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Which Sam Cooke hit had the same name as a Roman god | Sam Cooke | Biography & History | AllMusic
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Artist Biography by Bruce Eder
Sam Cooke was the most important soul singer in history -- he was also the inventor of soul music, and its most popular and beloved performer in both the black and white communities. Equally important, he was among the first modern black performers and composers to attend to the business side of the music business, and founded both a record label and a publishing company as an extension of his careers as a singer and composer. Yet, those business interests didn't prevent him from being engaged in topical issues, including the struggle over civil rights, the pitch and intensity of which followed an arc that paralleled Cooke 's emergence as a star -- his own career bridged gaps between black and white audiences that few had tried to surmount, much less succeeded at doing, and also between generations; where Chuck Berry or Little Richard brought black and white teenagers together, James Brown sold records to white teenagers and black listeners of all ages, and Muddy Waters got young white folkies and older black transplants from the South onto the same page, Cooke appealed to all of the above, and the parents of those white teenagers as well -- yet he never lost his credibility with his core black audience. In a sense, his appeal anticipated that of the Beatles , in breadth and depth.
He was born Sam Cook in Clarksdale, MS, on January 22, 1931, one of eight children of a Baptist minister and his wife. Even as a young boy, he showed an extraordinary voice and frequently sang in the choir in his father's church. During the middle of the decade, the Cook family moved to Chicago's South Side, where the Reverend Charles Cook quickly established himself as a major figure in the religious community. Sam and three of his siblings also formed a group of their own, the Singing Children, in the 1930s. Although his own singing was confined to gospel music, he was aware and appreciative of the popular music of the period, particularly the melodious, harmony-based sounds of the Ink Spots , whose influence could later be heard in songs such as "You Send Me" and "For Sentimental Reasons." As a teenager, he was a member of the Teen Highway QCs, a gospel group that performed in churches and at religious gatherings. His membership in that group led to his introduction to the Soul Stirrers , one of the top gospel groups in the country, and in 1950 he joined them.
If Cooke had never recorded a note of music on his own, he would still be remembered today in gospel circles for his work with the Soul Stirrers . Over the next six years, his role within the group and his prominence within the black community rose to the point where he was already a star, with his own fiercely admiring and devoted audience, through his performances on songs like "Touch the Hem of His Garment," "Nearer to Thee," and "That's Heaven to Me." The group was one of the top acts on Art Rupe 's Specialty Records label, and he might have gone on for years as their most popular singer, but Cooke 's goal was to reach audiences beyond the religious community, and beyond the black population, with his voice. This was a tall order at the time, as the mere act of recording a popular song could alienate the gospel listenership in an instant; singing for God was regarded in those circles as a gift and a responsibility, and popular music, rock & roll, and R&B were to be abhorred, at least coming from the mouth of a gospel singer; the gap was so great that when a blues singer such as Blind Gary Davis became "sanctified" (that is, found religion) as the Rev. Gary Davis , he could still sing and play his old blues melodies, but had to devise new words, and he never sang the blues words again.
He tested the waters of popular music in 1956 with the single "Lovable," produced by Bumps Blackwell and credited under the name Dale Cooke so as not to attract too much attention from his existing audience. It was enough, however, to get Cooke dropped by the Soul Stirrers and their record label, but that freed him to record under his real name. The result was one of the biggest selling singles of the 1950s, a Cooke original entitled "You Send Me," which sold over two million copies on the tiny Keen Records label and hit number one on both the pop and R&B charts. Although it seems like a tame record today, "You Send Me" was a pioneering soul record in its time, melding elements of R&B, gospel, and pop into a sound that was new and still coalescing at the time.
Cooke was with Keen for the next two years, a period in which he delivered up some of the prettiest romantic ballads and teen pop singles of the era, including "For Sentimental Reasons," "Everybody Loves to Cha Cha Cha," "Only Sixteen," and "(What A) Wonderful World." These were extraordinarily beautiful records, and in between the singles came some early album efforts, most notably Tribute to the Lady , his album of songs associated with Billie Holiday . He was unhappy, however, with both the business arrangement that he had with Keen and the limitations inherent with recording for a small label -- equally to the point, major labels were knocking on Cooke 's door, including Atlantic and RCA Records; Atlantic, which was not yet the international conglomerate that it later became, was the top R&B-oriented label in the country and Cooke almost certainly would have signed there and found a happy home with the company, except that they wanted his publishing, and Cooke had seen the sales figures on his songs, as well as their popularity in cover versions by other artists, and was well aware of the importance of owning his copyrights.
Thus, he signed with RCA Records, then one of the three biggest labels in the world (the others being Columbia and Decca), even as he organized his own publishing company, Kags Music, and a record label, SAR, through which he would produce other artists' records -- among those signed to SAR were the Soul Stirrers , Bobby Womack (late of the Valentinos , who were also signed to the label), former Soul Stirrers member Johnny Taylor , Billy Preston , Johnnie Morisette , and the Simms Twins.
Cooke 's RCA sides were a strangely schizophrenic body of work, at least for the first two years. He broke new ground in pop and soul with the single "Chain Gang," a strange mix of sweet melodies and gritty, sweaty sensibilities that also introduced something of a social conscience to his work -- a number two hit on both the pop and R&B charts, it was his biggest hit since "You Send Me" and heralded a bolder phase in his career. Singles like bluesy, romantic "Sad Mood," the idyllic romantic soul of "Cupid," and the straight-ahead dance tune "Twistin' the Night Away" (a pop Top Ten and a number one R&B hit), and "Bring It on Home to Me" all lived up to this promise, and also sold in huge numbers. But the first two albums that RCA had him do, Hits of the Fifties and Cooke's Tour , were among the lamest LPs ever recorded by any soul or R&B singer, comprised of washed-out pop tunes in arrangements that showed almost none of Cooke 's gifts to their advantage.
In 1962, Cooke issued Twistin' the Night Away , a somewhat belated "twist" album that became one of his biggest-selling LPs. He didn't really hit his stride as an LP artist, however, until 1963 with the release of Night Beat , a beautifully self-contained, dark, moody assembly of blues-oriented songs that were among the best and most challenging numbers that Cooke had recorded up to that time. By the time of its release, he was mostly identified through his singles, which were among the best work of their era, and had developed two separate audiences, among white teen and post-teen listeners and black audiences of all ages. It was Cooke 's hope to cross over to the white audience more thoroughly, and open up doors for black performers that, up to that time, had mostly been closed -- he had tried playing the Copa in New York as early as 1957 and failed at the time, mostly owing to his inexperience, but in 1964 he returned to the club in triumph, an event that also yielded one of the most finely recorded live performances of its period. The problem with the Copa performance was that it didn't really represent what Sam Cooke was about in full -- it was Cooke at his most genial and non-confrontational, doing his safest repertory for a largely middle-aged, middle-class white audience; they responded enthusiastically, to be sure, but only to Cooke 's tamest persona.
In mid-1963, however, Cooke had done a show at the Harlem Square Club in Miami that had been recorded. Working in front of a black audience and doing his "real" show, he delivered a sweaty, spellbinding performance built on the same elements found in his singles and his best album tracks, combining achingly beautiful melodies and gritty soul sensibilities. The two live albums sum up the split in Cooke 's career and the sheer range of his talent, the rewards of which he'd finally begun to realize more fully in 1963 and 1964.
The drowning death of his infant son in mid-1963 had made it impossible for Cooke to work in the studio until the end of that year. During that time, however, with Allen Klein now managing his business affairs, Cooke did achieve the financial and creative independence that he'd wanted, including more money than any black performer had ever been advanced before, and the eventual ownership of his recordings beginning in November of 1963 -- he had achieved creative control of his recordings as well, and seemed poised for a breakthrough. It came when he resumed making records, amid the musical ferment of the early '60s. Cooke was keenly aware of the music around him, and was particularly entranced by Bob Dylan 's song "Blowin' in the Wind," its treatment of the plight of black Americans and other politically oppressed minorities, and its success in the hands of Peter, Paul & Mary -- all of these factors convinced him that the time was right for songs that dealt with more than twisting the night away.
The result was "A Change Is Gonna Come," perhaps the greatest song to come out of the civil rights struggle, and one that seemed to close and seal the gap between the two directions of Cooke 's career, from gospel to pop. Arguably his greatest and his most important song, it was an artistic apotheosis for Cooke . During this same period, he had also devised a newer, more advanced dance-oriented soul sound in the form of the song "Shake." These two recordings heralded a new era for Cooke and a new phase of his career, with seemingly the whole world open to him.
None of it was to be. Early in the day on December 11, 1964, while in Los Angeles, Cooke became involved in an altercation at a seedy motel, with a woman guest and the night manager, and was shot to death while allegedly trying to attack the manager. The case is still shrouded in doubt and mystery, and was never investigated the way the murder of a star of his stature would be today. Cooke 's death shocked the black community and reverberated far beyond -- his single "Shake" was a posthumous Top Ten hit, as were "A Change Is Gonna Come" and the At the Copa album, released in 1965. Otis Redding , Al Green , and Solomon Burke , among others, picked up key parts of Cooke 's repertory, as did white performers, including the Animals and the Rolling Stones . Even the Supremes recorded a memorial album of his songs, which is now one of the most sought-after of their original recordings, in either LP or CD form.
His reputation survived, at least among those who were smart enough to look behind the songs -- to hear Redding 's performance of "Shake" at the Monterey Pop Festival, for example, and see where it came from. Cooke 's own records were a little tougher to appreciate, however. Listeners who heard those first two, rather poor RCA albums, Hits of the Fifties and Cooke's Tour , could only wonder what the big deal was about, and several of the albums that followed were uneven enough to give potential fans pause. Meanwhile, the contractual situation surrounding Cooke 's recordings greatly complicated the reissue of his work -- Cooke 's business manager, Allen Klein, exerted a good deal of control, especially over the songs cut during that last year of the singer's life. By the 1970s, there were some fairly poor, mostly budget-priced compilations available, consisting of the hits up through early 1963, and for a time there was even a television compilation out there, but that was it. The movie National Lampoon's Animal House made use of a pair of Cooke songs, "(What A) Wonderful World" and "Twistin' the Night Away," which greatly raised his profile among college students and younger baby-boomers, and Southside Johnny & the Asbury Jukes made almost a mini-career out of reviving Cooke 's songs (most notably "Having a Party," and even part of "A Change Is Gonna Come") in concert. In 1986, The Man and His Music went some way to correcting the absence of all but the early hits in a career-spanning compilation, but since the mid-'90s, Cooke 's final year's worth of releases have been separated from the earlier RCA and Keen material, and is in the hands of Klein's ABKCO label. Finally, in the late '90s and beyond, RCA, ABKCO, and even Specialty (which still owns Cooke 's gospel sides with the Soul Stirrers ) each issued comprehensive collections of their portions of Cooke 's catalog.
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Who had a No 1 in 1996 with Breakfast at Tiffanys | Music legend Sam Cooke hailed as the greatest | Entertainment | Jamaica Gleaner
Music legend Sam Cooke hailed as the greatest
Published:Sunday | January 25, 2015 | 12:00 AM
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Roy Black, Gleaner Writer
The high point of male vocalising in popular music was epitomised by the mellow-toned, crystalline vocal delivery of Sam Cooke. Musicologists worldwide have given Cooke the nod, as far as singing talent was concerned, placing him ahead of others like Nat King Cole, Roy Hamilton, Ronnie Dyson and Luther Vandross.
The well-reputed Atlantic Records executive, Jerry Wexler, whose organisation steered the careers of a plethora of 1960s stars, said of Cooke, "Sam was the best singer who ever lived, no contest. When I listen to him, I still can't believe the things that he did. He has control. He could play with his voice like an instrument. His melisma, which was his personal brand - I mean, nobody else could do it. Everything about him was perfection."
Smokey Robinson, chief executive at Motown Records, was equally lavishing in his comments: "Sam Cooke had one of the most unique and original singing styles I ever heard. He was my favourite."
Rod Stewart told Rolling Stone magazine in June 8, 1972 that "Sam Cooke was the only one that really influenced me. Over a period of two years, that's all I listened to."
Boxing legend Muhammad Ali, after his fight with Sonny Liston at Miami Beach, Florida on February 25, 1964, said, "Sam Cooke is the world's greatest - the greatest singer in the world," while the queen of soul, Aretha Franklin, branded him as "a unique and extraordinary artiste who strongly influenced many male vocalists of the '50s, '60s and '70s".
Cooke's birth on January 22, 1931 would have made him 84 years old this past Thursday, and accordingly, makes this retrospective most timely.
His birthplace was Clarksdale, Mississippi, USA, but he grew up in Chicago, where his father, Reverend Charles Cook, had moved with his wife, Annie Mae, and eight children, in search of a better life. Brought up under strict religious regimentation, Sam became exposed to the hand-clapping, spirit-filled church services of his travelling preacher father, where at the age of six, he was encouraged by his father to sing about the faith, and joined his siblings in the family gospel group - The Singing Children.
In 1946, at age 15, Sam was recruited while attending the Wendell Phillips High School to be the lead singer of the famous teenage gospel group, The Highway QC's. While with the group, Cooke received guidance from the more experienced gospel group - The Soul Stirrers, to which he became attached by age 19, becoming their lead vocalist. It was while with the Soul Stirrers that Cooke began his writing and recording career with Speciality Records, putting out gospel classics as Touch the hem of his Garment, Be with me Jesus and Nearer to Thee.
Secular transition
By 1956, Cooke was being encouraged by record scouts to move into the more lucrative area of secular recordings. Not wanting to offend his gospel fans, he was hesitant at first, and recorded some early pop material under the name Dale Cook as a form of disguise, while continuing with The Soul Stirrers, and attracting legions of female fans to his gospel shows. He was thus enjoying the best of both worlds, packing smoky nightclubs as much as church pews. His beautiful voice and charismatic character portrayed him as some sort of gospel sex symbol, but by then, Cooke was already lured into his secular debut, titled Loveable, for Speciality Records. When his contract was bought by Keen Records in 1957, he immediately took the world by storm with the majestic self-penned, double million seller, You Send Me. Ladies cried and the world stood still as Cooke serenaded:
"Darling, you send me,
At first I thought it was infatuation,
but ooh, it lasted so long.
Now I find myself wanting to marry you and take you home."
The recording made Cooke a star almost overnight, and he followed up as a regular on the charts between 1957 and 1960 with hits like Wonderful World, Only Sixteen, Win Your Love, Sentimental Reasons, Desire Me, and I'll Come Running Back, for Keen Records.
He left Keen for the more established RCA label in 1960, where he acquired the production services of Hugo Peretti and Luigi Creatore. With Cooke now recording more of his own material, the hits continued to flow with Chain Gang (1960), Twisting the Night Away, Bring it on Home (1962), Another Saturday Night, Send Me Some Loving (1963) and Cupid (1961) in which he appealed to the Roman god of love to:
"Draw back your bow
And let your arrow go
straight to my lover's heart for me.
Cupid please hear my cry
and let your arrow fly
straight to my lover's heart for me."
His 1962 hit Bring it on Home, with Lou Rawls on backing vocals, evokes memories of a 1958 motor vehicle crash in which both men were involved. Cooke was slightly injured, while Rawls never recovered for about a year.
Independent endeavours
Meanwhile, in the early 1960s as well, Cooke became more business-minded and founded his own independent record label, his own management firm, and produced several hits for artistes like Bobby Womack, The Soul Stirrers and Johnny Taylor. Emerging as a crossover superstar, Cooke ventured onto the Las Vegas casino stages and white night clubs, but by 1964, returned to his social roots, using his stature as a superstar performer to break down colour lines between blacks and whites. His lyrics became more socially conscious and was perhaps best reflected in his 1965 posthumous smash, A Change is Gonna Come, in which he lamented:
"Its been a long, a long time coming,
but I know a change gonna come, oh yes it will."
Cooke's life was one beset with tragedies: A motor vehicle accident; losing his first wife in a motor vehicle accident, and the drowning of his youngest son in the family swimming pool. Then, at the height of his career, he was shot dead by a Los Angeles female hotel manager, who claimed she acted in self-defence. Though ruled justifiable homicide, many thought Cooke was murdered by unscrupulous forces who thought he was getting too powerful as a black man.
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Which country traditionally plays bouzouki music | Best "Bouzouki" Player in the World - YouTube
Best "Bouzouki" Player in the World
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The bouzouki (Greek: μπουζούκι pronounced [buˈzuki]; plural: μπουζούκια), is a musical instrument with Greek origin in the lute family. A mainstay of modern Greek music, the front of the body is flat and is usually heavily inlaid with mother-of-pearl. The instrument is played with a plectrum and has a sharp metallic sound, reminiscent of a mandolin but pitched lower. There are two main types of bouzouki. The three-course with three pairs of strings (known as courses) and the four-course having four pairs of strings.
Bouzouki in Turkish means "broken (from Turkish: bozuk), not functioning, modified." Here it is used in order to specify the size of the instrument, because of its modified (not proper) nature. It might be concluded, therefore, that the bouzouki has been named after the jargon of the Greek tamboura named saz, by the Greeks living in Turkey.[citation needed] An alternative popular etymology maintains that the word bouzouki was used because different tunings are required for the instrument to play in different musical scales known Dromoi in Greek or Maqam. ;"Around the turn of the century in Athens and Piraeus musicians adapted the saz to their needs, replacing the tied frets with metal frets like those of mandolins and guitars , and in the process abandoning the 1/4 tone system for the Western tempered tuned chromatic scale. By the 20's they had further changed the construction from solid carved saz bodies to mandolin-like bowl backs and had also added machine pegs, and settled on D A D as the tuning of the paired courses, the lowest pair including high octave double. The instrument was played with Greek guitars and a miniature version of itself tuned an octave higher. These instruments both are kind of transformation of ancient Greek Pandoura , the larger version called bouzouki and the diminutive baglamas.
The origin of Bouzouki as a descendant of ancient Greek and eastern instruments, locates in ancient Greece,[1] where there had been an instrument known as the pandura or pandourion, also called the "trichordo" because it had three strings; it was the first fretted instrument known, forerunner of the various families of lutes worldwide.[2] The source of our knowledge about this instrument is the Mantineia marble (4th century BC), now exhibited at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens, depicting the mythical contest between Apollo and Marsyas, where a pandura is being played by a muse seated on a rock.[citation needed] The three-string, also known by the Hellenized name of Pandoura, refers primarily by lexicographers Pollux (2nd century AD) Hesychios , the Athenian and Nicomachus and Shown in clay figurines of 330-200 BC in the hands of women.
From Byzantine times it was called pandouras and then tambouras (Elizabeth Jeffreys, John Haldon, Robin Cormack, The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies, Oxford University Press, 2008, p928. Cf. Nikos Maliaras, Byzantina mousika organa, EPN 1023, ISΒN 978-960-7554-44-4). On display in the National Historical Museum of Greece is the tambouras of a hero of the Greek revolution of 1821, General Makriyiannis.
the tambouras of Yannis Makriyannis exposed in the National Historical Museum, Athens
Other sizes have developed and include the Greek instrumental Tzouras ,smaller in size than the standard.[3]
The early bouzoukia were mostly three-string (trichordo), with three courses (six strings in three pairs) and were tuned in different ways, as to the scale one wanted to play.[citation needed]
At the end of the 1950s, four-course (Tetrachordo) bouzoukia started to gain popularity. The four-course bouzouki was made popular by Manolis Chiotis who also used a tuning akin to standard guitar tuning, which made it easier for guitarists to play bouzouki, even as it angered purists. The first recording was made in 1958.[citation needed]
The Irish bouzouki, with four courses, a flatter back, and differently tuned from the Greek bouzouki, is a more recent development, dating back to the 1960s.The Irish bouzouki became popular around the same time, with four pairs of strings and a flatter back.
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Where did Puff the Magic Dragon live | michael: teo | Bouzouki Teacher | Bouzouki Lessons Melbourne
Do I need a bouzouki to start learning?
Yes you will need an instrument when you begin your lessons. The bouzouki playing technique is quite exacting and needs practice to be developed. It is important to develop good technique early on so as to establish a firm foundation and avoid bad habits, which can be very difficult to correct further down the track. It is easiest to establish a regular practice routine from the beginning and make it a habit as this ensures the most rapid progress.
Should I get a 3 or 4 course instrument?
The original bouzouki is a three course instrument and up until the 1950s all bouzoukis had three courses. The revolutionary virtuoso Manolis Hiotis popularised the four course instrument and since then it has become the standard that is played by most professional bouzouki players. However, since the 1980s there has been a revival of rebetika and the three course instrument has gained in popularity. Generally, most laika are played with a four course and most rebetika are played on a three course. However, it should be kept in mind that since the bouzouki is mostly played on the two treble courses (D and A strings) most music can be played on either and that there are only a few songs that specifically require one or the other. It is easier to transfer from four course to three course than vice versa since there are more chord, scale and arpeggio positions on the four course bouzouki.
Do I need to learn to read music?
No. Traditionally the bouzouki was taught in an aural tradition. Bouzouki lessons were a daily meeting with the teacher and everything was memorised. Currently, there is very little notated music for the bouzouki and that which exists does not include all details of ornamentation and rhythmic subtleties. Music for the bouzouki needs to be learnt aurally. This does not necessarily mean that notation should not be used at all. Ultimately music is an aural art that is produced with physical movements. Representing music in a visual form is only a mnemonic device and though it may be useful the help remember music, it is an abstraction and not at all necessary. In some cases it may even be a distraction from the essence of music.
Do you use Fixed Do Solfège or Western nomenclature?
In Greece, notes are named according to the “Fixed Do” Solfège system using the syllables Do Re Mi Fa Sol La and Si (Ti) to name the notes whereas in Australia, the standard system uses the letters A to G. Having been originally trained in classical piano, I use the Western system, but use the “Fixed Do” system when I am speaking in Greek. I think that it is best for a musicians to know both the terminology traditionally used for their instrument as well as the standard terminology used in the country in which they live.
Do you teach group lessons?
I do not recommend group lessons for learning the bouzouki. One of the most important aspects of a lesson is the feedback from the teacher. In a group situation, it is impossible to pay adequate attention or give adequate feedback to each person since different people will have differing needs. It is only in a personal one on one lesson that each student’s individual needs can be addressed.
I can play guitar… is this an advantage or disadvantage?
Although they are both plucked fretted stringed instruments, the guitar and the bouzouki have distinctly different playing techniques. Both the picking and fretting hands on the bouzouki are used differently than guitar technique. Generally, the bouzouki is considered a melody instrument whereas the guitar is used as both a harmonic and melodic instrument. Also, most of the scale and arpeggio positions are different as the bouzouki mainly uses the two treble strings to play melodies up and down the neck favouring position shifts whereas the guitar plays scales across the neck favouring playing in one position. Different fingerings are used on the bouzouki to facilitate the highly ornamented playing style.
Overall, there will be an adjustment period while adapting to the new playing technique. It I important to consider the instruments as being separate and having their own distinct technique.
I can play (used to play) another instrument, will this help me?
Yes, most definately. Many of the skills developed in learning any musical instrument will transfer easily to the bouzouki. The finger control and especially the association of a physical movement to a sound being produced helps in learning a new instrument. Also, musicianship skills such as a good sense of pitch and rhythm that were developed while learning your other instrument will accelerate your learning of the bouzouki.
How long will it take before I start sounding good?
This is such a relative question that I am always hesitant to answer it definitively. Basically it depends on what you mean by “sounding good”. Does this mean that you are able to play a confidently, accurately, with good rhythm and with a good tone? Well, then it could be in your first lesson. Or does it mean to be able to play at a professional standard, in which case it will take years of dedicated practice. Everyone’s goals are different and the answer is different for everyone. It mostly depends on how often you practice and how focused your practice sessions are. It is important to remember that your bouzouki lessons are only to steer you in the right direction and it is only in your home practice that you truly internalise the playing techniques and master the instrument.
How is the bouzouki tuned?
The bouzouki has two melody strings (courses), which are tuned A3 and D4 and either 1 or 2 low courses referred to as bourgana (Gr:μπουργάνα) or plural bourganes (Gr:μπουργάνες).
The two melody strings are tuned on unison and the μπουργάνα/ες are tuned in octaves.The 4 course (τετράχορδο/οχτάχορδο) bouzouki is tuned C3/C4, F3/F4, A3, D4. This is the same as the four treble strings of a guitar transposed down a tone.
Some bouzouki players recently have been tuning the same as the treble strings of a guitar (D3/D4, G3/G4, B3, E4) but this is not very common.
The 3 course (τρίχορδο/εξάχορδο) is tuned D3/D4, A3, D4.
How much/often should I practice?
My teacher use to tell me after my bouzouki lessons “Να κάνεις πράκτις όσο μπορείς” (“Practise as much as you can”) and yes, he said “πράκτις” and not “άσκηση”.
Music involves many different things. It is both an accumulation of knowledge as well as a fine motor skill, it is both a mental and emotional art. In developing a physical skill it is much more effective to practice frequently rather than in long sessions. Five minutes a day is a lot more effective than an hour on the weekend, even though the total time is less. We need to remember that we are training our hands to move in certain specific ways and the best way to make this happen is to do it frequently. This ensures that we are approaching it fresh every time and that through constant repetition the movements become sub-conscious. In the beginning it would be best to practice between 15-30 minutes a day (in 2 or even 3 sessions) 5 or 6 days a week. The most important thing to do is to make sure that you are practicing correctly and accurately while avoiding any unnecessary tension. You can leave your bouzouki next to your desk (if you have the kind of job that allows you to) and pick it up for a few minutes every so often throughout the day.
Another important thing to consider is the effectiveness of your practice sessions. You should be setting specific goals for every practice session, not just “to play for 10 minutes”. Examples of specific goals could be “to practice this exercise so that I can play it smoothly with 100% accuracy at 60 beats per minute”. Most of your practice should be done with a metronome . That way practice advances your playing and you will see continual improvement.
What is the most important thing to practice?
Aural skills…by far. Music is an aural art and our ability to express ourselves in music is completely dependent on our ability to hear and to hear in detail. It is only when we can hear what we are doing that all of the playing techniques we practice have meaning. If we do not spend time honing our aural skills then all of the scales (δρόμοι) are just an exercise in memorisation, but if we learn to hear they become a vehicle for expressing ourselves.
The other important thing to practice is playing technique. We can only express what we want to freely when we have a playing technique that will support and execute our ideas.
Am I too old to learn to play bouzouki?
There are both advantages and disadvantages of beginning music at any age.
When children are young, they have more time and fewer expectations of themselves, they also have a more lighthearted attitude toward what they do which keeps it fun, however as we get older, we have better ability to concentrate, are more disciplined, are more organised, have more developed listening skills (can hear melody, rhythm and harmony better) are more mature. The main trouble that adult music students have is making the time to practice.
Learning any bouzouki or any musical instrument takes time and requires effort, so it is important to be both patient and persistent. The one thing that keeps us going is the passion for the instrument and the music. Regardless of our abilities or at what stage in life we are, if we love it and have a passion for it we will continue to practice and we will achieve our goals.
My child is very interested in music. Is it too young to learn bouzouki?
One of the first main challenges with the bouzouki is holding it and children often struggle with this at first. A child should at least be large enough to hold the instrument.
