however, Atlas, Epimetheus, Menoetius, Oceanus and Prometheus were not imprisoned following the Titanomachy. Gaia bore the monster Typhon to claim revenge for the imprisoned Titans.
Accounts of the fate of Cronus after the Titanomachy differ. In Homeric and other texts he is imprisoned with the other Titans in Tartarus. In Orphic poems, he is imprisoned for eternity in the cave of Nyx. Pindar describes his release from Tartarus, where he is made King of Elysium by Zeus. In another version[citation needed], the Titans released the Cyclopes from Tartarus, and Cronus was awarded the kingship among them, beginning a Golden Age. In Virgil's Aeneid[citation needed], it is Latium to which Saturn (Cronus) escapes and ascends as king and lawgiver, following his defeat by his son Jupiter (Zeus).
One other account referred by Robert Graves (who claims to be following the account of the Byzantine mythographer Tzetzes) it is said that Cronus was castrated by his son Zeus just like he had done with his father Uranus before. However the subject of a son castrating his own father, or simply castration in general, was so repudiated by the Greek mythographers of that time that they suppressed it from their accounts until the Christian era (when Tzetzes wrote).
In a Libyan account related by Diodorus Siculus (1st century BC), Cronus or Saturn, son of Uranus and Titea, is said to have reigned over Italy, Sicily, and Northern Africa. He cites as evidence the heights in Sicily that were in his time known as Cronia. Cronus, joined by the Titans, makes war against and eventually defeats his brother Jupiter, who reigns in Crete, and his brother-in-law Hammon, who reigns at Nysa, an island on the river Triton, somewhere in Africa.
Cronus takes his sister Rhea from Hammon, to be his own wife. Cronus in turn is defeated by Hammon's son Bacchus or Dionysus, who appoints Cronus' and Rhea's son, Jupiter Olympus, as governor over Egypt. Bacchus and Jupiter Olympus then join their forces to defeat the remaining Titans in Crete, and on the death of Bacchus, Jupiter Olympus inherits all the kingdoms, becoming lord of the world. (Diodorus, Book III)
Cronus is again mentioned in the Sibylline Oracles, particularly book three, which makes Cronus, 'Titan' and Iapetus, the three sons of Uranus and Gaia, each to receive a third division of the Earth, and Cronus is made king over all. After the death of Uranus, Titan's sons attempt to destroy Cronus' and Rhea's male offspring as soon as they are born, but at Dodona, Rhea secretly bears her sons Zeus, Poseidon and Hades and sends them to Phrygia to be raised in the care of three Cretans. Upon learning this, sixty of Titan's men then imprison Cronus and Rhea, causing the sons of Cronus to declare and fight the first of all wars against them. This account mentions nothing about Cronus either killing his father or attempting to kill any of his children.
While the Greeks considered Cronus a cruel and tempestuous force of chaos and disorder, believing the Olympian gods had brought an era of peace and order by seizing power from the crude and malicious Titans, the Romans took a more positive and innocuous view of the deity, by conflating their indigenous deity Saturn with Cronus. Consequently, while the Greeks considered Cronus merely an intermediary stage between Uranus and Zeus, he was a larger aspect of Roman religion. The Saturnalia was a festival dedicated in his honour, and at least one temple to Saturn already existed in the archaic Roman Kingdom.
His association with the "Saturnian" Golden Age eventually caused him to become the god of "time", i.e., calendars, seasons, and harvests—not now confused with Chronos, the unrelated embodiment of time in general; nevertheless, among Hellenistic scholars in Alexandria and during the Renaissance, Cronus was conflated with the name of Chronos, the personification of "Father Time", wielding the harvesting scythe.
As a result of Cronus' importance to the Romans, his Roman variant, Saturn, has had a large influence on Western culture. The seventh day of the Judaeo-Christian week is called in Latin Dies Saturni ("Day of Saturn"), which in turn was adapted and became the source of the English word Saturday. In astronomy, the planet Saturn is named after the Roman deity. It is the outermost of the Classical planets (those that are visible with the naked eye).
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Give a year in the life of wood carver Grinling Gibbons? | Carving | Gibbons, Grinling | V&A Search the Collections
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Object Type
This wooden cravat is carved in imitation of Venetian needlepoint lace and is life size. It was made to demonstrate the carver's skill. Similar cravats appear in architectural decorative schemes associated with Gibbons. This piece was probably made to show and impress potential patrons.
People
The cravat belonged to Horace Walpole (1717-1797) who thought highly of Gibbons' work as a woodcarver. His family home, Houghton, Norfolk, included a room decorated with Gibbons' carving. Walpole thought that one of the ivory reliefs on his cabinet (W.52:1-1925) - that representing Judith with the head of Holofernes - was also carved by Gibbons although this attribution is not accepted today.
Place
Gibbons' cravat was displayed in the Tribune Room at Strawberry Hill with the Walpole Cabinet. It formed part of Horace Walpole's collection of special small objects. In 1769 Walpole wore the cravat to receive some distinguished French, Spanish and Portuguese visitors at his Twickenham home, Strawberry Hill.
Physical description
Cravat carved from limewood with raised and openwork carving, 24.1 x 20.9 x 5.1 cm. Carved in imitation of Venetian needle lace fashionable in the late seventeenth century and similar to those used in other schemes of carved decoration associated with Gibbons.
The lace represented would be a piece measuring 32 x 16.5 cm if it were laid flat.
Place of Origin
Gibbons, Grinling, born 1648 - died 1721 (maker)
Materials and Techniques
Limewood, with raised and openwork carving
Dimensions
Height: 24.1 cm, Width: 20.9 cm, Depth: 5.1 cm
Object history note
Made in London by Grinling Gibbons (born in Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 1648, died in London, 1721)
In the Description of Strawberry Hill, 1774, the cravat was in the Tribune and was identified as by Gibbons. In the 1784 edition it is described as 'a present from Mr. Grosvenor Bedford', who had given the cravat to Walpole by 1769.
Sold in the Strawberry Hill sale, 1842, day 15, lot 99, when it was bought by Miss Burdett Coutts for 9 guineas. Sold from the collection of the late Baroness Burdett-Coutts on 11 May 1922 by Christies (lot 345a). Bought by Read for £26.5. Given to the Victoria and Albert Museum in 1928 by the Hon. Mrs Walter Levy.
Descriptive line
Cravat, made of limewood with raised and openwork carving, by Grinling Gibbons, ca. 1690
Bibliographic References (Citation, Note/Abstract, NAL no)
Baker, Malcolm and Richardson, Brenda, eds. A Grand Design : The Art of the Victoria and Albert Museum. London: V&A Publications, 1997. 431 p., ill. ISBN 1851773088.
Snodin, Michael, ed., with the assistance of Cynthia Roman. Horace Walpole's Strawberry Hill. New Have and London: The Lewis Walpole Library, Yale University, Yale Center for British Art and the Victoria and Albert Museum, in association with Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-12574-0. Catalogue of the exhibition held at the The Yale Center for British Art, 2009 and the Victoria and Albert Museum, 2010, cat.167, fig. 116, pp. 316
Snodin, Michael, ed., with the assistance of Cynthia Roman. Horace Walpole's Strawberry Hill. New Have and London: The Lewis Walpole Library, Yale University, Yale Center for British Art and the Victoria and Albert Museum, in association with Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-12574-0. Catalogue of the exhibition held at the The Yale Center for British Art, 2009 and the Victoria and Albert Museum, 2010, cat. 167, p.86.
This object features in 'Out on Display: A selection of LGBTQ-related objects on display in the V&A', a booklet created by the V&A's LGBTQ Working Group. First developed and distributed to coincide with the 2014 Pride in London Parade, the guide was then expanded for the Queer and Now Friday Late that took place in February 2015.
Victoria & Albert Museum: Fifty Masterpieces of Woodwork (London, 1955), no. 30.
The Grinling Gibbons Cravat
Grinling Gibbons (1648-1721), was born in Rotterdam, of English extraction. At the age of fifteen years he came to England and attracted the attention of John Evelyn, who introduced him to Charles ll. He made a great reputation as a woodcarver, and was employed also to carry out extensive schemes of wall decoration, in which highly naturalistic ornament is carved and modelled with great dexterity and in extraordinary detail. No mere illusionist craftsman, he was gifted with a remarkable feeling for composition and arrangement. Gibbons was also a sculptor of distinction and this aspect of his activities has only lately been explored.
This model of a point-lace cravat in limewood is highly characteristic of a style in part derived from his Dutch antecedents in painting, carving and the other arts. It was formerly in the possession of Horace Walpole, and hung in the room at his house at Strawberry Hill, known as the ‘Tribune’. On 11th May, 1769, Walpole described to George Montagu how at a frolic of several days before he had received a number of distinguished foreign guests wearing the Grinling Gibbons cravat, in which ‘the art arrives even to deception', as well as a pair of embroidered gloves which had belonged to James I. Walpole added that ‘the French Servants stared and firmly believed this was the dress of an English Country gentleman.
When Walpole’s collection was dispersed in 1842 the carved cravat was bought by Miss Burdett-Coutts (later Baroness Burdett-Coutts) for a small sum. It remained in her house at No. 1 Stratton Street, until her death in 1906, when it was acquired by the late Hercules Read of the British Museum. At the sale of his collection in 1928 the cravat was purchased by the Hon. Mrs. Walter Levy (Mrs. Ionides), who gave it to the Museum.
English; late seventeenth century.
H. 9 ½ in., W. 8 ¼ in.
Labels and date
Such cravats, carved in imitation of Venetian needle-point lace, appear in several architectural schemes of carved decoration associated with Gibbons, notably at Petworth and Hackwood, but the virtuosity of this example makes it a unique survival. It belonged to Horace Walpole and was normally kept in the Tribune Room at Strawberry Hill. On 11 May 1769, he received some distinguished foreign visitors wearing the cravat and a pair of gloves which had belonged to James I: 'the French servants stared and firmly believed that this was the dress of an English country gentleman'. [pre May 2001]
British Galleries:
Walpole greatly admired the skilled carving of this cravat as a fine example of the work of the 17th century wood carver Grinling Gibbons. However, he was not above using it for a joke. In 1769 he described how he had received some distinguished foreign guests while wearing it: 'The French servants stared and firmly believed that this was the dress of an English country gentleman.' [27/03/2003]
Subjects depicted
| 1648 1721 |
Which Cuban boxer who won Olympic Gold medals in 1972, 1976 and 1980 died in June this year? | Grinling Gibbons: Baroque Wood-Carver, Rococo Sculptor
Grinling Gibbons
Stoning of St Stephen (1680)
Victoria & Albert Museum, London.
of the 17th Century.
Grinling Gibbons (1648-1721)
An unusual exponent of Baroque sculpture , which verges on the style of Rococo art , the Anglo-Dutch Baroque artist Grinling Gibbons worked in all media, including marble, stone and bronze, but above all he is famous for his virtuoso wood carving , notably the delicate still life limewood carvings of flowers, fruits, leaves, small animals, and cherubs, which he sculpted for Hampton Court Palace and St Paul's Cathedral. His wood-carvings rank among the finest 17th century decorative art in Europe. Employed as Master Wood Carver to the Crown, from the reign of King Charles II to that of King George I, Gibbons also collaborated with the architect Sir Christopher Wren in numerous projects of architectural decoration. Outstanding wooden sculptures by Gibbons can be seen in Windsor Castle, Blenheim Palace, Whitehall Palace, the library of Trinity College, Cambridge, and the National Trust's Petworth House. In addition, his bronze statue of King James II stands outside the National Gallery, London, and a marble font can be seen in St. James's, Piccadilly. His sculptural craftsmanship is exemplified by Woodcarving of a Cravat (1690, Victoria & Albert Museum, London). Gibbons is now regarded as one of the greatest sculptors in the field of decorative works.
EVOLUTION OF SCULPTURE
For details of the origins and
development of the plastic arts
Greatest Sculptures Ever .
Biography
Few details are known about the first twenty years of Grinling Gibbons' life. He was born in Rotterdam of English parents - his father may have been the Englishman Samuel Gibbons, who worked with the famous architect and designer Inigo Jones (1573-1652) - and he learned the art of sculpture during an apprenticeship with the Quellin family of master carvers, who taught him marble sculpture , as well as wood carving. By the time he moved to England in about 1667, he was already an outstanding wood-carver, well versed in the style of Baroque art from studying realistic fruit and flower images in paintings by Flemish Masters like Peter Paul Rubens , Jan Phillips van Thielen and Daniel Seghers.
Within four years of his arrival in England, Gibbons (now married) was "discovered" by the diarist and aristocrat John Evelyn, from whom he rented a cottage near Deptford in 1671. The latter interrupted him in the middle of carving an imitation of The Crucifixion by the Venetian master Tintoretto . Evelyn duly introduced him to Sir Christopher Wren and King Charles II, both of whom gave Gibbons a large number of commissions. A mere five years previously London had been destroyed in the Great Fire of 1666, so craftsmen with Gibbons' carving skills were in great demand. In 1672 he joined the Drapers Company and within a relatively short time he was running a busy workshop in Covent Garden, producing limewood carvings and stone sculpture for stately homes in and around the capital.
Wood Carvings in St Pauls Cathedral
A major commission given to Gibbons by Sir Christopher Wren was the choir stalls and organ case of St Paul's Cathedral. His work on the choir stalls is exquisite, and includes the Bishop's two thrones, and the seat of the Lord Mayor of London. Gibbons' workshop also completed the decoration of the original Choir Screen, parts of which can still be seen (following its dismantling in 1860), in the West End of the reorganised Choir Stalls, the South Transept Porch, and the Chapel of St Michael and St George. Gibbons executed numerous pieces of religious art for ecclesiastical organizations, and many fine examples of his work are still visible in the churches around London. He also completed a variety of projects for the King, notably in the Palace of Windsor. Individual works of art included the famous carved limewood panel, known as the Cosimo Panel, which Gibbons produced for Charles II as a gift to Grand Duke Cosimo III de Medici.
Royal Sculptor
By 1680, Gibbons' status had risen to the point that he became known as the "King's Carver" to Charles II (reigned 1660-85). He continued in Royal service as a sculptor for James II (1685-88), William III and Mary II (1689-94), William III (1694-1702), Queen Anne (1702-14) and George I (1714-27). Following Gibbons' successful redecoration of the State Apartments in 1693, William III gave him the title "Master Carver".
Gibbons' trademark carving was his limewood relief sculpture of fruit, flowers, foliage, fish, birds, small animals, and cherubs, to which he applied layers of lamination to give realism from every angle. These delicate clusters could be affixed or added to paneling, walls, chimneys, even furniture - especially in churches. Now acknowledged as the greatest of all English wood-carvers, his work had a huge impact on the development of interior design during the Golden Age of the English country house (c.1700-1850). Later decorative artists, such as the furntiture craftsman Thomas Chippendale, were especially influenced by Gibbons' work. He died in 1720, at the age of 72, and was buried in St Pauls Church, Covent Garden.
Note About Sculpture Appreciation
To learn how to judge artists like the English wood-carver Grinling Gibbons, see: How to Appreciate Sculpture . For later works, please see: How to Appreciate Modern Sculpture .
Woodcarvings by Grinling Gibbons
Examples of Gibbons' work survive at the following locations:
Hampton Court Palace
Includes the door-frames, cornices and frieze in the King's Bedroom, as well as numerous limewood festoons of flowers, leaves, fruits and other foliage, many of which are infused with symbolic meaning, with references to Classical mythology.
St Paul's Cathedral
Includes the choir stalls, the Bishop's thrones, and the Lord Mayor's seat.
St James's Church, Piccadilly
Includes a reredos ornamented with shell-festoons, as well as an organ case decorated with angels and putti.
Petworth House
Includes the famous Carved Room with its display of intricate wooden carvings by Gibbons, featuring birds, musical instruments, baskets of flowers, and other items.
Cambridge University
Trinity College's Library has bookcases ornamented by Gibbons.
Oxford University
Trinity College's Chapel contains a reredos executed in limewood and pearwood by Gibbons.
Other exemplary carvings by Gibbons can be seen at Dunham Massey and Lyme Park in Cheshire, Sudbury Hall in Derbyshire, and Belton House in Lincolnshire.
For the history and types of sculpture, see: Homepage .
For the evolution and development of the visual arts, see: History of Art .
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCULPTURE
| i don't know |
Who won the 1952 Pulitzer Fiction Prize for 'The Caine Mutiny'? | The Caine Mutiny Book Review - 1952 Pullitzer Prize
Publisher’s synopsis:
It was not a mutiny in the old-time sense, of course, with flashing cutlasses, a captain in chains, and desperate sailors turning outlaws. After all, it happened in 1944 in the United States Navy. But the court of inquiry recommended trial for mutiny, and the episode became known as ‘the Caine mutiny’ throughout the service.
Extract:
Look, Steve.Your trouble is the same as mine, except that I see through it. We’re civilians, free citizens, and it burns us to be treated as dumb slaves by these Queegs, who are the most colossal ignoramuses in the world except for their book. Don’t forget one thing. Right now, the book is all that matters, because of the war.
Reviews:
Good:
...is one of the best novels about the Second World War so far written by an American.
New York Times, Orville Prescott, 23rd March 1951
Not so good:
THERE should have been a "mutiny" on the U.S.S. Caine, an old-style destroyer converted to a minesweeper, if Herman Wouk's excruciatingly ludicrous and infuriating log of its voyages around the Pacific is accurate.
New York Times, Harry Gilroy, 18th March 1951
About the author
Herman Wouk was born May 27, 1915 in New York City, the son of Esther (née Levine) and Abraham Isaac Wouk. His family was Jewish and had emigrated from Russia. After a childhood and adolescence in the Bronx and a high school diploma from Townsend Harris High School, he earned a B.A. from Columbia University in 1934, where he was a member of the Pi Lambda Phi fraternity and studied under philosopher Irwin Edman.
Soon thereafter, he became a radio dramatist, working in David Freedman's "Joke Factory" and later with Fred Allen for five years and then, in 1941, for the United States government, writing radio spots to sell war bonds.
Wouk joined the United States Navy and served in the Pacific Theater, an experience he later characterized as educational; "I learned about machinery, I learned how men behaved under pressure, and I learned about Americans." Wouk served as an officer aboard two destroyer minesweepers (DMS), the USS Zane and USS Southard, becoming executive officer of the latter.
| Herman Wouk |
What is the title of the novelty song by 'Black Lace' which reached number two in 1984? | Pulitzer Prize for Fiction
Pulitzer Prize for Fiction
2008 The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao, Junot Diaz
2007 The Road, Cormac McCarthy
2006 March, Geraldine Brooks
2004 The Known World, Edward P. Jones
2003 Middlesex, Jeffrey Eugenides
2002 Empire Falls, Richard Russo
2001 The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay, Michael Chabon
2000 Interpreter of Maladies, Jhumpa Lahiri
1999 The Hours, Michael Cunningham
1998 American Pastoral, Philip Roth
1997 Martin Dressler: The Tale of an American Dreamer, Stephen Millhauser
1996 Independence Day, Richard Ford
1995 The Stone Diaries, Carol Shields
1994 The Shipping News, E. Annie Poulx
1993 A Good Scent from a Strange Mountain, Robert Olen Butler
1992 A Thousand Acres, Jane Smiley
1991 Rabbit at Rest, John Updike
1990 The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love, Oscar Hijuelos
1989 Breathing Lessons, Anne Tyler
1988 Beloved, Tony Morrison
1987 A Summons to Memphis, Peter Taylor
1986 Lonesome Dove, Larry McMurtry
1985 Foreign Affairs, Alison Lurie
1984 Ironweed, William Kennedy
1983 The Color Purple, Alice Walker
1982 Rabbit is Rich, John Updike
1981 A Confederacy of Dunces, John Kennedy Toole
1980 The Executioner's Song, Norman Mailer
1979 The Stories of John Cheever, John Cheever
1978 Elbow Room, James Alan McPherson
1977 No award
1976 Humboldt's Gift, Saul Bellow
1975 The Killer Angels, Michael Shaara
1974 No award
1973 The Optimist's Daughter, Eudora Welty
1972 Angle of Repose, Wallace Stegner
1971 No award
1970 Collected Stories, Jean Stafford
1969 House Made of Dawn, N. Scott Momaday
1968 The Confessions of Nat Turner, William Styron
1967 The Fixer, Bernard Malamud
1966 The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter, Katherine Anne Porter
1965 The Keepers of the House, Shirley Ann Grau
1964 No award
1963 The Reivers, Willian Faulkner
1962 The Edge of Sadness, Edwin O'Connor
1961 To Kill A Mockingbird, Harper Lee
1960 Advise and Concent, Allen Drury
1959 The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters, Robert Lewis Taylor
1958 A Death in the Family, James Agee
1957 No award
1955 A Fable, William Faulkner
1954 No award
1953 The Old Man and the Sea, Ernest Hemingway
1952 The Caine Mutiny, Herman Wouk
1951 The Town, Conrad Richter
1950 The Way West, A.B. Guthrie, Jr.
1949 Guard of Honor, James Gould Cozzens
1948 Tales of the South Pacific, James A. Michener
1947 All the King's Men, Robert Penn Warren
1946 No award
1945 A Bell for Adano, John Hersey
1944 Journey in the Dark, Martin Flavin
1943 Dragon's Teeth, Upton Sinclair
1942 In This Our Life, Ellen Glasgow
1941 No award
1940 The Grapes of Wrath, John Steinbeck
1939 The Yearling, Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings
1938 The Late George Apley, John P. Marquand
1937 Gone With the Wind, Margaret Mitchell
1936 Honey of the Horn, Harold L. Davis
1935 Now in November, Josephine Winslow Johnson
1934 Lamb in His Bosom, Caroline Miller
1933 The Store, T.S. Stribling
1932 The Good Earth, Pearl S. Buck
1931 Years of Grace, Margaret Ayer Barnes
1930 Laughing Gas, Oliver LaFarge
1929 Scarlet Sister Mary, Julia M. Peterkin
1928 The Bridge of San Luis Rey, Thornton Wilder
1927 Early Autumn, Louis Bromfield
1926 Arrowsmith, Sinclair Lewis
1925 So Big, Edna Ferber
1924 The Able McLaughlins, Margaret Wilson
1923 One of Ours, Willa Cather
1922 Alice Adams, Booth Tarkington
1921 The Age of Innocence, Edith Wharton
1920 No award
1919 The Magnificent Ambersons, Booth Tarkington
1918 His Family, Ernest Poole
| i don't know |
Who was the son of Darius and King of Persia from 486 to 465 BC? | Xerxes (reigned 486- 465 B.C.)
Xerxes (reigned 486- 465 B.C.)
Persian king (486-465 BC), the son and successor of Darius I. He is best known for his massive invasion of Greece from across the Hellespont (480 BC), a campaign marked by the battles of Thermopylae, Salamis, and Plataea. His ultimate defeat spelled the beginning of the decline of the Achaemenid Empire.
Accession to the throne
Xerxes was the son of Darius I and Atossa, daughter of Cyrus; he was the first son born to Darius after his accession to the throne. Xerxes was designated heir apparent by his father in preference to his elder brother Artabazanes. A bas-relief on the southern portico of a courtyard in the treasury of Persepolis, as well as the bas-reliefs on the east door of the tripylon (an ornamental stairway) depict him as the heir apparent, standing behind his father, who is seated on the throne. When his father died, in 486 BC, Xerxes was about 35 years old and had already governed Babylonia for a dozen years.
One of his first concerns upon his accession was to pacify Egypt, where a usurper had been governing for two years. But he was forced to use much stronger methods than had Darius: in 484 BC he ravaged the Delta and chastised the Egyptians. Xerxes then learned of the revolt of Babylon, where two nationalist pretenders had appeared in swift succession. The second, Shamash-eriba, was conquered by Xerxes' son-in-law, and violent repression ensued: Babylon's fortresses were torn down, its temples pillaged, and the statue of Marduk destroyed; this latter act had great political significance: Xerxes was no longer able to "take the hand of" (receive the patronage of) the Babylonian god. Whereas Darius had treated Egypt and Babylonia as kingdoms personally united to the Persian Empire (though administered as satrapies), Xerxes acted with a new intransigence. Having rejected the fiction of personal union, he then abandoned the titles of king of Babylonia and king of Egypt, making himself simply "king of the Persians and the Medes."
It was probably the revolt of Babylon, although some authors say it was troubles in Bactria, to which Xerxes alluded in an inscription that proclaimed:
And among these countries (in rebellion) there was one where, previously, daevas had been worshipped. Afterward, through Ahura Mazda's favour, I destroyed this sanctuary of daevas and proclaimed, "Let daevas not be worshipped!" There, where daevas had been worshipped before, I worshipped Ahura Mazda.
Xerxes thus declared himself the adversary of the daevas, the ancient pre-Zoroastrian gods, and doubtlessly identified the Babylonian gods with these fallen gods of the Aryan religion. The questions arise of whether the destruction of Marduk's statue should be linked with this text proclaiming the destruction of the daeva sanctuaries, of whether Xerxes was a more zealous supporter of Zoroastrianism than was his father, and, indeed, of whether he himself was a Zoroastrian. The problem of the relationship between the Achaemenid religion and Zoroastrianism is a difficult one, and some scholars, such as M. Mol�, have even thought that this is an improper posing of the question, that there were, rather, three different states of religion: a religion of strict observance, a royal religion as attested by the Achaemenid inscriptions, and the popular religion as described by the Greek historian Herodotus.
War against the Greeks
With the tranquillity of the empire reestablished, Xerxes would willingly have devoted himself to peaceful activities. But many of those around him were pressing for the renewal of hostilities. His cousin and brother-in-law Mardonius, supported by a strong party of exiled Greeks, incited him to take revenge for the affront that Darius had suffered at the hands of the Greeks at Marathon (490 BC). The impressionable Xerxes gave way to pressure from his entourage and threw himself into patient diplomatic and military preparations for war, which required three years to complete (484-481 BC). Herodotus notes that never before had such an effort been undertaken. Troops were levied in all the satrapies, and a navy, intended to be the army's supply line, was gathered. The care lavished on this enterprise shows that the King did not regard it as a minor operation.
There has been much later speculation on the real causes for the expedition. They could not have been economic, because Greece was not important then. Perhaps it was only the manifestation of a royal absolutism: Xerxes, whose character was later distorted in Greek legend, was neither foolish nor overly optimistic; although sensible and intelligent, he was nevertheless, according to G. Glotz,
a sovereign by divine right, to whom opposition was as annoying as sacrilege . . . nervous in temperament, fallen from youthful fire into indolence, incited to make a war he didn't like. . . .
At the head of his armies, he left Sardis for the Hellespont and had two boat bridges placed across the strait. A storm destroyed them, and Xerxes had the sea whipped as punishment. With the bridges remade, for seven days he oversaw the crossing of the army�5,000,000 men according to Herodotus and 360,000 by modern estimate, supported by 700 to 800 ships. Their passage was facilitated by a massive engineering works: a channel was dug across the Isthmus of Actium so that the peaks of Mount Athos might be avoided. Nevertheless, the army's size was of no help, partly because of misinformation about the enemy terrain and partly because of the appearance of a national feeling in Greece. After a few successes (e.g., Thermopylae, mid-August 480 BC), Xerxes occupied Attica and pillaged Athens on September 21, but on September 29, at Salamis, a naval battle that he had initiated turned into a defeat. Without a fleet to bring supplies to the army, he had to retreat; he crossed over into Asia, leaving Mardonius in Thessaly. During an indecisive battle near Plataea, on Aug. 27, 479, Mardonius was killed, and his death obliged the army of occupation to withdraw. Hostilities continued for 13 years, but thenceforth Xerxes involved himself only slightly.
Withdrawal to Persia
Soured by this failure, which modern historians consider the beginning of Achaemenian decline, Xerxes retired to Susa and Persepolis. He then furthered the depletion of the once-enormous resources he had gathered, through multiple taxation, by launching a vast construction program. At the capital city of Persepolis, Darius' architects, working from a unified plan of great scope, had already begun construction on a gigantic terrace of the Apadana (an audience hall), the Tripylon, a palace, and a treasury. When Xerxes became king, he had laid the enameled-brick facing on the exterior of the Apadana and finished his father's palace. Then he erected other monuments: his own palace, southeast of Darius' and similar to it in plan, and a mysterious building called the Harem by archaeologists�a line of small, identical rooms that may have been Xerxes' treasury. He also undertook construction of the Hall of a Hundred Columns, or Throne Room, but he was able to finish only the paving and the base of the walls (the walls themselves and the decoration of this gigantic hypostyle hall were the work of Artaxerxes I). These buildings marked an evolution toward the colossal and toward a style that was perhaps more pretentious than that typical of Darius' reign.
Little is known about the last years of Xerxes' life. After his reversal in Greece, he withdrew into himself and allowed himself to be drawn into harem intrigues in which he was, in fact, only a pawn: thus, he disposed of his brother's entire family at the demand of the queen. But in 465 he himself fell, together with his eldest son, under the blows of murderous members of his court, among them his minister Artabanus. Another son, Artaxerxes I, succeeded in retaining power. (Encyclopaedia Britannica Article)
Jean-Louis Huot
| Xerxes |
What name is given to Scottish mountains which are over 3000 feet? | Darius I - 510-486 BC | Armstrong Economics
Darius I
510-486 BC
Darius I, The Great was the son of the Persian noble Hystaspes who was a member of a royal Persian family, the Achaemenids. Darius I was born about 558 BC. Upon the death of King Cambyses II in 522 BC (his brother-in-law), Gaumata, a Magian priest, attempted to take the throne by pretending to be Smerdis, the brother of Cambyses II who was murdered about 523 BC. In 521, the battle for the throne of Persia came down to Darius I and Gaumata. In a heated battle, Gaumata was defeated and Darius I became king of Persia. He was married to Atossa, the daughter of Cyrus the Great and Atossa bore Darius a son and successor Xerxes I.
At first, Darius I spent much of his time suppressing rebellions, the most important of which occurred in Babylonia. By the third year of his reign, Darius I went about securing the borders and instituting major internal organizational reform in his Persian empire. A major component of his reforms was to reorganized the empire into 20 satrapies, which could then be controlled more effectively. Darius I also began a major building road program and organized a postal system. Darius I also instituted a major monetary reform adopting the bi-metal system of the Asia Minor Greeks. All of his reforms were aimed at promoting commerce and economic growth. As such, the Persian economy prospered and Darius I won the goodwill of the people in the process. Darius I was even honored by the Jews, whom he permitted to complete the rebuilding of the Temple at Jerusalem in 516 BC, due to the fact that he respected different religions.
Darius I also sought to expand the Persian Empire and as such conquered new territories along the Indus River in the east and in the Caucasus Mountains in the northeast. However, in 516 BC, Darius attempted the conquest of the tribes around the Danube River region but failed. In 499 BC, a rebellion broke out among the Ionian Greek cities in Asia Minor (Ionian Revolt), which was at least partly instigated by some of the mainland Greek cities. The Ionian Revolt was successfully suppressed in 493 BC, but it then placed Persia and Greece in direct conflict.
In 492 BC, Darius I launched an invasion of mainland Greece with an army under the command of Mardonius, his son-in-law. The Persians thus crossed the Bosporus and moved into Thrace. The invasion had to be abandoned because their supply ships were wrecked off Mount Athos, thus preventing the Persians from moving from Thrace into Greece itself. A second invasion of Greece was launched 2 years later. This time a major Persian force was sent under the joint command of Artaphernes, a nephew of Darius, and the Mede commander Datis. The Persian army invaded Greece from the north, but was defeated at the famous battle of Marathon, which resulted in the rise of Athens.
A third and final invasion was being prepared when Darius I died in 486 BC. Nonetheless, it would be his son Xerxes I (486-465 BC), who would carry out the greatest invasion of Greece in 480 BC, which marked perhaps the beginning of the end for the Persian empire. The Greek historian Herodotus gives as the combined strength of Xerxes’ land and naval forces the total number of 2,641,610 warriors. Xerxes crossed the Hellespont and moved into Thrace and then into Thessaly and Locris. At Thermopylae 300 Spartans made a courageously delayed the Persians for ten days. Xerxes then advanced into Attica and burned Athens. But at the Battle of Salamís, the Persian fleet was defeated and victory remained in the hands of the Greeks.
Note: Darius left a detailed account of his reign, inscribed in three languages on a towering rock. This Behistun Inscription, the first English transcription of which was complete in 1849, confirms many details of the life of Darius.
Monetary System
| i don't know |
In which country is the Sepang motor racing circuit? | MotoGP™
3018.37 ft.
About the circuit
Specifically built for speed and exciting racing, the Sepang International Circuit in Malaysia is one of the world’s best. The 2,300 acre complex which also houses a hotel, shopping centre, golf course and other sports facilities cost around £50m to construct and was built in just 14 months, holding its first Grand Prix in April 1999 and setting the standard for race circuits worldwide.
With four slow corners following two long straights and ten medium to high-speed corners, the wide track is particularly favourable to overtaking manoeuvres and plenty of open throttle. One of the longest laps in MotoGP is made all the more gruelling for riders by intense heat and humidity. Sepang is located around 50km south of Kuala Lumpur city.
| Malaysia |
Who painted 'The Light Of The World', the original being in Keble College, Oxford? | Formula 1 Case
I. Identification
1. The Issue
Malaysia is the first country in the South East Asia to have a Formula 1 track, second in Asia, with Japan being the first. Formula 1 is currently the third most watched live sporting event, second only to the Olympics and the World Cup. It is the most watched racing event in the world. In fact, Formula 1 brings in much needed revenues to the countries. Even America, is vying for the Formula 1 races, who recently just renovated the Bridgestone tracks to comply with the strict Formula 1 standards. Most important of all, the circuit brings in racing fans from all around the world. The sport will be a part of the tourist attraction in the country. Tourism has always contributed a large amount of Malaysia's revenue and has brought much of the foreign exchange. The Formula 1 Circuit has brought the country some relief from it recent economic crisis in the Mid 1997. However, things does not happen magically, rather it went through a lot of environmental changes to the area of Sepang, which was where the Formula 1 Circuit is located. With the increased influx of foreigners coming for the event, the Malaysian culture will be going through some changes, not only in terms of the auto racing but also influenced by foreign cultures.
2. Description
Background of Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) Project
Sepang International F1 Circuit is part of the Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) project, which was proposed in 1994. One might be surprise on how the SIC is part of the KLIA project. The KLIA project does not only own the Kuala Lumpur International Airport but also the Formula 1 racing circuit. The whole KLIA project is management by the Malaysia Airline Berhad. The KLIA project covers an area of 10,000 hectare, and is the first in the world to use the airport in the forest concept. It is located in a new township called Sepang, in the state of Selangor. Sepang was an agricultural land and it is 10 per cent of Selangor agricultural land. However things have changed, Sepang is now set to become Selangor�s No.1 economic growth center before the turn of the century. The once poorest district revolved around plantations and farming, would now see changes. Agricultural activities would make way for the massive economic developments planned and the sector would embark on a concentrated approach. According to Selangor�s former Mentri Besar, Tan Sri Muhammad Haji Muhammad Taib, the earnings of the farmers will be enhanced via modern equipment and methods. He also added that until end of 1992, plantation took up 43 per cent of the total land area while another 24 per cent were used for small holders and government reserve land. The Sepang district was also the Selangor state�s 10 per cent of the state�s total agricultural land. Some 2,000 hectares of land are being developed by private companies, federal and state government agencies for housing, tourism and hotels, small and medium scale industries, and commercial use. There are promotions of special airfare packages to promote the use of the new KLIA. This whole event will bring mutual benefits to both KLIA and SIC. (Singh: 1994)
Sepang F1 Circuit (SIC)
SIC is not just any ordinary racetrack. Instead, it will be a racing track with a veritable forest resort, complete with a peat swamp wetland botanical garden, a lake for water sports as well as orchards. The circuit is about 260ha, which started out in September 1997 and it was completed in 15 months. This circuit cost RM286 million and certainly has some quality as German outfit Tilke Engineering, who did the A1-ring circuit in Austria, built it.
See Table 1 for the circuit details. This circuit has the only double- frontage grandstand in the world, which is nearly a kilometer long. The grandstand is capable of taking in 30,000 spectators while its natural hillstand could accommodate some 100,000 spectators. Due to the fine design of the circuit, the visibility of the whole track is up to about 60 per cent for a spectator and this can only mean more involvement and excitement. The circuit offers the world best world-class facilities for riders in terms of garage and pitstops. There is also an operation theatre to handle minor surgery for injured drivers and this give the drivers� confidence over racing on the racetrack. The circuit is equipped with the state-of-the-art electronic systems including on-line, real-time tracking system for the racecars. It is also the first track in the world to install the electronic Marshall post. Because of its excellence, SIC was the first in the world to incorporate the F1 logo in its name in March 1999. Since SIC is built for the Formula 1 machines and could accommodate the motorbikes, it is regulated by many international regulatory bodies and has met all their requirements. Among these regulatory bodies are the International Motorcycle Federation (FIM) and the International Automobile Federation (FIA) . (Star Publications:1999)
Source : Malaysia Grand Prix
The Trade
Some of the greatest benefits of the Sepang F1 Circuit would be to gain international recognition and promotes Malaysia. Besides the publicity, such an event would draw, the country would benefit in many ways. For one, as the Prime Minister said, Malaysian could learn from the technology related to engine design and production. The nation could also learn to fabricate their own car transmission system and especially the engine. However the question of capability arises as Malaysia is a young country and the impact might be negative, if the technologies advance too fast, while its people are still ignorant. Will people in the future be wondering about the civilization, which Malaysians had experienced after seeing the Malaysian Petronas Twin Tower and the Sepang International F1 Circuit? They might be thinking that Malaysia was one of the most advanced countries with advance technologies in building but it was actually a disguise. Nevertheless, many are still convinced that the target is for SIC to bring in revenue from foreign countries.
Cost
There are some critics who felt that the SIC would not contribute to a healthier Malaysian economy. They said that it had burdened the country as RM286 million was invested on a racing track. Moreover it is undeniable that the Formula 1 and the Grand Prix are expensive sports. Each track that wishes to hold the GP will have to pay US$8 million (RM30.56 million) a race. Malaysia has bought the rights to be part of the World F1 GP for the next seven years. Malaysia Airports Berhad (MAB), the management for the SIC, have also signed a five-year contract with an additional five-year option to renew to host the World Formula One Championship from 1999 (Sapiee:1999). Some might say it is a guarantee that the SIC is a sound investment as contract are signed. However, it might be otherwise as the support for SIC might not be up to the expectations in generating revenues. Worst scenario which may happen is that SIC might be forced to operate due to the five-year contract even when it is running at a lost.
Revenue Generated
Although the sport is expensive but revenue generated by it is huge. Melbourne�s Sunday Herald Sun described the Formula One as that giant vacuum cleaner that sucks up money at an alarming rate but also brings in annual revenue of more than RM1 billion (US$261.78 million). For example, the Australian Grand Prix event, some RM40 million (US$10.47 million) has been invested in advertising and promotions, and marketing for the four-day event and at the same time the Melbourne business community were reported to have generated an income close to RM200 million (US$52.36 million). Even the official caterer for the Grand Prix made an access of RM20 million (US$5.24 million) in profit, catering to some 400,000 spectators who turned up throughout the four days. (New Straits Times: 1998).
Through ticket selling alone, the expected sales generated from just the grandstand tickets are about RM50 million (US$13.09 million). There is also some 60,000 three-days passes ranging from RM250 (US$66) and RM500 (US$131) for the natural stand surrounding the 5.542km-long circuit were also offered through several international ticketing agents in Europe. The SIC have ticketing agents in 22 countries. Among another 40,000 passes are some one-day passes, two-day passes and also some three-day passes being sold locally. Other than targeting the SIC to just the Formula 1, the circuit can also target other events like the Motorcycle Grand Prix held in April 1999. Although there has been a poor turnout rate at the Malaysian Motorcycle Grand Prix race, it was estimated to bring total earnings from the tickets and corporate suites amounted to about RM2.705 million. However the question of will the tickets sell always ring in our minds. No doubt the figures calculated might seemed possible but taking such a big risk is dangerous. Moreover, the FIA is interested in helping some other Asia countries in building their own circuits. Malaysia will have to compete with the other new circuits like Zhuhai Circuit in China (third in Asia). The Merdeka race, the Proton race series, Saturday night racing, and concerts are among the planned function, which may be held at SIC in the future. With its modern facilities, to attract foreign participants to use the pit facility at the circuit to store their racing vehicles would bring in some more revenues. Commercial companies that are interested to shoot advertisement at SIC will have to pay the rental of RM40,000 per day. There are other facilities like international go-kart track, four-wheel drive/motor-cross/rally circuit and the proposed motor sports theme park, which could help to generate more income. No doubt that they sound like some big money making schemes but there will also be heavy fixed operating cost incurred. This also increase burden to the SIC (Sapiee:1999).
Another great way to generate revenue was through broadcasting and advertising. The Formula 1 event was the second most watched after the Olympics in terms of followers. There are 2.5 billion people watching each of its 17 faces and research shows that 64 per cent of Formula 1 home viewer are in Asia. Broadcasting and advertising rights as the event was estimated to have reach 200 million people worldwide. But the race was televised live to 130 countries with an estimated 330 million viewers. For a good one and half-hour, all eyes will be on our country. If we work out the advertising cost of one minute on TV and multiply it by 90, we can get some idea of advertising value this circuit gives us. SIC will be able to bring in more sponsors as most of the tobacco companies are restricted from advertising in several European nations. This is true to some extend. The event have a lot of viewer, but the broadcasting rights are not controlled by the Malaysian government but by the FIA (Kumar:1999).
The Spillover
Tourism Industry
Apart from giving the country worldwide exposure, there will be spin-offs for the tourism industry. Tourism industry would greatly benefit from SIC. There will also be a lot of revenue generated for the advertising industry. Hospitality sector will improve their status, as the auto-racing events might bring in great effects of tourism into the country. It promotes the country not only as one of the tourist attraction but will also attract sport lovers from all over the world. The Malaysian Government has also aimed to attract some 30,000 tourists for the F1 Grand Prix. Malaysian race was among the cheapest as compared with the other Formula 1 races. Although the tickets might be expensive for some, but the current focus is to bring in tourists who could afford it into the country. There are tickets sold to the foreigners and most tickets are bought from countries like Singapore and Hong Kong. There are some upper-class people watching the race who are used to using helicopter around and have to source for the helicopters from Singapore and Hong Kong to meet up with the demand. More revenue was also expected from the 2,000 people who will travel with the F1 teams who would be racing in Sepang. There are 11 teams and each of them will bring between 150 and 220 people. These people would likely to become tourists. More than 100,000 people will flock to Sepang next October to watch the event and many of whom will be wealthy enthusiasts who will spend a lot of money. Hotel and the hospitality industry will benefit greatly from Formula One. Entertainment, accommodation and food for their staff (Sapiee:1999).
Technologies
British Government funded trade mission will explore Formula 1 business and technology possibilities in the region. They aimed to make Malaysia a regional center of excellence for motor sports with the cooperation of British motors ports industry. With the purchase of Lotus by Proton and with the collaboration of Petronas with Sauber, Malaysia is keen to improve its automotive industry through motor sports. This is also one way to encourage the growth of car industry and motor sports in the country. It might also give birth to new potential athletes in motor sports racing. However it does not only benefits the country as a center for motor sports development center but also the region as it is cheaper for foreign teams to base themselves here. The circuit would also complement the rapidly growing automotive industry and the need for research and development center. Malaysia�s aim is to be able to develop their own Formula 1 engine so that they would not depend on other for the technology. The aim was also collaborated with Malaysia�s other investment in engine, Lotus, as mentioned in the above. The Malaysian petroleum company, Petronas could also benefit in participating in Formula One racing. It could, for instance, research and develop its own lubricants, which would surely add to the bottom line of the company (Yunos:1998).
Environment Effects
Despite all the benefits from the SIC, there are several undeniable impacts it has on the environment. First of all, there has been some deforestation going on like cutting down the trees especially the palm oil trees as the district used to be palm oil estates. According to the Bank Negara (National Bank) Malaysia Annual Report 1998 , palm oil industry is the second major foreign earner bringing in a total revenue of RM17.8 billion, and followed by the tourism industry with RM9.3 billion. Palm oil is clearly seen as more dominant as compared to the tourism industry. The question that people have in mind is that since palm oil industry is bringing more revenue into the country, so why would Malaysian government wants to turn the palm oil estates into the KLIA project and by the amount of tourist the formula one is bringing in, it might not be able to justify the losses of the palm oil estate? The Malaysian government is not going to just cut down the palm oil trees and not be bothered but vice versa. They had reallocated them to other government lands in other states in Malaysia. Moreover the 10,000-hectare of palm oil only made up very small percentage of the total Malaysian palm oil lands therefore the impact was minimal. On top of that, through modernization, the Selangor State gained as well as now Sepang district is the biggest revenue earner for the state and it will also bring in international recognition to the country. Opportunity cost of using the land for Formula 1 project instead of oil palm are not excessive. The prices for oil palm has dropped and in terms of monetary, the palm oil industry was losing. Nevertheless, the prices were quoted in US Dollars and between the exchange of Ringgit and US Dollars, the price conversions were more favorable for the Palm Oil industry. The prices dropped were also caused by the increasing competition by other third world countries. It became the buyers' market whereby the buyers can have a better bargain.
Source: Bank Negara Annual Report 1998
Secondly, land proposed for the project has to be cleared to make way for the new development. People are worried about the lack of oxygen level in the air as it involved 10,000- hectare of land (SIC - 260-hectare). The Malaysian government has already reallocated some amount of palm oil trees to be planted in other government lands therefore the oxygen level will still be at a safe level. Although this process of replanting the palm oil trees might take some time, nevertheless government has not overlooked this problem and taken step to prevent it. Moreover, the Malaysian government is not moving its goal away from palm oil. In fact, they planned to expand the total area of the palm oil industry. Refer to the table 2 below . Inspite of the economic slowdown and the price decreased for oil palm, the Malaysian palm oil industry has experienced a remarkable achievement in 1998 (http:\\www.mpopc.org.my\overview.htm:1999).
3,078,116
Source : Department of Statistics, Malaysia : 1975 to 1984
The new development will mean more pollution, flood problems and erosion. The local population are concerned that their health will be jeopardized by there recent increase of development.
This issue made the government to increase the control on the development projects along the riverbanks and reserves in the Sepang district. The move, stated in the Draft Structure Plan for Sepang District 1995 to 2010, will prevent flood problems, erosion and pollution in the district.
Click here for the measures taken. The case of Ulu Kelang Tower in Kuala Lumpur, which collapsed in 1994, had opened the eyes of many. The incident was caused by soil erosion, which is due to not upkeeping the land areas around it properly. This was one of the main factors why the Highland Tower collapsed.
Once development for the Sepang district is approved, although proper land survey and land upkeeping are important, the procedure might not be followed closely by the developers. This will lead to the land pollution and soil erosion.
As there is a river flowing through the Sepang District, construction workers might just dump the waste into the river, if measures are not taken to avoid this. Health issues for the local occupants will occur due to this dumping of waste or construction waste into the river.
Cultural Effects
As it changes the environment from agricultural base to a new developed town, cultures of the people living in the 10,000-hectare of land changed. The palm oil estate workers were moved from the Sepang district to other palm oil estate to work. Palm oil estate workers were the ones, whom were mostly displaced and reallocated to some other government lands. Some have stayed there many years but was forced to leave the district. However this is not such a bad picture as they still hold a job as palm oil estate workers. But to some others who does not want to move from Sepang district will face unemployment. Even though there are a lot of job opportunities since so much of development has happened, they will have to face with re-skilling themselves.
Secondly, with so much of developments in Sepang district, which once lack of modern facilities has now changed. Examples are more schools for the children�s education, better hospital facilities, and more job opportunities. The Sepang District Council plans to provide more-trading opportunities for residents by building a two-hectare Sunday market and a RM3 million hawker center. The wet market will be expanded to accommodate more farmers to market their produce.
Thirdly, with so much of foreign sponsors coming in especially through advertising, many people are going to be influenced. People�s beliefs or principles might be affected if method of advertising is not appropriate. Furthermore most of the Formula 1 fans are from western countries and the Malaysian will get too much exposure from the western cultures and values. This does not imply that the western cultures and values are negative but rather does not fit into the way of life of the Malaysian cultures. This might created what is called the generation gap between the younger generations and the older generations as the younger generations are influenced by western cultures while the older generations are by the traditional Malaysian cultures.
With the Formula 1 circuit near to home, there will be more Malaysian or Southeast Asian car racers born. Like Malaysian�s very own Alex Yoong, he had just gotten himself into the F-3000 races. However his main aim was the Formula 1 racing and with the SIC, his chances of fulfilling his dreams seemed possible.
Other Issues
There are also others issues which is of concern like the land sales in Sepang district. The palm oil estates in Sepang district were given to the palm oil estate owners through the New Development Plan. These landowners are free to sell their lands, as they want. However many landowners in Sepang and its neighboring area have been duped into selling their land after being led to believe that these properties have been gazetted for acquisition by the State Government. The landowners have sold their land for only RM20,000 per acre when the price could go as high as between RM100,000 and RM120,000 per acre when the land is fully developed in a few year�s time.
For Further Information on Sepang International Circuit and the Formula 1 tickets
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Xerxes led the Persian forces at the Battle of Thermopylae in 480 BC. His enemy was an alliance of the Greek city-states led by Leonidas. Of which city-state was he king? | Leonidas - Ancient History - HISTORY.com
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Training as a Hoplite
Leonidas was the son of the Spartan king Anaxandrides (died c. 520 B.C.). He became king when his older half-brother Cleomenes I (also a son of Anaxandrides) died under violent, and slightly mysterious, circumstances in 490 B.C. without having produced a male heir.
Did You Know?
The Thermopylae pass was also the site of two other ancient battles. In 279 B.C., Gallic forces broke through Greek forces there by using the same alternate route that the Persians did in 480 B.C. In 191 B.C., the Roman army defeated an invasion of Greece by the Syrian king Antiochus III at Thermopylae.
As king, Leonidas was a military leader as well as a political one. Like all male Spartan citizens, Leonidas had been trained mentally and physically since childhood in preparation to become a hoplite warrior. Hoplites were armed with a round shield, spear and iron short sword. In battle, they used a formation called a phalanx, in which rows of hoplites stood directly next to each other so that their shields overlapped with one another. During a frontal attack, this wall of shields provided significant protection to the warriors behind it. If the phalanx broke or if the enemy attacked from the side or the rear, however, the formation became vulnerable. It was this fatal weakness to the otherwise formidable phalanx formation that proved to be Leonidas’ undoing against an invading Persian army at the Battle of Thermopylae in 480 B.C.
Xerxes and the Persian Invasion
Ancient Greece was made up of several hundred city-states, of which Athens and Leonidas’ Sparta were the largest and most powerful. Although these many city-states vied with one another for control of land and resources, they also banded together to defend themselves from foreign invasion. Twice at the beginning of the fifth century B.C., Persia attempted such an invasion. In 490 B.C. the Persian king Darius I (550-486 B.C.) instigated the initial such attempt as part of the First Persian War, but a combined Greek force turned back the Persian army at the Battle of Marathon . Ten years later, during the Second Persian War, one of Darius’ sons, Xerxes I (c. 519-465 B.C.), again launched an invasion against Greece.
Battle of Thermopylae
Under Xerxes I, the Persian army moved south through Greece on the eastern coast, accompanied by the Persian navy moving parallel to the shore. To reach its destination at Attica, the region controlled by the city-state of Athens, the Persians needed to go through the coastal pass of Thermopylae (or the “Hot Gates,” so known because of nearby sulfur springs). In the late summer of 480 B.C., Leonidas led an army of 6,000 to 7,000 Greeks from many city-states, including 300 Spartans, in an attempt to prevent the Persians from passing through Thermopylae.
Leonidas established his army at Thermopylae, expecting that the narrow pass would funnel the Persian army toward his own force. For two days, the Greeks withstood the determined attacks of their far more numerous enemy. Leonidas’ plan worked well at first, but he did not know that there was a route over the mountains to the west of Thermopylae that would allow the enemy to bypass his fortified position along the coast. A local Greek told Xerxes about this other route and led the Persian army across it, enabling them to surround the Greeks. Much of the Greek force retreated rather than face the Persian army. An army of Spartans, Thespians and Thebans remained to fight the Persians. Leonidas and the 300 Spartans with him were all killed, along with most of their remaining allies. The Persians found and beheaded Leonidas’ corpse–an act that was considered to be a grave insult.
After the Battle
Leonidas’ sacrifice, along with that of his Spartan hoplites, did not prevent the Persians from moving down the Greek coast into Boeotia. In September 480 B.C., however, the Athenian navy defeated the Persians at the Battle of Salamis, after which the Persians returned home. Nonetheless, Leonidas’ action demonstrated Sparta’s willingness to sacrifice itself for the protection of the Greek region.
Leonidas achieved lasting fame for his personal sacrifice. Hero cults were an established custom in ancient Greece from the eighth century B.C. onward. Dead heroes were worshipped, usually near their burial site, as intermediaries to the gods. Forty years after the battle, Sparta retrieved Leonidas’ remains (or what were believed to be his remains) and a shrine was built in his honor.
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At which circuit in Italy was the San Marino Grand Prix staged? | Persian Battle of Thermopylae Summary (300 Movie)
Updated August 08, 2016.
What Was Thermopylae and What Was the Battle at Thermopylae?:
Thermopylae (lit. "hot gates") was a pass the Greeks tried to defend in battle against the Persian forces led by Xerxes , in 480 B.C. The Greeks (Spartans and allies) knew they were outnumbered and hadn't a prayer, so it was no surprise that the Persians won the Battle of Thermopylae.
The Spartans who led the defense were all killed, and they may have known in advance that they would be, but their courage provided inspiration to the Greeks. Had the Spartans and allies avoided what was in essence a suicide mission, many Greeks might have willingly medized* (become Persian sympathizers). At least that is what the Spartans feared. Although Greece lost at Thermopylae, the following year they won battles fought against the Persians.
Persians Attack the Greeks at Thermopylae:
Xerxes' fleet of Persian ships had sailed along the coastline from northern Greece into the Gulf of Malia on the eastern Aegean Sea towards the mountains at Thermopylae.
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The Greeks faced the Persian army at a narrow pass there that controlled the only road between Thessaly and Central Greece . Spartan King Leonidas was general in charge of the Greek forces that tried to restrain the vast Persian army, to delay them, and keep them from attacking the rear of the Greek navy, which was under Athenian control. Leonidas may have hoped to block them long enough that Xerxes would have to sail away for food and water.
Ephialtes and Anopaia:
Spartan historian Kennell says no one expected the battle to be as short as it was. After the Carnea festival, more Spartan soldiers were to arrive and help defend Thermopylae against the Persians. Unfortunately for Leonidas , after a couple of days, a medizing traitor named Ephialtes led the Persians around the pass running behind the Greek army, thereby squashing the remote chance of Greek victory. The name of Ephialtes' path is Anopaea (or Anopaia). Its exact location is debated.
Leonidas sent away most of the amassed troops.
Greeks Fight the Immortals:
On the third day, Leonidas led his 300 Spartan hoplite elite troops (selected because they had living sons back home), plus their Boeotia n allies from Thespiae and Thebes, against Xerxes and his army, including the "10,000 Immortals." The Spartan-led forces fought this unstoppable Persian force to their deaths, blocking the pass long enough to keep Xerxes and his army occupied while the rest of the Greek army escaped.
The Aristeia of Dieneces:
Aristeia relates to both virtue and the reward given the most honored soldier. In the Battle at Thermopylae, Dieneces was the most honored Spartan. According to Spartan scholar Paul Cartledge, Dieneces was so virtuous that when told there were so many Persian archers that the sky would grow dark with the flying missiles, he replied laconically: "So much the better -- we shall fight them in the shade." Spartan boys were trained in night raids, so although this was a show of bravery in the face of countless enemy weapons, there was more to it.
A Bit About Themistocles:
Themistocles was the Athenian in charge of the Athenian naval fleet that was nominally under the command of the Spartan Eurybiades . Themistocles had persuaded the Greeks to use the bounty from a newly discovered vein of silver at its mines at Laurium to build a naval fleet of 200 triremes . When some of the Greek leaders wanted to leave Artemisium before the battle with the Persians, Themistocles bribed and bullied them into staying. His behavior had consequences: Some years later, his fellow Athenians ostracized the heavy-handed Themistocles .
The Corpse of Leonidas:
There is a story that after Leonidas died, the Greeks tried to retrieve the corpse by means of a gesture worthy of the Myrmidons trying to rescue Patroclus in the Iliad XVII . It failed. The Thebans surrendered; the Spartans and Thespians retreated and were shot by Persian archers. The body of Leonidas may have been crucified or beheaded on Xerxes' orders. It was retrieved about 40 years later.
Aftermath:
The Persians, whose naval fleet had already suffered seriously from storm damage, then (or simultaneously) attacked the Greek fleet at Artemisium, with both sides suffering heavy losses. According to the Greek historian Peter Green, the Spartan Demaratus (on Xerxes' staff) recommended splitting the navy and sending part to Sparta , but the Persian navy had been too heavily damaged to do so -- fortunately for the Greeks.
In September of 480, aided by northern Greeks, the Persians marched on Athens and burned it to the ground, but it had been evacuated.
More on the Persian Wars:
The Spartans, by Paul Cartledge .
"Leonidas' Decision," by R. Hope Simpson. Phoenix, Vol. 26, No. 1. (Spring, 1972), pp. 1-11.
Dating the Battle of Thermopylae
"Herodotus and the Dating of the Battle of Thermopylae," by Kenneth S. Sacks. The Classical Quarterly, New Series, Vol. 26, No. 2. (1976), pp. 232-248.
"New Light on Thermopylai," by W. Kendrick Pritchett. American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 62, No. 2. (Apr., 1958), pp. 203-213.
* Medize comes from the word Mede, the name many Greeks used for the Persians. The Persian king accepted as supporters peoples who offered him earth and water. The significance of these gifts is debated, but it signaled acceptance of the superiority of the Persian king. In 507/6, an Athenian delegation may have offered these gifts to the nearest Persian satrap, Artaphrenes, in Sardis, according to Peter Krentz in The Battle of Marathon.
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Which Pre-Raphaelite painted 'Ophelia', which can be seen in Tate Britain? | Pre-Raphaelite | Tate
Pre-Raphaelite
Introduction to the Pre-Raphaelite movement
1 of 8
Sir John Everett Millais, Bt
Ophelia 1851-2
Ecce Ancilla Domini! (The Annunciation) 1849-50
Oil on canvas
support: 724 x 419 mm
frame: 1002 x 698 x 88 mm
Purchased 1886
support: 762 x 559 mm
frame: 1060 x 857 x 97 mm
Presented by Sir Colin and Lady Anderson through the Friends of the Tate Gallery 1976
Sir Edward Coley Burne-Jones, Bt
The Golden Stairs 1880
support: 2692 x 1168 mm
frame: 3162 x 1637 x 122 mm
Bequeathed by Lord Battersea 1924
support: 622 x 933 mm
frame: 905 x 1205 x 132 mm
Bequeathed by Charles Gent Clement 1899
support: 718 x 502 mm
frame: 960 x 755 x 61 mm
Bequeathed by Miss May Morris 1939
support: 1251 x 610 mm
frame: 1605 x 930 x 85 mm
Presented by W. Graham Robertson 1940
The Lady of Shalott 1888
Oil on canvas
support: 1530 x 2000 mm
frame: 2000 x 2460 x 230 mm
Presented by Sir Henry Tate 1894
View the main page for this artwork
The name Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood referred to the groups’ opposition to the Royal Academy’s promotion of the Renaissance master Raphael. They were also in revolt also against the triviality of the immensely popular genre painting of time.
Inspired by the theories of John Ruskin , who urged artists to ‘go to nature’, they believed in an art of serious subjects treated with maximum realism . Their principal themes were initially religious, but they also used subjects from literature and poetry, particularly those dealing with love and death. They also explored modern social problems.
Its principal members were William Holman Hunt , John Everett Millais , and Dante Gabriel Rossetti . After initial heavy opposition the Pre-Raphaelites became highly influential, with a second phase of the movement from about 1860, inspired particularly by the work of Rossetti, making major contribution to symbolism.
This exhibition, which was on display at Tate Britain in 2012, presented the Pre-Raphaelites as an avant-garde movement. Read the room guide and see which works were on display
Pre-Raphaelite works in focus
Ophelia learning resource
John Everett Millais’s Ophelia 1851–2 was part of the original Henry Tate Gift in 1894 and remains one of the most popular Pre-Raphaelite works in Tate’s collection. Use this learning resource to examine the work in detail including the subject, meaning and symbolism in the painting, Millais materials and techniques as well as the conservation of the artwork and an introduction to the artist.
Isabella
Curator Jason Rosenfeld reveals the story behind John Everett Millais’s painting Isabella (which was on loan to Tate Britain from the Walker Art Gallery in 2012).
Watch more videos about the Pre-Raphaelites
The Pre-Raphaelites in context
The Pre-Raphaelites were active in the mid-nineteenth century. Watch curator Allison Smith discuss what else was happening at the time in the art world.
Other perspectives on the Pre-Raphaelites
Read this personal interpretation of Millais’s Ophelia, focusing on the sensations of water
Women and the Pre-Raphaelites
Three modern muses, Karen Elson, Daisy Lowe and Laura Bailey, meet the women at the heart of the Pre-Raphaelite movements most celebrated paintings – Elizabeth Siddal, Christina Rossetti and ‘Lady Lillith’
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Which company produces the Safari web browser? | The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood in London | The Great Wen
The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood in London
Posted on September 10, 2012 | 1 Comment
Tate Britain’s rather brilliant exhibition on the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood opens this week. It cover much the same ground as the recent and slightly more brilliant Cult of Beauty at the V&A, but with – naturally – greater emphasis on the visual arts over the decorative.
One interesting thread running through the exhibition is the use of London as a landscape. The PRB were all connected to London and liked to paint outdoors so the city naturally appeared in a number of their paintings, often uncredited. This painting by William Holman Hunt – Rienzi, Vowing To Obtain Justice – was painted outdoors in Lambeth and Hampstead Heath, while famous images like Ophelia by John Everett Millais used the countryside of now suburban Ewell as the backdrop.
Another of the most famous PRB paintings is The Death of Chatterton by Henry Wallis, a tragic tableaux in which London’s skyline can be glimpsed through the open window. The vividness of Chatterton’s hair, incidentally, really has to be seen in person if possible.
More obvious London images were to follow. This is Charles Allston Collins’ bucolic take on May, In The Regent’s Park, from his home in Hanover Terrace. Collins was not an official member of the PRB, but his style was sympathetic and this was considered ‘absurd’ when first exhibited, though presumably not because of the sheep seen frolicking in the park in the background.
Also closely affiliated with the PRB was Ford Madox Brown, and his wonderful view of Hampstead from his bedroom window – An English Autumn Afternoon. Again, this was considered ugly by contemporary critics. Kenwood House can be seen top left, but London remains a distant – if rapidly advancing – presence.
Brown offered a very different and more recognisable take on Hampstead in perhaps his greatest painting, Work, which depicted navvies digging up a Hampstead road to lay water pipes. It’s a marvellous evocation of a London street and I’m pretty sure those navvies are still laying water pipes in London to this day. See them all at Tate Britain from Wednesday 12 Sept, 2012.
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Elgar's Second Symphony was dedicated to the memory of which king? | Elgar - His Music : Symphony No 2 in E flat major
(to the memory of) King Edward VII
A more detailed account of the Second Symphony
can be found elsewhere on this site.
Although the second symphony followed the first by only three years, in the intervening period the world and Elgar had changed. The ebullient, confident mood of the early years of the century was dying, the tensions that culminated in the First World War were beginning to emerge and, by the time of the symphony's first performance, King Edward VII had also died.
While the symphony was well received by most standards, the audience's response to the first performance was polite and restrained in comparison to the uninhibited reception given to its predecessor, leading Elgar to liken them to stuffed pigs. In some respects, this symphony has never fully recovered from that start - it is probably the less popular and less frequently performed of the two symphonies despite being melodically more inventive and varied than the first symphony . This may be because it is the more complex work. Rather than a single theme recurring in all four movements, structural unity is achieved through extensive cross-references between movements, most dramatically when the rather ghostly theme from the first movement re-emerges as a frenzied outburst in the middle of the rondo.
And there is a marked contrast in mood. In place of the lyrical dreaminess of the first symphony 's adagio, the second contains a somewhat sombre funeral march. (Many assumed this to be in memory of the recently deceased king, but sketches of the movement exist from some years before. Elgar probably composed the theme as a tribute to his friend Alfred Rodewald, the Liverpool businessman who conducted the first performance of the first two Pomp and Circumstance marches in 1901 and who died two years later at the age of 43.) And in contrast to the jaunty confidence of the first symphony , the second has an inner restlessness and mood of conflict which is only resolved when, in the closing minutes, the "spirit of delight" theme which opens the symphony returns to bestow a satisfying tranquility.
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What is the title of the BBC Radio 4 early evening programme similar to 'Today'? | BBC - Radio 3 - Elgar/Symphony No. 2
3 Rondo: Presto
4 Moderato e maestoso
Following the spectacular success of his First Symphony, performed almost 100 times within a year of its premiere in 1908, Elgar must have felt encouraged to write another. After all, he still had plenty of unused sketches (he took a musical sketchbook with him on his country walks, and jotted down ideas even in company). But the next major project was the Violin Concerto, one of his most overtly emotional works, which had its first performance in November 1910. He got down to work on the Second Symphony almost immediately afterwards and finished it, amazingly quickly, in early March 1911.
Oddly enough, the first performance, in which Elgar himself conducted the Queen’s Hall Orchestra, was far from the triumph the First Symphony had been and the audience’s response was somewhat muted. ‘What is the matter with them, Billy?’ Elgar asked the orchestra’s leader, W. H. Reed: ‘They sit there like a lot of stuffed pigs.’
But gradually, almost as if by way of compensation, writers about Elgar’s music have tipped the balance in the Second Symphony’s favour, describing it as more complex and more personal than the First.
Trading one work against another is pointless and both Elgar’s First and Second symphonies have an equal claim to our esteem. The Second, though written for the same size orchestra with the addition of a high E flat clarinet and tambourine, certainly does have more complicated textures, and sounds more opulent. It requires the orchestral strings, in particular, to be athletic. As a violinist himself, and also a conductor with considerable experience, Elgar knew what he was asking. In both symphonies, the two harps make a very important contribution, sometimes cushioning the ensemble, sometimes giving it a pearly, luminous quality. In the Second Symphony, the way in which themes migrate, transformed, from movement to movement is particularly subtle, and very natural. The work as a whole is also more mellow, less dramatic, than the First Symphony, whose sharp contrasts of key from movement to movement, or section to section, are avoided, although in the Second Elgar’s harmony is very mobile, chromatic and, for short periods, deliberately bewildering.
The new symphony was dedicated to the memory of Edward VII, who had died in May 1910; yet despite the fact that the second movement is sombre, and rises to a searing expression of grief, Elgar claimed it had ‘nothing to do with any funeral march’. But he did point out a passage in the same movement, which he had sketched back in 1903, after the funeral of his friend Alfred Rodewald, the dedicatee of the Pomp and Circumstance March No. 1. At the top of the score, Elgar quoted the first two lines of a poem by Shelley:
Rarely, rarely comest thou,
Spirit of Delight!
Which refers, almost certainly, both to the presence and absence of delight.
At the end he printed ‘Venice – Tintagel’ and said that the beginnings of the second and third movements respectively expressed the contrast between the interior of St Mark’s and the Piazza outside. However, Tintagel, the ruined castle on the Cornish coast that was to inspire Arnold Bax’s sumptuously picturesque tone-poem a few years later, hasn’t been identified with any particular part of Elgar’s score. These labels are surely no more than circumstantial, and don’t offer deep insights into the music.
Elgar himself summed up the first movement as ‘tremendous in energy’, which it certainly is, with wide melodic leaps and lolloping syncopations in 12/8 time, occasionally relieved by 4/4. Elgar thought it was a composer’s job to invent melodies, not take them ready-made (he didn’t use folk tunes, for instance), and they appear in profusion here, so that the effect is of rhapsodic flow rather than hard and fast contrasts. As a symphony intended, at least nominally, to be a tribute to a larger-than-life monarch, its opening could hardly have been more appropriate. But the first movement is far from all swelling pride, since, by way of development, it retires into a sort of nocturnal, dreamlike state, before struggling back (strepitoso) to reclaim its original confidence.
The slow second movement (in C minor) begins with an echo of that dreamlike episode – second violins briefly taking the top line, above the firsts. Then it settles down into the blackest of cortèges. If this isn’t a funeral march, what is? The passage Elgar sketched after Rodewald’s funeral comes some way into the movement – an intricately fluttering, shimmering, ascending sequence, not far distant, in its sound-world and even its spirit, from Isolde’s ‘Liebestod’ at the end of Wagner’s opera; it occurs twice, the second time pitched a tone lower in order to lead to the climax.
The Rondo (in C major, much modified with chromatic notes) is a real scherzo, rhythmically playful, so to begin we’re not sure if we’re counting threes, twos or ones, before a sonorous second theme bounces in and settles the matter. But again, darkness intervenes in the form of a nightmarish recollection of a passage from the first movement (originally with a theme for the cellos straining in their higher register) over a throbbing E flat pedal. The spectre passes and the ending is noisily playful.
The final movement sets out in a purposeful way with a theme marked con dignità. Perhaps Elgar’s demons have been exorcised, for the second theme, bounding healthily in the strings, is positive, too, and soon waxes grandioso and nobilmente.
The development – beginning with desiccated contrapuntal exchanges – turns into a quasi-battle scene, with a trumpet call whose top target note, a high B, orchestral players make it a point of honour to sustain longer than Elgar dared ask. Once calm is established, we are on course for a return to the starting-point and an effulgent climax which subsides finally into a quietly glowing ending.
Programme note © Adrian Jack
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In Greek myth who was the Titan of memory and remembrance, and mother of the nine Muses? | MNEMOSYNE - Greek Titan Goddess of Memory (Roman Moneta)
Mnemosyne
Mnemosyne, Greco-Roman Antioch mosaic C2nd A.D., Hatay Archeology Museum
MNEMOSYNE was Titan goddess of memory and remembrance and the inventress of language and words.