If children talented then of course we want to nurture this, however we want to be careful not to put them off music by begining their study too early at a time when they are unable to keep up with the lessons.
My personal view is that the ideal age for a child to begin learning bouzouki is about 7-8 years old, when they are large enough to hold the instrument and old enough to take responsibility for their practice. However, every person is different and no one knows a child better than the parents. It may be appropriate for a child to begin earlier or later than this.
I’m self taught and have been learning songs off YouTube/CDs/DVDs. Could I get a few lessons to help me out?
Yes of course you can, BUT there are some things you should be aware of. Often the limitations that self taught players have are a result of bad habits in playing technique. The best approach is to begin again from the beginning to address shortcomings in technique and correct all errors. The biggest challenge for the self taught player is often having the humility and self discipline to go back to the basics and realise that this is the best way to move forward and progress.
Would it be better to learn on my own for a while and go as far as I can and then get lessons?
No. It is much easier to get a few lessons in the beginning and then go off and practice on your own. If you truly want to develop as bouzouki player and advance as far as you can as quickly as possible, it is much more efficient to have a competent bouzouki teacher guide you. This will make sure that you are doing things correctly from the beginning and wasting time trying to reinvent the wheel and figure everything out for yourself through trial and error. When you do go to see a teacher, most of the time will be spent trying to unlearn bad habits rather than learning correct bouzouki playing technique from the first lesson.
I already have a bouzouki and am very keen to begin, is there something that I can practice before my first lesson?
No, I would not recommend begining without proper instruction. This point cannot be emphasised enough. The initial stages of learning are quite crucial to developing correct playing technique and if you intend to progress in your playing you should find an experienced teacher to guide you from the first steps. It is in the first few days/weeks/months that the practice methods are developed and solid foundations will ensure consistent progress.
Should I get a tzoura/baglama for my child to begin on and then get a bouzouki when then grow up?
There are 1/4, 1/2 and 3/4 sizes in other instruments such as the violin which are used to teach young children. If a child is very small or very young but would like to begin playing then this is a possibility.
I’ve heard both τετράχορδο and οχτάχορδο. So, is it called a 4 or 8 string bouzouki?
The double strings often make things confusing as far as what to call the instruments. The bouzouki has four pairs of strings. Each of these pairs is called a course, however, it is commonly referred to as a string, even though it is a pair. So it is correctly called a four course or eight string bouzouki. During lessons or communicating with other musicians, most bouzouki players including myself would refer to the pairs of strings as though it were a single string. Just to make things a little more confusing, in Greek, the words for string and course are both “χορδή” so it is only the context that would allow one to know which is being referred to.
Historically, the bouzouki was also referred to in ancient times as a “τρίχορδο” (three string/course) as well as “πανδούρα” or “πανδουρίδα”, when the instruments began to be made with double strings, the name more specifically referred to the number of courses.
May I record the lessons?
Yes. I even encourage you to make a video recording of the lesson material (if you have that facility on your mobile) to make sure that you are practicing correctly and to have as a reference for the future. Although many teachers will not allow you to record lessons, you are more than welcome to record lessons with me.
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Who in 1553 succeeded Edward V1 | King Edward VI | Britroyals
Born: October 12, 1537 at Hampton Court
Parents: Henry VIII and Jane Seymour
Relation to Elizabeth II: 1st cousin 13 times removed
House of: Tudor
Ascended to the throne: January 28, 1547 aged 9 years
Crowned: February 19, 1547 at Westminster Abbey
Married: Never Married
Died: July 6, 1553 at Greenwich Palace, aged 15 years, 8 months, and 23 days
Buried at: Westminster
Reigned for: 6 years, 5 months, and 7 days
Succeeded by: his half sister Mary
King of England from 1547, only son of Henry VIII and his third wife, Jane Seymour. The government was entrusted to his uncle the Duke of Somerset (who fell from power in 1549), and then to the Earl of Warwick, later created Duke of Northumberland. He was succeeded by his sister Mary I.
Edward became a staunch Protestant, and during his reign the Reformation progressed. He died of tuberculosis, and his will, probably prepared by the Duke of Northumberland, set aside that of his father so as to exclude his half-sisters, Mary and Elizabeth, from the succession. He nominated Lady Jane Grey, a granddaughter of Henry VII, who had recently married Northumberland's son Lord Guildford Dudley and wanted to maintain a Protestant succession. Jane was just 16 years old but although proclaimed queen by Northumberland she was unwilling and not crowned.
Meanwhile, Henry's catholic daughter Mary, Edwards half sister, was also proclaimed queen. The situation was resolved when 9 days later Mary and her supporters rode into London and she was accepted as queen and crowned.
King Edward VI's Signature
| Lady Jane Grey |
Which motor manufacturer make the Grand Vitara | King Edward VI : Tudors and Stuarts
1. Lady Jane Grey
2. Mary I
King Edward VI was Henry VIII's much longed for son. His mother was Henry's third wife, Jane Seymour, who died only a few days after Edward was born. As Jane was the only one of Henry's wives to give him a living son, she was truly the Queen of his heart, and it is with Jane that he is buried in Windsor Castle. Edward was only nine years old when his father died in the January of 1547, so his uncle, Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset, became Lord Protector. Thomas Seymour, Edward Seymour's brother, was jealous of his brother's power, and tried to kidnap the King so that he could be Lord Protector instead. To further advance his position, he had wanted to marry Elizabeth , Edward's half-sister by Anne Boleyn. For his intrigues, Thomas was executed, and his brother did not long survive his disgrace. He was replaced as Lord Protector by John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland.
The Coronation of Edward VI
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Edward was not a very healthy child, and it became clear to those around him that he was not going to live very long. Desperate to keep his hands on the reigns of power, Northumberland devised a clever plot to make his son, Guildford Dudley, King when Edward died. Before he died, Henry VIII had made a will in which he outlined the order of succession: Edward, Mary, Elizabeth, and then Frances, daughter of his sister, Mary. Although by right of birth the descendants of his sister, Margaret (Queen of Scotland) should have come before Mary's, Henry wished to skip the Scottish line. In league with Northumberland, Frances gave up her place in the line of succession in favour of her daughter, Lady Jane Grey, and Northumberland arranged for Lady Jane and his son Guildford to marry. Northumberland then persuaded the young King to make a will declaring Lady Jane Grey to be the next rightful heir on the grounds that his half-sisters Mary and Elizabeth were both illegitimate.
When Edward died in 1553, Northumberland went ahead and had Jane proclaimed Queen of England. Not willing to give up her claim to the throne without a fight, Mary and her supporters challenged Northumberland and within days were victorious. Mary was declared Queen of England, and Northumberland, Lady Jane, Guildford, and their supporters were imprisoned. Northumberland was soon executed for treason, and a few months later, Lady Jane and her husband were also beheaded.
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"What is the correct name for the ""Clock"" in a taxi cab" | taxi - definition of taxi in English | Oxford Dictionaries
Definition of taxi in English:
taxi
noun
1A motor vehicle licensed to transport passengers in return for payment of a fare and typically fitted with a taximeter:
‘I'll take a taxi from the air terminal’
[as modifier] ‘a taxi driver wanted five dollars to drive me to my hotel’
More example sentences
‘We never took a taxi; we took public transportation.’
‘Five children and the taxi driver were killed in the accident which was blamed on human error and an unroadworthy vehicle.’
‘But it was not until her husband Merrick, a taxi driver, returned from work around midnight that police were alerted.’
‘I ran out of the house and took a taxi to the wharf.’
‘She'd kept up an almost incessant stream of chatter and commentary during the whole of the train ride from London, and then in the taxi to the dock.’
‘After receiving payment, the taxi driver pulls to the left and executes a U-turn, and hits a motorcycle coming the other direction.’
‘A girl with brown hair that's pulled back into a ponytail is leaning in the passenger side of a taxi yelling at the driver.’
‘I'm in a taxi with Marina and after a few minutes, I realise we are driving in the opposite direction to the town.’
‘Dana got inside the taxi as I walked over to say goodbye.’
‘However, this same person also held a valid Hong Kong driver's license as well as a taxi driver's license.’
‘She leaned back into the taxi's lumpy seat and gave him a reassuring smile.’
‘My thoughts were dismissed as I lurched forward, the taxi veering to the side of the avenue and halting quickly.’
‘I asked whether a woman has to be screaming when she dials 111 in order for the police to come to protect her rather than to send a taxi.’
‘A taxi driver and his four passengers escaped being crushed when a straw bale weighing half a ton bounced onto their car.’
‘He fed me and rented the taxi to ferry us around so that we could shoot the London scenes.’
‘This goes a long way towards undermining the railroads and any other public transportation except buses and taxis.’
‘And with that he hails a taxi to ferry him to the studio.’
‘A pen was wedged between the soldier's jaws; the café owner called for a taxi with his cellular phone.’
‘Licensed taxi drivers are not allowed to refuse a smoking passenger although they may request passengers not to smoke.’
‘At night, take a taxi to see the sights and try all the wonderful restaurants.’
Synonyms
1.1 A boat or other means of transportation used in the same way as a taxi:
‘they took a motor-boat taxi to the end of the Grand Canal’
More example sentences
‘Anyway got to go, a motorbike taxi just drove into my bar!’
‘When Patch got out of the taxi at docking port forty-two the next morning, he was dressed in a pair of slacks, a nice shirt and tie.’
‘Splash out by hiring a long-tail taxi boat for a personal tour of Bangkok's fascinating canals.’
‘For instance, a three-wheeler taxi purchased in Colombo for about 150,000 rupees is taxed 65,000 rupees.’
‘That evening they'll hire a taxi boat and go exploring.’
‘Rather than be robbed twice, first by the crooks and then by the police, he decided to get a motorbike taxi home and cut his losses.’
‘Into this gentle background music, roars a motorbike taxi, bringing one more tourist to share heaven with us.’
‘It's not cheap; so if four wheels are too costly, take a motorbike taxi, but don't expect a helmet.’
‘Even if you don't fancy the idea of living in a rock house without windows just a few feet from the ocean, Moonhole is well worth a visit either by dinghy or taxi.’
‘When I catch a motorbike taxi in the morning, the regular guy who drives me literally punches the air and whoops when he sees me coming.’
‘Everybody else walks, takes a dhow or uses donkey taxis.’
‘I caught a motorbike taxi back - my friend opted to cycle.’
‘Needing vehicular transportation I hired a motorbike taxi, agreeing to his 30 baht impost.’
‘Don't get into any small taxi boats in the Philippines.’
‘From the quay, the taxi which has transported me from the ferry port skirts the wide crescent of beach before twisting and turning all the way to the top of the island.’
1.2 (in South Africa) a light vehicle, especially a minibus, transporting passengers along a fixed route for a set fare but not operating to a timetable.
Example sentences
‘At present, the City collects user fees from minibus taxi and bus operators.’
‘Kinshasa began returning to normal on Monday, with shops reopening and fleets of taxis and buses operating as normal.’
‘Sir, presently, I have noticed that many operators of mini buses, taxis and buses do not maintain and submit books of accounts and hence do not pay appropriate tax.’
‘A man died and six passengers were severely injured when a car and a minibus taxi collided here on Wednesday night.’
‘The vehicle was apparently mistaken for a minibus taxi.’
verb
1(of an aircraft) move slowly along the ground before take-off or after landing:
‘the plane taxied to a halt at the terminal’
More example sentences
‘When your plane makes its soft water landing and taxis up to the dock at the Alderbrook Resort & Spa, life slows down.’
‘However, as the aircraft taxied for departure, the military authorities reversed their decision and a truck loaded with armed men was despatched to block the runway.’
‘During that time, restrictions were put on planes taxiing, taking off and landing at Frankfurt's Rhein-Main airport, and that trickled back through the system.’
‘Look at it as you would an aircraft taxiing onto the runway and adding power for takeoff, where the really hard part is overcoming inertia and gaining enough speed for liftoff.’
‘The plane taxied, took off, and flew high into the clouds.’
‘Airplanes taxiing for takeoff, for instance, must wait for departing aircraft to take off, or for landing aircraft to arrive and clear the runway.’
‘Five people suffered minor injuries during the evacuation, ordered by the plane's captain after smoke was spotted in a toilet at the rear of the Fokker 100 aircraft as it taxied for take-off.’
‘The ground crew then refit the pogos so the aircraft can taxi back to the hangar.’
‘Bound for France, the aircraft was taxiing out to the runaway at Stansted airport when my wife Jean became quite fidgety.’
‘The plane, bound for Tenerife, had to be diverted to Lisbon but Beardsell started fighting with his girlfriend's brother in the galley as the aircraft taxied to a halt.’
‘The local ground crew reset the gear as each aircraft taxied clear.’
‘You actually feel this could be solid preparation for your first flying lesson, as the gravel-voiced military tutor takes you through taxiing, take-off, landing and air-to-air combat situations.’
‘And there was an unmistakable atmosphere of satisfaction from the waiting ground crews when the aircraft taxied towards them.’
‘Soon, the aircraft taxied down the runway, and took off into the clear horizon.’
‘Incidentally, once the plane is taxiing out for takeoff, similar noises you hear are most likely the flaps and slats being extended for takeoff.’
‘Glinting in the pinkish sunlight, the aircraft taxied slowly across the busy airport and took off on schedule 25 minutes later.’
‘All eyes were on our aircraft as we taxied out of the landing area.’
‘After waiting for twenty minutes, the plane finally taxied and took off.’
‘The California Highway Patrol discovered that its directives didn't allow for airplanes taxiing on public roads.’
1.1[with object] (of a pilot) cause (an aircraft) to taxi:
‘he taxied the plane to the very end of the airstrip’
More example sentences
‘Directional control was maintained and the aircraft was taxied clear of the runway.’
‘Some weeks before, he saw me taxi a P-40 out of the parking area and head for the active runway.’
‘He taxied the jet into position and advanced the throttles to military power.’
‘At Desert One, all the C-130s had landed and were taxied into place.’
‘During March, Carolyn Grace taxied her two-seat Spitfire into a Jet Ranger helicopter at Duxford, England.’
‘He taxied the TAF into the hanger and shut down the engines.’
‘As soon as it was ready to be taxied I completed taxiing tests.’
‘Even taxiing a twin is more interesting than a single.’
‘Rob continued to taxi the airplane closer as the Marines ran on ahead.’
‘A No.75 Squadron pilot taxies a Hornet out on to the runway at RAAF Base Tindal for a mission during Exercise Aces North.’
‘Steve taxied the Lightning and did a fast run down the runway and except for a minor hydraulic problem, pronounced the plane to be in fine condition.’
‘After landing, the Spitfire was taxied into a hangar, where it was kept overnight until yesterday when it performed another fly-past.’
‘Use caution in taxiing retractable-gear aircraft through slush or mud.’
‘Unable to gain enough power to take off, the two airmen taxied the aircraft 15 miles back to Azuzeyih.’
‘I am a pilot, and taxiing my plane to the hanger, Sophia came forward and climbed up in the copilot's seat.’
‘It became common practice to tow the Airacobras to the end of the runway rather than taxi them.’
‘The three pilots taxied the plane onto a runway that had been closed for repairs, and in the process of taking off, slammed the aircraft into construction machinery.’
‘Now, one thing I do not know was whether he had nose wheel steering, which we have when we taxi the airplane at slower speeds.’
‘We got the signal to kneel the jet and waited to be taxied into the shuttle.’
‘And it has the expertise to ensure it could be taxied for display purposes and brought back to flying fitness if that was required.’
2Take a taxi as a means of transport:
‘I would taxi home and sleep till eight’
More example sentences
‘After a public transport nightmare, we swallowed our pride and taxied across the French countryside to Chenonceau for the real castle deal.’
Origin
Early 20th century: abbreviation of taxicab or taximeter cab (see taximeter).
Pronunciation
Which of these is written in the passive?
The dishes were washed
Which of these is written in the passive?
He carried the girl
Which of these is written in the passive?
The house was burgled
The gang burgled the house
Which of these is written in the passive?
The storm shocked the family
The family were shocked
Which of these is written in the passive?
The football was punctured
Which of these is written in the passive?
Mum ironed the clothes
Which of these is written in the passive?
I carried the puppy
Which of these is written in the passive?
He was promoted
Which of these is written in the passive?
The toy was played with
The cat played with the toy
Which of these is written in the passive?
The family watched the TV show
The TV show was watched
You scored /10 practise again?
Retry
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Australia
| Taximeter |
Where in London are the Mappin Terraces | Taxi fares | Taxi Services Commission
Premium service charge
$11.00
Urban taxis are allowed to pick up passengers at Melbourne Airport on a pre-booked basis only.
The holiday fee applies from 7pm on the evening prior to all public holidays and all day Christmas Day, Boxing Day and New Year's Day, and from 6pm on New Year's Eve (but not after 6am on other public holidays). The late night fee does not apply during the holiday fee period.
The premium service charge applies when the hirer has specifically requested the hire of a premium service vehicle and agreed to a charge of up to $11.
Charges may also apply to electronic payments and toll roads .
Country and Regional fares
The following fares may be charged in Victorian country and regional taxis.
Notified fares
Taxi operators in country and regional areas may choose to set their own fares, but must notify the Taxi Services Commission and passengers. If the operator has not set alternative fares, the rates below will continue to apply. To look up fare rates in country or regional taxis, you can search by taxi company or location .
Standard fare
For taxis carrying up to four passengers (standard taxi) or any multiple hiring.
Fare component
Premium service charge
$11.00
Country and regional taxis are allowed to pick up passengers at Melbourne Airport on a pre-booked basis only.
The holiday fee applies Christmas Day, Boxing Day and New Year's Day, and from 6pm on New Year's Eve. The late night fee does not apply during the holiday fee period.
The premium service charge applies when the hirer has specifically requested the hire of a premium service vehicle and agreed to a charge of up to $11.
Charges also apply to electronic payments and toll roads .
Electronic payments
A maximum 5% fee applies when using credit/debit cards, and all other non-cash payments. This fee is on top of the taxi fare. See Non-cash payments for details.
Toll roads
Taxi toll fees increased 1 July 2016.
EastLink and CityLink toll fees are charged in addition to the metered fare. Taxi drivers must give you the choice of whether you want to use CityLink or EastLink en-route to your destination.
Toll fees are shown on labels inside the taxi.
When you are sharing a taxi with others, and use CityLink or EastLink, it is up to your group to decide and agree on how toll fees will be paid, in addition to the metered fare. Total tolls collected by the driver must not exceed the toll amount for the trip.
The following toll fees currently apply.
CityLink
*All prices are GST inclusive.
Prepaid fares
See Prepaid taxi fares for more information and tools for estimating fares.
Multiple hirings
Multiple hirings are permitted throughout Victoria with the consent of all passengers. A multiple hiring involves:
two or more people who are unacquainted travelling in the taxi from a common starting point
the first and subsequent hirers consent to another person also hiring the taxi
the hirers' destinations are in the same general direction
each hirer paying no more than 75 per cent of the fare showing on the taxi meter at their destination.
Multi Purpose Taxi Program
Subsidised taxi travel is available for eligible taxi users. For more information, see the Travelling with a disability webpage.
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In which film did Paul Newman eat fifty hard boiled eggs for a bet | Cool Hand Luke (1967) -- (Movie Clip) Every Cent In Camp
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Cool Hand Luke (1967) -- (Movie Clip) Every Cent In Camp
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Cool Hand Luke (1967) -- (Movie Clip) Every Cent In Camp
A portion of the famous attempt by Luke (Paul Newman), coached by Dragline (George Kennedy), to eat fifty hard-boiled to eggs win a prison bet in Cool Hand Luke, 1967.
View the TCMDb entry for Cool Hand Luke (1967)
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Cool Hand Luke (1967) -- (Movie Clip) Every Cent...
A portion of the famous attempt by Luke (Paul Newman),...
Cool Hand Luke (1967) -- (Movie Clip)...
Cool Hand Luke (1967) -- (Movie Clip) Every Cent In Camp
A portion of the famous attempt by Luke (Paul Newman), coached by Dragline (George Kennedy), to eat fifty hard-boiled to eggs win a prison bet in Cool Hand Luke, 1967.>
Cool Hand Luke - (Original Trailer)
A free-spirited convict refuses to conform to chain-gang...
Paul Newman plays a free-spirited...
Cool Hand Luke - (Original Trailer)
"A free-spirited convict refuses to conform to chain-gang life in Cool Hand Luke (1967), starring Paul Newman & George Kennedy.">
Cool Hand Luke (1967) -- (Movie Clip) Take Them...
The escaped Luke (Paul Newman), chained and pursued by...
Cool Hand Luke (1967) -- (Movie Clip)...
Cool Hand Luke (1967) -- (Movie Clip) Take Them Stripes Off Your Pants?
The escaped Luke (Paul Newman), chained and pursued by bloodhounds, gets help from two neighborhood kids in Cool Hand Luke, 1967, from the novel by Donn Pearce.>
TCM Remembers Paul Newman -- (TCM Original)
Actor Paul Newman (1925-2008) is the subject of this "TCM...
TCM Remembers Paul Newman -- (TCM Original)
Actor Paul Newman (1925-2008) is the subject of this "TCM Remembers" original. >
Cool Hand Luke (1967) -- (Movie Clip) Somebody...
Inmates played by Ralph Waite, Lou Antonio, Dennis Hopper,...
Cool Hand Luke (1967) -- (Movie Clip)...
Cool Hand Luke (1967) -- (Movie Clip) Somebody Oughta Stop This Thing
Inmates played by Ralph Waite, Lou Antonio, Dennis Hopper, Wayne Rogers and J.D. Cannon are in the crowd as Luke (Paul Newman) takes a pounding from Dragline (George Kennedy in his Academy Award-winning role) in Cool Hand Luke, 1967.>
Ben Mankiewicz Intro -- Cool Hand Luke (1967)
Ben Mankiewicz introduces Cool Hand Luke, 1967.
Ben Mankiewicz Intro -- Cool Hand Luke...
Ben Mankiewicz Intro -- Cool Hand Luke (1967)
Ben Mankiewicz introduces Cool Hand Luke, 1967. >
Ben Mankiewicz Intro -- Cool Hand Luke (1967)
Ben Mankiewicz introduces Cool Hand Luke, 1967.
Ben Mankiewicz Intro -- Cool Hand Luke...
Ben Mankiewicz Intro -- Cool Hand Luke (1967)
Ben Mankiewicz introduces Cool Hand Luke, 1967. >
Cool Hand Luke (1967) -- (Movie Clip) You Better...
Director Stuart Rosenberg's evocative opening, introducing...
Cool Hand Luke (1967) -- (Movie Clip)...
Cool Hand Luke (1967) -- (Movie Clip) You Better Come Along With Us
Director Stuart Rosenbergs evocative opening, introducing Paul Newman in the title role committing his rather allegorical crime from the original novel by one-time Florida inmate Donn Pearce, from Cool Hand Luke, 1967. >
| Cool Hand Luke |
Which war hero was the subject of the film Reach for the Sky | Robin Benzle food and travel
By Robin Benzle
The first question people ask me when they find out that I spent an hour with Paul Newman over lunch at his New York apartment is; Are his eyes really that blue? The answer is, yup, as blue as a bottle of Windex. The second question people ask is; how on earth did you get an interview with him (he hadn’t done an interview in more than five years and was notorious for not signing autographs)? When I asked him the same question, he simply said, ‘You’re not Barbara Walters.’
As we sat at a small, wooden table in his warm and antique-filled living room; a bowl of his favorite salad between us, he cordially allowed me a rare glimpse into his private world – his food world, at least.
Growing up in a suburb of Cleveland, Ohio, Paul Newman remembers nostalgic dishes from his Hungarian mother, such as ‘great goulash, pot roast, things with noodles and mashed potatoes.’ Today, he describes his likes as those of a simple man on the street corner. He’s a salad nut, loves hamburgers, and ‘wouldn’t object eating fish through Christmas’. As for what he would fix for an anniversary dinner for Joanne? “Sliced cucumbers with caviar.” “That’s all?” I ask. “Anniversaries come around once a year, and I’m not working much,” he replies. And if he happens to ask you out for an ice cream cone, just so you know, he’s a rum raisin kind of guy.
One of his most notable eating scenes in film was in Cool Hand Luke, where he bet he could eat 50 hard-boiled eggs – and much to the discomfort of viewers, painfully did so. I wondered, as a result, can he look an omelet in the eye? “I never swallowed an egg – the magic of film,” he said. “Now, Henry Fonda – he was the best film eater of all times. He would have a garbage can next to the table during an eating scene. Then, he’d pack his cheeks just like a squirrel, never swallowing a bite, and use the same food for 8, 10, 20 shots.” Speaking of eggs, Newman sometimes gets up on Sunday mornings and fixes eggs fried in bacon grease – and he even helps with the dishes.
I reach for a tortilla chip, served right out of the bag (and offered with a choice of Newman’s various salsas), take a big drink of water, and ask him the three food questions I’d been most hungry to ask.
If he was going to a friend’s house for dinner, and the hosts proudly announce they are serving their finest dish – and it tastes like dog food, how would he handle it? Without hesitating, Newman replies, “I’d bark…and then choke it down.”
Who, from history, would he like to have as a dinner guest? “Well – God would be all right.” Then he described one of his most memorable dinners: “Once I had dinner with Peter Ustinov, David Niven, Princess Grace and Prince Rainier. They were all such great story-tellers and the company was so exceptional, I barely spoke a word and can’t even remember what we ate.”
My final question: “Have you ever put the ice-cube tray back with one ice-cube in it?” After a penetrating glare, he answered, “I have three nooses hanging in my kitchen for offenders. It drives me crazier than anything in life. So, the answer is, NEVER!”
Then he calmed down and shared two of his personal recipes with me.
Paul Newman’s Favorite Salad This Month
1 small head Bibb lettuce
2 – 3 heads Belgian endive, thinly sliced
2 medium tomatoes, diced
½ each, yellow and red bell pepper, sliced
¼ cup thinly sliced purple onion
Salt and pepper to taste
½ cup Newman’s Own Olive Oil and Vinegar Dressing
6 slices crisp, cooked bacon, crumbled
In a large bowl, toss together all ingredients, sprinkling crumbled bacon over the top when ready to serve. Serves 4.
Slivered kosher dill pickles
“Don’t make the mistake of using ground round or sirloin in this recipe,” says Newman. “Many hamburger cooks fall short of my standards because they use meat that is simply too good. I cook all my hamburgers on the outdoor grill or the indoor fireplace grill, and ground chuck is best suited to a hot, charcoal fire.”
“Form the chuck into patties of the preferred size. I toss them from hand to hand to keep them fluffy. Never pat down the meat or the hamburger won’t be able to breathe while it’s cooking. Also, never put salt, pepper, or any other seasoning in the meat before cooking because that will toughen it. The idea of adding onions, eggs, bread crumbs, or any other ingredient to the meat raises my hackles. Never confuse steak tartar with the pure hamburger.”
“Prepare the charcoal and grease the grill with vegetable oil, but don’t put the meat on the fire until is a uniform grayish-white. Sear the burgers well on one side and turn them only once. After turning them, lower the grill for a brief time to sear the other side. The result: a hamburger that is crisp on the outside, tomato-red inside.”
“While the Newmanburgers are cooking, toast the buns around the edge of the grill. At my house, tomatoes, sliced onion, salsa and pickles are the inevitable accompaniments. If corn is in season, it is also made part of the meal, always cooked for precisely three minutes and not a second longer in boiling, sweetened water.”
“Although the Newmanburger is usually enjoyed with frosty mugs of beer, on occasional impulse I serve up a bottle of 1962 Mouton-Rothschild, and that’s when the Newmanburger tastes its best!”
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What colour is the outer ring of an Olympic archery target | Outdoor Target Archery
Recurve athletes shoot at targets set 70 metres away and compound athletes shoot at targets set 50 metres away. Athletes of both bowstyles shoot at a traditional yellow, red, blue, black and white target that scores 10 for the inner ring and one for the outer ring.
The recurve target is 122cm in diameter with a 10 ring 12.2cm in diameter.
The compound target is 80cm in diameter with a 10 ring 8cm in diameter. In international competition, compound targets only include the yellow, red and blue rings. This is to reduce the size of target mat needed for each target face, in order that each athlete has their own target to shoot at.
Indoor Target Archery
Recurve and compound athletes shoot at targets set 18 metres away.
Athletes of both bowstyles shoot at a traditional yellow, red, blue, black and white target that scores 10 for the inner ring and one for the outdoor ring. There is a smaller 10 ring, measuring 2cm in diameter, for compound athletes as opposed to the 4cm diameter recurve 10 ring.
In international competition, targets only include the yellow, red and blue rings and are arranged in vertical groups of three. Athletes shoot a maximum of one arrow at each target face at any one time.
Archery at the Olympic GAMES
Archery was first included in the Olympic Games in 1900. It was also featured on the programme in 1904, 1908 and 1920 before a hiatus until 1972 when it returned.
It has remained on the Olympic Programme ever since, with competition in men’s and women’s individual and team recurve archery.
Read more about archery at the Olympic Games.
Individual Competition Format
Athletes shoot a qualification or ranking round to ascertain seedings in their division: bowstyle and gender. The ranking round consists of 72 arrows outdoors or 60 arrows indoors, cumulatively scored.
The athlete in each division who finishes with the most points is given the top seed, the athletes with the least the lowest seed.
Athletes then advance to eliminations and finals of head-to-head matches shot in brackets. In indoor competition, only the top 32 seeded athletes advance. In outdoor competition, the top 104 seeded athletes advance, while the top eight seeded athletes are given an automatic bye into the third round.
Recurve matches are decided using the set system. Athletes receive two set points for winning each set of three arrows. If both athletes score the same in a three-arrow set, they both receive one set point. The first athlete to reach six set points wins the match.
Compound matches are decided using cumulative scoring. Athletes shoot 15 arrows in five ends of three arrows. The athlete with the highest 15-arrow score wins the match.
If a recurve match is tied on five set points or a compound match is tied on cumulative score then the match is decided in a single-arrow shoot-off. Each athlete shoots one arrow and the arrow that lands closest to the middle wins the match.
If no winner can be decided, the process is repeated until a winner is found.
The elimination brackets advance until there are four athletes remaining to shoot the semifinals. The losers of the two semifinals compete in a bronze medal match while the winners of the two semifinals compete in the gold medal match to decide who wins the tournament.
Team and Mixed Team Competition Format
As well as the individual competition, international events can also include team and mixed team competitions. (Mixed team competition is currently included in outdoor archery only.)
Teams comprise three athletes of the same division. It is usually the top scoring three athletes in qualification, however team managers may choose to substitute athletes.
Mixed teams comprise two athletes of the same bowstyle, one of each gender. It is usually the highest scoring athlete of each gender in qualification, however team managers may choose to substitute athletes.
Teams and mixed teams are seeded for their elimination matches using the total of the individual ranking round scores of their athletes.
Recurve team and mixed team matches are decided using the set system. Teams receive two set points for winning each set of six arrows (two each); mixed teams receive two set points for winning each set of four arrows (two each). If both teams or mixed teams score the same in a six- or four-arrow set, they both receive one set point. The first team or mixed team to reach five set points wins the match.
Compound team and mixed team matches are decided using cumulative scoring. Teams shoot 24 arrows in four ends of six arrows; the team with the highest 24-arrow total wins the match. Mixed teams shoot 16 arrows in four ends of four arrows; the mixed team with the highest 16-arrow total wins the match.
If a recurve team or mixed team match is tied on four set points or a compound match is tied on cumulative score then the match is decided in a shoot-off. Each athlete in the team or mixed team shoots one arrow. The team with the arrow that lands closest to the centre wins the match.
If no winner can be decided with each team’s arrow that is closest to the centre, then the second closest arrows are decided, then the third. If no winner can be decided, the process is repeated until a winner is found.
| White |
Which group said Come and Get it in 1970 | archery targets
archery targets
If possible, the butt is north of the shooter (in the Northern Hemisphere). In a line of butts, the butts are placed 4 to 6 yards apart. A flag hung on a pole extending 2 to 3 feet from the butt, to indicate wind direction, may be placed on at least every third butt. The number of the butt may be displayed on a paper 30 centimeters by 30 cm hanging from the bottom of the butt.
The butt is tilted backward 15 degrees from the vertical. Dead center is 130 cm above the ground.
Two sizes of face are used: 122 centimeters, and for the 50 meter and 30 meter distances, 80 centimeters. The target is divided into 10 zones, 6.1 cm wide on the 122 cm targets and 4 cm wide on the 80 cm targets.
OD
1
Clout shooting
The target is laid out on the ground. It has the same proportions as the 122 cm target, but is exactly twelve times larger. The width of each ring, for example, is 73.2 cm. The shooting distance is 180 yards for men and 140 for women. (9.6 feet across)
Crossbow
White center 2.4 inches in diameter. Black band 1.2 inches wide. 4 concentric bands 2.4" wide
A special event, the King's Round, uses a target bearing six gold circles 4 ¾ inches in diameter, with their centers on an 18-inch radius, at 12, 2, 4, 6, and 8 o'clock positions. The distance is 40 yards.
Wand shooting
The target is a 2-inch wide strip of wood, projecting 6 feet above the ground. The shooting distance is 100 yards for men and 60 yards for women.
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Which Beatles song begins with the French National Anthem | All You Need Is Love by The Beatles Songfacts
All You Need Is Love by The Beatles Songfacts
Songfacts
The Beatles played this for the first time on the "Our World" project, the first worldwide TV special. Broadcast in 24 countries on June 25, 1967, the show was 6 hours long and featured music from 6 continents, with The Beatles representing Britain. The Beatles were supposedly recording this live during the show, but they used a prerecorded backing track and John Lennon's vocal was redone a few hours later. Eric Clapton mimed guitar on this during the special.
The concept of the song was born out of a request to bring a song that was going to be understood by people of all nations. The writing began in late May of 1967, with John and Paul working on separate songs. It was decided that John's "All You Need Is Love" was the better choice because of its easy to understand message of love and peace. The song was easy to play, the words easy to remember and it encompassed the feeling of the world's youth during that period.
"All You Need Is Love" was a popular saying in the '60s anti-war movement. The song was released in the middle of the Summer of Love (1967). It was a big part of the vibe.
John Lennon wrote this as a continuation of the idea he was trying to express in his 1965 song " The Word ." John was fascinated by how slogans effect the masses and was trying to capture the same essence as songs like "We Shall Overcome." He once stated, "I like slogans. I like advertising. I love the telly." In a 1971 interview about his song "Power To The People," he was asked if that song was propaganda. He said, "Sure. So was 'All You Need Is Love.' I'm a revolutionary artist. My art is dedicated to change."
Musically, this song is very unusual. The chorus is only one note, and the song is in a rare 7/4 tempo. >>
Suggestion credit:
Dwight Rounds, author of The Year The Music Died, 1964-1972
It was not until 1983 and the publication of the in the book John Lennon: In My Life by Pete Shotton and Nicholas Schaffner that it was revealed that John Lennon was the primary composer of the song. It is typical of Lennon: Three long notes ("love -love -love") and the rise of excitement with at first speaking, then recital, then singing, then the climax and finally the redemption. This as opposed to McCartney's conventional verse, verse, middle part, verse or A,A,B,A. Lennon felt that a good song must have a rise of excitement, climax and redeeming.
Ringo's second son, Jason, was born the day this hit #1 in the US. Jason is also a drummer.
n the orchestral ending, you can hear pieces of both " Greensleeves ," a Bach two-part invention (by George Martin) and Glen Miller's " In The Mood ." Royalties were paid to Miller for his contribution.
McCartney sang the chorus to The Beatles 1963 hit, " She Loves You " at the end: "She loves you yeah yeah yeah... She loves you yeah yeah yeah"
John Lennon's hand-written lyrics for this song sold for 1 Million pounds in the summer of 2005. Lennon left them in the BBC studios after The Beatles' last live TV appearance, and they were salvaged by an employee. >>
Suggestion credit:
Ryan - Kansas City, MO
This begins with a clip from the French national anthem, " La Marseillaise ," written and composed by Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle in Strasbourg on April 25, 1792. Its original name was "Chant de guerre de l'Armee du Rhin" ("Marching Song of the Rhine Army") and it was dedicated to Marshal Nicolas Luckner, a Bavarian-born French officer from Cham. It became the rallying call of the French Revolution and got its name because it was first sung on the streets by troops from Marseille upon their arrival in Paris. Now the national anthem of France, the song was also once the anthem of the international revolutionary movement, contrasting with the theme of The Beatles song. In the late 1970s, Serge Gainsbourg recorded a Reggae version "Aux Armes et cetera," with Robbie Shakespeare, Sly Dunbar and Rita Marley in the choir in Jamaica, which resulted in him getting death threats from veterans of the Algerian War of Independence. >>
Suggestion credit:
Bertrand - Paris, France
Al and Tipper Gore had this song played at their wedding. They married in 1970 and separated in 2010.
George Harrison mentioned this in his 1981 song " All Those Years Ago " with the line, "But you point the way to the truth when you say 'All you need is love.'" Harrison's song is a tribute to John Lennon, who was killed in 1980.
This was used in the climactic final episode of the UK sci-fi series The Prisoner, and was the entrance music for Queen Elizabeth II during the UK Millennial celebrations of 1999. It was also sung by choirs across the kingdom in 2002 during the Queen's Golden Jubilee celebration. >>
Suggestion credit:
Bertrand - Paris, France
In 2007, this was used in an advertising campaign for Luv's diapers with the lyrics changed to "All You Need Is Luv's." While Beatles songs have been used in commercials before, notably " Revolution " in spots for Nike and " Hello Goodbye " for Target, this peace anthem shilling for diapers didn't go over well with fans who thought it sullied The Beatles legacy. The publishing rights to "All You Need Is Love" and most other Beatles songs are controlled by the Sony corporation and Michael Jackson, which means The Beatles cannot prevent a company from re-recording the song and using it in a commercial.
When asked what his favorite lyric is during an interview with NME, John Lennon's son Sean replied: "My list of favorite things changes from day to day. I like when my dad said: 'There's nothing you can know that isn't known/ Nothing you can see that isn't shown/ Nowhere you can go that isn't where you're meant to be.' It seems to be a good representation of the sort of enlightenment that came out of the '60s."
| All You Need Is Love |
Peroni beer comes from which country | Beatles
Beatles
Contacts
All You Need Is Love by BEATLES
"All You Need Is Love" is a song by the Beatles that was released as a non-album single in July 1967. It was written by John Lennon and credited to Lennon–McCartney. The Beatles performed the song as Britain's contribution to Our World, the first live global television link. Watched by over 400 million in 25 countries, the program was broadcast via satellite on 25 June 1967. "All You Need Is Love" is a song by the Beatles that was released as a non-album single in July 1967. It was written by John Lennon and credited to Lennon–McCartney. The Beatles performed the song as Britain's contribution to Our World, the first live global television link. Watched by over 400 million in 25 countries, the program was broadcast via satellite on 25 June 1967.
The Beatles were asked to come up with a song with a message understood by everyone. "It was an inspired song and they really wanted to give the world a message", said Brian Epstein. "The nice thing about it is that it cannot be misinterpreted. It is a clear message saying that love is everything."According to journalist Jade Wright, "Lennon was fascinated by the power of slogans to unite people and never afraid to create art out of propaganda. When asked in 1971 whether songs like "Give Peace a Chance" and "Power to the People" were propaganda songs, he answered: 'Sure. So was All You Need Is Love. I'm a revolutionary artist. My art is dedicated to change.' "
The band started work on recording the song on 14 June 1967, with Lennon playing harpsichord, Paul McCartney on double bass, George Harrison on violin (an instrument he had never previously played), and Ringo Starr on drums. They recorded 33 takes, choosing the tenth take as the best. Over the following days they recorded overdubs including vocals, piano (played by their producer, George Martin), banjo (by Lennon), guitar and orchestral parts.
The interviews on The Beatles Anthology documentary series reveal that McCartney and Harrison were unsure whether "All You Need Is Love" was written for Our World, while Starr and Martin assert that it was. When asked, McCartney replied: "I don't think it was written specially for it. But it was one of the songs we had. ... It was certainly tailored to [the broadcast] once we had it. But I've got a feeling it was just one of John's songs that were coming there."
MUSICAL STRUCTURE
The song starts with the intro to the French national anthem, "La Marseillaise", and contains elements from Glenn Miller's 1939 hit "In the Mood", as well as elements from Wayne Shanklin's 1958 hit "Chanson D'Amour". The song is notable for its asymmetric time signature and complex changes. The main verse pattern contains a total of 29 beats, split into two 7/4 measures, a single bar of 8/4, followed by a one bar return of 7/4 before repeating the pattern. The chorus, however, maintains a steady 4/4 beat with the exception of the last bar of 6/4 (on the lyric "love is all you need"). The prominent cello line draws attention to this departure from pop-single normality, although it was not the first time that the Beatles had experimented with varied meter within a single song: "We Can Work It Out" and "Strawberry Fields Forever" are other examples. The song is in the key of G and the verse opens (on "There's nothing you can do") with a G chord and D melody note, the chords shifting in a I-V-vi chord progression while the bass simultaneously follows the tonic (G) to the relative minor (Em), but via an F♯, supporting a first inversion D chord. Indeed, throughout this song McCartney's bass implies many additional harmonies under the chords played by the other instruments.
After the verse "learn how to play the game, it's easy", the bass alters the prolonged V (D) chord with F#, E, C and B notes. The song is notable for a dramatic use of a dominant or V chord (here D) on "It's easy." The "Love, love, love" chant involves chords in a I-V7-vi shift (G-D-Em) and simultaneous descending B, A, G notes with the concluding G note corresponding not to the tonic G chord, but acting as a 3rd of the Em chord; this also introducing the E note of the Em chord as a 6th of the tonic G scale. Supporting the same melody note with different and unexpected chords has been termed a characteristic Beatles technique.
George Martin recalled that "the boys ... wanted to freak out at the end, and just go mad". During the long fade-out, elements of various other songs can be heard, including "Greensleeves", Invention No. 8 in F major (BWV 779) by J. S. Bach, "In the Mood", and the Beatles' own 1963 hit "She Loves You". The first of these three pieces had been included in the arrangement by Martin. "She Loves You" was the result of improvisation by Lennon in rehearsals – he had also experimented with interpolating "Yesterday" and "She'll Be Coming 'Round the Mountain" – although it was McCartney who sang "She Loves You" on the subsequent studio recording.
LIVE BROADCAST
The Our World broadcast cut to Abbey Road studios at 8:54 PM London time, about 40 seconds earlier than expected. Martin and engineer Geoff Emerick were drinking scotch whisky to calm their nerves for the task of mixing the audio for a live worldwide broadcast, and had to scramble the bottle and glasses beneath the mixing desk when they were told they were about to go on air.
For the broadcast, the Beatles (except for Starr) were seated on stools, accompanied by a small studio orchestra. They were surrounded by friends and acquaintances seated on the floor, who sang along with the refrain during the fade-out. These guests included Mick Jagger, Eric Clapton, Marianne Faithfull, Keith Richards, Keith Moon, Graham Nash, Mike McGear, Patti Boyd and Jane Asher.
The performance was not completely live: the Beatles, the orchestra, and guests were overdubbing onto a pre-recorded rhythm track mainly consisting of piano, harpsichord, drums and backing vocals. The producers of Our World were initially unhappy about the use of backing tracks, but it was insisted upon by Martin, who said that "we can't just go in front of 350 million people without some work". The full Our World segment opens with the band and company listening to the raw backing track, as commentator Steve Race explained the process in voiceover.
The segment initially showed the band simulating a rehearsal or rough take for about a minute, before Martin suggesting that the orchestral musicians should take their places for the recording as the tape was rewound, followed by the band's performance with the orchestral section. Among a number of placards featuring the word "love" translated into a variety of languages, a sign was held up during the clip with the words "Come Back Milly" – a plea to an aunt of McCartney's who was then in Australia visiting her son and grandchildren.
Lennon, affecting indifference, was said to be nervous about the broadcast, given the potential size of the international TV audience. Dissatisfied with his singing, he rerecorded the solo verses for use on the single. Starr also overdubbed drums before the single was released,[15] fixing the aforementioned timing problems and adding the drum roll.
The programme was broadcast in black-and-white (colour television had yet to commence broadcasting in Britain and most of the world). The Beatles' footage was colourised, based on photographs of the event, for the 1995 documentary The Beatles Anthology.[16] The colour version is also included in the Beatles' 2015 video compilation.
RELEASE
The day before the Our World broadcast, the Beatles decided that the song should be their next single. Released in the UK on 7 July 1967, it went straight to number one and remained there for three weeks. It was similarly successful in the United States after its release on 17 July, reaching number one for a week.
"All You Need Is Love" was also included on the American LP version of Magical Mystery Tour in November 1967, as well as in the film, and on the LP Yellow Submarine, released in 1969. This song is also featured in Cirque du Soleil's show Love, based on the songs of the Beatles.
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What is the meat traditionally used in hotpot | Everything You Need to Know to Make Chinese Hot Pot at Home | Serious Eats
Everything You Need to Know to Make Chinese Hot Pot at Home
Making hot pot at home is easy. [Photographs: Shao Z.]
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Chinese-Style Hot Pot With Rich Broth, Shrimp Balls, and Dipping Sauces
For me, cold and windy weather means one thing: It's hot pot season. The concept of hot pot is simple. You set a pot of simmering broth on a portable burner in the middle of the table. Around it are plates of meat, seafood, and vegetables, all prepped and ready to be cooked in the broth.
There are different styles of hot pot around Asia, and even within a given country, each household will do it a little differently, but if there's one universal hot pot rule, it would be this —you don't "hot pot" with people you don't like. Like fondue, hot pot is one of the most social of dining formats. Not only are you gathered at one table sharing a meal, but you're cooking your food together in a shared pot.
There are many regional versions of hot pot throughout China. What makes one different from another is the broth and the specific meats used. In colder Northern China, lamb is a common choice. Cantonese hot pot, on the other hand, is heavy on fresh seafood, including live shrimp, oysters, and squid. Mongolian-style hot pot is known for its flavorful broth, which contains ingredients like goji berries, jujubes, and a mix of herbs. The city of Chongqing is famous for its use of Sichuan peppercorns and other mouth-numbing ingredients. (And that's just China—there's a whole world of other hot pot traditions, like Japan's shabu-shabu, Thailand's Thai suki, and more.)
To make a hot pot feast at home requires little more than some planning and prep work. First, let's go over the equipment you need, then look at the ingredients (meat, seafood, vegetables, etc.) and how to prep them for hot pot. Next, we'll cover the different kinds of broth you can choose, as well as the sauces to serve alongside. At the end, we'll go over table setting and the basics of hot pot etiquette.
Let's get hot-pot hopping!
Hot Pot Equipment
In order to hot pot, you need a pot and a burner to keep things simmering at the table. There are a variety of pots and portable burners you can choose. Electric and induction hot-pot sets are the easiest to clean up: you simply wipe the top surface clean with a towel. But one of my favorite ways to make hot pot is with a portable butane burner. It's a little harder to clean, but I like the fine-tuned heat control it offers, which makes maintaining a simmer incredibly easy. Butane burners don't often come with a pot included, so you'll need to buy that separately, and you'll need to replace the fuel every few hot pot sessions.
No matter which hot pot setup you end up with, look for a pot that has a separator in the middle for accommodating two broths in one pot, to get the most broth mileage out of one burner. A single pot, about 12 inches in diameter, can serve anywhere from 2 to 6 people; feeding a larger crowd will require a second pot and burner.
Other than that, all you need are some basic accessories: chopsticks (different sets for dipping in the communal pot and eating), mini tongs, small strainers, spoons, shallow bowls for eating, and small bowls for dipping sauces.
Hot Pot Ingredients
The list of foods that can be cooked in a hot pot is a long one. Variety is key, since you want to have a little bit of everything. Beef and seafood are two of the most popular foods to cook in a hot pot, but you'll need to balance those more filling items with light ones like greens and other vegetables. For example, for a four-person hot pot, I like to have at least two types of greens; three to four non-meat items like tofu, mushrooms and daikon; two to four meat items such as liver, beef, chicken, and tripe; two to four different kinds of seafood such as fish balls, salmon, and shrimp; and some kind of noodle: rice noodles, udon noodles or yam noodles.
Here's how to prep some of my favorite ingredients.
Greens and Vegetables
Meat and seafood may be the centerpieces of a hot pot meal, but the feast isn't complete without vegetables. They balance out the heavier offerings and add flavor to the broth. You can add almost any vegetable to a hot pot, but I prefer ones that retain a little bit of texture even after cooking in the broth.
Leafy greens such as watercress, Chinese spinach (ong choy, water morning glory), snow pea leaves, lettuce (iceberg, red, or green), and chrysanthemum greens (tong ho). These greens are best left whole or in big pieces. Once they hit the hot broth, they begin to wilt and usually require a cooking time of just 2 to 3 minutes or less.
Hearty greens such as rapeseed vegetable (yau choy), Napa cabbage, and baby bok choy. With thicker stems, these greens take a few minutes longer than leafy greens to cook. Cut them in half and cook them for about 4 to 5 minutes.
Root vegetables like daikon, carrots, lotus root, and potatoes. There are two ways to prep root vegetables: They can be cut into 2-inch chunks or sliced thinly, about 1/8 inch thick. One of the benefits of cutting root vegetables into large chunks is they can be left to simmer in the broth and flavor it; this is usually done with things like daikon and carrots. Just add them in the beginning before bringing the broth to a simmer, and let them do their thing.
Mushrooms, including button mushrooms, portobello, shiitake, maitake (hen-of-woods), enoki, and shimeiji. Large mushrooms such as portobello and shiitakes should be stemmed and cut in half, and usually take about 3 to 4 minutes to cook. Mushrooms with thin, edible stems, like shimeiji, should be separated into small bundles and take 1 to 3 minutes to cook. Enoki mushrooms are ready as soon as they start to wilt, which takes about 30 seconds.
Tofu, including regular or firm tofu, tofu puffs, pressed tofu, or bean curd sticks. Since tofu is already cooked, you're basically warming it up in the hot pot. I like to cut regular and firm tofu into cubes; slice firm and pressed tofu 1/4 inch thick; and cut tofu puffs in half. Soak dried bean curd sticks in water overnight or at least 3 hours before cooking, then cut them into 2- to 4-inch long pieces.
Tomatoes are one of my favorite vegetables in a spicy hot pot. The slight sourness of the tomatoes goes great with that fiery heat.
Corn, just like daikon and carrots, can be used to flavor the broth. Slice the cob of corn into 2- to 3-inch segments and let it simmer.
Winter melon and kabocha squash should be skinned and cut into 2-inch chunks before being simmered until tender.
Soy/tofu puffs.
Meats
Just about any meat is hot-pot-appropriate meat. Beef, pork, and lamb are best prepped as paper-thin slices. Dip them a few times in the hot pot broth and in a few seconds they are done. Unless you have a meat slicer at home, buying it pre-sliced is the way to go; you can find packages of thin pre-sliced meats in the freezer section of most Asian supermarkets. Just remember to thaw the meat before it's time to sit down to eat. If you're not able to find thin slices of meat, slice them as you would if you were prepping for a stir-fry .
Beef, including fatty cuts (brisket, short rib, etc.), rib eye, and Asian beef tendon meatballs. Thinly sliced fatty beef is one of the must-haves for a hot pot feast; it's usually labeled as fatty beef, beef for hot pot, and even pastrami beef in the frozen section of Asian supermarkets. If you're unable to find fatty beef or want a second beef option, try rib eye. Slice it against the grain, about 1/4 inch thick (or even thinner). Unlike Western-style meatballs, Asian-style tendon meatballs have a bouncy bite to them. You can usually find them frozen or refrigerated right next to the fish balls at Asian markets. Once they start to float in the hot pot, which usually takes about 4 to 5 minutes, they're done.
Lamb, in particular shoulder and leg. Just as popular as beef in China, and more popular in certain regions, lamb is another must-have. It's usually always served as paper-thin slices. Just like fatty beef, it takes seconds to cook and can be found in the frozen section of an Asian market.
Chicken, especially breast and thigh meat. Slice both white and dark meat stir-fry size , about 1/8 to 1/4 inch thick. You can place it in the hot pot as is, but I like to marinate it with a splash of rice wine first, along with a little bit of salt, white pepper, and julienned ginger for a few minutes before cooking.
Pork loin and belly: Just like beef and lamb, pork loin and belly are best sliced paper-thin—go for pre-cut.
Offal: tripe, pork intestine, tongue, kidney, and liver are all delicious in the hot pot. Tripe and intestines, which are easiest to work with when purchased pre-cleaned, take at least 5 minutes to cook, but I like to leave them in the hot pot longer to soak up all the flavors of the broth. If you spot thinly sliced beef tongue at the supermarket, get it! It takes only about a minute to cook and is both tender and delicious. Kidney and liver should be thinly sliced, about 1/8 to 1/4 inch thick (they're also good cut thicker, and scored with a cross-hatch pattern to help the heat penetrate). You can cook them as-is in the hot pot, but I like to marinate them with a little bit of rice wine, salt, white pepper, and julienned ginger for a few minutes before cooking.
Seafood
Just like meat, the variety of seafood you can cook in a hot pot is endless. Here are a few ingredients to consider, plus tips on prepping fresh seafood as well as fish balls and fish cakes.
Shellfish like shrimp, scallops, lobster, crabs, oysters, clams, mussels, abalone, and geoduck. Shrimp is probably one of the most popular seafood ingredients in a hot pot, and is usually cooked whole with both the shell and head on, but you can use headless and shelled shrimp too. Lobsters and crabs are a great addition, the only the tricky part is chopping them into large pieces while still alive, which of course can be upsetting to some folks. Oysters should be shucked and take only a minute or two to cook. For clams, make sure they are scrubbed clean of any grit and sand; small clams such as littlenecks works best for hot pot. For mussels, remove their beards and make sure they are cleaned well before cooking . For a fancy touch, abalone and geoduck are the way to go. Abalone should be sliced thinly and will take only a few seconds to cook. Geoduck is a small pain to clean, but it's worth it! Check out this video from the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife on how to clean a geoduck . Slice the geoduck as thin as you can and be sure not to overcook it in the hot pot—few seconds is all it takes to enjoy this sweet and tender delicacy.