As a Titan daughter of Ouranos (Uranus, Heaven), Mnemosyne was also a goddess of time. She represented the rote memorisation required to preserve the stories of history and the sagas of myth before the introduction of writing. In this role she was the mother of the Mousai (Muses) who were originally patron goddesses of poets of the oral tradition.
Finally Mnemosyne was a minor oracular goddess like her sister-Titanesses. She presided over the underground oracle of Trophonios (Trophonius) in Boiotia (Boeotia).
The Titanis (Titaness) Mnemosyne was sometimes named as one of three Elder Mousai (Muses) , who preceded the nine daughters of Zeus as goddesses of music.
FAMILY OF MNEMOSYNE
[1.2] AITHER (or OURANOS ) & GAIA (Hyginus Preface)
OFFSPRING
[1.1] THE MOUSAI (by Zeus ) (Hesiod Theogony 53, Homeric Hymn IV, Orphic Hymn 76 & 77, Pindar Isthmian Ode 6, Terpander Frag 4, Alcman Frag 8, Apollodorus 1.13, Antoninus Liberalis 9, Hyginus Preface, Cicero De Natura Deorum 3.21)
[1.2] THE MOUSAI (by Zeus ) (Pindar Paean 7, Terpander Frag 4, Aristotle Frag 842, Plato Theaetetus 191c)
ENCYCLOPEDIA
MNEMO′SYNE (Mnêmosunê), i. e. memory, a daughter of Uranus, and one of the Titanides, became by Zeus the mother of the Muses. (Hom. Hymn. in Merc. 429; Hes. Theog. 54, 915; Diod. v. 67; Orph. Hymn. 76; Cic. De Nat. Deor. iii. 21.) Pausanias (i. 2. § 4) mentions a statue of Mnemosyne at Athens; and near the oracle of Trophonius she had a sacred well and a throne. (Paus. ix. 39. § 4, &c.)
MNEME (Mnêmê), i. e. memory, was one of the three Muses that were in early times worshipped at Ascra in Boeotia. (Paus. ix. 29. § 2.) But there seems to have also been a tradition that Mneme was the mother of the Muses, for Ovid (Met. v. 268) calls them Mnemonides; unless this be only an abridged form for the daughters of Mnemosyne.
Source: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology.
ALTERNATE NAME SPELLINGS
Mnemosyne goddess of memory, Greco-Roman Antioch mosaic C2nd A.D., Hatay Archeology Museum
Hesiod, Theogony 132 ff (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C8th or C7th B.C.) :
"She [Gaia, Earth] lay with Ouranos (Uranus, Sky) and bare deep-swirling Okeanos (Oceanus), Koios (Coeus) and Krios (Crius) and Hyperion and Iapetos (Iapetus), Theia and Rhea, Themis and Mnemosyne and gold-crowned Phoibe (Phoebe) and lovely Tethys. After them was born Kronos (Cronus)."
Pindar, Paean 7 (trans. Sandys) (Greek lyric C5th B.C.) :
"But I pray to Mnamosyna (Mnemosyne), the fair-robed child of Ouranos (Uranus, Heaven)."
Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 1. 2 ff (trans. Aldrich) (Greek mythographer C2nd A.D.) :
"Ouranos (Uranus, Sky) . . . fathered other sons on Ge (Gaea, Earth), namely the Titanes (Titans) : Okeanos (Oceanus), Koios (Coeus), Hyperion, Kreios (Crius), Iapetos (Iapetus), and Kronos (Cronus) the youngest; also daughters called Titanides (Titanesses) : Tethys, Rhea, Themis, Mnemosyne, Phoibe (Phoebe), Dione, and Theia."
Diodorus Siculus, Library of History 5. 66. 1 (trans. Oldfather) (Greek historian C1st B.C.) :
"The Titanes (Titans) numbered six men and five women, being born, as certain writers of myths relate, of Ouranos (Uranus, Heaven) and Ge (Gaea, Earth), but according to others, of one of the Kouretes (Curetes) and Titaia (Titaea), from whom as their mother they derive the name they have. The males were Kronos (Cronus), Hyperion, Koios (Coeus), Iapetos (Iapetus), Krios (Crius) and Okeanos (Oceanus), and their sisters were Rhea, Themis, Mnemosyne, Phoibe (Phoebe) and Tethys. Each one of them was the discover of things of benefit to mankind, and because of the benefaction they conferred upon all men they were accorded honours and everlasting fame."
Pausanias, Description of Greece 9. 29. 1 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.) :
"The sons of Aloeus (Aloadae) held that the Mousai (Muses) were three in number, and gave them the names Melete (Practice), Mneme (Memory), and Aoide (Aeode, Song). But they say that afterwards Pieros (Pierus), a Makedonian (Macedonian) . . . came to Thespiae [in Boiotia] and established nine Mousai (Muses), changing their names to the present ones . . . Mimnermos [epic poet C7th B.C.] . . . says in the preface that the elder Mousai (Muses) are the daughters of Ouranos (Uranus, Heaven), and that there are other and younger Mousai, children of Zeus."
Pseudo-Hyginus, Preface (trans. Grant) (Roman mythographer C2nd A.D.) :
"From Aether and Terra [were born various abstractions] . . .
[From Caelum (Ouranos, Sky) and Terra (Gaia, Earth) were born ?] Oceanus, Themis, Tartarus, Pontus; the Titanes : Briareus, Gyes, Steropes, Atlas, Hyperion, and Polus [Koios (Coeus)], Saturnus [Kronos (Cronus)], Ops [Rhea], Moneta [Mnemosyne], Dione."
[N.B. Hyginus' Preface survives only in summary. The Titanes should be listed as children of Ouranos (Caelum) and Gaia (Terra) not Aither and Gaia, but the notation to this effect seems to have been lost in the transcription.]
MNEMOSYNE MOTHER OF THE MUSES
Symbols of Mnemosyne and the nine Muses, Greek mosaic from Elis C1st B.C., Archaeological Museum of Elis
Hesiod, Theogony 915 ff (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C8th or C7th B.C.) :
"And again, he [Zeus, after lying with Demeter] loved Mnemosyne with the beautiful hair: and of her the nine gold-crowned Moisai (Muses) were born."
Hesiod, Theogony 53 ff :
"Them [the Mousai (Muses)] in Pieria did Mnemosyne, who reigns over the hills of Eleuther [in Pieria, near Mount Olympos], bear of union with the father, the son of Kronos (Cronus) [Zeus], a forgetting of ills and a rest from sorrow. For nine nights did wise Zeus lie with her, entering her holy bed remote from the immortals. And when a year was passed and the seasons came round as the months waned, and many days were accomplished, she bare nine daughters, all of one mind, whose hearts are set upon song and their spirit free from care, a little way from the topmost peak of snowy Olympos (Olympus)."
Homeric Hymn 4 to Hermes 428 ff (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C7th - 4th B.C.) :
"First among the gods he [Hermes, inventor of the lyre] honoured Mnemosyne, mother of the Mousai (Muses), in his song; for the son of Maia was of her following."
Pindar, Nemean Ode 7. 12 ff (trans. Conway) (Greek lyric C5th B.C.) :
"If success crowns a man's venture, sweeter then than honey the them he pours into the Moisai's (Muses') stream. But lacking the songs to praise them, the mightiest feats of valour can but find a sorry grave a deep darkness. But for fine deeds a mirror to establish, one way alone we know if Mnamosyna's (Mnemosyne's, Memory's) shining diadem will grant recompense for their labours, in the glory of music on the tongues of men.".
Pindar, Isthmian Ode 6. 74 ff :
"The deep-bosomed daughters of golden-robed Mnamosyne (Mnemosyne, Memory)."
Pindar, Paean 6 (trans. Sandys) (Greek lyric C5th B.C.) :
"Ye Moisai (Muses) know all things, ye have had this ordinance allotted to yourselves along with the cloud-wrapt Father [Zeus], and with Mnamosyna (Mnemosyne, Memory)."
Pindar, Paean 7 :
"But I pray to Mnamosyna (Mnemosyne, Memory), the fair-robed child of Ouranos (Uranus, Heaven), and to her daughters [the Mousai (Muses)], to grant me ready resource; for the minds of men are blind, whosoever, without the maids of Helikon (Helicon), seeketh the steep path of them that walked it by their wisdom."
Terpander, Fragment 4 (trans. Campbell, Vol. Greek Lyric II) (Greek lyric C7th B.C.) :
"Let us pour libation to the Mousai (Muses), the daughters of Mnamas (Mnemosyne, Memory), and to the leader of the Mousai, Leto's son [Apollon]."
Alcman, Fragment 8 (trans. Campbell, Vol. Greek Lyric II) (Greek lyric C7th B.C.) :
"Blessed Mosai (Muses), whom Mnamosyna (Mnemosyne, Memory) bore to Zeus having lain with him."
Bacchylides, Fragment 63 (trans. Campbell, Vol. Greek Lyric IV) (Greek lyric C5th B.C.) :
"Servant [bard] of the Pierians [Mousai] . . . (of) the mighty father's daughter [Mnemosyne]."
Greek Lyric V Anonymous Scholia, Fragment 917c (trans. Campbell) (Greek lyric B.C.) :
"Gentle-eyed mother Mousa (Muse) [Mnemosyne], keep company with the pure family of your children : we bring out a complex song, newly flowering with fresh-built skill."
Plato, Theaetetus 191c (trans. Fowler) (Greek philosopher C4th B.C.) :
"Mnemosyne (Memory), the mother of the Mousai (Muses)."
Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 1. 13 (trans. Aldrich) (Greek mythographer C2nd A.D.) :
"[By] Mnemosyne [Zeus fathered] the Mousai (Muses), the eldest of whom was Kalliope (Calliope), followed by Kleio (Clio), Melpomene, Euterpe, Erato, Terpsikhore (Terpsichore), Ourania (Urania), Thaleia (Thalia), and Polymnia."
Antoninus Liberalis, Metamorphoses 9 (trans. Celoria) (Greek mythographer C2nd A.D.) :
"Zeus made love to Mnemosyne in Pieria and became father of the Mousai (Muses)."
Pseudo-Hyginus, Preface (trans. Grant) (Roman mythographer C2nd A.D.) :
"From Jove [Zeus] and Moneta [Mnemosyne] [were born] : Musae (MUses)."
Ovid, Metamorphoses 6. 114 ff (trans. Melville) (Roman epic C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) :
"As a shepherd [Zeus] snared Mnemosyne."
Nonnus, Dionysiaca 31. 168 ff (trans. Rouse) (Greek epic C5th A.D.) :
"Mnemosyne in the old time before us; how he [Zeus] lay by her side for nine whole nights, with eyes ever wakeful, full of passion for many children in that unresting bridal. Another allvanquishing god, winged like Hypnos (Sleep), little Eros (Love), conquered Kronides (Cronides) with a tiny dart."
MNEMOSYNE GODDESS OF MEMORY & LANGUAGE
Alcman, Fragment 133 (from Etymologicum Gudianum) (trans. Campbell, Vol. Greek Lyric II) (Greek lyric C7th B.C.) :
"Mneme (Mnemosyne, Memory) : Alkman (Alcman), they say, calls her big-eyed, since we see the past by our thinking."
Plato, Critias (trans. Bury) (Greek philosopher C4th B.C.) :
"Hermokrates (Hermocrates) : You must go and attack the argument like a man. First invoke Apollon and the Mousai (Muses), and then let us hear you sound the praises and show forth the virtues of your ancient citizens.
Kritias (Critias) : Friend Hermokrates . . . But besides the gods and goddesses whom you have mentioned, I would specially invoke Mnemosyne (Memory); for all the important part of my discourse is dependent on her favour, and if I can recollect and recite enough of what was said by the priests and brought hither by Solon, I doubt not that I shall satisfy the requirements of this theatre."
Plato, Theaetetus 191c (trans. Fowler) :
"Sokrates (Socrates) : Can he [man] learn one thing after another? . . . Please assume, then, for the sake of argument, that there is in our souls a block of wax, in one case larger, in another smaller, in one case the wax is purer, in another more impure and harder, in some cases softer, and in some of proper quality . . . Let us, then, say that this is the gift of Mnemosyne (Memory), the mother of the Mousai (Muses), and that whenever we wish to remember anything we see or hear or think of in our own minds, we hold this wax under the perceptions and thoughts and imprint them upon it, just as we make impressions from seal rings; and whatever is imprinted we remember and know as long as its image lasts, but whatever is rubbed out or cannot be imprinted we forget and do not know."
Diodorus Siculus, Library of History 5. 67. 3 (trans. Oldfather) (Greek historian C1st B.C.) :
"Of the female Titanes (Titans) they say that Mnemosyne discovered the uses of the power of reason, and that she gave a designation to every object about us by means of the names which we use to express whatever we would and to hold conversation one with another; though there are those who attribute these discoveries to Hermes. And to this goddess is also attributed the power to call things to memory and to remembrance (mneme) which men possess, and it is this power which gave her the name she received."
Pausanias, Description of Greece 9. 39. 3 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.) :
"[Part of the rituals at the oracle of Trophonios (Trophonius) at Lebadeia in Boiotia (Boeotia) :] He [the supplicant] is taken by the priests, not at once to the oracle, but to fountains of water very near to each other. Here he must drink water called the water of Lethe (Forgetfulness), that he may forget all that he has been thinking of hitherto, and afterwards he drinks of another water, the water of Mnemosyne (Memory), which causes him to remember what he sees after his descent . . . After his ascent from [the oracle of] Trophonios the inquirer is again taken in hand by the priests, who set him upon a chair called the chair of Mnemosyne (Memory), which stands not far from the shrine, and they ask of him, when seated there, all he has seen or learned. After gaining this information they then entrust him to his relatives."
Orphic Hymn 77 to Mnemosyne (trans. Taylor) (Greek hymns C3rd B.C. to 2nd A.D.) :
"To Mnemosyne (Memory), Fumigation from Frankincense. The consort I invoke of Zeus divine; source of the holy, sweetly speaking Mousai nine; free from the oblivion of the fallen mind, by whom the soul with intellect is joined. Reason's increase and thought to thee belong, all-powerful, pleasant, vigilant, and strong. ‘Tis thine to waken from lethargic rest all thoughts deposited within the breast; and nought neglecting, vigorous to excite the mental eye from dark oblivion's night. Come, blessed power, thy mystics' memory wake to holy rites, and Lethe's (Forgetfulness) fetters break."
Philostratus, Life of Apollonius of Tyana 1. 14 (trans. Conybeare) (Greek biography C1st to C2nd A.D.) :
"When he [Apollonios of Tyana, pagan prophet C1st A.D.] reached the age of a hundred, he still surpassed Simonides in point of memory, and he used to chant a hymn addressed to Mnemosyne (Memory), in which it is said that everything is worn and withered away by time, whereas time itself never ages, but remains immortal because of memory."
CULT & CULT ART OF MNEMOSYNE
I. ATHENS Chief City of Attica (Attika) (Southern Greece)
Pausanias, Description of Greece 1. 2. 5 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.) :
"Here [in the shrine of Dionysos at Athens] there are images of Athena Paionia, of Zeus, of Mnemosyne and of the Mousai (Muses), an Apollon."
II. TEGEA Town in Arcadia (Arkadia) (Southern Greece)
Pausanias, Description of Greece 8. 46. 3 :
"Represented on the altar [of Athena at Tegea, Arkadia] . . . are also images of the Mousai (Muses) and Mnemosyne."
III. HELICON (HELIKON) Mountain Sanctuary in Boeotia (Boiotia) (Central Greece)
Pausanias, Description of Greece 9. 29. 1 :
"The first to sacrifice on Helikon (Helicon) to the Mousai (Muses) and to call the mountain sacred to the Mousai were, they say, Ephialtes and Otos (Otus), who also founded Askra . . . The sons of Aloeus held that the Mousai were three in number, and gave them the names Melete (Practice), Mneme (Memory), and Aoide (Aeode, Song). But they say that afterwards Pieros (Pierus), a Makedonian (Macedonian) . . . came to Thespiae [in Boiotia] and established nine Mousai, changing their names to the present ones . . . Mimnermos [epic poet C7th B.C.] . . . says in the preface that the elder Mousai (Muses) are the daughters of Ouranos (Uranus), and that there are other and younger Mousai, children of Zeus."
IV. LEBADEIA Town in Boeotia (Boiotia) (Central Greece)
Pausanias, Description of Greece 9. 39. 3 :
"[Part of the rituals at the oracle of Trophonios (Trophonius) at Lebadeia, Boiotia (Boeotia):] He [the supplicant] is taken by the priests, not at once to the oracle, but to fountains of water very near to each other. Here he must drink water called the water of Lethe (Forgetfulness), that he may forget all that he has been thinking of hitherto, and afterwards he drinks of another water, the water of Mnemosyne (Memory), which causes him to remember what he sees after his descent . . . After his ascent from [the oracle of] Trophonios the inquirer is again taken in hand by the priests, who set him upon a chair called the chair of Mnemosyne (Memory), which stands not far from the shrine, and they ask of him, when seated there, all he has seen or learned. After gaining this information they then entrust him to his relatives. These lift him, paralysed with terror and unconscious both of himself and of his surroundings, and carry him to the building where he lodged before with Tykhe (Tyche, Fortune) and the Daimon Agathon (Good Spirit). Afterwards, however, he will recover all his faculties, and the power to laugh will return to him."
ANCIENT GREEK & ROMAN ART
Z19.1 Mnemosyne Goddess of Memory
Greco-Roman Antioch Floor Mosaic C2nd A.D.
Z20.4 Symbols of Mnemosyne & Muses
Greek Elis Floor Mosaic C1st B.C.
SOURCES
| Mnemosyne |
Which ballerina who defected to the West in 1970 won a Tony Award for her Broadway performance in 'On Your Toes' in 1983? | Mnemosyne, titan goddess of memorey and remembrance - Greek Gods, Mythology of Ancient Greece
Mnemosyne
Mnemosyne (Mnemosine, Juno Moneta, Memory)
Mnemosyne was a Titan goddess of memory and remembrance. She was believed to be the inventress of speech and writings. In Hesiod`s Theogony, her daughters, the Muses, are described as the spirits who possessed kings and poets, whom the gods favoured and gave them special powers of authoritative speech and wisdom. Mnemosyne was one of the six daughters of primeval deities Uranus and Gaea in the first generation of Titans . Mnemosyne was also known to be a mother of Muses and represented the memorisation of stories and myths preserved in history before the discovery of writing.
The mother of Muses
Mnemosyne dwelled over the hills of Eleuther (in Pieria, near Mount Olympus) where Zeus came to lie with her for nine nights, away from other immortal gods. Together in those nine nights they gave birth to nine Muses:
Calliope - muse of epic poetry was believed to have possessed Homer and gave him inspiration for the Odyssey and the Iliad. She is often depicted as carrying a book or a writing tablet. She was also the mother of two sons by Apollo , called Linus and Orpheus.
Clio - muse of history. She is usually depicted of holding an open scroll or is seated beside a chest of books.
Erato - muse of love and erotic poetry. Most of the time she is depicted playing a kithara or a lyre, but in some cases she is shown with a wreath of myrtle and roses.
Euterpe - muse of music. She is often depicted sitting on a chair and playing her double flute.
Melpomene - muse of tragedy. However, she was originally a muse of singing and dancing which came from her name or more precisely from greek verb melpô ("to celebrate with dance and song."). She is usually depicted wearing cothurnus boots(boots worn by tragic actors) and holding a tragic mask in her hand.
Polyhymnia - muse of sacred hymns. She is depicted as serious or meditative, often standing, wearing long cloak and supporting her arm with a part of the cloak.
Terpsichore - muse of dancing. Usually, she is depicted in a sitting position and playing a lyre with her special plectrum. She is also mentioned to be the mother of Sirens.
Thalia - muse of comedy. Most of the time, she is depicted holding a comic mask in her hand and wearing a cloak and a crown made of ivy.
Urania - muse of astronomy. She is depicted with a globe in her hand. Urania was believed to be able of fortelling the future by arrangement of the stars and is often associated with Universal Love and the Holy Spirit.
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Who is the mother of t.v. presenter Rebecca Wilcox? | Jim Moss & Rebecca Wilcox Married, Children, Joint Family Tree & History - FameChain
Rebecca Wilcox's grandfather was Henry Rantzen Rebecca Wilcox's grandmother is Katherine Flora
Rebecca Wilcox's great grandparents:
Rebecca Wilcox's great grandfather is Louis Leverson Rebecca Wilcox's great grandmother was Millie Leverson Rebecca Wilcox's great grandfather was Hyam Rantzen Rebecca Wilcox's great great grandfather was Montague Leverson Rebecca Wilcox's great great grandmother was Kate Leverson Rebecca Wilcox's great great grandfather was Abraham Rantzen Rebecca Wilcox's great great grandmother was Sarah Rantzen Rebecca Wilcox's 3x great grandfather was Manass Rantzen Rebecca Wilcox's 3x great grandmother was Tamar Rantzen Rebecca Wilcox's 4x great grandfather was David Rantzen Rebecca Wilcox's 5x great grandfather was Moszek Rantzen
Who's In The News?...
| Esther Rantzen |
Which goalkeeper who played over 400 games for Everton in the 1960's and 1970's and won 3 England caps, dies in June this year? | Esther Rantzen walks her TV presenter daughter down the aisle | Daily Mail Online
Esther Rantzen walks her TV presenter daughter down the aisle
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Esther Rantzen walked her daughter down the aisle on her wedding day in the place of her beloved late husband.
The TV star and prospective MP was determined to make Rebecca's big day as special as possible, even without Rebecca's father Desmond Wilcox there.
So Esther took pride of place next to the 28-year-old as she exchanged her vows with new husband James Moss.
Esther Rantzen hands the cup of wine to her new son-in-law Jim Moss, after walking daughter Rebecca Wilcox down the aisle at their Jewish wedding
The couple had a Jewish ceremony at Esther's home Bloodoaks Farm in the New Forest.
Esther's home has special meaning for the newlywed couple, as Desmond's ashes were scattered there and it was the place James and Rebecca fell in love and became engaged.
It is also Rebecca's own childhood home, where her father taught her to ride a bike, swim and ride horses.
The bride, a TV presenter, wore a 1950s-style Ian Stuart gown and pearl necklace by Boodles for the outdoor garden ceremony.
Rebecca in her teens with her mother and late father Desmond Wilcox, who died in 2000 from coronary heart disease
More than 150 guests were invited to the event.
Esther, who had a second Jewish wedding with Desmond after he converted to the religion in 1999, wore a black and white print dress with a stone-coloured jacket and belt and a large white hat.
She handed the kiddush cup of wine to her new son-in-law.
The full story features in the current issue of Hello!
As James, known as Jim, stamped on the glass to break it - in keeping with Jewish tradition - Rabbi Mark Solomon joked: 'Some say this is the last time the groom will get to put his foot down.'
The couple met in 2001, shortly after her father Desmond died from coronary heart disease aged 69, when Rebecca was in her second year at Somerville College Oxford.
Her future husband James, now an auditor, was in his third year.
The Rabbi said during the service: 'He supported you and in your words "put you back together".'
Rebecca laid a bouqet of anemone, her father's favourite flowers, in a spot where his ashes were scattered.
She had seven bridesmaids, her mother, brother Joshua and two flowergirls to walk with her down the aisle, and told Hello! magazine: 'I found out many things about myself while preparing for this wedding.
'One of which is that I have an addiction to bridesmaids.'
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Who won the 1948 Pulitzer Fiction Prize for 'Tales Of The South Pacific'? | James A. Michener (Author of Hawaii)
James A. Michener
in New York, New York, The United States
February 03, 1907
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James Albert Michener is best known for his sweeping multi-generation historical fiction sagas, usually focusing on and titled after a particular geographical region. His first novel, Tales of the South Pacific , which inspired the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical South Pacific, won the 1948 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction.
Toward the end of his life, he created the Journey Prize, awarded annually for the year's best short story published by an emerging Canadian writer; founded an MFA program now, named the Michener Center for Writers, at the University of Texas at Austin; and made substantial contributions to the James A. Michener Art Museum in Doylestown, Pennsylvania, best known for its permanent collection of Pennsylvania Impressionist painti James Albert Michener is best known for his sweeping multi-generation historical fiction sagas, usually focusing on and titled after a particular geographical region. His first novel, Tales of the South Pacific , which inspired the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical South Pacific, won the 1948 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction.
Toward the end of his life, he created the Journey Prize, awarded annually for the year's best short story published by an emerging Canadian writer; founded an MFA program now, named the Michener Center for Writers, at the University of Texas at Austin; and made substantial contributions to the James A. Michener Art Museum in Doylestown, Pennsylvania, best known for its permanent collection of Pennsylvania Impressionist paintings and a room containing Michener's own typewriter, books, and various memorabilia.
Michener's entry in Who's Who in America says he was born on Feb. 3, 1907. But he said in his 1992 memoirs that the circumstances of his birth remained cloudy and he did not know just when he was born or who his parents were. ...more
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Lake Managua is a large lake in which Central American country? | Tales of the South Pacific | work by Michener | Britannica.com
Tales of the South Pacific
work by Michener
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in James Michener
...a teacher and editor. He served as a naval historian in the South Pacific from 1944 to 1946, and his early fiction is set in this area. He won a Pulitzer Prize in 1948 for the collection Tales of the South Pacific (1947), which presented the world of the South Pacific as exotic and foreign yet still part of the brotherhood of man. The anthology was later adapted for the...
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Who founded a model village on the River Aire near Bradford in 1851? | Illustration of Saltaire, a model village founded for textile workers near Bradford - The British Library
Illustration of Saltaire, a model village founded for textile workers near Bradford
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English
Now a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Saltaire is a model village created in 1851 by the industrialist Sir Titus Salt (1803-76) to house the workers and families of his wool production factories in nearby Bradford.
Taking its name from its founder and the River Aire, the town was famous for its holistic approach to worker welfare. It had running tap water, bath-houses, its own hospital and gymnasium, a concert hall and several schools. In this it was the polar antithesis of most industrial towns in Britain at the time. Salt modestly described his aim as ‘to do good and to give my sons employment.’
Along with New Lanark in Scotland, Saltaire was an inspiration to a number of reforming Victorian industrialists, most notably the Cadbury family, who established the town of Bourneville, near Birmingham, for its workers in 1893; and Lever Brothers, who established Port Sunlight beside its soap making factory on the Mersey in 1899.
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Sir Titus Salt, Baronet: his life and its lessons [...] With portrait, etc.
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In which English county is the town of Wells-next-the- Sea? | Saltaire Village
Saltaire Village
OS grid reference:- SE 135 375
Saltaire, a World Heritage Site, is a Victorian model village by the River Aire and the Leeds and Liverpool Canal in Bradford.
Saltaire was constructed in 1851 by Sir Titus Salt, a leading industrialist in the Yorkshire woollen industry and designed by the architects Henry Lockwood and Richard Mawson.
The village's name is a combination of the founder's surname and the River Aire. Salt moved his business from Bradford to the site near Shipley to arrange his workers and to site his large textile mill by the Leeds and Liverpool Canal and the railway.
UNESCO designated the vilage a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in December 2001. The village has survived remarkably complete, Salt's Mill closed in February 1996, the building now houses a David Hockney gallery and a selection of shops, restaurants and cafes.
Another noteable building in the village is the United Reformed Church, a Grade I listed building, known as 'a Cathedral of Congregationalism' which is a fine example of Victorian Italianite architecture. The nave has no aisle and on the western end has a semi-circular portico. The portico is topped by a round tower with a clock at each quarter and above that an octagonal array of Corinthian columns with a dome. The columns are decorated with Scagliola, an Italian technique implemented by Mr. Dolan of Manchester. Two ornate chandeliers of ormolu and cut glass hang from the ceiling, of such great weight that additional roof trusses were required to support them.
Victoria Hall, originally known as the Saltaire Institute, is used for meetings and concerts, and houses a Wurlitzer theatre pipe organ.
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Who captained the England Cricket team 15 times in the early 1930's, winning 9 of the matches? | History of the West Indian cricket team
History of the West Indian cricket team
South Africa 1971 to 1981
International cricket in 2005
Test cricket records
First-class cricket records
The history of the West Indian cricket team begins in the 1890s, when the first representative sides were selected to play visiting English sides. Administered by the West Indies Cricket Board ("WICB"), and known colloquially as The Windies, the West Indies cricket team represents a sporting confederation of English-speaking Caribbean countries.
The WICB joined the sport's international ruling body, the Imperial Cricket Council, in 1926, and played their first official international match, which in cricket is called a Test, in 1928. Although blessed with some great players in their early days as a Test nation, their successes remained sporadic until the 1960s, by which time the side had changed from a white-dominated to a black-dominated side. By the 1970s, the West Indies had a side recognised as unofficial world champions, a title they retained throughout the 1980s. During these glory years, the Windies were noted for their four-man fast bowling attack, backed up by some of the best batsmen in the world. The 1980s saw them set a then-record streak of 11 consecutive Test victories in 1984 and inflict two 5–0 "blackwashes" against the old enemy of England. Throughout the 1990s and 2000s, however, West Indian cricket declined, in part due to the rise in popularity of basketball , athletics and soccer in West Indian countries, and the team today is struggling to regain its past glory.
In their early days in the 1930s, the side represented the British colonies of the West Indies Federation plus British Guyana. The current side represents the now independent states of Antigua and Barbuda , Barbados , Dominica , Grenada , Guyana , Jamaica , Saint Kitts and Nevis , Saint Lucia , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and Trinidad and Tobago , and the British dependencies of Anguilla and Montserrat . National teams also exist for the various different islands, which, as they are all separate countries, very much keep their local identities and support their local favourites. These national teams take part in the West Indian first-class competition, the Carib Beer Cup (earlier known as the Busta Cup, Shell Shield and various other names). It is also common for other international teams to play the island teams for warm-up games before they take on the combined West Indies team.
Early tours
The first international cricket played in the West Indies was between local, often predominantly white, sides and English tourists – the Middlesex player Slade Lucas toured Jamaica with a team in 1894-95, and two years later Arthur Priestley took a team to Barbados, Trinidad, and Jamaica, which included, for the first time, a match against a side styled "All West Indies", which the West Indians won. Lord Hawke's English team, including several English Test players, toured around the same time, playing Trinidad, Barbados and British Guiana (now Guyana). Then in 1900 the white Trinidadian Aucher Warner, the brother of future England captain Pelham Warner, led a touring side to England, but none of the matches on this tour were given first-class status. Two winters later, in 1901– 2, the Hampshire wicketkeeper Richard Bennett's XI went to the West Indies, and played three games against teams styled as the "West Indies", which the hosts won 2–1. In 1904– 5, Lord Brackley's XI toured the Caribbean – winning both its games against "West Indies".
The tours to England continued in 1906 when Harold Austin led a West Indian side to England. His side played a number of county teams, and drew their game against an "England XI". However, that England XI only included one contemporary Test player – wicketkeeper Dick Lilley – and he had not been on England's most recent tour, their 1905–6 tour of South Africa. The Marylebone Cricket Club, which had taken over responsibility for arranging all official overseas England tours, visited Jamaica in 1910– 11, but after that there was no international cricket of any note until the West Indian team went to England in 1923. This tour did not include a game against an England team, but there was an end-of-season game against HDG Leveson-Gower's XI against a virtual England Test side at the Scarborough cricket festival, a traditional end-of-season game against a touring side at the English seaside resort of Scarborough, which Leveson-Gower's XI won by only four wickets. 1925– 26 saw another short MCC tour of Jamaica.
The MCC was eager to promote cricket throughout the British Empire, and on 31 May 1926 the West Indian Cricket Board, along with their New Zealand and Indian counterparts, was elected to the Imperial Cricket Conference (ICC), which previously consisted of the MCC and representatives of Australia and South Africa. Election to full membership of the ICC meant the West Indies could play official Test matches, which is the designation given to the most important international games, and the Windies became the fourth team actually to play a recognised Test match on 23 June 1928 when they took on England at Lord's in London . They did not, however, enjoy immediate success – the West Indies lost all three 3-day Tests in that 1928 tour by a long way, failing to score 250 runs in any of their six innings in that series. They also failed to dismiss England for under 350 runs in a series completely dominated by England.
The early Tests (1930s and 1940s)
The West Indies team that toured Australia in 1930-31.
The West Indies played 19 Tests in the 1930s in four series against England and one against Australia. The first four of these were played against an England team led by the Honourable Freddie Calthorpe that toured in 1929– 30. However, as Harold Gilligan was leading another English team to New Zealand at exactly the same time, this was not a full-strength England side. The series ended one-all, with the West Indies first ever Test victory being recorded on 26 February 1930. West Indians George Headley scored the most runs (703) in the rubber and Learie Constantine took the most wickets (18).
The Windies toured Australia in 1930–31 . They lost the Test series 4–1. The fifth and final Test showed some promise – batting first, the West Indies spent the first three days earning a 250-run lead with five wickets down in their second innings. A bold declaration was backed up by their bowlers, as Herman Griffith took four wickets and West Indies won by 30 runs to their first overseas Test victory. By the time the team left, they had left a good impression of themselves with the Australian public, although at first the team were faced with several cultural differences – for example, their hosts did not at first appreciate that the tourists' Roman Catholic beliefs would mean they would refuse to play golf on Sundays or engage in more ribald behaviour. The West Indian sides of the time were always led by white men, and the touring party to Australia comprised seven whites and eleven "natives", and the West Indian Board of Control wrote to their Australian counterparts saying "that all should reside at the same hotels". Australia at the time was implementing its " White Australia" policy, with the Australian Board having to guarantee to the Government that the non-whites would leave at the end of the tour. When the West Indians arrived in Sydney, the whites were immediately given a different hotel from the blacks. They complained, and thereafter their wishes were met. The tour lost a lot of money, part of which was down to the Great Depression then engulfing Australia. The West Indians won four and lost eight of their 14 first-class fixtures.
1933 saw another tour of England. Their hosts had just come back from defeating Australia in the infamous Bodyline series, where England's aggressive bowling at the body with a legside field attracted much criticism. England won the three-Test series of three-day Tests against the Windies 2–0. The second, drawn, Test at Old Trafford, Manchester , provided an intriguing footnote to the Bodyline controversy when Manny Martindale and Learie Constantine bowled Bodyline – fast, short-pitched balls aimed at the body – against the Englishmen, the only time they faced it in international cricket. The tactic did not work, as Douglas Jardine, the English captain who ordered his players to bowl it against the Australians, did not flinch as he scored his only Test century, making 127 out of England's 374.
Learie Constantine
Another England tour of the West Indies followed in 1934– 35. England won the first Test in Barbados on a poor pitch, affected by rain, and in a match where 309 runs were scored, England took a four-wicket victory. Both sides declared one of their innings closed to have their bowlers take advantage of the poor pitch. The second Test saw the Windies win by 217 runs, and a drawn third Test saw the series go to a decider at Sabina Park in Jamaica . A massive 270 not out from George Headley saw the Windies declare on 535 for 7. Despite a century from Les Ames, England could not avoid going down by an innings and 161 runs – the West Indies had secured their first Test series victory.
The West Indies toured England in 1939. England won the first Test at Lord's easily by 8 wickets, then there was a rain-affected draw in Manchester, and finally a high-scoring draw at the Oval in mid-August. The highlight of the series for the West Indies was George Headley scoring hundreds in both innings in the Lord's Test. With the clouds of World War II seemingly about to envelope Europe, the rest of the tour was cancelled and the Windies returned home. They would play no more Tests until 21 January 1948 saw the start of the first Test the West Indies played since the War, which resulted in a draw against the MCC side from England. The second Test was also drawn, with George Carew and Andy Ganteaume both making centuries. Ganteaume was then dropped, ending with a Test average of 112 – the highest in Test history. The West Indies won the final two Tests chasing sub-100 totals, and wrapped up the series 2–0, their first away-series victory.
In 1948, West Indies toured newly independent India for the first time for a five Test tour. The tour was preceded by a non-Test tour of Pakistan and followed by a similar short tour of Ceylon. After three high-scoring draws against the Indians, the West Indians wrapped up the fourth by an innings before a thrilling fifth Test, which left the Indians six runs away from victory with two wickets in hand as time ran out, so that the West Indies thus won the rubber 1–0. Carrying on from his hundred in the series against England, Everton Weekes set a record of scoring hundreds in five successive Test innings.
The Post-War period (1950s)
1950 saw another tour of England, the series saw the emergence for the West Indies of their great spinning duo, Sonny Ramadhin and Alf Valentine. England won the first Test by 202 runs, but Valentine and Ramadhin's bowling would win the series for the visitors. The second Test saw the Windies put on 326 thanks to 106 from Allan Rae before Valentine (4 for 48) and Ramadhin (5 for 66) skittled England in the first innings. A mammoth 168 from Clyde Walcott saw England set a theoretical target of 601. Ramadhin's 6 for 86 and Valentine's 3 for 79 dismissed the hosts for 274. The spinning duo took 12 wickets, Frank Worrell made 261 and Everton Weekes 129 as the third Test went the Windies way by 10 wickets, the fourth saw 14 wickets from Valentine and Ramadhin and centuries from Rae and Worrell as England were defeated by an innings. The West Indies won the series 3–1.
In 1951– 52 the Windies visited Australia. The first Test saw a narrow defeat by three wickets, with the two spinners seemingly continuing their form with twelve wickets between them. The second Test was lost by seven wickets, as Australia replied to the Windies 362 and 290 with 567 (which included centuries from Lindsay Hassett and Keith Miller) and 137 for 2. 6 wickets from Worrell in the third Test saw Australia dismissed for only 82, and the Windies eventually won by six wickets to pull back to two-one down in the series. The fourth Test saw the series lost in a narrow defeat. Worrell, batting with an injured hand, scored 108 and helped the Windies to 272 before Australia made 216 in reply. 203 from the Windies left Australia a target of 260. 5 wickets from Valentine helped reduced the Aussies to 222 for 9, 38 short with 1 wicket remaining. It didn't happen, as some brilliant running between the wicket for Australia by Bill Johnston and Doug Ring saw West Indies lose their composure and the match. The fifth Test saw three batting collapses, as Australia (116 and 377) beat Windies (78 and 213) by 202 runs to finish the rubber four-one winners. The West Indies then went on to New Zealand. In the first Test encounter between the two teams, the visitors to scored a five wicket victory. In the second and final Test, Allan Rae scored 99, Jeffrey Stollmeyer 152, Frank Worrell 100 and Clyde Walcott 115 as the West Indies put on 546 for 6 declared. There wasn't enough time to bowl out the opposition twice though, as the hosts made 160 and were following-on at 17 for 1 when stumps were drawn, leaving the Windies series winners.
The Indians toured at the beginning of 1953. The Windies won the second of the five Tests that were played, with the others all being draws. The highlight of these games we Frank Worrell's 237 in the fifth Test, where all the three W's scored hundreds, as the West Indies scored a 1–0 series victory. Len Hutton led an MCC (England) side to the islands in 1953– 54. Sonny Ramadhin again starred for the Windies taking 23 wickets (no other West Indian took more than 8), as Walcott's 698 runs was more than 200 higher than second-placed West Indian, Everton Weekes. The five match rubber was drawn two-all.
Australia came and conquered in 1954– 55. After the Aussies made 515 in the first innings of the first Test, the Windies went down by 9 wickets. Then the Windies 382 was put in the shade by 600 for 9 declared by the visitors as the second Test was drawn. A low-scoring third Test saw Australia (257 and 133 for 2) beat the hosts (182 and 207) by 8 wickets. After Australia scored 668 in the fourth Test, the series was lost, although a double century from captain Denis Atkinson and a world-record stand for the seventh wicket allowed the Windies to reach 510 and draw the Test. The fifth Test saw the West Indies win the toss and bat. Walcott's 155 was the highest score of their 357. The Australians then batted and batted, in total for 245.4 overs in the 6-day Test, as they put on 758 for 8 declared, with five players making centuries. 319 in the West Indies' second innings left them defeated by an innings and 82 runs in the Test, and by three games to nil in the series. Walcott set records by scoring five hundreds, and hundreds in both innings of a match twice. A four-Test tour of New Zealand followed in February 1956. After two wins by an innings and one by 9 wickets, the Windies were surprised by the Kiwis in the fourth, dismissing them for 145 and 77 as they recorded their first ever Test win in their 45th Test.
John Goddard returned to captain the West Indians for a five-Test tour of England in 1957, which was lost three-nil, with England having the better of the two draws. Then 1957– 58 Gerry Alexander led a team that defeated Pakistan three-one. It was in this series in Jamaica that Garry Sobers scored 365 not out to record what was then the highest score in Test match cricket. Alexander went on to lead the West Indies to a three-nil win over five Tests in India , and a two-one defeat to Pakistan in a three match rubber in the following winter. In 1959– 60 he led as West Indies went down one-nil at home in a five-match series with England.
A period of mixed fortunes (1960s)
Despite being a country where whites are a minority, until 1960 West Indies were always captained by white cricketers, though this was more social than racial discrimination. Throughout the fifties, social theorist CLR James, the increasingly political former cricketer Learie Constantine and others called for a black captain. Constantine himself had stood in for Jackie Grant in the field against England on the 1937-38 tour, and George Headley captained the West Indies in the First Test against England in 1947-48 when the appointed, white captain, John Goddard was injured. However, no black was appointed as captain for a whole series until Frank Worrell was chosen to lead West Indies in their tour of Australia in 1960-61. In his three years as captain, Worrell moulded a bunch of talented but raw cricketers into the best team in the world.
In 1960, Australia were the best team in the world but on their way down, while West Indies were on their way up. It so happened that when they met, the two teams were of almost equal strength. The result was a series that, along with the 2005 Ashes, has been recognised as one of the greatest of all time. The first Test in Brisbane was the first Test ever to end in a tie, which in cricket means the side batting last has been dismissed with scores level. The teams shared the next two Tests. In the fourth, Australia's last pair of Ken Mackay and Lindsay Kline played out the last 100 minutes of the match to earn a draw, while Australia won the final Test and the series by two wickets. One of the days of play was attended by a world-record crowd of 90,800. Such was the impression created by Worrell's team that the newly instituted trophy for the series between the two teams was named the Frank Worrell Trophy. Half a million people lined the streets of Melbourne to bid them a ticker-tape farewell.
West Indies beat India 5–0 at home next year, and in 1963, they beat a fine English team by three matches to one. The Lord's Test of this series saw a famous finish. With two balls left, England needed six runs to win, and West Indies one wicket. The non-striker was Colin Cowdrey, who had his left arm in a sling, having fractured it earlier in the day. However, David Allen safely played out the last two balls and the match ended in a draw. Worrell retired at the end of the series. The selectors picked Garry Sobers to succeed him.
Worrell did, however, serve as the team manager when West Indies hosted Australia in 1964–65. The matches against Australia were bitterly fought, with accusations about Charlie Griffith's action (he was accused of throwing, which is banned in the laws of cricket) and bouncer wars. The West Indies won this series 2–1 to be the unofficial world champions. Sobers was not as good at man-management as Worrell and cracks soon began to appear. Often it was his individual brilliance that made the difference between a win and a loss. Throughout the sixties, West Indies bowling was led by Wes Hall, Griffith, Lance Gibbs and Sobers himself. Hall and Griffith faded and then retired by the end of the decade, but WI could find no replacement for them till the mid-seventies.
Sobers was at his best in England in 1966, scoring 722 runs and taking 20 wickets in the five Tests. Three times he topped 150, and the 163* at Lord's turned a certain defeat into a near victory. West Indies won 3–1. England toured the West Indies in 1967– 68 for a series that became noted for England's deliberate slow play. West Indies were forced to follow on in the first Test but saved it without difficulty. The second Test was played on an underprepared wicket at Kingston. England won an important toss and scored 376. The bounce of the wicket having become very uneven, West Indies collapsed to 143 and followed on again. On the fourth day in the second innings, a disputed decision led to a crowd riot, and the match had to be stopped for some time. In a curious decision, the West Indian Cricket Board (WICB) agreed to add a 75-minute sixth day to compensate for the lost time. Sobers played an outstanding innings of 113 not out, which allowed West Indies to set England a target of 159 in 155 minutes. England just about saved the game, losing eight wickets for 68. In the fourth Test West Indies gained a first innings lead of 122 at Port-of-Spain, but with the second innings score at 92 for 2, Sobers, frustrated by England's slow over rates and wanting to give himself a chance, albeit a small one, to win, surprisingly declared the innings, a decision for which he was widely criticised at the time. England were set a target of 215 in 165 minutes and they achieved it with 3 minutes to spare. West Indies made one last effort to win the final Test, but England drew it with only wicket left in their second innings. West Indies lost the series 0–1, the first defeat since 1960–61.
Australia and Bill Lawry had their revenge in 1968– 69, when West Indies lost the series, which was played in Australia, 1–3. New Zealand managed to draw the series that followed, and then in 1969 West Indies were defeated 0–2 in England.
World dominance (1970s)
West Indies' woes overflowed into the seventies. At home in 1970– 71, they lost to India for the first time. In the next year, a five Test series against New Zealand cricket team ended with no team coming close to winning one. The problem was that Sobers was the only world-class bowler in the side. A major find in the New Zealand series was Lawrence Rowe, who started off with a double century and century on his debut. Under Rohan Kanhai's captaincy, West Indies showed the first signs of revival. Australia won the closely fought 1972–73 series in the Caribbean by two Tests. With Sobers back – but Kanhai still the captain – West Indies defeated England 2–0 in 1973, which included a win by an innings and 226 runs at Lord's, their biggest win against England. The return series in West Indies ended 1–1, though the home team was the better side. Rowe continued his run scoring three centuries including a 302 at Kingston. The final Test of this 1973–74 series marked the end of an era in West Indies cricket – it was the last Test of both Garry Sobers and Rohan Kanhai, and marked the emergence of fast bowler Andy Roberts.
The new captain Clive Lloyd had made his first appearance in Test cricket in 1966 and had since become a fixture in the side. His avuncular, bespectacled appearance and a stoop near the shoulders masked the fact that was a very fine fielder, especially in the covers, and a devastating stroke player. Lloyd's first assignment was the tour of India in 1974– 75. West Indies won the first two Tests against India comfortably. Greenidge started his career with 107 and 93 on his debut. Richards failed in his first Test, but scored 192* in his second. India fought back to win the next two, but Lloyd hit 242* in the final Test to win the series.
West Indies won the inaugural World Cup in England in 1975, defeating Australia in the final. Then in 1975–76 they toured Australia, only to lose 1–5 in the six-Test series, and then beat India at home two-one in a four Test series later that same winter. It was in 1975–76 that quick bowler Michael Holding made his debut. Colin Croft and Joel Garner made their debut the next year, and Malcolm Marshall two years after. In the span of about four years, West Indies brought together a bowling line-up of a quality that had rarely been seen before. The Indian tour saw the debut of Vivian Richards, arguably the finest West Indian batsman ever, and Gordon Greenidge, who joined a strong batting line-up that already included Alvin Kallicharran and opener Roy Fredericks in addition to Rowe and Lloyd. These players formed the nucleus of the side that became recognised as world Test match champions until the beginning of the 1990s.
Next came a tour of England in 1976. In a TV interview before the series, English captain Tony Greig commented that the West Indies tend to do badly under pressure and that "we'll make them grovel". This comment, especially as it came from a South African-born player, touched a raw nerve of the West Indians. Throughout the series, the English batsmen were subjected to some very hostile bowling. After the first two Tests ended in draws, West Indies won the next three. Of the many heroes for West Indies, Richards stood out with 829 runs in four Tests. He hit 232 at Trent Bridge and 291 at the Oval. Greenidge scored three hundreds, two of which were on the difficult wicket at Old Trafford. Roberts and Holding shared 55 wickets between them, Holding's 8 for 92 and 6 for 57 on the dead wicket at the Oval being a superlative effort.
West Indies won a home series against a tough Pakistan side in 1976– 77. A few months later, the World Series Cricket (WSC) controversy broke out. Most of the West Indian players signed up with Kerry Packer, an Australian TV magnate who was attempting to set up his own international cricket competition. The Australian team that toured West Indies the next year included no Packer players, but West Indies Cricket Board fielded a full-strength team under the argument that none of the West Indies players had refused to play, but disputes arose in the matter of payment and about the selection of certain players. Before the third Test, Lloyd resigned his captaincy. Within two days all the other WSC-contracted players also withdrew. Alvin Kallicharran captained the team for the remaining Tests of the series, which the Windies won three-one.
WICB allowed the WSC players to appear in the 1979 World Cup, and the West Indies retained the title with little difficulty. By the end of 1979, the WSC disputes were resolved. Kallicharran was deposed after losing a six-match series one-nil in India and Lloyd returned as captain for a tour against a full-strength Australia (where the Windies won two-nil, with one draw) and New Zealand. The latter tour was full of controversy. New Zealand won the first Test at Dunedin by one wicket, but West Indies were never happy with the umpiring. West Indian discontent boiled over the next Test at Christchurch. While running into bowl, Colin Croft deliberately shouldered the umpire Fred Goodall. When Goodall went to talk to Lloyd about Croft's behaviour, he had to walk all the way to meet the West Indian captain, as the latter did not move an inch from his position at the slips. After tea on the third day, West Indies refused to take the field unless Goodall was removed. They were persuaded to continue, and it took intense negotiations between the two boards to keep the tour on track. The Kiwis won the three match series after the second and third Tests ended in draws.
Dominance, Rebels and Blackwashes (1980s)
WI Test series in the 1980s
SEASON
1
1
After losing their first series of the 1980s in March 1980, the West Indies went throughout the rest of the decade undefeated.
The 1980s started with a one-nil victory away to England over five Tests, one-nil away to Pakistan over four Tests, two-nil home to England over four Tests and a one-all draw away to Australia. Then in 1982–83, a West Indian rebel team toured apartheid South Africa. It was led by Lawrence Rowe and included prominent players like Alvin Kallicharran, Colin Croft, Collis King and Sylvester Clarke. WICB banned the players for life (which was later revoked), and some were refused entry back home. However, the rebels managed another tour the next year, which included most of the players of the original team. Despite this loss of talent, the official Windies side continued to dominate. In the period to 1985–86 they won every series they played, with their only notable defeat being in the one-day arena, when, to general surprise, they lost to India in the final of the 1983 World Cup. The winning streak included two five-nil victories over England in five-Test series, which became known as the blackwashes.
During this streak the West Indian captain Lloyd retired from Test cricket at the end of the 1984–85 series against Australia. In total Lloyd had captained West Indies in 74 Test matches, winning 36 of them. Vivian Richards was Lloyd's successor, and continued the run of success. Meanwhile, a change of old guard was also happening. Joel Garner and Michael Holding had retired by 1987. A major find was Curtly Ambrose, who was as tall as Garner and as equally effective with the ball. Courtney Walsh, who made his first appearance in 1984, bowled with an action that resembled Holding. Ian Bishop also had a similar action, and was as good a bowler till injuries interrupted his career. Patrick Patterson was faster than all the rest, but had a short career. Marshall still was the finest fast bowler in the world. Batting was beginning to show signs of weakness. They also failed to qualify for the semifinal of the 1987 World Cup. By the end of the eighties, while still the best team in the world, they had lost the aura of invincibility that they had till the middle of the decade. Finding good replacements for senior players was again becoming a problem.
Fall from the top
It was five more years before West Indies lost a series, but they had a number of close shaves. South Africa on their comeback played its first Test match in Bridgetown, a match which was attended by less than 10,000 people because of a boycott. Needing 201 to win on the last day, South Africa reached 123 for 2 before Curtly Ambrose and Courtney Walsh took the remaining wickets for 25 runs. In 1992– 93, West Indies defeated Australia by one run at Adelaide, where a loss could have cost them the series. In 1992, West Indies once again failed to qualify for the World Cup semifinal. Australia finally defeated West Indies 2–1 in 1994– 95 to become the unofficial world champions of Test cricket. The 1996 World Cup ended with a defeat in the semifinal, which forced Richie Richardson, who had taken over the captaincy from Richards in 1991, to end his career. West Indies made their first-ever official tour to South Africa in 1998– 99. It ended in disaster, starting with player revolts and ending with a 0–5 defeat. The 1999 World Cup campaign ended in the group stages. The next year, England won a series against West Indies for the first time in thirty-one years. West Indies ended the decade with another 0–5 defeat in Australia.
For most of the nineties and afterwards, the West Indian batting has been dominated by Brian Lara. He became a regular in the side after the retirement of Richards in 1991. Against England at Antigua 1993– 94, he scored 375 and broke Sobers' world record for the highest individual score in Test cricket. He continued his fine form for Warwickshire and hit seven first-class hundreds in eight innings. The last of these was a 501 not out against Durham, which improved upon Hanif Mohammad's thirty-five-year-old record as the highest score in first-class cricket. Bowling support was given by Curtly Ambrose and Courtney Walsh, the latter after setting a then world record of 519 wickets. However, these two were gone by 2001. The bowlers to follow had big shoes to fill (quite literally) and ultimately have not responded close to the level that Ambrose and Walsh have set. Despite the presence of some good batsmen like Shivnarine Chanderpaul and Ramnaresh Sarwan, Brian Lara still remained the crucial figure of the side.
After a two-nil defeat to New Zealand in 1999– 00, Lara was replaced as captain by Jimmy Adams, who initially enjoyed series wins against Zimbabwe and Pakistan, but a three-one defeat to England and a five-nil whitewash by Australia saw him replaced by Carl Hooper for the 2000– 01 visit by South Africa. By the time Lara was restored to the captaincy in 2002– 03 series had been lost to South Africa, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, New Zealand and India . The only series win of note was against India (although Zimbabwe and Bangladesh were still beaten) as the West Indies plummeted to eighth place in the world-rankings, below all the other established Test nations.
After losing his first series of his second captaincy period to world-champions Australia, Lara secured success against Sri Lanka and Zimbabwe, before another poor run saw three-nil defeats over four Tests against both South Africa and England, although the fourth Test against England was drawn after Lara posted a world-record individual Test score of 400 not out. The West Indies were then whitewashed four-nil in England. Lara's last act as captain was to win the 2004 ICC Champions Trophy, a one-day competition second only to the Cricket World Cup, at the Oval, London – a win that was a welcome surprise for the Caribbean which had just been hit by Hurricane Ivan .
This joy was short-lived as a major dispute broke out in 2005 between the West Indian Players Association (WIPA) and the Cricket Board. The point of contention was the 'clause 5' of the tour contract which gave WICB the sole and exclusive right to arrange for sponsorship, advertising, licensing, merchandising and promotional activities relating to WICB or any WICB Team. Digicel were the sponsors of the West Indian Team, while most of the players had contracts with Cable & Wireless. This and a payment dispute meant the West Indies first announced a team absent Lara and a number of other leading West Indians for South Africa's visit in 2004– 05, leading to Shivnarine Chanderpaul becoming captain. Some of these players did, in the end, compete. The dispute had not been finally resolved, though, and rumbled on, leading to a second-string side being named for the tour of Sri Lanka in 2005. The dispute was not resolved until October 2005, when a full-strength side was finally named for the 2005–6 tour of Australia. It was on this tour that Brian Lara overtook Australian Allan Border as the highest run-scorer in Test match cricket but lost the series 0-3.
Tournament History
| Douglas Jardine |
What is the chemical formula for Copper Sulphate? | History of the West Indian cricket team
History of the West Indian cricket team
South Africa 1971 to 1981
International cricket in 2005
Test cricket records
First-class cricket records
The history of the West Indian cricket team begins in the 1890s, when the first representative sides were selected to play visiting English sides. Administered by the West Indies Cricket Board ("WICB"), and known colloquially as The Windies, the West Indies cricket team represents a sporting confederation of English-speaking Caribbean countries.
The WICB joined the sport's international ruling body, the Imperial Cricket Council, in 1926, and played their first official international match, which in cricket is called a Test, in 1928. Although blessed with some great players in their early days as a Test nation, their successes remained sporadic until the 1960s, by which time the side had changed from a white-dominated to a black-dominated side. By the 1970s, the West Indies had a side recognised as unofficial world champions, a title they retained throughout the 1980s. During these glory years, the Windies were noted for their four-man fast bowling attack, backed up by some of the best batsmen in the world. The 1980s saw them set a then-record streak of 11 consecutive Test victories in 1984 and inflict two 5–0 "blackwashes" against the old enemy of England. Throughout the 1990s and 2000s, however, West Indian cricket declined, in part due to the rise in popularity of basketball , athletics and soccer in West Indian countries, and the team today is struggling to regain its past glory.
In their early days in the 1930s, the side represented the British colonies of the West Indies Federation plus British Guyana. The current side represents the now independent states of Antigua and Barbuda , Barbados , Dominica , Grenada , Guyana , Jamaica , Saint Kitts and Nevis , Saint Lucia , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and Trinidad and Tobago , and the British dependencies of Anguilla and Montserrat . National teams also exist for the various different islands, which, as they are all separate countries, very much keep their local identities and support their local favourites. These national teams take part in the West Indian first-class competition, the Carib Beer Cup (earlier known as the Busta Cup, Shell Shield and various other names). It is also common for other international teams to play the island teams for warm-up games before they take on the combined West Indies team.
Early tours
The first international cricket played in the West Indies was between local, often predominantly white, sides and English tourists – the Middlesex player Slade Lucas toured Jamaica with a team in 1894-95, and two years later Arthur Priestley took a team to Barbados, Trinidad, and Jamaica, which included, for the first time, a match against a side styled "All West Indies", which the West Indians won. Lord Hawke's English team, including several English Test players, toured around the same time, playing Trinidad, Barbados and British Guiana (now Guyana). Then in 1900 the white Trinidadian Aucher Warner, the brother of future England captain Pelham Warner, led a touring side to England, but none of the matches on this tour were given first-class status. Two winters later, in 1901– 2, the Hampshire wicketkeeper Richard Bennett's XI went to the West Indies, and played three games against teams styled as the "West Indies", which the hosts won 2–1. In 1904– 5, Lord Brackley's XI toured the Caribbean – winning both its games against "West Indies".
The tours to England continued in 1906 when Harold Austin led a West Indian side to England. His side played a number of county teams, and drew their game against an "England XI". However, that England XI only included one contemporary Test player – wicketkeeper Dick Lilley – and he had not been on England's most recent tour, their 1905–6 tour of South Africa. The Marylebone Cricket Club, which had taken over responsibility for arranging all official overseas England tours, visited Jamaica in 1910– 11, but after that there was no international cricket of any note until the West Indian team went to England in 1923. This tour did not include a game against an England team, but there was an end-of-season game against HDG Leveson-Gower's XI against a virtual England Test side at the Scarborough cricket festival, a traditional end-of-season game against a touring side at the English seaside resort of Scarborough, which Leveson-Gower's XI won by only four wickets. 1925– 26 saw another short MCC tour of Jamaica.
The MCC was eager to promote cricket throughout the British Empire, and on 31 May 1926 the West Indian Cricket Board, along with their New Zealand and Indian counterparts, was elected to the Imperial Cricket Conference (ICC), which previously consisted of the MCC and representatives of Australia and South Africa. Election to full membership of the ICC meant the West Indies could play official Test matches, which is the designation given to the most important international games, and the Windies became the fourth team actually to play a recognised Test match on 23 June 1928 when they took on England at Lord's in London . They did not, however, enjoy immediate success – the West Indies lost all three 3-day Tests in that 1928 tour by a long way, failing to score 250 runs in any of their six innings in that series. They also failed to dismiss England for under 350 runs in a series completely dominated by England.
The early Tests (1930s and 1940s)
The West Indies team that toured Australia in 1930-31.
The West Indies played 19 Tests in the 1930s in four series against England and one against Australia. The first four of these were played against an England team led by the Honourable Freddie Calthorpe that toured in 1929– 30. However, as Harold Gilligan was leading another English team to New Zealand at exactly the same time, this was not a full-strength England side. The series ended one-all, with the West Indies first ever Test victory being recorded on 26 February 1930. West Indians George Headley scored the most runs (703) in the rubber and Learie Constantine took the most wickets (18).
The Windies toured Australia in 1930–31 . They lost the Test series 4–1. The fifth and final Test showed some promise – batting first, the West Indies spent the first three days earning a 250-run lead with five wickets down in their second innings. A bold declaration was backed up by their bowlers, as Herman Griffith took four wickets and West Indies won by 30 runs to their first overseas Test victory. By the time the team left, they had left a good impression of themselves with the Australian public, although at first the team were faced with several cultural differences – for example, their hosts did not at first appreciate that the tourists' Roman Catholic beliefs would mean they would refuse to play golf on Sundays or engage in more ribald behaviour. The West Indian sides of the time were always led by white men, and the touring party to Australia comprised seven whites and eleven "natives", and the West Indian Board of Control wrote to their Australian counterparts saying "that all should reside at the same hotels". Australia at the time was implementing its " White Australia" policy, with the Australian Board having to guarantee to the Government that the non-whites would leave at the end of the tour. When the West Indians arrived in Sydney, the whites were immediately given a different hotel from the blacks. They complained, and thereafter their wishes were met. The tour lost a lot of money, part of which was down to the Great Depression then engulfing Australia. The West Indians won four and lost eight of their 14 first-class fixtures.
1933 saw another tour of England. Their hosts had just come back from defeating Australia in the infamous Bodyline series, where England's aggressive bowling at the body with a legside field attracted much criticism. England won the three-Test series of three-day Tests against the Windies 2–0. The second, drawn, Test at Old Trafford, Manchester , provided an intriguing footnote to the Bodyline controversy when Manny Martindale and Learie Constantine bowled Bodyline – fast, short-pitched balls aimed at the body – against the Englishmen, the only time they faced it in international cricket. The tactic did not work, as Douglas Jardine, the English captain who ordered his players to bowl it against the Australians, did not flinch as he scored his only Test century, making 127 out of England's 374.
Learie Constantine
Another England tour of the West Indies followed in 1934– 35. England won the first Test in Barbados on a poor pitch, affected by rain, and in a match where 309 runs were scored, England took a four-wicket victory. Both sides declared one of their innings closed to have their bowlers take advantage of the poor pitch. The second Test saw the Windies win by 217 runs, and a drawn third Test saw the series go to a decider at Sabina Park in Jamaica . A massive 270 not out from George Headley saw the Windies declare on 535 for 7. Despite a century from Les Ames, England could not avoid going down by an innings and 161 runs – the West Indies had secured their first Test series victory.
The West Indies toured England in 1939. England won the first Test at Lord's easily by 8 wickets, then there was a rain-affected draw in Manchester, and finally a high-scoring draw at the Oval in mid-August. The highlight of the series for the West Indies was George Headley scoring hundreds in both innings in the Lord's Test. With the clouds of World War II seemingly about to envelope Europe, the rest of the tour was cancelled and the Windies returned home. They would play no more Tests until 21 January 1948 saw the start of the first Test the West Indies played since the War, which resulted in a draw against the MCC side from England. The second Test was also drawn, with George Carew and Andy Ganteaume both making centuries. Ganteaume was then dropped, ending with a Test average of 112 – the highest in Test history. The West Indies won the final two Tests chasing sub-100 totals, and wrapped up the series 2–0, their first away-series victory.
In 1948, West Indies toured newly independent India for the first time for a five Test tour. The tour was preceded by a non-Test tour of Pakistan and followed by a similar short tour of Ceylon. After three high-scoring draws against the Indians, the West Indians wrapped up the fourth by an innings before a thrilling fifth Test, which left the Indians six runs away from victory with two wickets in hand as time ran out, so that the West Indies thus won the rubber 1–0. Carrying on from his hundred in the series against England, Everton Weekes set a record of scoring hundreds in five successive Test innings.
The Post-War period (1950s)
1950 saw another tour of England, the series saw the emergence for the West Indies of their great spinning duo, Sonny Ramadhin and Alf Valentine. England won the first Test by 202 runs, but Valentine and Ramadhin's bowling would win the series for the visitors. The second Test saw the Windies put on 326 thanks to 106 from Allan Rae before Valentine (4 for 48) and Ramadhin (5 for 66) skittled England in the first innings. A mammoth 168 from Clyde Walcott saw England set a theoretical target of 601. Ramadhin's 6 for 86 and Valentine's 3 for 79 dismissed the hosts for 274. The spinning duo took 12 wickets, Frank Worrell made 261 and Everton Weekes 129 as the third Test went the Windies way by 10 wickets, the fourth saw 14 wickets from Valentine and Ramadhin and centuries from Rae and Worrell as England were defeated by an innings. The West Indies won the series 3–1.
In 1951– 52 the Windies visited Australia. The first Test saw a narrow defeat by three wickets, with the two spinners seemingly continuing their form with twelve wickets between them. The second Test was lost by seven wickets, as Australia replied to the Windies 362 and 290 with 567 (which included centuries from Lindsay Hassett and Keith Miller) and 137 for 2. 6 wickets from Worrell in the third Test saw Australia dismissed for only 82, and the Windies eventually won by six wickets to pull back to two-one down in the series. The fourth Test saw the series lost in a narrow defeat. Worrell, batting with an injured hand, scored 108 and helped the Windies to 272 before Australia made 216 in reply. 203 from the Windies left Australia a target of 260. 5 wickets from Valentine helped reduced the Aussies to 222 for 9, 38 short with 1 wicket remaining. It didn't happen, as some brilliant running between the wicket for Australia by Bill Johnston and Doug Ring saw West Indies lose their composure and the match. The fifth Test saw three batting collapses, as Australia (116 and 377) beat Windies (78 and 213) by 202 runs to finish the rubber four-one winners. The West Indies then went on to New Zealand. In the first Test encounter between the two teams, the visitors to scored a five wicket victory. In the second and final Test, Allan Rae scored 99, Jeffrey Stollmeyer 152, Frank Worrell 100 and Clyde Walcott 115 as the West Indies put on 546 for 6 declared. There wasn't enough time to bowl out the opposition twice though, as the hosts made 160 and were following-on at 17 for 1 when stumps were drawn, leaving the Windies series winners.
The Indians toured at the beginning of 1953. The Windies won the second of the five Tests that were played, with the others all being draws. The highlight of these games we Frank Worrell's 237 in the fifth Test, where all the three W's scored hundreds, as the West Indies scored a 1–0 series victory. Len Hutton led an MCC (England) side to the islands in 1953– 54. Sonny Ramadhin again starred for the Windies taking 23 wickets (no other West Indian took more than 8), as Walcott's 698 runs was more than 200 higher than second-placed West Indian, Everton Weekes. The five match rubber was drawn two-all.
Australia came and conquered in 1954– 55. After the Aussies made 515 in the first innings of the first Test, the Windies went down by 9 wickets. Then the Windies 382 was put in the shade by 600 for 9 declared by the visitors as the second Test was drawn. A low-scoring third Test saw Australia (257 and 133 for 2) beat the hosts (182 and 207) by 8 wickets. After Australia scored 668 in the fourth Test, the series was lost, although a double century from captain Denis Atkinson and a world-record stand for the seventh wicket allowed the Windies to reach 510 and draw the Test. The fifth Test saw the West Indies win the toss and bat. Walcott's 155 was the highest score of their 357. The Australians then batted and batted, in total for 245.4 overs in the 6-day Test, as they put on 758 for 8 declared, with five players making centuries. 319 in the West Indies' second innings left them defeated by an innings and 82 runs in the Test, and by three games to nil in the series. Walcott set records by scoring five hundreds, and hundreds in both innings of a match twice. A four-Test tour of New Zealand followed in February 1956. After two wins by an innings and one by 9 wickets, the Windies were surprised by the Kiwis in the fourth, dismissing them for 145 and 77 as they recorded their first ever Test win in their 45th Test.
John Goddard returned to captain the West Indians for a five-Test tour of England in 1957, which was lost three-nil, with England having the better of the two draws. Then 1957– 58 Gerry Alexander led a team that defeated Pakistan three-one. It was in this series in Jamaica that Garry Sobers scored 365 not out to record what was then the highest score in Test match cricket. Alexander went on to lead the West Indies to a three-nil win over five Tests in India , and a two-one defeat to Pakistan in a three match rubber in the following winter. In 1959– 60 he led as West Indies went down one-nil at home in a five-match series with England.
A period of mixed fortunes (1960s)
Despite being a country where whites are a minority, until 1960 West Indies were always captained by white cricketers, though this was more social than racial discrimination. Throughout the fifties, social theorist CLR James, the increasingly political former cricketer Learie Constantine and others called for a black captain. Constantine himself had stood in for Jackie Grant in the field against England on the 1937-38 tour, and George Headley captained the West Indies in the First Test against England in 1947-48 when the appointed, white captain, John Goddard was injured. However, no black was appointed as captain for a whole series until Frank Worrell was chosen to lead West Indies in their tour of Australia in 1960-61. In his three years as captain, Worrell moulded a bunch of talented but raw cricketers into the best team in the world.
In 1960, Australia were the best team in the world but on their way down, while West Indies were on their way up. It so happened that when they met, the two teams were of almost equal strength. The result was a series that, along with the 2005 Ashes, has been recognised as one of the greatest of all time. The first Test in Brisbane was the first Test ever to end in a tie, which in cricket means the side batting last has been dismissed with scores level. The teams shared the next two Tests. In the fourth, Australia's last pair of Ken Mackay and Lindsay Kline played out the last 100 minutes of the match to earn a draw, while Australia won the final Test and the series by two wickets. One of the days of play was attended by a world-record crowd of 90,800. Such was the impression created by Worrell's team that the newly instituted trophy for the series between the two teams was named the Frank Worrell Trophy. Half a million people lined the streets of Melbourne to bid them a ticker-tape farewell.
West Indies beat India 5–0 at home next year, and in 1963, they beat a fine English team by three matches to one. The Lord's Test of this series saw a famous finish. With two balls left, England needed six runs to win, and West Indies one wicket. The non-striker was Colin Cowdrey, who had his left arm in a sling, having fractured it earlier in the day. However, David Allen safely played out the last two balls and the match ended in a draw. Worrell retired at the end of the series. The selectors picked Garry Sobers to succeed him.
Worrell did, however, serve as the team manager when West Indies hosted Australia in 1964–65. The matches against Australia were bitterly fought, with accusations about Charlie Griffith's action (he was accused of throwing, which is banned in the laws of cricket) and bouncer wars. The West Indies won this series 2–1 to be the unofficial world champions. Sobers was not as good at man-management as Worrell and cracks soon began to appear. Often it was his individual brilliance that made the difference between a win and a loss. Throughout the sixties, West Indies bowling was led by Wes Hall, Griffith, Lance Gibbs and Sobers himself. Hall and Griffith faded and then retired by the end of the decade, but WI could find no replacement for them till the mid-seventies.
Sobers was at his best in England in 1966, scoring 722 runs and taking 20 wickets in the five Tests. Three times he topped 150, and the 163* at Lord's turned a certain defeat into a near victory. West Indies won 3–1. England toured the West Indies in 1967– 68 for a series that became noted for England's deliberate slow play. West Indies were forced to follow on in the first Test but saved it without difficulty. The second Test was played on an underprepared wicket at Kingston. England won an important toss and scored 376. The bounce of the wicket having become very uneven, West Indies collapsed to 143 and followed on again. On the fourth day in the second innings, a disputed decision led to a crowd riot, and the match had to be stopped for some time. In a curious decision, the West Indian Cricket Board (WICB) agreed to add a 75-minute sixth day to compensate for the lost time. Sobers played an outstanding innings of 113 not out, which allowed West Indies to set England a target of 159 in 155 minutes. England just about saved the game, losing eight wickets for 68. In the fourth Test West Indies gained a first innings lead of 122 at Port-of-Spain, but with the second innings score at 92 for 2, Sobers, frustrated by England's slow over rates and wanting to give himself a chance, albeit a small one, to win, surprisingly declared the innings, a decision for which he was widely criticised at the time. England were set a target of 215 in 165 minutes and they achieved it with 3 minutes to spare. West Indies made one last effort to win the final Test, but England drew it with only wicket left in their second innings. West Indies lost the series 0–1, the first defeat since 1960–61.
Australia and Bill Lawry had their revenge in 1968– 69, when West Indies lost the series, which was played in Australia, 1–3. New Zealand managed to draw the series that followed, and then in 1969 West Indies were defeated 0–2 in England.
World dominance (1970s)
West Indies' woes overflowed into the seventies. At home in 1970– 71, they lost to India for the first time. In the next year, a five Test series against New Zealand cricket team ended with no team coming close to winning one. The problem was that Sobers was the only world-class bowler in the side. A major find in the New Zealand series was Lawrence Rowe, who started off with a double century and century on his debut. Under Rohan Kanhai's captaincy, West Indies showed the first signs of revival. Australia won the closely fought 1972–73 series in the Caribbean by two Tests. With Sobers back – but Kanhai still the captain – West Indies defeated England 2–0 in 1973, which included a win by an innings and 226 runs at Lord's, their biggest win against England. The return series in West Indies ended 1–1, though the home team was the better side. Rowe continued his run scoring three centuries including a 302 at Kingston. The final Test of this 1973–74 series marked the end of an era in West Indies cricket – it was the last Test of both Garry Sobers and Rohan Kanhai, and marked the emergence of fast bowler Andy Roberts.
The new captain Clive Lloyd had made his first appearance in Test cricket in 1966 and had since become a fixture in the side. His avuncular, bespectacled appearance and a stoop near the shoulders masked the fact that was a very fine fielder, especially in the covers, and a devastating stroke player. Lloyd's first assignment was the tour of India in 1974– 75. West Indies won the first two Tests against India comfortably. Greenidge started his career with 107 and 93 on his debut. Richards failed in his first Test, but scored 192* in his second. India fought back to win the next two, but Lloyd hit 242* in the final Test to win the series.
West Indies won the inaugural World Cup in England in 1975, defeating Australia in the final. Then in 1975–76 they toured Australia, only to lose 1–5 in the six-Test series, and then beat India at home two-one in a four Test series later that same winter. It was in 1975–76 that quick bowler Michael Holding made his debut. Colin Croft and Joel Garner made their debut the next year, and Malcolm Marshall two years after. In the span of about four years, West Indies brought together a bowling line-up of a quality that had rarely been seen before. The Indian tour saw the debut of Vivian Richards, arguably the finest West Indian batsman ever, and Gordon Greenidge, who joined a strong batting line-up that already included Alvin Kallicharran and opener Roy Fredericks in addition to Rowe and Lloyd. These players formed the nucleus of the side that became recognised as world Test match champions until the beginning of the 1990s.
Next came a tour of England in 1976. In a TV interview before the series, English captain Tony Greig commented that the West Indies tend to do badly under pressure and that "we'll make them grovel". This comment, especially as it came from a South African-born player, touched a raw nerve of the West Indians. Throughout the series, the English batsmen were subjected to some very hostile bowling. After the first two Tests ended in draws, West Indies won the next three. Of the many heroes for West Indies, Richards stood out with 829 runs in four Tests. He hit 232 at Trent Bridge and 291 at the Oval. Greenidge scored three hundreds, two of which were on the difficult wicket at Old Trafford. Roberts and Holding shared 55 wickets between them, Holding's 8 for 92 and 6 for 57 on the dead wicket at the Oval being a superlative effort.
West Indies won a home series against a tough Pakistan side in 1976– 77. A few months later, the World Series Cricket (WSC) controversy broke out. Most of the West Indian players signed up with Kerry Packer, an Australian TV magnate who was attempting to set up his own international cricket competition. The Australian team that toured West Indies the next year included no Packer players, but West Indies Cricket Board fielded a full-strength team under the argument that none of the West Indies players had refused to play, but disputes arose in the matter of payment and about the selection of certain players. Before the third Test, Lloyd resigned his captaincy. Within two days all the other WSC-contracted players also withdrew. Alvin Kallicharran captained the team for the remaining Tests of the series, which the Windies won three-one.
WICB allowed the WSC players to appear in the 1979 World Cup, and the West Indies retained the title with little difficulty. By the end of 1979, the WSC disputes were resolved. Kallicharran was deposed after losing a six-match series one-nil in India and Lloyd returned as captain for a tour against a full-strength Australia (where the Windies won two-nil, with one draw) and New Zealand. The latter tour was full of controversy. New Zealand won the first Test at Dunedin by one wicket, but West Indies were never happy with the umpiring. West Indian discontent boiled over the next Test at Christchurch. While running into bowl, Colin Croft deliberately shouldered the umpire Fred Goodall. When Goodall went to talk to Lloyd about Croft's behaviour, he had to walk all the way to meet the West Indian captain, as the latter did not move an inch from his position at the slips. After tea on the third day, West Indies refused to take the field unless Goodall was removed. They were persuaded to continue, and it took intense negotiations between the two boards to keep the tour on track. The Kiwis won the three match series after the second and third Tests ended in draws.
Dominance, Rebels and Blackwashes (1980s)
WI Test series in the 1980s
SEASON
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After losing their first series of the 1980s in March 1980, the West Indies went throughout the rest of the decade undefeated.
The 1980s started with a one-nil victory away to England over five Tests, one-nil away to Pakistan over four Tests, two-nil home to England over four Tests and a one-all draw away to Australia. Then in 1982–83, a West Indian rebel team toured apartheid South Africa. It was led by Lawrence Rowe and included prominent players like Alvin Kallicharran, Colin Croft, Collis King and Sylvester Clarke. WICB banned the players for life (which was later revoked), and some were refused entry back home. However, the rebels managed another tour the next year, which included most of the players of the original team. Despite this loss of talent, the official Windies side continued to dominate. In the period to 1985–86 they won every series they played, with their only notable defeat being in the one-day arena, when, to general surprise, they lost to India in the final of the 1983 World Cup. The winning streak included two five-nil victories over England in five-Test series, which became known as the blackwashes.
During this streak the West Indian captain Lloyd retired from Test cricket at the end of the 1984–85 series against Australia. In total Lloyd had captained West Indies in 74 Test matches, winning 36 of them. Vivian Richards was Lloyd's successor, and continued the run of success. Meanwhile, a change of old guard was also happening. Joel Garner and Michael Holding had retired by 1987. A major find was Curtly Ambrose, who was as tall as Garner and as equally effective with the ball. Courtney Walsh, who made his first appearance in 1984, bowled with an action that resembled Holding. Ian Bishop also had a similar action, and was as good a bowler till injuries interrupted his career. Patrick Patterson was faster than all the rest, but had a short career. Marshall still was the finest fast bowler in the world. Batting was beginning to show signs of weakness. They also failed to qualify for the semifinal of the 1987 World Cup. By the end of the eighties, while still the best team in the world, they had lost the aura of invincibility that they had till the middle of the decade. Finding good replacements for senior players was again becoming a problem.
Fall from the top
It was five more years before West Indies lost a series, but they had a number of close shaves. South Africa on their comeback played its first Test match in Bridgetown, a match which was attended by less than 10,000 people because of a boycott. Needing 201 to win on the last day, South Africa reached 123 for 2 before Curtly Ambrose and Courtney Walsh took the remaining wickets for 25 runs. In 1992– 93, West Indies defeated Australia by one run at Adelaide, where a loss could have cost them the series. In 1992, West Indies once again failed to qualify for the World Cup semifinal. Australia finally defeated West Indies 2–1 in 1994– 95 to become the unofficial world champions of Test cricket. The 1996 World Cup ended with a defeat in the semifinal, which forced Richie Richardson, who had taken over the captaincy from Richards in 1991, to end his career. West Indies made their first-ever official tour to South Africa in 1998– 99. It ended in disaster, starting with player revolts and ending with a 0–5 defeat. The 1999 World Cup campaign ended in the group stages. The next year, England won a series against West Indies for the first time in thirty-one years. West Indies ended the decade with another 0–5 defeat in Australia.
For most of the nineties and afterwards, the West Indian batting has been dominated by Brian Lara. He became a regular in the side after the retirement of Richards in 1991. Against England at Antigua 1993– 94, he scored 375 and broke Sobers' world record for the highest individual score in Test cricket. He continued his fine form for Warwickshire and hit seven first-class hundreds in eight innings. The last of these was a 501 not out against Durham, which improved upon Hanif Mohammad's thirty-five-year-old record as the highest score in first-class cricket. Bowling support was given by Curtly Ambrose and Courtney Walsh, the latter after setting a then world record of 519 wickets. However, these two were gone by 2001. The bowlers to follow had big shoes to fill (quite literally) and ultimately have not responded close to the level that Ambrose and Walsh have set. Despite the presence of some good batsmen like Shivnarine Chanderpaul and Ramnaresh Sarwan, Brian Lara still remained the crucial figure of the side.
After a two-nil defeat to New Zealand in 1999– 00, Lara was replaced as captain by Jimmy Adams, who initially enjoyed series wins against Zimbabwe and Pakistan, but a three-one defeat to England and a five-nil whitewash by Australia saw him replaced by Carl Hooper for the 2000– 01 visit by South Africa. By the time Lara was restored to the captaincy in 2002– 03 series had been lost to South Africa, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, New Zealand and India . The only series win of note was against India (although Zimbabwe and Bangladesh were still beaten) as the West Indies plummeted to eighth place in the world-rankings, below all the other established Test nations.
After losing his first series of his second captaincy period to world-champions Australia, Lara secured success against Sri Lanka and Zimbabwe, before another poor run saw three-nil defeats over four Tests against both South Africa and England, although the fourth Test against England was drawn after Lara posted a world-record individual Test score of 400 not out. The West Indies were then whitewashed four-nil in England. Lara's last act as captain was to win the 2004 ICC Champions Trophy, a one-day competition second only to the Cricket World Cup, at the Oval, London – a win that was a welcome surprise for the Caribbean which had just been hit by Hurricane Ivan .
This joy was short-lived as a major dispute broke out in 2005 between the West Indian Players Association (WIPA) and the Cricket Board. The point of contention was the 'clause 5' of the tour contract which gave WICB the sole and exclusive right to arrange for sponsorship, advertising, licensing, merchandising and promotional activities relating to WICB or any WICB Team. Digicel were the sponsors of the West Indian Team, while most of the players had contracts with Cable & Wireless. This and a payment dispute meant the West Indies first announced a team absent Lara and a number of other leading West Indians for South Africa's visit in 2004– 05, leading to Shivnarine Chanderpaul becoming captain. Some of these players did, in the end, compete. The dispute had not been finally resolved, though, and rumbled on, leading to a second-string side being named for the tour of Sri Lanka in 2005. The dispute was not resolved until October 2005, when a full-strength side was finally named for the 2005–6 tour of Australia. It was on this tour that Brian Lara overtook Australian Allan Border as the highest run-scorer in Test match cricket but lost the series 0-3.
Tournament History
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One of Michel Ball's earliest roles was as 'Marius' in the original London production of which musical? | Michael Ball | New Music And Songs |
Michael Ball
About Michael Ball
A regular face on British stage and television, performer Michael Ball was born in 1962 in Bromsgrove, Worcestershire, U.K. Moving to South West England when he was three years old, Ball grew up learning to sing along to records by Ella Fitzgerald and Frank Sinatra, and after an unhappy stint at boarding school in his teens -- and discovering a love of Shakespeare during school holidays -- Ball went on to study at the Guilford School of Acting. Graduating in 1984, his first role was in the Aberystwyth Arts Centre’s production of Godspell, but his major break came a year later when he took on the role of Frederick in the Manchester Opera House’s production of The Pirates of Penzance. Ball secured his first West End role playing Marius in Les Miserables and two years later, in 1987, he took over the role of Raoul in Andrew Lloyd Webber's The Phantom of the Opera at the request of Cameron Mackintosh. A performance in Aspects of Love in 1989 -- on both sides of the Atlantic -- saw Ball’s popularity grow, and with the release of the single "Love Changes Everything" from the show -- which went on to reach number two in the U.K. singles chart -- he became a household name.
After a few not so successful follow-up singles, Ball was chosen to represent the U.K. in the 1992 Eurovision Song Contest in Malmo, Sweden. Coming in at a respectable second place, the track "One Step Out of Time" would pave the way for his debut album. The self-titled release reached the top of the U.K. album chart, and the following releases Always (1993), One Careful Owner (1994), and First Love (1996) all reached the U.K. Top Ten. Returning to the stage in 2002 as Caractacus Potts in the West End production of Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, Ball would continue to wow audiences with his performances and went on to take the lead role in the 2007 production of Hairspray, earning himself the 2008 Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Musical for his portrayal of Edna Turnblad. Splitting his time between stage, radio, and a recording career, Ball continued to release albums throughout the noughties, most notably 2005’s Music and 2007’s Back to Bacharach. In 2011, he released Heroes, a collection of covers featuring songs that had inspired him to become a performer. Both Sides Now followed in 2013, and featured a reworked version -- performed with Il Divo -- of his original breakthrough hit "Love Changes Everything." Ball returned at the end of 2014 with the album If Everyone Was Listening…, which brought together 15 of his favorite songs. The release saw him joined by vocal harmony group the Overtones on the track "Let It Be Me," originally recorded by the Everly Brothers. He returned in 2016 with Together, a collaborative effort with close friend and tenor singer Alfie Boe. The release featured performances of classics from Broadway shows. The pair toured nationwide that winter, performing at 18 of the country's most prestigious music venues. ~ Rich Wilson, Rovi
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What is the surname of the Roald Dahl character 'Matilda'? | Matilda - Roald Dahl
Roald Dahl
Published in 1988
Synopsis
Roald Dahl's Matilda won the Children's Book Award shortly after it was published in 1988, and it has continued to delight audiences ever since.
Background
Background
Matilda Wormwood is only five years old, but she is a genius. Unfortunately her parents are too stupid to even notice. Worse, her horrible headmistress Miss Trunchbull is a bully who makes life difficult for Matilda's teacher, Miss Honey, and her friends. But what Miss Trunchbull doesn't know is that Matilda has a trick or two up her sleeve...
Matilda won the Children's Book Award shortly after it was published in 1988, and it has continued to delight audiences ever since. Early drafts of the story were very different to the one we now know. At first, Matilda was a wicked girl who eventually used her powers to help her teacher solve her financial problems - by fixing a horse race. In the end, though, it became the magical story now known to children the world over.
In 1996 a film version of Matilda was released. Directed by Danny DeVito - who also starred as Mr Wormwood, alongside Mara Wilson as Matilda and Pam Ferris as Miss Trunchbull - the film went on to become a cult classic.
In 2010, The Royal Shakespeare Company’s production of Matilda The Musical, written by Dennis Kelly and with music and lyrics by Tim Minchin, opened in Stratford-upon-Avon, UK, to great critical acclaim. The production transferred to London's West End a year later, and in spring 2013 the show opened on Broadway.
Matilda was Roald Dahl's last long children's book.
Find out more about the period in Roald Dahl's life during Matilda was published
| Wormwood |
In 1993 who, with Mike Stroud, completed 7 marathons in 7 days on 7 continents, although bad weather meant the Antarctic race was held on the Falklands? | Matilda (1996) - IMDb
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Story of a wonderful little girl, who happens to be a genius, and her wonderful teacher vs. the worst parents ever and the worst school principal imaginable.
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3 wins & 7 nominations. See more awards »
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Edit
Storyline
A grouchy couple are parents to a very sweet girl, Matilda. Unlike her bratty brother and mean parents, Matilda becomes a very sweet and extremely intelligent 6 year old girl, who is very keen to go to school and read books. After a while, her parents send her to school with the worst principal in the world, a very sweet teacher, and good friends. While trying to put up with her parents' and principal's cruelty, she starts to unwittingly unleash telekinetic powers, destroying a television and making a newt fly onto the principal. With enough practice, Matilda starts to learn to control her telekinetic powers and soon using them on her principal so she can drive her away from the school. Written by anonomys
A little magic goes a long way. See more »
Genres:
Motion Picture Rating ( MPAA )
Rated PG for elements of exaggeRated meanness and ridicule, and for some mild language | See all certifications »
Parents Guide:
2 August 1996 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
Roald Dahl's Matilda See more »
Filming Locations:
$8,209,000 (USA) (2 August 1996)
Gross:
Did You Know?
Trivia
As a child, Miss Honey had a doll named Liccy Doll. One of the producers of the film is author Roald Dahl 's widow, Liccy Dahl . See more »
Goofs
The FBI agents' camcorder opens twice. See more »
Quotes
[asked to sign Matilda's adoption papers]
Zinnia Wormwood : You're the only daughter I ever had, Matilda. And I never understood you, not one little bit... Who's got a pen?
"A wonderful and partly scary adaption of Roald Dahl's classic novel"
12 September 2004 | by simon-trek
(Sydney, Australia) – See all my reviews
I can't say 'Matilda' was one of my favorite Roald Dahl books as a child but the movie adaption isn't that bad.
Matilda is a very bright and intelligent for a girl of her age. She's quite different from her grouchy and ignorant parents. Danny DeVito was good as Matilda's grouchy father, he often plays very grouchy characters. Mrs Trunchbull is as scary as she is in the book. She's worse than mean. She's a deranged and aggressive monster! She's an absolute monster! She hates children and does nothing except bully and intimidate them.
As for Mrs Jennifer Honey she's the exact opposite of Mrs Trunchbull. She's kindest and sweetest teacher you could find. She's like a mother to her school children and tries to protect them, but unfortunately she to is intimidated by Mrs Trunchbull. So when Matilda develops these telekinetic powers, it is up to her to teach Mrs Trunchbull an ultimate lesson.
I really liked the relationship Matilda has with Mrs Honey. It reminds me of the relationships I had with certain teachers at school. So I would say this movie is both frightening and touching at the same time.
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The Leigh Branch links the Leeds & Liverpool Canal with which other canal? | Leigh Branch (Leeds & Liverpool Canal) | Canal & River Trust
Leigh Branch (Leeds & Liverpool Canal)
The Leigh Branch is part of the Leeds & Liverpool Canal.
Leigh Branch, Leeds & Liverpool Canal, courtesy of markhsal, Flickr
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The branch runs seven miles, from the junction with the Leeds & Liverpool Canal main line at Wigan, to Leigh, where it joins the Stretford and Leigh Branch of the Bridgewater Canal.
| Bridgewater Canal |
In which district of New York is Greenwich Village situated? | Engineering Timelines - Leeds & Liverpool Canal
Leeds & Liverpool Canal
Leeds, West Riding of Yorkshire to Vauxhall, Liverpool, Merseyside, UK
associated engineer
date July 1779 - October 1816
era Georgian | category Canal/Navigation works | reference SE299330
ICE reference number HEW 2038
The longest canal in the UK to be built by a single company, the Leeds & Liverpool Canal joins the Aire & Calder Navigation at Leeds, enabling cross-country water travel. The link between the North Sea and the Irish Sea was completed with the Liverpool extension almost two centuries after the rest of the canal opened.
The success of the Aire & Calder Navigation, and growing cross-country trade, led to proposals for a broad canal between Leeds and Liverpool that could accommodate the vessels using the Aire & Calder. The initial surveys were done by John Longbotham, and presented to committee in January 1768, with James Brindley and his assistant Robert Whitworth providing additional surveys and advice. Brindley declined the post of engineer, which was then awarded to Longbotham at �400 (later �500) per year.
An enabling Act of Parliament was passed on 19th May 1770, which permitted raising �320,000 of funding through �100 shares. The route chosen between Leeds and Liverpool passed through Skipton, Gargrave, Colne, Whalley, Walton-le-Dale and Newburgh.
The canal is trapezoidal in section, 12.8m wide at the top and 8.2m wide at the bottom with a 1.5m depth of water. The locks are generally 4.9m wide and 21.3m long, just accommodating the canal�s typical 45 tonne load 'short boats' 4.3m wide, 18.9m long and 1.1m draft with 2.75m headroom.
To aid navigation in dim light or at night, the bridge arches were whitewashed as was the centreline of the bridge hole. Canal boats were double-ended so they did not need to be turned around for the return journey.
The first length, opened in 1773, was the lock-free section between Bingley and Skipton. In 1774 the Douglas Navigation was joined into the Leeds & Liverpool Canal, which bought most of its shares in 1772 and the remainder in 1783.
The 45km section from Liverpool to Newburgh was completed in 1775 for �125,000. Longbotham left the project in June 1775, when he resigned after problems with debts and book-keeping (rather than engineering competence).
The 53.9km between Leeds and Gargrave opened on 4th June 1777 at a cost of �175,000. Funds ran out and work stopped after the canal opened between Gathurst and Wigan in 1780. Another Act of Parliament, passed on 9th June 1790, permitted �200,000 of credit and changing the route to avoid the Whalley Nab Aqueduct and pass through Burnley and Blackburn instead of Whalley and Walton-le-Dale. Robert Whitworth was appointed engineer and construction began again in 1791 at Gargrave � 22.5km was completed to Walass Banks for �210,000.
A further Act, on 9th May 1794, enabled the canal company to raise �280,000 in shares (though it had to pay back �101,000 borrowed under the 1790 Act) and vary the route through east Lancashire. The extra money was used to build the Foulridge Tunnel and extend the canal 12.9km to Burnley in May 1796. In April 1801, 15.2km of canal was opened between Burnley and Henfield. This was increased by 12.9km to Blackburn in June 1810 under the supervision of James Fletcher.
When completed in 1816 the main canal was 204.7km long. The three branches were added later � the 11.3km Leigh Branch (1819-20) between Wigan and the Bridgewater Canal, the 11.3km Rufford Branch from Burscough to the River Douglas and the 400m long cut at Stanley Docks in Liverpool (1846). In 2001-2 the Millennium Ribble Link joined the Rufford Branch to the Lancaster Canal.
To avoid the expense of tunnels and cuttings wherever possible, the canal follows the topography � sometimes covering twice the as-the-crow-flies distance! Even so it has more than 1,000 culverts, 588 bridges (81 of them swing bridges), 106 locks, 56 aqueducts, seven reservoirs and four tunnels. The canal�s summit at Foulridge is 148.6m above sea level.
Notable structures include the Bingley Five-Rise Locks, the 1.5km long Foulridge Tunnel, the 1.2km long Burnley Embankment and the 23 Wigan Locks that raise the canal 65.2m.
The canal was supplied with water from the River Douglas in Lancashire, Eshton Beck in Yorkshire and the purpose-built Foulridge Reservoirs. Later reservoirs were built at Rishton, Foulridge, Barrowford and Winterburn.
Originally built to transport limestone, coal was soon the main bulk cargo passing through the canal. Other goods including wool, grain, machinery, groceries, alcohol, cement and cotton were carried and the canal was busy enough to compete with (and win) trade on the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway.
Trade declined after World War I (1914-18) when road transport increased, and dwindled further as industry changed from steam power to electricity and demand for coal fell. Passenger traffic on the canal was another source of commerce, with packet boats operating until the 1940s and recreational journeys increasing thereafter. Regular traffic over the summit stopped in 1960 and over the main line in 1964, coal transport ceased in 1972.
The Leeds & Liverpool Canal was nationalised in 1948 and was transferred to the care of the Docks & Inland Waterways Executive. In 1953 responsibility was ceded to the British Transport Waterways, and then to the British Waterways Board in 1963. Restoration of the canal near Bradford took place in 2006.
British Waterways completed the 2.2km extension of the canal�s western end from the Stanley Dock Branch via the Pier Head to Liverpool�s South Docks � and thence to the Irish Sea. The �22m scheme includes two locks, open channels, tunnels and culverts. ICE President David Orr opened it officially in February 2008, though it was not available to through traffic until April 2009.
Drought conditions that depleted the canal's supply reservoirs to around one tenth normal capacity forced the closure of 96km between Wigan and Gargrave in August 2010. Elsewhere on the canal, lock opening was restricted to conserve water levels.
Contractor (Bingley to Skipton): John Tickle
Contractor (Newburgh to Liverpool): Samuel Weston and John Lawton
Research: ECPK
bibliography
"Historical Account of the Navigable Rivers, Canals, and Railways, of Great Britain" by Joseph Priestley, Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown & Green, London and Richard Nichols, Wakefield, 1831, p385-397
"Speed on Canals (Includes Plate, Woodcuts and Appendix)" by F.R. Conder
ICE Proceedings, Vol.76, pp.160-177, London, January 1884
"The Shell Book of Inland Waterways" by Hugh McKnight
Book Club Association, London, 1975
"James Brindley: the First Canal Builder" by Nick Corble
Tempus Publishing Ltd, Stroud, 2005
www.britishwaterways.co.uk
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"Which singer recorded the 1969 hit album ""Hot Buttered Soul""?" | Pat Lewis Discography at Discogs
Mother of Tracey Lewis
Very popular in the northern soul scene.
Patsy Lewis was born on October 23, 1947 in Johnstown, Pennsylvania.In 1951 her family moved to Detroit, Michigan in where she attended Central High School, it was here that her dream of a singing career began.Patsy performed where ever she could in Glee clubs, talent shows and with the school band, throughout her school years and like most singers, sang in the church choir.
In the early sixties, Pat along with her sister Diane Lewis, formed a group called The Adorables , along with two other sisters Betty and Jackie Winston. They signed with Golden World , owned by Ed Wingate, who along with Joanne Bratton managed the group.
Whilst with Golden World the girls recorded, “Deep Freeze,” “Daddy Please,” “Ooh Boy,” “Be” and “Schools All Over.” as well as recording “Romeo and Juliet” with The Reflections.
To fulfill her dream Patsy decided to venture out on her own as a single artist. With a small name change, she dropped the “sy”, becoming Pat Lewis, she recorded her first single at Golden World , “Can’t Shake It Loose.” She also began singing background vocals for various other artists.
The Andantes, the main backing group for Motown Records, were frequently hired by Golden World. One day a member of the band couldn't make the session, so Pat was brought as replacement. She did such a good job that and she was asked to sing background at Motown and numerous other recording studios, most notably she recorded at Brunswick Records in Chicago on Jackie Wilson’s album, “Your Love Keeps Lifting Me Higher.”
In 1966, Golden World was sold to Motown. Pat then signed with Solid Hit Bound Records, owned by Don Davis and LaBaron Taylor. Here she recorded several singles, “Look At What I Almost Missed,” “Warning,” “No One To Love,” “No Baby No,” “The Looser.” During this period in the mid-sixties she was making personal appearances, doing background arrangements for various artist and vocals along with her sister Diane and Rose Williams
In 1967, Aretha Franklin asked her to become one of her background singers on the road. She remained with Aretha off and on for a few years traveling and recording in the studio. During this time she continued to arrange and sing background along with Diane and Rose for many writers, producers and recording companies. They were simply known as The Group (3) .
In 1969, Don Davis owner of United Sound Recording Studio (writer/producer for Stax ) booked The Group for a session for Isaac Hayes album “Hot Buttered Soul.” Pat was hired to arrange and record background vocals. When the album was released it was a hit. Isaac called The Group and asked if they wanted to tour with him. Pat gave Aretha Franklin her notice and The Group was renamed Hot, Buttered & Soul .
While working with Don Davis and Isaac Hayes, Hot, Buttered & Soul recorded background vocals for many of the Stax artists.They also remained Isaac Hayes's opening act and studio group from 1969-1982. They went on world tours and appeared on TV shows nationally and abroad.
Pat continued to arrange all background vocals but was not given credit until a later date. During Isaac’s off time, Hot, Buttered & Soul traveled with Aretha Franklin and Rick Dees “Disco Duck.”.
In 1972, Hot, Buttered & Soul moved to Memphis. In 1974 they added a fourth group member, Barbara McCoy, a former member of the The Charmels , and became the Hot, Buttered & Soul .
Pat also worked for Shoe Productions where she did commercials for several products. Singing became scarce due to Isaac’s career difficulties, so Pat and Diane moved back to Detroit, but still worked with Isaac off and on.
After returning to Detroit, Pat formed a band “Thrust” and began making personal appearances in clubs in Detroit and Canada. There was not much work during this time. In 1984, Pat began performing in musicals at dinner theaters, “In The Lawyers Club,” and “The English Room” at the Book Cadillac Hotel... .
In 1985, she reunited with her long time friend and producer, George Clinton, arranging and singing for such artist as Funkadelic, Prince, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Bootsy Collins,Tracy Ullman, Paul Simon, and the theme song for The Junkyard Dog. Pat still continues to work with George Clinton to this day.
In 1986, Pat was contacted by the late Edwin Starr, who resided in England to perform her hit singles from the sixties for the RicTic Review. The performers included Al Kent, J.J. Barnes, Lou Ragland and Edwin Starr. This opened up a whole new world, the world of Northern Soul.
Pat toured the U.K. Northern Soul scene over the next few years. During that time she met Ian Levine, a friend of Kim Weston, who wanted to come over to Detroit and record many of the Motown Artist and their old hits, plus some original songs that he and some of the artists had written. Ian hired Pat as the coordinator, background vocal arranger, lead and background singer for the Detroit and Los Angeles family.
In 1999, Pat was employed through Ian by K-Tel Records, to do a Gospel Album. Pat had three weeks to complete the project, recording seventy-six songs, in all. This included sixty gospels, sixteen Christian songs, fifteen tracks as a quartet, forty tracks in a choir and one as a duet. She, of course, made the deadline.
Later that year Hot, Buttered & Soul reunited in Memphis, Tennessee, and performed at the New Daisy Theater, along with the “Masqueraders.”
In 2002, Pat’s health began to fail. She acquired a rare blood disorder which resulted in both knees being replaced (2003) and the removal of her spleen (2004), which seemed to take care of the problem.
In 2005, Pat received a call from T.J. Lubinski to sing backup for The Four Tops, Brenda Hollaway, Kim Weston and Francis Nero for the Motown - The Old Days PBS Special .As the Industry learned that Pat was back, the phone started to ring.
In December 2005 the world of Northern Soul called for the sixties group, The Adorables , to perform what they called a Northern Soul Weekender in Northampton, England. Pat and the girls returned to the U.K. in 2006 and performed her sixties hits.
In 2006, Hitsville Legends was founded, an organization involving legendary artists from the Motor City. Pat became a member. She co-produced and arranged the voices on an album called “Motown Smooth Jazz”. Another album released by the Hitsville Legends is a compilation album featuring the legendary artists. One such legendary Motown group, featured is “The Original Vandellas” (Annette Helton and Rosalind Holmes), long time friends of Pats. Annette and Rosalind asked Pat if she would like to be their lead singer. Pat jumped at the chance and so became “The Original Vandellas featuring Pat Lewis".
Sites:
| Isaac Hayes |
Which former Liverpool player (1969-1974) managed Wigan in 1981/82? | Academy, Grammy-winning songwriter, singer of 'Shaft' and 'Hot Buttered Soul' - StarTribune.com
Academy, Grammy-winning songwriter, singer of 'Shaft' and 'Hot Buttered Soul'
August 11, 2008 — 12:04am
Purchase: Order Reprint
MEMPHIS, TENN. - Isaac Hayes, the pioneering singer, songwriter and musician whose relentless "Theme From Shaft" won Academy and Grammy awards, died Sunday, the Shelby County Sheriff's Office said. He was 65.
A family member found him unresponsive near a treadmill and he was pronounced dead an hour later at Baptist East Hospital in Memphis, according to the sheriff's office. The cause of death was not immediately known.
In the early 1970s, Hayes laid the groundwork for disco and urban-contemporary music. And he was rapping before there was rap.
His career hit another high in 1997 when he became the voice of Chef, the sensible school cook and devoted ladies man on the animated TV show "South Park."
Steve Shular, a spokesman for the sheriff's office, said authorities received a 911 call after Hayes' wife and young son and his wife's cousin returned home from the grocery store and found him collapsed in a downstairs bedroom. A sheriff's deputy administered CPR until paramedics arrived.
"The treadmill was running but he was unresponsive lying on the floor," Shular said.
The album "Hot Buttered Soul," which made Hayes a star in 1969, was groundbreaking in several ways: He sang in a "cool" style unlike the usual histrionics of big-time soul singers, and he prefaced the song with "raps" and lush arrangements.
Next came "Theme From Shaft," a No. 1 hit in 1971 from the film starring Richard Roundtree.
Hayes was elected to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2002. A self-taught musician, he was hired in 1964 by Stax Records of Memphis as a backup pianist, working with Otis Redding and others. He also played saxophone. Additionally, he was the voice of Nickelodeon's "Nick at Nite.''
Hayes was born in 1942 in a tin shack in Covington, Tenn., about 40 miles north of Memphis. He was raised by his maternal grandparents after his mother died and his father took off when he was 1 1/2.
ASSOCIATED PRESS
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In which year did Mohammed’s flight from Mecca to Medina take place? | Flight from Mecca to Medina
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Flight from Mecca to Medina
As Islam faced more political and religious opposition in Mecca, Muhammad and his followers migrated to Medina in 622 CE.
Learning Objective
Explain the basis for opposition to Muhammad
Key Points
As Islam spread in Mecca , the ruling tribes began to oppose Muhammad 's preaching and his condemnation of idolatry .
The Quraysh tribe controlled the Kaaba and drew their religious and political power from its polytheistic shrines, so they began to persecute the Muslims and many of Muhammad's followers became martyrs.
When Muhammad's wife Khadijah and uncle Abu Talib both died in 619 CE, Abu Lahab assumed leadership of the Banu Hashim clan and withdrew the clan's protection from Muhammad.
In 622 CE, Muhammad and his followers migrated to Yathrib in the Hijra to escape persecution, renaming the city Medina in honor of the prophet.
Among the first things Muhammad did to ease the longstanding grievances among the tribes of Medina was draft a document known as the Constitution of Medina .
Terms
Full Text
Muhammad Starts Preaching
During the first three years of his ministry, Muhammad preached Islam privately, mainly among his near relatives and close acquaintances. According to Muslim tradition, Muhammad's wife Khadija was the first to believe he was a prophet. She was followed by Muhammad's ten-year-old cousin Ali ibn Abi Talib, close friend Abu Bakr, and adopted son Zaid. According to Islamic belief, in the fourth year of Muhammad's prophethood, around 613, he was ordered by God to make his propagation of this monotheistic faith public. Muhammad’s earliest teachings were marked by his insistence on the oneness of God, the denunciation of polytheism , belief in the last judgment and its recompense, and social and economic justice.
Most Meccans ignored and mocked him, though a few became his followers. There were three main groups of early converts to Islam: younger brothers and sons of great merchants; people who had fallen out of the first rank in their tribe or failed to attain it; and the weak, mostly unprotected foreigners.
Opposition in Mecca
According to Ibn Sad, one of Muhammad's companions, the opposition in Mecca started when Muhammad delivered verses that condemned idol worship and polytheism. However, the Quran maintains that it began when Muhammad started public preaching. As Islam spread, Muhammad threatened the local tribes and Meccan rulers because their wealth depended on the Kaaba. Muhammad's preaching was particularly offensive to his own Quraysh tribe because they guarded the Kaaba and drew their political and religious power from its polytheistic shrines.
The ruling tribes of Mecca perceived Muhammad as a danger that might cause tensions similar to the rivalry of Judaism and Bedouin Polytheism in Yathrib. The powerful merchants in Mecca attempted to convince Muhammad to abandon his preaching by offering him admission into the inner circle of merchants and an advantageous marriage. However, Muhammad turned down both offers.
Muhammad's message of monotheism challenged the traditional social order in Mecca. The Quraysh tribe controlled the Kaaba and drew their religious and political power from its polytheistic shrines, so they began to persecute the Muslims and many of Muhammad's followers became martyrs.
At first, the opposition was confined to ridicule and sarcasm, but later morphed into active persecution that forced a section of new converts to migrate to neighboring Abyssinia (present day Ethiopia). Upset by the rate at which Muhammad was gaining new followers, the Quraysh proposed adopting a common form of worship, which was denounced by the Quran.
Muhammad himself was protected from physical harm as long as he belonged to the Banu Hashim clan, but his followers were not so lucky. Sumayyah bint Khabbab, a slave of the prominent Meccan leader Abu Jahl, is famous as the first martyr of Islam; her master killed her with a spear when she refused to give up her faith. Bilal, another Muslim slave, was tortured by Umayyah ibn Khalaf, who placed more and more rocks on his chest to force his conversion, until he died.
Death of Khadijah and Abu Talib in 619 CE
Muhammad's wife Khadijah and uncle Abu Talib both died in 619 CE, the year that became known as the "year of sorrow." With the death of Abu Talib, Abu Lahab assumed leadership of the Banu Hashim clan. Soon after, Abu Lahab withdrew the clan's protection from Muhammad, endangering him and his followers. Muhammad took this opportunity to look for a new home for himself and his followers. After several unsuccessful negotiations, he found hope with some men from Yathrib (later called Medina). The Arab population of Yathrib were familiar with monotheism and were prepared for the appearance of a prophet because a Jewish community existed there as well. They also hoped, by the means of Muhammad and the new faith, to gain supremacy over Mecca; the Yathrib were jealous of its importance as the place of pilgrimage. Converts to Islam came from nearly all Arab tribes in Medina; by June of the subsequent year, seventy-five Muslims came to Mecca for pilgrimage and to meet Muhammad.
The Delegation from Medina
A delegation from Medina, consisting of the representatives of the twelve important clans of Medina, invited Muhammad as a neutral outsider to serve as the chief arbitrator for the entire community. There was fighting in Yathrib (Medina) mainly involving its Arab and Jewish inhabitants for around a hundred years before 620. The recurring slaughters and disagreements over the resulting claims, especially after the battle of Bu'ath, in which all the clans were involved, made it obvious that the tribal conceptions of blood feud and an eye for an eye were no longer workable unless there was one man with authority to adjudicate in disputed cases. The delegation from Medina pledged themselves and their fellow citizens to accept Muhammad into their community and physically protect him as one of their own.
The Hijra in 622 CE
The Hijra is the migration of Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina, 320 kilometers (200 miles) north, in 622 CE. Muhammad instructed his followers to emigrate to Medina until nearly all of them left Mecca. According to tradition, the Meccans, alarmed at the departure, plotted to assassinate Muhammad. In June 622, when he was warned of the plot, Muhammad slipped out of Mecca with his companion, Abu Bakr.
On the night of his departure, Muhammad's house was besieged by the appointed men of Quraysh. It is said that when Muhammad emerged from his house, he recited the a verse from the Quran and threw a handful of dust in the direction of the besiegers, which prevented them seeing him. When the Quraysh learned of Muhammad's escape, they announced a large reward for bringing him back to them, alive or dead, and pursuers scattered in all directions. After eight days' journey, Muhammad entered the outskirts of Medina, but did not enter the city directly. He stopped at a place called Quba, some miles from the main city, and established a mosque there. After a fourteen-days stay at Quba, Muhammad started for Medina, participating in his first Friday prayer on the way, and upon reaching the city was greeted cordially by its people.
The map shows notable ruin sites, pagan cities, cities with a major Jewish presence, and cities with a major Christian presence. The ruin sites are Dedan and Medain Saleh, which are both located in modern-day northwest Saudia Arabia. The pagan cities are—from north to south along the Red Sea—Qudayd, Jeddah, Mecca, Nakhla, Taif, Dhul-Khalash, and San'a. The northernmost pagan city, Qudayd, is located in modern-day west-central Saudi Arabia. The southernmost pagan city, San'a, is located in modern-day west-central Yemen. The cities with a major Jewish presence are—from north to south—Khaybar, Wadi Al-Qura, and Medina, all of which are located in modern-day mid to northwest Saudia Arabia between the ruins and Qudayd. Four of the cities with a major Christian presence, Petra, Tabuk, Dumatul Jandal, and Jabal Tayy, are located north of the ruins. Petra, the northernmost of those cities, is located in modern-day southwest Jordan, while Jabal Tayy, the southernmost of those cities, is located northeast of the ruins. Najran, the other city with a major Christian presence, is located in modern-day southwestern Saudi Arabia near the border with Yemen. In addition to those ruins and cities, the map shows two Muslim migrations: a migration of Muslims from Mecca to Axum, located in modern-day northern Ethiopia, in 613 and 615 AD, and a migration of Muslims from Mecca to Medina in 622 AD led by Mohammed. Finally, the map shows the Byzantine Empire to the northwest and an area of land between Petra and Tabuk controlled by the Ghassanids, a group of Arab Byzantine allies.
Muhammad in Medina
Among the first things Muhammad did to ease the longstanding grievances among the tribes of Medina was draft a document known as the Constitution of Medina, "establishing a kind of alliance or federation" among the eight Medinan tribes and Muslim emigrants from Mecca. The document specified rights and duties of all citizens and the relationship of the different communities in Medina (including between the Muslim community and other communities, specifically the Jews and other "Peoples of the Book"). The community defined in the Constitution of Medina, Ummah , had a religious outlook, also shaped by practical considerations, and substantially preserved the legal forms of the old Arab tribes.
The first group of pagan converts to Islam in Medina were the clans who had not produced great leaders for themselves but had suffered from warlike leaders from other clans. This was followed by the general acceptance of Islam by the pagan population of Medina, with some exceptions.
Reconciliation and Consolidation of the Islamic State
Around 628 CE, the nascent Islamic state was somewhat consolidated when Muhammad left Medina to perform pilgrimage at Mecca. The Quraysh intercepted him en route and made a treaty with the Muslims. Though the terms of the Hudaybiyyah treaty may have been unfavorable to the Muslims of Medina, the Quran declared it a clear victory. Muslim historians suggest that the treaty mobilized the contact between the Meccan pagans and the Muslims of Medina. The treaty demonstrated that the Quraysh recognized Muhammad as their equal and Islam as a rising power.
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Flight from Mecca to Medina
As Islam faced more political and religious opposition in Mecca, Muhammad and his followers migrated to Medina in 622 CE.
Learning Objective
Explain the basis for opposition to Muhammad
Key Points
As Islam spread in Mecca , the ruling tribes began to oppose Muhammad 's preaching and his condemnation of idolatry .
The Quraysh tribe controlled the Kaaba and drew their religious and political power from its polytheistic shrines, so they began to persecute the Muslims and many of Muhammad's followers became martyrs.
When Muhammad's wife Khadijah and uncle Abu Talib both died in 619 CE, Abu Lahab assumed leadership of the Banu Hashim clan and withdrew the clan's protection from Muhammad.
In 622 CE, Muhammad and his followers migrated to Yathrib in the Hijra to escape persecution, renaming the city Medina in honor of the prophet.
Among the first things Muhammad did to ease the longstanding grievances among the tribes of Medina was draft a document known as the Constitution of Medina .
Terms
Full Text
Muhammad Starts Preaching
During the first three years of his ministry, Muhammad preached Islam privately, mainly among his near relatives and close acquaintances. According to Muslim tradition, Muhammad's wife Khadija was the first to believe he was a prophet. She was followed by Muhammad's ten-year-old cousin Ali ibn Abi Talib, close friend Abu Bakr, and adopted son Zaid. According to Islamic belief, in the fourth year of Muhammad's prophethood, around 613, he was ordered by God to make his propagation of this monotheistic faith public. Muhammad’s earliest teachings were marked by his insistence on the oneness of God, the denunciation of polytheism , belief in the last judgment and its recompense, and social and economic justice.
Most Meccans ignored and mocked him, though a few became his followers. There were three main groups of early converts to Islam: younger brothers and sons of great merchants; people who had fallen out of the first rank in their tribe or failed to attain it; and the weak, mostly unprotected foreigners.
Opposition in Mecca
According to Ibn Sad, one of Muhammad's companions, the opposition in Mecca started when Muhammad delivered verses that condemned idol worship and polytheism. However, the Quran maintains that it began when Muhammad started public preaching. As Islam spread, Muhammad threatened the local tribes and Meccan rulers because their wealth depended on the Kaaba. Muhammad's preaching was particularly offensive to his own Quraysh tribe because they guarded the Kaaba and drew their political and religious power from its polytheistic shrines.
The ruling tribes of Mecca perceived Muhammad as a danger that might cause tensions similar to the rivalry of Judaism and Bedouin Polytheism in Yathrib. The powerful merchants in Mecca attempted to convince Muhammad to abandon his preaching by offering him admission into the inner circle of merchants and an advantageous marriage. However, Muhammad turned down both offers.
Muhammad's message of monotheism challenged the traditional social order in Mecca. The Quraysh tribe controlled the Kaaba and drew their religious and political power from its polytheistic shrines, so they began to persecute the Muslims and many of Muhammad's followers became martyrs.
At first, the opposition was confined to ridicule and sarcasm, but later morphed into active persecution that forced a section of new converts to migrate to neighboring Abyssinia (present day Ethiopia). Upset by the rate at which Muhammad was gaining new followers, the Quraysh proposed adopting a common form of worship, which was denounced by the Quran.
Muhammad himself was protected from physical harm as long as he belonged to the Banu Hashim clan, but his followers were not so lucky. Sumayyah bint Khabbab, a slave of the prominent Meccan leader Abu Jahl, is famous as the first martyr of Islam; her master killed her with a spear when she refused to give up her faith. Bilal, another Muslim slave, was tortured by Umayyah ibn Khalaf, who placed more and more rocks on his chest to force his conversion, until he died.
Death of Khadijah and Abu Talib in 619 CE
Muhammad's wife Khadijah and uncle Abu Talib both died in 619 CE, the year that became known as the "year of sorrow." With the death of Abu Talib, Abu Lahab assumed leadership of the Banu Hashim clan. Soon after, Abu Lahab withdrew the clan's protection from Muhammad, endangering him and his followers. Muhammad took this opportunity to look for a new home for himself and his followers. After several unsuccessful negotiations, he found hope with some men from Yathrib (later called Medina). The Arab population of Yathrib were familiar with monotheism and were prepared for the appearance of a prophet because a Jewish community existed there as well. They also hoped, by the means of Muhammad and the new faith, to gain supremacy over Mecca; the Yathrib were jealous of its importance as the place of pilgrimage. Converts to Islam came from nearly all Arab tribes in Medina; by June of the subsequent year, seventy-five Muslims came to Mecca for pilgrimage and to meet Muhammad.
The Delegation from Medina
A delegation from Medina, consisting of the representatives of the twelve important clans of Medina, invited Muhammad as a neutral outsider to serve as the chief arbitrator for the entire community. There was fighting in Yathrib (Medina) mainly involving its Arab and Jewish inhabitants for around a hundred years before 620. The recurring slaughters and disagreements over the resulting claims, especially after the battle of Bu'ath, in which all the clans were involved, made it obvious that the tribal conceptions of blood feud and an eye for an eye were no longer workable unless there was one man with authority to adjudicate in disputed cases. The delegation from Medina pledged themselves and their fellow citizens to accept Muhammad into their community and physically protect him as one of their own.
The Hijra in 622 CE
The Hijra is the migration of Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina, 320 kilometers (200 miles) north, in 622 CE. Muhammad instructed his followers to emigrate to Medina until nearly all of them left Mecca. According to tradition, the Meccans, alarmed at the departure, plotted to assassinate Muhammad. In June 622, when he was warned of the plot, Muhammad slipped out of Mecca with his companion, Abu Bakr.
On the night of his departure, Muhammad's house was besieged by the appointed men of Quraysh. It is said that when Muhammad emerged from his house, he recited the a verse from the Quran and threw a handful of dust in the direction of the besiegers, which prevented them seeing him. When the Quraysh learned of Muhammad's escape, they announced a large reward for bringing him back to them, alive or dead, and pursuers scattered in all directions. After eight days' journey, Muhammad entered the outskirts of Medina, but did not enter the city directly. He stopped at a place called Quba, some miles from the main city, and established a mosque there. After a fourteen-days stay at Quba, Muhammad started for Medina, participating in his first Friday prayer on the way, and upon reaching the city was greeted cordially by its people.
The map shows notable ruin sites, pagan cities, cities with a major Jewish presence, and cities with a major Christian presence. The ruin sites are Dedan and Medain Saleh, which are both located in modern-day northwest Saudia Arabia. The pagan cities are—from north to south along the Red Sea—Qudayd, Jeddah, Mecca, Nakhla, Taif, Dhul-Khalash, and San'a. The northernmost pagan city, Qudayd, is located in modern-day west-central Saudi Arabia. The southernmost pagan city, San'a, is located in modern-day west-central Yemen. The cities with a major Jewish presence are—from north to south—Khaybar, Wadi Al-Qura, and Medina, all of which are located in modern-day mid to northwest Saudia Arabia between the ruins and Qudayd. Four of the cities with a major Christian presence, Petra, Tabuk, Dumatul Jandal, and Jabal Tayy, are located north of the ruins. Petra, the northernmost of those cities, is located in modern-day southwest Jordan, while Jabal Tayy, the southernmost of those cities, is located northeast of the ruins. Najran, the other city with a major Christian presence, is located in modern-day southwestern Saudi Arabia near the border with Yemen. In addition to those ruins and cities, the map shows two Muslim migrations: a migration of Muslims from Mecca to Axum, located in modern-day northern Ethiopia, in 613 and 615 AD, and a migration of Muslims from Mecca to Medina in 622 AD led by Mohammed. Finally, the map shows the Byzantine Empire to the northwest and an area of land between Petra and Tabuk controlled by the Ghassanids, a group of Arab Byzantine allies.
Muhammad in Medina
Among the first things Muhammad did to ease the longstanding grievances among the tribes of Medina was draft a document known as the Constitution of Medina, "establishing a kind of alliance or federation" among the eight Medinan tribes and Muslim emigrants from Mecca. The document specified rights and duties of all citizens and the relationship of the different communities in Medina (including between the Muslim community and other communities, specifically the Jews and other "Peoples of the Book"). The community defined in the Constitution of Medina, Ummah , had a religious outlook, also shaped by practical considerations, and substantially preserved the legal forms of the old Arab tribes.
The first group of pagan converts to Islam in Medina were the clans who had not produced great leaders for themselves but had suffered from warlike leaders from other clans. This was followed by the general acceptance of Islam by the pagan population of Medina, with some exceptions.
Reconciliation and Consolidation of the Islamic State
Around 628 CE, the nascent Islamic state was somewhat consolidated when Muhammad left Medina to perform pilgrimage at Mecca. The Quraysh intercepted him en route and made a treaty with the Muslims. Though the terms of the Hudaybiyyah treaty may have been unfavorable to the Muslims of Medina, the Quran declared it a clear victory. Muslim historians suggest that the treaty mobilized the contact between the Meccan pagans and the Muslims of Medina. The treaty demonstrated that the Quraysh recognized Muhammad as their equal and Islam as a rising power.
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Name the year. South African police kill 56 people in Sharpeville, Israeli intelligence agents capture Adolf Eichmann, and Nigeria gains its independence? | Encyclopedia IV. | Encyclopedias | Africa
Encyclopedia IV.
Volume IV The Colonial Era (1850 to 1960)
R. Hunt Davis, Jr.,
Editor A Learning Source Book
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| one thousand nine hundred and sixty |
"Who won series 11 of ""Strictly Come Dancing"" in 2012?" | Laikrastis2 by Gintaras Elmonas - issuu
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APRIL 17
RUSSWOOD PARK, A BASEBALL STADIUM IN MEMPHIS, TENNESSEE, BURNS TO THE GROUND FROM A FIRE SHORTLY AFTER A CHICAGO WHITE SOX VERSUS CLEVELAND INDIANS MAJOR LEAGUE BASEBALL GAME.
MUHAMMAD ALI GOLD IN ROME. 1960 / SEPTEMBER 05
MARCH O5
ALBERTO KORDA TAKES HIS ICONIC PHOTOGRAPH OF CHE GUEVARA, GUERRILLERO HEROICO, IN HAVANA.
JANUARY 02
U.S. SENATOR JOHN F. KENNEDY (D-MA) ANNOUNCES HIS CANDIDACY FOR THE DEMOCRATIC PRESIDENTIAL NOMINATION.
JANUARY 28
THE NATIONAL FOOTBALL LEAGUE ANNOUNCED EXPANSION TEAMS FOR DALLAS TO START IN THE 1960 NFL SEASON AND MINNEAPOLIS-ST. PAUL FOR 1961 NFL SEASON.
JANUARY 10
JANUARY 30
THE AFRICAN NATIONAL PARTY IS FOUNDED IN CHAD, THROUGH THE MERGER OF TRADITIONALIST PARTIES. FEBRUARY 09 NOVEMBER 02
JOANNE WOODWARD RECEIVES THE FIRST STAR ON THE HOLLYWOOD WALK OF FAME IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.
PENGUIN BOOKS IS FOUND NOT GUILTY OF OBSCENITY IN THE CASE OF D. H. LAWRENCE’S NOVEL LADY CHATTERLEY’S LOVER.
ASWAN HIGH DAM CONSTRUCTION BEGINS IN EGYPT. FEBRUARY 13
FEBRUARY 29
FRANCE TESTS ITS FIRST ATOMIC BOMB - IN THE SAHARA DESERT OF ALGERIA.
THE 1960 AGADIR EARTHQUAKE COMPLETELY DESTROYS THE TOWN OF AGA.
FEBRUARY 11
THE N CLASS BLIMP ZPG-3W OF THE U.S. NAVY IS DESTROYED DURING A STORM OVER MASSACHUSETTS.
international fears contributing to this conclusion. For example, the fear of Soviet penetration into Africa and the Cold War politics was an international concern that helped initiate the dismantling of the British Empire. The independence of British Somaliland in 1960, along with the “Wind of Change” speech that Macmillan delivered in South Africa earlier in the same year, is what started the decade when the dismantling of the British Empire reached its climax, as no fewer than twenty-seven former colonies in Asia, Africa and the Caribbean left the empire and started their independence. At the same time the African nationalists were becoming increasingly demanding in their initiative for self rule. Although it was unclear how to decolonize the nation or when to try. The path to independence in the Southern African states proved more problematic because the white settler population became hostile towards the majority rule.
JANUARY 09-11
BRITISH PRIME MINISTER HAROLD MACMILLAN MAKES THE WIND OF CHANGE SPEECH FOR THE FIRST TIME.
JANUARY 02
U.S. SENATOR JOHN F. KENNEDY (D-MA) ANNOUNCES HIS CANDIDACY FOR THE DEMOCRATIC PRESIDENTIAL NOMINATION. 1960 Democratic National Convention / The 1960 Democratic National Convention was held in Los Angeles. It nominated Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts for President and Senator Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas for Vice President. In the general election, the Kennedy-Johnson ticket won an electoral college victory and a narrow popular vote plurality (slightly over 110,000 nationally) over the Republican candidates Vice President Richard M. Nixon and UN Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. Presidential nomination / In the week before the convention opened, Kennedy received two new challengers when Lyndon B. Johnson, the powerful Senate Majority Leader from Texas, and Adlai Stevenson II, the party’s nominee in 1952 and 1956, announced their candidacies. However, neither Johnson nor Stevenson was a match for the talented and highly efficient Kennedy campaign team led by Robert Kennedy. Johnson challenged Kennedy to a televised debate before a joint meeting of the Texas and Massachusetts delegations; Kennedy accepted. Most observers felt that Kennedy won the debate, and Johnson was not able to expand his delegate support beyond the South. Stevenson was popular among many liberal delegates, especially in California, but his two landslide defeats in 1952 and 1956 led party leaders to search for a “fresh face” who had a better chance of winning. JANUARY 10
ASWAN HIGH DAM CONSTRUCTION BEGINS IN EGYPT. Construction history / The earliest recorded attempt to build a dam near Aswan was in the 11th century, when the Arab polymath and engineer Ibn al-Haytham (known as Alhazen in the West) was summoned to Egypt by the Fatimid Caliph, Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, to regulate the flooding of the Nile, a task requiring an early attempt at an Aswan Dam. His field work convinced him of the impracticality of this scheme. Aswan Dam / The Aswan Dam is an embankment dam situated across the Nile River in Aswan, Egypt. Since the 1960s, the name commonly refers to the High Dam. Construction of the High Dam became a key objective of the Egyptian Government following the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, as the ability to control floods, provide water for irrigation, and generate hydroelectricity were seen as pivotal to Egypt’s industrialization. The High Dam was constructed between 1960 and 1970, and has had a significant impact on the economy and culture of Egypt. Before the dams were built, the Nile River flooded every year during late summer, when water flowed down the valley from its East African drainage basin. These floods brought high water and natural nutrients and minerals that annually enriched the fertile soil along the floodplain and delta; this had made the Nile valley ideal for farming since ancient times.
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Because floods vary, in high-water years the whole crop might be wiped out, while in low-water years widespread drought and famine occasionally occurred. As Egypt’s population grew and conditions changed, both a desire and ability developed to control the floods, and thus both protect and support farmland and the economically important cotton crop. With the reservoir storage provided by the Aswan dams, the floods could be lessened and the water stored for later release.
Wind of Change (speech) / The Wind of Change speech was a historically important address made by British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan to the Parliament of South Africa, on 3 February 1960 in Cape Town. He had spent a month in Africa visiting a number of British colonies, as they were at the time. The speech signalled clearly that the Conservative-controlled British Government intended to grant independence to many of these territories, which indeed happened subsequently, with most of the British possessions in Africa becoming independent nations in the 1960s. The Labour governments of 1945–51 had started a process of decolonisation but this policy had been halted by the Conservative governments from 1951 onwards.
African nationalism / African nationalism escalated throughout the Second World War. The British needed to secure their control over their colonies in Africa in order to benefit and utilize its essential resources to fight against the Axis powers. The African colonies wanted to receive rewards for their help throughout the war, they were after political and economical opportunity. They became bitter when these rewards were not presented to them and they started rioting, the colony stood on the edge of a revolution. Shortly after this West African political leader Kwame Nkrumah’s Convention People’s Party (CPP) orchestrated a campaign of civil disobedience to start a system of self government. In the 1951 election, the CPP won thirty-four of thirty-eight seats and Nkrumah became the prime minister, resulting in the colony’s independence under Nkrumah’s leadership as the state of Ghana in 1957.
The speech acquired its name from a now-famous quotation embedded in it. Macmillan said: “ The wind of change is blowing through this continent. Whether we like it or not, this growth of national consciousness is a political fact.
JANUARY 19
THE TREATY OF MUTUAL COOPERATION AND SECURITY BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND JAPAN IS SIGNED IN WASHINGTON, D.C. Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan / Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan was first signed in 1952 following the siging of the Treaty of San Francisco (commonly known as the Peace Treaty of San Francisco). Then, it was later amended further on January 1960 between the United States and Japan in Washington. When the Treaty was first signed, it contained amendments that permitted the United States to not only to act for the sake of maintaing peace in East Asia, but also permitted for the United States to exert its power on Japanese domestic quarrels. The latter part mentioned has been deleted in the revised version of the Treaty. In the amended treaty, articles that delineate mutual defense obligations, the US obligations to pre-inform Japan in times of the US army mobilization were included to alleviate unequal status suggested in the treaty signed in 1952. The treaty established that any attack against Japan or the United States perpetrated within Japanese territorial administration would be dangerous to the respective countries’ own peace and safety. It requires both countries to act to meet the common danger. To support this requirement, it provided for the continued presence of U.S. military bases in Japan. The treaty also included general provisions on the further development of international cooperation and on improved future economic cooperation. This treaty has lasted longer than any other alliance between two great powers since the 1648 Peace of Westphalia. Supposedly, the treaty is a 10-year-term, but unless there is unilateral or mutual decision to discard the treaty, the contents of the treaty remain binding upon two nations de facto indefinitely, and thus the treaty is effective up till now. In 2012, the United States clarified in a statement over the dispute over the Senkaku Islands that the US-Japan Security Treaty does cover the islands, and obliges the US to defend them as Japanese territory. Support for agreement / Despite strong Okinawan opposition to the US military presence on the island, there is also strong support for the agreement. Due to of a new imperialistic Japan, US forces forced Japanese lawmakers to forbid Japan to maintain more than self-defense-sized armed forces when drafting the post-War Constitution. As a result Japan has never spent more than one percent of its GDP on military expenditures (Englehardt, 2010). In return for allowing the US military presence in Japan, the United States agrees to help defend Japan against any foreign adversaries, such as North Korea.
The occasion was in fact the second time on which Macmillan had given this speech: he was repeating an address already made in Accra, Ghana (formerly the British colony of the Gold Coast) on 10 January 1960. This time it received press attention, at least partly because of the stony reception that greeted it. Macmillan’s Cape Town speech also made it clear that Macmillan included South Africa in his comments and indicated a shift in British policy in regard to apartheid with Macmillan saying:
Although this is a significant victory for this area there were still many parts of Africa left with all the want of a self ruling nation but containing quote a few hostile white settlers in the area. These white settlers dominated the economic and political powers at this time. They asserted this dominance by denying universal suffrage to African’s and by trying to persuade the British government to consolidate colonial territories into federations. Although, this sense of African nationalism could not be contained by a minority of
“ As a fellow member of the Commonwealth it is our earnest desire to give South Africa our support and encouragement, but I hope you won’t mind my saying frankly that there are some aspects of your policies which make it impossible for us to do this without being false to our own deep convictions about the political destinies of free men to which in our own territories we are trying to give effect.
white settlers. There were warnings that without a quick transfer in power the African nationalism would undermine British rule. Understanding that in order to encourage a collaboration from the African governments they would need to decolonize and leave them to self rule which is thought to be a good substitute for direct and total control of the area.
Background / Harold Macmillan was the Conservative prime minister of the United Kingdom from 1957 to 1963. He presided over a time of prosperity and the easing of Cold War tensions. The dissolution of the British Empire was quite rapid in comparison to others in our known history, such as the Roman or Ottoman Empires. At the time of the collapse the Empire embodied the direct rule of foreign territories as an integral part of a supra-national enterprise, called the British Empire. Britain, as the colonizing power, directly controlled territories, in the partial, or complete, disregard to the will of the indigenous peoples of those territories, to rule themselves. This was especially true in the British Empire of Africa, which was falling apart in the years 1957–1965. during the time when the United Kingdom was under Macmillan’s leadership.
By 1960 Macmillan’s Conservative government was becoming worried about the effects of violent confrontations with the African nationalism in the Belgian Congo and French Algeria. This became a concern because the Conservatives were in fear of this violent activity spilling over into British colonies. This is when Macmillan goes to Africa to circulate and delivers his famous speech “Wind of Change”, which is named for its famous line “The wind of change is blowing through this continent and whether we like it or not, this growth of national consciousness is a political fact. We must all accept it as a fact , an our national policies must take account of it.” Following this speech with surprising speed Iain Macleod, Colonial Secretary in 1959-61 increased the original timetable for independence in East Africa by an entire decade. Independence was granted to Tanganyika in 1961, Uganda in 1962 and Kenya in 1963.
The Empire had begun its dissolution after the end of the Second World War. Many had come to the conclusion that running the empire had become more trouble than it was worth. There were many
Then known as Cassius Clay, the future 3-Time Heavyweight World Champion began...
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While Hunt negotiated with Bidwills, similar offers were made by Bud Adams, Bob Howsam, and Max Winter. When Hunt, Adams, and Howsam were unable to secure a controlling interest in the Chicago Cardinals, they approached NFL commissioner Bert Bell and proposed the addition of expansion teams. Bell, wary of expanding the 12-team league and risking its newfound success, rejected the offer. On his return flight to Dallas, Hunt conceived the idea of an entirely new league and decided to contact the others who had shown interest in purchasing the Cardinals. He contacted Adams, Howsam, and Winter (as well as Winter’s business partner, Bill Boyer) to gauge their interest in starting a new league. Hunt’s first meeting with Adams was held in March 1959. Hunt, who felt a regional rivalry would be critical for the success of the new league, convinced Adams to join and found his team in Houston. Hunt next secured an agreement from Howsam to bring a team to Denver, Colorado. After Winter and Boyer agreed to start a team in Minneapolis-Saint Paul, the new league had its first four teams. Hunt then approached Willard Rhodes, who hoped to bring pro football to Seattle, Washington. However, the University of Washington was unwilling to let the fledgling league use Husky Stadium, probably due to the excessive wear and tear that would have caused to the facility’s grass surface. With no place for his team to play, Rhodes’ effort came to nothing. Hunt also sought franchises in Los Angeles, California and New York City. During the summer of 1959 he sought the blessings of the NFL for his nascent league, as he did not seek a potentially costly rivalry. Within weeks of the July 1959 announcement of the league’s formation, Hunt received commitments from Barron Hilton and Harry Wismer to bring teams to Los Angeles and New York, respectively.
JANUARY 21
A MINE COLLAPSES AT COALBROOK, SOUTH AFRICA, KILLING 500 MINERS. Coalbrook, South Africa / The biggest mine disaster in South African history was also one of the deadliest in the world. On Jan. 21, 1960, a rock fall in a section of the mine trapped 437 miners. Of those casualties, 417 succumbed to methane poisoning. One of the problems was that there wasn’t a drill capable of cutting a large enough hole for the men to escape. After the disaster, the country’s mining authority purchased suitable rescue drilling equipment. There was outcry after the accident when it was reported that some miners had fled to the entrance at the first falling rock, but were forced back into the mine by supervisors. Because of the racial inequality in the country, white miners’ widows received more compensation than the Bantu widows.
JANUARY 22
IN FRANCE, PRESIDENT CHARLES DE GAULLE FIRES JACQUES MASSU, THE COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE FRENCH TROOPS IN ALGERIA.
JANUARY 28
THE NATIONAL FOOTBALL LEAGUE ANNOUNCED EXPANSION TEAMS FOR DALLAS TO START IN THE 1960 NFL SEASON AND MINNEAPOLIS-ST. PAUL FOR 1961 NFL SEASON.
1958–62: Founding of the Fifth Republic / In the November 1958 elections, de Gaulle and his supporters (initially organised in the Union pour la Nouvelle République-Union Démocratique du Travail, then the Union des Démocrates pour la Vème République, and later still the Union des Démocrates pour la République, UDR) won a comfortable majority. In December, de Gaulle was elected President by the electoral college with 78% of the vote, and inaugurated in January 1959.
American Football League / The American Football League (AFL) was a major American Professional Football league that operated from 1960 until 1969, when it merged with the National Football League (NFL). The upstart AFL operated in direct competition with the more established NFL throughout its existence.
He oversaw tough economic measures to revitalise the country, including the issuing of a new franc (worth 100 old francs). Internationally, he rebuffed both the United States and the Soviet Union, pushing for an independent France with its own nuclear weapons, and strongly encouraged a “Free Europe”, believing that a confederation of all European nations would restore the past glories of the great European empires.
The AFL was created by a number of owners who had been refused NFL expansion franchises or had minor shares of NFL franchises. The AFL’s original lineup saw an Eastern division of the New York Titans, Boston Patriots, Buffalo Bills and the Houston Oilers along with a Western division of the Los Angeles Chargers, Denver Broncos, Oakland Raiders, and Dallas Texans. The league first gained attention by signing 75% of the NFL’s first-round draft choices in 1960, including Houston’s successful signing of All-American Billy Cannon.
He set about building Franco-German cooperation as the cornerstone of the European Economic Community (EEC), paying the first state visit to Germany by a French head of state since Napoleon. In January 1963, Germany and France signed a treaty of friendship, the Élysée Treaty. France also reduced its dollar reserves, trading them for gold from the U.S. government, thereby reducing American economic influence abroad.
League history / During the 1950s, the National Football League had grown to rival Major League Baseball as one of the most popular professional sports leagues in the United States. One franchise that did not share in this newfound success of the league was the Chicago Cardinals, owned by the Bidwill family, who had become overshadowed by the more popular Chicago Bears. The Bidwills hoped to relocate their franchise, preferably to St. Louis but could not come to terms with the league on a relocation fee. Needing cash, the Bidwills began entertaining offers from would-be investors, and one of the men who approached the Bidwills was Lamar Hunt, son and heir of Texas millionaire oilman H. L. Hunt.
On 23 November 1959, in a speech in Strasbourg, de Gaulle announced his vision for Europe: Oui, c’est l’Europe, depuis l’Atlantique jusqu’à l’Oural, c’est toute l’Europe, qui décidera du destin du monde. (“Yes, it is Europe, from the Atlantic to the Urals, it is the whole of Europe, that will decide the destiny of the world.”) His expression, “Europe, from the Atlantic to the Urals”, has often been cited throughout the history of European integration. It became, for the next ten years, a favourite political rallying cry of de Gaulle’s. His vision stood in contrast to the Atlanticism of the United States and Britain, preferring instead a Europe that would act as a third pole between the United States and the Soviet Union. By including in his ideal of Europe all the territory up to the Urals, de Gaulle was implicitly offering détente to the Soviets.
Hunt offered to buy the Cardinals and move them to Dallas, Texas, where he had grown up. However, these negotiations came to nothing, since the Bidwills insisted on retaining a controlling interest in the franchise and were unwilling move their team to a city where a previous NFL franchise had failed in 1952.