Fish, including halibut, salmon, monkfish, bass, and most other types of fresh fish are great in a hot pot. Slice the fish about a quarter inch thick. When cooking, place the fish slices in a small strainer to prevent them from getting lost in the pot.
Squid and cuttlefish, both fresh and dried, make a great addition to a hot pot. With fresh squid and cuttlefish, make sure you clean the body and the tentacle parts well. Slice the body roughly 2-inch strips, making cross-hatch cuts on the surface (or you can simply cut it into thick rings). Dried cuttlefish, on the other hand, requires a little more work. It needs to be soaked in water for at least 24 hours and up to two days. Once it's rehydrated, slice it the same way you would with the fresh ones. Unlike fresh cuttlefish or squid, dried cuttlefish has bold meaty flavor.
Store-bought fish balls and fish cakes, which you can find at any well-stocked Asian supermarket. They are usually always found in the freezer section and come in a variety of shapes and flavors. One of the most popular fish balls for hot pot are round Chinese ones, which are usually white or golden brown. These fish balls are bouncy and fluffy in texture with a strong fish taste. Other popular Chinese fish balls include fish tofu, which are square shaped, and Fuzhou fish balls, from the Fuzhou region of China, which are stuffed with minced pork in the middle. Fish balls can also be made with shrimp, lobster, and cuttlefish. Since fish balls are already cooked when you buy them, they don't take too long to reheat. There's no need to defrost them first, just drop them in the broth and when they float to the surface, they're ready.
Homemade fish balls are even better than store-bought ones, but they're also a lot more work. To make them, you have to scrape all the meat off the fish, mince it with a cleaver, and then pound it by hand. The pounding and slamming of the fish paste is the most important part, producing a bouncy and springy texture. If that sounds way too messy (which it is), there is another seafood ball you can make at home that's a lot easier: shrimp balls. I'll walk you through 'em in the recipe part of this post.
Noodles
Vegetables, meat, and seafood are great in a hot pot, but what about the carbs? You can have white rice, but noodles are the more popular choice. There are lots of options, including ho fun (wide white noodles), needle noodles (transparent and shaped like thick needles), and rice-stick noodles (also known as banh pho or fresh pho noodles). Fresh noodles generally take under a minute to cook. Dried rice noodles, such as vermicelli noodles, on the other hand, are best boiled in water first, then rinsed with cold water, drained, and served in a bowl alongside the other hot pot ingredients; to serve, I just set a few strands of noodles in my strainer, quickly dunk it in the broth to warm the noodles up a bit, and enjoy. Another option are yam noodles (such as shirataki noodles), which take seconds to cook and require only a quick dip in the broth.
Broths and Dipping Sauces
Broths
With the dipping ingredients chosen, you next have to decide what kind of broth you want to cook them in. You can keep it simple and cook everything in chicken broth ( homemade or store-bought) flavored with chunks of daikon, carrots, or corn, and a few slices of ginger. There are also packages of ready-to-use hot pot broth.
Two of my favorite brands are Lee Kum Kee and Little Sheep. If you want a broth that's mouth numbingly spicy, Little Sheep's Mongolian hot pot broth (the one in the red package) is the way to go. For something mild, I like Lee Kum Kee's Seafood Hot Pot base , which is good for non-seafood ingredients as well.
My all-time favorite hot broth is one that's flavored with sacha sauce. Also known as Chinese barbecue sauce or satay sauce, sacha sauce resembles nothing like American-style barbecue sauce or the Southeast Asian peanut-based sauce we usually associate with satay. It's made with soybean oil, garlic, chilies, dried shrimp, and brill fish. The most popular brand is BullHead , which is a tiny bit sour and comes in spicy version and non-spicy versions.
Dipping Sauces
Before you start feasting on your hot pot feast, you can't forget about the dipping sauces. Just like the broth, there are many options. To keep it simple, I like to make a quick one by combing soy sauce with a drizzle of sesame oil and a touch of chili oil or chili flakes. You can also add chopped cilantro and/or scallions, or even fresh bird's eye chili pepper to it.
Another popular simple dipping sauce is egg yolk: just separate the yolk from a very fresh egg, stir it, and that's the dipping sauce (obviously avoid this if you have salmonella concerns). The yolk is especially good with meat like fatty beef and lamb. Other good dipping sauces to have on hand are a ginger-scallion sauce (great with seafood and vegetables) and a scallion-and-hot pepper sauce (perfect for noodles and meat). I've got all the recipes for you, don't worry.
Setting the Table and Hot Pot Etiquette
Using separate plates for each of your ingredients might look pretty, but in a small space it's just not practical. Ingredients that are in the same category, such as meat ingredients like fatty beef and lamb, or seafood items like fish balls and fish cakes, can all be placed together on one big plate.
Similar ingredients can share the same plate to save table space.
Also remember that you don't need to put out all the ingredients at once: Fish balls, for instance, can be simmered from frozen, so it's best to put just a few out at a time, keeping the rest in the freezer and replenishing as needed. The same goes for other seafood ingredients like shrimp, fish, and squid: keep some of it the fridge, topping up the plates as they run low.
Hot-Pot Etiquette
Before the first fish ball hits the pot, here are a few hot pot rules:
Chopstick washing: It happens to everyone. You simply forgot about that shrimp, or mushroom, or beef, or whatever delicious thing you were cooking just a few minutes ago. Now it's lost in a sea of fish balls, vegetables, and tofu. Do rescue it, but don't do it by swishing your eating chopstick back and forth in the broth. My friend likes to call this maneuver "chopstick washing." Use a hot pot strainer to track it down instead!
Can't touch this: It's just sitting there, bobbing in the broth, waiting for someone to scoop it up, put it on their plate, sauce it, and eat it. It could be a piece of lobster tail, or a slice of chicken, but whatever it is, make sure it's yours. Not sure? Check if anyone has already staked their claim on it.
No double-brothing: Having more than one kind of broth available is a good thing, so don't ruin it. Maybe not everyone can eat spicy food, or maybe there's a guest with a seafood allergy. Or maybe you just like having two broths because you can. This means that it's not nice to begin cooking a piece of food in one broth and then finish cooking it in the other broth. Respect the divide: No crossing over.
House rules trump all rules, including these: You and your friends don't care about "chopstick washing"? Why should you if you're among people you've known for years? And do you all agree that it's no big deal who dropped that shrimp in the pot? In the end, a hot meal is all about family and friends coming together, cooking, eating, talking, and enjoying each other's company over a big pot of food, so do whatever makes you all comfortable.
You sure that's your lobster claw?
And there you have it, everything you need to know to get started with Chinese hot pot at home.
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| Lamb |
What are the two main colours on a Battenberg cake | Lancashire Hot Pot Recipe - Allrecipes.com
JOHNMONIHAN
11/25/2005
Made receipe as directed. Lamb was very, very flavorful (but I love lamb). My wife, who's not a lamb fan, enjoyed it but didn't think it was the best lamb she's ever had. Potatoes were very dry ...
Sarah2006
2/18/2005
Simple and delicious. How strange that an English woman should find such a good Lancashire Hot Pot recipe on a US website. Best Lancashire Hot Pot I've ever eaten (including my Mother-in-Law's...
Jackie
4/12/2007
Delicious! I had leftover lamb from Easter, already cooked, so I skipped step 1, pre-cooked the potatoes in the microwave, didn't pre-cook the chopped onions, layered the casserole as directed,...
PRPOIRIER
1/3/2005
I don't like lamb. My wife had me make some for Christmas dinner for her mother. I had a lot of left overs & made this recipe. IT WAS EXCELLENT ! My 16 year old son asked for seconds! I cou...
Lara
6/13/2012
I have made this for years, you definitely need to add bay leaves to the liquid and worstersauce, a couple of tablespoons. I also use lamb cutlets either neck, and other cuts with bone for flav...
CORBAC
7/18/2005
Pretty good. Very filling but I would have preferred a vegetable or two added to it. I used seasoned salt throughtout.
Pam
4/6/2010
Wow! Lots of lamb stew flavor going on without it being a stew! The meat and potato guy said, "Add this one to the recipe box!" Can see us having this many more times. I did use leftover lamb fr...
nskiddo21
1/6/2008
3.5 stars. I feel like it needed an additional something...maybe a bit of wine, spice, je ne se quoi? I added peas and a bit of sage which gave it a nice flavor. I also browned ground lamb wit...
WSPR
8/5/2004
I couldn't give this a better review. My family simply devoured it, and thought it was one of the best meals they had ever had. I have also made it with veal and it was just as good.
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What is the state capital of Wyoming | Wyoming: Map, History, Population, Facts, Capitol, Flag, Tree, Geography, Symbols
Nickname: Equality State
Origin of name: From the Delaware Indian word, meaning “mountains and valleys alternating”; the same as the Wyoming Valley in Pennsylvania
10 largest cities (2010): Cheyenne , 59,011; Casper , 55,316; Laramie , 30,816; Gillette, 29,087; Rock Springs, 23,036; Sheridan, 17,444; Green River, 12,515; Evanston, 12,359; Riverton, 10,615; Cody, 9,520
Land area: 97,100 sq mi. (251,501 sq km)
Geographic center: In Fremont Co., 58 mi. ENE of Lander
Number of counties: 23, plus Yellowstone National Park
Largest county by population and area: Laramie, 91,738 (2010); Sweetwater, 10,426 sq mi.
State parks and historic sites: 24
2015 resident population est.: 586,107
2010 resident census population (rank): 563,626 (50). Male: 287,437 (51.0%); Female: 276,189 (49.0%). White: 511,279 (90.7%); Black: 4,748 (0.8%); American Indian: 13,1336 (2.4%); Asian: 4,426 (0.8%); Other race: 17,049 (3.0%); Two or more races: 12,361 (2.2%); Hispanic/Latino: 50,231 (8.9%). 2010 percent population 18 and over: 76.0; 65 and over: 12.4; median age:36.8.
Map of Wyoming
The U.S. acquired the land comprising Wyoming from France as part of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. John Colter , a fur-trapper, is the first white man known to have entered the region. In 1807 he explored the Yellowstone area and brought back news of its geysers and hot springs.
Robert Stuart pioneered the Oregon Trail across Wyoming in 1812–1813 and, in 1834, Fort Laramie , the first permanent trading post in Wyoming, was built. Western Wyoming was obtained by the U.S. in the 1846 Oregon Treaty with Great Britain and as a result of the treaty ending the Mexican War in 1848.
When the Wyoming Territory was organized in 1869, Wyoming women became the first in the nation to obtain the right to vote. In 1925 Mrs. Nellie Tayloe Ross became the first woman governor in the United States.
Wyoming's towering mountains and vast plains provide spectacular scenery, grazing lands for sheep and cattle, and rich mineral deposits.
Wyoming is the leading coal-producing state and a leader in the production of petroleum and natural gas. Wyoming has the world's largest sodium carbonate (natrona) deposits and has the nation's second largest uranium deposits.
A leading producer of sheep and wool, Wyoming is also a major producer of beef cattle and hogs. Principal crops include wheat, oats, sugar beets, corn, barley, and alfalfa.
Second in mean elevation to Colorado, Wyoming has many attractions for the tourist trade, notably Yellowstone National Park . Hikers, campers and skiers are attracted to Grand Teton National Park and Jackson Hole National Monument in the Teton Range of the Rockies. Cheyenne is famous for its annual “Frontier Days” celebration. Flaming Gorge, the Fort Laramie National Historic Site, and Devils Tower and Fossil Butte National Monuments are other points of interest.
Wyoming was selected as an official state of the Free State Project, a political migration. The plan was to have all Libertarians relocate to one state so they could live free. The project was started in 2001. Members voted on select states for the migration. Wyoming received 498 votes, coming in second behind New Hampshire.
See more on Wyoming:
| Cheyenne |
On which New York island is Wall Street | State Capital of Wyoming | Cheyenne
The Wyoming State House in Cheyenne; photo by Stephen Bugno on Flickr (noncommercial use permitted with attribution / no derivative works).
Capital City of Wyoming USA
Named for the native American Cheyenne nation, Cheyenne is the capital city of Wyoming and the county seat of Laramie County. All State Capitals
Cheyenne is located in the southeast corner of Wyoming along Crow Creek, a tributary of the South Platte River (Cheyenne was originally called "Crow Creek Crossing").
Wyoming
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In which American state would you find The Painted Desert | North American Deserts - DesertUSA
North America Deserts and World Deserts
Hot Deserts - Cold Deserts
In most modern classifications, the deserts of the United States and northern Mexico are grouped into four distinct categories. These distinctions are made on the basis of floristic composition and distribution -- the species of plants growing in a particular desert region. Plant communities, in turn, are determined by the geologic history of a region, the soil and mineral conditions, the elevation and the patterns of precipitation.
Three of these deserts -- the Chihuahuan, the Sonoran and the Mojave -- are called "hot deserts," because of their high temperatures during the long summer and because the evolutionary affinities of their plant life are largely with the subtropical plant communities to the south. The Great Basin Desert is called a "cold desert" because it is generally cooler and its dominant plant life is not subtropical in origin.
Chihuahuan Desert : A small area of southeastern New Mexico and extreme western Texas, extending south into a vast area of Mexico.
Great Basin Desert : The northern three-quarters of Nevada, western and southern Utah, to the southern third of Idaho and the southeastern corner of Oregon. According to some, it also includes small portions of western Colorado and southwestern Wyoming. Bordered on the south by the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts.
Mojave Desert : A portion of southern Nevada, extreme southwestern Utah and of eastern California, north of the Sonoran Desert.
Sonoran Desert : An arid region covering approximately 100,000 square miles in southwestern Arizona and southeastern California, as well as most of Baja California and the western half of the state of Sonora, Mexico. Subdivisions of this hot, dry region include the Colorado and Yuma deserts.
Desert Disagreements
This classification of North American deserts is by no means universally accepted by all biologists, geologists and other scientists. For instance, some maintain that the Mojave is not a distinct desert at all, but simply a transition zone between the Great Basin and Sonoran deserts. Even among those who agree upon this classification, there is disagreement over the exact geographic areas circumscribed by each of the four deserts. Some scientists would use animals and other criteria, as well as distribution of plant species, to determine desert different boundaries for these four deserts.
The Colorado Plateau is another major source of disagreement among scientists. This semiarid region of southern Utah and northern Arizona contains many majestic national parks, including Arches and Grand Canyon. Yet, experts cannot agree on the desert classification of this geologically distinct region. Some do not include the Colorado Plateau within any desert at all; others call this area the Painted Desert; still others, DesertUSA included, consider this region the southeastern extent of the Great Basin Desert.
Grand Canyon from North Rim
An additional source of confusion is provided by the great number of desert names (i.e. Yuman Desert, Colorado Desert, etc.) that do not match any of the four major deserts listed above. These names usually refer to local subdivisions within one of the four major deserts. These "deserts" are identified and defined below.
North American Desert Names & Subdivisions
Arizona Upland Desert: That elevated portion of the Sonoran Desert in southern Arizona characterized by Saguaro Cactus.
Black Rock Desert: A subdivision of the Great Basin Desert located in northwestern Nevada just northeast of Pyramid Lake.
Borrego Desert: The term Borrego Desert is an informal term, rather than an official one. Officially there is no Borrego Desert. The term Borrego Desert as it is used informally refers to the northern portion (north of State Highway 78) of Anza-Borrego Desert State Park.
Colorado Desert: The California portion of the Sonoran Desert west of the Colorado River. Anza-Borrego Desert State Park exists within the Colorado Desert.
Escalante Desert: A subdivision of the Great Basin desert just west of Cedar Breaks in southwestern Utah.
Great American Desert: An ill-defined, semiarid region of the Great Plains, or, all of the North American deserts combined.
Great Sandy Desert: A subdivision of the Great Basin Desert located in southeastern Oregon .
Northern Mojave Desert: The Mojave north of Las Vegas , Nevada.
Magdalena Desert: The Sonoran Desert on the lowest third of the Baja Peninsula.
North American Desert: The vast arid region between the Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada of western North America, encompassing all four major American deserts.
Oregon’s high desert country: Newberry National Volcanic Monument
Painted Desert: This term is used differently by different writers:
A narrow desert strip running west of the Grand Canyon, north-to-south along U.S. Route 89, then turning east along Interstate 40 to just beyond Petrified Forest National Monument .
OR
The entire region from the northern boundary of the Sonoran Desert of Arizona to southwestern Colorado and southern Utah, encompassing the Colorado River, the Colorado Plateau and its numerous parks and monuments.
Red Desert: The semiarid region of southwestern Wyoming, sometimes considered an extension of the Great Basin Desert.
Salton Trough is defined by the US Geological Survey as a a basin existing east of the Peninsular Ranges of Southern California and west of the San Andreas Fault in the vicinity of the Salton Sea. The Transverse Range at San Gorgonio Pass bounds it on the north. The southern end is in the Gulf of California. It’s considered a landward extension of the Gulf of California tectonic zone. The Salton trough extends all the way to the Peninsular Range on the west, and Anza-Borrego Desert State Park is in it as well as the Coachella and Imperial Valleys.
Sevier Desert: A subdivision of the Great Basin desert just northwest of Delta in south-central Utah.
Smoke Creek Desert: A subdivision of the Great Basin Desert located in northwestern Nevada abutting the north end of Pyramid Lake.
Southern Mojave Desert: The Mojave south of Las Vegas, Nevada.
Trans-Pecos Desert: The Chihuahuan Desert west of Texas' Pecos River.
Upland Desert: (See Arizona Upland Desert.)
Vizcaino Desert: The Sonoran Desert on the middle third of the Baja Peninsula.
Yuha Desert: That portion of the Sonoran Desert between Ocotillo and El Centro, California, south across the Mexican border.
Yuma Desert: That portion of the Sonoran Desert just east of the Colorado River near Yuma, Arizona .
Deserts of the World
The Sahara Desert: Geology and Climate - One of the most storied and unforgiving lands in the world, the Sahara -- the Arabic word for "desert" -- evokes a poignant sense of time and nature's power, of antiquity and legend, of wonder and mystery.
| Arizona |
Which American city has areas called Hyde Park and Southend | Petrified Forest National Park Arizona
Petrified Forest National Park
Where Dinosaurs Once Roamed
Imagine walking back through time in a place where dinosaurs once roamed over 225 million years ago. A time when lush green forests ruled the landscape with 200 foot tall conifers. Volcanic mountains erupted toppling the trees. Swept away by waterways and covered with volcanic ash and sediment, these trees became entombed and over millions of years became petrified. Through gradual erosion, gigantic logs and remnant pieces became exposed for the world to experience.
Arizona's Petrified Forest
The Arizona Petrified Forest National Park is located in the northeastern part of Arizona about 25 miles east of Holbrook, Arizona. It is a fascinating place to visit abundant with geographical history. The Painted Desert is adjacent to the Petrified Forest, so it is a great opportunity to visit both historical sites in a single trip.
Some visitors expect to see green forests that once stood but instead find stone logs and log fragments in what otherwise is a featureless section of Arizona desert. However, thick pine forests and cool mountain country is within relatively close driving distance in Flagstaff and the White Mountains area of Arizona.
The Petrified Forest is home to some of the most impressive fossils ever found and more are being discovered each year as erosion exposes new evidence. Fossils found here show the Forest was once a tropical region, filled with towering trees and extraordinary creatures we can only imagine. While more than 150 different species of fossilized plants have been discovered by paleontologists, species of reptiles, such as Desmatosuchus, similar to the armadillo, have also been discovered.
Archaeologists have found much evidence to indicate that ancient native people inhabited this region about 10,000 years ago. Petroglyph drawings on rock surfaces, gives a glimpse of the past and you can see the marks of a solar calendar at Puerco Pueblo near the time of the summer solstice .
How Petrified Wood Was Formed
When trees were toppled by volcanic eruptions, they were swept away by flowing water and deposited in marshes and covered with mud and volcanic ash. Buried under layers of sediment, the logs remained buried for millions and millions of years undergoing a extremely slow process of petrification which essentially turned the logs to colorful stone.
The area became covered with an ocean covering the logs with even more sediment. About 60 million years ago the ocean disappeared and was replaced with flowing rivers that gradually eroded over 2,600 feet of sediment depth slowly exposing the petrified wood that litters the landscape at the Petrified Forest National Park. There is no doubt that millions of pounds of petrified logs still remain buried deep into the ground. Eventually gradual and continuing erosion will expose even more stone logs that are still entombed.
The petrification process began with tree burial. The volcanic ash and mud released chemicals during decomposition. The chemicals reacted with wood to form quartz crystals which by themselves are colorless. Minerals in the water such as iron or manganese gave the quartz red and pinkish hues. Over millions of years, the quartz crystals "cocooned" the logs slowly turning them to stone.
Petrified Forest Video
Four Main Areas of Petrification
The park has four main areas of petrification: Blue Mesa, Jasper Forest, Crystal Forest and Rainbow Forest.
Blue Mesa is named after the bluish-gray mounds of clay the logs rest in. As the clay erodes away, more logs are revealed. A short road takes you to the Blue Mesa however the soil is delicate so there are no trails in this spot.
Jasper Forest is also off limits for hiking. Jasper Forest occupies a large barren valley but has numerous logs scattered all over. Unfortunately, this spot was once popular with early collectors and prospectors who hauled off logs by the cartload. Follow a short road to view the Agate Bridge, a complete log spanning a dry creek bed.
The Crystal Forest is so named because many of the logs found here contained clear quartz and purple amethyst crystals making for beautiful logs. Unfortunately, souvenir hunters helped themselves long ago, taking the best samples away. A few crystallized logs remain but the more typical petrified logs are more abundant. The disappearance of the crystal logs led to the area's ultimate protection as a National Monument in 1906 and finally a National Park in 1962.
The Rainbow Forest is located at the south end of the park. This section is abundant and dense with petrified logs. It is also where you'll find the museum. Several trails wind through this section taking you to the Giant Forest where you'll find the largest logs. Take the Long Logs Trail to see hundreds of spectacular, colorful specimens. Be sure to check out the Agate House, a petrified log hut built by 16th century Indians.
In addition to petrified logs, the Petrified Forest offers petroglyphs, Painted Desert scenery and archaeological sites and ruins. Summertime temperatures usually average in the 90s and the winters are generally mild with afternoon temperatures in the 40s. The park is open year round with the exception of Christmas Day.
Hiking In The Park
You'll find many hiking trails within both the Petrified Forest and Painted Desert. You will discover many viewpoints where you'll want to stop to view the scenery including Kachina Point, Chinde Point, the Puerco Indian Ruins, Newspaper Rock, the Tepees, Blue Mesa, Jasper Forest Overlook, Crystal Forest, and the Flattops. On the trail through Giant Logs, you'll find the Rainbow Forest Museum.
Don't Steal Petrified Wood
Over time, visitors have removed precious samples. Park officials estimated that 12 to 15 tons are lost every year due to visitor theft. Don't be tempted to pilfer pieces of the ancient treasures because there are stiff fines and penalties applied to violators. It is a tough "no-tolerance" policy. Officials also warn visitors of an alleged curse that bestows bad luck to thieves of petrified wood.
Getting To The Petrified Forest
Entrance to the park is about 25 miles east of Holbrook AZ. Take Exit 311 from Interstate 40 to US 180. A 27 mile road runs through the Petrified Forest. The Visitor Center is at the north end of the Park. From I40, the road travels nine miles through the Painted Desert.
The Park is open all year from 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM except Christmas Day.
*Hours subject to change.
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What is the name in U.S. given to a distiller of illegal spirits | White-Collar Moonshine - Chowhound
White-Collar Moonshine
By Lessley Anderson , published on
Friday, March 2, 2007
/ Edit Post
When he gets off work, John Sherwood, 28, makes whiskey. The culinary school graduate and café manager buys a type of processed corn at a home-brewing store, ferments it with water and yeast, and runs this “mash” through a still. He barrels the resulting corn liquor to age. He’s accumulated 20 gallons that he hopes will be transformed from hootch to mellow whiskey by New Year’s Eve 2009.
“I want to make a quality, higher-end whiskey—not like Jack Daniel’s ,” says Sherwood, who, like the other home distillers interviewed for this story, asked that his real name and that of the large Northern California city in which he lives not be used, for fear of federal prosecution.
This moonshine still was bought legally and can be used for distilling water or essential oils.
view larger image
Moonshining , the criminal act of distilling your own spirits, is typically associated with hillbilly rebels from the rural South or bathtub-gin swillers from Gatsby -era Prohibition. But recently, distilling’s become the hobby du jour of urban dwellers with a geeky interest in fine food and drink. Gone are the days of using a car radiator as a condenser and a campfire as your heat source. Many of today’s yuppie moonshiners buy their stills online, and learn how to use them from friends, Web-based forums, and small-press books. And though corn liquor is still a classic, felonious foodies are experimenting with everything from brandy to absinthe. For example, in Berkeley, California, musician Allan Crown, 48, spikes his after-dinner espresso with grappa he distilled from grape seeds and skins left over from a friend’s winemaking.
“We go to these conferences on distilling at Cornell University Cooperative Extension , geared towards commercial distillers and labs, but you’ll get these [moonshiners] who are dedicated, bordering on fanatical, just doing it at home. They’ll come up and want to tell me all about what they’re making,” says Ralph Erenzo, who along with co-owner Brian Lee runs craft whiskey distillery Tuthilltown Spirits , of Gardiner, New York. “They’re coming up with very interesting things.”
Carl Pincher, 50, the Chicago owner of a manufacturing company, is one such tinkerer. Along with cutting-edge home gastronomic projects, like slow-cooking meat sous-vide, he makes his own Calvados, an apple brandy, using a still he created from a 32-quart pot. Taking advantage of tips on the Internet and from a friend in Alsace , France, who makes cherry schnapps (also illegally), Pincher learned how to mash fresh apples, make hard cider out of them, and distill the cider. He’s begun adding his own twist: frozen apple juice from the grocery store mixed in for more apple flavor.
“I’m sure that in a few more years I’ll say, ‘I really make something nice and drinkable,’” says Pincher. “But right now I’m just dabbling.”
A Wild Past
Although the new breed of moonshiners is more likely to stockpile back issues of The New Yorker than firearms, they’re part of a long history of anti-government rebellion. Home distilling, illegal in most other countries (New Zealand being one exception), has had a particularly contentious history in the United States. In the early days of the republic, making whiskey was an important part of local agricultural economies, so much so that the passage of the first federal liquor tax in 1791 sparked a populist uprising. Known as the Whiskey Rebellion , it had to be put down by the National Guard.
Prohibition, in place in the United States from 1920 to 1933, fueled an underground industry of moonshining, centered in the South, that violently pitted bootleggers and smugglers against the federal tax collectors, or “revenuers.” The public suffered not only from a spike in violent crime, but also from the products of unscrupulous distillers, who frequently stretched hootch with alcohol made from sawdust and other dangerous toxins.
Making wine and beer at home became legal after Prohibition ended (wine immediately, beer in 1978), but making spirits without a commercial license remains a federal crime. Getting a commercial license is an expensive and rigorous process.