Algeria / Upon becoming president, de Gaulle was faced with the urgent task of finding a way to bring to an end the bloody and divisive war in Algeria. His intentions were obscure. He had immediately visited Algeria and declared, Je vous ai compris – ‘I have understood you’, and each competing interest had wished to believe it was them that he had understood. Whatever his intentions, “he soon came to realize that Algerian independence was inevitable.” French left-wingers were in favour of granting independence to Algeria and urged him to seek a way to achieve peace while, at the same time, avoiding a French loss of face. Although the military’s near-coup had contributed to his return to power, de Gaulle soon ordered all officers to quit the rebellious Committees of Public Safety. Such actions greatly angered the French settlers and their military supporters. He was forced to suppress two uprisings in Algeria by French settlers and troops, in the second of which (the Generals’ Putsch in April 1961) France herself was again threatened with invasion by rebel paratroops. De Gaulle’s government also covered up the Paris massacre of 1961, issued under the orders of the police prefect Maurice Papon. He was also targeted by the settlers’ resistance group Organisation de l’armée secrète (OAS) and several assassination attempts were made on him; the most famous is that of 22 August 1962, when he and his wife narrowly escaped an assassination attempt when their Citroën DS was targeted by machine gun fire arranged by Colonel Jean-Marie Bastien-Thiry at Petit-Clamart. Visitors to the French capital around this time heard, “the eerie sounds of car horns, beating out the five count of Al-gé-rie-Fran-çaise”. After a referendum on Algerian self-determination carried out in 1961, de Gaulle arranged a ceasefire in Algeria with the March 1962 Evian Accords, legitimated by another referendum a month later. Although the Algerian issue was settled, Prime Minister Michel Debré resigned over the final settlement and was replaced with Georges Pompidou on 14 April 1962. France recognised Algerian independence on 3 July 1962, while an amnesty was belatedly issued covering all crimes committed during the war, including the genocide against the Harkis. In just a few months in 1962, 900,000 French settlers left the country. After 5 July, the exodus accelerated in the wake of the French deaths during the Oran massacre of 1962. Historian Julian Jackson : “The Pieds-Noirs peddled a fantasy of a harmonious country of Muslims and Europeans, but the history of the French in Algeria had always been one of violence, expropriation and exploitation. After the terrorist organisation OAS adopted a kind of scorched earth policy toward the end, it was made certain the Pieds-Noirs could not stay on in Algeria – [there followed] an influx of a million embittered and dispossessed refugees into France – where they now formed a reservoir of passionate, right-wing, anti-Gaullism.” JANUARY 24
A MAJOR INSURRECTION OCCURS IN ALGIERS AGAINST FRENCH COLONIAL POLICY. Algerian War / Algiers also played a pivotal role in the Algerian War (1954–1962), particularly during the Battle of Algiers when the 10th Parachute Division of the French Army, starting on January 7, 1957, and on the orders of then French Minister of Justice François Mitterrand (who authorized any means “to eliminate the insurrectionists”), led attacks against the Algerian fighters for independence. Algiers remains marked by this battle, which was characterized by merciless fighting between Algerian forces who, on the one hand, resorted to attacking the French civilians and proFrench Algerians, and the French Army who, on the other, carried out a bloody repression including the quasi-systematic use of torture on protesters of the colonial order. The demonstrations of May 13 during the crisis of 1958 provoked the fall of the Fourth Republic in France, as well as the return of General de Gaulle to power. Independence / Algeria achieved independence on July 5, 1962. Run by the FLN that had secured independence, Algiers became a member of NonAligned Movement during the Cold War. In October 1988, one year before the fall of the Berlin Wall, Algiers was the site of demonstrations demanding the end of the single party system and the creation of a real democracy baptized the “Spring of Algiers”. The demonstrators were repressed by the authorities (more than 300 dead), but the movement constituted a turning point in the political history of modern Algeria.
In 1989, a new constitution was adopted that put an end to the reign of the single party and saw the creation of more than fifty political parties, as well as official freedom of the press. Crisis of the 1990s / The city became the theatre of many political demonstrations of all descriptions until 1992. In 1991, a political entity dominated by religious conservatives called the Islamic Salvation Front engaged in a political test of wills with the authorities. In the 1992 elections for the Algerian National Assembly, the Islamists garnered a large amount of support in the first round, helped by a massive abstention from disillusioned Algerian voters by the turn of events. Fearing an eventual win by the Islamists, the army cancelled the election process, setting off a civil war between the State and armed religious conservatives which would last for a decade. On December 11, 2007, two car bombs exploded in Algiers. One bomb targeted two United Nations buildings and the other targeted a government building housing the Supreme Court. The death toll is at least 62, with over two hundred injured in the attacks. However, only 26 remained hospitalized the following day. As of 2008, it is speculated that the attack was carried out by the Al Qaida cell within the city. Indigenous terrorist groups have been actively operating in Algeria since around 2002.
JANUARY 30
THE AFRICAN NATIONAL PARTY IS FOUNDED IN CHAD, THROUGH THE MERGER OF TRADITIONALIST PARTIES. African National Party / was a political party in Chad. PNA was founded on January 30, 1960, through the merger remnants of four parties based in the Muslim-dominated northern Chad; African Socialist Movement, Chadian Social Action, Independent Democratic Union of Chad and Grouping of Rural and Independent Chadians. Initially, PNA held 25 seats in the National Assembly, but the party suffered from defections to the Chadian Progressive Party, first the number of MPs went down to 17 and then to ten. In April 1961 PNA merged with the Chadian Progressive Party at a Unity Congress in Abéché, forming the Union for the Progress of Chad (UPT). This alliance did however become short-lived, as PNA issued their own candidate lists for elections. In 1961 PNA leaders were arrested, in January 1962 the party was banned. In 1963, the PNA leader Djbrinne Kherallah declared that the PNA would not agree to dissolve itself. After World War II, France granted Chad the status of overseas territory and its inhabitants the right to elect representatives to the French National Assembly and a Chadian assembly. The largest political party was the Chadian Progressive Party (PPT), based in the southern half of the colony. Chad was granted independence on 11 August 1960 with the PPT’s leader, François Tombalbaye, as its first president. Two years later, Tombalbaye banned opposition parties and established a one-party system. Tombalbaye’s autocratic rule and insensitive mismanagement exacerbated interethnic tensions. In 1965 Muslims began a civil war. Tombalbaye was overthrown and killed in 1975, but the insurgency continued. his march to greatness at the 1960 Rome Olympics. Just graduated from high school,...
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a distinguished, powerful figure from the western world admonishing the practices and encouraging the black nationalists the achieve equality, but it still was not as ground breaking or immediately effective as was the implied intent.[8] There was some belief that the policy outlined in the speech was seen as ‘British abdication in Africa’ and ‘the cynical abandonment of white settlers’.[3] Not everyone felt that it was the right move for the nation to make. However, there was a slightly ambiguous reaction from some of the Black Nationalists; they had been prevented from meeting Macmillan – assumingly by Verwoerd – over the course of his visit and were skeptical about his speech at first. Small groups of ANC supporters gathered in both Johannesburg and Cape Town and stood in silence while holding placards with urgings directed at Macmillan. They wanted him to talk with Congress leaders, and reached out to him with banners saying: ‘Mac, Verwoerd is not our leader.’ It is even said that Mandela thought the speech was ‘terrific’ and he even made a speech in 1996 that specifically recalled this very address when he spoke to the British parliament in Westminster Hall. One ANC leader named Luthuli noted that in his speech Harold gave African people ‘some inspiration and hope.’
FEBRUARY 03
PRIME MINISTER OF THE UNITED KINGDOM HAROLD MACMILLAN MAKES THE WIND OF CHANGE SPEECH TO THE SOUTH AFRICAN PARLIAMENT IN CAPE TOWN. The original delivery and its impact in South Africa / The year 1960 was rife with change. Starting with the surprising announcement by Prime Minister Hendrik Verwoerd that a referendum would be held in regards to whether South Africa should become a republic; After that were Macmillan’s speech on 3 February, an attempt was made on Verwoerd’s life on 9 April, and the African National Congress (ANC) and Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC) were banned in a state of emergency, along with other controversies. Harold Macmillan did not solely compose the speech commonly known as the “Winds of Change”; he had input from numerous friends and colleagues who helped derive the perfect wording for the delicate situation. The Prime Minister wanted to separate the British Nation, but also inspire the black nationalists there to pursue their freedom and equality subtly. The other hidden motive is that during this period there was much dissent amongst the powerful western nations over the level of involvement and the continued interference of Britain in her colonies. By separating themselves from the archaic practices that were condemned by their powerful allies they opened themselves up to more political opportunity. This was a bold attempt to address multiple parties and interests at once. Before he delivered the speech, Macmillan went on a 6 week tour of the African nation that began on 5 January. He began with Ghana, Nigeria, Rhodesia & Nyasaland and then South Africa where the meeting finally happened with the South African Prime Minister Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd. Macmillan tried to explain the necessity of change brought upon them by the two world wars. When Harold Macmillan delivered his speech, it was done for multiple reasons. Although the main subject matter of the speech is relating to the separation of Britain from its South African colonies, it also made reference to their discontent with the apartheid and it held positive political results for the British nation. The speech held promise of major policy change on the topic of their decolonization, and was actually delivered twice in two different locations. First it was done in Ghana, but there was no press coverage and few people even attended the event in Accra. The second, more famous, telling was on 3 February in Cape Town and was met with very mixed reviews. If the speech would be judged on its quality of deliverance and content it would be considered a success. When considering if this speech was successful one must place it next to its objectives. The speech did lay down a relatively clear understanding of Britain’s intended exit as a colonial power in Africa, so in the larger scheme it achieved its purpose. However, when considering there is indication that Macmillan’s intent was to sway white South African’s to abandon Verwoerd’s apartheid dogma, that part of the speech was a failure. It was an important moment to have such
Some people indicated that the British Prime Minister was very nervous for the entire speech, with obvious struggle he would turn the pages. This could be because he knowingly was presenting a speech that he had intentionally withheld from the South African Prime Minister before. Macmillan had declined giving Verwoerd an advance copy, and merely summed up the main content to him. When the speech was complete there was visible shock on Verwoerd’s face. He apparently leapt up from his seat and immediately responded to the British Prime Minister. He was reportedly calm, and collected when he gave his response – something that was widely admired by the public. He had to save face when Macmillan had dropped a ticking time bomb into speech, yet he managed to respond quickly and well in a game of words he was not accustomed to. He famously responded by saying: “there must not only be justice to the Black man in Africa, but also to the White man”, and he had strong political truth in this.[8] For these Europeans there had no real other home, for Africa was their home now too; they also were a strong stance against communism, for their ways were grounded in Christian values. A writer on the subject of this speech named Saul Dubow stated that “The unintended effect of the speech was to help empower Verwoerd by reinforcing his dominance over domestic politics and by assisting him make two hitherto separate strands of his political career seem mutually reinforcing: republican nationalism on the one hand and apartheid ideology on the other.”
CERN following international collaborations. It is also the birthplace of the World Wide Web. The main site at Meyrin has a large computer centre containing powerful data-processing facilities, primarily for experimental-data analysis; because of the need to make these facilities available to researchers elsewhere, it has historically been a major wide area networking hub.
FEBRUARY 10
A CONFERENCE ABOUT THE PROPOSED INDEPENDENCE OF THE BELGIAN CONGO BEGINS IN BRUSSELS, BELGIUM.
FEBRUARY 09
Yielding to international pressure, in 1908 the Belgian parliament annexed the CFS as the Belgian Congo, effectively removing Leopold from power. Just prior to releasing sovereignty over the CFS, Leopold destroyed all evidence of his activities in the CFS, including the archives of its Departments of Finance and the Interior. The Belgian parliament refused to hold any formal commission of inquiry into the human rights abuses that had occurred in the CFS. Over the next few decades, inhumane practices in the Belgian Congo continued and a huge number of Congolese remained enslaved. By 1959, Belgium power began to erode due to a series of riots in Leopoldville (today Kinshasa). The Congo was emancipated from Belgium on June 30, 1960, and the modern Democratic Republic of the Congo was established.
JOANNE WOODWARD RECEIVES THE FIRST STAR ON THE HOLLYWOOD WALK OF FAME IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. Woodward’s mother was such a film fan that mother and daughter were in the crowd of fans at the premiere of “Gone With the Wind” in Atlanta in 1939. The then-9-year-old Woodward rushed into the caravan of stars and plopped herself in the lap of Laurence Olivier, who was the boyfriend and future husband of star, Vivien Leigh. Ironically, nearly 40 years later the two starred in the NBC adaptation of William Inge’s play, “Come Back, Little Sheba.” Olivier even remembered the incident when Woodward told him of their brief encounter.
From 1885 to 1908, it is estimated that the Congolese native population decreased by about ten million people. Historian Adam Hochshild identifies a number of causes for this loss under Leopold’s reign—murder, starvation, exhaustion and exposure, disease, and plummeting birth rates. Congolese historian Ndaywel e Nziem estimates the death toll at thirteen million. Leopold capitalized on the vast wealth extracted in ivory and rubber during his twenty-three year reign of terror in the CFS. He spent some of this wealth by constructing grand palaces and monuments including the Royal Museum for Central Africa in Tervuren. Ironically, Leopold never visited the kingdom in which he committed such atrocities, to witness the tragedy of his greed. FEBRUARY 11
THE N CLASS BLIMP ZPG-3W OF THE U.S. NAVY IS DESTROYED DURING A STORM OVER MASSACHUSETTS. The N-Class, or as popularly known, the Nan ship, was a line of non-rigid airships built by the Goodyear Aircraft Company of Akron, Ohio for the US Navy. This line of airships was developed through many versions and assigned various designators as the airship designation system changed in the post World War II era. These versions included airships configured for both anti-submarine warfare and airborne early warning (AEW) missions. The initial version, designated ZPN-1, was a follow-on to the M-class blimp for patrol missions. The Nan ship used a significantly larger envelope than the M-ship although their overall lengths were similar. Two Wright radial air-cooled engines powered the N-Class blimps.
The actress won numerous beauty contests as a teenager and got her first taste for acting in high school. She attended Louisiana State University for two years, eventually going to New York City where she studied with Sanford Meisner at the Neighborhood playhouse and also at the Actors Studio. She fell in love with Paul Newman while they were both on Broadway in William Inge’s “Picnic” in 1953. Newman was married at the time; he finally got a divorced and the two married in 1958. After appearing on several live anthology dramas on TV, Woodward made her film debut in 1955’s Civil War western, “Count Three and Pray,” and won a best actress Oscar for her riveting turn as a woman with multiple personalities in 1957’s “The Three Faces of Eve.”
FEBRUARY 05
THE FIRST CERN PARTICLE ACCELERATOR BECOMES OPERATIONAL IN GENEVA, SWITZERLAND. The European Organization for Nuclear Research / is an international organization whose purpose is to operate the world’s largest particle physics laboratory. Established in 1954, the organization is based in the northwest suburbs of Geneva on the Franco–Swiss border, (46°14′3″N 6°3′19″E) and has 20 European member states. The term CERN is also used to refer to the laboratory, which employs just under 2,400 full-time employees, 1,500 part-time employees, and hosts some 10,000 visiting scientists and engineers, representing 608 universities and research facilities and 113 nationalities.[citation needed] CERN’s main function is to provide the particle accelerators and other infrastructure needed for high-energy physics research - as a result, numerous experiments have been constructed at
The ZPG-3W was the last of the airships built for the U.S. Navy. The July 6, 1960, crash of a Lakehurst-based airship east of Long Beach Island killed 18 sailors, a loss that added pressure on the program. The Navy decommissioned its airship units at Naval Air Station Glynco, Brunswick, Georgia, and at Lakehurst on Oct. 31, 1961. On Aug. 31, 1962, the last two ZPG-3W ships made a ceremonial last flight over Lakehurst — the base log noted, “This flight terminates operation of non-rigid airships at Lakehurst,” Steingold said.
In 1958, she made her first film with Newman, “The Long, Hot Summer.” Woodward and Newman made several more films but they paled in comparison to their first. However, they created movie magic with the 1968 drama, “Rachel, Rachel,” Newman’s directorial debut. Woodward received her second best actress nomination for her performance as a 35-year-old virgin. During the 1970s, the mother of three girls continued to act in films and in TV, earning another best actress Oscar nomination for her turn as a bored housewife in 1973’s “Summer Wishes, Winter Dreams” and earning her first Emmy for 1978’s “See How She Runs,” as a housewife and mother who trains for the Boston Marathon. She picked up another Emmy as a college professor with Alzheimer’s in 1985’s “Do You Remember Love.” Woodward earned her final Oscar nomination for James Ivory’s 1990 drama, “Mr. and Mrs. Smith,” which starred Newman as her husband. Her last feature film role was as Tom Hanks’ mother in 1993’s “Philadelphia.”
The specially designed and built AN/APS-70 Radar with its massive 42 ft (12.8 m) internal antenna was the best airborne radar system built for detecting other aircraft because its low frequency penetrated weather and showed only the more electronically visible returns. A large radome on top of the envelope held the height finding radar. Under the designation system established in April 1947 the first N-class airships were given the Navy designation of ZPN-1, (Z = lighter-than-air; P = patrol; N = type/class). In April 1954, the designation system was changed to mimic that used for heavier-than-air aircraft.
Her final on-screen appearance with Newman was in HBO’s 2005 miniseries, “Empire Falls,” for which she received an Emmy and Golden Globe nomination as a town matriarch and owner of a diner. Newman died three years later of lung cancer.
the 18 year old became known as “The Mayor of Olympic Village” because...
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He said: “Our bedroom overlooks the scene of the crash and I had just gone to bed when I heard a crash and a blinding light lit up the bedroom.
FEBRUARY 23
DEMOLITION OF EBBETS FIELD, FORMER HOME OF BASEBALL’S DODGERS, COMMENCES IN BROOKLYN, NY. Ebbets Field was but one of several historic major league ballparks demolished in the 1960s, but more mythology and nostalgia surrounds the stadium and its demise than possibly any other defunct ballpark.
FEBRUARY 13
Although the Soviet Union mastered H-bomb technology back in 1955, this “record” could have been meant as an answer to France emerging as a third Western force with nuclear power in the Cold War context.
FRANCE TESTS ITS FIRST ATOMIC BOMB - IN THE SAHARA DESERT OF ALGERIA.
Following the USSR, the United States reactivated its own atmospheric test program with a series of 40 explosions from April 1962 to November 1962. This series included two powerful H-bombs topping 7.45 Mt and 8.3 Mt.
Gerboise Bleue (“blue jerboa”) was the name of the first French nuclear test. It was an atomic bomb detonated in the middle of the Algerian Sahara desert on 13 February 1960, during the Algerian War (1954-62). General Pierre Marie Gallois was instrumental in the endeavour, and earned the nickname of père de la bombe A (“father of the A-bomb”).
China also launched its own nuclear program, resulting in the A-bomb “596” (22 kt) tested on 16 October 1964, and the H-bomb Test No. 6 (3.3 Mt), tested 17 June 1967. In 1968, France detonated its first thermonuclear weapon, Canopus (2.6Mt), at the new facility at Fangataufa, a desert atoll in French Polynesia.
Gerboise is the jerboa, a desert rodent, while blue is the first color of the French tricolor flag. So the second and third bombs were named respectively “white” (Gerboise Blanche) and “red” (Gerboise Rouge).
In 1956, real estate developer Marvin Kratter bought Ebbets Field from O’Malley. He leased Ebbets Field back to O’Malley until the team left for Los Angeles after the 1957 season. When the Dodgers left for Los Angeles, O’Malley urged Horace Stoneham, owner of the Dodgers’ long-time crosstown rivals, the New York Giants, to move west as well. Stoneham, who was having stadium difficulties of his own, agreed, and moved the Giants to San Francisco after the 1957 season. That meant lights out for Ebbets Field, which was demolished, beginning on February 23, 1960.
FEBRUARY 18
THE 1960 WINTER OLYMPIC GAMES BEGIN AT THE SQUAW VALLEY SKI RESORT, IN PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.
With Gerboise Bleue, France became the fourth nuclear power, after the United States, the USSR, and the United Kingdom. Gerboise Bleue was by far the largest first test bomb up to that date, larger than the American “Trinity” (20 kt), the Soviet “RDS-1” (22 kt), or the British “Hurricane” (25 kt). The yield was 70 kilotons, bigger than these three bombs put together. The second most powerful first-test bomb was “Chagai-I”, detonated by Pakistan in 1998, at 40 kilotons.
A great deal of history happened at Ebbets Field during its relatively short 45-year lifespan with the Dodgers. Of the many teams that uprooted in the 1950s and 1960s, the Dodgers have probably had the largest number of public laments over their fans’ heartbreak over losing their team. A couple of decades later, Roger Kahn’s acclaimed book The Boys of Summer and Frank Sinatra’s song “There Used to Be a Ballpark” mourned the loss of places like Ebbets Field, and of the attendant youthful innocence of fans and players alike. The story of Ebbets Field and the Brooklyn Dodgers’ move to Los Angeles were also chronicled by historian Doris Kearns Goodwin, figured into the plot of the film Field of Dreams, and were featured in an entire episode of Ken Burns’ public-television documentary Baseball, as well as a 2007 HBO documentary called Brooklyn Dodgers: Ghosts of Flatbush.
In comparison, Fat Man, the Nagasaki bomb, was 22 kilotons, one-third as powerful. Only two other A-bombs tested in the Sahara facilities were more powerful: “Rubis” (<100 kt, 20 October 1963), and “Saphir” (<150 kt, 25 February 1965). Both were exploded underground at the Tan Afella facility.
Squaw Valley was once a mining boom town and was the biggest mining operations in the Lake Tahoe region. There were rumors that the mine was “salted” with ore brought in from Virginia City. George Wharton James, Author of the book “The Lake of the Sky” doubts the mines were “salted” with ore and that the energetic prospector Knox started the mine with good faith. He writes all about the History of the Tahoe Region (pre 1915) in many of the chapters of his book. The Squaw Valley Mining boom was short lived and by 1863– 64 the valley soon lost almost all of its inhabitants to the Comstock lode in Virginia City, Nevada.
All other French atomic-bomb tests, including Canopus, were done in French Polynesia from 1966 to 1996. The last bomb, Xouthos (<120 kt), was exploded on 27 January 1996. As an atomic yield cannot be precisely estimated, the French army planned an explosion between 60 and 70 kt. Gerboise Bleue was a total success, yielding the full designed power. Due to increasing criticism, France stopped its atmospheric tests in the desert, and conducted further underground tests months after Algerian independence in 1962 according to secret agreements with the FLN.
By 1942 Wayne Poulsen, a former star skier from the University of Nevada, had acquired 2,000 acres (810 ha) in Squaw Valley from the Southern Pacific Railroad. In 1946, Poulsen met Alex Cushing, a Harvard University-trained lawyer, with the political connections and access to capital that would make the resort a success. Shortly before opening in 1949, Poulsen and Cushing had a disagreement over the future of the resort, and eventually Cushing ended up controlling the Squaw Valley Ski Corporation.
From February 1960 to April 1961, France tested a limited number of atmospheric bombs in Reggane facility’s C.S.E.M. (Centre Saharien d’Expérimentations Militaires, or “Saharan Center for Military Experiments”): the four Gerboise bombs. Three of them were only engins de secours (“emergency devices”), with yields deliberately reduced to less than 5 kilotons. With the underground tests the sequence designation was changed to jewel names, starting in November 1961 with “Agathe” (agate; <20 kt). On 1 May 1962, during the second test, the “Beryl incident” (incident de Béryl) occurred, which was declassified many years later.
Though the 1960 Olympics had practically been promised to Innsbruck, Austria, Cushing went to Paris in 1955 with a scale model of his proposed Olympic site and persuaded the International Olympic Committee to choose Squaw Valley. It was the first Winter Olympics to be televised live and attracted millions of viewers.
Five months after the last Gerboise A-bomb, the Soviet Union responded by breaking its atmospheric tests moratorium, settled de facto since late 1958 with the United States and the United Kingdom. The USSR conducted many improvement tests, starting in September 1961 with a series of 136 large H-bombs. The series included the most powerful bomb ever tested, the 50-megaton (50,000 kt) “Tsar Bomba”, which was detonated over Novaya Zemlya.
Although the Squaw Valley Ski Resort remains the primary attraction in Olympic Valley, other yearround attractions and businesses have sprung up around the community. of his outgoing personality and larger-than-life spirit.
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O’Malley’s removal of the franchise from its historic home has been referred to by a federal judge as “one of the most notorious abandonments in the history of sports.” FEBRUARY 26
A NEW YORK BOUND ALITALIA AIRLINER CRASHES INTO A CEMETERY AT SHANNON, IRELAND, SHORTLY AFTER TAKEOFF, KILLING 34 OF THE 52 PERSONS ON BOARD. Tragedy struck Ireland on this day 53 years ago, when a Alitalia plane bound for New York crashed in Shannon, Ireland, killing 34 of the 52 people on board. The Douglas DC-7C aircraft stalled and crashed on takeoff in the early hours of February 26, 1960, before the plane could head across the Atlantic. The plane had made a short stop in Ireland, having been en route from Naples and Rome to the U.S. city. Eyewitnesses said the plane, which was carrying 7,000 gallons of fuel, hit the ground 20 yards from Clonloghan Cemetery before ploughing through a wall, destroying around 20 headstones and coming to rest with only the tail section intact. Others said there bodies ‘scattered all over the field’ after the crash. One eyewitness, Jimmy Conheady, told Irish paper the Clare Champion, that passenger belongings and debris were strewn for three quarters of a mile.
“Our four children rushed into the room and my wife and I jumped to the window.
“There coming right towards us was the plane, which exploded after it hit the ditch of the second field. It had been coming to us until it exploded and then part of it swung to the right.” The Pathe video above (which has no sound), shows the aftermath of the tragedy, with debris scattered everywhere and burning fuselage littering the landscape. FEBRUARY 29
THE 1960 AGADIR EARTHQUAKE COMPLETELY DESTROYS THE TOWN OF AGADIR, MOROCCO. The night of February 29, 1960 was a typical winter night in Agadir, warm and clear, with the stars bright overhead. The hotels were filled with a gay tourist crowd, and the native Moroccans were celebrating and feasting in observance of the third night of Ramadan, the annual religious season which Mohammedans observe by fasting through the daylight hours and feasting by night. Only one factor distinguished this particular evening from the others of the season; slight earthquakes had been felt during the past week and a particularly strong shock had occurred this day, just before noon. This was a bit disquieting for a region in which common knowledge insisted earthquakes “never” occurred. Then at 11:41 p.m. the earth gave a sudden violent lurch. A survivor said, “The earth was kicked from under us.” The ground motions lasted less than 15 seconds, but in this brief time the old masonry buildings in the Kasbah, Founti, and Yachech districts wobbled and collapsed, burying thousands of Moroccans in the rubble. In the Talborjt district, the newer, more modern appearing buildings developed cracks in the plaster exposing the weak masonry beneath; whole walls broke loose and crashed into the streets; complete buildings settled into rubble, burying thousands of Moroccans in the debris. In the New City and the Front-deMer, modern appearing reinforced concrete hotels and apartments revealed their deficiencies in design and construction, collapsing in total ruin and burying hundreds of Europeans in the heaps of twisted beams, columns, and shattered floor slabs. Within seconds entire districts of the city had been destroyed, thousands of people had been killed outright, and even more tragically, additional thousands had been buried alive in the debris to die agonizing deaths days later. Rescue efforts were mobilized by many nations almost at once. The first news of the disaster was flashed to the outside world by the radios of Spanish fishing vessels anchored in Agadir harbor. French sailors and marines at the Agadir naval base were alerted by the ground motions and had rescue trucks on their way to the city within an hour. They were followed to the scene by Moroccan soldiers and French military personnel from other nearby bases. The next day King Mohammed V arrived to survey the magnitude of the disaster, and immediately placed his son, Prince Moulay Hassan in charge of all rescue operations. The same day air lifts of rescuers and emergency supplies began to arrive from American bases in Morocco and Germany. The Spanish military forces organized their own air lift, sending in soldiers and additional supplies. On March 3, Company A of the 79th Engineer Battalion, U.S. Army, arrived from Germany by air lift, with complete field and construction equipment, By this time very few persons were found still alive in the debris, and the heavy equipment was soon assigned to leveling the few walls which remained standing in the Kasbah and Yachech areas so that the decontamination crews could operate. The bulldozers also performed very effectively in opening the streets which has been thoroughly blocked with debris falling from the buildings. The principal rescue efforts were terminated on March 4, in favor of drastic measures for decontamination and disease prevention. However, a few people were found still alive after having been buried in the rubble for as long as ten days.
04 February
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However, due to commitments at Paramount and the filming schedule of his latest film, King Creole, Elvis had to personally write to the Memphis Draft Board to request a deferment. He explained to them that Paramount had already spent up to $350,000 on pre-production of the film, and that many jobs were dependent on him being able to complete filming, which was due to begin on January 13. They granted him an extension until the middle of March. When news of the extension broke, angry letters were sent to the Memphis Draft Board complaining about the “special treatment” that Presley was receiving. According to Milton Bowers, head of the draft board and angered by the public outcry, Presley “would have automatically gotten the extension [anyway] if he hadn’t been Elvis Presley the superstar”.
Korda became a fervant supporter of the Revolution. It gave him a chance to remove the “frivolity” from his art, and it reawakened concerns that had appeared when he snapped his earliest pictures. “I remember my first camera very well,” Korda says. “Someone gave my father a little 35mm camera for a gift. I took it and carried it in my briefcase wherever I went.” During his rounds as a typewriter salesman in Havana, he started taking pictures “of things that troubled my heart” – particularly poverty-stricken children making toys out of whatever they could find in the street. “I realized I had to dedicate my work to this Revolution that promised to erase these inequalities.”
Worried that rock and roll music was a passing “fad”, Elvis wanted to make King Creole the best role he had ever acted. He knew that two years out of the limelight would mean hard work when he returned, and so he gave his all in that film to show the world that he had the potential to return as a serious, dramatic actor. Author Alanna Nash described it as “the performance that would forever define his potential”.
Alberto Díaz Gutiérrez (he preferred to be called simply Korda, as the new documentary’s title suggests) was born in the El Cerro neighbourhood of Havana in 1928. His father was a telegraph operator for the railroads. His mother did the housework “like all Cuban women at that time.” Korda was their only child. He studied accounting and stenography, and when he left school he went to work for Sabatés SA, the Cuban arm of Procter and Gamble. Korda handled the company’s advertising. Then he went to work selling cash registers and typewriters for Remington Rand, another North American conglomerate.
MARCH O5
ALBERTO KORDA TAKES HIS ICONIC PHOTOGRAPH OF CHE GUEVARA, GUERRILLERO HEROICO, IN HAVANA.
MARCH 03
ELVIS PRESLEY RETURNS HOME FROM GERMANY, AFTER BEING AWAY ON DUTY FOR 2 YEARS. In early 1959, after complaints from other guests about the behavior of Elvis and his friends, the group left the Grunewald Hotel and moved to a five bedroom house nearby. Fans would congregate outside the house to see Elvis as he came and went to maneuvers, and a sign was put up stating that autographs would be given between 7.30 and 8.00pm. Although Elvis’s manager had forbidden him from performing while in the army, pressure from RCA for him to record new material led to Parker sending a microphone and a tape recorder to Germany. Elvis had recorded a handful of songs before he left for Germany to cover his time away, but RCA was worried that they would run out of material before March 1960. In a letter to his client, Parker explained that recordings of Elvis with just a piano for accompaniment, singing gospel songs would be good enough; his fans would just want to hear him sing anything. Elvis used the recorder to mess around with friends and family, singing mainly gospel and current hits, but none of these recordings were sent back for release by RCA. Decades later these recordings would be released officially on titles such as Private Presley and Home Recordings. In June, with 15 days leave to enjoy, Elvis and his friends traveled to Munich and Paris. Two days in Munich were followed by over a week of partying in Paris where, on several occasions, Elvis would invite the whole chorus line of girls from The 4’o Clock club back to his hotel. Around this time Elvis’s father,Vernon, had been getting close to a woman named Dee Stanley, the wife of army sergeant Bill Stanley. Originally Dee had written to Elvis inviting him to dinner. She had seen him live during one of his earliest performances in the fifties, and she was keen to meet a star of his stature. Elvis, not interested in dinner with someone he knew was considerably older than he, sent his father in his place.
Most biographers state that Dee was already in the process of divorcing her husband when she met Vernon, but some others claim that Vernon had gotten to know both of them together, and was even asked by Bill to help him save his marriage. When Elvis heard of the relationship between his father and Dee he flew into a rage; in his mind his father had no business to be setting up with another woman so close after the death of Gladys. Dee returned to the USA in the summer of 1959, closely followed by Vernon, and the pair returned to Germany together. Close friends of Elvis have stated that Bill received a “handsome payoff” for his signature on the divorce papers. Dee and Vernon would eventually marry in 1960, with her children becoming stepbrothers to Elvis. Although Elvis never liked Dee, he became very close to her young children and welcomed them to his home as the brothers he never had; in later years they would be employed as bodyguards and drivers. MARCH 05
ELVIS PRESLEY RECEIVES HIS HONORABLE DISCHARGE FROM THE U.S. ARMY. Before entering the Army Presley had caused national outrage with his sexually charged performances and rock and roll music. Many parents, religious leaders, and teachers groups saw his draft, removing him from public view, as a positive thing. Despite being offered the chance to enlist in Special Services to entertain the troops and live in priority housing, Presley decided to serve as a regular soldier. This earned him the respect of many of his fellow soldiers and people back home who had previously viewed him in a negative light. During his service Presley’s life was affected in several ways. First, his mother, Gladys, died of a heart attack brought on by acute hepatitis and cirrhosis of the liver. Presley was deeply affected by her death and would never fully recover. Secondly, during his time in Germany, he would meet his future wife Priscilla Beaulieu. Also, while in Germany, Presley began to become dependent on uppers and downers. These drugs, and more importantly the drugs they would lead onto, would eventually contribute to Presley’s death at age 42. After his release from the army Presley found a new fan base among an older age group, thanks in part to his army career and releases of ballads over rock and roll songs. Presley was originally scheduled to be inducted on January 20, 1958.
There’s a good chance Alberto Korda was responsible for the photos you’ve seen from the early, heady days of the Cuban Revolution – flag-waving campesinos, rifle-wielding barbudos, but also (and especially) Fidel and Che in their off-hours, fishing, enjoying a smoke, playing a legendary round of golf in battle fatigues at what was formerly a country club for Havana’s elite. The world’s most famous Cuban photographer snapped an estimated 55,000 Revolution-themed photos – quite an achievement in those pre-digital days, and in a place where photographic equipment and supplies weren’t always readily available. But his real achievement, the one for which he will always be remembered, was his messianic Che Guevara image, which Korda entitled Guerrillero Heroico.
MARCH 06
THE UNITED STATES ANNOUNCES THAT 3,500 AMERICAN SOLDIERS WILL BE SENT TO VIETNAM. With help from the United States, South Vietnam carried out the election only in South Vietnam rather than countrywide. After eliminating most of his rivals, Ngo Dinh Diem was elected. His leadership, however, proved so horrible that he was killed in 1963 during a coup supported by the United States. Since Diem had alienated many South Vietnamese during his tenure, communist sympathizers in South Vietnam established the National Liberation Front (NLF), also known as the Viet Cong, in 1960 to use guerrilla warfare against the South Vietnamese.
“It’s incredible,” the photographer recalls in Simply Korda, a new documentary that premiered in March in Havana to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Korda’s iconic Che photo. “That has become the most reproduced image in the history of photography. And it was snapped on the spur of the moment, a coincidence.” That coincidence happened on March 5, 1960. The previous day a French boat, La Coubre, exploded in Havana’s port loaded with munitions destined for the nascent Cuban Revolution. At least 75 people were killed. Che, who had personally provided medical treatment to victims of the blast, was among the crowd at the funeral march along Calle 23, and Korda snapped just two shots of him with his Leica M2.
MARCH 06
THE CANTON OF GENEVA IN SWITZERLAND GIVES WOMEN THE RIGHT TO VOTE.
Fifty years later Korda’s Guerrillero Heroico image has become the shot seen round the world, and Cuban director Roberto Chile brings the man and his work into sharp focus. Simply Korda, like the same director’s 2002 Fidel documentary, is an evocative portrait that dispenses with sugarcoating in favour of facts. The film is based on an interview that took place four months prior to Korda’s death and has never before been shown. “I’ve dedicated my photography to what I love,” Korda tells Chile matter-of-factly. “I’m not any kind of genius. And one of my first interests and loves in my life was the beauty of women, right?”
By giving voters the final say on legislation, Switzerland’s system of direct democracy kept women out, but at the same time the extensive autonomy of even the smallest administrative units gave them their chance to break in to political life. It was a tiny commune in Canton Valais that, in 1957, was the first to allow its women members to vote. Several cantons gradually followed suit, and in the 1960s women started occupying more and more important positions in local parliaments and governments. In 1968 Geneva, then the country’s third largest city, had a woman mayor - but she still couldn’t vote in federal elections.
So the documentary gives us a young, pre-revolutionary Korda snapping studio pictures of models holding bows and arrows and pussycats. He’s even in some of these advertising photos himself, with his yachtsman’s cap and debonair pencil moustache. He announces, “I was the creator of fashion photography in Cuba because, until this very day, I love the female figure.” Then we see a series of sexy, swimsuit shots.
This advance did not prevent Switzerland from suggesting that when it signed the human rights convention of the Council of Europe, it should opt out of those parts calling for sexual equality. The uproar this provoked forced the government to revise its position. A new referendum was put to the country.
So how did Korda make the transition when the Revolution came to town? Seamlessly, it turns out. “The Cuban Revolution was victorious, it was run by men, and it was even more beautiful than the beauty of women! So,” Korda says with the grand arm gestures of a man still amazed by the turn of history, “I devoted myself to [The Revolution.]” And beards and berets blossomed on magazine pages and in university dorm rooms.
The result: on February 7th 1971 Swiss males, by a two thirds majority, finally gave their female compatriots their full federal voting rights. Already a national champion in both AAU and Golden Gloves competitions, the Louisville,...
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The Commission finds that the police deliberately opened fire on an unarmed crowd that had gathered peacefully at Sharpville on 21 March 1960 to protest against the pass laws. The Commission finds further that the SAP (South African Police) failed to give the crowd an order to disperse before they began firing and that they continued to fire upon the fleeing crowd, resulting in hundreds of people being shot in the back. As a result of the excessive force used, 69 people were killed and more than 300 injured. The Commission finds further that the police failed to facilitate access to medical and/or other assistance to those who were wounded immediately after the march. The Commission finds that many of the participants in the march were apolitical, women and unarmed, and had attended the march because they were opposed to the pass laws. The Commission finds, therefore, that many of the people fired upon and injured in the march were not politicised members of any political party, but merely persons opposed to carrying a pass.
MARCH 17
THE N CLASS BLIMP ZPG-3W OF THE U.S. NAVY IS DESTROYED DURING A STORM OVER MASSACHUSETTS.
Below, please see a promotional announcement for the Pink Floyd Laser Spectacular (it helpfully notes that they are “a band from the Planet Earth,” and that every image you see begins with “a single beam of light”). MARCH 23
SOVIET PREMIER NIKITA KHRUSHCHEV MEETS FRENCH PRESIDENT CHARLES DE GAULLE IN PARIS.
decrying colonialism. Infuriated by a statement of the Filipino delegate Lorenzo Sumulong which charged the Soviets with employing a double standard by decrying colonialism while dominating Eastern Europe, Khrushchev demanded the right to reply immediately, and accused Sumulong of being “a fawning lackey of the American imperialists”. Sumulong resumed his speech, and accused the Soviets of hypocrisy. Khrushchev yanked off his shoe and began banging it on his desk. This behavior by Khrushchev scandalized his delegation. Khrushchev considered U.S. Vice President Nixon a hardliner, and was delighted by his defeat in the 1960 presidential election. He considered the victor, Massachusetts Senator John F. Kennedy, as a far more likely partner for détente, but was taken
The Commission finds that many of those injured in the march were placed under police guard in hospital as if they were convicted criminals and, upon release from hospital, were detained for long periods in prison before being formally charged. In the majority of instances when persons so detained appeared in court, the charges were withdrawn.
Flight 710 was a regularly scheduled flight departing Minneapolis-St. Paul to Miami with a stop at Chicago Midway Airport. Radio contact with the Indianapolis Control Center was made at approximately 3:00 pm local time. About 15 minutes later, witnesses reported seeing the airplane break into two pieces with the right wing falling as one piece and the remainder of the craft plunging to earth near Cannelton in southern Indiana.
The Commission finds the former state and the minister of police directly responsible for the commission of gross human rights violations in that excessive force was unnecessarily used to stop a gathering of unarmed people. Police failed to give an order to disperse and/or adequate time to disperse, relied on live ammunition rather than alternative methods of crowd dispersal and fired in a sustained manner into the back of the crowd, resulting in the death of sixty-nine people and the injury of more than 300.
At the time, investigators organized by the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) worked on three major theories: - That a bomber blew up the plane and its passengers and crew members as they passed over southern Indiana on a Chicago-to-Miami flight. - That violent air turbulence could have destroyed the craft, the first Electra purchased by Northwest and in service only seven months. Such turbulence was reported over southern Indiana at about the time of the crash. - That the plane disintegrated through “metal fatigue” which had caused other crashes of highspeed airliners recently. The crash was the third Electra disaster in a little more than a year and the third unexplained accident in four months. It came within days of the Washington hearings on the death of 34 persons in a National Airlines plane crash near Bolivia, North Carolina (that disaster was later discovered to have been due to a bomb). “Obviously, this plane broke up in the air,” CAB spokesman Edward Slattery said at the time. “It is too early to tell the cause of the tragedy, but we will investigate all possibilities, including a bomb.” (Edwardsville Examiner, March 19, 1960) The New York Times reported that at 5:44 P.M., an hour and a half after news of the crash in the snow-covered Indiana-Kentucky border country, an anonymous caller told the Chicago police that a bomb had been placed aboard a plane at Midway Airport. The police searched the airport, but found nothing and said that they were convinced the call was a prank. The operator said she thought the caller was a young teenager.
MARCH 22
ARTHUR LEONARD SCHAWLOW & CHARLES HARD TOWNES RECEIVE THE FIRST PATENT FOR A LASER.
The craft’s fuselage plunged into an Ohio River country farm at a speed of over 600 miles per hour and disintegrated. The Federal Bureau of Investigation sent agents to the scene to determine whether there was any violation of Federal law. Such an investigation would include the possibility of sabotage. State Police Sgt. Joe O’Brien said that the plane was last heard from over Scotland, Indiana, about 70 miles (110 km) from the crash site. He said the pilot, Capt. Edgar LaParle, had reported rumble and the weather was very muggy and cloudy.
This week marks is the fiftieth anniversary of the laser, or at least the first tested application of the technology. Though infrared lasers had been theorized since the mid-fifties and the term was coined in 1959, it wasn’t until 1960 that Theodore H. Maiman constructed the first functioning laser, at Hughes Research Laboratories in California. In case you’re wondering, it used a solid-state flashlamp-pumped synthetic ruby crystal to produce red laser light, according to Wikipedia, which also notes that today is the exact fiftieth anniversary of the first application for a laser patent (by Arthur Leonard Schawlow and Charles Hard Townes). And in case you’re wondering what this post is doing on a culture blog, we’ll have to skip ahead a decade or so to the period where lasers became a central part of rock-and-roll. Bands like the Who and Pink Floyd, as well as a host of lesser-known acts, used lasers to keep audiences focussed on the visual aspects of their stage show along with the musical; in the mid-seventies, laser rock shows became something of a prog-rock or stoner rock cliché, though they also gave young teens renewed respect for their local planetariums (in the great sitcom “Freaks and Geeks,” there was an episode, “The Garage Door,” that revolved around going to see a Pink Floyd laser show).
MARCH 21
THE SHARPEVILLE MASSACRE IN SOUTH AFRICA RESULTS IN MORE THAN 69 DEAD, 300 INJURED.
A constant irritant in Soviet–U.S. relations was the overflight of the Soviet Union by American U-2 spy aircraft. On April 9, 1960, the U.S. resumed such flights after a lengthy break. The Soviets had protested the flights in the past, but had been ignored by Washington. Content in what he thought was a strong personal relationship with Eisenhower, Khrushchev was confused and angered by the flights’ resumption, and concluded that they had been ordered by CIA Director Allen Dulles without the U.S. President’s knowledge. On May 1, a U-2 was shot down; its pilot, Francis Gary Powers captured alive. Believing Powers to have been killed, the U.S. announced that a weather plane had been lost near the Turkish-Soviet border. Khrushchev risked destroying the summit, due to start on May 16 in Paris, if he announced the shootdown, but would look weak in the eyes of his military and security forces if he did nothing. Finally, on May 5, Khrushchev announced the shootdown and Powers’ capture, blaming the overflight on “imperialist circles and militarists, whose stronghold is the Pentagon”, and suggesting the plane had been sent without Eisenhower’s knowledge.[198] Eisenhower could not have it thought that there were rogue elements in the Pentagon operating without his knowledge, and admitted that he had ordered the flights, calling them “a distasteful necessity”. The admission stunned Khrushchev, and turned the U-2 affair from a possible triumph to a disaster for him, and he even appealed to U.S. Ambassador Llewellyn Thompson for help. Khrushchev was undecided what to do at the summit even as he boarded his flight to Paris. He finally decided, in consultation with his advisers on the plane and Presidium members in Moscow, to demand an apology from Eisenhower and a promise that there would be no further U-2 flights in Soviet airspace. Neither Eisenhower nor Khrushchev communicated with the other in the days before the summit, and at the summit, Khrushchev made his demands and stated that there was no purpose in the summit, which should be postponed for six to eight months, that is until after the 1960 United States presidential election. The U.S. President offered no apology, but stated that the flights had been suspended and would not resume, and renewed his Open Skies proposal for mutual overflight rights. This was not enough for Khrushchev, who left the summit. Eisenhower accused Khrushchev “of sabotaging this meeting, on which so much of the hopes of the world have rested”. Eisenhower’s visit to the Soviet Union, for which the premier had even built a golf course so the U.S. President could enjoy his favorite sport, was canceled by Khrushchev. Khrushchev made his second and final visit to the United States in September 1960. He had no invitation, but had appointed himself as head of the USSR’s UN delegation. He spent much of his time wooing the new Third World states which had recently become independent. The U.S. restricted him to the island of Manhattan, with visits to an estate owned by the USSR on Long Island. The notorious shoe-banging incident occurred during a debate on October 12 over a Soviet resolution
aback by the newly inaugurated U.S. President’s tough talk and actions in the early days of his administration. Khrushchev achieved a propaganda victory in April 1961 with the first manned spaceflight and Kennedy a defeat with the failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion. While Khrushchev had threatened to defend Cuba with Soviet missiles, the premier contented himself with after-the-fact aggressive remarks. The failure in Cuba led to Kennedy’s determination to make no concessions at the Vienna summit scheduled for June 3, 1961. Both Kennedy and Khrushchev took a hard line, with Khrushchev demanding a treaty that would recognize the two German states and refusing to yield on the remaining issues obstructing a testban treaty. Kennedy on the other hand had been led to believe that the test-ban treaty could be concluded at the summit, and felt that a deal on Berlin had to await easing of East–West tensions. Kennedy described negotiating with Khrushchev to his brother Robert as “like dealing with Dad. All give and no take.” MARCH 29
TOM PILLIBI BY JACQUELINE BOYER WINS THE EUROVISION SONG CONTEST 1960 FOR FRANCE.
She was born Jacqueline Ducos on the 23rd April, 1941 in Paris. Her parents were the singers, Jacques Pils and Lucienne Boyer. Jacques Pils had also participated in the contest, though with less success than his daughter, when he came last in the 1959 event for Monaco with the song Mon Ami Pierrot. As well as being a singer, Jacqueline Boyer also established herself as an actress and appeared in several films. She enjoyed a successful career in Germany as well as her native France, and has peformed at many top venues, and is still recording and releasing albums. After Teddy Scholten had given The Netherlands their second victory, with the song Een Beetje in 1959, the Dutch broadcaster NTS declined the opportunity to host the contest for what would have been the second time within three years. The British broadcaster, the BBC had been the runner up in the 1959 contest, and they stepped forward to stage the 1960 event. It would turn out to be the first of eight contests to date that the BBC would be the host broadcaster.
06 March
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by Cecil B. DeMille, in 1925. After DeMille scored a hit with a remake of his own 1923 biblical epic The Ten Commandments (1956), MGM decided to revive Ben-Hur as well. Wyler had worked on the set of DeMille’s 1925 version and the square-jawed Heston played Moses in The Ten Commandments.
APRIL 01
THE UNITED STATES LAUNCHES THE FIRST WEATHER SATELLITE, TIROS-1. TIROS, for Television Infrared Observation Satellite, sent the very first TV images from space to the ground station at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey. The pictures clearly showed the New England coast and Canada’s Maritime Provinces north to the St. Lawrence River. The photos were airlifted pronto to Washington, D.C., to be presented to President Eisenhower.
Filmed on location in Italy, on a budget of some $15 million, Ben-Hur was the most expensive movie ever made up to that point. The film’s famous chariot race scene alone took three weeks to shoot and used some 15,000 extras. The setting for the race was constructed on 18 acres of back-lot space at Cinecitta Studios outside Rome. Aside from a few of the most daredevil stunts, Heston and Stephen Boyd (who played Messala, Judah Ben-Hur’s boyhood friend turned bitter enemy) did most of their own chariot driving. The payoff was big: Writing in his review of the film for the New York Times, Bosley Crowther called the scene a “stunning complex of mighty setting, thrilling action by horses and men, panoramic observation and overwhelming dramatic use of sound.” At the 1960 Oscars, Ben-Hur swept 11 categories, including Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Supporting Actor (Hugh Griffith, playing an Arab sheik who befriends Ben-Hur), Best Color Cinematography, Best Color Art Direction/Set Direction, Best Sound, Best Score, Best Film Editing, Best Color Costume Design and Best Special Effects. It was also nominated in the Best Adapted Screenplay category. Ben-Hur’s record number of Oscars still stands, although two films (1997’s Titanic and 2003’s The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King) have matched it.
TIROS-1 was an aluminum-and-stainless-steel drum measuring 42 inches in diameter, 19 inches high and weighing 270 pounds. An array of 9,200 solar cells powered its two TV cameras: one highres, one low-res. One antenna received control signals from ground stations, and another four transmitted TV images back to Earth. Two video recorders stored images when the satellite was out of range of ground stations.
the spoken verse singing: “You know someone said that the world’s a stage, and each must play a part.” “All the world’s a stage” is the phrase that begins a monologue from William Shakespeare’s As You Like It, spoken by the melancholy Jaques in Act II Scene VII. Seeing the irony of his own lyrics, Elvis was again overtaken by laughter and barely recovered. The audience enjoyed the sincerity of the moment while Elvis regained his composure. Meanwhile the band and backup singers continued to keep the song going. It is speculated that much of Elvis’ mirth derived from the solo backing singer; Cissy Houston, mother of Whitney Houston, whose obligato remained resolute throughout. To this, Elvis comes back just in time for the line: “And I had no cause to doubt you” followed by more laughter. So overtaken, Elvis encourages Cissy to “sing it, baby” drawing even more laughter which nearly brings the house down. In the end, the song is finished to a round of applause as Elvis says, “That’s it, man, fourteen years right down the drain...boy, I’ll tell ya. Fourteen years just shot right there.” The version is considered to be a popular underground classic, and was a UK Top 30 hit in 1982 after first being commercially released by RCA in the 1980 box set Elvis Aaron Presley.
The same year, Peugeot debuted 10 hp (7.5 kW) and 14 hp (10.4 kW) fours, the larger based on the Type 153, and a 6-liter 25 hp (19 kW) sleeve valve six, as well as a new cyclecar, La Quadrilette. During the ‘20s, Peugeot expanded, in 1926 splitting the cycle (pedal and motor) business off to form Cycles Peugeot, the consistently profitable cycle division seeking to free itself from the rather more cyclical auto business, and taking over the defunct Bellanger and De Dion companies in 1927. 1928 saw the introduction of the Type 183. APRIL 13
UNITED STATES LAUNCHES NAVIGATION SATELLITE TRANSIT I-B.
According to Dr. Demento, who plays the version on his show, there is nothing on the label of the recording to indicate that it is anything other than an ordinary recording of the song--”People must have been surprised when they took it home and played it.” In 1977, Presley again performed the song for the Elvis in Concert TV special. Similarly to 1969, he also appears to mess up the spoken interlude,
The polar-orbiting craft was not constantly pointed at earth and could only operate in daylight, so coverage was not continuous. It functioned for just 78 days, but it sent back thousands of pictures of cloud patterns forming and moving across the face of the planet. And it proved the theory that satellites could effectively survey global weather from space.
Development of the TRANSIT system began in 1958, and a prototype satellite, Transit 1A, was launched in September 1959. That satellite failed to reach orbit. A second satellite, Transit 1B, was successfully launched April 13, 1960, by a Thor-Ablestar rocket. The first successful tests of the system were made in 1960, and the system entered Naval service in 1964.
The Environmental Science Services Administration (predecessor of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) launched more TIROS satellites with NASA in the next few years. But it wasn’t until TIROS-9 in 1965 that the program achieved complete daily coverage of the entire sun-illuminated side of the planet. April 1 has further import in the history of meteorology. It was this day in 1875 that Francis Galton (cousin of Charles Darwin) published the first newspaper weather map in The Times (London). Galton’s chart of conditions in northwestern Europe on the previous day had virtually all the elements of a modern weather map: isobars (lines of equal atmospheric pressure), temperatures, wind speed and direction, and sky and sea conditions. APRIL 04
AT THE 32ND ACADEMY AWARDS CEREMONY, BEN-HUR WINS A RECORD NUMBER OF OSCARS, INCLUDING BEST PICTURE. Clocking in at three hours and 32 minutes, William Wyler’s Technicolor epic Ben-Hur is the behemoth entry at the 32nd annual Academy Awards ceremony, held on this day in 1960, at the RKO Pantages Theatre in Hollywood. Setting an Oscar record, the film swept 11 of the 12 categories in which it was nominated, including Best Picture, Best Director and Best Actor (Charlton Heston). Wyler’s 1959 film was the latest dramatic adaptation of the mega-bestselling novel Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ, published in 1880 by Lew Wallace. Wallace, a former general in the American Civil War, wrote his most successful novel after experiencing a new awakening of his Christian faith. The book told the story of a young Jewish aristocrat, Judah Ben Hur, who chafes against the repressive Roman rule in Judea, loses his fortune and his family, but eventually triumphs over obstacles (thanks partially to the intervention of Jesus Christ). After Wallace’s novel was adopted into a long-running stage play in 1899 and a short film in 1907, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer bought the film rights and produced a major motion-picture version, directed
APRIL 04
ELVIS PRESLEY’S SONG “ARE YOU LONESOME TONIGHT” IS RECORDED FOR THE FIRST TIME. Morgan’s version was followed by the best-known recording, by Elvis Presley, recorded on April 4, 1960 along with “I Gotta Know”, and engineered by Nashville sound pioneer Bill Porter. For this recording, guitarist Scotty Moore played on Elvis` acoustic guitar; the Gibson J200 model. Reportedly, Colonel Parker (it was one of his wife’s favorite songs) persuaded Elvis to record his own rendition of this song. Elvis’ version was based on the Blue Barron Orchestra version from 1950 with spoken segment. It went on to be one of the biggest-selling singles of 1960, peaking at number one on the Billboard pop chart for six weeks and peaking at number three on the R&B charts. Elvis, occasionally during live performances, would randomly change lyrics to give them humorous connotations. The first recorded example of this was during his famous benefit concert for the USS Arizona Memorial at Bloch Arena in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on March 25, 1961. During this frenzied concert, Presley in a clearly fun mood while performing the spoken word section over constant audience screams, delivers lines like “Then came Act Two. You seemed to change. You got fat!” and “Now the stage is bare, and you’ve lost your hair.” The most popular among these humorous versions however was recorded at the International Hotel in Vegas on August 26, 1969. During the performance, instead of singing: “Do you gaze at your doorstep and picture me there”, he sings “Do you gaze at your bald head and wish you had hair”. Moments later, he saw a bald man in the audience (as legend has it), and burst into laughter which continued into the next lines. The audience was treated to additional laughter during
The Chance Vought/LTV Scout rocket was selected as the dedicated launch vehicle for the program because it delivered a payload into orbit for the lowest cost per pound. However, the Scout decision imposed two design constraints. First, the weights of the earlier satellites were about 300 lb each, but the Scout launch capacity to the Transit orbit was about 120 lb (it was later increased significantly). A satellite mass reduction had to be achieved despite a demand for more power than APL had previously designed into a satellite. The second problem concerned the increased vibration that affected the payload during launching because the Scout used solid rocket motors. Thus, electronic equipment that was smaller than before and rugged enough to withstand the increased vibration of launch had to be produced. Meeting the new demands was more difficult than expected, but it was accomplished. The first prototype operational satellite (Transit 5A-1) was launched into a polar orbit by a Scout rocket on 18 December 1962. The satellite verified a new technique for deploying the solar panels and for separating from the rocket, but otherwise it was not successful because of trouble with the power system. Transit 5A-2, launched on 5 April 1963, failed to achieve orbit. Transit 5A-3, with a redesigned power supply, was launched on 15 June 1963. A malfunction of the memory occurred during powered flight that kept it from accepting and storing the navigation message, and the oscillator stability was degraded during launch. Thus, 5A-3 could not be used for navigation. However, this satellite was the first to achieve gravity-gradient stabilization, and its other subsystems performed well.
ad-libbing jokes throughout. Whether this was intentional or not is unknown; the 1981 documentary film This Is Elvis uses footage of this performance to illustrate Presley’s physical deterioration near the end of his life. Darrin Memmer’s book Elvis Presley - The 1977 CBS Television Special, published in 2001 by Morris Publishing, suggests it was intentional, as does the recorded evidence that Presley had been fooling with the song in live performance as far back as 1961. It is suggested that Elvis would purposely ruin the song because, as stated, it was one of Parker’s wife’s favorite songs, hence a dig at Parker, who Presley had begun to despise toward the end of his life. To this suggestion Elvis expert Jan-Erik Kjeseth has said that Elvis may very well have begun to despise his manager, but whether he did or not has no relevance to the way he treated the song on the TV show. That was just Elvis ad-libbing as the mood took him. APRIL 04
ERIC PEUGEOT, THE YOUNGEST SON OF THE FOUNDER OF THE PEUGEOT CORPORATION, IS KIDNAPPED IN PARIS.
It is noteworthy that surveyors used Transit to locate remote benchmarks by averaging dozens of Transit fixes, producing sub-meter accuracy. In fact, the elevation of Mount Everest was corrected in the late 1980s by using a Transit receiver to re-survey a nearby benchmark.
Racing continued as well, with Boillot entering the 1919 Targa Florio in a 2.5-liter (150ci) car designed for an event pre-empted by World War One; the car had 200,000 km (120,000 mi) on it, yet Boillot won with an impressive drive (the best of his career)[21] Peugeots in his hands were third in the 1925 Targa, first in the 1922 and 1925 Coppa Florios, first in the 1923 and 1925 Touring Car Grands Prix, and first at the 1926 Spa 24 Hours. [21] Peugeot introduced a five valve per cylinder, triple overhead cam engine for the Grand Prix, conceived by Marcel Gremillon (who had criticised the early DOHC); but the engine was a failure.
The TRANSIT system was made obsolete by the Global Positioning System (GPS), and ceased navigation service in 1996. Improvements in electronics allowed the GPS system to effectively take several fixes at once, greatly reducing the complexity of deducing a position. The GPS system uses many more satellites than were used with TRANSIT, allowing the system to be used continuously, while TRANSIT provided a fix only every hour or more. Kentucky native nearly did not make the trip to Rome, however...
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The length of the recess was the point picked out by Herter Saturday for attack. “I personally believe the recess is too long,” he said, “but In view of the agreement reached I shall not press for a re-opening of the matter.” “Misunderstanding” That was one of two sent ences in Herter’s statement. In the first sentence he virtually conceded he had been wrong in blaming th Russians for tak ing the lead in demanding long recess. In contrast to what he had told his news conference Friday he said the agreement actually was the result “of a general understanding among all 10 delegations rather than on the initiative of any one of them.” Eaton had made that same point at Geneva. APRIL 17
RUSSWOOD PARK, A BASEBALL STADIUM IN MEMPHIS, TENNESSEE, BURNS TO THE GROUND FROM A FIRE SHORTLY AFTER A CHICAGO WHITE SOX VERSUS CLEVELAND INDIANS MAJOR LEAGUE BASEBALL GAME. To mark the anniversary of the April 17, 1960, fire, we’ve talked to some old-timers -- sorry, guys -- about their memories of a park where Babe Ruth, Ty Cobb and Stan Musial (and let’s not forget Dixie Upright, Ox Eckhardt and Coaker Triplett) all played ball. It smelled. The minute you walked into the guts of the entry plaza, you could smell the hot dogs and the popcorn. I have two strong memories, and that’s one of them.
APRIL 13
The other memory is the unbelievable noise ... because everything was wood and when people started clapping for a rally, they also stomped their feet on the wood and it was just unbelievably loud when they did that. They’d do this rhythmic clapping and stomp their feet and it would be just unbelievable.
This system allowed the missile to strike within 100 metres of its designated target. In addition, the pilots of the Avro Vulcan or Handley Page Victor bombers could tie their systems into those of the missile and make use of the guidance system to help plot their own flight plan, since the unit in the missile was more advanced than that in the aircraft.
THE PROPOSED MASS-PRODUCTION OF THE BLUE STREAK MISSILE IS CANCELED. Blue Steel was the result of a Ministry of Supply memorandum from 5 November 1954 that predicted that by 1960 Soviet air defences would make it prohibitively dangerous for V bombers to attack with nuclear gravity bombs. The answer was for a rocket-powered, supersonic missile capable of carrying a large nuclear (or projected thermonuclear) warhead with a range of at least 50 mi (80 km). This would keep the bombers out of range of Soviet ground-based defences installed around the target area, allowing the warhead to “dash” in at high speed.
Every time I went there, I felt like I was going to see something really special -- and I went there a lot. There were times we even walked home from Russwood, this was in the ‘50s, living in what even now is considered East Memphis. I’m talking probably eight or nine miles from a Sunday day game.
APRIL 16
THE GUNMAN DAVID PRATT SHOOTS SOUTH AFRICAN PRIME MINISTER HENRIK VERWOERD IN JOHANNESBURG, WOUNDING HIM SERIOUSLY.
There would have to be a balance between the size of the warhead (Orange Herald or Green Bamboo as developed by the Atomic Weapons Research Establishment (AWRE) and the need for it to be carried by any of the three V-bomber types in use, and that it should be able to reach Mach 3. The Air Staff issued this requirement for a Stand-off bomb as OR.1132 in September 1954.
I remember that round ball sign that they had out in front of the ballpark. “Baseball today” -- and it would be what time and who they were playing. They’d put it up by hand.
I Hurt In State Crash (By The Associated Press> Two persons were killed Saturday night and a third was injured when their car left Highway 41 and overturned in Washington County. The victims were William Miracle, 23, Herfer Assails Geneva Recess Made by Aide (Related Story Page 13) ^ural Wautoma, the driver; WASHINGTON ~m~ Sec- ‘^rs. Arlene Boeteler, 35, retary of State Herter de-;of Milwaukee, his sister, nounced Saturday a rece. ss! Raymond Towey, 29, of Oshkosh, their brother in law, was injured seriously. agreement made by his own disarmament negotiator at Geneva. But he said that since the deed was done he would let it stand., Herter’s statement came close to being a rebuke for Ambassador Fredrick M. Eaton, New York lawyer and board member of many banking and industrial firms, who is a newcomer to big time diplomacy. Some State Department officials said privately that Herter did not intend the statement to be a rebuke or reprimand. Others equally familiar with the circumstances said there could be no doubt that a declaration by the Secretary of State deploring an agreement Eaton announced this morning was a slap for the man in Geneva.
The Ministry of Supply selected Avro out of the British manufacturers though it had no previous experience in working on guided weapons other than some private venture work; Handley Page had suggested a 500 nmi (930 km) missile but the Elliots gyro based guidance system was inaccurate beyond 100 nmi (190 km). Avro began work proper in 1955, with the assigned Rainbow Code name of “Blue Steel” which it would keep in service. With Elliots working on the guidance system Armstrong Siddeley would develop the liquid fuel engine. Its design period was protracted, with various development problems exacerbated by the fact that designers lacked information on the actual size and weight of the proposed boosted-fission warhead Green Bamboo, or its likely thermonuclear successor derived from the Granite series. The large girth of Blue Steel was determined by the 45 inches (1.1 m) implosion sphere diameter of Green Bamboo.
lO ‘Nation Parley The agreement provides for about a five-week recess in the 10-nation Geneva disarmament conference until after the summit meeting at Paris in late May. Herter’s statement came as the climax of a series of comments which indicate at the least some kind of breakdown in communications between him and Eaton. Friday Herter told a news conference the Soviets were seeking a long recess in the Geneva disarmament talks, beginning well before and running until after the summit conference which opens May 16. Herter also declared emphatically that he saw no reason for a long recess but would be willing to accept a short one. Already Committed Indications are that at the time Herter was speaking Eaton may already have committed himself to a long recess Herter aides who have followed the reports from Geneva in detail said that the deal on the suspension of negotiations was made in the last day or so.
Avro proposed that Blue Steel would evolve over time, subsequent versions increasing speed (to Mach 4.5) and range. The ultimate Blue Steel would be a 900 nmi (1,700 km) range weapon that could be launched by the supersonic Avro 730 under development. They were told to limit themselves to the specification of OR.1132.[3] The project was delayed by the need to develop the stainless steel fabrication techniques; this would have been gained in building the Avro 730 but that had been cancelled by then. Elliots guidance system was plagued by accuracy problems delaying test flights. As it turned out, neither of the originally-proposed UK-designed warheads were actually fitted, being superseded by Red Snow, an Anglicised variant of the U.S. W-28 thermonuclear warhead of 1.1 Mt yield. Red Snow was smaller and lighter than the earlier warhead proposals. The missile was fitted with a state-of-the-art inertial navigation unit.
The fire -- I was off at college (Tennessee). My parents called me, and I cried. I literally cried because I knew it would never be rebuilt. Minor league baseball was already going through its dying period because of major league baseball on TV. By then, crowds were very small already at Russwood. I was in mourning for probably a year. It was devastating to me. Up in smoke went the memories of Sammy Esposito and Luis Aparicio and Jim Landis and Bill Wilson and those home runs between the arrows for $200 a home run. I was there the day Jim Marshall hit the sign, and he realized he hit it when he was halfway between first and second and he cart-wheeled all the way around the basepaths, all the way home.
The most unique thing was it was a turtleback infield. You could be batting and you could see the upper torso of the outfielders if they were deep in the outfield because the field dipped down anywhere from 2, 2 1/2 feet on a slope for drainage. When it burned, it seated 10,514. Three thousand seats were behind home plate. Seven thousand were down the leftfield line, and about 500 were on the rightfield line. It was kind of a funkyshaped park. I remember when it burned down. I was around 9 or 10 years old. My grandfather had season tickets. We were at the game. It was Easter Sunday. We were in Box T, which was right behind the Chicago White Sox dugout (for the exhibition game vs. the Cleveland Indians).
We came home and had an Easter egg hunt that night and had all types of people call us and say, ‘Are you OK? Are you all right?’ They thought the fire happened during the game, but the game had long been over with. I can remember it like it was yesterday. Where I lived out in Whitehaven, you could see like an orange glow. The closer you got, the flames were higher than Baptist Hospital. ... All the windows were popping out of Baptist Hospital and they had to evacuate people there. The field was actually playable two days after the fire, because it was virtually untouched except for the light standards falling on the foul territory. We moved around to a football stadium with a sorry rightfield of 190 feet or so. Then we played at Tobey Park. At the end of the season we gave up the franchise. Even had they rebuilt the park, the whole league disbanded the following year. They had circuses there, Billy Graham was there, Elvis Presley had two concerts there. Ole Miss, Tennessee, Arkansas, LSU, they all played their big (football) games there. APRIL 21
SOUTH KOREAN STUDENTS HOLD A NATIONWIDE PRO-DEMOCRACY PROTEST AGAINST PRESIDENT SYNGMAN RHEE. THUS EVENTUALLY LEADS HIM TO RESIGN FROM THAT OFFICE. South Korea experienced political turmoil under years of autocratic leadership of Syngman Rhee, which was ended by student revolt in 1960. Throughout his rule, Rhee sought to take additional steps to cement his control of government. These began in 1952, when the government was still based in Busan due to the ongoing war. In May of that year, Rhee pushed through constitutional amendments which made the presidency a directly-elected position. To do this, he declared martial law, arrested opposing members of parliament, demonstrators, and anti-government groups. Rhee was subsequently elected by a wide margin. Rhee regained control of parliament in the 1954 elections, and thereupon fraudulently pushed through an amendment to exempt himself from the eight-year term limit, and was once again re-elected in 1956. Soon after, Rhee’s administration arrested members of the opposing party and executed the leader after accusing him of being a North Korean spy. The administration became increasingly repressive while dominating the political arena and in 1958, sought to amend the National Security Law to tighten government control over all levels of administration, including the local units. These measures caused much outrage among the people, but despite the society’s resentment, Rhee’s administration rigged the March 15, 1960 presidential elections and won by a landslide. National Security Law to tighten government control over all levels
of administration, including the local units. On that election day, protests by students and citizens against the irregularities of the election burst out in the city of Masan. Initially these protests were quelled with force by local police, but when the body of a student was found floating in the harbor of Masan, the whole nation was enraged and protests spread nationwide. On April 19, students from various universities and schools rallied and marched in protest in the Seoul streets, in what would be called the April Revolution. The government declared martial law, called in the army, and suppressed the crowds with open fire.
Afraid of airplane travel, he insisted on taking a parachute with him in the plane...
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MAY 01
THE UNITED STATES LAUNCHES THE FIRST WEATHER SATELLITE, TIROS-1. Powers was discharged from the Air Force in 1956 with the rank of captain. He then joined the CIA’s U-2 program at the civilian grade of GS-12. U-2 pilots flew espionage missions using an aircraft that could reach altitudes above 70,000 feet (21,3km), making it invulnerable to Soviet anti-aircraft weapons of the time. The U-2 was equipped with a state-of-the-art camera designed to take high-resolution photos from the edge of the stratosphere over hostile countries, including the Soviet Union. U-2 missions systematically photographed military installations and other important sites.
NSA report remains classified, possibly to spare the blushes of its authors. For it is now possible to piece together what really happened high over Sverdlovsk on May 1, 1960, and to understand why America’s most secretive intelligence agency got it so wrong”. According to the article cited, the still classified NSA report is incorrect based on the CIA documents that were declassified which show that Powers’ account of being shot down at altitude was accurate. MAY 03
Powers’ U-2 plane was hit by the first S-75 missile fired. A total of eight were launched; one missile hit a MiG-19 jet fighter sent to intercept the U-2, but could not reach a high enough altitude. The Soviet pilot, Sergey Safronov, crashed his plane in an unpopulated forest area rather than bail out and risk his plane crashing into nearby Degtyarsk. Another Soviet aircraft, a newly manufactured Su-9 in transit flight, also attempted to intercept Powers’ U-2. The unarmed Su-9 was directed to ram the U-2. The pilot attempted but missed because of the large differences in speed. Powers claimed, as recounted in “The Skunk Works”, that upon ejecting he saw the parachute of another pilot deploy behind him. When the U.S. government learned of Powers’ disappearance over the Soviet Union, they issued a cover statement claiming a “weather plane” had strayed off course after its pilot had “difficulties with his oxygen equipment.” What CIA officials did not realize was that the plane crashed almost fully intact, and the Soviets recovered its equipment. Powers was interrogated extensively by the KGB for months before he made a confession and a public apology for his part in espionage. The incident set back talks between Khrushchev and Eisenhower. On August 17, 1960, Powers was convicted of espionage against the Soviet Union and was sentenced to a total of ten years, three years in imprisonment followed by seven years of hard labor. He was held in Vladimir Central Prison, 100 miles east of Moscow. The prison contains a small museum with an exhibit on Powers, who allegedly developed a good rapport with Russian prisoners there. Some pieces of the plane and Gary Powers’ uniform are on display at the Monino Airbase museum, close to Moscow. On February 10, 1962, Powers was exchanged, along with American student Frederic Pryor, in a well-publicized spy swap at the Glienicke Bridge in Berlin, Germany. The exchange was for Soviet KGB Colonel Vilyam Fisher (aka Rudolf Abel), who had been caught by the FBI and jailed for espionage. In 2010, CIA documents were released indicating that “top US officials never believed Powers’ account of his fateful flight because it appeared to be directly contradicted by a report from the National Security Agency, the clandestine US network of codebreakers and listening posts. The
PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER SIGNS THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1960 INTO LAW.
Kenya became independent on December 12, 1963, and the next year became a republic within the Commonwealth. Jomo Kenyatta, a member of the predominant Kĩkũyũ tribe and head of the Kenya African National Union, became Kenya’s first president. KADU dissolved itself voluntarily in 1964 and joined KANU. A small but significant leftist opposition party, the Kenya People’s Union (KPU), was formed in 1966, led by Jaramogi Oginga Odinga, a former vice president and Luo elder. The KPU was banned and its leader detained after political unrest related to Kenyatta’s visit to Nyanza Province. No new opposition parties were formed after 1969, and KANU became the sole political party. At Kenyatta’s death in August 1978, Vice President Daniel arap Moi, a former KADU member became interim President. On October 14, Moi became President formally after he was elected head of KANU and designated its sole nominee.
I have today signed into law the Civil Rights Act of 1960. It is only the second civil rights measure to pass the Congress in 85 years. As was the case with the Act of 1957, recommendations of this Administration underlie the features of the Civil Rights Act of 1960.
EUROPEAN FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION (EFTA) ESTABLISHED. EFTA was founded in 1960 on the premise of free trade as a means of achieving growth and prosperity amongst its Member States as well as promoting closer economic cooperation between the Western European countries. Furthermore, the EFTA countries wished to contribute to the expansion of trade globally. Based on these overall goals, EFTA today maintains the management of the EFTA Convention (intra-EFTA trade), the EEA Agreement (EFTA-EU relations), and the EFTA Free Trade Agreements (third country relations). The EFTA Convention and EFTA free trade agreements are managed by the Geneva office, and the EEA Agreement by the Brussels office.
Soviet intelligence, especially the KGB, had been aware of U-2 missions since 1956, but they lacked effective counter-measures until 1960. Powers’ U-2, which departed from a military airbase in Peshawar, Pakistan and may have received support from the US Air Station at Badaber (Peshawar Air Station), was shot down by an S-75 Dvina (SA-2 Surface to Air) missile on May 1, 1960, over Sverdlovsk. Powers was unable to activate the plane’s self-destruct mechanism before he parachuted to the ground and was captured.
of KANU’s membership (Kenyatta himself being a Kĩkũyũ). KADU pressed for a federal constitution, while KANU was in favour of centralism. The advantage lay with the numerically stronger KANU. The British government finally brokered a compromise arrangement where under the short lived Majimbo system Kenya entered independence with a federal constitution.
MAY 06
EFTA was founded by the Stockholm Convention in 1960. The immediate aim of the Association was to provide a framework for the liberalisation of trade in goods amongst its Member States. At the same time, EFTA was established as an economic counterbalance to the more politically driven European Economic Community (EEC). Relations with the EEC, later the European Community (EC) and the European Union (EU), have been at the core of EFTA activities from the beginning. In the 1970s, the EFTA States concluded free trade agreements with the EC; in 1994 the EEA Agreement entered into force. Since the beginning of the 1990s, EFTA has actively pursued trade relations with third countries in and beyond Europe. The first partners were the Central and Eastern European countries, followed by the countries in the Mediterranean area. In recent years, EFTA’s network of free trade agreements has reached across the Atlantic as well as into Asia. EFTA was founded by the following seven countries: Austria, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Finland joined in 1961, Iceland in 1970 and Liechtenstein in 1991. In 1973, the United Kingdom and Denmark left EFTA to join the EC. They were followed by Portugal in 1986 and by Austria, Finland and Sweden in 1995. Today the EFTA Member States are Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland. MAY 04
The new Act is concerned with a range of civil rights problems. One title makes it a crime to obstruct rights or duties under Federal court orders by force or threat of force. That provision will be an important deterrent to such obstruction which interferes with the execution of Federal court orders, including those involving school desegregation. Provision is also made to assure free public education to all children of Armed Forces personnel in the United States where local public school facilities are unavailable. By authorizing the FBI to investigate certain bombings or attempted bombings of schools, churches and other structures, the Act will deter such heinous acts of lawlessness.
In June 1982, the National Assembly amended the constitution, making Kenya officially a one-party state, and parliamentary elections were held in September 1983.
The new Act also deals significantly with that key constitutional right of every American, the right to vote without discrimination on account of race or color. One provision, which requires the retention of voting records, will be of invaluable aid in the successful enforcement of existing voting rights statutes. Another provision authorizes the use by federal courts of voting referees. It holds great promise of making the Fifteenth Amendment of the Constitution fully meaningful.
The 1988 elections reinforced the one-party system. However, in December 1991, parliament repealed the one-party section of the constitution. By early 1992, several new parties had formed, and multiparty elections were held in December 1992. President Moi was reelected for another 5-year term. Opposition parties won about 45% of the parliamentary seats, but President Moi’s KANU Party obtained the majority of seats. Parliamentary reforms in November 1997 enlarged the democratic space in Kenya, including the expansion of political parties from 11 to 26. President Moi won re-election as President in the December 1997 elections, and his KANU Party narrowly retained its parliamentary majority, with 109 out of 212 seats.
While I regret that Congress saw fit to eliminate two of my recommendations, I believe the Act is an historic step forward in the field of civil rights. With continuing help from all responsible persons, the new law will play an important role in the days ahead in attaining our goal of equality under law in all areas of our country for all Americans.
MAY 15
MAY 13
WEST GERMAN REFUGEE MINISTER THEODOR OBERLÄNDER IS FIRED BECAUSE OF HIS PAST WITH NAZI GERMANY. In the fall of 1959, the Eastern Bloc unleashed a coordinated campaign against the presence of Nazis in West German government, which included Oberländer. He was accused of participating in the Lviv Massacre. In 1960 Oberländer was sentenced in absentia to life imprisonment by an East German political court, for his alleged involvement in the Lviv massacre in 1941. In 1986, Oberländer received the Bavarian Order of Merit from the state of Bavaria, and at the end of his life, he became involved in anti-immigration politics. Oberländer was the chief spokesman for these Vertriebene, the “expellees” or the “driven off. In the 1950s…Oberländer headed a key political party that kept attitudes firmly fixed on loss and grievance. He had participated in pogroms against the Jews but opposed the Nazis’ policy toward the occupied territories - like von Mende, he thought Germany should be the non-Russians’ ally. For that he lost his position in the party and his military command. That setback became a blessing after the war, allowing him to position himself as a victim of the Nazis instead of a party insider… Oberländer was probably the farthest-right member of the West German government, and in later years he came to be considered the personification of the young democracy’s Nazi roots.
THE SATELLITE SPUTNIK 4 IS LAUNCHED INTO ORBIT BY THE SOVIET UNION.
THE KENYAN AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS PARTY IS FOUNDED IN KENYA, WHEN 3 POLITICAL PARTIES JOIN FORCES.
I remember quite well the Sunday morning when the news of the launch of Sputnik-4 was announced. It really made big headlines and was seen as a first step to manned spaceflight, despite the fact that TASS clearly stated that the spacecraft would not be returned to earth. Early press reports were quite detailed based on Soviet official announcements. The total mass of 4540 kg was astounding and the airtight cabin was said to weigh 2.5 tons and containing a “dummy” spaceman. It was also clearly stated that the “cabin” would be detached on command and burn up upon re-entry. The orbit was given as having an inclination of 65 degrees and an altitude of 320 kilometres (actually the orbital altitude was 312-369 km).
The Kenya African Study Union was a political organization formed in 1944 to articulate Kenyan grievances against the British colonial administration of the time. KASU, later renamed the Kenya African Union, attempted to be more inclusive than its successor Kikuyu Central Association by avoiding tribal politics. Kenya African Union was led by Jomo Kenyatta from 1947. In 1960 KAU merged with Kenya Independent Movement and the People’s Congress Party to form Kenya African National Union (KANU). From October 1952 to December 1959, Kenya was under a state of emergency arising from the “Mau Mau” rebellion against British colonial rule. During this period, African participation in the political process increased rapidly.
The TASS communiqué also gave the radio frequency of 19.995 MHz for the radio beacon which also could be used for radiotelephone communications. The existence of solar panels on the spacecraft was also indicated in this first announcement (see figure above). UPI’s monitoring station at Bickley in Kent picked up signals at 0600 UT on Sunday 15 May 1960 on 19.995 MHz. This was on the spacecraft’s forth revolution around the Earth. The signal was described as “plingeling” (in Swedish) or the Morse letter A with a purring sound at the end. The Swedish telecommunications Agency monitoring station at Enköping picked a strong CW signal on 19.995 MHz with doppler shift at 0738-0757 UT on 15 May 1960.
The first direct elections for Africans to the Legislative Council took place in 1957. The Kenya African Democratic Union (KADU) was founded in 1960, to challenge KANU. KADU’s aim was to defend the interests of the tribes so-called KAMATUSA (an acronym for Kalenjin, Maasai, Turkana and Samburu), against the dominance of the larger Luo and Kĩkũyũ tribes that comprised the majority
On September 5, 1960, however, The Greatest finished his dominance in the Light...
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known as “Q switching” was introduced at the Hughes Laboratory, shortening the pulse of laser light still further and increasing the instantaneous power to millions of watts and beyond. Lasers now have powers as high as a million billion (1015) watts! The high intensity of pulsed laser light allowed a wide range of new types of experiment, and launched the now-burgeoning field of nonlinear optics. Nonlinear interactions between light and matter allow the frequency of light to be doubled or tripled, so for example an intense red laser can be used to produce green light.
MAY 16
THEODORE MAIMAN OPERATES THE FIRST LASER. When the first working laser was reported in 1960, it was described as “a solution looking for a problem.” But before long the laser’s distinctive qualities—its ability to generate an intense, very narrow beam of light of a single wavelength— were being harnessed for science, technology and medicine. Today, lasers are everywhere: from research laboratories at the cutting edge of quantum physics to medical clinics, supermarket checkouts and the telephone network.
I had a busy job in Washington at the time when various groups were trying to make the earliest lasers. But I was also supervising graduate students at Columbia University who were trying to make continuously pumped infrared lasers. Shortly after the ruby laser came out I advised them to stop this work and instead capitalize on the power of the new ruby laser to do an experiment on two-photon excitation of atoms. This was one of the early experiments in nonlinear optics, and two-photon excitation is now widely used to study atoms and molecules. Lasers work by adding energy to atoms or molecules, so that there are more in a high-energy (“excited”) state than in some lower-energy state; this is known as a “population inversion.” When this occurs, light waves passing through the material stimulate more radiation from the excited states than they lose by absorption due to atoms or molecules in the lower state. This “stimulated emission” is the basis of masers (whose name stands for “microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation”) and lasers (the same, but for light instead of microwaves). MAY 20
IN JAPAN, POLICE CARRY AWAY SOCIALIST MEMBERS OF THE DIET OF JAPAN. THE DIET NEXT APPROVES A MUTUAL SECURITY TREATY WITH THE UNITED STATES.
Theodore Maiman made the first laser operate on 16 May 1960 at the Hughes Research Laboratory in California, by shining a high-power flash lamp on a ruby rod with silver-coated surfaces. He promptly submitted a short report of the work to the journal Physical Review Letters, but the editors turned it down. Some have thought this was because the Physical Review had announced that it was receiving too many papers on masers—the longer-wavelength predecessors of the laser—and had announced that any further papers would be turned down. But Simon Pasternack, who was an editor of Physical Review Letters at the time, has said that he turned down this historic paper because Maiman had just published, in June 1960, an article on the excitation of ruby with light, with an examination of the relaxation times between quantum states, and that the new work seemed to be simply more of the same. Pasternack’s reaction perhaps reflects the limited understanding at the time of the nature of lasers and their significance. Eager to get his work quickly into publication, Maiman then turned to Nature, usually even more selective than Physical Review Letters, where the paper was better received and published on 6 August.
The Chinese Revolution was the second part of Chinese Civil War which ended in the establishmente of the People’s Republic of China. The term “Third World” was coined by French demographer Alfred Sauvy in 1952, on the model of the Third Estate, which, according to the Abbé Sieyès, represented everything, but was nothing: “...because at the end this ignored, exploited, scorned Third World like the Third Estate, wants to become something too” (Sauvy). The emergence of this new political entity, in the frame of the Cold War, was complex and painful. Several tentatives were made to organize newly independent states in order to oppose a common front towards both the US’s and the USSR’s influence on them, with the consequences of the Sino-Soviet split already at works. Thus, the Non-Aligned Movement constituted itself, around the main figures of Jawaharlal Nehru, the leader of India, Sukarno, the Indonesian president, Josip Broz Tito the Communist leader of Yugoslavia, and Gamal Abdel Nasser, head of Egypt who successfully opposed the French and British imperial powers during the 1956 Suez crisis. After the 1954 Geneva Conference which put an end to the French war against Ho Chi Minh in Vietnam, the 1955 Bandung Conference gathered Nasser, Nehru, Tito, Sukarno, the leader of Indonesia, and Zhou Enlai, Premier of the People’s Republic of China. As many African countries gained independence during the 1960s, some of these newly formed governments rejected the ideas of capitalism in favour of a more afrocentric economic model. Julius Nyerere of Tanzania, Léopold Senghor of Senegal, Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana and Sékou Touré of Guinea, were the main architects of African Socialism.
With official publication of Maiman’s first laser under way, the Hughes Research Laboratory made the first public announcement to the news media on 7 July 1960. This created quite a stir, with frontpage newspaper discussions of possible death rays, but also some skepticism among scientists, who were not yet able to see the careful and logically complete Nature paper. Another source of doubt came from the fact that Maiman did not report having seen a bright beam of light, which was the expected characteristic of a laser. I myself asked several of the Hughes group whether they had seen a bright beam, which surprisingly they had not. Maiman’s experiment was not set up to allow a simple beam to come out of it, but he analyzed the spectrum of light emitted and found a marked narrowing of the range of frequencies that it contained. This was just what had been predicted by the theoretical paper on optical masers (or lasers) by Art Schawlow and myself, and had been seen in the masers that produced the longer-wavelength microwave radiation. This evidence, presented in figure 2 of Maiman’s Nature paper, was definite proof of laser action. Shortly afterward, both in Maiman’s laboratory at Hughes and in Schawlow’s at Bell Laboratories in New Jersey, bright red spots from ruby laser beams hitting the laboratory wall were seen and admired.
The Cuban Revolution (1953-1959) was an armed revolt conducted by Fidel Castro’s 26th of July Movement and its allies against the government of Cuban President Fulgencio Batista. The revolution began in July 1953, and finally ousted Batista on 1 January 1959, replacing his government with Castro’s revolutionary state. Castro’s government later reformed along communist lines, becoming the Communist Party of Cuba in October 1965. In Hungary the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 was a spontaneous nationwide revolt against the government of the People’s Republic of Hungary and its Soviet-imposed policies, lasting from 23 October until 10 November 1956.
Maiman’s laser had several aspects not considered in our theoretical paper, nor discussed by others before the ruby demonstration. First, Maiman used a pulsed light source, lasting only a few milliseconds, to excite (or “pump”) the ruby. The laser thus produced only a short flash of light rather than a continuous wave, but because substantial energy was released during a short time, it provided much more power than had been envisaged in most of the earlier discussions. Before long, a technique
The New Left was a term used mainly in the United Kingdom and United States in reference to activists, educators, agitators and others in the 1960s and 1970s who sought to implement a broad range of reforms on issues such as gay rights, abortion, gender roles and drugs in contrast to earlier leftist or Marxist movements that had taken a more vanguardist approach to social justice and focused mostly on labor unionization and questions of
social class. They rejected involvement with the labor movement and Marxism’s historical theory of class struggle. In the U.S., the “New Left” was associated with the Hippie movement and anti-war college campus protest movements. While initially formed in opposition to the “Old Left” Democratic party, groups composing the New Left gradually became central players in the Democratic coalition. In 1968 in Carrara, Italy the International of Anarchist Federations was founded during an international anarchist conference held there in 1968 by the three existing European federations of France, the Italian and the Iberian Anarchist Federation as well as the Bulgarian federation in French exile. MAY 22
CHILE’S SUBDUCTION FAULT RUPTURES FROM TALCAHUANO TO TAITAO PENINSULA, CAUSING THE MOST POWERFUL EARTHQUAKE ON RECORD AND A TSUNAMI. The 1960 Valdivia earthquake or Great Chilean Earthquake of Sunday, 22 May 1960 was the most powerful earthquake ever recorded, rating 9.5 on the moment magnitude scale. It occurred in the afternoon (19:11 GMT, 15:11 local time), and the resulting tsunami affected southern Chile, Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, eastern New Zealand, southeast Australia, and the Aleutian Islands in Alaska. The epicenter was near Lumaco (see map), approximately 570 kilometres (350 mi) south of Santiago, with Temuco being the closest large city. Valdivia was the most affected city. The tremor caused localised tsunamis that severely battered the Chilean coast, with waves up to 25 metres (82 ft). The main tsunami raced across the Pacific Ocean and devastated Hilo, Hawaii. Waves as high as 10.7 metres (35 ft) were recorded 10,000 kilometres (6,200 mi) from the epicenter, and as far away as Japan and the Philippines.
The death toll and monetary losses arising from such a widespread disaster are not certain. Various estimates of the total number of fatalities from the earthquake and tsunamis have been published, with the USGS citing studies with figures of 2,231, 3,000, or 5,700 killed and another source uses an estimate of 6,000 dead. Different sources have estimated the monetary cost ranged from US$400 million to 800 million (or 2.9 to 5.8 billion in 2011 dollars, adjusted for inflation).
Extensive areas of the city were flooded. The electricity and water systems of Valdivia were totally destroyed. Witnesses reported underground water flowing up through the soil. Despite the heavy rains of 21 May, the city was without a water supply. The river turned brown with sediment from landslides and was full of floating debris, including entire houses. The lack of potable water became a serious problem in one of Chile’s rainiest regions. MAY 23
PRIME MINISTER OF ISRAEL DAVID BEN-GURION ANNOUNCES THAT NAZI WAR CRIMINAL ADOLF EICHMANN HAS BEEN CAPTURED. Israeli Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion announces to the world that Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann has been captured and will stand trial in Israel. Eichmann, the Nazi SS officer who organized Adolf Hitler’s “final solution of the Jewish question,” was seized by Israeli agents in Argentina on May 11 and smuggled to Israel nine days later. Eichmann was born in Solingen, Germany, in 1906. In November 1932, he joined the Nazi’s elite SS (Schutzstaffel) organization, whose members came to have broad responsibilities in Nazi Germany, including policing, intelligence, and the enforcement of Adolf Hitler’s anti-Semitic policies. Eichmann steadily rose in the SS hierarchy, and with the German annexation of Austria in 1938, he was sent to Vienna with the mission of ridding the city of Jews. He set up an efficient Jewish deportment center and in 1939 was sent to Prague on a similar mission. That year, Eichmann was appointed to the Jewish section of the SS central security office in Berlin. In January 1942, Eichmann met with top Nazi officials at the Wannsee Conference near Berlin for the purpose of planning a “final solution of the Jewish question,” as Nazi leader Hermann Goring put it. The Nazis decided to exterminate Europe’s Jewish population.
Eichmann was appointed to coordinate the identification, assembly, and transportation of millions of Jews from occupied Europe to the Nazi death camps, where Jews were gassed or worked to death. He carried this duty out with horrifying efficiency, and between three to four million Jews perished in the extermination camps before the end of World War II. Close to 2 million were executed elsewhere.
The Valdivia earthquake occurred at 15:11 UTC-4 on 22 May, and affected all of Chile between Talca and Chiloé Island, more than 400,000 square kilometres (150,000 sq mi). Coastal villages, such as Toltén, disappeared. At Corral, the main port of Valdivia, the water level rose 4 m (13 ft) before it began to recede. At 16:20 UTC-4, a wave of 8 m (26 ft) struck the Chilean coast, mainly between Concepción and Chiloé. Another wave measuring 10 m (33 ft) was reported ten minutes later. Hundreds of people were already reported dead by the time the tsunami struck. One ship, Canelos, starting at the mouth of Valdivia River, sank after being moved 1.5 km (0.93 mi) backward and forward in the river; its mast is still visible from the road to Niebla. A number of Spanish-colonial fortifications were completely destroyed. Soil subsidence also destroyed buildings, deepened local rivers, and created wetlands in places like the Río Cruces and Chorocomayo, a new aquatic park north of the city.
Following the war, Eichmann was captured by U.S. troops, but he escaped the prison camp in 1946 before having to face the Nuremberg International War Crimes Tribunal. Heavyweight Boxing Division, beating Zigzy Pietrzykowski of Poland to capture...
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JUNE 01
NEW ZEALAND’S FIRST TELEVISION STATION BEGINS BROADCASTING IN THE CITY OF AUCKLAND. Full-time television broadcasting was first introduced in New Zealand in 1960 and transmitted from the NZBC’s existing 1YA radio broadcasting facility at 74 Shortland Street in Auckland, now home to the University of Auckland’s Gus Fisher Gallery. The annual television licence fee was NZ£4. Initially, programming was done on a regional basis, with different services broadcasting from the main cities, AKTV2 in Auckland, being the first, followed by CHTV3 in Christchurch and WNTV1 in Wellington in 1961, and finally DNTV2 in Dunedin in 1962. Today, however, programming and scheduling is done in Auckland where all the major networks are now headquartered. It was not until 1969 that the four stations were networked, and the NZBC’s first live network news bulletin was broadcast. The NZBC had asked the government for the approval of a second TV channel as early as 1964, but this was rejected as the government considered increasing coverage of the existing TV service to be of greater priority. By 1971, however, two proposals for a second channel were under consideration: that of the NZBC for a non-commercial service; and a separate commercial channel to be operated by an Independent Television Corporation. Although the Broadcasting Authority had favoured the Independent Television bid, the incoming Labour government favoured the NZBC’s application and awarded it the licence without any formal hearings beforehand. (Eventually, Independent Television was awarded NZ$50,000 in compensation.) In November 1973, colour television using the Phase Alternating Line (PAL) system was introduced in readiness for the 1974 British Commonwealth Games, held in Christchurch in January and February 1974.
Gyllström’s relatives have said that the murder weapon is in the filled-in well. According to the police, Gyllström had an alibi for the night of the murders, which was given by his wife. Gyllström’s wife said that she was awake the whole night and that her husband had not been away from home. However, the wife had said before her death that her husband had threatened to kill her, if she told the truth.
In California, McCarthy was well funded and organized. For Kennedy, a defeat could have ended his hopes of securing the nomination. On June 1, in the final days of the California campaign, Kennedy and McCarthy met in a televised debate. Kennedy had hopes of denting McCarthy’s strength in California pulling an upset victory in the state, but the debate proved to be “indecisive and disappointing.”
Most suspicion has focused on the alleged KGB spy, Hans Assmann. On 6 June 1960 he came to the Helsinki Surgical Hospital. Assmann`s behaviour in the hospital was particularly odd. The patient appeared dishevelled, with black fingernails and his clothes covered in red stains. Assmann may have lied to hospital staff about the cause of his appearance. He also pretended to be unconscious and was aggressive and nervous. Assmann’s clothing matched the description of the Lake Bodom murderer. Assmann cut off his longish blond hair after details regarding the appearance of the murderer were revealed on the news. Assmann lived within five kilometres of Bodom, which was only a short distance from the shore of Lake Bodom. His behaviour could have suggested guilt at the time, especially as was noted by Surgical Hospital Curator Jorma Palo, as well as other hospital staff. The police had only a brief meeting with Turkham, but found little since they did not want to cross-examine doctors and did not take Assmann`s stained clothing for examination; in spite of the fact that the doctors in attendance were certain that the stains were composed of blood. Later Palo wrote three books about Assmann and the murders. Former Detective Chief Inspector Matti Paloaro also suspected that Assmann was responsible for five other murders. Assmann has been linked to unsolved Finnish homicides such as Kyllikki Saari’s murder in Isojoki and the Tulilahti double murder in Heinävesi.
Kennedy won the South Dakota primary with relative ease, beating McCarthy, 50 percent to 20 percent of the vote. Kennedy managed to win California with 46 percent of the vote to McCarthy’s 42 percent, claiming the biggest prize in the nominating process as well as a crucial defeat to McCarthy’s campaign. Around midnight on June 4, Kennedy addressed supporters at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, confidently promising to heal the many divisions within the country.
JUNE 07
U.S. SENATOR JOHN F. KENNEDY WINS THE CALIFORNIA DEMOCRATIC PRIMARY.
rain, mudslides and strong winds caused extreme damage across Hong Kong and southern China, leaving over 100 dead and over 18,000 homeless. The only positive aspect of the storm was its rainfall, which helped end a severe drought to the colony. An additional 1,600 people were killed following more landslides triggered by the remnants of the storm.
After addressing his supporters during the early morning hours of June 5, in a ballroom at The Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, California, Kennedy left through a service area to greet kitchen workers. In a crowded kitchen passageway, Sirhan Sirhan, a 24-year-old Palestinian-born Jordanian, opened fire with a .22 caliber revolver and shot Kennedy in the head at close range. Following the shooting, Kennedy was rushed to Central Receiving Hospital and then transferred to The Good Samaritan Hospital, where he died early in the morning on June 6. Kennedy’s body was returned to New York City, where he lay in repose at St. Patrick’s Cathedral for several days before the Requiem Mass was held there on June 8. His younger brother, U.S. Senator Edward “Ted” Kennedy, eulogized him with the words: “My brother need not be idealized or enlarged in death beyond what he was in life; to be remembered simply as a good and decent man, who saw wrong and tried to right it, saw suffering and tried to heal it, saw war and tried to stop it.” Kennedy concluded the eulogy by paraphrasing George Bernard Shaw as he referred to his brother: “As he said many times, in many parts of this nation, to those he touched and who sought to touch him: ‘Some men see things as they are and say why? I dream things that never were and say Why not?’” Later that day, a funeral train carried Kennedy’s body from New York to Washington, D. C., where he was laid to rest at Arlington National Cemetery.
In addition to its impact in Hong Kong, Mary brought heavy rains and flooding in Taiwan, especially in the capital city of Taipei. Moderate crop damage was seen to the rice crop. Four fishermen drowned off the southern coast of the island, but there were no fatalities on the island. Despite its effects, the name Mary was not retired. JUNE 15
VIOLENT DEMONSTRATIONS AT TOKYO UNIVERSITY RESULT IN 182 ARRESTS, 589 INJURIES. Yuichi Yoshikawa visits the south entrance of the Diet building every June 15 to offer flowers in memory of a female college student who died there in a clash between police forces and anti-Japan-U.S. security treaty demonstrators on the day 50 years ago. Hundreds of thousands of protesters surrounded the building every day to express their opposition to the bilateral treaty “as we still had vivid memories of World War II, which had ended only 15 years (earlier), and believed the treaty would lead to another war,” said Yoshikawa, 79, a veteran peace campaigner.
JUNE 05
LAKE BODOM MURDERS OCCUR IN FINLAND.
The Lake Bodom murders were a multiple homicide that took place in Finland in 1960. Lake Bodom is a lake by the city of Espoo, about 22 kilometres west of the country’s capital, Helsinki. In the early hours of June 5, 1960, four teenagers were camping on the shores of Lake Bodom. Between 4AM and 6AM, an unknown person or people murdered three of them with a knife and blunt instrument wounding the fourth. The sole survivor, Nils Wilhelm Gustafsson, led a normal life until 2004, when he became a suspect and was subsequently charged. In October 2005, a district court found Gustafsson not guilty of all charges against him. The murders have proven to be a popular subject in the Finnish media and commonly return to the headlines whenever new information or theories surface, but the case is still unsolved. One of the prime suspects of the murders was Karl Valdemar Gyllström, a kiosk keeper from Oittaa. He was known to have hated campers and behaved aggressively. In Oittaa Gyllström was known as “Kiosk Man”. He drowned in Lake Bodom in 1969, and while drunk he confessed the murders to his neighbor before his death, saying: “I killed them.” Gyllström filled the well in his courtyard a few days after the murders and therefore Gyllström’s house and the courtyard were studied in depth. Nothing incriminating, however, was found. On the other hand, it is possible that all of the articles were hidden or destroyed. For example,
Campaigning vigorously in Nebraska, Kennedy hoped for a big win to give him momentum going into the California primary, in which McCarthy held a strong presence. While McCarthy made only one visit to Nebraska, Kennedy made numerous appearances and won the Nebraska primary on May 14, with 51.4 percent of the vote to McCarthy’s 31 percent, a distant second- place finish. After the results Kennedy declared that McCarthy and Kennedy, both anti-war, had managed to earn over 80 percent of the vote, “a smashing repudiation” of the Johnson-Humphrey administration. In contrast to Nebraska, the Oregon primary posed several challenges to Kennedy’s campaign. His campaign organization, run by Congresswoman Edith Green, was not strong and Kennedy’s campaign themes of poverty, hunger, and minority issues didn’t resonate with Oregon voters. On May 28, Kennedy lost to McCarthy, “44.7 percent to 38.8 percent.” From Oregon, the campaign moved on to California. Coming off victories in Indiana and Nebraska with new-found momentum, Kennedy hoped to take the California and South Dakota primaries on June 4. California would be “the perfect place for Kennedy to demonstrate his voter-appeal.”
“When only a few people started a march with a flag, other people joined at their own initiative to make it hundreds of demonstrators at last, with antiwar sentiment stirred also by the outbreak of the Korean War and the launch of the Self-Defense Forces in the 1950s,” he said.
JUNE 09
TYPHOON MARY KILLS 1,600 PEOPLE IN CHINA.
The death of student Michiko Kanba, a 22-yearold senior at the University of Tokyo, happened in the uproar, and those who went through it have wondered about the meaning of the largest mass movement in postwar Japan and how it has affected their subsequent lives and careers over the past half-century.
Atrough of low pressure spawned a tropical depression in the South China Sea on June 3 and moved slowly westward. Favorable conditions allowed it to quickly strengthen into Tropical Storm Mary, and after turning northward it attained typhoon status on the 7th. Mary continued to intensify to a 90 mph (140 km/h) typhoon just before making landfall 20 miles (32 km) west of Hong Kong on the 8th. After weakening while moving northeastward over China, the storm restrengthened over the Western Pacific to a typhoon on the 10th. It passed near Okinawa, weakened, and accelerated to the east until it became extratropical on the 13th.
Among them is Akiko Esashi, who was a freshman at Waseda University and joined the demonstration for the first time in May 1960. “I was just an ordinary student who cheered at baseball games between Waseda and its rival, Keio University, and I was told by my father when I left home in Hiroshima not to join the student movement,” she said. “But I started taking part in the marches frequently after Prime Minister Nobusuke Kishi railroaded the revision of the bilateral treaty.”
Also known as Bloody Mary, the typhoon was the worst to hit Hong Kong in 23 years (since the worst typhoon on the record of Hong Kong hit on 2 September 1937). Its 14.12 inches (359 mm) of
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JUNE 26
THE MALAGASY REPUBLIC, NOW MADAGASCAR, BECOMES INDEPENDENT FROM FRANCE. After France adopted the Constitution of the Fifth Republic under the leadership of General Charles de Gaulle, on September 28, 1958, Madagascar held a referendum to determine whether the country should become a self-governing republic within the French community. The AKFM and other nationalists opposed to the concept of limited self-rule mustered about 25 percent of votes cast. The vast majority of the population at the urging of the PSD leadership voted in favor of the referendum. The vote led to the election of Tsiranana as the country’s first president on April 27, 1959. After a year of negotiations between Tsiranana and his French counterparts, Madagascar’s status as a self-governing republic officially was altered on June 26, 1960, to that of a fully independent and sovereign state. The cornerstone of Tsiranana’s government was the signing with France of fourteen agreements and conventions designed to maintain and strengthen Franco-Malagasy ties. These agreements were to provide the basis for increasing opposition from Tsiranana’s critics.
For some years after his resignation, Kishi remained an active member of the Liberal-Democratic party in Japan. He lived in Tokyo with his family. When a young man, he had married his cousin, Yoshiko Kishi, daughter of his adopted parents. They had two children, a son, Nobukazu, and a daughter, Yoko. After a lifetime of service to his country, Nobusuke Kishi died in Tokyo on August 7, 1987.
JUNE 23
THE JAPANESE PRIME MINISTER, NOBUSUKE KISHI, ANNOUNCES HIS RESIGNATION. Japan’s relations with the United States overshadowed all other issues in Kishi’s three-year term, from 1957 to the summer of 1960. The key was the security treaty, signed by the two countries in September 1951, during the last months of the Allied occupation. The treaty embodied Japan’s reliance on American armed forces to preserve its security, providing the right to station troops in Japan to be used not only “to deter armed attack upon Japan” but also, if necessary, “to put down large-scale internal riots and disturbances.” By the time Kishi took office, Japanese opposition to the treaty, growing out of a newly found self-confidence, was widespread. The treaty was criticized as an infringement on national sovereignty that involved Japan, without regard to its own will, in the Cold War politics of eastern Asia. Dissatisfaction was general, but proposed remedies ran the political gamut. Among the Socialists, neutralist sentiment, favoring abrogation of the treaty, was strong. Among the conservatives, there was support for a continuation of the relationship but on a more restricted basis that would enhance Japan’s political standing in the world.
A spirit of political reconciliation prevailed in the early 1960s. By achieving independence and obtaining the release of the MDRM leaders detained since the Revolt of 1947, Tsiranana had coopted the chief issues on which the more aggressively nationalist elements had built much of their support. Consistent with Tsiranana’s firm commitment to remain attached to Western civilization, the new regime made plain its intent to maintain strong ties to France and the West in the economic, defense, and cultural spheres. Not entirely sanguine about this prospect, the opposition initially concurred in the interest of consolidating the gains of the previous decade, and most ethnic and regional interests supported Tsiranana.
JUNE 24
JOSEPH KASAVUBU IS ELECTED AS THE FIRST PRESIDENT OF THE INDEPENDENT CONGO.
Seeking to profit from this national mood, Kishi made a much-heralded trip to Washington, DC, in June 1957. He won an American promise to withdraw all ground combat forces within a year. Thereafter, he also gained American assent to negotiate a new treaty of mutual defense. Meetings between diplomats of the two countries began in the fall of 1958 and proceeded through the following year. In January 1960, Kishi once again flew to Washington for the treaty signing ceremony. By eliminating some of the offensive parts of the old treaty (including the clause permitting intervention of American forces in Japanese internal disturbances) and stressing mutual consultation and obligation, the new treaty gave the appearance of placing relations on an equilateral basis.
A day before the celebrations, workers were still frantically repainting facades on the main boulevard of the capital, Kinshasa, despite starting the job 18 months ago. And when one young man, covered in white paint, knocked on my door requesting access to the balcony, he begged for food as he had not eaten all day. The Belgian King Albert II, UN secretary-general Ban Ki-moon and other African heads of state in town for the anniversary will probably only see these revamped thoroughfares.
Kishi clearly saw the treaty as a major diplomatic triumph that might consolidate his power in the Liberal-Democratic party. The result, however, was quite the opposite. When the debate over ratification began in the National Diet, conflict intensified and gradually eroded his strength. Outside of the Diet, student groups, Socialists, Communists, labor leaders, and intellectuals, always distrustful of Kishi, joined in opposition and created the greatest political disturbances the nation had experienced since prewar days.
But for most residents of Kinshasa, Africa’s third largest city, getting electricity and running water would have been a preferable gesture. “A layer of paint will not give us food and salaries,” one Congolese man said about the preparations. Once the personal property of the Belgian king, DR Congo - a vast country two-thirds the size of Western Europe with huge mineral wealth - gained independence from Belgium on the 30 June 1960. At a ceremony in the Congolese capital, then called Leopoldville, then-King Baudoin said, without a hint of irony: “Congo’s independence constitutes the outcome of the work initiated by the genius of Leopold II, undertaken by him with a tenacious courage and continued with perseverance by Belgium.”
In a tumultuous late-night session in mid-May 1960 after police had entered the Diet to remove Socialist party members who had staged a sitdown protest, Kishi forced a vote of approval through the lower house. His high-handed maneuver further inflamed public antipathy toward him and the treaty. The Diet and the prime minister’s official residence became scenes of swelling popular demonstrations. A planned visit of U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower had to be canceled. With no other choice, on June 23, 1960, Kishi announced his resignation. Shortly after, while attending a party for his successor, Ikeda Hayato, Kishi was stabbed by a rightist fanatic. The wound was not serious, however, and Kishi in the aftermath continued to exercise power from behind the scenes.
Similar to other African leaders during the immediate independence era, Tsiranana oversaw the consolidation of his own party’s power at the expense of other parties. A political system that strongly favored the incumbent complemented these actions. For example, although the political process allowed minority parties to participate, the constitution mandated a winner-take- all system that effectively denied the opposition a voice in governance. Tsiranana’s position was further strengthened by the broad, multiethnic popular base of the PSD among the côtiers, whereas the opposition was severely disorganized. The AKFM continued to experience intraparty rifts between leftist and ultranationalist, more orthodox Marxist factions; it was unable to capitalize on increasingly active but relatively less privileged Malagasy youth because the party’s base was the Merina middle class. A new force on the political scene provided the first serious challenge to the Tsiranana government in April 1971. The National Movement for the Independence of Madagascar (Mouvement National pour l’Indépendance de Madagascar--Monima) led a peasant uprising in Toliara Province. The creator and leader of Monima was Monja Jaona, a côtier from the south who also participated in the Revolt of 1947. The main issue was government pressure for tax collection at a time when local cattle herds were being ravaged by disease. The protesters attacked military and administrative centers in the area, apparently hoping for support in the form of weapons and reinforcements from China. Such help never arrived, and the revolt was harshly and quickly suppressed. An estimated fifty to 1,000 persons died, Monima was dissolved, and Monima leaders, including Jaona and several hundred protesters, were arrested and deported to the island of Nosy Lava.
The Belgian monarch did not expect the new charismatic Congolese Prime Minister, Patrice Lumumba, to offer a different view of colonial rule in a speech made on the same day. “Who will ever forget the massacres where so many of our brothers perished; the cells into which those who refused to submit to a regime of injustice, oppression and exploitation were thrown?” said Mr Lumumba, who was murdered the next year, reportedly with US and Belgian complicity.
Replacing educational programs designed for schools in France and taught by French teachers with programs emphasizing Malagasy life and culture and taught by Malagasy instructors; and increasing access for economically underprivileged youth to secondary-level institutions. By early May, the PSD sought to end the student strike at any cost; on May 12 and 13, the government arrested several hundred student leaders and sent them to Nosy-Lava. Authorities also closed the schools and banned demonstrations. Mounting economic stagnation--as revealed in scarcities of investment capital, a general decline in living standards, and the failure to meet even modest development goals--further undermined the government’s position. Forces unleashed by the growing economic crisis combined with student unrest to create an opposition alliance. Workers, public servants, peasants, and many unemployed urban youth of Antananarivo joined the student strike, which spread to the provinces. Protesters set fire to the town hall and to the offices of a French-language newspaper in the capital. JUNE 30
THE BELGIAN CONGO RECEIVES ITS INDEPENDENCE FROM BELGIUM AS THE REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO (LÉOPOLDVILLE). In May 1960, a growing nationalist movement, the Mouvement National Congolais or MNC Party, led by Patrice Lumumba, won the parliamentary elections. The party appointed Lumumba as Prime Minister. The parliament elected as President Joseph Kasavubu, of the Alliance des Bakongo (ABAKO) party. Other parties that emerged included the Parti Solidaire Africain (or PSA) led by Antoine Gizenga, and the Parti National du Peuple (or PNP) led by Albert Delvaux and Laurent Mbariko. (Congo 1960, dossiers du CRISP, Belgium) The Belgian Congo achieved independence on 30 June 1960 under the name “République du Congo” (“Republic of Congo” or “Republic of the Congo” in English). Shortly after independence, the provinces of Katanga (led by Moise Tshombe) and South Kasai engaged in secessionist struggles against the new leadership. Most of the 100,000 Europeans who had remained behind after independence fled the country, opening the way for Congolese to replace the European military and administrative elite. As the neighboring French colony of Middle Congo (Moyen Congo) also chose the name “Republic of Congo” upon achieving its independence, the two countries were more commonly known as “Congo-Léopoldville” and “Congo-Brazzaville”, after their capital cities. Another way they were often distinguished during the 1960s, such as in newspaper articles, was that “Congo-Léopoldville” was called “The Congo” and “Congo-Brazzaville” was called simply “Congo”. Kasavubu dismissed Lumumba from office. Lumumba declared Kasavubu’s action unconstitutional and a crisis between the two leaders developed. (cf. Sécession au Katanga – J.Gerald-Libois -Brussels- CRISP). Lumumba had previously appointed Joseph Mobutu chief of staff of the new Congo army, Armée Nationale Congolaise (ANC). Taking advantage of the leadership crisis between Kasavubu and Lumumba, Mobutu garnered enough support within the army to create mutiny. With financial support from the United States and Belgium, Mobutu paid his soldiers privately. The aversion of Western powers to communism and leftist ideology influenced their decision to finance Mobutu’s quest to maintain “order” in the new state by neutralizing Kasavubu and Lumumba in a coup by proxy. A constitutional referendum after Mobutu’s coup of 1965 resulted in the country’s official name being changed to the “Democratic Republic of the Congo.” At the time of its independence in 1960, DRC was the second most industrialized country in Africa after South Africa, it boasted a thriving mining sector and its agriculture sector was relatively productive. The two recent conflicts (the First and Second Congo Wars), which began in 1996, have dramatically reduced national output and government revenue, have increased external debt, and have resulted in deaths of more than five million people from war, and associated famine and disease. Malnutrition affects approximately two thirds of the country’s population.
Olympic Gold. Sports Illustrated praised Clay’s “supreme confidence” and “intricate dance steps.”...
Another movement came on the scene in early 1972, in the form of student protests in Antananarivo. A general strike involving the nation’s roughly 100,000 secondary-level students focused on three principal issues: ending the cultural cooperation agreements with France.
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JULY 01
GHANA BECOMES A REPUBLIC AND KWAME NKRUMAH BECOMES ITS FIRST PRESIDENT. On 6 March 1957 at 12 a.m Kwame Nkrumah declared Ghana’s establishment and autonomy as the first Prime Minister of Ghana and on 1 July 1960, Nkrumah declared Ghana as a republic as the first President of Ghana. The flag of Ghana, consisting of the colours red, gold, green, and the black star, became the new flag in 1957. Designed by Theodosia Salome Okoh, the red represents the blood that was shed towards independence, the gold represents the industrial minerals wealth of Ghana, the green symbolises the rich grasslands of Ghana, and the black star is the symbol of the Ghanaian people and African emancipation. The first Prime Minister of Ghana and President of Ghana Osagyefo Kwame Nkrumah won a majority in the Gold Coast Legislative Assembly in 1952, Nkrumah was appointed leader of the Gold Coast’s government business.[20] Kwame Nkrumah, first Prime Minister of Ghana, and then President of Ghana, was the first African head of state to promote Pan-Africanism, an idea he came into contact with during his studies at Lincoln University, Pennsylvania in the United States, at the time when Marcus Garvey was becoming famous for his “Back to Africa Movement”. Nkrumah merged the teachings of Marcus Garvey, Martin Luther King, Jr. and the naturalized Ghanaian scholar W. E. B. Du Bois into the formation of 1960s Ghana. Osagyefo Dr. Kwame Nkrumah, as he became known, played an instrumental part in the founding of the Non-Aligned Movement and his life achievements were recognised by Ghanaians during his centenary birthday celebration, and the day was instituted as a public holiday. Dr. Kwame Nkrumah’s government was subsequently overthrown by a military coup while he was abroad with Zhou Enlai in the People’s Republic of China in February 1966. Former Central Intelligence Agency employee John Stockwell stated to the Bureau of National Investigations (BNI) that the CIA had an effective hand in forcing the coup. A series of alternating military and civilian governments from 1966 to 1981 ended with the ascension to power of Flight Lieutenant Jerry John Rawlings of the Provisional National Defense Council (NDC) in 1981. These changes resulted in the suspension of the constitution in 1981, and the banning of political parties. The economy suffered a severe decline soon after, Kwame Darko negotiated a structural adjustment plan changing many old economic policies, and economic growth soon recovered from the mid-2000s. A new constitution restoring multi-party politics was promulgated in 1992; Rawlings was elected as president then, and again in 1996. Winning the 2000 elections, John Agyekum Kufuor of the New Patriotic Party (NPP) was sworn into office as president in January 2001, and attained the presidency again in 2004, thus also serving two terms as president and thus marking the first time that power had been transferred to one legitimately elected head of state and head of government to another, and securing Ghana’s status as a stable democracy. JULY 02
A SOVIET AIR FORCE MIG-19 FIGHTER PLANE FLYING NORTH OF MURMANSK, RUSSIA, OVER THE BARENTS SEA SHOOTS DOWN A SIX-MAN RB-47 STRATOJET RECONNAISSANCE PLANE OF THE U.S. AIR FORCE. On July 1st, 1960, two months to the day that a CIA U-2 piloted by Francis Gary Powers was shot down over Sverdlovsk, a United States Air Force RB-47H reconnaissance plane, tail number 53-4281, and assigned to the 38th Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron of the 55th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing based at Forbes Air Force Base, Kansas, departed from Brize-Norton Royal Air Force Base in England. The plane was crewed by Major Willard Palm as Aircraft Commander; Captain Freeman B. Olmstead as pilot; Captain John McKone as navigator. Lodged in the converted bomber’s bomb bay were tons of electronic gear designed to measure the strengths and weaknesses of Soviet radar defenses, and three “Raven” reconnaissance officers: Major Eugene Posa, Captain Dean Phillips & Captain Oscar Goforth (on his first operational mission).
Olmstead was born in Elmira, New York, and brought up in a devout Episcopal family. He earned a bachelor’s degree in history from Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio. He entered active duty with the Air Force in 1957 and attended the service’s Squadron Officer School. McKone was a native of Tonganoxie, Kansas, and he graduated from Kansas State University with a bachelor’s degree in history in 1954. He was the Cadet Wing Commander for the Air Force ROTC wing during his senior year, and he entered active duty on March 15, 1955, as a Second lieutenant – beginning his career as a Strategic Air Command navigator in April 1956.
Spain, still under Francisco Franco’s far-right dictatorship, refused to travel to the Soviet Union, the main supporter of the Second Spanish Republic in the Spanish Civil War, and withdrew from the tournament, so the final four had three communist countries: USSR, Czechoslovakia, and SFR Yugoslavia, to go with hosts France. In the semi-finals, the Soviets made easy work of the Czechoslovaks in Marseille, beating them 3–0. The other match saw a nine-goal thriller as Yugoslavia came on top 5–4, coming back from a two-goal deficit twice. Czechoslovakia beat the demoralized French 2–0 for third place.
zUnder UN pressure, Tshombe later agreed to a three-stage plan from the acting Secretary General, U Thant, that would have reunited Katanga with Congo. However, this remained an agreement on paper only. Urged on by Congo’s leader Cyrille Adola, UN forces launched a decisive attack on Katanga in December 1962. The capital, Elisabethville (now Lubumbashi), fell in January 1963, and Tshombe fled to Kolwezi, where he surrendered on January 15, 1963. The Katangese secession was formally ended by the National Conciliation Plan. Kisula Ngoye emerged as the new governor of the province. JULY 11
HARPER LEE PUBLISHED HER NOVEL TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD.
The flight’s planned route took the plane northbound from England over the international waters of Arctic Ocean, where the plane turned east and entered the Barents Sea, northeast of Norway, and continued a track about 50 miles from the Soviet-held Kola Peninsula – all the while over international waters.
In the final, Yugoslavia scored first, but the Soviet Union, led by legendary goalkeeper Lev Yashin, equalized in the 49th minute. After 90 minutes the score was 1–1, and Viktor Ponedelnik scored with seven minutes left in extra time to give the Soviets the inaugural European Championship.
In the ten years between 1950 to 1960, the Soviet Union had a history of shadowing, “escorting”, and every now and then, shooting down American planes flying over international waters near its borders. In 10 separate incidents, about 75 US Navy and Air Force air crewmen lost their lives flying routine reconnaissance missions. Among such incidents were the shootdown of a Navy bomber over the Baltic in the spring of 1950, and an Air Force C-130 transport that was lured by false radio beams into Soviet Armenia, which was shot down in September 1958.
JULY 11
Soviet pilot Vasiliy Polyakov was on strip alert when he was scrambled flying his MiG-19 fighter, assigned to the 206th Air Division, to intercept an intruding plane north of Murmansk, and west of Novaya Zemlya, in the Barents Sea. He turned toward the plane on an intercept course, but passed about three miles behind it. He approached the plane and was able to identified it visually as an American bomber.
The declaration of independence was made with the support of Belgian business interests and over 6,000 Belgian troops. Tshombe was known to be close to the Belgian industrial companies which mined the rich resources of copper, gold and uranium. Katanga was one of the richest and most developed areas of the Congo. Without Katanga, Congo would lose a large part of its mineral assets and consequently government income. The view of the Congolese central government and a large section of international opinion was that this was an attempt to create a Belgian-controlled puppet-state run for the benefit of the mining interests. Paradoxically, not even Belgium officially recognised the new state despite providing it with military assistance. The Luba were divided, with one faction under Ndaye Emanuel supporting secession and another under Kisula Ngoye supporting the central government.
The radar course plotted by Capt. McKone called for a turn to the northeast at about 50 miles off Holy Nose Cape at the bottom of the Kola Peninsula; however, the Soviet MiG had returned and was now flying in close formation - 40 feet - off the right wing of the RB-47. He rocked the wings of his MiG in an attempt to signal the Stratojet to land. JULY 10
MOISE TSHOMBE DECLARES THE CONGOLESE PROVINCE OF KATANGA INDEPENDENT. HE REQUESTS AND RECEIVES HELP FROM BELGIUM.
It’s a disconcerting tale of alleged injustice in small-town Alabama. A museum dedicated to Harper Lee’s classic 1960 novel To Kill A Mockingbird is fighting a lawsuit, brought by the author, which accuses it of profiting illegally from the title of her widely beloved book. Lee, who is 87 and reportedly in poor health, filed the lawsuit last week, claiming that the Monroe County Heritage Museum had tried “to confuse, mislead and deceive the public” into thinking she had approved and endorsed its range of To Kill A Mockingbird-branded merchandise. The author has said in the past that Maycomb, the town depicted in the novel, was based on Monroeville, Alabama, where the popular, 25-year-old museum is located. Its property includes an old courthouse, on which the set for the 1962 film adaptation was based. Its website address is tokillamockingbird.com. The museum generated more than $500,000 (£309,000) in revenue in 2011, claiming in its tax documents that its purpose is primarily historical. Lee’s lawsuit alleges, however, that “its actual work does not touch upon history. Rather, its primary mission is to trade upon the fictional story, settings and characters that Harper Lee created.”
In September 1960, Prime Minister Lumumba was replaced in a coup d’état. On 17 January 1961, Lumumba was sent to Lubumbashi, capital of Katanga, where he was tortured and executed shortly after arrival. Belgian officers, under Katangese command, were present at the execution.
THE SOVIET UNION NATIONAL FOOTBALL TEAM DEFEATS THE YUGOSLAVIAN NATIONAL FOOTBALL TEAM 2–1 IN PARIS TO WIN THE FIRST EUROPEAN SOCCER CHAMPIONSHIP.
The tournament was a knockout competition; just 17 teams entered with some notable absences, West Germany, Italy and England among them. The teams would play home-and-away matches until the semi-finals; the final four teams would move on to the final tournament, whose host was selected after the teams became known. You can relive The Champ’s glory by purchasing a special limited edition...
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The museum’s lawyer Matthew Goforth refuted the allegations, telling Reuters, “Every single statement in the lawsuit is either false, meritless, or both … I find it curious that her handlers suddenly want to profit by suing the museum for essentially preserving and promoting what Ms Lee helped accomplish for this community.”
The UN Security Council met in the wake of Lumumba’s death in a highly emotional atmosphere charged with anti-colonial feeling and rhetoric. On 21 February 1961 the Security Council adopted resolution 161, which authorised ‘all appropriate measures’ to ‘prevent the occurrence of civil war in the Congo, including ... the use of force, if necessary, in the last resort’. This resolution demanded the expulsion from the Congo of all Belgian troops and foreign mercenaries, but did not explicitly mandate the UN to conduct offensive operations. This resolution was ultimately interpreted by the local UN forces justify military operations to end the secession of Katanga. Despite this new resolution during the next six months the UN undertook no major military operations instead concentrating on facilitating several rounds of political negotiations.
If Lee’s lawsuit is successful, it could put the museum out of business. Stephanie Rogers, its executive director, told The Hollywood Reporter she had not read the suit. “The museum has been doing what we always have done,” Rogers said. “We honour her here. We don’t sell anything with her name. We sell memorabilia to those who come to see a production of To Kill a Mockingbird that we secure dramatic rights to. Everything we do is above board. I’m shocked by this.” To Kill A Mockingbird remains Nelle Harper Lee’s only published book. It won her a Nobel Prize, while the film version won Gregory Peck an Academy Award for Best Actor. Peck played Atticus Finch, a small-town “Jim Crow”-era lawyer, who defends an African-American man wrongly accused of rape. Since its original publication in 1960, the book has sold more than 30 million copies in more than 25 languages.
In June, Tshombe signed a pledge to reunite Katanga with rest of the country however, by August it was clear he had no intention to implement this agreement. In August and September, the UN conducted two operations to arrest and repatriate the mercenaries and political advisors by force. The second operation was resisted by the Katangese Gendarmerie and resulted in casualties on both sides.
The lawsuit says Lee, who recently suffered a stroke, now resides in an assisted living facility in Monroeville. This is not the first time she has challenged the museum’s legitimacy.
Peace negotiations ensued, in the course of which, UN secretary-general Dag Hammarskjöld died in uncertain circumstances in a plane crash near Ndola, Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia).
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These were especially significant because Belgium’s invasion violated the norm of sovereignty, and the second objective was set to prevent the country from becoming a Cold War proxy state. The first troops reached Congo on 15 July, many airlifted in by the United States Air Force.
JULY 13
Afterward, Robert Kennedy visited with labor leaders who were extremely unhappy with the choice of Johnson and after seeing the depth of labor opposition to Johnson, he ran messages between the hotel suites of his brother and Johnson, apparently trying to undermine the proposed ticket without John Kennedy’s authorization and to get Johnson to agree to be the Democratic Party chairman rather than vice president. Johnson refused to accept a change in plans unless it came directly from John Kennedy.
THE U.S. SENATOR JOHN F. KENNEDY IS NOMINATED FOR PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES AT THE 1960 DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL CONVENTION IN LOS ANGELES. The 1960 Democratic National Convention was held in Los Angeles, California. In the week before the convention opened, Kennedy received two new challengers when Lyndon B. Johnson, the powerful Senate Majority Leader from Texas, and Adlai Stevenson, the party’s nominee in 1952 and 1956, officially announced their candidacies (they had both privately been working for the nomination for some time). However, neither Johnson nor Stevenson was a match for the talented and highly efficient Kennedy campaign team led by Robert F. Kennedy. Johnson challenged Kennedy to a televised debate before a joint meeting of the Texas and Massachusetts delegations; Kennedy accepted. Most observers felt that Kennedy won the debate, and Johnson was not able to expand his delegate support beyond the South. Stevenson’s failure to launch his candidacy publicly until the week of the convention meant that many liberal delegates who might have supported him were already pledged to Kennedy, and Stevenson - despite the energetic support of former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt - was unable to break their allegiance. Kennedy won the nomination on the first ballot.
Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba, dissatisfied with Dag Hammarskjöld’s refusal to use UN troops to subdue the insurrection in Katanga, decided to attempt an invasion of Katanga on his own and turned to the Soviet Union for help. The invasion attempt never reached Katanga but led to dissension within the Central Government, the collapse of the Central Government, and eventually to Patrice Lumumba’s arrest in December. In February 1961, the legally elected Congolese leader Patrice Lumumba was killed, and only then did the United Nations Security Council explicitly authorize the use of force for purposes beyond self-defense.
JULY 21
FRANCIS CHICHESTER, ENGLISH NAVIGATOR AND YACHTSMAN, ARRIVES AT NEW YORK CITY ABOARD HIS YACHT, GYPSY MOTH II, CROSSING THE ATLANTIC OCEAN SOLO IN A NEW RECORD OF JUST FORTY DAYS. Organised single-handed yacht racing was pioneered by Britons “Blondie” Hasler and Francis Chichester, who conceived the idea of a single-handed race across the Atlantic Ocean. This was a revolutionary concept at the time, as the idea was thought to be extremely impractical,
Despite his brother’s interference, John Kennedy was firm that Johnson was who he wanted as running mate and met with staffers such as Larry O’Brien, his national campaign manager, to say Johnson was to be vice-president. O’Brien recalled later that John Kennedy’s words were wholly unexpected, but that after a brief consideration of the electoral vote situation, he thought “it was a stroke of genius”. JULY 14
THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL DECIDES TO SEND TROOPS TO KATANGA TO OVERSEE THE WITHDRAWAL OF BELGIAN TROOPS. Congo became independent in 30 June 1960, but the Belgian commander refused to “Africanize” the officers’ corps of the Force Publique (the army), and because of that disorder and mutinies broke out. While the President and the Prime Minister were trying to negotiate with the mutineers, the Belgian government decided to intervene to protect Belgians that remained in the country at the request of Moïse Tshombé, who advocated independence for Katanga, one of the richest provinces in the country due to an abundance of minerals.
Then, in a move that surprised many, Kennedy asked Johnson to be his running mate. Kennedy realized that he could not be elected without support of traditional Southern Democrats, most of whom had backed Johnson. Kennedy offered Johnson the vice-presidential nomination at the Los Angeles Biltmore Hotel at 10:15 a.m. on July 14, 1960, the morning after being nominated for president. Robert F. Kennedy, who hated Johnson for his attacks on the Kennedy family, said later that his brother offered the position to Johnson as a courtesy and did not expect him to accept. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., and Seymour Hersh quote Robert Kennedy’s version of events, writing that John Kennedy would have preferred Stuart Symington as his running-mate and that Johnson teamed with House Speaker Sam Rayburn to pressure Kennedy to offer the nomination. Biographers Robert Caro and W. Marvin Watson offer a different perspective; they write that the Kennedy campaign was desperate to win what was forecast to be a very close race against Richard Nixon and Henry Cabot Lodge II. Johnson was needed on the ticket to help carry Texas and the Southern states. Caro’s research showed that on July 14, John Kennedy started the process while Johnson was still asleep. At 6:30 a.m. John Kennedy asked Robert Kennedy to prepare an estimate of upcoming electoral votes, “including Texas.”
On July 10, Belgian troops were sent to Elisabethville, the capital of Katanga, to control the situation and protect Belgian civilians. With the help of the Belgians, Tshombé proclaimed the independence of the province. On 12 July, the President and the Prime Minister asked for help of the UN. The Secretary-General addressed the Security Council at a night meeting on 13 July and asked the Council to act “with utmost speed” on the request. At the same meeting, the Security Council adopted resolution 143 (1960), by which it called upon the Government of Belgium to withdraw its troops from the territory of the Congo. The resolution authorized the United Nations Secretary-General to facilitate the withdrawal of Belgian troops, maintain law and order, and help to establish and legitimize the post-colonial government. This mandate was extended to maintain the territorial integrity of Congo, through particularly the removal of the foreign mercenaries supporting the secession of Katanga. ONUC’s intention was an unprecedented role for a UN peacekeeping force, as it was not self-evidently peacekeeping in nature.
Robert called Pierre Salinger and Kenneth O’Donnell to assist him. Realizing the ramifications of counting Texas votes as their own, Salinger asked him whether he was considering a Kennedy-Johnson ticket, and Robert replied, yes. Some time between 9 and 10 a.m., John Kennedy called Pennsylvania governor David L. Lawrence, a Johnson backer, to request that Lawrence nominate Johnson for vice-president if Johnson were to accept the role and then went to Johnson’s suite to discuss a mutual ticket at 10:15 a.m. John Kennedy then returned to his suite to announce the Kennedy-Johnson ticket to his closest supporters and Northern political bosses. He accepted the congratulations of Ohio governor Michael DiSalle, Connecticut governor Abraham A. Ribicoff, Chicago mayor Richard J. Daley, and New York mayor Robert F. Wagner, Jr.. Lawrence said that “Johnson has the strength where you need it most”; he then left to begin writing the nomination speech.
Following Security Council actions, the United Nations Force in the Congo (ONUC) was established. To carry out these tasks, the Secretary-General set up a United Nations Force, which at its peak strength numbered nearly 20,000. The UN Force stayed in the Congo between 1960 and 1964, and underwent a transition from a peacekeeping presence to a military force.
O’Donnell remembers being angry at what he considered a betrayal by John Kennedy, who had previously cast Johnson as anti-labor and anti-liberal.
ONUC’s main goals stayed consistent from the first to fifth resolution. It featured the double purpose of withdrawing Belgian military personnel (later expanding to mercenaries) and providing military assistance to ensure internal stability. The successive Security Council resolutions added to and elaborated on the initial mandate but did not fundamentally change the operation’s objectives.
cap from New Era, designed with the help of Muhammad Ali...
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JULY 20
CEYLON ELECTS MRS SIRIMAVO BANDARANAIKE AS ITS PRIME MINISTER, THE WORLD’S FIRST ELECTED FEMALE HEAD OF GOVERNMENT. Mrs Sirimavo Bandaranaike, widow of Ceylon’s assassinated prime minister Solomon Bandaranaike, has become the world’s first woman prime minister. Her Sri Lanka Freedom Party won a resounding victory in the general election taking 75 out of 150 seats. Mrs Bandaranaike only entered politics after her husband was shot by an extremist Buddhist on 26 September 1959. She has become known as the “weeping widow” for frequently bursting into tears during the election campaign and vowing to continue her late husband’s socialist policies. This week’s election was called after Dudley Senanayake’s United National Party failed to produce a working majority after winning elections in March. Mrs Bandaranaike was born into the Ceylon aristocracy and her husband was a landowner. She was educated by Roman Catholic nuns at St Bridget’s school in the capital, Colombo, and is a practising Buddhist. She married in 1940 aged 24 and has three children - and until her husband’s death seemed content in her role as mother and retiring wife. Her SLFP aims to represent the “little man” although its policies during the campaign were not clear. Mr Bandaranaike attributed her success to the “people’s love and respect” for her late husband and urged her supporters to practise “simple living, decorum and dignity”. Her husband came to power in 1955, eight years after independence, and declared himself a Buddhist which appealed to nationalists. But his government was wracked by infighting among Sinhalese and Tamils and lacked direction. Mrs Bandaranaike inherits a country in a state of flux and her party’s proposed programme of nationalisation may bring her into conflict with foreign interests in commodities like tea, rubber and oil. Sirimavo Bandaranaike made Sinhalese the language of government - which angered the minority Tamils - and brought schools under state secular control.
particularly in the adverse conditions of their proposed route - a westward crossing of the north Atlantic Ocean. Nevertheless, their original halfcrown bet on first place developed into the first single-handed transatlantic yacht race, the OSTAR, which was held in 1960. The race was a success, and was won in 40 days by Chichester, then aged 58, in Gipsy Moth III; Hasler finished second, in 48 days, sailing the junk-rigged Jester. Hasler’s windvane self-steering gear revolutionised short-handed sailing, and his other major innovation- using a junk rig for safer and more manageable shorthanded sailing - influenced many subsequent sailors. Chichester placed second in the second running of the race four years later. The winner on that occasion, Eric Tabarly, sailed in the first ever boat specifically designed for single-handed ocean racing, the 44-foot (13 m) ketch Pen Duick II.
Not content with his achievements, Chichester set his sights on the next logical goal - a racing-style circumnavigation of the world. In 1966 he set off in Gipsy Moth IV, a yacht custom-built for a speed attempt, in order to set the fastest possible time for a round-the-world trip - in effect, the first speed record for a single-handed circumnavigation. He followed the clipper route from Plymouth, United Kingdom, to Sydney, Australia, where he stopped over for 48 days, then continued south of Cape Horn back to Plymouth. In the process he became the first single-handed sailor to circumnavigate west-to-east, by the clipper route, with just one stop (of 48 days) in 274 days overall, with a sailing time of 226 days, twice as fast as the previous record for a small vessel. At the age of 65, Chichester had once again revolutionised single-handed sailing. The first single-handed round-the-world yacht race and actually the first round-the-world yacht race in any format was the Sunday Times Golden Globe Race, starting between June 1 and October 31 (the skippers set off at different times) in 1968.
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Subsequently in November 1960 Diori was elected to the new position of President of Niger by the National Assembly. During his presidency, Diori’s government favored the maintenance of traditional social structures and the retention of close economic ties with France. He was re-elected unopposed in 1965 and 1970.
AUGUST 01
DAHOMEY BECOMES INDEPENDENT FROM FRANCE. Dahomey was a French colony of and a part of French West Africa from 1904 to 1958. Under the French, a port was constructed at Cotonou, and railroads were built. School facilities were expanded by Roman Catholic missions. In 1946, Dahomey became an overseas territory with its own parliament and representation in the French national assembly. On December 4, 1958, it became the République du Dahomey, self-governing within the French Community. On 11 July 1960 France agreed to Dahomey becoming fully independent. Dahomey declared independence on 1 August 1960. For over six hundred years the city of Benin was the capital of a prosperous, well-organized empire of the same name. At its peak during the 14th and 15th centuries, the empire stretched from Dahomey to the Niger River and reached as far south as the coast. In 1170 A.D. a prince from the city of Ife named Oranmiyan founded the monarchy of Benin. His son, Eweka I, became the first Oba (king). The present ruler, Erediauwa I, is the 39th Oba of the dynasty. The palace in Benin was the height of a complex feudal society characterized by widespread competition for power, prestige and wealth. The arrival of the Portuguese around 1485 created a new era of prosperity and rapid expansion. The Portuguese provided economic and militaristic strength for the kingdom, acting as a conduit for overseas trade and fighting in Benin military campaigns. In the early 17th century a dynastic dispute resulted in the establishment of two rival states at Abomey and Porto-Novo. The first of these grew into the Kingdom of Dahomey, which dominated the area until the 19th century. In 1704, France received permission to erect a port at Ouidah, and in 1752 the Portuguese founded Porto Novo. On June 22, 1894, the territory was named by decree the “Colony of Dahomey and its dependences” and was granted autonomy which it retained until October 18, 1904 when it became part of French West Africa. On December 4, 1958 the Republic was proclaimed. Dahomey became independent on August 1, 1960 and is a UN member country. If the first independent Government was ousted by a military coup on October 28, 1963, Dahomey, during the ensuing years up to 1972, went through a lot of political upheavals that always climaxed in military coups. That of October 26, 1972 was the starting point of a 17-year regime which three years later went red with a Marxist Leninist ideology. In other words, on November 30, 1975 Dahomey was under a centrally controlled government and eventually became the People’s Republic of Benin. AUGUST 03
NIGER BECOMES INDEPENDENT FROM FRANCE. On 11 July 1960 France agreed to Niger becoming fully independent. The French Fifth Republic passed a revision of the French Community allowing membership of independent states. On 28 July the Nigerien Legislative Assembly became the Nigerien National Assembly. Independence was declared on 3 August 1960 under the leadership of Prime Minister Diori.