Periodic attempts to legalize spirit production for personal use (most recently in a bill introduced by U.S. Representative Bart Stupak of Michigan in 2001) have all failed. A spokesperson for the Tax and Trade Bureau , the wing of the federal government that enforces liquor-production laws, refused to offer an opinion as to why. Proponents of home distilling say it’s a matter of money: Liquor is one of the most heavily taxed consumer goods, with 32 percent of the purchase price of a bottle of booze going to state and federal taxes. That’s more than three times the tax on wine, and twice that on beer. Others suspect that moral issues are behind the law’s staying power.
“There’s this mentality of, ‘Beer and wine are good alcohols, and spirits are bad alcohol,’” says Erenzo, of Tuthilltown Spirits.
The new class of home distillers don’t see it that way. “It’s so stupid, because it’s such a fun, interesting thing, and you’re not hurting anyone,” says Ben Andrews, a cooking school instructor in Manhattan. Andrews distills brandy with a piece of lab equipment called a rotary evaporator that he bought on eBay ; it uses a change in atmospheric pressure to boil his liquids, rather than heat, allowing him to get what he feels are tastier, “uncooked” flavors from his end product. “It’s really a labor of love, and the yield is so low anyway.”
Most home distillers buy a still (either a pot still or a reflux still ), which cost about $500 and are legal to own. That’s because they also serve legal functions, such as purifying water and making essential oils and essences from plants for perfume. Both types of stills work on the same principle: First the “mash,” or your alcoholic base—for example, fermented apple mush for Calvados or fermented corn for corn whiskey—is heated in a pot. When the ethanol (the “good” alcohol you’re trying to isolate) reaches its boiling point of 78°C (172°F), it turns into vapor that collects in another part of the still. As the ethanol vapor cools, it returns to a liquid state. That liquid is your homemade spirit.
On average, five gallons of mash produce about a gallon of 150-proof liquor, which, using the type of small pot still favored by urban enthusiasts, can take as long as three hours.
How Dangerous Is It?
Hootch hobbyists insist that distilling’s dangerous reputation is based on misinformation, or on unsafe backwoods practices they know better than to employ. The common perception is that stills often blow up, or that it’s easy to accidentally produce poisonous liquor that can make you go blind.
“I got my start distilling in my garage at home, and I had these fears,” says Lance Winters, now head distiller at the commercial artisanal distillery Hangar One , in Emeryville, California. “But if you have a lick of common sense, you’re not risking life and limb.”
Methanol, or wood alcohol, a byproduct of distillation along with ethanol, can cause blindness if drunk in massive quantities. But, as Winters and other commercial distillers point out, methanol boils at a lower temperature than ethanol does. This means that home distillers can easily cut a lot of methanol from their end product simply by monitoring the temperature of the mash and dumping the still’s first flush of booze (known in spirits-making parlance as “the heads”), which contains mostly methanol.
“When you buy moonshine from some guy in the mountains, he’s not cutting out the heads,” speculates Erenzo. “The legendary blindness, if it even exists, is the result of drinking impure alcohol.”
Most stills are not highly pressurized pieces of equipment. The hazard is mainly in using a gas burner or other open flame as the heat source (as did backwoods distillers during Prohibition). Like smoking a cigarette at a gas station, exposing an open flame to ethanol creates the risk of explosion. (When touring the Woodford Reserve bourbon distillery in Kentucky, visitors are asked not to use flash, in the unlikely case it could ignite alcohol fumes.) But many popular stills these days plug into an electrical outlet.
“The way most stills blew up in the old days was, the revenuers would cram sticks of dynamite under them,” says Winters.
The biggest risk to high-end home distillers is getting caught. Although busting moonshiners isn’t the concern of local and federal authorities that it once was, there are still serious ramifications if you do get caught: Illegal distilling carries a potential 10-year prison sentence, and if the accused used his house as home base for the crime, it can be subject to civil forfeiture. Last year, there were three federal indictments for illegal liquor production. A spokesperson for the Tax and Trade Bureau refused to discuss details of the cases pending trial. But a Department of Justice press release revealed that one indictment was the result of an undercover sting of a father-son duo allegedly producing and selling whiskey illegally in Missouri. The other two cases were also in the South.
Still, for many hobbyists, these cases belong to a world that feels far removed.
“I know it’s illegal, but so is smoking pot, and people do that all the time and don’t get busted,” says Cameron Black, 26, from Reno, Nevada. Black works in the mortgage industry and has been making rum for the past five years, which he brings to Burning Man and drinks with his campmates at sunset. “I worry about it, but I don’t let it get in the way.”
Many high-end home distillers stress the fact that they’re not out to make money, but rather to further the culinary arts. This appears to make them feel they are standing on higher moral ground—and a safer higher ground.
“You’re allowed to do all sorts of crazy things in this country. I’m allowed to smoke a cigarette before I get on a plane and go bungee jump,” says Andrews, the brandy maker from Manhattan. But it’s illegal for him to make a little glass of brandy with notes of peach and cherry. “There are a huge raft of people who just want to make something delicious. Is that a crime?”
| Moonshiner |
What is a sample of cloth or wallpaper called | Modern Moonshiners - Imbibe Magazine
Photos by Rebecca D'Angelo
Modern Moonshiners
I smell apples. I sniff the glass of brandy, and this is what I’m thinking: Ripe apples, crisp, with an intensity you won’t find unless you stick your head into the branches of an apple tree in early autumn and take a big whiff.
I take a sip and inhale, and much of the brandy seems to instantly evaporate off my tongue. The taste, too, is of apples, though with an intense, fiery finish. At roughly 70 percent alcohol, it’s pretty much a given that this spirit will have all the subtlety of a bucket of hammers—but while it has the potency of jet fuel, it’s surprisingly light and delicate. It’s also, technically, illegal.
“I did a little research on how not to get in trouble doing it,” Ben reassures me as he pours me a sample of his homemade whiskey. Along with his friend, Jim, Ben began distilling at his Seattle home in 2007; the apple brandy I’m tasting is among the first of the spirits they produced. While Ben’s research reinforced the importance of considering the legal ramifications of home distilling (more on that in a minute, but suffice it to say, all the home distillers in this story are identified only by their first names), it also revealed that the process was quite simple. “It’s something that you can get into realistically for about $500 and the time to read a couple of books,” Ben says. “This made me realize it’s way easier than most people think.”
Thunder & White Lightning
While the notion of illegal distilling conjures images of a bygone era of backwoods stills, blockade runners and clay jugs marked with triple-X’s, unlicensed distilling—sometimes tactfully called artisan or home distilling, and commonly known as moonshining—is still a common, if discreet, phenomenon, and its practitioners are an entrenched part of American folklore. Twentieth century ’shiners have been depicted as everything from folk heroes—such as Robert Mitchum’s pomaded, popskull-hauling hot-rodder in Thunder Road—to revenuer-dodging hayseeds such as Snuffy Smith and Granny Clampett.
The real situation is much more complex. While there’s still a thriving moonshine trade in rural parts of the South and Appalachia, today’s unlicensed distillers are practicing their craft in urban high-rises and suburban garages across the country. And while there’s no shortage of low-end liquor to be found, many home distillers are producing delicately honed whiskies, rums, absinthes and brandies that can surpass the quality of many commercial brands. Long derided as corn squeezin’s, tangleleg, panther’s breath or mountain dew, moonshine is entering the modern era—and today’s less-than-legal distillers bear little resemblance to the jug-toting hillbillies of yore.
“Moonshine is something I’ve been following for 20 years, and I’ve come to see that there’s no settled patch of North America where there isn’t a still,” says Matthew Rowley, author of Moonshine! (Lark Books, 2007) and an aficionado of home-distilled spirits. Rowley says that while backwoods moonshiners still thrive in the 21st century, the demographics of home distillers are shifting dramatically. Possibly the fastest-growing segment is among bartenders and chefs, who are bringing their professional expertise to the creation of fine spirits. “They try to personalize it and create a flavor that suits them,” Rowley says. “There’s a great appeal to learning the process—it’s like if you know how to cook, you can appreciate going out to dinner more. If you know how to distill, it makes drinking a much more interesting experience.
As this group has reinterpreted what it means to run an unlicensed still, they’ve also cast aside many of the trappings of moonshine, starting with the name. “They don’t like the term, and a big part of that is the illegal and very tatty image that moonshine has,” Rowley says. “They reject that whole imagery of the Appalachian, Ozark moonshiner. They’re the ones who call themselves home distillers, private distillers or hobbyists—they don’t like to be called moonshiners.”
Whistling Dixie
Distillation has been practiced illegally ever since the first laws were created to regulate it. Home distillation was once widespread in parts of Europe and the United States, but lawmakers realized long ago that spirits were a convenient product to tax. In 1643 the British Parliament passed an excise tax on distilled spirits, an act that proved as unpopular as a similar tax passed by Congress in 1791; in both situations, some distillers paid the tax and went legit, while others chose a different course. Those seeking to avoid the tax hid their stills and made spirits in secret; the term “moonshine” dates to at least 1785, and is possibly a reference to the illegal distiller’s practice of running the still in secret, at night, illuminated only by moonlight. As with legal spirits, moonshine is typically made from whatever raw material is in greatest abundance in a particular area; in the United States, this was classically corn, and “moonshine” and “corn whiskey” are typically—and erroneously—considered synonymous.
While home distilling is widespread, moonshining has a distinctively Southern twang. Fred, a prominent chef in Mississippi, began distilling in 2005. While he was secretive about his hobby at first, he soon found other chefs who were following the same path. “All of us were southerners, and we grew up around moonshine or with moonshine in our lives,” Fred says. “The ’shine we grew up with was nothing but turpentine, so the thought was that if we applied the same care to the technique and ingredients that went into it that we did to our food, we should be able to bring something off the still that was certainly palatable and interesting, and that we could manipulate in our own ways.”
A bourbon lover, Fred works almost exclusively with corn and rye. He purchases the residue from the gristmill that supplies the cornmeal for his grits and cooks it to extract the flavor before fermenting the mash and distilling his whiskey. “The flavor we were getting off the whiskey immediately had an interesting, sweet and very robust corn flavor,” he says, a finding that prompted his imagination in a new direction. “I wanted to do something as a tip of the hat to molasses and corn bread, so I started using molasses in the mash that I was cooking. It turned out being technically a cross between rum and bourbon, so it was fun.”
While some distillers tackle familiar spirits such as bourbon, others seek to create unique flavors that are unobtainable in commercial products. Stephen, who works in the food industry in Massachusetts and began experimenting with a still last July, seeks to expand the flavor parameters of spirits such as gin, as well as mimic the flavors of rare products that he finds especially engaging. “Not many people are doing things that are very eccentric; that’s kind of what I wanted to get into, to explore some of the culinary ideas I work with,” Stephen says. “In the restaurant you see certain flavors and certain ideas, and you want to bring it to a gin or something like that.”
While he’s worked to re-create the flavors he finds in products such as Kiuchi No Shizuku, a type of distilled white ale from Japan, he says home distilling has also helped him appreciate the skill required to make familiar commercial products such as the orange liqueurs curaçao and triple sec. “I have gained respect for so many products on the market that I never really appreciated,” he says. “Now they look brilliant.”
A Can-Do Spirit
Many people with an interest in distilling come to the craft with a background in homebrewing. One of these people is Mike McCaw, the Seattle-based co-founder of the Amphora Society , which produces and markets distillation guides and equipment to artisan distillers, both amateur and professional.
In 2003, McCaw and his New Zealand-based business partner, Mike Nixon, began selling distillation hardware, and their small model, the PDA-1, is embraced by many enthusiasts as possibly the best equipment on the market (since it’s sold without a boiler, the PDA-1 is not technically a still). Amphora sells about 150 distillation units each year around the world, and McCaw notes that he knows of another manufacturer that claims to sell three stills a day. Based on information he’s gleaned from online groups as well as from years of experience in working with home distillers, McCaw estimates there are between 50,000 and 100,000 home distillers in the U.S. “I don’t think I could be off on the low side, but I could be off on the high side by a factor of two or three,” McCaw says.
While McCaw sells distillation equipment, he notes that he does not practice home distilling himself, for one basic reason: the law. “We have some of the most dire penalties of anywhere in the world,” McCaw says, noting that the only distilling he personally has done took place in New Zealand, where it’s legal. “In Canada, if they catch you, you get a fine and they seize your equipment. In the U.S., if you’re caught, they seize your house, your car and your bank account. If you are caught, you can end up destitute. If you want to do this, you need to make sure you don’t talk about it openly in public; and share the information only with a small number of very close and very trusted friends.”
For much of its history, the United States relied on revenue agents from the Treasury Department—the “revenuers” of legend—to enforce laws regarding illegal distilling. Today, two federal bodies—the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB), part of the Department of Treasury; and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF), part of the Department of Justice—are tasked with enforcing laws related to illegal distilling. Federal laws regarding distilling are primarily related to the evasion of taxes, but state and local laws may cover additional aspects of distilling such as the risk of fire, the toxicity of materials produced or the lack of appropriate facilities and permits. Regardless of which law enforcement agency would take primary interest in a particular case, one thing is absolutely certain: Distilling spirits without the necessary permits is illegal, period.
Rowley encourages a very sober look at the law before embarking on any home distillation projects and has had many conversations with home distillers and with law enforcement about the legal landscape, noting that the quickest way to get in trouble is to swap homemade spirits for cash. “If you get caught distilling—and selling is a way to draw attention to yourself—you could forfeit the building where you’re doing it, your home, and there could be federal and state fines and prison terms—it could be ruinous.” Yet even though the penalties can be harsh, thousands of people across the country have chosen to distill their own spirits, and for many, the illicit nature of the act is part of the appeal. “I won’t lie for a second that there’s not a certain rogue element to it, but it’s like betting on football,” Fred says. “Part of the fun is that you’re breaking the rules a little bit, but you’re not hurting anybody.”
Goin’ Legit
As do-it-yourself distilling attracts a wider audience, commercial products labeled or described as “moonshine” are increasingly appearing on liquor-store shelves (see sidebar, left), raising an important question: Is it possible to create a legal spirit while keeping the moonshine moniker?
For Rowley, the answer is simple. “If it’s legal, it’s not moonshine; if it’s moonshine, it’s not legal,” he says. But while Rowley and many home distillers express disdain for so-called legal moonshine, legal distillers are marketing spirits that they claim derive from the American moonshine tradition. These spirits range from Georgia Moon Corn Whiskey , a novelty liquor that debuted in 1961 and is sold in Mason jars that once carried the tagline “First ya swaller, then ya holler,” to small-batch, unaged “white dog” whiskies that are garnering international reputations. Are they moonshine? Technically, no. Are they good? Sometimes, yes.
In 2005, North Carolina-based Piedmont Distillers introduced a spirit called Catdaddy Carolina Moonshine, which is now distributed in around 13 states; in 2007, Piedmont owner Joe Michalek partnered with legendary NASCAR driver (and onetime moonshine runner) Junior Johnson to introduce another product, Junior Johnson’s Midnight Moon. While his spirits may not technically be moonshine, Michalek says they’re about as close as you legally can get. “I see this as a literal descendent of moonshine,” Michalek says. “The formulas are derived from original moonshine recipes; I think the only place we separate is in getting a higher state of purity in our product than you get from an old-time still.”
Belmont Farm Distillery in Virginia makes an unaged corn whiskey sold as Virginia Lightning, and in California, C&C Shine produces another moonshine-style spirit called Clear Madness. Co-owner Craig Pakish describes Clear Madness as “dayshine, since we pay all the taxes on it,” and in a way this product clearly derives from the Appalachian tradition: While it’s produced using primarily corn, the spirit’s initial fermentation is accelerated by adding cane sugar to the mash, a shortcut that helps boost the alcohol content.
As interest in all types of whiskey has exploded in recent years, it’s not surprising that adventurous micro-distillers are experimenting with different styles of the spirit—including the unaged whiskey called “white dog” that has clear parallels with the moonshine tradition. Among these spirits are Old Gristmill Authentic American Corn Whiskey, produced by Tuthilltown Spirits in Gardiner, New York. Tuthilltown co-owners Ralph Erenzo and Brian Lee sourced a corn variety that hadn’t been cultivated in North America since Colonial times, and they have it custom-grown for the distillery. Mixed with contemporary corn varieties, the grain makes for an exceptionally flavorful spirit. “It’s not a hybrid, and it’s not a very high-yield corn, but it has a flavor characteristic that is just wonderful, and it changed the nature of our corn whiskey,” Erenzo says.
In Portland, Oregon, House Spirits custom-crafted a whiskey from malted rye and other grains for Urban Farmer, a local restaurant; while some of the whiskey is being aged in wood, the restaurant is serving part of the run as an unaged white dog. Another white dog on the market is from Death’s Door Spirits in Wisconsin. Made from hard red winter wheat grown on Washington Island (a small amount of malted barley is also added to the mash), Death’s Door White Whiskey is aged for less than 72 hours in American white oak and is distributed at both 80-proof and in a 100-proof “Bartender’s Strength” bottling.
While he finds the concept of “legal moonshine” difficult to swallow, Rowley says that distillers such as Tuthilltown and Death’s Door play an important role: They set a good example of what the do-it-yourself approach can create. “I love that; I think it’s the way it should be done,” he says.
Practice Round
Licensed distillers are often loathe to discuss the topic for fear of endangering their permits, but it’s an open secret that recipes for some legal whiskies, gins and other spirits were refined using home distillation equipment that produced sub-legal prototypes. It’s something that Ben and Jim are keeping in mind; while distilling as a hobby, they have hopes of launching a legal distillery and are evaluating the potential marketability of the spirits they produce. “The laws being the way they are, how else would you start a distillery?” Jim says, noting the startup costs of a distillery, along with the need to quickly produce a high-quality product. “If you’re going to try to do this and actually have it be a marketable item, the only way you can do it is to screw around until you come up with a recipe and process that are ready to go.”
In the meantime, Jim and Ben continue to experiment. They’ve had mixed results with prototypes—the apple brandy shows promise, a “what-if” liquor made from boiled onions and brown sugar most assuredly does not—but even without entering the market, these home distillers are experiencing some success.
“Giving bottles of homemade liquor is one of the best presents I’ve ever found,” Ben says. “You’re giving someone a story to tell when they have it. I have friends I’ve given a bottle to, and they break it out on special occasions. It’s certainly not better than the top-shelf stuff you can get in a store, but there’s so much attached to it that makes it something they break out to celebrate an occasion. It feels good to be a part of that.”
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What is the part of a horse's bridle that goes into its mouth called | 3 Ways to Bridle a Horse - wikiHow
Bridling with an English Bridle
1
Check that you have the correct bridle size. If this is the first time you're using this bit on this particular horse you should be sure that you're using a proper sized bridle. If it's the wrong size it will make the horse uncomfortable. [1]
Bridles comes in three sizes: pony, cob or Arabian, and full. Measure your horse’s head from the center of his poll to the corner of his mouth, and compare this measurement to the crown and cheek piece of the bridle.
If the bit is too small it can pinch the horse’s mouth.
If the bit is too large it will slide around in the horse’s mouth. Also an over-sized ported or jointed bit can cause pain or damage to the roof of the horse's mouth.
2
Halter your horse so the main part is around the horse's neck. (Let the noseband hang.) This gives you something to keep the horse in check, but won't get in the way of the bridle. Do not have the horse tied when you do this.
3
Pick up and position your bridle. Pick it up from its crownpiece (top part) in your left hand, letting the rest of it hang. Move any small straps to the outside of the cheekpieces, so they won't get tangled.
4
Bridling With a Western Bridle
1
Pick Western style riding for more informal riding. People tend to use Western style riding for rodeos and ranching and it is more common in the U.S. than in other countries, so you might have a harder time accessing Western equipment if you live somewhere that favors English style.
One nice thing about the Western saddle is that it has the horn, where you can grip onto if you're on an experienced rider.
2
Check that you have the correct bridle size. If this is the first time you're using this bit on this particular horse you definitely want to make sure that you're using the proper sized bridle. If it's the wrong size it will make the horse uncomfortable. [2]
Bridles comes in three sizes: pony, cob or Arabian, and full. Measure your horse’s head from the center of his poll to the corner of his mouth, and compare this measurement to the crown and cheek piece of the bridle.
If the bit is too small it can pinch the horse’s mouth.
If the bit is too big it will slide around in the horse’s mouth.
3
Make sure that both you and the horse are calm. A horse can sense your fear and this will make them nervous. Also, remember that it can be nerve-wracking for a horse to have someone putting something metallic in their mouth.
4
Secure your horse. You need to make sure that your horse is secured. This means anticipating the moment when they are halter-free but you haven't yet buckle the bridle. You have to be able to control and keep hold of your horse.
For a tie station, hold the bridle so that the front of the brow band faces forward (away from the horse). Drape the reins over their neck. Drop your left rein over the horse's neck so that it falls on the right. Drop the right rein so that it falls on the left. Allow the bridle to slip back on your arm. Lift the crown of the halter over the horse's ears and slip the halter's nose band down, off their face. Bring the crown up and lay it behind their ears. Refasten their halter so it hands around the horse's neck.
If you don't have a tie station use the bridle reins to maintain hold of your horse. For split reins, tie them together and lift the reins over the horse's head, setting them just behind their ears. Lift the halter's crown over the horse's ears and slip the halter nose band off your horse's face.
5
Have your horse drop their head. You can offer them a piece of apple or sugar cube to make them their head. Put your hand right below their nose with the treat in it. When they drop their head that's when you'll put the bit in.
Make sure you’re grasping the crown of the bridle in your right hand. Angle in line with your horse’s left eye and right ear.
6
Slip the bit into your horse’s mouth with the treat. Hold the bit low where you’ve been holding the treats. Gently set it against your horse’s teeth as close to where her top teeth meet her lower teeth as possible. Hold your sugar cube against the bit.
Make sure you put the bit in before you put the bridle’s crown over their ears.
Holding the crown of the bridle up in order to slip it on before you put the bit in their mouth.
Hold the bridle so that the two sides are a good distance apart, with the crown up and the throatlatch straps hanging free and not tangled in any other straps..
7
Keep pressure on the crown while slipping it over their ears. You want to be careful that you don't crush your horse's ears. Lift the crown over your horse's left ear as you slip the crown to the poll. Gently slip the horse's right ear in front of the crown as well. Also gently push the horse's ears forward rather than backward.
If the bridle has earloops rather than a brow band, position these around your horse’s ears now.
8
Give your horse a treat for being good. Always make sure that you reward your horse for their good behavior. This will encourage them to be good about accepting the bit and the bridle.
Sugar also encourages them to play with the bit, so sugar cubes are a really good treat to have on hand for bridling.
9
Remove the halter once the main part of the bridle is on the horse.
10
Buckle the throatlatch. Remember that the throatlatch isn't there to hold the bridle in place. It operates as an extra precaution against the bridle coming off. This means that the throatlatch needs to be loose enough to maintain slack, even if the horse drops their head.
Make sure you can fit your entire hand between the throatlatch and the horse, even when their head is bent towards their neck.
11
Check the bridle's fit. The brow band should be smooth and in the correct position. This means it won't be pinching your horse's ears or head. Check that the bit sits evenly in your horse's mouth. There should be two wrinkles on either corner of your horse's mouth. Too fewer and you need to shorten the cheek straps.
Make sure it sits evenly on your horse’s head. If you do have to adjust the cheek strap check that the rest of the headstall is still even.
Buckle curb chain or chin strap if that isn’t fixed.
This is when you should check the length of your reins. The need to be long enough that you can take up contact with your horse's mouth.
12
Gather your reins in your right hand. Lead them on their left, at their cheek. Hold the reins in your right hand about six inches below the bit. Keep the bight in your left hand. Always hold about six inches below the bit.
Keep the slack from the reins in your left hand.
Method
Troubleshooting
1
Deal with a horse that objects to the bit. Often the reason a horse objects to the bit is rooted in misunderstanding. They aren't usually trying to be naughty, but something about the bit is making them uncomfortable.
The bit might have the wrong taste. Horses tend to prefer copper bits to other kinds of bits because of the taste. Unfortunately copper bits tend to degrade more quickly than other kinds so you should make sure to watch out for pits and sharp edges.
The bit might be too cold. You wouldn't want someone to shove a bit of cold metal in your mouth. Neither does your horse. Try warming up the bit between your hands before you put it in their mouth.
2
Train your horse to open their mouth for the bit. Sometimes your horse won't open their mouth, because the bit is too cold, or has the wrong taste, but often a little training can make it so they will do as you has. Just make sure that you reinforce the behavior you want to see from them.
Teach your horse to be comfortable with the cue. Pick a cue to use to get your horse to open their mouth. Give your horse the cue by touching them. Say "yes" to them so that they associate that touch with good behavior. Give your horse a treat as you take your fingers away.
Show your horse that they get a treat. Have your horse tied or secured. Approach the horse's head from the left side, and walk so that your horse can see you. Stay on an angle facing the same direction as your horse. Have a treat in your left hand. Give your horse the cue and say "Open," while gently pressing two fingers again their lower lip. Say "yes" and take your fingers away, giving your horse the treat.
Repeat these steps about four or five times, or until it seems like your horse has gotten the picture.
Now do as you did above, only this time maintain slight but consistent pressure, and place your fingers just under his upper lip. When your horse opens their mouth say "Yes" and give them the treat. Practice this until they get it.
Have your horse let you put a bit in their mouth. Show your horse the bit (unattached to the bridle to begin with). Let your horse sniff it and lip it. Then do as you did above, giving your horse the cue. Place the bit in your horse's mouth when they open up. Remove the bit and give them a treat.
3
Keep your horse from getting nervous. One of the keys to properly bridling your horse is to maintain calmness, both in yourself and in your horse. A nervous horse might try to bite, toss their heads, strike out with their hooves, or try to escape. If your horse is overly nervous, don't bridle them until they have calmed down.
Avoid flicking her with the reins, especially around her eyes and ears, because this can cause a horse to become nervous or anxious.
Community Q&A
If this question (or a similar one) is answered twice in this section, please click here to let us know.
Tips
When putting your finger in the horse's mouth, push it towards the back where there are no teeth, so that the horse cannot bite you. When you press down, the cue will make him open his mouth.
If you have a horse that is causing you trouble, for example, holding his head high, squeeze the base of his ears and he should lower his head. If he doesn't, put your hand on the bridge of his nose, and behind the base of his ears, and shake his head gently and say "Down" firmly. He should respond.
Usually when putting on any kind of bridle, you should put the reins over the head.
When you are buying a new bridle, it's best to always have a few holes extra to be able to adjust shorter or longer as leather stretches in time. Or you may need to change the horses bit at some point.
Horses tend to accept the bit more easily if they associate it with something good such as a treat or a good taste, so try putting some honey or rubbing a mint on the bit to help the horse accept it.
Stay relaxed and don't stress. You can always readjust the bridle.
Warnings
Do not let your reins lie on the ground, because if the horse steps over them, he could become quickly entangled, putting you and the horse in danger.
Never tether a horse using a bridle. Leather is not strong enough to withstand a horse pulling against it and if the bridle snaps, the metal pieces on it can become dangerous.
Horses can sometimes be unpredictable animals. If you are bridling one, you are dealing with its teeth, so take care.
Try not to walk behind a horse, unless you are keeping a safe distance. When picking it's hooves keep to the side of the horse.
| Bit (disambiguation) |
Who has a summer palace at Castel Gandolfo | Bridle - WikiHorseWorld Horse Articles
Bridle
A hunt seat style English bridle
A bridle is a piece of equipment used to direct a horse . As defined in the Oxford English Dictionary, the "bridle" includes both the headstall that holds a bit that goes in the mouth of a horse, and the reins that are attached to the bit.
Headgear without a bit that uses a noseband to control a horse is called a hackamore , or, in some areas, a bitless bridle . There are many different designs with many different name variations, but all use a noseband that is designed to exert pressure on sensitive areas of the animal's face in order to provide direction and control.
Contents
The crownpiece runs over the horse's poll , and the browband across the forehead. The cheekpieces run down the sides of the horse's face.
The bridle consists of the following elements:
Crownpiece: The crownpiece, headstall (US) or headpiece (UK) goes over the horse's head just behind the animal's ears, at the poll . It is the main strap that holds the remaining parts of the bridle in place.
Cheekpieces: On most bridles, two cheekpieces attach to either side of the crownpiece and run down the side of the horse's face, along the cheekbone and attach to the bit rings . On some designs, the crownpiece is a longer strap that includes the right cheek and crownpiece as a single unit and only a left side cheekpiece is added.
Throatlatch: the throatlatch (US) or throatlash (UK) is usually part of the same piece of leather as the crownpiece. It runs from the horse's right ear, under the horse's throatlatch , and attaches below the left ear. The main purpose of the throatlatch is to prevent the bridle from coming off over the horse's head, which can occur if the horse rubs its head on an object, or if the bit is low in the horse's mouth and tightened reins raise it up, loosening the cheeks.
Browband: The crownpiece runs through the browband. The browband runs from just under one ear of the horse, across the forehead, to just under the other ear. It prevents the bridle from sliding behind the poll onto the upper neck, and holds multiple headstalls together when a cavesson or second bit is added, and holds the throatlatch in place on designs where it is a separate strap. In certain sports, such as dressage and Saddle seat , decorative browbands are sometimes fashionable.
Noseband: the noseband encircles the nose of the horse. It is often used to keep the animal's mouth closed, or to attach other pieces or equipment, such as martingales . See also Noseband .
Cavesson is a specific type of noseband used on English bridles wherein the noseband is attached to its own headstall, held onto the rest of the bridle by the browband. Because it has a separate headstall (also called sliphead), a cavesson can be adjusted with greater precision; a noseband that is simply attached to the same cheekpieces that hold the bit cannot be raised or lowered. In Saddle seat riding, the cavesson is often brightly colored and matches the browband. Variations on the standard English-style bridle are often named for their style of noseband. For use in polo , a gag bridle usually has a noseband plus a cavesson.
Frentera , a strap running from the browband to the noseband, primarily seen on bridles of certain South American designs.[ citation needed ]
Fiador , a form of throatlatch, is used with a hackamore .
Reins: The reins of a bridle attach to the bit , below the attachment for the cheekpieces. The reins are the rider's link to the horse, and are seen on every bridle. Reins are often laced, braided, have stops, or are made of rubber or some other tacky material to provide extra grip.
Bit: The bit goes into the horse's mouth, resting on the sensitive interdental space between the horse's teeth known as the "bars."
On a double bridle , where the horse carries two bits (a curb and small snaffle, often called a " bit and bradoon "), a second, smaller headstall, known as a 'bradoon hanger' or ‘slip head’ is used to attach the bradoon. A second set of reins is attached to the bradoon, and hence the rider carries four reins.
The bridle, depending on style, may also contain some of the following elements:
Bit guards: Bit guards are optional fittings used on some bits.
Curb strap or curb chain , used primarily on bridles with a curb bit , a small strap or chain, usually flat, that runs from one side of the bit to the other, and puts pressure on the chin groove when curb reins are tightened.
Lip strap: a small strap used on a few curb bit designs, attaches between the bit shanks of a curb bit at the halfway point, used to keep the curb chain properly positioned and may prevent the horse from grabbing at the shanks with its lips.
bit hobble: basically, a curb strap used on the snaffle bit rings of a western bridle. Provides no leverage, but because open-faced bridles have no cavesson to prevent the horse from gaping its mouth open, it prevents the bit rings from being pulled through the mouth if strong pressure is applied.
shank hobble: A strap, bar or chain that connects the shanks of a curb bit at the bottom of the bit. Serves to stabilize the bit, prevent a lasso or other object from being caught on the shanks.
Winkers or blinkers, also called " blinders ", are partial eye blocks used primarily on driving horses and some race horses that prevent the animal from seeing what is behind it.
Overcheck, also called a bearing rein or "check rein," is a specialty rein that runs from a snaffle bit, past the crownpiece, along the crest of the neck, and attaches to the front of a harness on a driving horse. It prevents the horse from dropping its head too low. Overchecks are also sometimes used on riding horses, especially ponies, to keep them from grazing while being ridden by a small child who may lack the physical strength or skill to raise the animal's head up.
Ornaments such as phalerae and sallongs .
Types of bridles
File:Bridle without bit.jpg
One type of cross-under bitless bridle. Reins are separate, though held closely together in this photo. (click to enlarge and view detail) A horse should not be tied with this bridle, as it will tighten on the nose if the horse sets back on the rope.
"English" styles
Snaffle bridle: the "English-type" snaffle bridle is most commonly seen in English riding . It is a basic bridle that carries one bit and usually has one set of reins. Despite the name, a snaffle bridle may be used not only with a snaffle bit , but also with almost other types of single rein bits , including kimberwickes , gag bits , and single curb bits . The English bridle is almost always used with some type of cavesson noseband .
Pelham bridle: The Pelham is another English type bridle that carries a single bit, in this case a Pelham bit , but two sets of reins, one for snaffle action and one for curb action.
Double bridle: Also called a Weymouth bridle, double bridles use two bits at once, a small snaffle called a bradoon and a curb or Weymouth bit, and require the use of two sets of reins. Double bridles are usually only seen used in upper level dressage , in Saddle seat riding, and for showing in certain other events that require formal attire and equipment.
Stock horse and working styles
Western bridle: used for American-style western riding , this bridle usually does not have a noseband . Many western bridles also lack browbands, sometimes replaced by a "one ear" (variations called "split ear," "shaped ear," and "slip ear") design where a small strap encircles one or both ears to provide extra security to keep the bridle on. Some horse show styles do not have a throatlatch, most working styles do.
Barcoo bridle - an Australian stock horse bridle which usually does not have a noseband and is used at work and in competition. The crownpiece, browband and throatlatch are all sewn onto a ring near the horse’s ears on each side of the head. The cheek strap is single strap that loops through the bit and through the ring to a buckle on the outside of the cheek. Thus the cheek strap is doubled. Variations of this bridle include an "extended head" with the throatlatch further back than usual) to prevent horses rubbing the bridle off. Other variations include a noseband and these styles may be used as a headcollar . A lighter variety is used for racing which has cheek strap billets sewn to the ring and the attached cheek straps are similar to those of an English bridle. Most bits can be used with these bridles with various snaffles the most commonly used.
Specialty styles
Gag bridle: a bridle with rounded cheekpieces that pass through the top and bottom holes in the bit ring of a gag bit and attach directly to the reins. Tension on the reins rotates the bit and slides it up the cheekpieces and into the corners of the lips. In some styles, the bit is sewn into the bridle and will slide, but is not interchangeable, other styles have detachable cheekpieces that allow bits to be changed. Gag bridles have the potential for severe action. They are often seen in polo , rodeo speed events, and occasionally show jumping . They are not permitted in most other horse show competition. In polo, they are often used with double reins, in the same manner as a Pelham bridle.
Halter bridle, also known as a "trail bridle" and, less often, and "endurance" bridle, this design is a halter with additional quick release cheekpieces that hold a bit and reins. They are a popular alternative to using a bitted bridle over the top of a halter. During rest stops, instead of removing the bridle, the rider only needs to remove the bit and reins. Variations of this bridle are used by the Australian Light Horse, the Household Cavalry, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and some other mounted police units.
Hackamores and bitless bridles
Main articles: Hackamore and bitless bridle
A hackamore , put simply, is headgear that controls a horse via pressure points on the face, usually with a nosepiece instead of a bit. A hackamore is not the same thing as a halter , as a halter is primarily used for leading and tying up an animal. [1] Bitless bridles are similar to hackamores, but some designs use different leverage principles for control. Hackamores and bitless bridles use a headstall with reins attached to some type of noseband or nosepiece. Various designs allow control and good communication to the horse and may, in some cases, be more comfortable to the horse, particularly a young animal or one with a mouth injury.
The jaquima or original bosal style hackamore is mostly seen on young horses being started under saddle in western riding disciplines. Bitless bridles and other types of hackamore are most often seen on horses used for endurance riding and trail riding . A design called the mechanical hackamore is sometimes seen at rodeos . Most horse show events do not allow bitless bridles of any kind. The exceptions are show jumping , where equipment rules are fairly generous, and in certain western horse show classes for "junior" horses, which permit use of bosal hackamore.
Besides the bosal hackamore, there are many other designs. A design that combines elements of the bosal hackamore is known as a sidepull, which acts mostly on the nose, and are popular with western riders and many trail riders. English riders sometimes use a jumping caveson or "jumping hackamore" which is basically a leather sidepull noseband reinforced internally with a cable, with rein rings attached. The so-called mechanical hackamore or "hackamore bit" is basically a hybrid bridle/hackamore made up of a noseband with shanks and a curb strap or chain that can put considerable leverage on the jaw and poll.
Another design, called a bitless bridle is the "cross-under" or "figure eight" bridle. One common design connects the reins to a loop that passes from the noseband , under the jaw, and up around the poll , returning on the opposite side back under the jaw to the noseband and out to the other rein. This design directs pressure from one rein to the opposite side of the horse's head, or pressure on both reins to the whole head. Other designs only cross under the jaw and do not go over the poll.
Some riders, not realizing that a horse's head overall is a very sensitive area, use a noseband-based style of headgear without the same caution they might use with a bit, thus defeating any benefit that an apparently milder form of gear would otherwise provide. While many bitless designs are marketed as humane, and some are indeed quite mild, other designs can be remarkably harsh in the hands of a poor rider, [2] particularly if they are improperly adjusted or have metal parts, a thin design, or rough surfaces.
Harness bridles
See also: horse harness , Driving (horse) , Fine harness , and Draft horse showing
Bridles used for driving horses have some differences from most riding bridles. The most visible difference is that they usually include partial eye coverings called blinders , blinkers or winkers that restrict the horse's peripheral vision. They are stitched into the cheekpieces of a driving bridle and sometimes bear a monogram or badge. Winkers may be square, dee-shaped, hatchet-shaped, or round, and are adjusted to fit clear of the center of the horse’s eye.
The noseband is fitted into the bridle so has a certain amount of action, and is not on a separate headstall (also called sliphead) as is a cavesson. Harness bridles may feature a fancy browband, rosettes, a teardrop and ornaments. An overcheck or sidecheck are sometimes used to control a horse’s head carriage and may be used in conjunction with an overcheck bit.
The Liverpool curb bit is most commonly used for carriage driving. The reins can be attached in any of the three slots along the shanks, resulting in a snaffle or curb action as required. Wilson snaffle bits are commonly used with trade turnouts. These bits have four rings so that the inner two rings may be attached to the cheek pieces and the outer pair to the reins. This arrangement is designed to prevent rein pressure interfering with the position of the winkers. Other styles of bits are used for harness racing , fine harness , and coach driving.
Fitting a bridle
See also: Bit (horse) and Noseband
A bridle is individually fitted to a horse. Without properly fitting the bridle to the horses’ head, the horse may be uncomfortable, and poor fitting may also result in lack of control while riding or unclear communication.
The length of each piece of the bridle needs to be individually adjusted to fit the horse's head. Other parts of the bridle are adjustable in length, though there are limits to adjustment and thus many manufacturers offer two to six different basic sizes. The sizes may have different names, but in the USA and Canada they are often called "cob" and "horse" for small and large animals, sometimes with "pony", "mini", "warmblood" and "draft" sizes in some designs.
The bit and browband are of set lengths and must be selected in the correct size. A too-narrow bit is uncomfortable and cannot be widened. One that is slightly too wide can be narrowed to some extent by adding a pair of bit guards. A browband that is too short causes the browband or crownpiece to rub the ears. The cheekpieces are adjusted not only so that the bit avoids the extremes of pulling the corners of the horse's mouth or banging the horse's incisors, but also so it hangs properly in the mouth for the specific riding discipline and bit design involved . The adjustment of the noseband depends on the type used, but needs to be snug enough to be effective, yet loose enough to avoid discomfort. The throatlatch is adjusted each time the bridle is put on the horse, loose enough to not interfere as the horse flexes at the poll. A standard throatlatch measurement is that the width of three or four fingers should be able to fit between the throatlatch and the horses’ cheek.
Dangers of tying with a bridle
File:Horse in stables.jpg
If a horse must be tied to an object, a halter should be placed under or over the bridle, and the cross-ties should be attached to it rather than the bit
It is unsafe to tie a horse using a bridle for two main reasons. First, if the tied animal pulls back on the bridle, the bit or controlling noseband will cause considerable pain or even injury to the animal, and second, compared to halters most bridles are made of thinner leather and will easily break under pressure.
Despite what is commonly seen in movies, a horse should never be tied with the reins of a bridle to a solid object, as it could pull back and not only break the reins or bridle, but also severely injure its mouth, tongue, jaw or neck. This is also true for cross-tying a horse. Should a rider need to tie a horse, it is best to either remove the bridle and put on a halter , or to put a halter on in addition to the bridle (under or over the bridle), but in either case, tie the horse using the halter only.
In western riding , some horses are taught to "ground tie" with a bridle, that is, to stand still when the reins are dropped on the ground. This can only be done with split reins, as a horse can easily put a foot through a pair of reins that are attached to one another.[ citation needed ] Even with split reins, a horse can still step on a rein, jerk its head up and both break the rein and injure its mouth. Thus, ground tying is not generally advised[ citation needed ], even with a horse trained to do so. Historically, it was a useful skill if a rider had to momentarily dismount and perform a task that required both hands (such as removing brush or fixing a fence) in a remote area where tying was impracticable. In actual practice, just as with the "stay" command used in obedience work for dogs, even well-trained horses will not stay "ground tied" for long[ citation needed ], especially if left unsupervised. They will soon begin grazing or become restless and often will wander off. Thus, ground tying today is usually seen in specific classes at horse shows such as the trail horse class, or as a useful short-term command: many horses are taught to stand still for a limited period of time on a "whoa" or "stay" command, with or without dropping the reins.
References
↑ halter: "1. a. A rope, cord, or strap with a noose or head-stall, by which horses or cattle are led or fastened up." Oxford English Dictionary , online edition
↑ Miller, Robert M. and Rick Lamb. (2005) Revolution in Horsemanship Lyons Press ISBN 1-59228-387-X , p. 227
Edwards, Elwyn Hartley. The complete book of bits and bitting. David and Charles, 2004. ISBN 978-0715311639 .
McBane, Susan. The essential book of horse tack and equipment. David and Charles, 2002. ISBN 978-0715313893 .
Price, Steven D., ed. The Whole Horse Catalogue. New York: Simon and Schuster/Brigadore Press, 1977
External links
Retrieved from " http://www.wikihorseworld.com/wiki/Bridle "
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| i don't know |
Which tradesman would use a leggatt and a yealm in his work | Snead. Scythe handle.
Hanging a scythe. The somewhat sensitive fitting of the snead to suit the owner/user.
Cradle. The tined bow fitted to a scythe for mowing wheat. Also known as the horn.
Sail Reaper. Horse or tractor drawn machine that mows the crop and sweeps it off a deck in bunches ready for tying by hand.
Binder. Successor to the sail reaper and short for reaper binder, a machine which both cuts the crop and ties or binds it into shooves.
Shoof (as in foot). Plural shooves. Also shoaf and shove. A sheaf elsewhere.
Shock. Noun and verb qv Tusser 1557, Also used in America. Known as a stook elsewhere in England. Usually six or eight shooves stood up in opposing pairs and adjacent so as to form a tunnel in such a way that the drying wind can pass through and around it but the rain be kept out. By tradition a shock should hear three church bells ie stand for three weeks before it is carted. See also Trave.
Stand Up or Shock Up. To get the shooves off the ground and into shocks.
Trave. Term for Shock used in South Suffolk.
Traving. Term for making shocks in South Suffolk.
Brackly. Straw is brackly when it is brittle. Anglo Saxon brecan - to break.
Pitchfork. Two-tined, long handled fork particularly for pitching shooves onto a load, stack etc.
Stale. Long handle for a pitchfork.
Carting Off. Loading the ready shocks into trailers and carting it off the field.
Shack. Gleanings left on the field after carting.
Stackyard. The open storage area allotted to corn and straw stacks.
Middle tree. The removable upright to which barn doors are sometimes secured.
Goafstead. That part of the barn (usually left of the central thrashing floor, used to store the goaf or unthrashed shooves.
Riding the Goaf. Using a horse or pony to tread down the shooves as they are pitched in.
Cornstack. Where there is more harvest than the barn will accommodate, corn stacks are built in which the shooves are stacked by courses in such a way that maximum content is achieved and rainwater is excluded until the stack can be thatched.
Look out - Jacobites! Warning that there are thistles in a shoof being passed.
Strawstack. A constructed stack of thrashed straw.
Toppings. The top layers in a stack - hence topping up to complete the stack.
Topping up. Using the final levels of shooves to form a sloping pitch or roof to the stack. Sometimes called roofing the stack.
Scud. Twisted straw rope used in stack thatching. Might also be called a bonded ledger or bond and elsewhere a band.
Scud-winder. A device for twisting straw rope. A swivel hooks to the belt and a hand crank ending in a hook holds and twists the straw as more straw is added to make the desired length. Also known as a throw-crook and elsewhere as a whimbel or whimmer.
Throw-crook. See scud-winder.
Dolly. A finial or straw figure tied to the stack apex when thatching is complete.
Minifer. Weasel living in a stack base and preying on the mice that live there.
Thrasher. A machine for separating grain, chaff, cavings and straw stems. (Called a Separator in America). Note that it is thrashing and not threshing in Suffolk.
Shuck. Using the hands to rub ripe grain out of the corn head.
Drum. Common name for a thrasher, from the rotating drum inside the machine.
Throsh. Alternative term for thrash.
Avels. Baley awms. From Danish avne - chaff.
Offal. Chaff.
Cavings. Small straw and other residues from thrashing. Also known as colder.
Flag. The leafy growth on a cereal stem removed in thrashing and forming part of the cavings.
Straw Jack. A non-folding elevator used for conveying loose, thrashed straw from thrasher to stack.
Pitcher. General term for a straw elevator.
Trusser. Machine for tying determined quantities of thrashed straw into bunches or trusses.
??? (Lost in OCR scanning). The bay the other side of the thrashing floor used to store the thrashed straw.
Mowstead. A low partition between the thrashing floor and an adjacent storage bay.
Stick and a Half. A flail.
Bully. The man who stands on the stack or load to receive the shooves from below.
Bully Hole. The temporary small niche or ledge left half way up a stack for the bully to relay the shoof up to the stacker above him. Also used for the recess in the thrasher deck from which the drum is fed.
Chair. Another name for the bully hole.
Clogwheat. Bearded wheat. Probably from its propensity to clog up the thrasher's screens,
Fillis. A soft string used for tying up corn sacks.
Colder. See Cavings.
Jag. Small load of straw.
Hutch. Usually a wooden corn bin.
Knickled. Described cereal crop that had been flattened or laid by wind/rain.
Basecoat. The laye(s) of thatch next to the roof frame,
Topcoat. A coat of new thatch fixed to a basecoat.
Sway. A coppice pole normally hazeltrimmed for use as an internal fixing when thatching new work to the roof frame. lt is now common to use mild steel for water reed but it is still sway.
Sway down. To fix the sway into position.
Thatching hooks. Traditionally forged from iron/mild steel and of variable length are pointed at one end for driving into the rafter and shaped at the other to hold and secure the sway.
Withy or Withe. Any thin, green and pliant stem, such as osier, bramble etc used in the ancient technique of securing thatch to the roof frame. Other uses included tying up bundles of brawtches.
Score. In parts of South Suffolk and probably elsewhere brawtches were tied up in bundles of Six Score ie 120.
Fathom. Hence a fathom of reed, 6ft being the prescribed length for six bunches of water reed measured round 1ft above the butt ends. Said to derive from fishermen who worked in the reed beds during the winter months.
Bunch. An older term for a bundle of water reed etc. Also the cry from the roof when more material was needed.
Sedge. Cladium Mariscus, a marsh plant with long, serated leaves and the traditional material for ridging water reed thatch. Length varies but can reach 6ft.
Sedge Bed. An area on the reed beds devoted to the cultivation of sedge, usually for cutting on a four year cycle.
Boulder or Bolt. Used to describe reed mace found in bunches of water reed and said by some to improve thatch quality.
Gladden. Local term for the wild iris sometimes found in bunches of water reed and said by some to improve thatch quality.
Single Whale. Water reed cut from one season's growth is said to be single whale.
Double Whale. When the first year growth of water reed is left uncut, the second year is allowed to grow through it and the whole is cut at the end of the second season, the reed crop is said to be second whale.
Shet knife. Pocket knife that shuts or folds up.
Dolly. Also called a roll, a tied tube of thatching material used in foundation work, notably in building up ridgework.
Palm. Sometimes a pad. Usually of leather, it fits the palm of the hand with holes for the fingers and thumb. Used for pushing brawtches into the thatch.
Tittery. Describes an insecure ladder likely to fall. From the Old Norse titra - to shake.
Doke. A small depression in an otherwise flat thatch surface. Derivation is East Frisian dolke - a small hollow.
Rooving. Noun and verb. The ridge.
Rizzer. Also known as a ledger or long rod, comprises a length of riven hazel 4-6ft long and trimmed for use in surface work at ridge, gable and eave. Elsewhere called a ligger.
Scud. Twisted straw used in internal fixing, sometimes called a bonded or straw ledger.
Cross Rods. Trimmed lengths of riven hazel used to form the lattice work on ornamental ridges.
Flush ridge. A ridge made to finish in the same plane as the rest of the thatch.
Block ridge. A ridge where additional material raises the ridge above the plane of the casework.
Casework. The bulk of the thatch before ridging.
Gadd. A length of hazel pole suitable for riving.
Riving. Splitting along the grain of wood.
Riving hook. A small billhook of variable shape and design intended for riving.
Thatcher's hook. More commonly called a sparhook. a lightweight billhook designed for use in trimming riven coppice wood.
Froe. Also known as a fromard, frower or thrower. A device for splitting thick coppice comprising an edged blade fixed at right angles to a short handle.
Wibbler. A hand held device for stitching wire netting together.
Pins. The flat bladed equivalent of needles but used in water reed thatching.
Leggatt. A handtool of no fixed design or material but used for dressing water reed into position by either pushing or driving sideways. Mostly it comprises a 12-18ins handle fixed to the centre of an oblong section of wood, steel or alloy, the other side being designed to catch the reed surface and move the reed stems. This might be by a sequence of ledges, rings, holes or studs, which latter are frequently flattened horseshoe nails.
Eaves Knife. Traditionally the Long Knife, a purpose made, straight bladed tool for cutting off eaves and gables in Long Straw. A deep blade some 3ft long is fixed to a straight but contoured handle of similar or greater length. Frequently made locally using scythe blades it was said that the long knife sorted out the men from the boys. The same knife was used on farm for trimming down the sides of cornstacks and so making it more difficult for rats to gain access.
Pattern knife. Short handled knife used for trimming ornamental ridgework.
Sheep shears. Of cranked or straight pattern, the common tool for finishing work.
Cut gable. A gable with cut finish.
Rolled gable. A gable where courses are continued round the end and fixed in place by means of surface brawtching, giving a rougher and rounded appearance.
Pinnacle. The pointed apex at the gable end.
Flue. An old term for a thatch gable (found in South Suffolk).
Strike. A hand held device used to level the top of a bushel measure and thus remove any surplus. Also used to describe a full bushel regulated in this way
Stack thatching. The technique used to thatch corn and straw stacks, particularly the former.
Stack pegs. Thin coppice poles about 3ft long pointed at the bottom.and notched near the top. They are pushed into the stack and the notches are used to secure and carry strings across the thatch surface as additional protection against strong winds.
Stack spars. Over length brawtches (qv) used instead of stack pegs.
Derby Needle. A curved steel device used for stitching thatch to the stack when it is in the form of made up straw matting.
Thatcher's Spear. For use when the stack is being thatched, this is a shaft some 3-4ft long fitted with a long and tapering iron point. It is thrust into the stack to secure yelms awaiting use by either impaling them or acting as a stop.
Thatching
Thatcher's chrom. Long handled fork with three long tines bent through 90 degrees like a muck fork and used for pulling loose straw off the top of the straw stack.
Shaking fork. Scaled down pitchfork used for shaking out straw and making the straw bed.
Thatcher's Toad or simply Toad. The young helper or apprentice, the name probably deriving from his scattering water over the loose straw and splashing around in the middle of the wet material. He also took ready material up the ladder to the masterman.
Masterman or Master Man. By tradition the term described an independent tradesman who might also have an apprentice. The pressure of community opinion usually expected him to be skilled and experienced and certainly concealed basecoats of antiquity are seldom less than competent and sometimes superb. The term Master Thatcher, however, has no legal basis and there is no restriction on its use by individuals.
Bed. A formation of overlaid damp straw made by progressively shaking out material into an orderly heap and gradually working backwards, the first laid being the front edge from which the straw is then drawn. Length, width and height are optional but a bed can contain half a ton of straw if desired.
Drawing straw. The act of pulling paired handfuls of straw from along the front of the bed and laying them in an overlapping line in readiness for making yelms.
Yelm or Yealm. Noun and verb. A compacted unit of straw, the thatch equivalent of a tile. Derivation Anglo Saxon gelm. See also Gavel.
Gavel. Noun and verb. A bundle of straw prepared for thatching. Derivation Old French gavel. The term in Essex believed to be gabble or gabbel.
Yoke. A device for storing yelms as they are made and then conveying them securely up the ladder to the work site. Consists of two short poles hinged together at one end or a natural Y shape piece of coppice wood, both fitted with a cord at the open end for securing the load. Known elsewhere as a Thatcher's Hod.
Cradle. A device for restraining and holding a number of unused yelms on the roof.
Needles. Forged irons of no particular pattern but about 2ft long and pointed so as to thrust into the thatch and control material. Some are graduated to indicate the length of hook (qv) required.
Long needle. Between 3-4ft long and is used where multiple coats of thatch are present. It probably derives from use in hay trussing on the farm.
Stitcher. Any needle which has its pointed end expanded to receive a hole through which cord can be threaded and thence conveyed through the thatch.
Sewing needle. Giant iron version of a domestic needle about 10ins long and employed in the now rare technique of sewing thatch to the underlying batten.
Spud. The traditional thatcher's mallet but now rare.