Upper Volta became an autonomous republic in the French community on December 11, 1958. On July 11, 1960 France agreed to Upper Volta becoming fully independent. AUGUST 07
Diori gained worldwide respect for his role as a spokesman for African affairs and as a popular arbitrator in conflicts involving other African nations. Domestically, however, his administration was rife with corruption, and the government was unable to implement much-needed reforms or to alleviate the widespread famine brought on by the Sahelian drought of the early 1970s. Increasingly criticized at home for his negligence in domestic matters, Diori put down a coup in 1963 and narrowly escaped assassination in 1965. Faced with an attempted military coup and attacks by members of Sawaba, he used French advisers and troops to repress opposition, despite student and union protests against French neocolonialism. However, his relationship with France suffered when his government voiced dissatisfaction with the level of investment in uranium production when French President Georges Pompidou visited Niger in 1972.
The PPN functioned as a platform for a handful of Politburo leaders grouped around Diori and his advisors Boubou Hama and Diamballa Maiga, who were largely unchanged from their first election in 1956. By 1974 the party had not held a congress since 1959 (one was scheduled for late 1974 during the famine induced political crisis, but never held). The PPN election lists were made up of traditional rulers from the main ethnic regions who, upon election to the Assembly, were given only ceremonial power. Ethnic tensions, too, mounted duiring Diori’s regime. The Politburo and successive cabinents were made up almost exclusively of Djerma, Songhai and Maouri ethnic groups from the west of the country, the same ethnic base the French had promoted during colonial rule. No Politburo ever contained a member of Hausa or Fula groups, even though the Hausa were the plurality of the population, forming over 40% of Nigeriens. Widespread civil disorder followed allegations that some government ministers were misappropriating stocks of food aid and accused Diori of consolidating power. Diori limited cabinet appointments to fellow Djerma, family members, and close friends. In addition, he acquired new powers by declaring himself the minister of foreign and defense affairs. AUGUST 05
UPPER VOLTA, BECOMES INDEPENDENT FROM FRANCE.
The French first penetrated Chad in 1891, establishing their authority through military expeditions primarily against the Muslim kingdoms. The first major colonial battle for Chad was fought in 1900 between the French Major Lamy and the African leader Rabah, both of whom were killed in the battle. Although the French won that battle, they did not declare the territory pacified until 1911; armed clashes between colonial troops and local bands continued for many years thereafter.
THE WORLDS FIRST STANDARD GAUGE PASSENGER PRESERVED RAILWAY, THE BLUEBELL RAILWAY, OPENS TO THE PUBLIC.
In 1905, administrative responsibility for Chad was placed under a governor general stationed at Brazzaville in what is now Congo. Although Chad joined the French colonies of Gabon, Oubangui-Charo, and Moyen Congo to form the Federation of French Equatorial Africa (AEF) in 1910,
The Bluebell Railway is a heritage line running for nine miles along the border between East Sussex and West Sussex, England. Steam trains are operated between Sheffield Park, with two intermediate stations at Horsted Keynes and Kingscote, and then into East Grinstead. The line was set up for preservation in 1960 by with help from Bernard Holden MBE.
it did not have colonial status until 1920. The northern region of Chad was occupied by the French in 1914. In 1959, the territory of French Equatorial Africa was dissolved, and four states-Gabon, the Central African Republic, Congo (Brazzaville), and Chad--became autonomous members of the French Community. On August 11, 1960 Chad became an independent nation under its first president, Francois Tombalbaye.
In the television series, the Bluebell Railway is a branch line on Sodor, close to the Skarloey Railway.
long civil war began as a tax revolt in 1965 and soon set the Muslim north and east against the southern-led government. Even with the help of French combat forces, the Tombalbaye government was never able to quell the insurgency. Tombalbaye’s rule became more irrational and brutal, leading the military to carry out a coup in 1975 and to install Gen. Felix Malloum, a southerner, as head of state. In 1978, Malloum’s government was broadened to include more northerners.
Stepney was the first engine to be rescued by the Bluebell Railway. The railway is managed and run largely by volunteers. It has the largest collection of steam locomotives in the UK after the National Railway Museum (NRM) (though the Midland Railway, Butterley owns more locomotives after the collection overall), and a collection of almost 150 carriages and wagons (most of them from before or between the world wars), unrivaled in the south of England. In addition to the 30+ locomotives resident on the line, one is on loan from the NRM (another has recently returned there), and a project is well under way to recreate a long-lost type of locomotive (a London, Brighton and South Coast Railway H2 Class Atlantic) from a few surviving parts.
Internal dissent within the government led the northern prime minister, Hissein Habre, to send his forces against the national army in the capital city of N’Djamena in February 1979. The resulting civil war amongst the 11 emergent factions was so widespread that it rendered the central government largely irrelevant. At that point, other African governments decided to intervene.
The Bluebell Railway was the first preserved standard gauge steam-operated passenger railway in the world: it opened on 7 August 1960, shortly after the line from East Grinstead to Lewes had been closed by British Railways. It also preserved a number of steam locomotives even before the cessation of steam service on British mainline railways in 1968. AUGUST 11
CHAD BECOMES INDEPENDENT FROM FRANCE.
When the French arrived and claimed the area in 1896, Mossi resistance ended with the capture of their capital at Ouagadougou. In 1919, certain provinces from Ivory Coast were united into French Upper Volta in the French West Africa federation. In 1932, the new colony was split up for economic reasons; it was reconstituted in 1937 as an administrative division called the Upper Coast. After World War II, the Mossi actively pressured the French for separate territorial status and on September 4, 1947, Upper Volta became a French West African territory again in its own right. A revision in the organization of French Overseas Territories began with the passage of the Basic Law (Loi Cadre) of July 23, 1956. This act was followed by reorganizational measures approved by the French parliament early in 1957 that ensured a large degree of self-government for individual territories.
A series of four international conferences held first under Nigerian and then Organization of African Unity (OAU) sponsorship attempted to bring the Chadian factions together. At the fourth conference, held in Lagos, Nigeria, in August 1979, the Lagos accord was signed. This accord established a transitional government pending national elections. In November 1979, the National Union Transition Government (GUNT) was created with a mandate to govern for 18 months. Goukouni Oueddei, a northerner, was named President; Colonel Kamougue, a southerner, Vice President; and Habre, Minister of Defense. This coalition proved fragile; in January 1980, fighting broke out again between Goukouni’s and Habre’s forces. With assistance from Libya, Goukouni regained control of the capital and other urban centers by year’s end. However, Goukouni’s January 1981 statement that Chad and Libya had agreed to work for the realization of complete unity between the two countries generated intense international pressure and Goukouni’s subsequent call for the complete withdrawal of external forces.
Chad has a long and rich history. A humanoid skull found in Borkou was dated to be more than 3 million years old. Because in ancient times the Saharan area was not totally arid, Chad’s population was more evenly distributed than it is today. For example, 7,000 years ago, the north central basin, now in the Sahara, was still filled with water, and people lived and farmed around its shores. Cliff paintings in Borkou and Ennedi depict elephants, rhinoceroses, giraffes, cattle, and camels; only camels survive there today. The region has been known to traders and geographers since the late Middle Ages. Since then, Chad has served as a crossroads for the Muslim peoples of the desert and savanna regions, and the animist Bantu tribes of the tropical forests. Sao people lived along the Chari River for thousands of years, but their relatively weak chiefdoms were overtaken by the powerful chiefs of what were to become the Kanem-Bornu and Baguirmi kingdoms. At their peak, these two kingdoms and the kingdom of Ouaddai controlled a good part of what is now Chad, as well as parts of Nigeria and Sudan. From 1500 to 1900, Arab slave raids were widespread.
himself. Give us your best Ali impersonation and you can...
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already undergone various testing and their physiology and reactions were familiar to the scientists. Adding up to that, stray dogs were unassuming, easygoing and open to taming; years of life in the street was their strong point, as it had taught them to survive in extreme conditions.
AUGUST 16
THE MEDITERRANEAN ISLAND OF CYPRUS RECEIVES ITS INDEPENDENCE FROM THE UNITED KINGDOM.
The candidates had to also meet physical requirements to fit into the small cockpit -- namely to be no heavier than 13 pounds and 14 inches in height. As the dogs were undoubtedly meant to become instant celebrities and media figures, the scientists were also trying to look for pretty muzzles with a possible touch of wisdom.
The earliest known human activity on the island dates to around the 10th millennium BC. Archaeological remains from this period include the well-preserved Neolithic village of Khirokitia, and Cyprus is home to some of the oldest water wells in the world. Cyprus was settled by Mycenean Greeks in two waves in the 2nd millennium BC. As a strategic location in the Middle East, it was subsequently occupied by several major powers, including the empires of the Assyrians, Egyptians, and Persians, from whom the island was seized in 333 BC by Alexander the Great.
The training field was set up in a stadium, in an old hotel, and all the training and the actual missions were strictly confidential, as most of the experiments were unsuccessful. The dogs, launched into space, kept dying from pressurization loop, parachute mechanism failure or faults in the life support system, but both scientists and authorities excused the deaths by saying the dogs died in the name of science.
Subsequent rule by Ptolemaic Egypt, the Roman Empire, the Byzantines, Arab caliphates for a short period, the French Lusignan dynasty, and the Venetians, was followed by over three centuries of Ottoman control. Cyprus was placed under British administration in 1878 until it was granted independence in 1960, becoming a member of the Commonwealth the following year. In 1974, seven years after the intercommunal violence between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots, an attempted coup d’état by Greek Cypriot nationalists and elements of the Greek military junta with the aim of achieving enosis (union of the island with Greece) took place.Turkey used this as a pretext to invade the northern portion of the island.
Unfortunately the Indra Club (64 Grosse Freiheit) was closed, so a manager from a neighbouring club found someone to open it up, and the group slept on the red leather seats in the alcoves. The group played at the club on the same night, but were told they could sleep in a small cinema’s storeroom, which was cold and noisy, being directly behind the screen of the cinema, the Bambi Kino (33 Paul-Roosen Strasse). McCartney later said, “We lived backstage in the Bambi Kino, next to the toilets, and you could always smell them. The room had been an old storeroom, and there were just concrete walls and nothing else. No heat, no wallpaper, not a lick of paint; and two sets of bunk beds, with not very much covers Union Jack flags we were frozen.” Lennon remembered: “We were put in this pigsty. We were living in a toilet, like right next to the ladies’ toilet. We’d go to bed late and be woken up next day by the sound of the cinema show and old German fraus [women] pissing next door.” After having been awoken in this fashion, the group were then obliged to use cold water from the urinals for washing and shaving. They were paid £2.50 each a day, seven days a week, playing from 8:30-9:30, 10 until 11, 11:30-12:30, and finishing the evening playing from one until two o’clock in the morning. German customers found the group’s name comical, as “Beatles” sounded like “Peedles”, which meant a small boy’s penis.
Turkish forces remained after a cease-fire, resulting in the partition of the island; an objective of Turkey since 1955. The intercommunal violence and subsequent Turkish invasion led to the displacement of over 150,000 Greek Cypriots and 50,000 Turkish Cypriots, and the establishment of a separate Turkish Cypriots political entity in the north. These events and the resulting political situation are matters of a continuing dispute. AUGUST 17
THE NEWLY NAMED BEATLES BEGIN A 48-NIGHT RESIDENCY AT THE INDRA CLUB IN HAMBURG, WEST GERMANY.
Harrison remembered the Reeperbahn and Grosse Freiheit as the best thing the group had ever seen, as it had so many neon lights, clubs and restaurants, although also saying, “The whole area was full of transvestites and prostitutes and gangsters, but I couldn’t say that they were the audience. Hamburg was really like our apprenticeship, learning how to play in front of people.” Best remembered the Indra as being a depressing place that was filled with a few tourists, and having heavy, old, red curtains that made it seem shabby compared to the larger Kaiserkeller, a club also owned by Koschmider and located nearby at 36 Grosse Freiheit. After the closure of the Indra because of complaints about the noise, the Beatles played in the Kaiserkeller, starting on 4 October 1960.
The Beatles members John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, Stuart Sutcliffe and Pete Best regularly performed at different clubs in Hamburg, West Germany, during the period from August 1960 to December 1962; a chapter in the group’s history which honed their performance skills, widened their reputation, and led to their first recording, which brought them to the attention of Brian Epstein. The Beatles’ booking agent, Allan Williams, decided to send the group to Hamburg when another group he managed, Derry and the Seniors, proved successful there. Having no permanent drummer at the time, they recruited Best a few days before their departure. After breaking their contract by playing at another club, Harrison was deported for being under-age, and McCartney and Best were arrested and deported for attempted arson (after McCartney and Best had set fire to a condom in their living quarters).
THE TRIAL OF THE AMERICAN U - 2 PILOT FRANCIS GARY POWERS BEGINS IN MOSCOW.
The court heard Powers was equipped with emergency gear, including money and gold, and there was a mechanism on the plane for destroying it to avoid capture. He also carried a poisoned pin to enable him to commit suicide in case of torture. Powers told the court he was offered a well-paid job with the CIA after leaving the US Air Force. He was told his work would involve flying along the borders of the Soviet Union with the purpose of picking up any radio or radar information. Powers was asked if he now regretted making his last flight. He replied, “yes, very much”. He also apologised for the damage to US/Soviet relations. His plane was shot down on the eve of a superpower summit in Paris, which was subsequently called off. A visit by President Dwight Eisenhower to the Soviet Union was also cancelled. In his final speech to the court, prosecutor Roman Rudenko outspokenly attacked the United States as inspirers and organisers of what he called “monstrous crimes” against peace. He said the US had demonstrated “the real intention of making use of the provocative incursion of the U-2 plane into the Soviet air space as a pretext for wrecking a summit meeting, plunging the world again into the state of cold war, aggravating the tensions in international relations and putting a brake on the Great Powers’ talks on disarmament”.
THE SOVIET UNION LAUNCHES THE SATELLITE SPUTNIK 5, WITH THE DOGS BELKA AND STRELKA
Powers had pleaded guilty to spying for the American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) after his plane was shot down on 1 May at an altitude of about 68,000 ft (20,760 m), south of Sverdlovsk, 850 miles (1,368 km) east of Moscow. The charge sheet said the route taken by Powers “left no doubt that it was a deliberate intrusion into the air space of the Soviet Union with hostile purposes”.
On August 19, 1960, the Soviet stray dogs Belka and Strelka won themselves worldwide fame and glory after successfully performing a 24-hour Earth orbit on the Vostok spacecraft and returning back on Earth safe and sound. After the first Sputnik had been launched into orbit in 1957, Nikita Khrushchev demanded from Sergey Korolev, the head of the Soviet space program, another feat, just as epoch-making. The request resulted in Korolev’s decision to launch another Sputnik with a dog on it.
Powers told the court the U-2 was designed and built for high-altitude flights. He had been told it could fly beyond the reach of anti-aircraft fire.
The Beatles arrived very early in the morning of 17 August 1960, but had no trouble finding the St. Pauli area of Hamburg, as it was so infamous.
Powers was asked why he made the 1 May flight. He said he assumed he was looking for rocket launching sites.
AUGUST 19
The United States pilot, Francis Gary Powers, has been sentenced to 10 years in prison by a Soviet military court.
In the early 1960s, the Hamburg scene revolved around the Kaiserkeller, Top Ten, Star-Club, BeerShop, Mambo, Holle, Wagabond (pronounced vagabond in German) and the Pacific Hotel, as well as the less popular clubs like Grannies, the Ice Cream Shop, Chugs, and Sacha’s. The Reeperbahn and the Grosse Freiheit were decorated with neon lights, with posters advertising the performers in the clubs. Each club had a doorman whose job was to entice customers inside, as the drinks were expensive (for Babycham and watered-down beer). Customers who would not, or could not afford to pay were dealt with severely by being beaten and then thrown out.
In the wreckage of the U-2 were found films of Soviet airfields and other important military and industrial targets. A tape recording was found of the signals of certain Soviet radar stations.
Powers’ wife Barbara and parents have been in court since the trial began three days ago. They are hoping to appeal against the sentence.
AUGUST 17
The Beatles first met Astrid Kirchherr in Hamburg, who was instrumental in their adoption of the famous Beatle haircut. During their time in Hamburg, Sutcliffe decided to leave the group to continue his studies. In April 1962, less than a year after leaving the group, he died of a brain hemorrhage.
He described the moment the plane was hit: “I felt a hollow-sounding explosion. It was behind and there was a kind of orange flash.”
The first dog cosmonauts were chosen from a wide selection of the stray dogs the scientists collected from streets and backyards. They were deemed the most suitable candidates since they had
win some incredible prizes. Or purchase a framed print, personally autographed by Ali.
On August 20, 1960, it was proudly announced that “the space craft performed a non-destructive landing, returning Belka and Strelka to Earth safe and sound.” As the mission was successful, the information about all the preparatory work was allowed to be published in the newspapers, which said that “the dogs passed all sorts of tests; they learned to spend significant amounts of time motionless in the cockpit; they were trained to withstand overloads and vibrations. The animals are no longer afraid of the buzzing, they know how to operate in their uniforms, allowing to monitor heart rate, brain impulses, blood pressure, and breathing and such properly.”
Several days afterward, Belka and Strelka’s flight was broadcast on television. The audience could clearly see how the dogs were doing somersaults in zero gravity. While Strelka was always stressed and on guard, Belka was enjoying herself, frolicking and barking. The scientists even regretted they hadn’t installed microphones, which would have made it an even better story. After the flight, Belka and Strelka were welcome guests in every part of the country, especially popular with children, as they were taken to kindergartens, schools and orphanages. At press conferences, all journalists were anxious to touch and pat the dogs. They were warned, however, that like any star, the dogs were temperamental and could bite them. After the flight Strelka gave birth twice, her puppies being just as popular as their mom. Every puppy stayed at the institute and was closely monitored. One of Strelka’s babies, shaggy Pushok, was given as a gift to U.S. President John F. Kennedy’s wife, Jacqueline. Belka and Strelka spent the rest of their lives at the institute and died of old age. After Belka and Strelka, several more dogs were launched into space, the last one coming back successfully 18 days before Yury Gagarin’s flight. AUGUST 25
THE 1960 SUMMER OLYMPIC GAMES BEGIN IN ROME. For the first time ever the Olympics were televised around the world and it could be argued that the Games truly began its journey to the mega event they are today. Rome owed the Olympics. It was a Roman emperor, Theodosius II, who had brought the ancient Olympics to an abrupt halt in 393AD because he considered them to be pagan. Fittingly, the Romans blended the old and new. They built a brand-new Olympic Stadium that could hold 100,000 but also converted magnificent ancient buildings for other competitions, such as gymnastics and wrestling, held in the Basilica of Maxentius, which had staged the same event 2,000 years earlier.
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MUHAMMAD ALI WINS THE GOLD MEDAL IN LIGHT-HEAVYWEIGHT BOXING. SEPTEMBER 05
The moment that launched the career of the greatest athlete the world has ever known very nearly didn’t happen. A fear of flying meant Cassius Clay tried to withdraw from the 1960 Olympic Games just weeks before the US team travelled to Rome.
He asked if he could make his way there by train. When told neither was possible he decided he could do without the Olympic Games. He was destined for greatness with or without a medal dangling from his neck.
The 18-year-old from Louisville had been on planes before. He just didn’t like them very much. A rocky flight to California for the Olympic trials cemented his view that, aside from when he was dancing in the ring, his feet should remain on the ground. In later years he became a master of disguising his fears (of Sonny Liston, George Foreman or Joe Frazier) but the teenage Clay had no qualms revealing he was scared. He asked if he could go to Rome by sea.
In the end it took a meeting with Joe Martin in Louisville’s Central Park to convince him to travel. Martin was the policeman and boxing trainer who told a pepped-up 12-year-old that if he really wanted to deal with the thief who stole his bike, he should first learn how to fight. “He was afraid of flying,” Martin told an HBO Muhammad Ali special. “We had a rough flight going to California for the trials and so when it
came to go to Rome he said he wasn’t gonna fly, and that he wouldn’t go. I said: ‘Well, you’ll lose the opportunity of being a great fighter,’ and he said: ‘Well, I’m not gonna go.’ He wanted to take a boat or something. Anyway I finally took him out to Central Park here in Louisville and we had a long talk for a couple or three hours, and I calmed him down and convinced him if he wanted to be heavyweight champion of the world, then he had to go to Rome and win the Olympics.”
The only hype and fanfare came from Clay himself, but behind the brash statements was a training regime that was anything but amateur. Training began each day at 4am as he pounded his steeltoed work boots through the deadened streets of Louisville. John Powell, who worked at a liquor dispensary, told Sports Illustrated of the shadowy figure who came trudging the streets in the dead of night. “I’d be sitting on the counter,” Powell said, “and I could see his shadow coming around the corner from Grand Avenue. Clay was on his way to Chicksaw Park. Cold, dark winter mornings. You could see that shadow coming. Then here he comes, running by, with those big old army brogans. He’d be the onliest person in the early morning. And I’d walk outside, and he’d stop and shadowbox. He once said to me: ‘Someday you’ll own this liquor store and I’ll be heavyweight champion of the world.’ Both of those came true, too.”
So Clay travelled to Rome by aeroplane. But he came prepared. Before departing he visited an army surplus store and purchased a parachute, which he kept strapped on throughout the flight. Accounts differ as to Clay’s behaviour once the flight was airborne. In David Remnick’s King of the World Joe Martin’s son, Joe Jr, claims that during a rough flight Clay prayed in the aisle with the parachute on his back. Others recall Clay distracting himself from his fears by holding forth on the flight and decreeing who among the boxing team would win a gold medal. Obviously he included himself in this select group.
But first there was Rome to deal with. There is a tendency to talk up the profound impact Clay had as he wandered the Olympic Village shaking as many hands as possible, like a politician on the campaign trail. There is a tendency to say everyone could see they were in the presence of greatness.
Clay’s credentials as an amateur boxer were there for all to see: 100 victories in 108 bouts, six Kentucky Golden Gloves championships, succes sive light-heavyweight National Amateur Athletic Union titles (1959 and 1960) and two Golden Gloves titles in a row (1959 and 1960). Before the Games, Sports Illustrated declared that he was the USA’s best hope for a medal in boxing, but there was no real sense that a worldwide star was about to be unleashed.
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In his book, Rome 1960: The Olympics That Changed the World, David Maraniss writes: “In retrospect, because of the worldwide fame he gained later as Muhammad Ali, there is a temptation to present him as a larger than life figure at the Rome Olympics than he really was. He was ebullient and memorable from the start, but he was not the leader of the US delegation. It was Clay seeking out people, not people seeking out Clay.”
Clay stormed back with a torrent of combination punching which left Pietrzykowski dazed. He no longer relied too much on his left jab, but made equal use of his right to penetrate the southpaw’s guard. Ripping into the stamina-lacking Pole, he drew blood and came preciously close to scoring a knockout. At the final bell, Pietrzykowski was slumped helplessly against the ropes. There was no doubting the verdict. All the judges made Clay the points winner.”
the boy in the ring that autumn night could turn out to be something special, and wrote about his blossoming professional career as well as his triumph in Rome. Things appear larger in the rearview mirror.
The photograph which shows Clay receiving his medal can, in itself, be seen as a symbol of the changes that were about to take place not just in boxing, but in society as a whole. To Clay’s left stands the bloodied Pietrzykowski, to his right the bronze medallists Giulio Saraudi and Madigan. They are wizened fighters of the old school. Between them, standing tall and gleaming, is Cassius Clay. Clay made an impact on the people he met and earned the nickname “the mayor of the Olympic Village”. In his peerless biography of Muhammad Ali, Thomas Hauser recalls one unnamed teammate saying: “You would have thought he was running for mayor. He went around introducing himself and learning other people’s names and swapping team lapel pins. If they’d had an election, he would have won in a walk.”
Coverage of the victory suggests the media did not fully grasp the potential of the 18-year-old standing in front of them. The Guardian merely carried the result in the following day’s paper, while the New York Times carried a brief report of the final on 5 September 1960. The account read:
“Cassius was easily one of the most popular athletes in the Villaggio Olimpico last summer,” Daley wrote. “He was winning friends and influencing people everywhere. If he craves publicity, he also attracts it with the inexorability of a magnet drawing steel filings.”
was good to watch, but he seemed to make only glancing contact. It is true that the Pole finished the three-round bout helpless and out on his feet.” Clay returned to the US with all the evidence he needed to turn professional dangling around his neck. Dick Schaap, then assistant sports editor at Newsweek, had met Clay along with other US fighters before the Games, impressing them by taking them to Sugar Ray Robinson’s restaurant in Harlem, and Schaap was there to meet Clay at Idlewild airport when he touched down from Rome. As Schaap recalled in an article – “Muhammad Ali: then and now” – for Sport magazine, together they embarked on an endless night which took in Times Square, where Clay had a phony newspaper printed up which said “Clay signs up to fight Paterson”, they had cheesecake in Jack Dempsey’s restaurant and a drink in the jazz bar across the street, where he sampled his first ever drop of alcohol – literally a drop – which he asked them to put in his Coke. All the while Clay seemed amazed that people knew who he was. Girls were interested while men just wanted to shake his hand. Of course it helped that he was wearing a sports jacket with USA emblazoned on the back and had a gold medal engraved with Pugilato around his neck.
As he advanced through the rounds, Clay also became a favourite with the local crowds thanks to a style which, at that stage, was seen as highly unorthodox and, by many of boxing’s old guard, as unnecessarily carefree. Clay’s opening fight, against the Belgian Yvon Becaus, was stopped by the referee in the second round. He then beat the Russian Gennadiy Shatkov, who had won middleweight gold medal at the 1956 Games in Melbourne, in a unanimous points decision. In the semi-final Clay faced Australia’s Tony Madigan. Again he triumphed in a unanimous decision but many observers felt Madigan was hard done by. A 2010 article in Louisville’s Courier-Journal to commemorate the 50th anniversary of his gold medal has Bud Palmer, a CBS presenter, saying he felt that Clay had been beaten by the Australian. In the final Clay came up against Zbigniew ‘Ziggy’ Pietrzykowski, “a portly coffeehouse keeper” from Poland who was somewhere between 25 and 28, depending on whom you believe. The fight before the light-heavyweight final also pitched a Pole against one of the US team. Eddie Crook’s victory over Tadeusz Walasek drew furious howls of derision from the crowd packed into the Palazzo della Sport.
Daley’s piece, perhaps unknowingly, anticipated the radicalisation of Clay, who would renounce his slave name after he beat Sonny Liston to become heavyweight champion of the world in 1964.
“Cassius Clay, an 18-year-old Louisville light-heavyweight, gave the United States its third gold medal in boxing tonight when he soundly whipped Ziggy Pietrzykowski, an experienced Polish Olympian, in the 178-pound Olympic final.
Their angry cries reached the dressing room, where Clay was in the final stages of his preparation. “The people made me fight harder than I should have,” he told the Courier-Journal. “When they booed five minutes after Crook’s win and I was the next American in the ring, I knew I had to leave no doubts.”
“Clay battered the Pole mercilessly in the last round with a flurry of left and right combinations that had his rival groggy. He opened a cut over the Pole’s left eye and almost finished him. It was a unanimous 5-0 decision by the judges. This one went down well with the crowd of 16,000, which also cheered the Pole. “The 25-year-old Pole, the bronze medal winner in 1956, who has had 231 fights, met his master. It took the American a little while to counteract his opponent’s southpaw style but by the third round he had it figured out. There were no knockdowns.”
“The proudest of all Olympic champions was Cassius Marcellus Clay, the great-great-grandson of a slave who borrowed the name from his owner, the Cassius Marcellus Clay who was ambassador to Russia and kin to Henry Clay. When the gold chain with the Olympic gold medal was draped around the boy’s neck in the Pallazzo della Sport, there it remained. “’I didn’t take that medal off for 48 hours,’ said Clay. ‘I even wore it to bed. I didn’t sleep too good because I had to sleep on my back so that the medal wouldn’t cut me. But I didn’t care, I was Olympic champion.’ “He flew back to New York and paraded in his Olympic blazer around Times Square, his Olympic medal still draped around him. Since folks had seen him on television and since he carried his own advertising signs, he was recognised wherever he went and he loved it.”
Their night ended in the suite in the Waldorf Towers (paid for by a Louisville businessman who hoped to manage Clay) where the Olympic champion spent an hour showing Schaap photographs he had taken in Rome. Eventually, as Schaap recalls, he had to go to bed. “’Cassius,’ I said, ‘you’re going to have to explain to my wife tomorrow why I didn’t get home tonight.’ ‘You mean,’ said Cassius, ‘your wife knows who I is, too?’” The perceived wisdom, largely drawn from Ali’s autobiography The Greatest: My Own Story (which he claimed not to have read) is that Clay later threw his gold medal into the Ohio river after a Louisville restaurant refused to serve him and a motorcycle gang threatened him. In fact, this story was invented – he simply lost the medal. He admitted years later: “I don’t know where I put that thing.” Ali was issued with a replacement gold medal at half-time in the USA v Yugoslavia basketball game at the Atlanta Games in 1996.
Such was Clay’s popularity that the crowd’s mood seemed to change as soon as he came to the ring. But a resolution to leave no doubt in the mind of the audience and judges was one thing, but putting it into practice against the more experienced and physically stronger Pole was another, as the British journalist John Cottrell recalled: “In the first round, it seemed that Clay would be badly mauled. He was confused by his opponent’s southpaw style, took some heavy punishment, and once showed his inexperience by closing his eyes in the face of a barrage of blows. Clay managed to keep out of trouble in the second round, and in the last minute he abandoned his show-off style with the fancy footwork and dropped hands, and stood his ground to throw four hard rights to the head. Even so, he was still behind on points at this stage. ‘I knew,’ he explained afterwards, ‘that I had to take the third round big to win.’
The day after Clay won gold, in a piece headlined “The Gladiators”, the New York Times journalist Arthur Daley gives but a passing mention to Clay’s achievement as the article focuses on the gold medal won by Clay’s room-mate in Rome, the light-middleweight Willie ‘Skeeter’ McClure, and other members of the US boxing team, as well as the atmosphere in the arena in Rome. The mention of Clay reads: “Then Cassius Marcellus Clay of Louisville followed the script of another Cassius and bloodied his Caesar, even though this Caesar bore the rather unappropriate [sic] name of Zbigniew Pietrzykowski. No Roman was he, but a Polish light-heavyweight.”
“Clay did finish big. In that final round he suddenly found his top form, moving in and out with expert judgment, punching crisply and with perfect timing. This sharper, better co-ordinated
Others, in the immediate aftermath of the Olympics, focused on Clay’s style, which was not to the liking of traditionalists. In his biography, Hauser lists the “dean of boxing writers”, AJ Liebling, as saying: “I watched Clay’s performance in Rome, and considered it attractive but not probative. Clay had a skittering style, like a pebble over water. He
But by the following May, Daley had realised that
Ali had already made an impact in Atlanta. Shaking, trembling but still majestic, he took the Olympic torch from the swimmer Janet Evans and lit the flame at the opening ceremony. It is as enduring a memory from that Games as any achieved by an athlete.
18 September
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OCTOBER 01
CAMEROON DECLARED INDEPENDENCE FROM UNITED KINGDOM. Southern Cameroons became part of Cameroon on 1 October 1961. Foncha served as Prime Minister of West Cameroun and Vice-President of the Federal Republic of Cameroun. However, the English-speaking peoples of the Southern Cameroons (now West Cameroun) did not believe that they were fairly treated by the French-speaking government of the country. Following a referendum on 20 May 1972, a new constitution was adopted in Cameroun which replaced the federal state with a unitary state. Southern Cameroons lost its autonomous status and became the Northwest Province and Southwest Province of the Republic of Cameroun. The Southern Cameroonians felt further marginalised. Groups such as the Cameroon Anglophone Movement (CAM) demanded greater autonomy, or independence, for the provinces. Pro-independence groups claim that UN Resolution 1608 21 April 1961, which required the UK, the Government of the Southern Cameroons and Republic of Cameroun to engage in talks with a view to agreeing measures for union of the two countries, was not implemented, and that the Government of the United Kingdom was negligent in terminating its trusteeship without ensuring that proper arrangements were made. They say that the adoption of a federal constitution by Cameroun on 1 September 1961 constituted annexation of South Cameroons. Representatives of Anglophone groups convened the first All Anglophone Conference (AAC1) in Buea from 2 April to 3 April 1993. The conference issued the “Buea Declaration”, which called for constitutional amendments to restore the 1961 federation. This was followed by the second All Anglophone Conference (AAC2) in Bamenda in 1994. This conference issued the “Bamenda Declaration”, which stated that if the federal state was not restored within a reasonable time, Southern Cameroons would declare its independence. The AAC was renamed the Southern Cameroons Peoples Conference (SCPC), and later the Southern Cameroons Peoples Organisation (SCAPO), with the Southern Cameroons National Council (SCNC) as the executive governing body. Younger activists formed the Southern Cameroons Youth League (SCYL) in Buea on 28 May 1995. The SCNC sent a delegation, led by John Foncha, to the United Nations, which was received on 1 June 1995 and presented a petition against the ‘annexation’ of the Southern Cameroons by French Cameroun. This was followed by a signature referendum the same year, which the organisers claim produced a 99% vote in favour of independence with 315,000 people voting.
OCTOBER 03
JÂNIO QUADROS IS ELECTED THE PRESIDENT OF BRAZIL FOR A FIVE-YEAR TERM. On Apr. 21, 1960, Brasilia became the nation’s official capital and was a sign of a commitment to more development of Brazil’s interior. Kubitschek was not allowed to succeed himself and, in 1960, Jânio Quadros was elected president by the greatest popular margin in Brazil’s history. Quadros believed that if the United States could trade with the Soviet Union, so could Brazil. He began negotiations with Communist bloc nations. This displeased the United States. Wealthy Brazilian businessmen were unhappy with Quadros’ tax plan. Profits from newly created industries or from industries of special benefit to the public would be taxed at 10 percent.
Other companies would be taxed at 30 percent, or taxed 50 percent on profits from money invested abroad. Quadros angered conservatives also by greeting Cuba’s Minister of Industry, Che Guevara, and giving him a medal while Guevara was passing through Brazil on his way home to Cuba. After only eight months as president, the military forced Quadros from office. Later, Quadros was to blame various foreigners for their participation in opposition against his presidency, including the U.S. ambassador to Brazil, John Moors Cabot and the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury, Douglas Dillon. Following Quadros as president was Brazil’s vice-president, João Goulart -- a millionaire landowner. Goulart advocated mild land reform and mild restrictions on the amount of profit that could be taken out of the country. He extended the vote to illiterates, and he extended to Brazilian communists the right to participate in the political life of their nation. The U.S. Secretary of Defense, Robert MacNamara, complained of Brazil’s neutrality in the Cold War. American officials complained about some members in Goulart’s cabinet, and Attorney-General Robert Kennedy met with Goulart and spoke of his uneasiness about Goulart allowing Communists to hold positions in government agencies. The United States was pursuing what it called the Alliance for Progress, which was supposed to support reform as well as economic advance, but the U.S. was holding back on loans to Brazil. OCTOBER 05
WHITE SOUTH AFRICANS VOTE TO MAKE THE COUNTRY A REPUBLIC.
It was a narrow victory for the republicans. However, a considerable number of Afrikaners did vote against the measure. The few Blacks, Indians and Coloureds allowed to vote were decidedly against the measure. English speakers who voted for a Republic had done so on condition that their cultural heritage be safeguarded. Many had associated a Republic with the survival of the white South African. MacMillan’s speech had illustrated that the British government was no longer prepared to stand by South Africa’s racialist policies. Nevertheless, the referendum was a significant victory for Afrikaner nationalism as British political and cultural influence waned in South Africa. However, one question remained after the referendum: would South Africa become a Republic outside the Commonwealth (the outcome favoured by the most Afrikaner nationalists)? Withdrawal from the Commonwealth would likely alienate English speakers and damage relations with many other countries. Former British colonies such as India, Ceylon, Pakistan and Ghana were all republics within the Commonwealth, and Verwoerd announced that his would follow suit “if possible”.
By the end of his term (and, as a result of his assassination, his life), Verwoerd had solidified the NP’s domination of South African politics. In the 1966 elections, the party won 126 out of the 170 seats in parliament. By 1960, however, much of the South African electorate were calling for withdrawal from the Commonwealth and the establishment of South Africa as a republic. It was decided that a Republican referendum was to be held in October. International circumstances made the referendum a growing necessity. In the aftermath of the World War II, former British colonies in Africa and Asia were gaining independence and publicising the ills of apartheid. Commonwealth members were determined to isolate South Africa. On 5 October 1960, 90.5 per cent of the white electorate turned out to vote on the issue. 850,458 (52 per cent) voted in favour of a Republic, while 775,878 were against it. The Cape, Orange Free State and Transvaal were all in favour; Natal, a mainly English-speaking province, was not.
Under Wachuku’s leadership at the United Nations, both the Nigerian Army and the Nigerian Police Force made their debut in International Peacekeeping - under the auspices of the World Organization. During his time at the United Nations, Nigeria’s Major-General Johnson Thomas Umunnakwe Aguiyi Ironsi was appointed Commander of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in the Congo. Also, the first Nigerian Permanent Secretary, Mr. Francis Nwokedi was retained by the United Nations to help in the reorganization of the Civil Service in the Congo. Wachuku also secured the appointment of the first African Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations - Nigeria’s Godfrey K. J. Amachree - who became UN Under Secretary-General for Trusteeship and Non-Self-Governing Territories.
In January 1961, Verwoerd’s government brought forth legislation to transform the Union of South Africa into the Republic of South Africa. The constitution was finalised in April. It merged the authority of the British Crown and Governor-General into a new post, State President. The president would have rather little political power, serving more as the ceremonial head of the country. The political power was to lie with the Prime Minister and head of government. The South African Republic would also have its own monetary system, employing Rands and cents. OCTOBER 07
The question of apartheid dominated the 1958 election and the NP took 55 per cent of the vote, thus winning a clear majority for the first time. When Strijdom died that same year, there was a tripartite succession contest between Swart, Donges and Hendrik Verwoerd. The latter, devoted to the cause of a South African Republic, was the new Prime Minister. Verwoerd, a former Minister of Native Affairs, played a leading role in the institution of the apartheid system. Under his leadership, the NP solidified its control over South African, apartheid-era politics. To gain support of the English-identified population of South Africa, Verwoerd appointed several English-speakers to his cabinet. He also cited the radical political movements elsewhere in the African continent as vindication of his belief that black and white nationalism could not work within the same system. Verwoerd also presented the NP as the party best equipped to deal with the widely-perceived threat of communism.
At the United Nations, he soon stood out in excellence and visionary, selfless service to his country Nigeria and the rest of humankind. It was during this period that Time and Jet magazine commendably quoted Wachuku as saying - from the rostrum of the United Nations General Assembly: “I am losing confidence in the great powers. They are climbing from the pedestal of greatness to the pedestal of insanity. We expect leadership from them; they give us destruction. We expect wisdom from them; they give us lack of knowledge....” He was lambasting the Eastern and Western Blocs for not ending their differences and quarrels.
OCTOBER 12
NIGERIA BECOMES THE 99TH MEMBER OF THE UNITED NATIONS.
OTOYA YAMAGUCHI ASSASSINATES INEJIRO ASANUMA, THE CHAIRMAN OF THE JAPANESE SOCIALIST PARTY. In the 1930s, Asanuma became a national socialist, lending his support to the war policies of the Imperial Japanese Army, and served in the Diet from 1936. However, he withdrew his candidacy from the 1942 election and retired from politics until after the war. He was widely criticized for a 1959 incident where he went to Communist-controlled Mainland China and called the United States “the shared enemy of China and Japan”. When he returned from this trip he wore a Mao suit while disembarking from his plane in Japan, sparking criticism even from Socialist leaders. At that time, both the United States and Japan recognized the Republic of China as the rightful government of Mainland China.
Notably, Time magazine described him as “Nigeria’s dynamic U.N. Ambassador Jaja Wachuku” - stating that because of his worthy, very lively and enthusiastic diplomatic style with a lot of energy, wisdom and determination; “Nigeria, less than two months after winning its independence, is on its way to becoming one of the major forces in Africa.”
On October 12, 1960, Asanuma was assassinated by 17-year-old Otoya Yamaguchi, a militant nationalist, during a televised political debate for the coming elections for the House of Representatives. While Asanuma spoke from the lectern at Tokyo’s Hibiya Hall, Yamaguchi rushed onstage and ran his wakizashi through Asanuma’s abdomen, killing him. The entire incident was broadcast live on television, witnessed by millions of viewers, and preserved on film.
From 1960 to 1961, Wachuku served as first Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Nigeria to the United Nations in New York, as well as Federal Minister for Economic Development. He hoisted Nigeria’s flag as the 99th member of the United Nations on 7 October 1960. Accordingly, Jaja Wachuku was instrumental to Nigeria becoming the 58th Member State of United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) on Monday 14 November 1960. Also, as First Ambassador of Nigeria to the United Nations, Wachuku represented the country at the independence celebrations of Tanganyika - now known as United Republic of Tanzania. At the United Nations, Jaja Wachuku was elected First African Chairman of a United Nations Conciliation Commission - the Conciliation Commission to the Congo.
The Japanese public was deeply shocked by the Asanuma assassination. In its wake, a spate of mass demonstrations for peace and order ensued across the country. The assassin Yamaguchi was captured at the scene of the crime, and a few weeks thereafter committed suicide while in police custody.[4] After Asanuma’s death, the Japan Socialist Party further divided between politicians on the left and right, ultimately disbanding and reconstituting itself as the Social Democratic Party in 1996.
Following a cabinet reshuffle at Nigeria’s independence, Wachuku was appointed Minister of Economic Development and Member of the First Nigerian Delegation on the admission of Nigeria to the United Nations. On the eve of his departure from New York, the Prime Minister Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa invited Wachuku to his hotel suite and told him that he was leaving him behind as Leader of the Delegation and Ambassador plus Permanent Representative of Nigeria to the United Nations. Jaja Wachuku protested to Prime Minister Balewa - saying that he did not join the Delegation with the intention of staying in New York, and that he told his wife, Rhoda, that he would be away for only one week. Prime Minister Balewa replied: “Never mind, I will tell her when I arrive Lagos.”
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However, this postcard never made it out of the country. The University of Ibadan College Students Union demanded deportation and accused the volunteers of being “America’s international spies” and the project as “a scheme designed to foster neocolonialism.” Soon the international press picked up the story, leading several people in the U.S. administration to question the program. Nigerian students protested the program, while the American volunteers sequestered themselves and eventually began a hunger strike.[19] After several days, the Nigerian students agreed to open a dialogue with the Americans. OCTOBER 29
IN LOUISVILLE, KENTUCKY, CASSIUS CLAY WINS HIS FIRST PROFESSIONAL BOXING MATCH.
OCTOBER 05
Bobby Richardson and pinch-hitter Dale Long both greeted him with singles, and Pirates manager Danny Murtaugh was forced to bench the veteran pitcher in favor of Harvey Haddix. Although he got Roger Maris to foul out, Haddix gave up a key single to Mickey Mantle that scored Richardson and moved Long to third. Yogi Berra followed, hitting a short grounder to first, with Rocky Nelson easily getting the second out.
THE PITTSBURGH PIRATES WON THE 1960 WORLD SERIES OF BASEBALL IN GAME 7, ON A HOME RUN HIT BY BILL MAZEROSKI FOR A 10–9 VICTORY OVER THE NEW YORK YANKEES.
In what, at the moment, stood as a monumental play, Mantle, seeing he had no chance to beat a play at second, scurried back to first and avoided Nelson’s tag (which would have been the third out) as Gil McDougald (pinch-running for Long) raced home to tie the score, 9–9. Had Mantle been out on the play, the run would still have counted if it had scored before the tag. With Mantle safe, the top of the ninth continued, but ended when the next batter hit into a force play.
For the deciding seventh game, Bob Turley, the winning pitcher in Game 2, got the nod for the Yankees against the Pirates’ Vern Law, the winning pitcher in Games 1 and 4.
Ralph Terry returned to the mound in the bottom of the ninth. The first batter to face him was Bill Mazeroski. With a count of one ball and no strikes, the Pirates’ second baseman smashed a historic long drive over the left field wall, ending the contest and crowning the Pirates as World Series champions. As the Pirates erupted, the Yankees stood across the field in stunned disbelief. The improbable champions were outscored, outhit, and outplayed, but had managed to pull out a victory anyhow. Years later, Mickey Mantle was quoted[citation needed] as saying that losing the 1960 series was the biggest disappointment of his career, the only loss, amateur or professional, he cried actual tears over. For Bill Mazeroski, by contrast, it was the highlight.
Turley lasted only one inning. After dismissing the first two batters, Turley walked Bob Skinner, then Rocky Nelson homered to give the Pirates a 2–0 lead. Turley was then pulled after giving up a single to Smoky Burgess leading off the second. Don Hoak then drew a base on balls against Bill Stafford, and Bill Mazeroski’s bunt single loaded the bases. Stafford appeared to get the Yankees out of trouble after inducing Law to hit into a double play, pitcher to catcher to first. But Bill Virdon’s single to right scored both Hoak and Mazeroski and increased the Pirates’ lead to 4–0. The Yankees got on the scoreboard in the fifth on Bill Skowron’s leadoff home run, his second homer of the Series. In the sixth, Bobby Richardson led off with a single and Tony Kubek drew a base on balls. Elroy Face relieved Law and got Roger Maris to pop out to Hoak in foul territory, but Mickey Mantle singled to score Richardson. Yogi Berra followed with a home run that gave the Yankees their first lead, 5–4.
Mazeroski became the first player to hit a game-ending home run in the seventh game, to win a World Series. Thirty-three years later, Joe Carter would become the only other player to end the World Series with a home run, doing so for the Toronto Blue Jays in the 1993 World Series against the Pirates’ in-state rivals, the Philadelphia Phillies, albeit in Game 6. Although most noted for the series-ending homer, Game 7 is also the only game in all of postseason history with no strikeouts recorded by either side.
The Yankees scored two more runs in the eighth. With two out, Berra walked and Skowron singled. Johnny Blanchard then singled to score Berra, then Clete Boyer doubled to score Skowron. The Pirates opened the bottom of the eighth inning with singles by Gino Cimoli (pinch-hitting for Face) and Virdon (on a ground ball to short for what could have been a double play; the ball instead took a bad hop and struck Kubek in the throat). Dick Groat then chased Bobby Shantz (who had entered the game in the third and had pitched five innings, after not pitching more than four during the regular season) with a single to score Cimoli. Jim Coates got Skinner out on a sacrifice bunt, which moved the runners up. Nelson followed with a fly ball to right, and Virdon declined to challenge Maris’ throwing arm. Coates then got two quick strikes on Roberto Clemente and was one strike away from getting the Yankees out of their most serious trouble of the afternoon.
Bobby Richardson of the Yankees was named MVP of the Series, the only time that someone from the defeated team has been so honored. OCTOBER 14
PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE JOHN F. KENNEDY FIRST SUGGESTS THE IDEA FOR THE PEACE CORPS OF THE UNITED STATES. John F. Kennedy first announced his idea for such an organization during the 1960 presidential campaign, at a late-night speech at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor on October 14, 1960. On November 1, on the steps of the Michigan Union, he dubbed the proposed organization the “Peace Corps.” A golden plaque in the ground commemorates the momentous event.
Clemente eventually hit a Baltimore Chop towards first with first baseman Skowron and Coates trying to get to the ball at the same time at the cut of the infield grass. Clemente’s speed forced Skowron to just hold onto the ball as Coates, after trying to get the ground ball, could not make it to first base in time to cover. The high chopper allowed Virdon to score, cutting the Yankee lead to 7–6. Hal Smith followed with a three-run home run to give the Pirates a 9–7 lead. Ralph Terry relieved Coates and got the last out.
Critics opposed the program. Kennedy’s opponent, Richard M. Nixon, predicted it would become a “cult of escapism” and “a haven for draft dodgers.”
Bob Friend, an 18-game winner for the Pirates and their starter in Games 2 and 6, came on in the ninth to try to protect the lead.
Others doubted whether recent graduates had the necessary skills and maturity.
The idea was popular among students, however, and Kennedy pursued it, asking respected academics such as Max Millikan and Chester Bowles to help him outline the organization and its goals. During his inaugural address, Kennedy again promised to create the program: “And so, my fellow Americans: ask not what your country can do for you ask what you can do for your country”. President Kennedy in a speech at the White House on June 22, 1962, “Remarks to Student Volunteers Participating in Operation Crossroads Africa”, acknowledged that Operation Crossroads for Africa was the basis for the development of the Peace Corps. “This group and this effort really were the progenitors of the Peace Corps and what this organization has been doing for a number of years led to the establishment of what I consider to be the most encouraging indication of the desire for service not only in this country but all around the world that we have seen in recent years”. The Peace Corps website answered the question “Who Inspired the Creation of the Peace Corps?”, acknowledging that the Peace Corps were based on Operation Crossroads Africa founded by Rev. James H. Robinson.
On March 1, 1961, Kennedy signed Executive Order 10924 that officially started the Peace Corps. Concerned with the growing tide of revolutionary sentiment in the Third World, Kennedy saw the Peace Corps as a means of countering the stereotype of the “Ugly American” and “Yankee imperialism,” especially in the emerging nations of post-colonial Africa and Asia. Kennedy appointed his brother-in-law, Sargent Shriver, to be the program’s first director. Shriver fleshed out the organization with the help of Warren Wiggins and others. Shriver and his think tank outlined the organization’s goals and set the initial number of volunteers. The program began recruiting in July 1962. Until about 1967, applicants had to pass a placement test that tested “general aptitude” (knowledge of various skills needed for Peace Corps assignments) and language aptitude.[citation needed] After an address from Kennedy, who was introduced by Rev. Russell Fuller of Memorial Christian Church, Disciples of Christ, on August 28, 1961, the first group of volunteers left for Ghana and Tanzania. The program was formally authorized by Congress on September 22, 1961, and within two years over 7,300 volunteers were serving in 44 countries. This number increased to 15,000 in June 1966, the largest number in the organization’s history.
As Muhammad Ali started fighting in professional boxing bouts, he realized that there things he could do to create attention for himself. For instance, before fights, Ali would say things to worry his opponents. He would also frequently declare, “I am the greatest of all time!” Often before a fight, Ali would write poetry that would either called the round his opponent would fall or boast of his own abilities. Muhammad Ali’s most famous line was when he stated he was going to “Float like a butterfly, sting like a bee.”
His theatrics worked. Many people paid to see Muhammad Ali’s fights just to see such a braggart lose. In 1964, even the heavyweight champion, Charles “Sonny” Liston got caught up in the hype and agreed to fight Muhammad Ali. On February 25, 1964, Muhammad Ali fought Liston for the heavyweight title in Miami, Florida. Liston tried for a quick knockout, but Ali was too fast to catch. By the 7th round, Liston was too exhausted, had hurt his shoulder, and was worried about a cut under his eye. Liston refused to continue the fight. Muhammad Ali had become the heavyweight boxing champion of the world. The day after the championship bout with Liston, Muhammad Ali publicly announced his conversion to Islam. The public was not happy. Ali had joined the Nation of Islam, a group led by Elijah Muhammad that advocated for a separate black nation. Since many people found the Nation of Islam’s beliefs to be racist, they were angry and disappointed that Ali had joined them. Up to this point, Muhammad Ali was still known as Cassius Clay. When he joined the Nation of Islam in 1964, he shed his “slave name” (he had been named after a white abolitionist that had freed his slaves) and took on the new name of Muhammad Ali.
The organization experienced controversy in its first year of operation. On October 13, 1961, a postcard from a volunteer named Margery Jane Michelmore in Nigeria to a friend in the U.S. described her situation in Nigeria as “squalor and absolutely primitive living conditions.”
20 October
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The vast, low-lying central area is a basin-shaped plateau sloping toward the west and covered by tropical rainforest. This area is surrounded by mountainous terraces in the west, plateaus merging into savannas in the south and southwest, and dense grasslands extending beyond the Congo River in the north. High mountains are found in the extreme eastern region.
NOVEMBER 02
PENGUIN BOOKS IS FOUND NOT GUILTY OF OBSCENITY IN THE CASE OF D. H. LAWRENCE’S NOVEL LADY CHATTERLEY’S LOVER.
The D.R.C. lies on the Equator, with one-third of the country to the north and two-thirds to the south. The climate is hot and humid in the river basin and cool and dry in the southern highlands. South of the Equator, the rainy season lasts from October to May and north of the Equator, from April to November. Along the Equator, rainfall is fairly regular throughout the year. During the wet season, thunderstorms often are violent but seldom last more than a few hours. The average annual rainfall for the entire country is about 107 centimeters (42 in.).
Lady Chatterley’s Lover is a novel by D. H. Lawrence, first published in 1928. The first edition was printed privately in Florence, Italy, with assistance from Pino Orioli; an unexpurgated edition could not be published openly in the United Kingdom until 1960. (A private edition was issued by Inky Stephensen’s Mandrake Press in 1929.) The book soon became notorious for its story of the physical (and emotional) relationship between a working-class man and an upper-class woman, its explicit descriptions of sex, and its use of then-unprintable words. The story is said to have originated from events in Lawrence’s own unhappy domestic life, and he took inspiration for the settings of the book from Eastwood, Nottinghamshire, where he grew up. According to some critics, the fling of Lady Ottoline Morrell with “Tiger”, a young stonemason who came to carve plinths for her garden statues, also influenced the story. Lawrence at one time considered calling the novel Tenderness and made significant alterations to the text and story in the process of its composition. It has been published in three versions. When the full unexpurgated edition was published by Penguin Books in Britain in 1960, the trial of Penguin under the Obscene Publications Act 1959 was a major public event and a test of the new obscenity law. The 1959 act (introduced by Roy Jenkins) had made it possible for publishers to escape conviction if they could show that a work was of literary merit. One of the objections was to the frequent use of the word “fuck” and its derivatives. Another objection involves the use of the word “cunt”. Various academic critics and experts of diverse kinds, including E. M. Forster, Helen Gardner, Richard Hoggart, Raymond Williams and Norman St John-Stevas, were called as witnesses, and the verdict, delivered on 2 November 1960, was “not guilty”. This resulted in a far greater degree of freedom for publishing explicit material in the United Kingdom. The prosecution was ridiculed for being out of touch with changing social norms when the chief prosecutor, Mervyn Griffith-Jones, asked if it were the kind of book “you would wish your wife or servants to read”. The Penguin second edition, published in 1961, contains a publisher’s dedication, which reads: “For having published this book, Penguin Books were prosecuted under the Obscene Publications Act, 1959 at the Old Bailey in London from 20 October to 2 November 1960. This edition is therefore dedicated to the twelve jurors, three women and nine men, who returned a verdict of ‘Not Guilty’ and thus made D. H. Lawrence’s last novel available for the first time to the public in the United Kingdom.”. NOVEMBER 13
SAMMY DAVIS, JR., MARRIES THE SWEDISH ACTRESS MAY BRITT. Thanks to his parents, Sammy Davis Jr’s route to fame began in Vaudeville, before moving on to the dizzy heights of Broadway and Las Vegas. An all-round performer, he could sing, act, dance and make people laugh with his many impersonations. Davis’s long career in show business was even more remarkable because he managed to overcome racial barriers, in an era of strict segregation and racism. Davis was drafted into the US Army when was eighteen and his experiences were not happy ones. Suffering abuse by fellow soldiers, he was transferred to an entertainment regiment, and eventually found himself performing in front of some of the same soldiers who had painted the word “coon” on his forehead. After the war, Davis went solo and signed a recording contract with Decca Records. His first two albums - ‘Starring Sammy Davis, Jr’ and ‘Just for Lovers’ – both sold well and he soon became a headliner in Las Vegas and New York.
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NOVEMBER 14
A COLLISION BETWEEN TWO TRAINS IN PARDUBICE, CZECHOSLOVAKIA, KILLS 117 PEOPLE. Stéblová - A tiny municipality of 80 houses and 190 people, located in Eastern Bohemia, the Czech Republic, and passed through by a train line connecting two regional cities - Hradec Králové and Pardubice. Stéblová may seem uninteresting at first, but 50 years ago, on 14 November 1960, it entered the Czechoslovak and European history with a tragic train crash. On that day, at PM 5:43 of the local time, two trains - one heading to Pardubice, the second to Hradec Králové - crashed head-on at approximately 60 kmph speed near the Stéblová railway station.
In the 1960s Davis managed to turn an average Broadway show, ‘Mr Wonderful’, into a roaring success. He went on to woo critics in the film ‘Porgy and Bess’ and, as a member of the high-profile ‘Rat Pack’, he hobnobbed with Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Tony Curtis, and Joey Bishop. The highlife also served up pitfalls for Davis, and his marriage to Swedish actress May Britt earned him the vitriol of the Ku Klux Klan. While his ‘Rat Pack’ ways of drink and drugs threatened his health, his lavish lifestyle nearly bankrupted him. In the mid-1950s, Sammy was involved with Kim Novak, who was a valuable star under contract to Columbia Studios. The head of the studio, Harry Cohn called one of the mob bosses, who was asked to tell Sammy that he had to stop the affair. In 1960, Davis caused controversy when he married white Swedish-born actress May Britt. Davis received hate mail when he was starred in the Broadway musical adaptation of Golden Boy from 1964 - 1966 (for which he received a Tony Award nomination for Best Actor), but that did not bother his fans. At the time Davis appeared in the play, interracial marriages were forbidden by law in many US states. The couple had one daughter and adopted two sons. Davis performed almost continuously and spent little time with his wife. They divorced in 1968, after Davis admitted to having had an affair with singer Lola Falana. That year, Davis started dating Altovise Gore, a dancer in “Golden Boy”. They were wed in 1970 by Jesse Jackson. They adopted a child, and remained married until Davis’ death in 1990. Davis became addicted to drugs and alcohol, later developing both liver and kidney trouble which required hospitalisation in 1974. The last fifteen years of Davis’s life were conducted at the performer’s usual hectic pace. In 1978 he appeared in another Broadway musical, ‘Stop the World - I Want To Get Off’ Following the discovery of a throat tumour in 1989, Davis underwent radiation therapy, but died in 1990. NOVEMBER 14
BELGIUM THREATENS TO LEAVE THE UNITED NATIONS OVER CRITICISM OF ITS POLICY CONCERNING THE REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO.
In total, 118 people died. Tens of others suffered very grave injuries.
Established as a Belgian colony in 1908, the Republic of the Congo gained its independence in 1960, but its early years were marred by political and social instability.
In the Czech Republic, it is the gravest accident on record. And in Europe, there has been only one rail accident that killed more people - in 1974 in Zagreb, former Yugoslavia (now Croatia), with 153 dead.
Col. Joseph Mobuto seized power and declared himself president in a November 1965 coup. He subsequently changed his name - to Mobuto Sese Seko - as well as that of the country - to Zaire. Mobuto retained his position for 32 years through several sham elections, as well as through the use of brutal force.
First, the Stéblová train disaster took place during the Czechoslovak communist regime, which effectively meant that the authorities tried to keep the event as secret as possible, officially to prevent it from being abused by “enemies of socialism”.
Ethnic strife and civil war, touched off by a massive inflow of refugees in 1994 from fighting in Rwanda and Burundi, led in May 1997 to the toppling of the Mobuto regime by a rebellion backed by Rwanda and Uganda and fronted by Laurent Kabila. He renamed the country the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), but in August 1998 his regime was itself challenged by a second insurrection again backed by Rwanda and Uganda. Troops from Angola, Chad, Namibia, Sudan, and Zimbabwe intervened to support Kabila’s regime.
All Czechoslovak media were ordered by the Central Committee of the communist party to report about the crash only very shortly. The trial was not public, compensations were distributed in silence, and everything was supposed to be forgotten quickly.
A cease-fire was signed in July 1999 by the DRC, Congolese armed rebel groups, Angola, Namibia, Rwanda, Uganda, and Zimbabwe but sporadic fighting continued. Laurent Kabila was assassinated in January 2001 and his son, Joseph Kabila, was named head of state. In October 2002, the new president was successful in negotiating the withdrawal of Rwandan forces occupying eastern Congo; two months later, the Pretoria Accord was signed by all remaining warring parties to end the fighting and establish a government of national unity.
The second remarkable aspect is that in spite of rather robust investigation, there is (and most probably always will be) very little that can explain why the steam train heading to Pardubice left the Stéblová railway station ahead of schedule, which in effect caused the head-on collision with the diesel train heading to Hradec Králové.
A transitional government was set up in July 2003. Joseph Kabila as president and four vice presidents represented the former government, former rebel groups, the political opposition, and civil society. The transitional government held a successful constitutional referendum in December 2005 and elections for the presidency, National Assembly, and provincial legislatures in 2006.
Importantly, the crash took place amid very difficult conditions - it was about 3 degrees Celsius, the evening was dark and misty, and the Stéblová station was very poorly lit. The steam train staff - and two people in the station too - saw a shady green light, understood as a departure sign. But the train dispatcher at the station never gave any signal - he could not, because he was inside the railway station building at the time.
The National Assembly was installed in September 2006 and Kabila was inaugurated president in December 2006. Provincial assemblies were constituted in early 2007, and elected governors and national senators in January 2007. The most recent national elections were held on 28 November 2011.
It has never been explained what the mysterious green light was, or where it came from - whether it was an optical illusion, a reflection, or whether there were any light in the first place.
The Democratic Republic of the Congo (D.R.C.) includes the greater part of the Congo River basin, which covers an area of almost one million square kilometers (400,000 sq. mi.). The country’s only outlet to the Atlantic Ocean is a narrow strip of land on the north bank of the Congo River.
November
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NOVEMBER 15
One of the most mind-boggling statistics is that Chamberlain averaged 48.5 minutes on court that season, despite the fact that games are only usually 48 minutes long. Because Chamberlain had played overtime in games, this meant that his average exceeded the normal 48 minutes. He had played 3,882 minutes out of a possible 3,890 that season.
Ongoing problems with the W-47 warhead, especially with its mechanical arming and safing equipment, led to large numbers of the missiles being recalled for modifications, and the U.S. Navy sought a replacement with either a larger yield or equivalent destructive power. The result was the W-58 warhead used in a “cluster” of three warheads for the Polaris A-3, the final model of the Polaris missile.
Chamberlain’s play-off dream was again to be ended by Bill Russell’s Boston Celtics, who beat the Warriors after a close Game 7 loss.
NOVEMBER 24
There’s great irony that Wilt set the record for rebounds in a game vs the Celtics.
NOVEMBER 28
Chamberlain finally made his NBA debut on October 24, 1959, for the Philadelphia Warriors.
The Polaris missile was a two-stage solid-fuel nuclear-armed submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) built during the Cold War by Lockheed Corporation of California for the United States Navy.
Wilt Chamberlain holds the NBA record for most rebounds in a game with 55. Wilt set the record for most rebounds while playing for the Philadelphia Warriors in a game vs the Boston Celtics on November 24, 1960.
Wilt’s great rival, Bill Russell was the Celtics center. Russell himself had just set the record for most rebounds in a game eight months earlier in 1960, when he grabbed 51 rebounds vs the Syracuse Nationals. And even though Wilt set the record for most rebounds in a game with 55, the Celtics beat the Warriors in that game, 132-129.
THE PROFESSIONAL BASKETBALL PLAYER WILT CHAMBERLAIN OF THE PHILADELPHIA 76ERS GETS 55 REBOUNDS IN AN NBA GAME VERSUS THE BOSTON CELTICS.
Many new project management techniques were introduced during the development of the Polaris missile program, to deal with the inherent system complexity. This includes the use of the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT). This technique replaced the simpler Gantt chart methodology which was largely employed prior to this program.
A POLARIS MISSILE IS TEST-LAUNCHED FROM CAPE CANAVERAL, FLORIDA.
The Polaris program started development in 1956. The USS George Washington, the first US missile submarine, successfully launched the first Polaris missile from a submerged submarine on July 20, 1960. The A-2 version of the Polaris missile was essentially an upgraded A-1, and it entered service in late 1961. It was fitted on a total of 13 submarines and served until June 1974.(1).
MAURITANIA BECOMES INDEPENDENT OF FRANCE.
His pick was highly unusual as it was meant to be a territorial pick, based on where a player had gone to college. As Chamberlain had gone to college in Kansas, and there were no local NBA teams in Kansas, the Warriors said that they had the right to draft Chamberlain based on the fact that he grew up in Philadelphia.
It was designed to be used as part of the Navy’s contribution to the United States arsenal of nuclear weapons, replacing the Regulus cruise missile. Known as a Fleet Ballistic Missile (FBM), the Polaris was first launched from the Cape Canaveral, Florida, missile test base on January 7, 1960.
The Polaris missile replaced an earlier plan to create a submarine-based missile force based on a huge surfaced submarine carrying four “Jupiter” missiles, which would be carried and launched horizontally. This Navy “Jupiter” missile is not to be confused with the U.S. Army Jupiter Intermediate-range ballistic missile. At Edward Teller’s prompting,[1] the Navy’s “Jupiter” missile plans were abandoned in favor of the much smaller, solid-fuel-propelled Polaris.
Following the Polaris Sales Agreement in 1963, Polaris missiles were also carried on British Royal Navy submarines between 1968 and the mid1990s. Plans to equip the Italian Navy with the missile ended in the mid-60s, after several successful test launches carried out on board the Italian cruiser Giuseppe Garibaldi. Despite the successful launching tests, the US never provided the missiles, due to political convenience. Instead the Italian Government set to develop an indigenous missile, called Alfa, with a successful program, officially halted by Italian Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty ratification and failure of the NATO Multilateral Force.
Originally, the Navy favored cruise missile systems in a strategic role, such as the Regulus missile deployed on the earlier USS Grayback and a few other submarines, but a major drawback of these early cruise missile launch systems (and the Jupiter proposals) was the need to surface, and remain surfaced for some time, to launch. Submarines were very vulnerable to attack during launch, and a fully or partially fueled missile on deck was a serious hazard. Rough weather was another major drawback for these designs, but rough sea conditions did not unduly affect Polaris launches.
The Polaris missile was gradually replaced on 31 of the 41 original SSBNs in the US Navy by the MIRV-capable Poseidon missile beginning in 1972. During the 1980s, these missiles were replaced on twelve of these submarines by the Trident I missile. The ten George Washington- and Ethan Allen-class SSBNs retained Polaris A-3 until 1980 because their missile tubes were not large enough to accommodate Poseidon. With the USS Ohio (SSBN-726) commencing sea trials in 1980, these submarines were disarmed and redesignated as attack submarines to avoid exceeding the SALT II strategic arms treaty limits.
He had an incredible rookie season, averaging 37.6 points and 27 rebounds per game and he was the NBA Most Valuable Player. He was also the NBA Rookie of the Year. It was not, however, a completely successful rookie season for Chamberlain. The Warriors faced Bolton Celtics in the Eastern Conference Finals and lost the series 4-2. This sparked off the great rivalry between Wilt Chamberlain and Celtics centre Bill Russell. Wilt Chamberlain then shocked his fans by announcing he was thinking of making an extremely early retirement because he was tired of being double and triple-teamed and being a target for fouls. He did not in fact retire and went on to exceed his averages of the season before. In his second season he averaged 38.4 points and 27.2 rebounds per game; he also scored over 3,000 points and broke the 2,000 rebound barrier, a feat which has never been beaten since. However, the team could not replicate the success of their star player and were beaten in the play-offs by the Syracuse Nationals, now known as the Philadelphia 76ers.
It quickly became apparent solid-fueled ballistic missiles had advantages over cruise missiles in range and accuracy, and unlike both Jupiter and cruise, were able to be launched from a submerged submarine, improving submarine survivability.
In his third season Chamberlain broke even more records. He became the first and only player to score 4,000 points in a season and only one player has ever come close to that: Michael Jordan who broke the 3,000 point barrier.
The prime contractor for all three versions of Polaris was Lockheed Missiles and Space Company, now Lockheed Martin.
He averaged 50.4 points per game, even scoring 100 points in one game and averaged 25.7 rebounds, which led to him accumulating 2052 for the season, again getting over 2,000 rebounds.
Throughout the 1960s, Mauritania’s main foreign policy objective was preserving its independence in the face of Moroccan irredentism. (Morocco finally recognized Mauritanian independence in 1969.) To that end, the Daddah government insisted on maintaining close ties with France, an effort that included allowing France to station troops on Mauritanian soil. In Africa, Mauritania established ties with the more conservative francophone countries because all the Arab League states (except Tunisia) and the African members of the Casablanca Group (Ghana, Guinea, and Mali) supported Morocco’s irredentist claims. Mauritania applied for admission to the UN in 1960, sponsored by France, but its membership was vetoed by the Soviet Union, which supported the Arab League. For the most part, black Africa and the West favored Mauritania’s admission, and the Soviet Union dropped its opposition in 1961 in exchange for a favorable vote on Mongolia’s admission. In a final effort to block Mauritania’s admission, Morocco brought the issue to the General Assembly, which supported Mauritania’s application by a vote of sixty-eight to thirteen, with twenty abstentions. Mauritania was admitted to the UN on October 27, 1961. Mali, Guinea, and most Arab states supported Morocco in the debate.
20 November
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"Which spirit is the characteristic ingredient of ""Planter’s Punch""?" | PLANTERS PUNCH – EIGHT VERSIONS OF A FAMOUS RUM DRINK « A MOUNTAIN OF CRUSHED ICE
PLANTERS PUNCH – EIGHT VERSIONS OF A FAMOUS RUM DRINK
Remsberg`s Planter`s Punch
The Planter´s Punch is an old rum drink and the origin is unknown to me. The most common recipe is 1/3 Rhum, 1/3 Orange Juice, 1/3 Pineapple Juice and a dash of Grenadine.
The only thing i know is that the recipe has been evolving through the decades and name changed from Jamaican Rum Punch (In Modern American Drinks (1895) ,) to the Planter`s Cocktail #2 (Savoy Cocktail Book 1930) and in Trader Vic`s Bartender’s Guide (1948) there are no less than four variations, switching the lemon to mostly lime, and three of the recipes calls for grenadine.
Here´s eight versions of a famous drink – the Planter`s Punch.
In Beachbum Berry`s Remixed i found a version of this drink by Stephen Remsberg and found it very interesting in its simplicity.
Its interesting proportions in his version – its not often you see 3 oz of Coruba in a drink and since its Coruba most likely i will really enjoy it!
It has no orange or pineapple juices or grenadine in it and its much like a daiquiri with dark rum and the addition of angostura bitters.
For those of you dear readers who doesn´t know, Stephen Remsberg owns the world`s largest rum collection. His home in New Orleans contains an impressive amount of rare rums from all over the planet – some all the way back to the 1800`s or even older what do i know? i just know i tasted some amazing rums there, even some pre – Castro Cubans and others from the 1800s.
Stephen have played with the Planter´s punch for 20 years until he found the one he was satisfied with and this is his version that i found in the Bum´s Remixed:
STEPHEN REMSBERG´S PLANTERS PUNCH
Juice of half a large lime about 3/4 oz
1 oz sugar syrup ( i used Petit Canne)
3 oz Coruba dark Jamaican rum
3 dashes Angostura bitters
Place all the ingredients in a large tall glass – if you have a 14 oz Zombie glass you`re set – fill with crushed ice and swizzle until frosty. Add more crushed ice to fill if needed. Garnish with a mint sprig.
“I am not offended by an orange slice and a cocktail cherry” adds Stephen – well Stephen, i have no orange slice or cherry but i have a colorful orchid and some fresh mint….i hope it`s ok:-)
So how does this Planter`s Punch taste?
As i did guess, its deliscious and well balanced. I must say i love the simplicity – it´s so simple and yet so wonderfully complete. The rum is the key – in this drink its Coruba that is used – one of my favorite rums to mix with.
The Planter`s Punch served in some bars contains too much mixers and too little rum! – this is more real to me, this is how a rum drink should taste – you should feel the rum in it and it should be well backed up but not overpowered by the mixers – in this case just fresh lime and sugarcane syrup plus the Angostura bitters.
I think this version is very tasty – and here´s a real rum drink to relax with! – and then i just can`t help wondering how this drink would be with 1 oz of the vintage Lemon Hart 151 in it…i`m a typically booze blogger..always ready for more reserach..
GROG LOG
From Jeff Berry’s Grog Log there´s two Planter´s Punches – The Planter`s Punch and Don`s Own Planter`s:
PLANTER`S PUNCH
1 1/4 oz orange juice
1 1/4 oz fresh lemon juice
3 tsp grenadine (please..if you can use homemade..)
0.5 oz dark Jamaican Rum
1 1/4 oz Light Puerto Rican Rum
Shake everything except dark Jamaican rum – with a scoop of crushed ice and pour into tall glasses. Then float the dark Jamaican on top of drink. Garnish with orange slice and maraschino cherry speared to pineapple chunk.
The recipe comes from the polo Lounge of the Beverly Hills CA circa 1960s.
DON´S OWN PLANTERS
As the name implies – from Don the Beachcomber:
1 oz Fresh Lemon Juice
1 oz Soda Water (Club Soda)
2 Dashes Angostura Bitters
1 oz Honey Mix (1 part Honey and 1 part Water)
1 1/2 oz Dark Jamaican Rum
1 oz Light Puerto Rican Rum
Shake with ice cubes and pour everything into Pilsner glass. Garnish with mint, cherry, and pineapple finger. To make honey-mix simply heat 1/2 cup honey until liquid then add 1/1 cup water and mix it, it stays liquid so it can go in the fridge.
I like this one too and i like honey-mix..honey adds a third dimensional sweetness to a drink, like some very good dark sugars also can do but it also adds an extra smoothness the drink.
MISSISSIPPI PLANTER´S PUNCH
Here`s the version from the book “Famous New Orleans Drinks and How to Mix`em by Stanley Clisby Arthur.
1 tblsp sugar (or simple syrup)
Juice of 1 lemon
1/2 jigger rum (1.5 oz)
1/2 jigger (0.75 oz) Bourbon whiskey
1 jigger ( 1.5 oz) cognac brandy
Dissolve the sugar with a little water in a mixing glass. (or use simple syrup)
Add the lemon juice, bourbon and brandy. Fill with fine ice and shake thoroughly, strain into a tall glass. Garnish with fruit and serve with straw.
This one is very typically old style New Orleans cocktail. Boozy with bourbon, cognac and lemon among the ingredients. I find this one VERY tasty!
MISSISSIPPI PLANTER´S PUNCH #2
Here`s a version that has morphed into something totally different. Found in one of the many little flyers and booklets i got from New Orleans during Tales week. The recipe comes from Fant`s restaurant in Coral Springs, Florida. And now the pineapple juice is present. Here is a more juicy and fruity cocktail:
3 oz pineapple juice
1 jigger water (1.5 oz)
2 jigger rum
In a tall glass – squeeze the lime over the sugar and add bitters, water and 2 jiggers of rums and fill up with shaved or crushed ice. Swizzle well with a barspoon (or swizzle stick) Sift a little nutmeg on top or a dash of red pepper.
Now while i was at it with all this reserach i decided to make my own Planter`s – i mean its in order right? so instead of Peychauds i used the Creole Bitters and used Petit Canne sugarcane syryp. For rums i used all dark rums.
CREOLE PLANTER`S PUNCH
0.5 oz fresh lime juice
0.5 oz sugarcane syrup
2 dashes Bitter Truth Creole bitters bitters or Peychaud`s.
1 oz dark Jamaican rum (Coruba)
1 oz strong dark Jamaican rum (Smith & Cross)
Swizzle together in tall glass with ice, add a few extra dashes Creole bitters on top and garnish with fresh mint and lime.
This is spicy!
“one of sour, two of sweet, three of strong and four of weak”
1 part lime juice
3 parts Jamaican rum
4 parts water and ice
So there are many versions of this drink..and in this post eight of them – one very simple and rummy, one with honey-mix and soda water, one more “classic caribbean style” and then two totally different Mississippi Planter`s Punches.
And then we got two other versions from the book “Famous New Orleans Drinks and How to Mix`em” – one just called Planter´s Punch with Peychauds bitters, nutmeg or red pepper and then the my own the Creole version and finally the Jamaican version of the Planter´s which is the closest to Remsberg`s version.
Lagniappe (extra) :
1/3 lime o lemon juice
1 tsp grenadine
2 jiggers rum (3 oz)
Swizzle together everything with crushed ice, adding juices and rum last.
From “Famous New Orleans Drinks and How to Mix`em”
Another one – From the book – Two Hundred Selected Drinks, Knut W Sundin, 1934
PLANTER`S PUNCH
This drink is very popular on the Island of Jamaica and principally in Kingston.
The ingredients are:
1 wine glass of Jamaica rum
The juice of a fresh lime
A tablespoonful of sugar syrup
1 dash of Angostura bitters
Shake well and pour into a tumbler, add a cherry.
SAVANNAH PLANTER’S PUNCH
Good Jamaica rum, wine glass; or 2 ponies, to taste
Cognac brandy, 2 jiggers
Lime, juice, 1; or juice 1/2 lemon
Fresh pineapple juice, 1/2 jigger
First chill the glass – whether silver or crystal. Pack the glass tightly with finely shaved ice, pour in the liquids previously mixed, stir briskly for a moment with long spoon or swizzle stick. Garnish with a finger of ripe pineapple, a cherry, or a bit of orange. Serve when glass frosts.
The Gentleman’s Companion: An Exotic Drinking Book – Charles H. Baker Jr. 1939
And here`s proof i don`t always do my research good enough, i found on Trader Tiki`s site my own entry to the 2010 Tales of the Cocktail Tiki Punch Up contest, which is a Tiki variation on the Planter´s Punch. I had totally forgotten that drink existed;-) well here it is – click to get the recipe for the Planteur de Lis !
Then i found from Trader Tiki`s site again of course – one that made it to the finalists of said competition, the Punch Louisiana . I have to add it too since the recipe looks so yummy!
These two last cocktails has three things in common – they are both Tiki versions of the Planter`s Punch, they were both in the Punch Up and they are both using Trader Tiki`s Don`s Mix ! which is one of all his yummy syrups i can recommend, heck i even use it to sweeten my breakfast porridge!
Want more Planter`s Punch recipes? go to pages 148-151 in Beachbum Berry Remixed for some history and Planter`s Punch, Planter`s Rum Punch, Ronrico Planter`s #3 and Skipper Kent Planter`s Punch.
What`s your favorite Planters Punch?
| RUM |
What star sign comes immediately before Aquarius? | Alcohol Encyclopedia: Spirits, Liquors, and Cocktail recipes
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CocktailsSpiritsLiquors.com is an encyclopedia on spirits and liquors , as well as on cocktails mixed and drunk all over the world. Born from the desire to provide both bartenders and consumers more information about the alcoholic beverages that accompany their nights, including good tips on how to mix the ingredients with each other. The service provided is totally free and everyone can help notifying us products or recipes not reviewed.
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Who is the author of the 2006 novel “Shalimar the Clown”? | Shalimar the Clown by Salman Rushdie | PenguinRandomHouse.com
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About Shalimar the Clown
“Dazzling . . . Modern thriller, Ramayan epic, courtroom drama, slapstick comedy, wartime adventure, political satire, village legend–they’re all blended here magnificently.”
–The Washington Post Book World
This is the story of Maximilian Ophuls, America’s counterterrorism chief, one of the makers of the modern world; his Kashmiri Muslim driver and subsequent killer, a mysterious figure who calls himself Shalimar the clown; Max’s illegitimate daughter India; and a woman who links them, whose revelation finally explains them all. It is an epic narrative that moves from California to Kashmir, France, and England, and back to California again. Along the way there are tales of princesses lured from their homes by demons, legends of kings forced to defend their kingdoms against evil. And there is always love, gained and lost, uncommonly beautiful and mortally dangerous.
“A commanding story . . . [a] harrowing climax . . . Revenge is an ancient and powerful engine of narrative.”
–The New York Times Book Review
“Absorbing . . . Everywhere [Rushdie] takes us there is both love and war, in strange and terrifying combinations, painted in swaying, swirling, world-eating prose that annihilates the borders between East and West, love and hate, private lives and the history they make.”
–Time
“A vast, richly peopled, beautiful and deeply rageful book that serves as a profound and disturbing artifact of our times.”
–San Francisco Chronicle
“Marvelous . . . brilliant . . . a story worthy of [Rushdie’s] genius.”
–Detroit Free Press
ONE OF THE BEST BOOKS OF THE YEAR
– The Washington Post Book World –Los Angeles Times Book Review –St. Louis Post-Dispatch –Rocky Mountain News
ONE OF THE BEST NOVELS OF THE YEAR
–Time –Chicago Tribune –The Christian Science Monitor
About Shalimar the Clown
Shalimar the Clown is a masterpiece from one of our greatest writers, a dazzling novel that brings together the fiercest passions of the heart and the gravest conflicts of our time into an astonishingly powerful, all-encompassing story.
Max Ophuls’ memorable life ends violently in Los Angeles in 1993 when he is murdered by his Muslim driver Noman Sher Noman, also known as Shalimar the Clown. At first the crime seems to be politically motivated – Ophuls was previously ambassador to India, and later US counterterrorism chief – but it is much more.
Ophuls is a giant, an architect of the modern world: a Resistance hero and best-selling author, brilliant economist and clandestine US intelligence official. But it is as Ambassador to India that the seeds of his demise are planted, thanks to another of his great roles – irresistible lover. Visiting the Kashmiri village of Pachigam, Ophuls lures an impossibly beautiful dancer, the ambitious (and willing) Boonyi Kaul, away from her husband, and installs her as his mistress in Delhi. But their affair cannot be kept secret, and when Boonyi returns home, disgraced and obese, it seems that all she has waiting for her is the inevitable revenge of her husband: Noman Sher Noman, Shalimar the Clown. He was an acrobat and tightrope walker in their village’s traditional theatrical troupe; but soon Shalimar is trained as a militant in Kashmir’s increasingly brutal insurrection, and eventually becomes a terrorist with a global remit and a deeply personal mission of vengeance.
With sweeping brilliance, Salman Rushdie portrays fanatical mullahs as fully as documentary filmmakers, rural headmen as completely as British spies; he describes villages that compete to make the most splendid feasts, the mentality behind martial law, and the celebrity of Los Angeles policemen, all with the same genius.
But the main story is only part of the story. In this stunningly rich book everything is connected, and everyone is a part of everyone else. Shalimar the Clown is a true work of the era of globalization, intricately mingling lives and countries, and finding unexpected and sometimes tragic connections between the seemingly disparate. The violent fate of Kashmir recalls Strasbourg’s experience in World War Two; Resistance heroism against the Nazis counterpoints Al-Qaeda’s terror in Pakistan, North Africa and the Philippines. 1960s Pachigam is not so far from post-war London, or the Hollywood-driven present-day Los Angeles where Max’s daughter by Boonyi, India Ophuls, beautiful, strong-willed, modern, waits, as vengeance plays itself out.
A powerful love story, intensely political and historically informed, Shalimar the Clown is also profoundly human, an involving story of people’s lives, desires and crises – India Ophuls’ desperate search for her real mother, for example; Max’s wife’s attempts to deal with his philandering – as well as, in typical Rushdie fashion, a magical tale where the dead speak and the future can be foreseen.
Shalimar the Clown is steeped in both the Hindu epic Ramayana and the great European novelists, melding the storytelling traditions of east and west into a magnificently fruitful blend – and serves, itself, as a corrective to the destructive clashes of values it scorchingly depicts. Enthralling, comic and amazingly abundant, it will no doubt come to be seen as one of the key books of our time.
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Praise
"A sprawling tale of love and politics. . . . A daring aesthetic and political balancing act that traffics in many of the major concerns of post-colonial literature, but always within an evolving and bravely empathetic story. . . . One of Rushdie’s best, and an important and rewarding must-read."
—National Post
"Read Shalimar the Clown for the effervescent fun factor that is always present in Rushdie’s work. . . and for its devastating portrait of the destruction of Kashmir."
—The Globe and Mail
"[Shalimar the Clown] is that rare highwire act, a literary thriller. It seems a vigorous rebutal to the recent dismissal of fiction by V. S. Naipaul, to the effect that ‘if you write a novel… it’s of no account.’"
—Financial Times (UK)
“A masterly deployment of interconnected narratives spanning six decades. . . . Dazzling. . . . A magical-realist masterpiece that equals, and arguably surpasses, the achievements of Midnight’s Children, Shame and The Moor’s Last Sigh. The Swedes won’t dare to offend Islam by giving Rushdie the Nobel Prize he deserves more than any other living writer. Injustice rules.”
—Kirkus Reviews
“The. . .transformation of Shalimar into a terrorist is easily the most impressive achievement of the book, and here one must congratulate Rushdie for having made artistic capital out of his own suffering, for the years spent under police protection, hunted by zealots, have been poured into the novel in ways which ring hideously true. . . . Shalimar the Clown is a powerful parable about the willing and unwilling subversion of multiculturalism.”
—Publishers Weekly
Praise for Salman Rushdie:
"Our most exhilaratingly inventive prose stylist, a writer of breathtaking originality. . . . He has become, as much for his convictions as for his creativity, the finest English writer of India."
—Financial Times (UK)
"With Rushdie one is always in the presence of a true original. . . . More than any other contemporary English writer, Rushdie makes the page sing with his prose."
—The Washington Post Book World
"A master storyteller.
"A great novelist, a master of perpetual storytelling."
—V. S. Pritchett
Praise for Fury:
"An exhilarating read. . . . One page of Fury is worth a thousand pages of the grey, risk-averse prose that passes so often for contemporary literary fiction."
—The Globe and Mail
"A beautifully written and carefully constructed novel. . . . [Fury] ricochets back and forth between well mannered realism and [Rushdie’s] own brand of what might almost be called surrealism — manic, absurdist, biting, over-the-top and very funny."
—The Vancouver Sun
From the Hardcover edition.
About Salman Rushdie
Salman Rushdie is the author of eleven previous novels—Grimus, Midnight’s Children (for which he won the Booker Prize and the Best of the Booker), Shame, The Satanic Verses, Haroun and the Sea of Stories, The Moor’s Last Sigh, The Ground… More about Salman Rushdie
About Salman Rushdie
Salman Rushdie is the author of eleven previous novels—Grimus, Midnight’s Children (for which he won the Booker Prize and the Best of the Booker), Shame, The Satanic Verses, Haroun and the Sea of Stories, The Moor’s Last Sigh, The Ground… More about Salman Rushdie
Product Details
Published by Random House Trade Paperbacks
Oct 10, 2006 | 416 Pages | 5-3/16 x 8 | ISBN 9780679783480
Ebook
Sep 06, 2005 | 416 Pages | ISBN 9781588364845
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In Norse mythology, who guards the Bifrost against the coming of the frost giants at Ragnarok? | Shalimar the Clown eBook by Salman Rushdie - 9781588364845 | Kobo
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Shalimar the Clown is a masterpiece from one of our greatest writers, a dazzling novel that brings together the fiercest passions of the heart and the gravest conflicts of our time into an astonishingly powerful, all-encompassing story.
Max Ophuls’ memorable life ends violently in Los Angeles in 1993 when he is murdered by his Muslim driver Noman Sher Noman, also known as Shalimar the Clown. At first the crime seems to be politically motivated – Ophuls was previously ambassador to India, and later US counterterrorism chief – but it is much more.
Ophuls is a giant, an architect of the modern world: a Resistance hero and best-selling author, brilliant economist and clandestine US intelligence official. But it is as Ambassador to India that the seeds of his demise are planted, thanks to another of his great roles – irresistible lover. Visiting the Kashmiri village of Pachigam, Ophuls lures an impossibly beautiful dancer, the ambitious (and willing) Boonyi Kaul, away from her husband, and installs her as his mistress in Delhi. But their affair cannot be kept secret, and when Boonyi returns home, disgraced and obese, it seems that all she has waiting for her is the inevitable revenge of her husband: Noman Sher Noman, Shalimar the Clown. He was an acrobat and tightrope walker in their village’s traditional theatrical troupe; but soon Shalimar is trained as a militant in Kashmir’s increasingly brutal insurrection, and eventually becomes a terrorist with a global remit and a deeply personal mission of vengeance.
With sweeping brilliance, Salman Rushdie portrays fanatical mullahs as fully as documentary filmmakers, rural headmen as completely as British spies; he describes villages that compete to make the most splendid feasts, the mentality behind martial law, and the celebrity of Los Angeles policemen, all with the same genius.
But the main story is only part of the story. In this stunningly rich book everything is connected, and everyone is a part of everyone else. Shalimar the Clown is a true work of the era of globalization, intricately mingling lives and countries, and finding unexpected and sometimes tragic connections between the seemingly disparate. The violent fate of Kashmir recalls Strasbourg’s experience in World War Two; Resistance heroism against the Nazis counterpoints Al-Qaeda’s terror in Pakistan, North Africa and the Philippines. 1960s Pachigam is not so far from post-war London, or the Hollywood-driven present-day Los Angeles where Max’s daughter by Boonyi, India Ophuls, beautiful, strong-willed, modern, waits, as vengeance plays itself out.
A powerful love story, intensely political and historically informed, Shalimar the Clown is also profoundly human, an involving story of people’s lives, desires and crises – India Ophuls’ desperate search for her real mother, for example; Max’s wife’s attempts to deal with his philandering – as well as, in typical Rushdie fashion, a magical tale where the dead speak and the future can be foreseen.
Shalimar the Clown is steeped in both the Hindu epic Ramayana and the great European novelists, melding the storytelling traditions of east and west into a magnificently fruitful blend – and serves, itself, as a corrective to the destructive clashes of values it scorchingly depicts. Enthralling, comic and amazingly abundant, it will no doubt come to be seen as one of the key books of our time.
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The men’s fragrances “Fahrenheit” and “Eau Sauvage” are made by which company? | Eau Sauvage Cologne for Men by Christian Dior
By Christian Dior for Men
Eau Sauvage Cologne by Christian Dior, Launched by the design house of christian dior in 1966, eau sauvage is classified as a refined, fruity fragrance . This masculine scent possesses a blend of rosemary, lemon, citrus and basil. It is recommended for evening wear. All products are original, authentic name brands. We do not sell knockoffs or imitations. ... Read More
Men’s Cologne List By Letter
Men’s Cologne List By Letter
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In which country is Rosario, a port on the River Parana? | Christian Dior Fragrances | FragranceNet.com®
Christian Dior Fragrances
J K L M N O P Q R
S T U V W X Y Z #
A
Christian Dior (Designer)
Their fragrance line rolled out in 1947 with the launch of Miss Dior perfume. From the moderately priced Dior Homme fragrance to higher end offerings, Dior features a wide range of perfumes and colognes for men, women, teens and even babies. The fragrance collection includes Addict, Pure Poison, Miss Dior Cherie, and J’adore perfumes for women. Scents for men include Fahrenheit, Dior Homme and Eau Sauvage. Additionally, teen and babies scents are represented by Dior Addict 2 Sparkle In Pink and Dior Addict 2 Summer Peonies.
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Corsican and Maritime are varieties of which tree? | Maritime pine (MAP) - Tree species and provenance (Forest Research)
Maritime pine (MAP)
Pinus pinaster
Native range
Native to southern and south-western Europe and extensively planted on the Atlantic coast of south west France.
Provenance choice
Very limited provenance testing has been carried out; preferred seed sources should be from the Landes region of France ideally using improved material from French breeding programmes.
Site requirements
Although planted in Britain since 1600s, sensitivity to cold and exposure restricted its use to southern and coastal regions. A light demanding pioneer species adapted to acid poor or medium fertility soils and of moderately dry to moist soil moisture status. Only suitable on sites in southern Britain where it can grow faster than Corsican pine. It does not tolerate peat or wet gley soils and is not suited to alkaline sites. Seems not to withstand temperatures below -18°C and is only moderately tolerant of exposure.
Pests and pathogens
It is quite susceptible to red band needle blight and is likely to be affected by Heterobasidion (Fomes root and butt rot), especially on dryer sites with mineral soils. Infection by pine wilt nematode, which has established in Portugal, can also result in high mortality rates for pine species such as maritime pine
Use
This is a species which could play a larger role in forests in southern Britain and coastal regions with climate warming if improved varieties were used.
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Rastafarianism is based on the ideas of which Jamaican? | Pinus nigra Maritima (Corsican Pine) Plants | British Hardwood Tree Nursery
Unavailable for the 2016-2017 season.
Trade / wholesale enquiries
Discounted trade / wholesale prices are available upon request.
Please contact the office for a quotation or a trade price list.
Minimum order values
Please note that there is a minimum order value of £50.00 + VAT, excluding delivery, for existing customers and £75.00 + VAT, excluding delivery, for new customers. Orders under those values can be placed via Trees & Hedging , our online webshop.
Delivery
Delivery to UK mainland is included for stock orders over £750 + VAT (subject to postcode surcharges). For full details on delivery, please view our delivery page .
Description
Native to southern Italy and Sicily, the Corsican Pine is widely planted all over Britain and is an important commercial forestry tree. It is tolerant of a wide range of soils, including chalk, and copes with wind and pollution well. Fast-growing, it makes a rather narrow, shapely tree which makes a good specimen tree for parks and large gardens.
Site and soil
Most soils, including chalk, but prefers well-drained soil. A good tree for urban areas, coastal sites and exposed conditions.
Height and spread
After 10 years: 8m x 4m
After 20 years: 15m x 6m
Leaf and bark
The needle-like leaves are green, or grey-green. They are held more sparsely than on the Austrian Pine, are longer and slightly twisted. The bark is dark silvery grey with deep fissures.
Flower, seed and fruit
The flowers open in May. The females are red, males yellow, and are followed by brown cones to 7.5cm long. The cones are borne very plentifully.
Uses
Parks, large gardens, specimen tree, commercial plantations, street tree, shelterbelts. The wood is very straight and free of knots and is used for construction, pit props plywood and paper. Turpentine is extracted from the resin and the leaves for medicinal and other purposes. The trees are tapped for resin, which in its solid form is used by violinists on their bows.
Wildlife
Plantations offer shelter to birds, deer and small mammals. A variety of birds are attracted to the Corsican Pine to feed on the cones.
Pruning
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In which British city is there an area called Headington? | Oxford travel guide - Wikitravel
History[ edit ]
Oxford was first occupied in Saxon times, and was initially known as "Oxanforda". The settlement began with the foundations of St Frideswide's nunnery in the 8th century, and was first mentioned in written records in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for the year 912. By the 10th century Oxford had become an important military frontier town between the kingdoms of Mercia and Wessex and was on several occasions raided by the Danes.
The University of Oxford [1] was founded in the 12th century and therefore constitutes the oldest English-speaking university. Oxford, like Cambridge , differs from many other universities in that there is no 'campus' as such, and no central university building. Instead, the University consists of approximately 40 colleges and associated buildings, such as the Exam Schools (on the High Street, closed to the public), the world-famous Bodleian Library (main buildings in Radcliffe Square, off the high street - limited access to the public), and several world-class museums. Each college has its own individual character, some date from the 13th century, others are merely a few decades old. Many of the colleges are closed to the public, particularly during term times; some, however, are open at different times. For example: Christ Church (the college of "Brideshead" fame) is mostly open, and has the added bonus of having a (small) cathedral attached, where excellent music is performed at Evensong everyday, it also has an excellent art gallery [2] . Some of Christ Church's buildings are used in films such as "Harry Potter". Other colleges of note are Magdalen (pronounced 'maudlin'), which has a deer park, and those along the High Street, all of which have an impressive list of alumni. Shelley fans should visit University College. Former women-only colleges such as the pretty Somerville (Woodstock Rd) further to the North of the centre are interesting to get a feel for the range of colleges in Oxford.
Orientation[ edit ]
Central Oxford is built around two intersecting throughfares which cross at Carfax:
the High Street, or "the High" [3] - running east-west, this is the main road coming in from Headington and the London road
running north-south is another road, essentially continuous, but with separate ancient names for its various stretches - St Aldates and St Giles [4] , separated by the Cornmarket (now a pedestrianised shopping boulevard)
One of the best online resources for planning a visit to Oxford is the Virtual Tour of Oxford [5] , hosted by the university's chemistry department...
By plane[ edit ]
While Oxford has an airport of its own at Kidlington, [6] there are currently no scheduled commercial flights, and hence the airport is used only for private and charter flights.
The nearest commercial airports to Oxford are those around London , to the south-east, Birmingham , to the north, and Southampton to the south, with most foreign travellers preferring the London airports.
Heathrow is certainly the closest major airport to Oxford, followed by Gatwick in terms of size and popularity. Road access from both Heathrow and Gatwick (fastest) is by M25 (heading north and west respectively) and then the M40 to Oxford's outskirts (follow the signs).
Oxford Bus Company [7] runs several airport bus services to Oxford Gloucester Green bus station (running in from Headington and up the High with several convenient stops: check web pages below):
between London Heathrow and Oxford [8] , £23 single, £29 return, frequency: every twenty minutes 5AM-10AM and 2PM-7PM, less frequently at other times
between London Gatwick and Oxford [9] , £28 single, £37 return, frequency: hourly 6AM-8PM, less frequently thereafter
National Express Bus Company runs airport bus services to Luton Airport and to Stansted Airport: [10]
Birmingham Airport [11] has fewer destinations than the London airports (it still has quite a lot), but it is definitely the closest to Oxford in terms of public transport travel time. Birmingham International Airport has its own railway station, which is connected to the airport terminal building via the free AirRail Link cable car shuttle, taking 1-2 min. From the railway station, trains depart to Oxford every hour between 06:14 and 22:14 and take about an hour to get there. A non-advance, non-rail card single costs £25.50, a return £28.80 off-peak or £51 any time. You could do a lot cheaper by booking an advance ticket though (but be careful as tickets are valid only on the booked train, so if your flight is late and you miss the train, you will have to buy another ticket).
Southampton Airport is around 1 hour 15 minutes away by direct train, with trains towards Oxford departing up to every 30 minutes. It has fewer destinations than Birmingham Airport, but the flights tend to be cheaper. Low-cost airline Flybe [12] offers flights to Southampton from a total of thirty-five domestic and European cities, including Amsterdam, Belfast, Dublin, Edinburgh, Lyon, Manchester, Milan, Munich and Paris. Aer Lingus [13] also offers a service from Cork, while Eastern Airways [14] offers services from Aberdeen and Leeds/Bradford.
By road[ edit ]
Oxford is linked to London , the capital of England , by the 50 mile (80 km) south-eastern stretch of the M40 motorway (depending on traffic, which can be heavy, the journey varies between 50-90 min). The north-western continuation of the M40 also conveniently links Oxford with England's second largest city, Birmingham , and the West Midlands .
Parking and access restrictions are very stringent in the narrow streets of central Oxford, policed both by wardens and by cameras, with heavy fines applicable. The council has also implemented circuitous and confusing one-way traffic systems, making it difficult to get around by car. Visitors driving to Oxford from the south have easy access to the Westgate multi-storey car park on Oxpens Road near the city centre, which is handy but expensive.
An alternative is to use one of the five municipal Park and Ride National Park and Ride Directory [15] services which are located in the city outskirts on all sides of Oxford (these are well signposted). They offer free parking and, on the park and ride bus, take about 12 minutes to reach the city centre. However £2 is charged for the return bus trip to the city centre. Forget about using the Thornhill Park and Ride on weekdays, it is invariably full.
Wikitravel has a guide to Rail travel in the United Kingdom .
Oxford has a large railway station in the western part of the city (immediately west of the city centre and south of Jericho). Fast First Great Western trains run to and from London Paddington every half an hour, taking about an hour to complete the journey. Commonly, these trains call at Reading , Slough (for Windsor Castle), and Didcot Parkway though not all trains call at each of these stations. Tickets to London cost £20 off peak without a railcard and £40 at peak times without a railcard, although you can buy tickets for about £4 if you book in advance and online. There are also stopping services to London calling at a large number of stations, which run every hour and take about 90 min to complete the journey. First Great Western also runs approximately hourly trains on the Cotswold line to Worcester and also to Bicester .
Cross Country Trains also run through Oxford, mostly running to/from Manchester and Southampton . These trains run approximately half-hourly in both directions but stop at about 9PM. All of these trains stop at Reading going south, and Leamington Spa for Warwick and Warwick Castle, and Birmingham going north.
By bus[ edit ]
Frequent and comfortable coach services run from several convenient bus stops to Gloucester Green coach station in Oxford, normally starting at London 's Victoria Station, running westwards via Marble Arch, Notting Hill and Shepherd's Bush and then onwards to Oxford. Stops in Oxford include beside others Thornhill Park and Ride station, Headington, Brookes University, St Clements, High Street (Queens Lane) (which is best for daily visitors, as it it right in the middle of the majority of University Colleges) and finally Gloucester Green, which is also well situated. Bus companies between London and Oxford include Oxford Tube [16] , Oxford Bus Company [17] , X90 [18] and the low-cost Megabus [19] (which one must book in advance via the website or by phone. The service uses the infrastructure of the Oxford Tube, but is much cheaper - as little as £1 if booked in advance).
Prices range between £10 and £13 for an adult day return ticket. It costs slightly more (£20) for an adult return that lets you return at any point within three months) and the journey time is usually 100 min. The Oxford Tube and the Oxford Express (X90) both cost the same and run very frequently; the Oxford Tube is generally the more reliable of the two. They take slightly different routes in London, so the place that you want to go to/from may influence where you board the coach. If you wish to travel late at night, only the Oxford Tube runs 24 hours a day: the Oxford Express stops services between 2.30AM and 6.30AM.
There are regular bus services between Oxford and London's Heathrow and Gatwick airports with The Airline. [20]
There is also an X5 bus [21] between Oxford and Cambridge, taking approximately 3 h 20 min, as well as buses to Bicester and Banbury run by Stagecoach. There are also several coaches to other parts of the country that are run by National Express.
On foot[ edit ]
Oxford city centre is very compact and easily walkable. Many areas of the city centre are pedestrianised, and all major tourist sights are well-signposted. The main hazard is that less-considerate cyclists will routinely ignore pedestrian crossings and often take shortcuts along the pavement. Remember to look both ways when crossing the road, though, as pedestrians suddenly striding out into the road from places other than designated crossings equally constitute a major hazard for cyclists.
That the narrow streets of the city centre are pedestrian-friendly, difficult for cars and full of beautiful buildings that will draw your attention upwards (rather than onto a more horizontal plane) does not mean that the roads of the city are overspill pavements. You will find most cyclists quite forgiving on this point as they are used to it and are often themselves pedestrians tempted to do the same as long as you suppress the urge to pass comment on any near-misses actually arising from your standing in the middle of the road.
By bicycle[ edit ]
The preferred mode of transport for the university student is the bicycle and like Amsterdam , Copenhagen or Beijing , there are hundreds of them. Most trains into Oxford allow bicycles to be carried for free. Fortunately, there are cycle lanes on virtually ever street near the centre; however, you will sometimes be sharing the road with other motorists. Though the bus traffic can be daunting, the familiarity of cyclists to local drivers makes cycling safer than it seems at first. The best option is to follow the locals as they know what they are doing. It is illegal for cyclists to run red lights (although many do) and you must use lights at night, local police frequently set up checkpoints and there is a fine for cycling without lights. Bike parking is available everywhere, but make sure you get a strong lock as bike theft is common. Avoid cable locks as they are cut through frequently.
By car[ edit ]
Avoid driving in central Oxford. Traffic is heavy, the one-way system is very confusing, the streets are often very narrow with restrictions, and parking is very expensive. Use the park and ride system, or forget the car and come in by public transport. If you have a motorcycle or a scooter, things are a little easier.
By bus[ edit ]
Local urban buses are mostly operated by the Oxford Bus Company and by Stagecoach. Fares are expensive (but less so than in other British cities) and a flat single rate within the city was recently introduced. If you plan on making more than two trips in a day, buy an all-day pass to save money. The main hubs for local buses are the rail station, St Giles and St Aldates. If you are in town a while, you may want a rechargeable smart-card that gives discount on bus fares.
By taxi[ edit ]
Oxford has both metered taxis which can be flagged down from the street or taken from taxi stands located around the city as well as 'minicabs' which must be ordered by phone. Meter taxis are quite pricey but are convenient for short hops if travelling in a big group. Minicabs are much cheaper for long-distance journeys - the fare should be agreed over the phone when booking or should be bargained with the driver - never get in a minicab without agreeing the price.
Landmarks[ edit ]
Hertford Bridge
Bodleian Library, [22] . The main research library of the University of Oxford, The Bodleian is one of the oldest libraries in Europe (opened in 1602, based on the collection of Thomas Bodley), and in the UK is second in size only to London's British Library. The Bodleian now possesses numerous branches throughout the university; visiting bibliophiles will be most keen to peruse the central site, which includes Duke Humfrey's Library above the Divinity School, the Old Schools Quadrangle with its Great Gate and Tower, the Radcliffe Camera, Britain’s first circular library, and the Clarendon Building. (51.754703,-1.257331) edit
Radcliffe Camera, Radcliffe Square. . Built 1737-1749, the round Camera functions as a reading room for Oxford students and so is not generally accessible. The grand exterior, however, is well worth viewing. (51.754448,-1.257503) edit
Hertford Bridge (Bridge of Sighs), (Hertford College). A quaint pedestrian bridge for the students of Hertford College which has popularly become known as the "Bridge of Sighs" of Oxford. (51.754490,-1.253737) edit
Sheldonian Theatre, Broad Street, [23] . This unusual building was Sir Christopher Wren's first major architectural commission. At the time he was a Professor of Astronomy at the University. There is a series of busts outside the theatre facing Broad St with strange expressions and facial hair. (51.754391,-1.255070) edit
Taylorian Institute (also known as The Taylor Institution), St Giles' Oxford OX1 3NA, [24] . was established in 1845 and is the University's centre for the study of modern European languages and literature. Its library contains the largest specialist collection in its field in Britain. It is in a neo-classical building designed by Charles R. Cockerell and erected between 1841 and 1844 by the University to house the Institution and the Randolph Galleries (now the Ashmolean Museum) [25] . It is on the corner of St. Giles and Beaumont Street, opposite the Randolph Hotel [26] . (51.757640,-1.260542) edit
University Church of St Mary the Virgin, High Street (entrances from the High and from Radcliffe Square), ☎ +44 1865 279112, [27] . Some of the best views of Oxford are afforded from the tower of the church, dating to 1280. The church itself, rebuilt in the 14th and 15th centuries (with various additions after this time), is full of architectural and historical interest. The church has a coffee shop, "The Vaults and Garden", now re-opened under the management of Will Pouget (already known for his 'Alpha Bar' in the Covered Market) and specialising in organic food and fair trade tea and coffee. edit
Colleges[ edit ]
Christ Church (Meadows Building), one of the largest colleges.
Many Oxford colleges allow tourists to visit their grounds during certain hours and certain seasons, although some are closed to tourists at all times. Keep in mind that those that are open will generally prevent tourist access during certain times of the year, especially during University terms (approximately October/November, January/February and May/June), particularly in May/June, which is when exams are taken. It is advisable to visit the College's own website before visiting or to enquire at Oxford's local tourist information office to be certain you are not disappointed.
Each college has a unique history and something interesting to offer in terms of striking architecture or historical notoriety.
Balliol, University, and Merton Colleges each claim to be the 'oldest' in the University, with founding dates in the 13th century, although the exact year may be unclear or contested. They are fine examples of the collegiate Gothic architecture for which Oxford is renowned.
Exeter College, (on Turl Street), [28] . An example of one of Oxford' smaller colleges. Built in 1314, it is also one of the oldest and in its front quad exemplifies collegiate architecture in Oxford. The Victorian neo-gothic. chapel is modelled on the Sainte Chapelle in Paris, and houses 'The Adoration of the Magi': the famous pre-Raphaelite tapestry by William Morris. The Fellows' Garden neighbours the Divinity School and the Bodleian Library and offers one of the best views in Oxford, over Radcliffe Sqaure. edit
New College, (on Holywell Street), [29] . Interesting for being the only college to be built straddling the ancient city wall, which cuts through the center of the grounds. It also has a beautiful cloisters with an ancient elm tree situated in the middle (which incidentally appeared in the Harry Potter franchise). edit
The Queens' College, (along High Street), [30] . Founded in 1341, is renowned for its grand 18th century Classical style architecture for which is unique among the ancient (medieval) colleges, which have otherwise each been rebuilt or expanded over the years in a largely Gothic or neo-Gothic style. Tourists are not admitted to this college. edit
All Souls, [31] . Famous not only for its striking towers, but also in that it does not accept undergraduate members, but rather elects only a two graduate fellows each year based upon their performance in what has been described as the 'hardest exam in the world' (see the Wikipedia page concerning the College). Admission free. edit
Worcester College, Worcester Street (near the railway station), [32] . Might not be the most famous of the colleges but it certainly rivals them for the most beautiful grounds. The only college with a lake, it also has a beautiful main quad with 15th C architecture and quaint medieval cottage buildings. Admission free. edit
Finally, two colleges (some of the largest and most famous in Oxford) that have somewhat established themselves as tourist destinations. You're as likely to see a tourist inside as a student, but they do offer regular visiting hours, tourist facilities, meticulously manicured and beautiful grounds, and ticket booths for charging admissions fees.
Christ Church, OX1 1DP, [33] . The college of Brideshead Revisited fame, Christ Church is an Early Modern period college founded in 1525 by Cardinal Wolsey as "Cardinal College". Noted for associations with Lewis Carroll (Alice in Wonderland) and was a location for the filming of the first Harry Potter film. The Christ Church Meadows south of the college is a beautiful green space offering nice views of the spires and quiet corners to relax. Admission is a bit steep at Adults-£7; Seniors, Children, and Students £4.50. (51.750182,-1.256661) edit
Magdalen College, eastern end of High St, ☎ +44 1865 276000, [34] . 1 October-21 June 1PM-6PM or dusk (whichever is earlier), 25 Jun-30 Sep noon-6PM, closed 22-24 June. Founded in 1458 by William of Waynflete, Bishop of Winchester, Magdalen is frequently the first college seen by many visitors if coming into Oxford on the London Road, its high tower serving as a much-loved landmark. Significant Magdalen alumni include CS Lewis, Oscar Wilde, Seamus Heaney and Edward Gibbon. Visitor gift shop and afternoon café. Maximum 20 people in a group. Adults £5, seniors, children, students £4.. (51.752055,-1.247502) edit
Museums and galleries[ edit ]
The Ashmolean Museum, Beaumont Street (between Worcester and St. Giles), ☎ +44 1865 278000, [35] . Tu-Su 10AM-6PM. Vast, impressive, and recently undergone major redevelopment, the Ashmolean is Britain's oldest public museum, having been founded in 1683. The museum displays ancient art from Egypt, the Near East, Greece and Rome, a fine collection of Western art and artifacts and a sizable Eastern Art collection. Highlights include the Amarna Princess Fresco and the Alfred Jewel. A restaurant and gift store also feature. Admission free. (51.7551,-1.2611) edit
Inside the Natural History Museum.
Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Parks Road (opposite Keble College), ☎ +44 1865 270949, [36] . Daily 10AM-5PM except for Easter and Christmas. Houses the University's scientific collections of zoological, entomological, geological, palaeontological and mineralogical specimens, accumulated in the course of the last 3 centuries. The exhibits occupy a large central court with elegant Victorian cast-iron columns supporting the great glass roof, and surrounded on four sides by upper and lower arcades. They are devoted to the history and diversity of life on Earth and the rocks and minerals that form it. Highlights include the famous Oxford Dodo, the largest display of dinosaur remains outside London, a great collection of skeletons, and the nesting swifts in the Museum's main tower. Admission free. (51.75923,-1.25643) edit
The Pitt Rivers Museum, South Parks Road, [37] . Daily noon-4:30PM. Oxford's museum of anthropology and ethnology, still largely arranged in Victorian style, making this a rare museum experience. The Pitt Rivers requires time and effort but gives great satisfaction. Look out for the shrunken heads! (Entrance to the Museum is through the Oxford University Museum Natural History (OUMNH) on Parks Road - the entrance is at the far side of the lobby from the main entrance to the OUMNH; visitors therefore need to walk across the ground floor to reach it). Admission free. (51.75850,-1.25502) edit
The Museum of Oxford, Town Hall, St Aldates, ☎ +44 1865 252351, [38] . The museum tells the tale of the growth of the city and University. Admission free. (51.751288,-1.257221) edit
Modern Art Oxford, 30 Pembroke Street, [39] . An art gallery often showing temporary exhibitions of art and photography by renowned contemporary artists, which are accompanied by well designed talks and workshops. Excellent cafe with cheap and great quality eats. Admission free. (51.750849,-1.259260) edit
Christ Church Picture Gallery, (Entrance via Oriel Square), ☎ +44 1865 276172, [40] . Houses an internationally renowned collection of Old Master paintings and drawings – some 300 paintings and almost 2000 drawings. The paintings include works by Carracci, Tintoretto, Filippino Lippi, Van Dyck and Frans Hals. Christ Church’s collection of Old Masters drawings is one of the most important in the country and includes work by major artists such as Leonardo, Raphael, Michelangelo, Durer and Rubens. For reasons of space and conservation, it is not possible to show the entire collection but a selection of drawings is always on view. £4/£2. (51.751779,-1.254158) edit
Museum of the History of Science, Broad Street, Oxford OX1 3AZ, [41] . Monday Closed, Tuesday to Friday 12 to 5pm, Saturday 10am to 5pm, Sunday 2 to 5pm. Located in the Old Ashmolean building, the Museum of the History of Science houses an unrivaled collection of early scientific instruments. The Old Ashmolean building is the world's oldest surviving museum-purpose building. It is a department of Oxford University as well as a public museum. Their website offers an online database of their collection here: [42] . Admission free. (51.754506,-1.255097) edit
Parks, gardens, open spaces[ edit ]
Many of Oxford University's colleges have parks and gardens to walk through that are open to the public. Angelanace 23:22, 8 April 2010 (EDT)
University of Oxford Botanical Gardens, Rose Lane and the High Street (opposite Magdalen College), ☎ +44 1865 286690, [43] . Daily 9AM-4:30PM (Nov-Feb), 9AM-5PM (Mar/Apr/Oct), 9AM-6PM (May-Sep), last admission approx 30-45 minutes before closing. Admission £4.50 for adults, £3 concessions during peak season, free during weekdays out of season. (51.751272,-1.248516) edit
Oxford University Parks, (entrances at Parks Road, Norham Gardens, and South Parks road, near Linacre College), [44] . Closing Times vary according to the season. Large expanse of park along the Cherwell River with paths running from Marston to the City Centre. (51.76209,-1.25455) edit
Do[ edit ][ add listing ]
Walking tours, that last about two hours, from St Aldates, near the centre, are an excellent way of visiting some of the more famous colleges, such as Christ Church and Merton. A number of independent general and ghost tours also start nearby in Broad Street.
Sport and Recreation[ edit ]
The Oxford Dodo - Not as lively as the swifts
Punting - in the summer, punting is an ever-popular activity, involving propelling a wooden boat along the river with a pole. You can also hire someone to do the punting for you, although it is easy and fun to do it yourself. Bring a bottle of wine and good balance along for a more interesting trip (although it helps to have a sober crew member along!) Punt rental available at Magdalen Bridge [45] , from Salter's [46] at Folly Bridge, and from the Cherwell Boathouse [47] in North Oxford.
University Boat Races (usually Weds-Sat of Week 7 of Hilary Term and Weds-Sat of Week 5 of Trinity term - check www.ox.ac.uk for term dates) Twice a year, the river is taken over by the inter-college boat races. The races are a great way to experience the Oxford obsession with rowing first-hand. The river is full of people and there is a great atmosphere of college spirit. Races take place south of the city centre on the Isis, between Donnington Bridge and Christ Church Meadows. The best places to watch are either the towpath along the side of the river, or at the bottom of the meadows - both accessible by foot from the centre (about 10-15 minutes). Word of warning however for those watching along the towpath, the towpath is likely to be swarming with marshals and bike riders while the crews are racing. The towpath does however offer the best vantage points, particularly for the bumps races where crews will often 'bump out' halfway along the course. Most college boathouses will also be serving food and drink throughout the week of racing. Races take place 11am-6pm, with the better boats racing later in the day.
In the summer, check out the nesting Swifts (birds) at the Oxford Museum of Natural History [48] - these elegant little birds have been nesting in ventilation flutes in the tower of the University Museum for many years, providing a wonderful opportunity for scientists. Visitors to the Museum can watch live pictures from three of the nests in the tower on a television monitor, from May to August.
Stage and screen[ edit ]
Oxford has four city-centre cinemas, screening mainstream (Odeon) and art films (Ultimate Picture Palace, Phoenix Picturehouse). The latter sometimes has showings at 11:30PM for night owls.
Oxford also hosts a number of London productions on tour, as well as playing host to a large number of student productions each year. Oxford has a lively student-drama scene. The following theatres put on amateur student productions during term-time, which are often very good value for money:
Burton Taylor Theatre - tickets sold at the Box Office of the Oxford Playhouse (see above)
Old Fire Station Theatre (OFS), George Street
The Oxford Playhouse [49] - worthwhile plays
New Theatre - popular shows, musicals and ballets.
Oxford Show Details [50] - Show Details
Concerts[ edit ]
The Sheldonian Theatre. Recently voted the most uncomfortable concert hall in England, the Sheldonian never has a shortage of both professional and amateur classical music concerts.
Learn[ edit ]
Most lectures are only open to university members; however, a variety of public talks and lectures are organised throughout the year. [51]
It is possible for those wishing to experience what life might be like as an Oxford student to get a taste of college life by enrolling on a summer course in Oxford. [52]
As well as the obvious world-famous university, those wishing to study in Oxford may wish to enter at Oxford Brookes, an entirely separate institution. [53]
Buy[ edit ][ add listing ]
Covered Market, High Street. [54] Oxford has the oldest covered market in England. Unusual small shops, including a chocolate shop, cake shop, fine butchers, hat shop, florists, glassware, and charming cafes.
A large number of shops in the city centre specialise in selling the ubiquitous Oxford University range of souvenirs. One is official, the others less so, but all do a roaring trade in T-shirts, sweaters, calendars and paraphernalia:
the University of Oxford Shop, 106 The High Street, +44 1865 247414, fax +44 1865 724379. [55] M-Sa 9AM-5.30PM, Bank Holidays and Sundays in June 11AM-4PM, Sundays in July and August 11AM-5PM. Since 1990, the official outlet for official university souvenirs and gifts
Blackwell's book shop
Unsurprisingly for a university city, Oxford is noted for both antiquarian, specialist and new books.
Blackwell's Books, 48-51 Broad Street (opposite the Sheldonian Theatre) - founded in 1879, Blackwell's main Oxford shop is a veritable tourist attraction in itself, the vast 10,000 square foot Norrington Room excavated beneath Trinity College Gardens laying claim to being the largest space dedicated to book sales in Europe. Another 9 speciality branches of this Oxford institution dot the city.
Oxford University Press Bookshop, 116 High Street, +44 1865 242913, fax +44 1865 241701 [56] - stocks a wide variety of books published by Oxford University Press.
Waterstones, Broad St, +44 1865 790212, [57] - situated in the grade II listed William Baker House is one of the largest branches of Britain's dominant bookshops. The bookshop houses many different works both academic and leisurely catering to many tastes and preferences. There is also a café making it perfect for meeting friends or taking a break.
Eat[ edit ][ add listing ]
Alpha Bar, 89 Covered Market, Avenue 3, ☎ +44 1865 250499. 9-5(ish). One of the healthier options inside the Covered Market, Alpha Bar serves up organic, fair-trade food. Sandwiches are reasonably priced, at around £3.50, and you can choose from their many interesting fillings, including baked tofu, seaweed and roasted vegetables. Their salads are priced by the pound and you can fill your recyclable container with good-for-you grains. A favourite among students for lunch, but make sure you get there early - they tend to run out of the more popular ingredients by around 3:30. £. edit
Angrid Thai, Threeways House, 36 George St, Oxford OX1 2BJ, ☎ +44 1865 791898. An inexpensive Thai fast-food establishment right in the centre of Oxford that offers great value dishes and a casual atmosphere. Recommended to try are the panang curries and the prawn crackers with a helping of sweet chilli sauce. £. (-1.2613385,51.7537466) edit
Atomic Burger, 92 Cowley Rd, Oxford OX4 1JE, ☎ +44 1865 790855, [58] . 11:30am-10:30pm. Gourmet burger joint with a nostalgic 80's popculture theme throughout. Burgers are top-notch with many different toppings as well the option of choosing how you like it cooked. ££. (-1.2393334,51.7469699) edit
G&D’s (George and Davis), 55 Little Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX1 2HS, ☎ +44 1865 516652, [59] . 8AM-midnight). £. edit
G&D’s (George and Danver), 94 St. Aldates, Oxford, OX1 1BT, ☎ +44 1865 245952, [60] . 8AM-midnight). £. edit
G&D’s (George and Delila), 104 Cowley Road, Oxford, OX4 1JE, ☎ +44 1865 727111, [61] . 8AM-midnight). The original G&D’s was opened in Little Clarendon Street by an Oxford University student and soon became an Oxford institution. No other ice-cream themed shop has survived long in Oxford due to the fierce loyalty of G&D’s customers. Popular flavours include ‘Oxford Blue’ (blueberry), Crunchie bar, Turkish delight and InLight Delight (white chocolate with chocolate chip cookie dough). G&D’s also offers bagels, salads and baked goods, all extremely reasonably priced and extremely tasty. £. edit
Café Zouk, ☎ +44 1865 250499. 12 noon – 2:30PM; 5:30 – 11:30PM. Café Zouk serves up authentic, traditional Indian and balti dishes at fair prices. Starters are generally between three to five pounds, with mains priced between five to ten pounds. Service can be unpredictable, but the food is good enough to excuse the occasional offhand waiter. £. edit
Georgina’s, ☎ +44 1865 249527, [62] . Mon–Fri 9–4.30, Sat 9–5. Georgina’s is tucked away on the upper floor of the Covered Market, and this small café has a fairly groovy, hippy-ish décor and atmosphere. You’ll pay more for your sandwiches and wraps here than you would at other places, but portions are huge and, for the most part, healthy. An exception to the latter is their loaded potato skins, which are slightly spiced and come with a heaping of sour cream. Delicious! £. edit
The Nosebag Restaurant, ☎ +44 1865 721033. Tuesday – Thursday 9:30AM - 9:30PM; Friday - Saturday 9:30AM - 10PM; Sunday 9:30AM - 8:30PM. An Oxford institution, The Nosebag is a favourite among students who come for the huge portions of their tasty, wholesome food. It’s worth paying the extra couple of pounds for the leftovers you’ll be heaving home – the varied menu includes Hungarian goulash, served with tagliatelle and green salad, spanakopita, pea, asparagus and salmon risotto, and blackeye bean curry. Or you can just pick up one of their delicious cakes. £. edit
Noodle Nation, 100-101 Gloucester Green, Oxford, OX1 2DF, ☎ +44 1865 201400, [63] . Mon & Tues: 11.30AM-10PM; Wed - Sat: 11.30AM-11PM; Sun: 12noon-10PM. A cheaper, less ubiquitous version of Wagamama, Noodle Nation is useful for its location on Gloucester Green, near the bus terminal. A blend of Japanese, Chinese and Thai cuisines, the menu is almost overwhelmingly large and dishes are fully customisable. 10% student discount with card. £. edit
Combibos Coffee, ☎ +44 1865 250072, [64] . 7AM – 8PM. Doing its best despite the location of a Caffe Nero just a few doors down, Combibos is an excellent place for a cup of coffee and a pastry. Sandwiches are unspecial but the pictures of rock ‘n’ roll stars and quotations on the walls provide a hip setting for a chat with a friend. £. edit
Olive's Delicatessen, High Street ((next to Queen's Lane Cafe)). 8am-7pm, closed Sundays. Gourmet French/Italian delicatessen, this is without a doubt the best sandwich shop in Oxford. The sandwiches and paninis range from around £2.40-£4, but the sheer quality and variety of options available makes it great value for money. The shop also sells high end French and Italian deli produce, and often has weekly sandwich specials and soups. edit
Meltz, ☎ +44 1865 202016. 7AM – 8PM. Great for sandwiches – their hot toasties come with salad, dip and tortilla chips, and other lunch options are large and tasty, including pastas, baked potatoes with all sorts of fillings and spaghetti and meatballs. £. edit
Jamie’s Italian, ☎ +44 1865 838383, [65] . Monday – Friday 12noon – 11PM; Saturday 10AM – 11PM; Sunday 10AM – 10:30PM. Offering traditional, simple Italian food at reasonable prices, Jamie Oliver’s venture opened recently and has been a huge success. One drawback is that no reservations are accepted, so be prepared to put your name on the wait-list and endure a growling stomach. Favourites include the crab spaghettini, wild mushroom ravioli and the exquisite truffle tagliatelle. You can order a starter-sized portion of any pasta dish, and mains include grilled steak, yellow fin tuna salad and, unusually, lamb chop lollipops. Nothing on the menu is over £17 and most dishes hover around the £10 mark. ££. edit
Brasserie Blanc, ☎ +44 1865 510999, [66] . 11AM – 11PM. Raymond Blanc’s French brasserie is intimate and full of charm. Considering the quality of the food, prices are extremely reasonable – a rack of lamb, potatoes and cabbage will set you back £17.50, and for vegetarians the grilled Crottin goats’ cheese and beetroot tart is an exquisite choice. A great place for a date or to bring your mother. ££. edit
The Grand Cafe, ☎ +44 1865 204463, [67] . 9AM – 8PM. Lunch options include Waldorf salads, oak smoked salmon and varied sandwiches, but the real draw here is the afternoon tea. For £16.50 you get a couple of sandwiches, scones with jam and clotted cream, handmade chocolate truffles, tea or coffee and a glass of champagne. True extravagance! ££. edit
The Randolph Hotel, ☎ +44 1865 791678, [68] . Afternoon tea at the Randolph is world-renowned, but a sit-down dinner in the beautiful dining room is an experience. Mains include roast loin of Highland venison, served with chestnuts and sprouts at £26.50, and fillet of wild seabass, fennel puree and langoustine sauce at £25.50. Their cheese trolley is an indulgent way to end the meal. £££. edit
The Alternative Tuck Shop, 24 Holywell Street, [69] . One of the best sandwich shops in Oxford. Cheap, lightning-fast service, high-quality food. Offers a great selection of sandwiches (warm and cold), paninis, pastys and cakes. Friendly and efficient staff. £. edit
The Mission, 8 St Michael’s Street (off Cornmarket), ☎ +44 1865 202016, [70] . Delicious California style burritos for about £5. edit
The Mission (King Edward St), 2 King Edward Street (off High St.), ☎ +44 1865 722020, [71] . The King Edward St. location of the Mission chain. Delicious burritos at a low price. edit
Spice Lounge[ [72] ] 193 Banbury Road, Oxford Spice Lounge has a delicious Indian and Bangladeshi cuisine with a very friendly staff. They offer a lunchtime buffet on Sundays from 12 noon to 3pm. At the Spice Lounge the emphasis is on organic and creative dishes. Ethnic recipes are used to provide a diverse, unusual menu, while focusing on healthy eating.
Gees Restaurant (Gees), 61 Banbury Road, ☎ +44 1865 553540, [73] . Gee's is an Oxford restaurant serving traditional British food with an emphasis on seasonal food, simple, good cooking and value for money edit
Quod Brasserie, 92-94 High Street, ☎ +44 1865 202505, [74] . Quod Brasserie & Bar on the famous High in Oxford, with its terrace and bar forms the hub of The Old Bank Hotel edit
The Mitre, 17 High St (the corner of High St and Turl St, city centre), ☎ +44 1865 244563. Su-Th 10AM-11PM, F-Sa 10AM-midnight. One of the oldest and biggest pubs in the city centre, it has been serving the public since 1261. It is a listed building with a pub and restaurant on three levels with lot of nooks and crannies which allow guests to have some privacy if they wish. Main courses are predominantly meat (succulent steaks, mixed grill, ribs), but the menu has something for seafood lovers, vegetarians and meat-eaters alike. A fantastic deal 5.99 on some meals before 6:30PM (including famous and popular rump steak with chips and salad). edit
Carfax Chippy, 135 High Street, Oxfordshire, Oxford OX1 4DN, United Kingdom. Oxford original and traditional fish and chips. The interior is similar of a school canteen. Very fine fish and chips. Prepare and cook the traditional way from the finest freshest fish and potato that you can taste it. Usually made to order, so can take longer than the average chippy. edit
Brew Coffee Shop, North Parade, Oxford, [75] . Serving up some of Oxford's best coffee in all it's forms from espresso, to pourover. Brew also stocks coffee to buy from all over the world as well as everything you need to make the perfect cup at home. Run by friendly coffee experts and frequented by locals and students who enjoy its intimate atmosphere, delicious treats and excellent caffeinated beverages! edit
Quarter Horse, 76 Cowley Road Oxford (Over the Magdalen Bridge, through the roundabout and a short walk up Cowley Road.), [76] . Venture over the Magdalen Bridge to the delights of East Oxford and take a break at Quarter Horse, another of Oxford's serious coffee ventures. They offer delicious, expertly crafted cups of coffee, some cold drinks and delicious baked goods and sandwiches. The Banana Bread is a must if you have a sweet tooth! edit
Taberu, 100 Cowley Rd, Oxford OX4 1JE (west end of the Cowley Road opposite Big Society and the church), ☎ +44 1865 434100, [77] . Authentic Japanese restaurant with a superb atmosphere and menu to boot. Start your meal with some delicious takoyaki, a snack dish originating from Osaka that involves frying octopus in dough and garnishing with sauces. Enjoy traditionally made sushi or go for katsu curry or a bento dish instead. While alongside having a sake beer or instead a Ramune which is a Japanese-made soft drink. ££. (-1.2613385,51.7483919) edit
Pizzeria Trattoria Mario, 103 Cowley Rd, Oxford OX4 1HU, ☎ +44 1865 722955, [78] . Mon-Sat: 6:00pm-11:00pm Sun:6:00pm-10:30pm. Rustic Italian restaurant with typical cuisine. Offers a selection of pizzas, pastas and a specials menu. Has plenty of vegetarian dishes and some vegan dishes as well. ££. (-1.2404925,51.7483919) edit
Majliss, 110 Cowley Rd, Oxford OX4 1JE, ☎ +44 1865 726728, [79] . Sun-Thu: 12:00pm-2:30pm then 5:30pm-11:30pm, Fri-Sat: 12:00pm-2:30pm then 5:30pm-12:00am. Comtemporary designed authentic restaurant specialising primarily in Indian cusine but also caters to other Asian delicacies. Food is delicious regardless of the diner's spice preference and the service is excellent. ££. (-1.2390341,51.7483623) edit
Kadai & Naan, 209 Cowley Rd, Oxford OX4 1XF, ☎ +44 1865 241493, [80] . Restaurant specialising in primarily Nepalese cuisine but also offers Indian dishes too. The Nepalese food here is strong and bursting with flavour particularly the rum-rum chicken. Also recommended are the momo dumplings, served with a delicious spicy tomato chutney they both compliment the meal or serve as an excellent appetiser. ££. (-1.2340495,51.7461326) edit
Cafés[ edit ]
Combibos Coffee, Gloucester Green (by Gloucester Green bus station), [81] . 8:00-18:30. Probably Oxford's best coffee shop, has a very loyal following, is family run and unusually for a coffee bar, offers table service. A very mixed crowd of students and locals choose here as it has a number of tables outside. Lyrics and poems on the walls make it quite a cool place. It was recently featured in the Independent newspapers' Top 50 Coffee Shops. They also serve a fantastic Full English cooked breakfast every day, before 11am. edit
The Missing Bean, 14 Turl Street (only 1 minute's walk from the main quadrangle of the Bodleian), [82] . 8:00-18:30. Hidden halfway down Turl Street is this little gem of a coffee shop, it only opened in October but already has a reputation for the best coffee in Oxford. Laid back atmosphere & friendly staff. Ask for the famous flat white! edit
Zappi's Bike Cafe, St Michael's Street Oxford (Inside above Bike Zone), [83] . Need to recharge after some hectic sight-seeing in Oxford? Then Zappi's is the place to go for a fantastic cup of coffee or a simple lunch or snack. Located in the middle of town just off Cornmarket Street. edit
The Natural Bread Company, (A short walk from the centre of town, in 'Jericho'), ☎ 01865 302996, [84] . 07:30-17:00. Just north of the city centre on Little Clarendon Street, The Natural Bread Company offers a fantastic coffee as well as its famous cakes and sourdough bread. Perfect for a quiet break away from the standard tourist trail. edit
Pubs and bars[ edit ]
Oxford has many old pubs, as well as newer nightclubs.
Turf Tavern, 4 Bath Place (off New College Lane), +44 1865 243235. 11AM-11PM, Su 12noon-10.30PM. A well-hidden pub, but also well known by locals. Good range of beers. Nice beer garden with coal fires where you can roast marshmallows on chilly evenings in spring and autumn. This ancient pub (a favourite with Inspector Morse) is an unmissable Oxford institution that many consider to be the best pub in the city - in the summer watch out for drenched students enjoying the end of their exams. Pint £3.50.
the Eagle and Child, 49 St Giles. Popularly known as "the bird and baby", this pub was the frequent haunt of the Inklings, a group of Oxford literary dons that included CS Lewis and JRR Tolkien. Very atmospheric, with a great range of ales and the best pork scratchings you've ever tasted!
The Jericho Tavern, Jericho. Great place for a drink and maybe some food. Also famous for being the place that Radiohead played their first show.
the Lamb and Flag, 12 St Giles, +44 1865 515787. A big old pub, long, with lots of nook and crannies
Royal Oak, Woodstock Road (opposite Radcliffe Infirmary). Graduate and North Oxford local, offers Schneider Weiße from Germany, popular with scientists and doctors working in the area.
The Bear, Blue Boar Street. A small pub, but curiously full of old school ties. The oldest pub in Oxford by its own description, founded in 1492, and probably has the lowest ceilings of any pub in Oxford.
King's Arms, (opposite Broad Street and the Sheldonian Theatre). A popular student pub - selection of beers and reasonable food although perhaps prices are a little high. Excellent location.
Cowley Retreat, Cowley Road. Lively student pub. Staff are friendly until 11PM, at which point you'll be rudely kicked out.
The Old Bookbinders' Arms, hidden in the back streets of Jericho (go down Great Clarendon Street, turn right into Canal Street). Has eccentric decorations, but friendly and with lots of beers.
Freud's, Jericho. This bar and restaurant occupy a grand church building producing a unique, slightly austere atmosphere. When buzzing with people, this becomes a great place for an evening out; the restaurant area is cleared to become a dance floor later in the evening. They serve a range of cocktails from about £5 upwards.
Raoul's, Jericho. A trendy and upmarket cocktail bar. Often very busy at weekends.
Love Jericho, 30 Walton Street, Jericho, OX2 6AA, +44 1865 424631, Mon-Sat 4.30pm-1am. Cocktail bar situated on the old site of Sweet Browns and adjacent to Raoul's. Atmosphere is great and the menu is vibrant with a mixture of flavours ranging from sweet to spicy.
The Duke of Cambridge, Little Clarendon Street. Fashionable for young students wanting great cocktails with some cheeky bar staff. Swisher than you might expect.
The Bullingdon, Cowley Road. Lively and unpretentious with a mixed clientele. Live music and club nights in the back room. Jazz club on Tuesday nights. Blues on Monday nights.
Half Moon, St. Clement's. Ignore the plastic faux-Irish outlets in the city centre and head out along the High St and over Magdalen Bridge and enjoy the relaxed vibe in this small, friendly pub.
Angel and Greyhound, St. Clement's. Popular with Friday evening after-work crowd, letting their hair down. In quieter moments good for board games. Food is average.
Head of the River, Folly Bridge, 44 1865 721600. Perfectly located, right on the Thames. Follow St Aldate's down past Christ Church college until you reach the river (the pub's on the far bank). This place buzzes on summer evenings, when the large garden gets extremely busy.
The Gardener's Arms, Plantation Road. Very pretty with a beer garden, and an excellent all-vegetarian menu.
The Fir Tree, on the corner of Bullingdon Road and Iffley Road. Good beer, open till 2AM most nights, friendly atmosphere.
The Kite, Mill Street, west Oxford. Close to the railway station, this tired and run down pub for locals and their dogs is best avoided.
Big Society, 95 Cowley Rd, Oxford OX4 1HR, +44 1865 792755, 12am - 12pm. A modern bar with minimalistic decor, serves a US-inspired diner menu complete with burgers, fries and milkshakes (along with excellent Southern-fried chicken). Has free Wi-Fi with a password that rotates on a daily basis and plenty of entertainment activities including pool, table tennis and an upright arcade machine with a plethora of classic titles.
Cafés[ edit ]
Combibos Coffee, Gloucester Green (by Gloucester Green bus station), [85] . 8:00-18:30. Probably Oxford's best coffee shop, has a very loyal following, is family run and unusually for a coffee bar, offers table service. A very mixed crowd of students and locals choose here as it has a number of tables outside. Lyrics and poems on the walls make it quite a cool place. It was recently featured in the Independent newspapers' Top 50 Coffee Shops. They also serve a fantastic Full English cooked breakfast every day, before 11am. edit
The Missing Bean, 14 Turl Street (only 1 minute's walk from the main quadrangle of the Bodleian), [86] . 8:00-18:30. Hidden halfway down Turl Street is this little gem of a coffee shop, it only opened in October but already has a reputation for the best coffee in Oxford. Laid back atmosphere & friendly staff. Ask for the famous flat white! edit
Zappi's Bike Cafe, St Michael's Street Oxford (Inside above Bike Zone), [87] . Need to recharge after some hectic sight-seeing in Oxford? Then Zappi's is the place to go for a fantastic cup of coffee or a simple lunch or snack. Located in the middle of town just off Cornmarket Street. edit
The Natural Bread Company, (A short walk from the centre of town, in 'Jericho'), ☎ 01865 302996, [88] . 07:30-17:00. Just north of the city centre on Little Clarendon Street, The Natural Bread Company offers a fantastic coffee as well as its famous cakes and sourdough bread. Perfect for a quiet break away from the standard tourist trail. edit
Pubs and bars[ edit ]
Oxford has many old pubs, as well as newer nightclubs.
Turf Tavern, 4 Bath Place (off New College Lane), +44 1865 243235. 11AM-11PM, Su 12noon-10.30PM. A well-hidden pub, but also well known by locals. Good range of beers. Nice beer garden with coal fires where you can roast marshmallows on chilly evenings in spring and autumn. This ancient pub (a favourite with Inspector Morse) is an unmissable Oxford institution that many consider to be the best pub in the city - in the summer watch out for drenched students enjoying the end of their exams. Pint £3.50.
the Eagle and Child, 49 St Giles. Popularly known as "the bird and baby", this pub was the frequent haunt of the Inklings, a group of Oxford literary dons that included CS Lewis and JRR Tolkien. Very atmospheric, with a great range of ales and the best pork scratchings you've ever tasted!
The Jericho Tavern, Jericho. Great place for a drink and maybe some food. Also famous for being the place that Radiohead played their first show.
the Lamb and Flag, 12 St Giles, +44 1865 515787. A big old pub, long, with lots of nook and crannies
Royal Oak, Woodstock Road (opposite Radcliffe Infirmary). Graduate and North Oxford local, offers Schneider Weiße from Germany, popular with scientists and doctors working in the area.
The Bear, Blue Boar Street. A small pub, but curiously full of old school ties. The oldest pub in Oxford by its own description, founded in 1492, and probably has the lowest ceilings of any pub in Oxford.
King's Arms, (opposite Broad Street and the Sheldonian Theatre). A popular student pub - selection of beers and reasonable food although perhaps prices are a little high. Excellent location.
Cowley Retreat, Cowley Road. Lively student pub. Staff are friendly until 11PM, at which point you'll be rudely kicked out.
The Old Bookbinders' Arms, hidden in the back streets of Jericho (go down Great Clarendon Street, turn right into Canal Street). Has eccentric decorations, but friendly and with lots of beers.
Freud's, Jericho. This bar and restaurant occupy a grand church building producing a unique, slightly austere atmosphere. When buzzing with people, this becomes a great place for an evening out; the restaurant area is cleared to become a dance floor later in the evening. They serve a range of cocktails from about £5 upwards.
Raoul's, Jericho. A trendy and upmarket cocktail bar. Often very busy at weekends.