Tarcord. Cord treated with a mixture of Stockholm Tar and White Spirit.
Thatcher's knot. The truss knot used in hay trussing.
Brawtch. Riven hazel between 24-30ins long pointed at each end with three strikes and twisted in the middle to form a staple. Driven into the thatch it is the common thatch fixing, Also known as brotch or broach. Thought to derive from Old French brocher. Brawtches are sometimes made from willow where hazel is not available. See also Spar.
Springles. To some Sprinkles. The name for a brawtch in South Suffolk.
Spar. Another name for brawtch. There were apparently instances of its use in East Anglia but the name is more commonly associated with areas to the West.
Bottle. A modified yelm used in establishing the thickness and overhang of new eaves and gables.
Brow. The course thatched to complete the eave and begin the roof pitch.
Wadd. Section of folded yelm used to bring up a level where internal space is tight.
Stulch. To some stetch. A vertical strip of new topcoat thatch. Taken from the term for stetch or strip ploughing before the reversible plough came in.
Course. A horizontal level of thatch like a course of tiles.
| Thatcher |
Who moved from Grace Brothers to The Last Of The Summer Wine | Snead. Scythe handle.
Hanging a scythe. The somewhat sensitive fitting of the snead to suit the owner/user.
Cradle. The tined bow fitted to a scythe for mowing wheat. Also known as the horn.
Sail Reaper. Horse or tractor drawn machine that mows the crop and sweeps it off a deck in bunches ready for tying by hand.
Binder. Successor to the sail reaper and short for reaper binder, a machine which both cuts the crop and ties or binds it into shooves.
Shoof (as in foot). Plural shooves. Also shoaf and shove. A sheaf elsewhere.
Shock. Noun and verb qv Tusser 1557, Also used in America. Known as a stook elsewhere in England. Usually six or eight shooves stood up in opposing pairs and adjacent so as to form a tunnel in such a way that the drying wind can pass through and around it but the rain be kept out. By tradition a shock should hear three church bells ie stand for three weeks before it is carted. See also Trave.
Stand Up or Shock Up. To get the shooves off the ground and into shocks.
Trave. Term for Shock used in South Suffolk.
Traving. Term for making shocks in South Suffolk.
Brackly. Straw is brackly when it is brittle. Anglo Saxon brecan - to break.
Pitchfork. Two-tined, long handled fork particularly for pitching shooves onto a load, stack etc.
Stale. Long handle for a pitchfork.
Carting Off. Loading the ready shocks into trailers and carting it off the field.
Shack. Gleanings left on the field after carting.
Stackyard. The open storage area allotted to corn and straw stacks.
Middle tree. The removable upright to which barn doors are sometimes secured.
Goafstead. That part of the barn (usually left of the central thrashing floor, used to store the goaf or unthrashed shooves.
Riding the Goaf. Using a horse or pony to tread down the shooves as they are pitched in.
Cornstack. Where there is more harvest than the barn will accommodate, corn stacks are built in which the shooves are stacked by courses in such a way that maximum content is achieved and rainwater is excluded until the stack can be thatched.
Look out - Jacobites! Warning that there are thistles in a shoof being passed.
Strawstack. A constructed stack of thrashed straw.
Toppings. The top layers in a stack - hence topping up to complete the stack.
Topping up. Using the final levels of shooves to form a sloping pitch or roof to the stack. Sometimes called roofing the stack.
Scud. Twisted straw rope used in stack thatching. Might also be called a bonded ledger or bond and elsewhere a band.
Scud-winder. A device for twisting straw rope. A swivel hooks to the belt and a hand crank ending in a hook holds and twists the straw as more straw is added to make the desired length. Also known as a throw-crook and elsewhere as a whimbel or whimmer.
Throw-crook. See scud-winder.
Dolly. A finial or straw figure tied to the stack apex when thatching is complete.
Minifer. Weasel living in a stack base and preying on the mice that live there.
Thrasher. A machine for separating grain, chaff, cavings and straw stems. (Called a Separator in America). Note that it is thrashing and not threshing in Suffolk.
Shuck. Using the hands to rub ripe grain out of the corn head.
Drum. Common name for a thrasher, from the rotating drum inside the machine.
Throsh. Alternative term for thrash.
Avels. Baley awms. From Danish avne - chaff.
Offal. Chaff.
Cavings. Small straw and other residues from thrashing. Also known as colder.
Flag. The leafy growth on a cereal stem removed in thrashing and forming part of the cavings.
Straw Jack. A non-folding elevator used for conveying loose, thrashed straw from thrasher to stack.
Pitcher. General term for a straw elevator.
Trusser. Machine for tying determined quantities of thrashed straw into bunches or trusses.
??? (Lost in OCR scanning). The bay the other side of the thrashing floor used to store the thrashed straw.
Mowstead. A low partition between the thrashing floor and an adjacent storage bay.
Stick and a Half. A flail.
Bully. The man who stands on the stack or load to receive the shooves from below.
Bully Hole. The temporary small niche or ledge left half way up a stack for the bully to relay the shoof up to the stacker above him. Also used for the recess in the thrasher deck from which the drum is fed.
Chair. Another name for the bully hole.
Clogwheat. Bearded wheat. Probably from its propensity to clog up the thrasher's screens,
Fillis. A soft string used for tying up corn sacks.
Colder. See Cavings.
Jag. Small load of straw.
Hutch. Usually a wooden corn bin.
Knickled. Described cereal crop that had been flattened or laid by wind/rain.
Basecoat. The laye(s) of thatch next to the roof frame,
Topcoat. A coat of new thatch fixed to a basecoat.
Sway. A coppice pole normally hazeltrimmed for use as an internal fixing when thatching new work to the roof frame. lt is now common to use mild steel for water reed but it is still sway.
Sway down. To fix the sway into position.
Thatching hooks. Traditionally forged from iron/mild steel and of variable length are pointed at one end for driving into the rafter and shaped at the other to hold and secure the sway.
Withy or Withe. Any thin, green and pliant stem, such as osier, bramble etc used in the ancient technique of securing thatch to the roof frame. Other uses included tying up bundles of brawtches.
Score. In parts of South Suffolk and probably elsewhere brawtches were tied up in bundles of Six Score ie 120.
Fathom. Hence a fathom of reed, 6ft being the prescribed length for six bunches of water reed measured round 1ft above the butt ends. Said to derive from fishermen who worked in the reed beds during the winter months.
Bunch. An older term for a bundle of water reed etc. Also the cry from the roof when more material was needed.
Sedge. Cladium Mariscus, a marsh plant with long, serated leaves and the traditional material for ridging water reed thatch. Length varies but can reach 6ft.
Sedge Bed. An area on the reed beds devoted to the cultivation of sedge, usually for cutting on a four year cycle.
Boulder or Bolt. Used to describe reed mace found in bunches of water reed and said by some to improve thatch quality.
Gladden. Local term for the wild iris sometimes found in bunches of water reed and said by some to improve thatch quality.
Single Whale. Water reed cut from one season's growth is said to be single whale.
Double Whale. When the first year growth of water reed is left uncut, the second year is allowed to grow through it and the whole is cut at the end of the second season, the reed crop is said to be second whale.
Shet knife. Pocket knife that shuts or folds up.
Dolly. Also called a roll, a tied tube of thatching material used in foundation work, notably in building up ridgework.
Palm. Sometimes a pad. Usually of leather, it fits the palm of the hand with holes for the fingers and thumb. Used for pushing brawtches into the thatch.
Tittery. Describes an insecure ladder likely to fall. From the Old Norse titra - to shake.
Doke. A small depression in an otherwise flat thatch surface. Derivation is East Frisian dolke - a small hollow.
Rooving. Noun and verb. The ridge.
Rizzer. Also known as a ledger or long rod, comprises a length of riven hazel 4-6ft long and trimmed for use in surface work at ridge, gable and eave. Elsewhere called a ligger.
Scud. Twisted straw used in internal fixing, sometimes called a bonded or straw ledger.
Cross Rods. Trimmed lengths of riven hazel used to form the lattice work on ornamental ridges.
Flush ridge. A ridge made to finish in the same plane as the rest of the thatch.
Block ridge. A ridge where additional material raises the ridge above the plane of the casework.
Casework. The bulk of the thatch before ridging.
Gadd. A length of hazel pole suitable for riving.
Riving. Splitting along the grain of wood.
Riving hook. A small billhook of variable shape and design intended for riving.
Thatcher's hook. More commonly called a sparhook. a lightweight billhook designed for use in trimming riven coppice wood.
Froe. Also known as a fromard, frower or thrower. A device for splitting thick coppice comprising an edged blade fixed at right angles to a short handle.
Wibbler. A hand held device for stitching wire netting together.
Pins. The flat bladed equivalent of needles but used in water reed thatching.
Leggatt. A handtool of no fixed design or material but used for dressing water reed into position by either pushing or driving sideways. Mostly it comprises a 12-18ins handle fixed to the centre of an oblong section of wood, steel or alloy, the other side being designed to catch the reed surface and move the reed stems. This might be by a sequence of ledges, rings, holes or studs, which latter are frequently flattened horseshoe nails.
Eaves Knife. Traditionally the Long Knife, a purpose made, straight bladed tool for cutting off eaves and gables in Long Straw. A deep blade some 3ft long is fixed to a straight but contoured handle of similar or greater length. Frequently made locally using scythe blades it was said that the long knife sorted out the men from the boys. The same knife was used on farm for trimming down the sides of cornstacks and so making it more difficult for rats to gain access.
Pattern knife. Short handled knife used for trimming ornamental ridgework.
Sheep shears. Of cranked or straight pattern, the common tool for finishing work.
Cut gable. A gable with cut finish.
Rolled gable. A gable where courses are continued round the end and fixed in place by means of surface brawtching, giving a rougher and rounded appearance.
Pinnacle. The pointed apex at the gable end.
Flue. An old term for a thatch gable (found in South Suffolk).
Strike. A hand held device used to level the top of a bushel measure and thus remove any surplus. Also used to describe a full bushel regulated in this way
Stack thatching. The technique used to thatch corn and straw stacks, particularly the former.
Stack pegs. Thin coppice poles about 3ft long pointed at the bottom.and notched near the top. They are pushed into the stack and the notches are used to secure and carry strings across the thatch surface as additional protection against strong winds.
Stack spars. Over length brawtches (qv) used instead of stack pegs.
Derby Needle. A curved steel device used for stitching thatch to the stack when it is in the form of made up straw matting.
Thatcher's Spear. For use when the stack is being thatched, this is a shaft some 3-4ft long fitted with a long and tapering iron point. It is thrust into the stack to secure yelms awaiting use by either impaling them or acting as a stop.
Thatching
Thatcher's chrom. Long handled fork with three long tines bent through 90 degrees like a muck fork and used for pulling loose straw off the top of the straw stack.
Shaking fork. Scaled down pitchfork used for shaking out straw and making the straw bed.
Thatcher's Toad or simply Toad. The young helper or apprentice, the name probably deriving from his scattering water over the loose straw and splashing around in the middle of the wet material. He also took ready material up the ladder to the masterman.
Masterman or Master Man. By tradition the term described an independent tradesman who might also have an apprentice. The pressure of community opinion usually expected him to be skilled and experienced and certainly concealed basecoats of antiquity are seldom less than competent and sometimes superb. The term Master Thatcher, however, has no legal basis and there is no restriction on its use by individuals.
Bed. A formation of overlaid damp straw made by progressively shaking out material into an orderly heap and gradually working backwards, the first laid being the front edge from which the straw is then drawn. Length, width and height are optional but a bed can contain half a ton of straw if desired.
Drawing straw. The act of pulling paired handfuls of straw from along the front of the bed and laying them in an overlapping line in readiness for making yelms.
Yelm or Yealm. Noun and verb. A compacted unit of straw, the thatch equivalent of a tile. Derivation Anglo Saxon gelm. See also Gavel.
Gavel. Noun and verb. A bundle of straw prepared for thatching. Derivation Old French gavel. The term in Essex believed to be gabble or gabbel.
Yoke. A device for storing yelms as they are made and then conveying them securely up the ladder to the work site. Consists of two short poles hinged together at one end or a natural Y shape piece of coppice wood, both fitted with a cord at the open end for securing the load. Known elsewhere as a Thatcher's Hod.
Cradle. A device for restraining and holding a number of unused yelms on the roof.
Needles. Forged irons of no particular pattern but about 2ft long and pointed so as to thrust into the thatch and control material. Some are graduated to indicate the length of hook (qv) required.
Long needle. Between 3-4ft long and is used where multiple coats of thatch are present. It probably derives from use in hay trussing on the farm.
Stitcher. Any needle which has its pointed end expanded to receive a hole through which cord can be threaded and thence conveyed through the thatch.
Sewing needle. Giant iron version of a domestic needle about 10ins long and employed in the now rare technique of sewing thatch to the underlying batten.
Spud. The traditional thatcher's mallet but now rare.
Tarcord. Cord treated with a mixture of Stockholm Tar and White Spirit.
Thatcher's knot. The truss knot used in hay trussing.
Brawtch. Riven hazel between 24-30ins long pointed at each end with three strikes and twisted in the middle to form a staple. Driven into the thatch it is the common thatch fixing, Also known as brotch or broach. Thought to derive from Old French brocher. Brawtches are sometimes made from willow where hazel is not available. See also Spar.
Springles. To some Sprinkles. The name for a brawtch in South Suffolk.
Spar. Another name for brawtch. There were apparently instances of its use in East Anglia but the name is more commonly associated with areas to the West.
Bottle. A modified yelm used in establishing the thickness and overhang of new eaves and gables.
Brow. The course thatched to complete the eave and begin the roof pitch.
Wadd. Section of folded yelm used to bring up a level where internal space is tight.
Stulch. To some stetch. A vertical strip of new topcoat thatch. Taken from the term for stetch or strip ploughing before the reversible plough came in.
Course. A horizontal level of thatch like a course of tiles.
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Which TV family lived at 518 Crestview Drive Beverley Hills | Television Addresses Quiz - By TubeChat
518 Crestview Dr. Beverly Hills, CA
The Beverly Hillbillies
9764 Jeopardy LN. Chicago, IL
Married, With Children
704 Hauser St. Queens NY
All in the Family
119 N. Weatherly St. Minneapolis, MN
Mary Tyler Moore Show
698 Sycamore Rd. San Pueblo, CA
The Partridge Family
138 Bonnie Meadow Rd. New Rochelle, NY
The Dick Van Dyke Show
730 Hampton St. Apt. A Milwaukee, WI
Laverne & Shirley
9114 S. Central Los Angeles, CA
Sanford and Son
565 N. Clinton Dr. Milwaukee, WI
Happy Days
4222 Clinton Wy. Los Angeles, CA
The Brady Bunch
322 Maple Rd. Mayberry, NC
The Andy Griffith Show
623 E. 68th St New York, NY
I Love Lucy
320 Rainey St. Arlen, TX
King of the Hill
320 Fowler St. Lynbrook, NY
Everybody Loves Raymond
1020 Palm Dr. Cocoa Beach, FL
I Dream of Jeannie
1882 Gerard St. San Francisco, CA
Full House
Southfork Ranch, Braddock County, TX
Dallas
6th Ave. Apt. 12-D Manhattan, NY
The Jeffersons
15 Robin Hood LN. Huntington, NY
Growing Pains
714 Delaware St. Lanford, IL
Roseanne
697 Park Ave. New York, NY
Diff'rent Strokes
129 W. 81st ST. Apt. 5A New York, NY
Seinfeld
Apt. 201 Roper Apt. House, Santa Monica, CA
Three's Company
945 Grove St. Apt. 20 New York, NY
Friends
000 Cemetery Ln. Cemetery Ridge
The Addams Family
173 Essex Dr. Denver, CO
Dynasty
21208 E. Bonanza Cir. South Park, CO.
South Park
Old Mill Road Hazzard County, GA
The Dukes of Hazzard
31 Spooner St. Quahog, RI
Family Guy
263 Pinehurst St. Chicago, IL
Family Matters
933 Hillcrest Dr. Beverly Hills, CA
Beverly Hills 90210
Venus 1234, Sky Pad Apartments, Orbit City
The Jetsons
| The Beverly Hillbillies |
Who wrote One Foot In The Grave | Close look at the Lone Ranger rock.
Click on the photos above to see larger versions of the images
If the scenery in some of those old TV Westerns such as "THE RIFLEMAN" and "HAVE GUN WILL TRAVEL" looks alike to you, that may be because many of them were shot in the same place: a mock western town inside the Paramount Ranch (at 1813 Cornell Road, Agoura). It's now a part of the Malibu Creek State Park, and is open to the public. Recently, they filmed the TV series "DR. QUINN, MEDICINE WOMAN" at the ranch.
Other western TV series, such as some episodes of "THE LONE RANGER" and "HOPALONG CASSIDY," (as well as the 1995 movie "WILD BILL") were filmed at Melody Ranch Motion Picture Studio, at 24715 Oak Creek Avenue, in Newhall, CA (out near Magic Mountain.)
You can visit the ranch each March during the annual Cowboy Poetry and Music Festival.
Remember Ozzie & Harriet and Ricky Nelson? Well, in their old TV sitcom, the Nelsons lived at the fictitious address of the 822 Sycamore Road.
But in reality, you can find that house from "THE ADVENTURES OF OZZIE & HARRIET SHOW" at 1822 Camino Palmero Drive, in Hollywood. It was the Nelson's family's actual home. That short, hilly street is located above Hollywood Boulevard, half a mile east of Grauman's Chinese Theatre.
Jed & Granny Clampett were supposed to live at the fictional address of 518 Crestview Drive in Beverly Hills. But in fact, the huge mansion that you saw each week on TV's original "THE BEVERLY HILLBILLIES" is located at 750 Bel Air Road, in nearby Bel Air.
Alas, the current owner has drastically remodeled the estate, so you won't recognize the old place. The mansion was originally built in 1935 by millionaire Lynn Atkinson, but his wife thought it was too ostentatious, and refused to live there!
If you're old enough (or if you're just a fan of classic reruns), you may remember the TV series "77 SUNSET STRIP," and its neighbor, "Dino's Lodge." Well, Dino's Lodge is gone, but the real address of the old Lodge was 8524 Sunset Boulevard - right on the Strip . It is now home to the Tiffany Theatre.
"She took her daddy's car,
and she cruised to the hamburger stand, now.
Seems she forgot all about the library,
like she told her Old Man, now.
And with the radio blasting,
she goes cruising just as fast as she can, now.
And she'll have fun, fun, fun,
'till her daddy takes the T-Bird away!" *
(*© Capitol Records, Inc.)
Remember those lyrics to the Beach Boys' song, "FUN FUN FUN" ? Well, the Beach Boys grew up in Hawthorne, CA., and the "hamburger stand" mentioned in that song was actually a Foster's Freeze (which they nicknamed "Frostie's"). It seems that Brian Wilson spotted a friend driving by in her daddy's T-Bird... This Foster's Freeze is located at 11969 Hawthorne Blvd. (just north of 120th Street), in Hawthorne. It's on the west side of that street, just across from the Hawthorne Plaza Mall. It's still open for business. *
While in the Hawthorne area, you can also see a Beach Boys monument that was erected nearby, on the former site of the Wilson's family home, where the Beach Boys wrote and recorded many of their hit songs.
* Locations marked by an asterisk (*) may be located in areas with high crime rates.
Exercise reasonable caution.
For information about watching TV sitcoms being taped live in the studio, see the separate page about getting tickets to live TV tapings .
Looking for something in particular? Search the Seeing-Stars website!
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Who was the American equivalent to Alf Garnett | Obituary:Carroll O'Connor | News | The Guardian
Carroll O'Connor
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A few years ago, I gave a couple of lectures on the QEII, sailing from New York to Southampton. In the dining room, I was at a table with the Supremes and a quietly spoken, middle-aged American couple. I was surprised when many of the American passengers, almost ignoring the three female singers, came up to the shy, thick-set man, and greeted him as "Archie".
It turned out that my table companion was one of the most famous actors in America. Carroll O'Connor, who has died of a heart attack aged 76, played Archie Bunker in the long-running TV series, All In The Family, from 1971 to 1979, and was then in Archie's Bunker, from 1979 to 1983.
The show, which had an average of 50m viewers a week, was adapted from Till Death Do Us Part, and Bunker was as loud-mouthed, reactionary and misogynistic as his British equivalent, Alf Garnett. Tame as it was by today's American TV standard, the series was a breakthrough after decades of bland sitcoms featuring wise and loveable parents, and it made O'Connor a household name.
During our voyage, I also discovered that O' Connor, who was with Nancy, his wife since 1951, was nothing like his alter ego, being introverted, intellectual and liberal. "I never heard Archie's kind of talk in my own family," he said. "My father was in partnership with two Jews, and there were black families in our circle of friends."
Despite having a lawyer father and a schoolteacher mother, O' Connor was an extremely bad student, both at high school and college. During the second world war, he became a merchant seaman, sailing the North Atlantic, Caribbean and Mediterranean. In 1946, he returned to his mother's house in the New York suburb of Queens (his father had been jailed for fraud) and began working for an Irish newspaper. With a burning desire to catch up on his education, he went back to college, and later enrolled at University College, Dublin, where he took a BA in Irish history and English literature in 1952.
At the same time, he started acting professionally at the Gate Theatre, Dublin, working under the direction of Michael MacLiammoir and Hilton Edwards. He also appeared in productions at the Edinburgh festival and around Ireland. Unable to find work on his return to New York in 1954, he taught for four years, before getting a part in Burgess Meredith's Ulysses In Nighttown, adapted from the James Joyce novel.
This led to him being offered the part of the ruthless Hollywood boss Stanley Hoff in an off-Broadway production of Clifford Odets's The Big Knife, and it was not long before O'Connor was making a reputation as a reliable supporting actor in several overblown movies of the 1960s. He played mostly authoritarian figures, such as army officers, in Otto Preminger's In Harm's Way (1965), What Did You Do In The War, Daddy? (1966), Not With My Wife, You Don't! (1966), The Devil's Brigade (1968) and Kelly's Heroes (1970) - and might have continued in the same vein had it not been for the offer by producer-writer Norman Lear to star in All In The Family.
Despite many of the character's despicable views, O' Connor managed to make Archie a complex, sometimes even likeable, human being. "I have a great deal of sympathy for him," he once said in an interview. "As James Baldwin wrote, 'The white man here is trapped by his own history, a history that he himself cannot comprehend, and therefore what can I do but love him?'"
Archie, a blue-collar worker in a dead-end job, called his long-suffering wife (Jean Stapleton) "a dingbat," his son- in-law (Rob Reiner) "a pinko Polack," and his daughter (Sally Struthers) "a weepin' nellie atheist." He thought the Democratic party was a front for communism, and that women and blacks were getting too uppity. He was also a prude.
After Archie, O' Connor returned to the stage, but Broth ers (1983), which he directed and played in as a tough union leader dominating his four sons, closed after only one performance on Broadway. A year later, Home Front, a play about a family terrorised by their distressed Vietnam vet son, ran for 13 performances. O' Connor only found success again in 1988 with In The Heat Of The Night, a TV series based on the 1968 film, in which he played the redneck police chief originally portrayed by Rod Steiger.
One of the supporting parts was played by O' Connor's adopted son, Hugh, who shot himself in March 1995 after battling against alcohol and drug addiction. This episode explained the O' Connors' rather melancholy air when I met them on a trip to Europe in the same year.
It also explained why Carroll had given up show business to devote himself to an anti-drugs crusade. I learned later that he had faced a writ for slander from a man he had accused of providing cocaine to Hugh - and of thus being "a partner in murder." The case was thrown out by a California jury in 1997, and the drug supplier was jailed for a year.
O' Connor, who made a final screen appearance last year, as Minnie Driver's grandfather in the mawkish melodrama Return to Me, is survived by his wife and grandson.
Carroll O' Connor, actor, born August 2 1924; died July 21 2001.
| Archie Bunker |
Which group had a top ten hit in 1972 with All The Young Dudes | 6 American Sitcoms Based on British Originals | Anglophenia | BBC America
6 American Sitcoms Based on British Originals
Steptoe and Son (Pic: BBC)
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By Fraser McAlpine | 2 years ago
Steptoe and Son (Pic: BBC)
Back in November, the Anglophenia video channel pulled together a comprehensive list of all of the American TV shows that were given a dusting down and a glittering up for an American audience. Some were huge hit shows on both sides of the Atlantic, but featured a cast list that would’ve been unrecognizable to fans from either country.
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And it’s a process that is still ongoing. Gracepoint was the U.S. re-swizzling of Broadchurch, and there’s a new NBC version of The I.T. Crowd on the way, one that will apparently learn from the mistakes of the last American attempt to recreate Graham Linehan’s nerdy comedy (the biggest of which was to recreate it far too faithfully). This time, they will try and make a more uniquely American proposition, developing its own character and sense of itself, with help from Graham himself .
So, here are a handful (and an extra finger) of examples of the kind of fully reimagined American sitcoms based on British originals, of a sort that the producers of The I.T. Crowd would do well to try and emulate:
Sanford and Son (based on Steptoe and Son)
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British sitcoms always seem to be a little more grotty than their American counterparts, whether that’s in the grubbiness of the scenery or willingness of the cast to drop picked onions in their own bathtub or even bathe in the sink. The key line from Steptoe and Son is Harold Steptoe’s outraged “you dirty old man” to his grubby (in every sense of the word) father. But they both appear to live in a rubbish dump and struggle to keep clean.
Meanwhile, Fred Sanford, while no further up the social ladder than the Steptoes, is more of a schemer, and runs a junk store, and is a bigot in the Archie Bunker/Alf Garnett vein. While he is still an old man who has trapped his son in the family business using guilt as his principal weapon, he is physically far less frail than the elder Steptoe, despite often pretending to have a heart attack in order to get his own way. In any case, fathers and sons that can’t live together or apart; that’s the secret of comedy.
All in the Family (based on Till Death Us Do Part)
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Till Death Us Do Part and its sequel In Sickness & In Health are hard to talk about in the modern era even with the advent of sweary anti-heroes like The Thick of It‘s Malcolm Tucker. Ostensibly a satire of working class bigotry, the attitudes and ideas expressed by Alf Garnett—as played with spittle-flecked glee by Warren Mitchell—are simply too strong, too inflammatory (and riddled with words that are far too offensive) for modern TV sensibilities. That doesn’t mean either show was or is racist, sexist or homophobic themselves, but Alf certainly was. And so was his American counterpart Archie Bunker.
Three’s Company (based on Man About The House)
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Man About The House has to be the most fertile comedic idea in TV history, and it’s just the story of a man lodging with two attractive girls. I know, right? It’s crazy!? From this relatively unpromising start came a hit British comedy, a hit American comedy, a spin-off hit British comedy called Robin’s Nest, which also had a U.S. equivalent, Three’s A Crowd. And then a second U.K. spin-off, focusing on the original series’s nosy neighbors George and Mildred, which, in turn became The Ropers.
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Can you imagine how many shows they’d have got out of TWO guys living with two girls?
(*series of incredulous faces to milk studio audience laughter*).