Love Jericho, 30 Walton Street, Jericho, OX2 6AA, +44 1865 424631, Mon-Sat 4.30pm-1am. Cocktail bar situated on the old site of Sweet Browns and adjacent to Raoul's. Atmosphere is great and the menu is vibrant with a mixture of flavours ranging from sweet to spicy.
The Duke of Cambridge, Little Clarendon Street. Fashionable for young students wanting great cocktails with some cheeky bar staff. Swisher than you might expect.
The Bullingdon, Cowley Road. Lively and unpretentious with a mixed clientele. Live music and club nights in the back room. Jazz club on Tuesday nights. Blues on Monday nights.
Half Moon, St. Clement's. Ignore the plastic faux-Irish outlets in the city centre and head out along the High St and over Magdalen Bridge and enjoy the relaxed vibe in this small, friendly pub.
Angel and Greyhound, St. Clement's. Popular with Friday evening after-work crowd, letting their hair down. In quieter moments good for board games. Food is average.
Head of the River, Folly Bridge, 44 1865 721600. Perfectly located, right on the Thames. Follow St Aldate's down past Christ Church college until you reach the river (the pub's on the far bank). This place buzzes on summer evenings, when the large garden gets extremely busy.
The Gardener's Arms, Plantation Road. Very pretty with a beer garden, and an excellent all-vegetarian menu.
The Fir Tree, on the corner of Bullingdon Road and Iffley Road. Good beer, open till 2AM most nights, friendly atmosphere.
The Kite, Mill Street, west Oxford. Close to the railway station, this tired and run down pub for locals and their dogs is best avoided.
Big Society, 95 Cowley Rd, Oxford OX4 1HR, +44 1865 792755, 12am - 12pm. A modern bar with minimalistic decor, serves a US-inspired diner menu complete with burgers, fries and milkshakes (along with excellent Southern-fried chicken). Has free Wi-Fi with a password that rotates on a daily basis and plenty of entertainment activities including pool, table tennis and an upright arcade machine with a plethora of classic titles.
Nightclubs[ edit ]
Certain weeknights are student-only at some clubs, so you should probably check before going.
The Bridge, 6-9 Hythe Bridge Street, +44 1865 242526. [89] Nightclub frequented by students. Two floors - R&B on one, dance on the other. Plenty of acceptable seating, long bars and quite importantly clean bathroom facilities! Drinks can be a bit pricey: bottled beer £3 (no draught), double vodka coke £2.70, entry £4-£5. VIP room.
Maxwell's, 36-37 Queen Street, +44 1865 242192. [90] 11:30AM-2AM daily. Bar and restaurant by day; cocktails and nightclub by evening. Claims to have the longest bar in Oxford. £3-£5 cover (after 10PM).
Atik (previously LavaIgnite, Park End), 37-39 Park End Street, +44 1865 250181. [91] M-W 21:00-02:00, Th-Sa 21:30-03:00. Nightclub frequented by students and locals. Come here to drink heavily and dance to uninspired pop tunes. £1-£5 cover, £3 pints, £3 mixed drinks (some nightly drink specials). Monday is Brookes student night, Wednesday is OUSU student night (many bottled drinks £1.50). Student ID required for both.
O2 Academy Oxford [92] (previously Carling Academy and The Zodiac) Live music venue and stop-off for many a band's UK tour, turned nightclub after hours.
Purple Turtle, Frewin Court, +44 1865 247007. Characterful bar and nightclub located in one of the old Oxford University coal cellars. Playlist varies considerably depending on which night you go, with hip-hop night Brooklyn Zoo on Thursdays and rock/pop themed Propaganda on Saturdays being two of the most popular. Free entry from Mondays to Thursdays.
The Cellar, Frewin Court, OX1 3HZ, +44 1865 244 761. Underground nightclub located off Cornmarket Street and directly adjacent to Purple Turtle. Some enjoy the experience very much and others are less inclined. Charges a rather expensive entry fee. £8 entry to non-ACS members, £5 with membership
Lo La Lo's, 13-15 Magdalen Street. Don't be put off by the inconspicuous entrance - below is a relatively small, Hawaiian-themed, funky cave, with great not-too-loud music, and an unusual and relaxed atmosphere. Cocktails 2 for 1 between 9 and 10:30.
Thirst, 7-8 Park End Street, +44 1865 242044. [93] M-W 18:30-02:00, Su 18:30-01:30. Cocktail bar, outdoor smoking and shisha area, drinks from £1.75.
Anuba, 13 Park End St, OX1 1HH. Cocktail bar with decently sized dancefloor and heated smoking area. Can be used for entry to The Bridge via the beer garden on certain nights if you purchase a ticket.
Emporium, 28-31 St Ebbes St, OX1 1PU, +44 1865 245551.
Sleep[ edit ][ add listing ]
Oxford has a large number of B&Bs and guesthouses, located both centrally and in the suburbs. Check the website of the Oxford Association of Hotels and Guesthouses [94] to get some ideas of available options.
Most hotels in the city centre are pretty expensive, and you pay almost London prices. Be advised to book in advance if you are travelling in summer since free accommodation can be rare during high season. The tourist information office in the city centre can help find available accommodation for a small fee.
Budget[ edit ]
Travelodge [95] and Premier Inn [96] have budget hotels on the outskirts of Oxford, although one will need to take a twenty minute bus ride to get to the centre. Alternatives in the centre include:
YHA Oxford , 2a Botley Road, (in UK) 0870 770 5970, (outside UK) +44 1865 727275, fax +44 1865 251182, [97] [98] Housed in newish, purpose-built building next to the railway station and minutes from the city centre, prices from £20.50 adult, £15.50 under 18s. Prices are a bit steep, and unfortunately no longer include breakfast. Location is convenient although avoid getting a room facing the train station as the sound of passing trains and station PA announcements can become annoying after a while.
Central Backpackers Hostel, 13 Park End Street, +44 1865 242288 [99] Only recently opened and situated close to the city centre. Clean and airy. From £14.
Oxford Backpackers, 9a Hythe Bridge Street, +44 1865 721761, fax +44 1865 203293. [100] [101] Cheap and a little dingy. Conveniently located for both the rail and bus stations (2 mins walk). Dorm beds from £13.
Victoria House Hotel [102] Popular hotel located in the heart of Oxford on Georges Street.
Dial House 25 London Rd | Headington, Oxford OX3 7RE, England Bed and breakfast from £91.
Mid-range[ edit ]
Remont Oxford Hotel | A Boutique Hotel style Oxford Bed and Breakfast | 367 Banbury Road, Oxford, OX2 7PL, | +44 1865 311020 | [103] | £87 - £140 |
Oxford University Rooms, some of the colleges rent out rooms out of term time, providing a B&B like experience, [104]
The Old Bank Hotel, 92-94 High Street, +44 1865 799599, [105] , [106] . £150 (single).
Burlington House Hotel 374 Banbury Road, Oxford $157
Ethos Hotel (£130) 59 Western Road | Grandpont, Oxford +44 1865 245800 | [107] |
Weston Manor £135 Northampton Road | Weston-on-the-Green, Oxford OX25 3QL, England
Mercure Oxford Eastgate Townhouse Hotel, 73 High Street Oxfordshire , ☎ +44 1242 307801, [108] Mercure Oxford Eastgate Townhouse Hotel is located in central Oxford.
De Vere Oxford Thames, Henley Rd, Sandford on Thames OX4 4GX, ☎ 01865 334444, [109] Located less than 20 minutes from the city of Oxford, De Vere Oxford Thames blends historic charm with modern amenities.
Oxford Spires Hotel, Abingdon Rd, Oxford OX1 4PS, ☎ 01865 324324, [110] An elegant destination for both leisure and business travellers, the Oxford Spires has an array of modern amenities to complete its riverside location, making it ideal for meetings, conferences, wedding, or special gathering.
Oxford Witney Hotel, Olney House, Ducklington Ln, Witney, OX28 4EX, ☎ 01993 779777, [111] Just a short walk from the historic centre of the city, Oxford Witney Hotel, Witney offers great accommodation at a great value. Its close proximity to Oxford, Buford, and the Cotswolds makes it the ideal base for travelling throughout Oxfordshire, while our elegant en-suite bedrooms are perfect for a tranquil night’s rest at the end of the day.
Splurge[ edit ]
Macdonald Randolph Hotel, Beaumont Street, Oxford 0844 879 9132, Fax: +44 1865 791678, [112] . Oxford's only 5* hotel. Plush English accommodation experience and is centrally located directly opposite the Ashmolean Museum. Can be hired for conference also if required.
Oxford Prison Hotel, 3 New Road, Oxford, OX1 1AY [113] Former prison which is now a hotel. Offers stylish rooms.
Oxford has a small gay scene and a gay area - which is accepting and friendly. The city is suprisingly gay-friendly for Middle England - evidently helped by a huge student population(and when compared to places like Birmingham and Coventry). The city's LGBT population is not as high places like Manchester, Brighton, London, Blackpool; but it is safe and comfortable feeling for gay visitors.
Stay safe[ edit ]
Although perceived to be a very affluent university city, there are also some areas that suffer from unemployment and poverty. Some parts of Oxford have more violent crime than many larger cities in the UK.
Blackbird Leys is possibly the most well-known, locally. The area suffers some instances of drug dealing and anti-social behaviour, although is no worse than any other large housing estate across the country.
Street crime in the centre of the city is low, but proper precautions should be taken, as in any other city . Avoid getting caught up in drunken revelry or street fights, and, remember, traffic is on the left (so look both ways).
Contact[ edit ]
Oxford public library in the Westgate Shopping Centre has free internet available. The hostels near the train station all provide the Internet to residents.
There are also internet cafes in the city. One to try is located above the baguette (sandwich) shop on the far south end of New Inn Hall Street (the little lane running perpendicular to George Street, right across from Gloucester Green bus station and immediately parallel to Cornmarket Street). They also offer international telephone calls, international fax, and printing.
| Oxford |
Which actor starred in 'High Fidelity' (2000), 'Being John Malkovich' (1999) and 'Con Air' (1997)? | A History of Oxford
A BRIEF HISTORY OF OXFORD
By Tim Lambert
SAXON OXFORD
Oxford was founded in the 9th century when Alfred the Great created a network of fortified towns called burghs across his kingdom. One of these was at Oxford. There may have been a village already existing there or Alfred may have created a new town. The streets of Anglo-Saxon Oxford were in a regular pattern suggesting a new town but we are not certain.
Oxford is first mentioned in 911 when the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, a sort of national diary, said: 'King Edward received the burghs of London and Oxford with all the lands belonging to them'.
Saxon Oxford probably had a market from the time it was made a burgh and it soon became a flourishing town. In the 10th century Oxford had a mint with 4 coin makers. But Oxford was a fortress as well as a town. In the event of war with the Danes all the men from the area were to gather inside the burgh.
However this strategy was not entirely successful. In 1009 the Danes burned Oxford. (An easy task since all the buildings were of wood with thatched roofs). However Oxford was soon rebuilt.
Then in 1013 the Danish king claimed the throne of England. He invaded England and went to Oxford where 'the people soon bowed to him and gave hostages'. In 1018 a conference was held in Oxford to decide who would be king of England.
OXFORD IN THE MIDDLE AGES
By the time of the Norman Conquest there were said to be about 1,000 houses in Oxford, which meant it probably had a population of around 5,000. By the standards of the time it was a large and important town (even London only had about 18,000 inhabitants). It was said at the time that Oxford was the 6th largest town in England. Oxford probably reached its zenith at that time.
About 1072 the Normans built a castle at Oxford. In the 11th century the town's defenses were a ditch and an earth rampart with a wooden stockade on top. Later the stockade was replaced by a stone wall.
In the 1140's there was civil war in England between Stephen and Matilda. In 1142 Matilda was at Oxford castle but her rival's troops burned the town and besieged the castle. However one snowy day Matilda managed to escape across the frozen river. Oxford soon recovered from this disaster and began to flourish once again.
The university at Oxford was founded in 1167. In Medieval Oxford there was much tension between townspeople and students. In 1209 a woman was killed in Oxford. Afterwards the townsfolk hanged 2 students. Some of the students fled to Cambridge but in 1214 they were invited back. Evidently the merchants in the town missed their custom. In 1121 a Chancellor was appointed with power to discipline the students.
Nevertheless further riots followed in Oxford in 1228, 1236, 1238, 1248, 1272, 1298. Tension continued because kings granted the students certain privileges, which harmed the merchants of the town. The tension came to a head in 1355 when a fight occurred between them, which lasted for 3 days. Afterwards an investigation was held and as a result the university staff and students were given still more privileges. Despite this the conflict between the townspeople and the university died down.
In 1258 Simon de Monfort and 23 other rebellious barons held a meeting in Oxford and forced the king to accept a number of reforms known as the Provisions of Oxford.
In the 12th and 13th centuries Oxford was a manufacturing town. It was noted for cloth and leather. In Oxford wool was woven then fulled, that is it was cleaned and thickened by being pounded in water and clay. There were many tanners in the town and leather workers such as shoemakers and saddlers.
However in the 14th and 15th centuries manufacturing declined. Oxford came to depend on the custom of students. It became a town of brewers, butchers, bakers, tailors, shoemakers, coopers, carpenters and blacksmiths. In the later Middle Ages Oxford declined in importance.
In 1122 an Augustinian priory (small abbey) was founded in Oxford. It was dedicated to St Fridewide. The priory was given the right to hold a fair. In the Middle ages a fair was like a market but it was held only once a year for a few days and it would attract merchants from as far away as London. The priory charged the stallholders tolls. A Cistercian abbey, Rewley Abbey was founded in 1280.
In the Middle Ages the church ran the only hospitals. A hospital dedicated to St John the Baptist opened outside the east gate in the 12th century. It was closed in 1485. A leper hostel dedicated to St Bartholomew opened east of the town in the late 12th century.
In the 13th century friars arrived in Oxford. The friars were like monks except instead of withdrawing from the world they went out to preach and help the poor. In Medieval Oxford there were Franciscan friars, known as grey friars because of the colour of their costumes. There were also Dominicans friars (known as black friars) Carmelites and Augustinians.
OXFORD IN THE 16th CENTURY
In the 16th century Oxford declined further in terms of national importance though it remained a fairly large town by the standards of the time. In the mid 16th century it may have had a population of about 3,500.
Tudor Oxford was economically dependent on the university. The students provided a large market for beer, food, clothes and other goods. Oxford was full of craftsmen who supplied these needs. By this time hostility between 'town and gown' had died out.
Like all towns in the 16th and 17th centuries Oxford suffered outbreaks of plague. Severe outbreaks occurred in 1603 and 1625-26.
In 1538 Henry VIII closed the abbey, the priory and the friaries in Oxford. In the Middle Ages the priory and one of the friaries had the right to hold annual fairs and to charge tolls. After they were closed this right was transferred to the town. Yet both fairs declined and had virtually ceased to exist by the middle of the 17th century. However in 1542 Oxford was made a city and was given a Bishop.
Henry's daughter Mary tried to undo the religious changes of the previous decades and restore Catholicism. During her reign 3 famous Protestants were tried in St Marys Church in Oxford. They were Thomas Cramner, the Archbishop of Canterbury, Nicholas Ridley the Bishop of London and Hugh Latimer. All three were condemned to death for heresy. Latimer and Ridley were burned in Broad Street.
OXFORD IN THE 17th CENTURY
In 1642 came civil war between king and parliament. Opinion among the townspeople was probably divided but in 1642 a royalist army occupied Oxford. For the rest of the war the king made Oxford his headquarters. By this time the walls around the town were in disrepair so the king forced the townspeople to erect earthwork defenses. However by 1646 the king was losing the war and he was forced to flee in disguise. Oxford eventually surrendered to a parliamentary army. Although there was a fire in 1644 Oxford was not seriously damaged by the civil war.
In 1651 the first coffee house in England opened in Oxford. Coffee was a new drink at that time but it soon became popular. Many coffee houses were opened where middle class and upper class men could meet, have a drink, read newspapers and talk shop. In 1659 a free grammar school was founded in Oxford.
At the end of the 17th century a travel writer called Celia Fiennes described Oxford as: 'Pleasant and compact. The theater is the highest of all (the buildings), encompassed by the several colleges and churches and other buildings whose towers and spires appear very well at a distance. The streets are very clean and well paved and pretty broad. The High Street is a very noble one, so large and of great length'.
OXFORD IN THE 18th CENTURY
Radcliffe Camera in Oxford University
Georgian Oxford remained a market town where produce from the surrounding area was bought and sold but most industry in Oxford was still geared to supplying the needs of the university. The city was full of brewers, bakers, butchers, tailors and grocers. In the 1720s a writer described the city as 'large, strong, populous and rich'. He was also impressed by the university buildings.
In 1708 a charity school for boys was founded in Oxford. It was called the Blue coat school because of the color of the school uniforms. Hollywell Music room was built in 1748. Radcliffe Infirmary was built in 1770. In 1772 a workhouse was built to house the destitute. As the name suggests the able bodied were expected to work.
In the 18th century the streets of Oxford were becoming increasingly congested on market days as the stalls interfered with traffic. So, in 1774 a covered market for vegetables, meat and fish was built. There had been a prison in Oxford since the Middle Ages. It was rebuilt in 1789.
In 1771 East Gate and North Gate were demolished. In that year a group of men called the Improvement Commissioners was founded with responsibility for paving, cleaning and lighting the streets (with oil lamps).
New Road was built in 1776 and Magdalen bridge was rebuilt in 1779. In 1790 a canal was cut to Hawkesbury near Coventry. St Giles fair began in the late 18th century.
By the middle of the 18th century Oxford probably had a population of about 8,000. By the end of the century it was nearly 12,000.
OXFORD IN THE 19th CENTURY
From 1819 Oxford had gas street lighting. Warneford hospital was built in 1826. Littlemore hospital followed in 1847. There were some drains and sewers in Oxford in the early 19th century but the sewers emptied into the river. In the 1870s a modern system of sewers was built. In the 18th century a private company provided piped water - to those who could afford it. In 1808 the council took over the water company but many people continued to rely on wells. It wasn't until the 1880s that everybody in Oxford had piped water.
Despite these improvements there were epidemics of cholera in Oxford in 1832, 1849 and 1854.
Meanwhile a martyrs memorial to the 3 Protestants who were burned in Marys reign in the mid-16th century was built in 1843.
A railway from Oxford to London was built in 1844. Another to Banbury was built in 1850. In 1860 the Natural History Museum opened. The first electricity generating station in Oxford was built in 1892.
Meanwhile in the 1820s and 1830s working class houses were built at Summerstown. This suburb officially absorbed by the city in 1889. After 1850 a middle class estate was built at Park Town. In the 1830s and 1840s a working house suburb grew up at Jericho. In the 1870s houses were built at Northam Manor and Oxford was made a county borough in 1889.
In the late 19th century marmalade making industry began in Oxford. There was also a publishing industry and an iron foundry. Yet Oxford remained a city of craftsmen producing things for the university not a manufacturing centre.
OXFORD IN THE 20th CENTURY
Oxford gained its first cinema in 1910. Christchurch Memorial Gardens were laid out in 1926.
The fate of Oxford was changed in 1913 when a man named Morris began making cars in the city. In 1919 a radiator making company was formed and in 1926 a pressed steel company which made car bodies.
By the 1930s Oxford was an important manufacturing center. It was also a prosperous city. Furthermore it escaped serious damage during the Second World War.
Private houses were built around Woodstock Road in the 1920s. In 1929 the boundaries of the city were extended to include Summertown, Wolvercote, Headington, Cowley and Iffley. In the 1930s more were built at Cumnor Hill and Headington Hill. Council houses were built in Headington, Wolvercote and Cutteslowe. Oxford police station was built in 1936. In the 1930s many new houses were built in Botley, North Hincksey and Cowley.
The Museum of the History of Science opened in 1924 and Hincksey Park opened in 1934.
Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre began life as a convalescent home in 1872. In the 1920s it began to specialize in orthopaedics. It was given its present name in 1931 when Viscount Nuffield gave a gift of money. Churchill Hospital was built in 1940. Meanwhile Oxford airport opened in 1938.
In the late 1950s and 1960s a council house estate was built at Blackbird Leys. Other council houses were built at Rose Hill. Cutteslowe park was laid out in 1952.
St Clares College opened in 1953. The Cowley Shopping Centre was completed in 1965. The Westgate shopping centre opened Oxford in 1972. It was refurbished in 1986. A multi storey car park was built there in 1974. Meanwhile Queen Street was pedestrianised in 1970.
The Gallery of Modern Art opened in Oxford in 1966 and the College of Further Education was built in 1972.
The Museum of Oxford opened in 1975 and Ferry Pool opened in 1976. Then in the 1990s a Science Park was founded in Oxford.
Meanwhile in 1954 at Oxford Roger Bannister became the first person to run a mile in less than 4 minutes.
OXFORD IN THE 21st CENTURY
Today the main industries are still car manufacturing and making vehicle parts as well as publishing. There is now a biotech industry in Oxford. Furthermore in 2006 Oxford Castle opened to the public. Today the population of Oxford is 151,000.
| i don't know |
Which TV comedy series of the 1970s was actually filmed at Wooburn Grange, Bourne End, Buckinghamshire? | Fawlty Towers production data - British Comedy Guide
Live studio audience
Location
External scenes filmed at Wooburn Grange Country Club near Bourne End, Buckinghamshire. Town scenes filmed in Bourne End. All interiors at BBC Television Centre.
Broadcast details
| Fawlty Towers |
Which inert gas takes its name from the Greek for 'hidden'? | Stay with the stars of movies and television - APH Parking News
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APH Community » Holidays » Stay with the stars of movies and television
Stay with the stars of movies and television
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Hotels from films and TV where you can stay
Add some celebrity sparkle to your trip by booking accommodation in a hotel room from classic movies and TV shows… we’ve got the addresses and info right here
• Stay in hotels from Hollywood blockbusters to Brit TV classics
• Find out how much to buy a house in iconic television locations
• Fancy something spicy? Book a stay in a notorious hotel room
• Find out how to get the best deals on your A-list accommodation
Add some glitz to your trip with a night in a hotel from the movies. Here are just a few celluloid-celebrated establishments you might like to consider.
Here’s what we’ve got…
Hotels from film and TV
Hotels from movies and television…
Choose your celebrity stop-over from our selection of hotels from classic TV programmes and big-screen blockbusters…
Forgetting Sarah Marshall… Turtle Bay Resort, Hawaii
Forget Sarah Marshall here at Turtle Bay: image credit
Who, what, where and why: Jilted man takes holiday to get over being dumped by TV-star girlfriend in favour of successful rock star. Plan falters as ex and new lover also decide to holiday at the same resort.
Starring: Jason Segel, Kristen Bell, Mila Kunis and Russell Brand
Take a look: Watch the trailer…
Click here to watch an extract from the movie
Stay with the stars: Three’s already a crowd in this movie, so why not crash the party by booking a stay at the Turtle Bay Resort, Hawaii where the movie was set. Along with being the primary location for FSM, Turtle Bay resort has also featured in filming for Hunger Games: Catching Fire, Pirates of the Caribbean IV, the original Hawaii Five-0 and Tom Selleck’s moustachio’d Magnum P.I.
Sex and the City movie… Hotel Giraffe, New York
Big’s pad can be found on top of Hotel Giraffe in New York: image credit
Who, what, where and why: Carrie’s set to finally put us out of our misery and get hitched to Big… until one of her besties accidentally causes the large one to jilt her. Will she, won’t she? Watch the film if you care…
Starring: Sarah Jessica Parker, Kim Cattrall, Kristin Davis, Cynthia Nixon and Chris Noth.
Take a look: Watch the trailer…
Click here to watch an extract from the movie
Stay with the stars: The posing pad which the film portrays as Mr Big’s opulent city apartment is actually Penthouse 1202 in New York’s Giraffe Hotel. Located in the centre of Manhattan at 365 Park Lane, it’s the ultimate destination for Big-loving SATC fans.
Check in: Take a virtual tour of Penthouse 1202 here
How much: Penthouse 1202 is available to rent for events such as wedding receptions and meetings, so if you’re looking for a location to celebrate your nuptials, then this could be the venue for you. Hiring the penthouse will cost $2,000 (around £1315), or you could settle for standard accommodation and pay from £300 per room, per night.
In Bruges… Hotel Relais Bourgondisch Cruyce, Bruges
When in Bruges… we’d stay here: image credit
Who, what, where and why: After a difficult day at the office, hitmen Ray (Colin Farrell) and Ken (Brendan Gleeson) head for Belgium to dodge the heat from a messy job. Thrill-seeker Ray’s not impressed by the medieval city, while Ken’s seduced by its beauty and tranquil nature. However, things get a little surreal as the killer duo encounter tourists, locals, romance and an American dwarf.
Starring: Colin Farrell, Brendan Gleeson and Ralph Fiennes
Take a look: Watch the trailer…
Click here to watch an extract from the movie
Stay with the stars: Follow in Ray and Ken’s footsteps with a reservation at the Hotel Relais Bourgondisch Cruyce. This is where the hitmen holed-up for their post-murder sojourn in Bruges. In fact, along with being the main characters’ base in the movie, Fiennes and Farrell also stayed in the elegant waterfront hotel during filming.
James Bond’s Casino Royale… The Grandhotel Pupp, Czech Republic
The name’s Pup… Grandhotel Pup: image credit
Who, what, where and why: With a shiny new licence to kill in his pocket, Bond (played by Daniel Craig in his first outing as the UK’s top spook) heads to Madagascar, plays a game of poker, cheats death, topples dastardly terrorist financier, Le Chiffre, and still has time to seduce a beauty or two before teatime!
Starring: Daniel Craig, Eva Green, Mads Mikkelsen and Judi Dench
Take a look: Watch the trailer…
Click here to watch an extract from the movie
Stay with the stars: Set as the Montenegrin Hotel Splendide, The Grandhotel Pupp features in several scenes; mainly involving 007 wooing Vester Lynd played by Eva Green and dashing around the hotel’s car park. It’s not just Bond that gives the hotel its movie wings, though, scenes from Jackie Chan’s Shanghai Knights (2003) were filmed there, while actors John Malkovich and Antonio Banderas have also been guests. Take a trip here and expect luxury and glamour of a bygone era.
Starring: Owen Wilson and Rachel McAdams. See the full cast list here
Take a look: See just what the film’s all about here.
Click here to watch an extract from the movie
Stay with the stars: The hotel provides a location for the alfresco wine tasting scene where pompous Paul is driving Gil insane with tedious wine-based snobbery. Filmed in the Belle Etoile – the hotel’s roof-top suite – it’s also a favourite hang-out of Jay-Z and Beyonce when in Paris. The Hotel Le Meurice, has also been dubbed the Hotel of Kings, with Queen Victoria, Alphonse XIII and the Shah of Iran having bedded down for the night in days gone by. Other historical A-listers in the visitors book include Tchaikovsky, Pablo Picasso and Salvador Dali – with the latter two also portrayed in the film.
Check in: Take an intimate look around the Belle Etoile Suite at the Hotel Le Meurice, Paris here
How much: Renting the Belle Etoile suite and its expansive of rooftop terrace is reported to cost around £16,700 a night, but slumming it in slightly less salubrious lower-floor accommodation will cut the bill to rates from just £580 for a double.
Best Exotic Marigold Hotel… Ravla Khempur Hotel, India
It’s the Best and you can visit
Who, what, where and why: Eclectic collection of Brit retirees head for the exotic climes of India in search of an exotic dotage. However, promotional photos of their new home prove a little short of the mark as they check-in to a hotel that’s merely a shell of its former splendour (see what they’ve done there?)… It’s not long, though, before both the ageing guests and hotel draw a new vibrance from each other.
Starring: Multi-talented big-screen big-hitters such as Dame Judi Dench, Bill Nighy, Maggie Smith, Ronald Pickup, Tom Wilkinson, Celia Imrie and the excellent Dev Patel… plus many more
Take a look: Watch the official trailer and take look around the Best Exotic Marigold Hotel.
Click here to watch an extract from the movie
Stay with the stars: Head to the very same crumbling hotel where the retirees resuscitated their lives and see where it takes you. Throw back the shutters, take in the beauty – and don’t forget to duck and dodge those low-flying doves. Alternatively, you could spend a few days in the uber-luxurious Oberoi Udai Villas where the A-list stars stayed during filming.
Hotel Budapest… inspired by the Hotel Gellert in Budapest
Hotel Budapest… well as close as you can get: image credit
Who, what, where and why: Set between the First and Second World Wars, this charming Wes Anderson movie follows the adventures of Gustave H, a legendary concierge at an equally fabled hotel in the fictional Republic of Zubrowka.
Starring: Ralph Fiennes, Tony Revolori and Tilda Swinton… not to mention an extremely impressive supporting cast packed with big-screen A-listers. Get the full cast list here
Take a look: Watch the trailer…
Click here to watch an extract from the movie
Stay with the stars: Sadly you can’t check-in to the very hotel where Gustave H would have walked the lobby – it was merely a model – but you can book into the city’s Danubius Hotel Gellért, which is said to have provided inspiration for the Hotel Budapest. The hotel’s Art Nouveau architecture and large, light corridors provide a clear link in DNA. It also shares its building with the Gellert Spa; a beautiful thermal bath.
The Talented Mr Ripley: image credit
Who, what, where and why: Tom Ripley, a young under-achiever with a penchant for impersonation and forgery, is mistaken for a Princeton graduate and sent Italy to retrieve a American millionaire’s playboy son. However, when the errand fails, the dastardly scamp employs extreme measures.
Starring: Top names include Matt Damon, Gwyneth Paltrow, Jude Law, Cate Blanchett and Philip Seymour Hoffman
Take a look: Watch the film’s trailer here.
Click here to watch an extract from the movie
Stay with the stars: With its opulent interiors and an austere façade, it’s a seductively dramatic hotel where Tom Ripley takes a deep breath and checks in as Dickie Greenleaf, the ‘pal’ he’s just murdered. Hopefully your back story will be a little less extreme.
The Headland Hotel: image credit
Who, what, where and why: Small boy takes holiday by the sea, stumbles across evil witches, gets turned into a mouse and so starts a desperate battle to rescue the UK’s children from hag-inflicted rodenticide. One of Roald Dahl’s finest.
Starring: Anjelica Huston, Jasen Fisher, Mai Zetterling, Rowan Atkinson , Jane Horrocks, Bill Paterson and Brenda Blethyn. Full cast list can be found here .
Take a look: Watch the trailer…
Click here to watch an extract from the movie
Stay with the stars: Located near one of the UK’s finest surf beaches, film buffs can leave their wetsuit at home and get close to the action by reserving rooms 223, 227 and 205 – which were all used for scenes in the movie. Find out all the about the hotel’s association with the film here
How much: From £100 per night
Find out more: Visit the website here http://www.headlandhotel.co.uk/
Downton Abbey – the finale… The Ritz Hotel London
Let’s get Ritzy as we say farewell to Downton: image credit
Who, what, where and why: Posh folk bitching and behaving badly as underlings from below stairs eat scraps, wear inferior frocks and behave just as reprehensively… apart from Carson, of course… heaven forbid!
Starring: Michelle Dockery, Hugh Bonneville, Laura Carmichael, Elizabeth McGovern, Joanne Froggatt, Maggie Smith, Phyllis Logan, Allen Leach, Jim Carter and Brendan Coyle.
Take a look: Indulge yourself an emotional trip down memory lane with trailers from all six seasons of Downton. Don’t forget the tissues.
Click here to watch an extract from the show
Stay with the stars: With Highclere Castle – Lord Grantham’s ancestral seat – occupied by its own bone fide toffs, fans of the show can get close to their faves by checking-in to the uber-posh Ritz Hotel in London, where the final scenes of this much-loved aristocratic romp through the ages were filmed. The footage from the hotel’s lavish ballroom is expected to be played out in the show’s Christmas special… and last ever episode. Say goodbye in a way the Dowager would approve of with a night in a room at the very top of Brit society.
Starring: We all remember bobble-hatted Benny (Paul Henry) but a full cast list can be found here .
Take a look: Check-in to the Crossroads Motel featuring the Ramada Birmingham, Sutton Coldfield in its opening credits.
Click here to watch an extract from the show
Stay with the stars: The motel enjoyed many locations for exterior shots, but ‘building work’ in 1985 was the excuse for the show to feature the exterior offered by the Penns Hall Hotel, now known as the Ramada Jarvis Birmingham. The entrance where the car arrives in the opening credits remains clearly recognisable (see clip above). A real treat for soap fans, this one.
Gleneagles Hotel: image credit
Who, what, where and why: Set in a fictional Torquay hotel, Fawlty Towers follows the farcical exploits of neurotic owner Basil, his domineering wife Sybil, surprisingly normal chambermaid Polly, hapless Spanish waiter Manuel and several long-term guests of questionable sanity. Check-in for corpses in the laundry basket, corporal punishment applied to misbehaving family vehicles, wobbly sets and a bellyful of laughs! Oh and not to mention… errr… not mentioning the war!
Starring: John Cleese, Prunella Scales, Andrew Sachs and Connie Booth played the lead roles, but a fine supporting cast was central to the show’s success. Find the full list here
Take a look: Join Basil as he attempts to spread little love and cheer up a distressed German guest…
Click here to watch an extract from the show
Stay with the stars: Sadly, you can’t – the location shooting was carried out at Wooburn Grange Country Club in Bourne End, Buckinghamshire, which was destroyed by fire in 1991.You could buy one of the nine £1million+ houses built on the site. Have a look at potential properties here .
Click here to see ‘Fawlty Towers after the fire
Alternatively, you could attempt to visit the spiritual home of the show… The Gleneagles Hotel in Torquay is where John Cleese got the original inspiration for the show after staying there while filming nearby with the Monty Python team. The then-owner’s rudeness and erratic behaviour led Cleese to describe him as ‘the most marvellously rude man I’ve ever met’. While Donald Sinclair, the ‘rude owner’, died in 1981, the hotel is still standing… for the moment. It’s also currently closed ‘until further notice’ according to reports it’s soon to be demolished and made into ‘contemporary’ flats, so get down there asap if you want to pay your respects.
How much: No more rates any time soon, we’re afraid.
I’m An Evicted Celebrity… Palazzo Versace Australia
You don’t have to be a celeb to get in here: image credit
Who, what, where and why: It’s the luxury hotel where post-Jungle ‘celebs’ come to recharge their pampered behinds after being ousted from the reality show for failing to fulfil their quota of showboating in white, clingy pants beneath the handy camp waterfall.
Starring: This year’s roster of ‘top’ celebs looking to resuscitate their earning potential can be found here (with a useful guide explaining why they’re a celebrity)
Take a look: Grab a snatch of the high-brow action here.
Click here to watch an extract from the show
Stay with the stars: With its 200 rooms and suites, along with 72 adjoining condominiums, three restaurants and 90-berth private marina, the Palazzo Versace Australia can certainly offer a shred of comfort for the starving celebs kicked out of the spider-infested jungle camp with its single-sex ‘dunny’. So why not join them and the likes of U2, the Rolling Stones, Mel Gibson, Bill Gates and Natalie Imbruglia who’ve also helped fund its upkeep.
Eldorado… Hotel Ciudad Del Cine
Gone and almost forgotten… Eldorado: image credit
Who, what, where and why: Multi-million pound disaster orchestrated by the BBC attempting to create a glamorous sun-drenched soap to compete with the likes of Neighbours and Home and Away. However, a largely incompetent cast combined with unconvincing plotlines and production problems ensured Eldorado was not long for this TV world… finally being put out of its – and viewers’ misery – after just a year.
Starring: Alongside the motley collection of ‘amateurs’ the show featured some well-respected performers such as Patricia Brake and Jesse Birdsall
Take a look: Relive the nightmare that was Eldorado with this set of clips from the final episode.
Click here to watch an extract from the show
Stay with the stars: Okay, so it might have been derided for more than 20 years, but perversely Eldorado has also attained cult status… and there’s good and bad news for fans! The set – situated near the village of Coín in the hills above the Costa del Sol – after lying deserted for several years – was converted into a hotel complex called Hotel Ciudad Del Cine. However, in a tragic plot twist, it appears this may have also bitten the dust. We contacted the local tourist board which gave us the following statement courtesy of Google Translate:
“That hotel is closed right now. Only some series recordings and activities Paintball weekends are made.”
So, it’s closed for now, but we’ll keep you updated. Where does the story go from here…
Check in: Take a tour of the hotel and set from 2007.
How much: We’ll keep you updated on this one.
Find out more: More bad news – the website has been closed.
Father Ted’s house… Glanquin House, near Cloon, Ireland
Drop in for a cup of tea… go on – go on – go on… image credit
Who, what, where and why: Priests behaving badly… nope, we’re not talking about seemingly daily headlines from the UK’s papers, but the popular C4 comedy following the exploits of Fathers Ted, Dougal, Jack and their housekeeper and proud teamaker, Mrs Doyle.
Starring: The much-missed Dermot Morgan, Ardal O’Hanlon, Frank Kelly and Pauline McLynn
Take a look: Have a treat and watch a full episode here… go on, go on go on…
Click here to watch Christmassy Ted
Stay with the stars: You can’t stay in the house, but you can pop in for a cup of tea and cake with the current owners (just remember to book). The ideal day-trip for anyone out and about in this area of Ireland.
How much: Prices start from around £7 for adults with concessions for seniors and children.
Credits: Columbia Hotel, John and Yoko suite and Hotel Adlon Kempinski and L’Hotel
Live on location…
Want a celeb-connected residence that’s a little more permanent than a hotel room? Using recent property transactions in the same streets, we reveal how much it might cost to buy homes in iconic TV locations…
How much for TV houses
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Save cash and get the celeb hotel experience for less
How to get the best deals on your ‘celebrity’ hotel – and spend savings on the high life
Swap that budget hotel for 5-star luxury with our guide to getting the best hotel rooms for less.
Best and worst month to book: When you book your hotel room will impact on how much you pay, so if you’re not tied to specific dates – such as school holidays – choosing your dates wisely can free up cash for room upgrades. Use this research from Trivago.co.uk to find the best months to book for your chosen destination.
Click to reveal average monthly charges (months available)
Source: Trivago.co.uk
When to book: Along with the cheapest months to book, when you place your reservation can also save cash and bump your budget a few ‘stars’ to the north. Research from Trivago.co.uk reveals bargain hunters should seal the deal exactly one month before they’re due to arrive. The general belief is that booking further in advance will save more money is found to be incorrect, with reservations made two months in advance costing more than 30-day counterparts. The research reveals rates are highest 2-3 months ahead of travel. The study shows that you’ll get around the same route when booking 2-3 months in advance as you would the day before you travel.
Click here to reveal how hotel prices evolve
Price evolution: Trivago.co.uk
Best time to book by top destination
While 30 days is the cheapest time overall, the best time to book varies for individual countries. Use this info to plan your booking to get the best rooms for less in these popular destinations.
Spain: 4-7 weeks before travel
UK: 4-5 week before travel
Italy: 3-6 weeks before travel
Germany: 3-4 weeks before travel
France: 2-5 weeks before travel
Upgrade where prices are falling: Heading on a city break and want to add a little celeb glitz to your hotel room? Choose Dublin or Athens – where hotel prices are up year-on-year – and you’ll be paying more for upgrades. However, rooms in cities such as Barcelona and Oslo are down by up to 12% compared with 2014, so the moving up a grade of hotel will be more affordable. Here’s the city-by-city guide you need.
Click here to reveal where prices are up and down
Are prices up or down… meaning cheaper upgrades to top hotels: Trivago.co.uk
Get the cheap suites: Don’t be too narrow with your price search, using price comparison sites can save you £100s in your search for luxurious accommodation. We searched for a room in the 5-star Waldorf Astoria Amsterdam using price comparison sites and the hotel’s own booking system. The results show a healthy saving of around £160 between the best and worst quotes for our 3-day city break in February – not bad for five minutes’ work. Here’s how the prices compared.
Three nights in Waldorf Astoria Amsterdam
Cheapest: £698
Most expensive: £859
Use the hotel’s own website and price comparison engines, such as the following, to get the best deals…
| i don't know |
In which year did Cleopatra die and Egypt become a province of the Roman Empire? | Aegyptus
at its largest extent - AD 116
Aegyptus
Egypt was brought into the Roman empire by the defeat of Mark Antony and Cleopatra by Octavian (Augustus). Was Mark Antony ruler of the eastern half of the empire, then Egypt was effectively still independent. But Egypt's alliance him spelt the end of their independence, once Octavian had triumphed at the decisive battle of Actium in 30 BC.
And so Egypt was annexed as a Roman province. Such was its importance to the empire due to its wealth and power that it was kept under direct rule of the emperor, Roman senators in fact needing permission by the emperor even to set foot in it.
| 30 BC |
In which town or city is the principal site of the University of the Highlands and Islands? | BBC - History - Cleopatra
z
Cleopatra of Egypt © Cleopatra VII was the last ruler of the Ptolemaic dynasty, ruling Egypt from 51 BC - 30 BC. She is celebrated for her beauty and her love affairs with the Roman warlords Julius Caesar and Mark Antony.
Cleopatra was born in 69 BC - 68 BC. When her father Ptolemy XII died in 51 BC, Cleopatra became co-regent with her 10-year-old brother Ptolemy XIII. They were married, in keeping with Egyptian tradition. Whether she was as beautiful as was claimed, she was a highly intelligent woman and an astute politician, who brought prosperity and peace to a country that was bankrupt and split by civil war.
In 48 BC, Egypt became embroiled in the conflict in Rome between Julius Caesar and Pompey. Pompey fled to the Egyptian capital Alexandria, where he was murdered on the orders of Ptolemy. Caesar followed and he and Cleopatra became lovers. Cleopatra, who had been exiled by her brother, was reinstalled as queen with Roman military support. Ptolemy was killed in the fighting and another brother was created Ptolemy XIII. In 47 BC, Cleopatra bore Caesar a child - Caesarion - though Caesar never publicly acknowledged him as his son. Cleopatra followed Caesar back to Rome, but after his assassination in 44 BC, she returned to Egypt. Ptolemy XIV died mysteriously at around this time, and Cleopatra made her son Caesarion co-regent.
In 41 BC, Mark Antony, at that time in dispute with Caesar's adopted son Octavian over the succession to the Roman leadership, began both a political and romantic alliance with Cleopatra. They subsequently had three children - two sons and a daughter. In 31 BC, Mark Antony and Cleopatra combined armies to take on Octavian's forces in a great sea battle at Actium, on the west coast of Greece. Octavian was victorious and Cleopatra and Mark Antony fled to Egypt. Octavian pursued them and captured Alexandria in 30 BC. With his soldiers deserting him, Mark Antony took his own life and Cleopatra chose the same course, committing suicide on 12 August 30 BC. Egypt became a province of the Roman Empire.
| i don't know |
In which town is the principal campus of the University of Ulster? | University of Ulster
University of Ulster
Looking for a University that's got the lot: study at the University of Ulster!
The campus of the University of Ulster is a modern, forward looking and a very friendly place to study. Over 23,000 local, national and international students study at undergraduate to postgraduate degree levels at our four campuses - Coleraine, Jordanstown, Belfast, and Magee. Each campus is like its own little village and you'll find everything you need where you study. It's worth remembering though that all the different parts of University of Ulster add up to one huge university - Ireland's biggest. If University of Ulster was a town, it would be as big as Omagh. The Belfast of University of Ulster campus is located in the heart of the vibrant Cathedral Quarter close to Belfast city centre. Belfast offers all you would expect from a cosmopolitan modern city - excellent shopping, pubs, restaurants, theatres, clubs, museums, cafes, coffee shops and Internet cafes. A great social life! The Jordanstown campus of the University of Ulster is situated a few miles north of Belfast, overlooking Belfast Lough. Being close to Belfast makes the city and all its attractions very popular with students. The campus is like a small village, designed around a central and busy Mall where you will find banks, cafeterias, coffee shops, a bookshop and supermarket. Study facilities include a learning resource centre, science and computing laboratories, Physiotherapy, Optometry and Podiatry clinics. Magee campus is located close to Derry city centre, in the northwest of the province. Derry has a strong tradition of being rich in culture, with a highly active social scene. The new 1000 seat Millennium Theatre and the Foyle Arts Centre host a number of events and there are many cafes, pubs, restaurants, an Internet café and major shopping centres. The Coleraine campus of the University of Ulster is situated in the northwest, near Coleraine town, Portrush and Portstewart. Coleraine town has lots to offer in terms of entertainment and high street shopping. Portrush and Portstewart offer a great social life for students, and miles of clean sandy beaches - excellent for surfing. The campus grounds run down to the River Bann, an excellent venue for water sports.
Location and accommodation
United Kingdom, United Kingdom
Belfast is the capital city of Northern Ireland and the seat of government in Northern Ireland. It is the largest urban area in Northern Ireland and the province of Ulster and the fifteenth-largest city in the United Kingdom. Belfast offers the buzz and vibrancy of a capital city whilst being a gateway to the rural retreat of Northern Ireland. At the head of Belfast Lough, the city is compact and easy to get around, whether by car or on foot. Like all capital cities, Belfast offers a wide range of accommodation to suit all pockets, from cosy B&Bs around the University, to well appointed riverside self-catering establishments, to city centre boutique hotels. Belfast is teeming with a multitude of stylish bars, gourmet restaurants, trendy clubs and some of the best shopping in the UK. Visitors can enjoy traditional Irish music in a local pub or dance the night away to the latest vibes – the choice is theirs!
At the Belfast campus on-campus accommodation is provided for over 700 students in halls of residence, five-bedroomed houses and apartments. All have shared self-catering facilities. At the Jordanstown campus students can choose to travel to the campus from home or live in on-campus accommodation or in flats or houses locally or in the Student Quarter in Belfast. At the Coleraine campus there is on-campus accommodation for nearly 500 students in a Student Village development. The accommodation is provided in a mixed mode of five and six bedroom apartments. 350 of the rooms have ensuite facilities whilst the remainder contains a good ratio of shared bathroom facilities. There are 630 bedspaces on the Magee Campus 400 of which contain ensuite facilities. The remaining accommodation has a high ratio of shared facilities provided in traditional Halls of Residences style and 5 bedroom apartments. For more information about housing alternatives, visit the University of Ulster website.
| Coleraine |
Of which Spanish province is Seville the capital city? | University of Ulster| Irish Higher Education | US-Ireland Alliance
www.ulst.ac.uk
Location and the University
The University of Ulster is a large, modern university located on four campus sites across Northern Ireland: Coleraine, Jordanstown, Belfast and Magee in Londonderry. Coleraine is on the River Bann, a few miles inland from the magnificent North Coast and near the Giant's Causeway, a World Heritage site. The Coleraine campus includes the School of Hotel, Leisure and Tourism which is situated at Portrush nearby. Jordanstown is on the northern outskirts of Greater Belfast, while the Belfast campus is in the heart of the city itself. In view of their proximity to the capital both Jordanstown and Belfast campuses offer a wide range of social, cultural and sporting activities. The Magee campus (formerly Magee College), has cutting edge new facilities side by side with its main building - a splendid example of Victorian Gothic architecture. The campus overlooks the River Foyle from a hillside above the city.
The University has nearly 30,000 students on campus (including international students from 60 countries worldwide) or studying at partner institutions around the world and employs approximately 3,500 staff, making it the largest university on the island of Ireland and one of Northern Ireland's biggest and most influential institutions. It has international research strengths in Biomedical Sciences, Celtic Studies, Law, Art and Design and the Built Environment. The University has pioneered the provision of part-time and post-experience degrees and is organized into five academic units:
Faculty of Arts
Faculty of Business and Management
Faculty of Engineering
Faculty of Life and Health Sciences
Faculty of Social Sciences
Accommodation
There has been a significant increase in the range of options available to students at the University through the ongoing development of high quality accommodation on and off campus over the last five years. Students can choose to stay in residential accommodation on campus at Coleraine, Jordanstown and Magee. This comprises residential blocks, six-bedroom houses and flats, all self-catering and single occupancy. The University also offers purpose-built accommodation near to each campus or students can choose to make their own private arrangements with local landlords through the Accommodation Service.
One-Year Masters Programs
Please see University of Ulster's listing of masters programs . Most masters are of 12 months or three terms duration, being comprised of two taught terms and a researched thesis. A notable exception is the MSc Dietetics, a two year program.
Presentation
Almenia Garvey made a presentation at the US-Ireland Alliance's day on Irish/NI universities at the NAFA conference in Chicago in July 2011. View her Presentation on Ulster (PDF)
Watch US-Ireland Alliance Videos
| i don't know |
The 4th brightest star in the sky is also the brightest star of the Northern Hemisphere. It is contained in the constellation Bootes (the Herdsman). What is its name? | Boötes Constellation: Facts, Myth, Star Map, Major Stars, Deep Sky Objects | Constellation Guide
Constellation Guide
Constellations: A Guide to the Night Sky
Boötes Constellation
Boötes constellation lies in the northern hemisphere. It is one of the largest constellations in the sky.
The constellation’s name comes from the Greek word Βοώτης, Boōtēs, which means ox driver, plowman, or herdsman. The correct pronunciation is /boʊˈoʊtɨs/, with each ‘o’ pronounced separately and stress on the second syllable. Boötes was first catalogued by the Greek astronomer Ptolemy in the 2nd century.
The constellation is home to Arcturus , the third individual brightest star in the night sky, after Sirius in Canis Major and Canopus in Carina constellation .
FACTS, LOCATION & MAP
Boötes Constellation Map, by IAU and Sky&Telescope magazine
Boötes is the 13th largest constellation in the night sky, occupying an area of 907 square degrees.
It is located in the third quadrant of the northern hemisphere (NQ3) and can be seen at latitudes between +90° and -50°.
The neighboring constellations are Canes Venatici , Coma Berenices , Corona Borealis , Draco , Hercules , Serpens Caput , Virgo , and Ursa Major .
Boötes has five stars with known planets and does not contain any Messier objects.
The brightest star in the constellation is Arcturus, Alpha Boötis , which is also the third brightest star in the night sky.
There are three meteor showers associated with the constellation Boötes: the January Bootids, the June Bootids, and the Quadrantids .
Boötes belongs to the Ursa Major family of constellations, along with Camelopardalis , Canes Venatici , Coma Berenices , Corona Borealis , Draco , Leo Minor , Lynx , Ursa Major , and Ursa Minor .
MYTH
Boötes is traditionally depicted as a herdsman with two hunting dogs on a leash and a club in his other hand. In the sky, Boötes follows Ursa Major around the pole. In one story, the constellation represents a ploughman driving the oxen in the Ursa Major constellation , followed by his two dogs, Asterion and Chara (represented by the constellation Canes Venatici, the Hunting Dogs ). The ploughman’s oxen are tied to the polar axis and their movement keeps the skies in constant rotation
Most commonly, Boötes is taken to represent Arcas, son of Zeus and Callisto, daughter of the Arcadian king Lycaon. Arcas was brought up by his grandfather, the king, who one day decided to test Zeus by serving him his own son for a meal. Zeus, however, saw through Lycaon’s intentions, transformed the cruel king into a wolf, killed all his sons with thunderbolts, and brought Arcas back to life.
Zeus’ wife Hera, having heard of her husband’s infidelity, transformed Callisto into a bear. Callisto roamed the woods until, years later, she met her son, who was now grown up. Arcas didn’t recognize his mother and began to chase her. Callisto hid herself in a temple, where he could not hurt her without risking being convicted to death for defiling a sacred place. To avoid a tragedy, Zeus placed both of them in the sky; Callisto as Ursa Major and Arcas as Boötes.
In another story, Boötes is taken to represent Icarius, a grape grower who once invited Dionysus to visit his vineyards. The god was so impressed that he gave Icarius the secret of making wine. Icarius followed the recipe and enjoyed the beverage so much that he invited all his friends to try it. They, however, enjoyed it a bit too much and, when they woke up the next day with bad hangovers, they assumed Icarius had tried to poison them. Angry, they decided to murder him in his sleep. Dionysus was saddened by the death of his friend and decided to place Icarius among the stars.
In another myth, Boötes is credited for inventing the plough, which prompted the goddess Ceres to place him in the heavens.
MAJOR STARS IN BOÖTES
Arcturus – α Boötis (Alpha Boötis)
Arcturus is the third brightest star in the sky and the brightest star in the northern hemisphere. It has an apparent visual magnitude of -0.04. It is often listed as the fourth brightest star, behind Alpha Centauri , because the latter is a binary star with a combined magnitude of -0.27.
Arcturus , however, is the third individual brightest star in the night sky, followed by Alpha Centauri A, the brightest star in Centaurus and the fourth individual brightest star in the sky.
The name Arcturus means “guardian of the bear” in Ancient Greek. The star is located at the left foot of the Herdsman, the one standing next to the bear constellations, Ursa Major and Ursa Minor .
Alpha Boötis is a type K1.5 IIIpe orange giant, one with an unusual spectrum of light and full of emission lines. (The “pe” stands for “peculiar emission.”) Approximately 36.7 light years distant, the star has a luminosity at least 110 times that of the Sun and a very high proper motion; it moves at 122km/s relative to the solar system. It will arrive at the point nearest to the Sun in approximately 4,000 years.
How to find Arcturus in the sky
Arcturus lies on the celestial equator and can easily be found if one follows the arc of the three bright stars that form the handle of the Big Dipper asterism in Ursa Major .
It is a member of the Local Interstellar Cloud (or Local Fluff), an interstellar cloud through which the Earth and the solar system are currently moving. The cloud is 30 light years across.
Arcturus is believed to be an old disk star. It appears to be travelling with a group of 52 other old disk stars, commonly known as the Arcturus Stream.
Nekkar – β Boötis (Beta Boötis)
Nekkar is a yellow G-type giant 219 light years from Earth. It is a flare star, a type of variable star that shows dramatic increases in luminosity for a few minutes. The name Nekkar derives from a mis-transliteration of the Arabic word for “cattle driver.” Sometimes the star is also referred to as Meres.
Seginus – γ Boötis (Gamma Boötis)
Seginus is a Delta Scuti type variable star, one showing variations in brightness as a result of both radial and non-radial pulsations on its surface. The star is approximately 85 light years distant. Its luminosity varies between magnitude 3.02 and 3.07 with a period of 6.97 hours. The star belongs to the spectral class A7III.
Izar (Pulcherrima) – ε Boötis (Epsilon Boötis)
Izar is a binary star located approximately 300 light years away in the constellation Boötes. It consists of a bright orange giant and a smaller and fainter main sequence star.
Epsilon Boötis is also sometimes knows as Pulcherrima, which means “the lovieliest” in Latin. The name Izar comes from the Arabic word for “veil.” The star’s other traditional names are Mirak (“the loins” in Arabic) and Mizar.
Muphrid (Saak) – η Boötis (Eta Boötis)
Eta Boötis is a spectroscopic binary star with a period of 494 days. It is located close to Arcturus in the sky, only 3.24 light years away. The star’s traditional name is Muphrid, derived from the Arabic phrase for “the single one of the lancer.” It is also known as Saak.
Muphrid lies 37 light years from Earth. It belongs to the spectral class G0 IV. It has a significant excess of elements heavier than hydrogen.
Alkalurops – μ Boötis (Mu Boötis)
Mu Boötis is also known as Alkalurops. The name comes from the Greek word kalaurops, which means “the shepherd’s staff.”
Alkalurops is a triple star approximately 121 light years distant. The brightest component is a yellow-white F-type subgiant with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.31. The companion is a binary star lying 108 arcseconds away.
Merga – h Boötis (38 Boötis)
Merga lies about 153 light years from Earth and belongs to the spectral class F7IVw. The name Merga comes from the Arabic phrase meaning “the chained woman.” The star has an apparent magnitude of 5.74.
Nadlat – ψ Boötis (Psi Boötis)
Psi Boötis, or Nadlat, is an orange K-type giant 250 light years distant. It has an apparent magnitude of 4.52.
τ Boötis (Tau Boötis)
Tau Boötis is another binary star in Boötes, approximately 51 light years from Earth. It consists of a yellow-white dwarf and a dim red dwarf. The primary star has an extrasolar planet in its orbit, discovered in 1996 and confirmed in 1999.
DEEP SKY OBJECTS IN BOÖTES
Boötes void
The Boötes void, also known as the Great Void or the Supervoid, is a sphere-shaped region of the sky, almost 250 million light years in diameter, that contains very few galaxies. Its approximate location is at right ascension 14h 20m and declination 26°. The void was originally discovered by Robert P. Kirshner, Harvard College Professor of Astronomy, in 1981, as part of a survey of galactic redshifts. By now, it is known that there are at least 60 galaxies in the void. American astronomer Gregory Scott Alderling once observed, “If the Milky Way had been in the center of the Boötes void, we wouldn’t have known there were other galaxies until the 1960s.”
Boötes I (Boötes Dwarf Galaxy)
NGC 5466, photo: NASA, ESA (Wikisky)
The Boötes Dwarf Galaxy is a dwarf spheroidal galaxy located approximately 197,000 light years from Earth. It is one of the faintest galaxies known, with an absolute magnitude of -5.8 and apparent magnitude of 13.1. It was only discovered in 2006.
Boötes I orbits the Milky Way Galaxy and, because of its distorted shape, it is believed to be tidally disrupted by the Milky Way. The galaxy is approximately 720 light years across.
NGC 5466
NGC 5466 is a globular cluster approximately 51,800 light years from Earth.
The cluster was first discovered by the German-born British astronomer William Herschel in 1784. It lies about 52,800 light years from the Galactic centre and is believed to be the source of a star stream called the 45 Degree Tidal Stream, which was discovered in 2006.
The cluster is notable because it contains a blue horizontal branch of stars and is as metal poor as regular globular clusters.
Astronomy
| Arcturus |
Which former Liverpool player (1967-1979) managed Rotherham in 1981/82? | Bootes | Article about Bootes by The Free Dictionary
Bootes | Article about Bootes by The Free Dictionary
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Bootes
Related to Bootes: Canes Venatici
Boötes
(bō-ō`tēz) [Gr.,=the herdsman], northern constellation constellation,
in common usage, group of stars that appear to form a configuration in the sky; properly speaking, a constellation is a definite region of the sky in which the configuration of stars is contained.
..... Click the link for more information. located to the SE of the Big Dipper in Ursa Major and W of Corona Borealis, the Northern Crown. It contains the brilliant orange star Arcturus Arcturus
, brightest star in the constellation Boötes and 4th-brightest star in the entire sky; Bayer designation Alpha Boötis; 1992 position R.A. 14h15.3m, Dec. +19°13'.
..... Click the link for more information. . The figure traditionally associated with Boötes shows a man holding a staff in one hand and two leashed dogs in the other (the Hunting Dogs of the constellation Canes Venatici). Boötes is also known as the Keeper of the Bear because it follows Ursa Major, the Large Bear. It reaches its highest point in the evening sky in June.
Boötes
(boh-oh -teez) (Herdsman) A large constellation in the northern hemisphere near Ursa Major. The brightest stars are Arcturus and the 2nd-magnitude yellow-blue visual binary Epsilon (Ɛ) Boötis, one of several double stars. The area also contains one of the most distant radio galaxies , 3C–295. A giant planet 1.4 times as massive as Jupiter is thought to orbit the 4th-magnitude yellow subgiant Tau (τ) Boötis (spectral type: F6 IV; distance: 16 pc). Abbrev.: Boo; genitive form: Boötis; approx. position: RA 14.5h, dec +30°; area: 907 sq deg.
Boötes
a meteor shower with a radiant in the constellation of Boötes. It is associated with Pons-Winnecke’s comet. It was first observed in May and June 1916. It was active in 1916, 1921, and 1927. After 1927 the shower lost its meteors.
Boötes
(the ox herdsman), a constellation in the northern hemisphere. Its brightest star is Arcturus with a visual stellar magnitude of 0.1. The most favorable conditions for viewing BoÖtes are in April and May. It is visible everywhere in the USSR.
Boötes
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Which horse won the Champion Hurdle at Cheltenham in 1984 and went on to a complete double by winning the Gold Cup there in 1986? | Champion Hurdle | Horse Racing
FA Cup
With a history dating back to 1927, one of the most prestigious hurdling events in the National Hunt calendar is the annual Champion Hurdle held on opening day of the Cheltenham Festival in March. It is an eight-barrier Grade 1 hurdle race, covering two miles and half a furlong over the left-handed turf of Cheltenham�s Old Course. Open to horses aged four years carrying a weight of 11 stone 3 pounds and older ones with 11 stone 10, an allowance of seven pounds is accorded to fillies and mares.
Some of the finest jumpers in hurdling history have won this race, including repeat winner National Spirit (1947~48), three-time champions Hatton�s Grace (1949~51) and Persian War (1968-70), and Fred Winter�s Lanzarote (1974), all of which now have races named after them. Other famed hurdlers that have left their marks here are double winners Bula (1971~72), Night Nurse (1976~77), Monksfield (1978~79), and Sea Pigeon (1980~81), and the threepeaters Sir Ken (1952~54), See You Then (1985~87) and Istabraq (1998~2000).
In 1984, Paddy Mullins� six-year-old Dawn Run was the first mare to triumph here. She went on to claim the Irish and French versions of the event, and then won the Cheltenham Gold Cup in 1986�the only horse ever to complete the Champion Hurdle-Gold Cup double.
When the inaugural Champion Hurdle was run in 1927, the prize money awarded to the winner, Blaris, came to only �365. Over the years the purse has grown by leaps and bounds so that the first place finisher now receives just over �210,000 out of a total prize pool of �370,000.
Commercial sponsorship of the Champion Hurdle started in 1978, with Waterford Crystal as the race�s first backer. From 1991 until recently, sponsorship was held by Europe�s leading corrugated packaging company, Smurfit Kappa. However, from 2011 onward, the title role has been taken up by bookmaker Stan James, making the full official name of the race the �Stan James Champion Hurdle Challenge Trophy.� The company also sponsors the Cheltenham Festival�s curtain-raiser, the Supreme Novices� Hurdle, which often supplies hurdlers for this race the following year.
Trend spotting is a common handicapping technique for the Champion Hurdle, where multiple winners have not been uncommon. Fully 16 of the most recent 22 winners had won at Cheltenham before. Among the last 27 winners, 23 of them won their last time out, and 18 of the last 20 winners were ranked in the top six in pre-race betting. Age makes a difference here, too, with only one five-year-old winning since 1985 and just three winners older than eight in the past sixty years.
Trainers who have done well here include Peter Easterby and Nicky Henderson, with five wins apiece. In fact, Berkshire-based Henderson has had the last two winners, Punjabi in 2009 and Binocular in 2010, although Irish-trained horses have dominated have the Champion Hurdle win recent years, coming first in seven of last dozen runnings.
Races to look to as indicators of the form of the favourites going into the Cheltenham Festival are the three Stan James sponsored winter hurdles�the stanjames.com Fighting Fifth Hurdle in Newbury in November, the stanjames.com International Hurdle in Cheltenham in December, and the Stanjames.com Champion Hurdle Trial at Haydock Park in January. This series of high-class hurdles races has been called �The Road to Cheltenham.�
Horses with previous course form�and previous Festival form in particular�have fared very well in the event. Four greys have won the Champion Hurdle, the most recent being Rooster Booster in 2003. Only one roan horse has come in first here, Anzio in 1962, and no mare has won since Flakey Dove in 1994.
As for long shots, the most recent big winner was Dessie Hughes� Hardy Eustace, coming home at 33/1 in 2004. The following year, the horse repeated his victory, but this time as the 7/1 favourite. Punjabi paid off at 22/1 in 2009, but no 50/1 starter has triumphed since 1989, when Beech Road did it.
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Which TV comedy series, which began in the 1990s, was filmed in the village of Turville, Buckinghamshire? | Champion Hurdle memories - Six fantastic Champion Hurdle victories from yesteryear - CheltenhamFestival.net
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There have been many thrilling finishes to the Champion Hurdle, and another cracker is in prospect with this year's renewal. We look at six great finishes from yesteryear. (Photo by Stu Forster/Getty Images)
With the 2014 Champion Hurdle promising to be a real cracker, we take a look at six fantastic Champion Hurdle wins from yesteryear.
While this year’s Champion Hurdle is sure to be one of the most thrilling in years, with the reigning champion Hurricane Flying taking on exciting youngsters in The New One, My Tent Or Yours, Our Connor and Jezki amongst others, the race has produced some thrilling encounters in the past.
Here, we take a look at six of the best Champion Hurdles from yesteryear.
2013 – Hurricane Fly regains his crown
It was only last year, but after a lacklustre defence of his crown in 2012 when only third behind Rock On Ruby, the ‘Fly had come into the race unbeaten since and facing that rival again, in addition to 2010 champion Binocular, and 2012 Triumph Hurdle winner, Countrywide Flame.
It was perhaps not the strongest field assembled for the premier test of hurdling, and Hurricane Fly was fancied to regain his crown having been sent off 13/8 favourite, but punters’ hearts must have been in mouths when Hurricane Fly missed out the fourth flight and had to be niggled away from the flight to keep up.
The complexion of the race changed at the next when Grandouet, who was still travelling well, came to grief and fell but soon after Hurricane Fly took hold of the bridle to close right up and was contesting second jumping two out.
Swinging into the straight, the ‘Fly was sent to the front by Ruby Walsh and he poached a two length lead over the last before staying on stoutly up the hill.
2000 – Istabraq makes it three
The great Irish hope, Istabraq had already notched two wins in the race in 1998 and 1999 after announcing his arrival on the big stage when winning the 1997 Royal Sunalliance Hurdle (now the Supreme Novices’ Hurdle).
He was backed as if defeat was out of the question, sent off the 8-15 favourite against France’s best hope in Hors La Loi III.
Balasola all but refused to race as the tapes went up, and 1997 Champion Hurdle winner Make A Stand was quickly sent to the front in his first racecourse appearance in over 1000 days.
The Martin Pipe-trained horse was well clear heading down the back, but the race didn’t unfold until that runner quickly fell away as his exertions after so long off the track took their toll at the top of the hill.
As they swung down the hill Katarino and Blue Royale went to the front as Charlie Swan sat quietly in behind. However Dean Gallacher was similarly motionless on the French raider and as they jumped two out, Swan shook Instabraq up to hold his position and he quickened up well as they turned in to strike the front jumping the last.
Hors La Loi III was tapped for speed as Istabraq made his move around the home turn, and as they hit the hill, Istabraq lengthened away from the field with the French raider running on to land the runner-up spot.
Istabraq’s attempt at a fourth Champion Hurdle were thwarted in 2001 with the abandonment of the Festival, and in 2002 he was pulled up by Charlie Swan after pulling muscles in his back jumping the second flight; he was immediately retired after as old rival Hors La Loi III gave France a first-ever Champion Hurdle success.
1994 – Flakey Dove lands one for the girls
Mares hadn’t won many Champion Hurdles in previous years; indeed, Dawn Run in 1984 was the last before Flakey Dove appeared on the scene.
David Elsworth was responsible for the favourite Oh So Risky, and also second favourite Muse, and the race also featured past champion Morley Street and top novice Large Action as well as popular mare, Flakey Dove.
As they came to two out, Large Action and Flakey Dove had both been prominent throughout and jumped the second-last almost as one. Out wide, Land Afar was making ground but fell and as they swung into the straight Jamie Osborne went for home on Large Action but the move was covered by Mark Dwyer on Flakey Dove and Paul Holley on Oh So Risky.
Flakey Dove landed in front over the last, and as Large Action and Oh So Risky tried to land a blow up the hill, Mark Dwyer’s tough mare kept finding more for his rider’s urging to upset the formbook and repel both challenges.
1987 – Three-in-a-row for See You Then
Before Istabraq, Nicky Henderson’s See You Then had also notched up three straight successes in the Champion Hurdle, winning in 1985 and 1986 before returning for the hat-trick bid in 1987.
See You Then was the fourth horse to land a hat-trick of Champion Hurdle wins following Hatton’s Grace, Sir Ken and Persian War and was partnered to all three successes by Steve Smith-Eccles.
See You Then was always travelling well in the race as Barnbrook Again tried to steal the race from the front but was headed at the last by the Henderson horse who was travelling powerfully.
As favourite River Ceiriog fell at the last, See You Then seemingly had Barnbrook Again beaten as they came up the hill but Flatterer stayed on up the hill make a race of things, but Eccles only had to give See You Then one slap and with a shake the reins he lengthened again to win perhaps a shade cosily.
An aborted attempt at a fourth success followed when he broke down in the Kingwell Hurdle the following season, and he never quite regained the old sparkle and finished last to Kribensis in 1990’s Champion Hurdle.
See You Then passed away in December 2011, aged 31.
1984 – Dawn Run lands the first leg of a historic double
The mare Dawn Run was as tough as old boots and had attempted to make all in the 1984 Champion Hurdle but was harried by Buck House as the pair jumped two out.
However, as Jonjo O;Neill turned the screw on the mare, Buck House couldn’t find an extra gear and the race looked over as a contest as only Cima looked as if there could be an upset.
A mistake over the last flight by Dawn Run gave Cima a glimmer of hope and having to to within a length of the gutsy mare on the run-in, Dawn Run would find more for Jonjo’s urgings and would hold on to the line to land the first leg of a historic double for the partnership when two years later they would return to Prestbury Park to land the Cheltenham Gold Cup – to date the only horse to win both the Champion Hurdle and the Gold Cup.
1977 – Night Nurse doubles up
Night Nurse had won the previous year’s race and in a quality field that included Monksfield – who would win the next two Champion Hurdles – and Sea Pigeon, who would follow up with a double in the race of his own.
Night Nurse and Paddy Broderick were prominent but had to be shaken up after the third-last after making a mistake but jumped the second-last as narrow leader.
Travelling perhaps the worst of the leaders as they turned into the straight he was challenged by Dramatist and Monksfield, who looked to be going best.
A mighty leap at the last saw Night Nurse land in front over the last as Monkfield landed on all-fours and the Irish challenger tried hard to overhaul Night Nurse on the run-in getting to within half-a-length with one hundred yards to go.
Not to be denied however, Paddy Broderick’s mount found more for pressure and opened up again on Monksfield to land the spoils.
Of course, there have been many other thrilling Champion Hurdle finishes throughout the years just as there have been emphatic wins also. Whatever the outcome of this year’s renewal, it is sure to be a thriller and real treat to watch for racing fans.
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