The Office (originally The Office)
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So there’s this documentary crew making a TV show in an ordinary office, right, and their presence seems to be bringing out the worst in some of the people that work there, not least from the company’s general manager, who suddenly seems to believe this is his shot at stardom. There’s an extra layer of self-awareness that comes from the knowledge that Ricky Gervais actually did get his shot at stardom from playing David Brent, so he’s mocking Brent’s delusion that he is a comedian/musician while indulging in that very fantasy himself. The American version may lose a little of that small-town desperation, but otherwise the tone is eerily universal, and has become a part of the grammar of TV comedy, most notably in shows like Parks and Recreation or Modern Family.
Veep (based on The Thick of It)
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Veep takes the mockumentary tone of The Office and puts it in a place that no cameras would ever normally be found. So we see just how easily the best intentions of people in high office can be thwarted by minor idiocies in front of a voracious media, sharp-eyed enemies and big-elbowed competitors. The same is true of Armando Iannucci’s British equivalent The Thick of It, in which this comic conceit was first tested to it’s scenery-rattling limits, not least by Peter Capaldi as the laceratingly ruthless Malcolm Tucker.
Getting On (based on Getting On)
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Speaking of Peter Capaldi, he also directed several episodes of this BAFTA-winning medical comedy, and made the odd appearance in front of the camera. Set in a hospital, Getting On is about the problems of doing a worthwhile job while entirely distracted by the things that have been supposedly put in place to help organizations become more efficient. Nurses Kim (Jo Brand) and Den (Joanna Scanlon) are experienced in their jobs, but hampered by a climate of excessive beaurocracy, paranoia and lots of paperwork. What they’re good at is dealing with the people in their care, although that’s often hampered by the officious Dr. Pippa (Vicki Pepperdine), who can’t seem to explain what is wrong with her patients without upsetting them. HBO remade the series with Alex Borstein, Niecy Nash, and Laurie Metcalf in the lead roles.
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The didgeridoo comes from which country | What is a Didgeridoo and where do they come from?
The Didgeridoo
The didgeridoo is believed to be the worlds oldest wind instrument, dating back thousands of years. It originates as a musical instrument of the North Australian Aborigine.
The didgeridoo is traditionally played accompanied with clap sticks and/or the clapping together of boomerangs in Corroborees (ceremonial dances). Players can also tap out rhythms on the side of the didgeridoo using fingers or sticks.
A didgeridoo is traditionally made from one of many species of Eucalyptus branches or saplings. Species of Eucalyptus number in the hundreds but only about a dozen species are used for didgeridoo making. The Eucalyptus is naturally hollowed out by termites whose nests abound in the millions in Australia. It takes at least a year for the termites to hollow a tree out. Harvesting has to be timed so that the wall thickness of the instrument is not too thin or not too thick. It has to be "just right". Making for the perfect instrument!
The varying length of the wood that is sawed off and its thickness and shape will determine which key the instrument will be in. Shorter lengths yield higher pitches where as longer lengths yield lower pitches. Didgeridoos generally range in keys from a high "G" to a low "A". A common "C" didgeridoo will be two steps below middle "C" of a piano. The key of C is one of the easiest keys to learn how to play on the didgeridoo. To hear the different keys click here .
Bark is usually stripped from the outside and the termites removed. A rim of beeswax can then be applied to reduce the diameter of a large opening down to more playable sized aperture. About an inch and a quarter, similar to a tuba sized mouthpiece. Wax also creates a good airtight seal for the mouth and makes it more comfortable to play. The instrument can then be decorated with ochre paintings that symbolize a tribes food and/or totems.
A Story On How The Didgeridoo Came To Be...
Three men were camped out on a cold night in the outback. One of the men told another to put a log on the fire, because the fire was getting low and it was very cold. So, the other man turned and grabbed a log, which was awfully light to the touch, for it was hollow. As he went to drop it into the fire, he noticed the entire length was covered with termites. He did not know what to do, for he could not throw the branch into the fire, because it would kill the termites, and his friends were telling him to do so because it was so cold. So, he carefully removed all the termites from the outside of the log by scooping them into his hand, and he deposited them inside the hollow branch. Then he raised the branch to his lips and blew the termites into the air. The termites blown into the air became the stars, and the first didgeridoo was created.
| Australia |
Which group were once known as the Chillingford Chokers | Didgeridoo Players You Should Know (Top Ten) - Didge Project
Didge Project
Didgeridoo Players You Should Know (Top Ten)
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This is the first article in a 2-part series on The Didgeridoo Players You Should Know. Click here for Part II.
This list of didgeridoo players is by no means complete but it is an overview of those who have most influenced me and the Didge Project community. Every person on this list has done a great deal to spread the awareness of the didgeridoo and Didge Project would not be what it is without their contributions.
Without further ado we present Didgeridoo Players You Should Know:
1. Djalu Gurruwiwi
Custodian of the yirdaki (didgeridoo) amongst the Yolngu people of Northern Australia, Djalu Gurruwiwi is perhaps the best known elder of the didgeridoo world. Djalu and his family are greatly responsible for bridging aboriginal culture with the western world. As didgeridoo maker for the first internationally touring aboriginal band, Yothu-Yindi, interest in Djalu’s instruments grew. With the rise of internet communications, it became well known amongst didgeridoo players that a Djalu-made instrument is one of the finest instruments you can get.
“The Dreamtime” documentary features footage from Garma Festival which includes Djalu leading a group into the outback to harvest didgeridoos from trees, crafting the instruments and learning to play in the traditional style:
Check out a more complete biography of Djalu and Djalu’s official website
2. Ondrej Smeykal
A one-man didgeridoo orchestra is perhaps the best way of describing the extraordinary music of Ondrej Smeykal. His highly original style of playing is the result of a life completely devoted to his instrument. For well over two decades and with ever increasing intensity, Ondrej has been developing and redefining his own unique approach to the didgeridoo. Each composition, or song, as he refers to it, is very different in style, ranging from break-beat and organic Didgeridoo techno, to trance, ambient and anything in between.
In the last years Ondrej has shared and taught his contemporary Didgeridoo style and philosophy at festivals all around the world. His tours have brought him regularly out of his homeland of Prague in the Czech Republic to Japan, Australia, Canada, USA, UK, France, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary and Ukraine. Ondrej is known to experiment with materials to make didgeridoos with. He has been noted for his use of glass and metal instruments and has developed a series of crystal didgeridoos, which he created together with traditional Czech glass masters.
This is one of my favorite didge videos ever:
3. Ganga Giri
Australian born Ganga Giri followed a childhood dream of being one of the top didgeridoo players and now tours the world performing as the leader of his own band. Ganga creates a modern sound by mixing indigenous Australian music with funky rhythms and dance beats. Deeply inspired by the sacredness of Australia’s land and how that feeling can be expressed through the didgeridoo, he has become an ambassador for his country, offering a reflection of contemporary multicultural Australia to a world-wide audience.
Visit Ganga Giri’s Official Website
4. David Hudson
David Hudson’s life reflects his love and belief in Aboriginal culture and he is widely known as the Cultural Journeyman of Australia. David comes from the Ewamin (oo-rah-min)/Western Yalangi (people of the north east coast of Australia) and has made a career as a didgeridoo player and performing artist. David has traveled extensively throughout Australia and the World, including Europe, Asia, Oceania and the USA as both a solo artist and with world renowned dance troupe, “Tjapukai”, which he co-founded with Greek composer Yanni. He promotes awareness of Aboriginal culture and tradition wherever he travels. This video shows David Hudson in many of his public appearances over a long career in the arts:
5. Mark Atkins
Mark Atkins is an Australian Aboriginal musician known for his skill on the didgeridoo and is also a storyteller, songwriter, composer and painter. He descends from the Yamatji people of Western Australia. He has worked with Robert Plant and Jimmy Page of Led Zeppelin, Hothouse Flowers, Philip Glass, and the London Philharmonic Orchestra, among others. In 2001 he collaborated with Wurundjeri elder Joy Murphy Wandin and composer Philip Glass in the concert work Voices, performed at the Melbourne Town Hall and New York’s Lincoln Center. The composition was commissioned by the City of Melbourne to relaunch the Melbourne Town Hall Organ. This video exemplifies Mark’s storytelling, composition and didgeridoo talents:
6. Xavier Rudd
One of Australia’s most prolific touring artists, Xavier Rudd has built a worldwide following by combining the didgeridoo with his expert guitar and percussion work in a full band setting. Equally talented as a singer and songwriter, Xavier has a number of popular songs in Australia and Canada and he is actively building a catalog of recordings, music videos and festival appearances. Check out his one-man-band action in this spectacular performance (around the 3 minute mark):
Visit Xavier Rudd’s Official Website
7. William Thoren
A man of many talents, William Thoren is a didgeridoo performer and craftsman best known for inventing the Multi Drone didgeridoo and pioneering it’s playing technique. This new breed of didgeridoo makes it possible to play an expanded dynamic range and opens up a new world of possibility for didgeridoo players to collaborate with western instruments. William runs wetdidgeridoo.com which includes instructional videos and information about the Multi Drone technique and other advanced contemporary didgeridoo techniques. He tours extensively teaching workshops on didgeridoo and performing both as a solo artist and with the band Gorangutang. William is also a prolific photographer and traveled extensively to develop his “Didgeridoo World” photo gallery at http://www.williamthoren.com/ .
This video explains the Multi Drone technique and shows the instrument in action
Visit William Thoren’s Official Site
8. Shibaten
A self-proclaimed busker who has a prolific video catalog of performances around the world, Japan’s Shibaten has redefined what it means to be a traveling minstrel. Shibaten has been seen playing djembe, guitar, gongs, bells and many other world instruments simultaneously with the didgeridoo, during his live performances. His music ranges from deep meditative sound baths to high-energy get-the-crowd-dancing music. Watch and see what he’s like when he really gets going:
Visit Shibaten’s Official Website
9. Zalem Delarbre
French artist Zalem is one of my favorite didgeridoo players because he is equally talented at playing fast complex rhythms, beat-boxing and playing other unique styles. Zalem began to play the didgeridoo in 2001 and first started with a wobble-based style of playing and progressively developed his own style with his rock and electro-rock influences. He has been a part of many successful collaborations including the band JMPZ (rock/electro/tribal), Wadhom (hang drum, violin and dance), Tribal Dance (acoustic trance from Israel), Vibration Visuelle (a duet with Bertox, magician/juggler), Zalyshar (duet with Yshar, tribal fusion dancer) and Milanga, an electro-ethnic band with sitar, heavy beats, singing and dance. In 2010 Zalem released his first solo didgeridoo album entirely acoustic. His constant research for didgeridoo possibilities led him to a new style which he calls “Didgstep”. This video exemplifies Zalem’s many talents:
Visit Zalem’s Official Website
10. Stephen Kent
Didgeridoo veteran Stephen Kent has lived all over the world and became a didgeridoo player when living in Australia and scoring music for Circus Oz. He has since relocated to San Francisco, CA and is very active as a recording artist and performer with over twenty two album credits to his name. Stephen is a member of international touring group Baraka Moon , a mix of Sufi chant, trance grooves, didge and drums.
Visit Stephen Kent’s Official Website
Honorable Mentions
I hope to write more on the many talented didge players who are out there. Until then, here are some more great players worth checking out:
http://www.didgeproject.com
AJ Block is the director of Didge Project and is active as a didgeridoo teacher and performer. In addition to didgeridoo, AJ has spent years studying music traditions from all over the world including jazz (trombone and piano), western classical music, Indian Classical Music, guitar and world percussion. AJ has developed a number of programs for Didge Project including The ABCs of Didgeridoo, The Didgeridoo Skills Course, and Circular Breathing Mastery. As a performer AJ is the leader of the Didge Project Music Collective and a member of Dream Seed: A Shamanic Sound Journey . AJ is a founding member of Sacred Arts Research Foundation , a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization dedicated to the preservation of sacred art traditions through education, ritual and study. As a student of spiritual teacher Maestro Manuel Rufino AJ is an active member of the Golden Drum community.
| i don't know |
Which British medal now ranks second to the V.C. | British Gallantry Medals of the First World War
Victoria Cross (V.C.)
(Level 1 Gallantry Award)
This is the highest award for gallantry. It is awarded for an act of outstanding courage or devotion to duty in the presence of the enemy. All ranks were, and still are, eligible when serving with the British and Commonwealth armed forces.
The Royal Warrant for the award of the Victoria Cross has essentially remained the same since the inception of the medal to the present day. It was, and still is, awarded “for most conspicuous bravery, or some daring or pre-eminent act of valour or self-sacrifice, or extreme devotion to duty in the presence of the enemy.” (1)
The Victoria Cross can also be awarded to civilians if they were under military command at the time of the act of bravery.
The George Cross (G.C.) is an equivalent award but is made to an individual, military or civilian, who has carried out an act of special courage when not in the face of the enemy.
Origin of the Victoria Cross
The Victoria Cross was instituted on 29th January 1856.
At the time of the Crimean War (1853-1856) the British military - which consisted of the Royal Navy and the Army - did not have a gallantry medal open to all ranks. The idea was put forward to the British House of Commons by a Member of Parliament and ex-Royal Navy man, Captain T Scobell. It was also suggested as an idea by the then Secretary of State, the Duke of Newcastle.
His successor, Lord Panmure, carried on with the correspondence about the new gallantry medal already established with Prince Albert. Queen Victoria was very interested in the medal, especially as it was to be named after her. She preferred the name of “Victoria Cross” to the suggested title of “The Military Order of Victoria”. Victoria involved herself by making suggestions about the design and the metal it could be made of. She was the person who suggested that the design should bear the words “For Valour” instead of the suggested words “For the Brave”. The word “valour” extended a special significance to an act of extra special bravery and courage, which might be considered to be more than an act of “bravery”.
Queen Victoria did not like the original copper cross which was submitted for approval. A suggestion was made to create the medal from the cascabels (the knob and the neck of a breech-loading cannon) of two Russian cannons captured in the Crimea. As has been examined in a recent study(2), the two 18 pounder cannons which were provided for creating the Victoria Cross medals were Chinese in origin, not Russian. One theory is that the guns were captured by the Russians from the Chinese and used against the British Army in the battle at Sevastopol. It has also been suggested that the metal used for the Victoria Crosses cast during the First World War did not come from these two original cannons, but from other Chinese guns captured in the Boxer Rebellion (1898-1901).
The Royal Warrant for the Victoria Cross was issued on 29th January 1856. The first investiture ceremony was held a few months later in Hyde Park on 26th June 1856. 62 awards were issued for acts of valour during the Crimean War (1853-1856).
There is approximately 10kg of remaining metal from the two cascabels of the original cannons reputed to have come from Sevastopol. This is stored in a secure vault and can only be taken out of the vault under an armed guard. The same jewellers, Hancocks of London, has been responsible for casting the Victoria Cross medal from the first one to the present day.
The Crimson Medal Ribbon
Until April 1918 the medal ribbon issued with the Victoria Cross medal was red (or crimson) for Army recipients and blue for Navy recipients. When the Royal Air Force was formed on 1st April 1918 it was decided that recipients from all of the three Services should wear the crimson ribbon with the medal.
From 22nd May 1920 King George V stated in a warrant that all recipients would wear the crimson ribbon. Recipients in the Royal Navy who had already received the blue ribbon were also to wear the crimson ribbon from then on.
Awards of the Victoria Cross in WW1
There were 615 Victoria Crosses awarded during the First World War. WW1 awards of the Victoria Cross were:
415 awarded to the British Army
51 to the Navy and Marines
9 to the Royal Flying Corps and Royal Air Force
140 to the Dominion Forces.
Victoria Cross and Bar
Prior to April 1917, if a second award of a Victoria Cross (a Bar) was made to one individual, they were to wear a miniature cross on the ribbon strip to indicate the second award. In an Army Order of April 1917 this was changed so that a miniature cross would be worn on the ribbon strip to indicate the award of the first VC, with another miniature for the second VC award (the Bar). If further awards were issued to that same individual then additional miniature crosses would be worn on the ribbon strip as appropriate. To date there have been no awards of more than two Victoria Crosses to one individual.
In the First World War two Victoria Cross recipients were recommended for a second award (a Bar). They were both officers serving with the R.A.M.C.: Lieutenant A Martin-Leake and Captain N G Chavasse, MC.
Recommendation for a Victoria Cross
A regimental officer will usually make the recommendation and it should be supported by three witnesses. The reigning king or queen will be presented with the recommendation and he or she will sign an approval.
In the event that a group of service personnel in a squadron, detachment or a ship's company should be recommended as equally deserving of a recommendation for the award, a name is drawn by ballot.
Posthumous Awards of the Victoria Cross
Originally the Royal Warrant for the award did not cover the issue of the award posthumously. Although this was not officially changed in the warrant until after the First World War, a quarter of those recipients who were awarded the Victoria Cross during WW1 were killed as they carried out their deed of valour.
Distinguished Service Order (D.S.O.)
(Level 2 Gallantry Award)
The D.S.O. was instituted by Royal Warrant on 6th September 1886.
The D.S.O. was originally instituted as an award for officers of the British Army and Commonwealth Forces, usually at the rank of Major. It was, however, also awarded to officers at a rank above or below Major. The D.S.O. could be awarded for an act of meritorious or distinguished service in wartime and usually when under fire or in the presence of the enemy. It was also made available for officers at the equivalent rank in the Royal Navy and, from 1st April 1918, the Royal Air Force.
Between 1914 and 1916 the D.S.O. was also awarded to some Staff officers when they were not under fire or in contact with the enemy. This was not well received at the time by officers who were in the field.
From 1st January 1917 it was restricted to recommendations for individuals who were in the presence of the enemy. The award was generally given to an officer in command, but some were awarded to junior officers below the rank of Captain.
Almost 9,000 D.S.O.s were awarded during the First World War. On 23rd August 1916 a Warrant enabled a recipient to be awarded a Bar for an additional award of the D.S.O.
The medal was issued without the name of the recipient being engraved on it, but some medals do bear the name of a recipient engraved on the reverse of the suspension bar. The recipient of a D.S.O. is known as a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order and is entitled to use the letters D.S.O. after his name.
Distinguished Service Cross (D.S.C.)
(Level 3 Gallantry Award)
Instituted 15th June 1901 as the Conspicuous Service Cross and renamed in October 1914 the Distinguished Service Cross.
The D.S.C. was awarded to naval officers below the rank of Lieutenant Commander for gallantry at sea in the presence of the enemy. Almost 2,000 D.S.C.s were awarded during the First World War.
A bar is awarded for subsequent acts of gallantry. The recipient is entitled to use D.S.C. after their name.
Military Cross (M.C.)
(Level 3 Gallantry Award)
Instituted by Royal Warrant on 28th December 1914.
The Military Cross was a decoration for gallantry during active operations in the presence of the enemy. individuals in the British Army, the Indian Army or the Colonial Forces. Commissioned officers with the rank of Captain or below or Warrant Officer were eligible for the award. From June 1917 officers of the rank of captain but who had a temporary rank of major could receive the award.
The reverse of the medal was issued plain with no engraving. Some families and individuals engraved their details at their own expense.
From August 1916 an individual could receive one or more Bars to the Military Cross. Recipients of the medal are entitled to use the letters M.C. after their name.
The Military Cross (M.C.) is the British Army equivalent of the Distinguished Service Cross (D.S.C.) and Distinguished Flying Cross (D.F.C.).
The Military Cross photographed here(3) was awarded to Lieutenant Ewart Alan Mackintosh of the 5th Battalion Seaforth Highlanders (51st Highland Division). Lieutenant Mackintosh, MC was the author of the poem ‘In Memoriam’ featured on this website at:
(Level 3 Gallantry Award)
Instituted on 3rd June 1918.
Awarded to officers and warrant officers of the Royal Air Force for an act or acts of valour, courage or devotion to duty while flying on active operations against the enemy.
A bar is added to the medal ribbon for subsequent acts of valour, for which a subsequent D.F.C. would be awarded. Recipients of the medal are entitled to use the letters D.F.C. after their name. The medal was issued with no inscription of the recipient's name.
During the First World War there were about 1,100 D.F.C. awards.
It is equivalent to the Distinguished Service Cross (D.S.C) for acts of valour at sea and the Military Cross (M.C.) for acts of valour on land.
This silver medal was designed by the medallist E Carter Preston. He was the winner of the design for the Next of Kin Memorial Plaque.
Air Force Cross (A.F.C.)
Instituted on 3rd June 1918.
The award was given to personnel of the British Armed Forces and other Commonwealth Forces for an act or acts of valour, courage or devotion to duty whilst flying though not in active operations against the enemy. Until after the Second World War Air Force Officers and Warrant Officers were eligible for the award. After the Second World War aviation officers in the Army and Navy were also eligible for the award. From 1993 all ranks were eligible for this award.
The medal was designed by the medallist E Carter Preston. He was the winner of the design for the Next of Kin Memorial Plaque.
Recipients were entitled to use the letters A.F.C. after their name.
Distinguished Conduct Medal (D.C.M.)
(Level 2 Gallantry Award)
Instituted on 4th December 1854.
The D.C.M. was the first official medal award to recognise an act of gallantry in the field by a member of the armed forces who was below the rank of officer. It was the other ranks' equivalent of the Distinguished Service Order.
The D.C.M. was awarded for gallantry in the field in the face of the enemy. Other ranks in the British Army and also non-commissioned ranks in Commonwealth Forces were eligible for this award.
The reverse of the medal bears the inscription “For Distinguished Conduct in the Field”. A bar carrying the date of a subsequent deed could be added to the ribbon until 1916 when the bar was changed to a laurel wreath. A recipient of the award is entitled to used the letters D.C.M. after their name.
The D.C.M. was discontinued as an award by the British Armed Forces in 1993, when the three awards of the D.S.O, the D.C.M. and the C.G.M. were replaced by the Conspicuous Gallantry Cross. The Conspicuous Gallantry Cross is now the second level gallantry award for all ranks of the British Armed Forces.
Conspicuous Gallantry Medal (C.G.M.)
(Level 2 Gallantry Award)
First instituted as a Royal Navy medal in 1855 and then fully instituted on 7th July 1874.
The Conspicuous Gallantry Medal (C.G.M.) was awarded to other ranks for an act of gallantry against the enemy at sea or in the air.
The reverse of the medal bears the inscription “For Conspicuous Gallantry”. An additional award for a subsequent deed would entitle the wearer to a silver laurelled bar. A recipient of the award is entitled to used the letters C.G.M. after their name.
The C.G.M. is equivalent to the British Army's Distinguished Conduct Medal (D.C.M.).
Distinguished Service Medal (D.S.M.)
(Level 3 Gallantry Award)
The D.S.M. was established on 14th October 1914.
It was an award for bravery whilst on active service at sea and was for other ranks' Royal Navy personnel, members of the other Services and other Commonwealth countries who held rank up to and including Chief Petty Officer.
On the reverse there was an inscription “For Distinguished Service”. Bars were awarded for subsequent actions and the date of the action during the First World War was given on the reverse of the bar. Recipients of the medal are entitled to use the letters D.S.M. after their name.
The Distinguished Service Medal (D.S.M.) is equivalent to the Military Medal (M.M.), the Distinguished Flying Medal (D.F.M.) and the Air Force Medal (A.F.M.).
Military Medal (M.M.)
(Level 3 Gallantry Award)
Instituted on 25th March 1916 (and backdated to 1914).
The Military Medal was awarded to other ranks of the British Army and Commonwealth Forces. It was an award for gallantry and devotion to duty when under fire in battle on land.
On the reverse of the medal is inscribed “For Bravery in the Field”. Recipients of the medal are entitled to use the letters M.M. after their name.
The Military Medal is the British Army equivalent of the Distinguished Service Medal (D.S.M.), the Distinguished Flying Medal (D.F.M.) and the Air Force Medal (A.F.M.).
Distinguished Flying Medal (D.F.M.)
Instituted on 3rd June 1918.
Awarded to other ranks of the Royal Air Force for an act or acts of valour, courage or devotion to duty while flying on active operations against the enemy. Later it was available to the equivalent ranks in the Army and Royal Navy for acts of valour in the air.
Recipients of the medal are entitled to use the letters D.F.M. after their name. A subsequent award receives a silver bar with an eagle in the centre of it.
It is equivalent to the Distinguished Service Medal (D.S.M.) for acts of valour at sea, the Military Medal (M.M.) for acts of valour on land and the Air Force Medal (A.F.M.).
The medal was designed by the medallist E Carter Preston.
Air Force Medal (A.F.M.)
Instituted on 3rd June 1918.
The award was given to personnel of the British Armed Forces and other Commonwealth Forces for an act or acts of valour, courage or devotion to duty whilst flying though not in active operations against the enemy. Other ranks were eligible for the award.
Recipients were entitled to use the letters A.F.M. after their name.
The Air Force Medal was designed by E Carter Preston. He was the winner of the design for the Next of Kin Memorial Plaque.
Meritorious Service Medal (M.S.M.)
Instituted in 1845 (British Army), in 1849 (the Royal Marines), in 1918 (the Royal Air Force) and in 1919 (the Royal Navy).
The criteria for eligibility was different for each of the above Services and the number of medals issued was also restricted within each of the Services.
Army
Originally the award was for meritorious service by Non-Commissioned Officers. Between 1916 and 1919 a Royal Warrant amended the eligibility of the award so that Non-Commissioned Officers could be awarded the M.S.M. in the field.
Royal Marines
Originally the M.S.M. was awarded for gallantry or distinguished service. Between 1916 and 1919 Non-Commissioned Officers could be awarded the M.S.M. in the field.
Royal Air Force
The M.S.M. was awarded for meritorious service by ground crew.
Royal Navy
The M.S.M was awarded for gallantry not in the face of the enemy and for meritorious service by petty officers and senior naval ratings.
Mentioned in Despatches (M.I.D.)
“Mentioned in Despatches” is not an award of a medal, but as a commendation of an act of gallantry it is included in this listing.
To be “Mentioned in Despatches” is when an individual is mentioned by name and commended for having carried out an noteworthy act of gallantry or service. A Despatch is an official report written by the senior commander of an army in the field. It would give details of the conduct of the military operations being carried out. From the time of the Boer War the Despatches were published in the London Gazette in full or in part. The phrase “Mentioned in Despatches” was used for the first time in a newspaper article by Winston Churchill (Morning Post, 6th October 1898) (4).
An individual could be mentioned in despatches more than once. As with the Victoria Cross, this commendation for an act of gallantry could be made posthumously.
In 1919 Army Order 166/1919 confirmed that individuals “Mentioned in Despatches” would receive a certificate. This included personnel of the British Navy, Army and Air Force, and Indian Dominion, Colonial, Egyptian Forces and members of the Red Cross, Y.M.C.A., Y.W.C.A. and British civilians male and female.
In 1920 Army Order 3/1920 authorized the issue of an emblem to signify that an individual had been “Mentioned in Despatches” between 4th August 1914 and 10th August 1920. A bronze oak leaf was issued and could be worn on the ribbon of the British Victory Medal.
British Victory Medal
M.I.D. Listing
Individuals who are Mentioned in Despatches are listed in The London Gazette. The Gazette can be searched online:
Website: www.london-gazette.co.uk/search
2nd Lieutenant Mackay
The Oak Leaf in the photograph(5) was awarded to 2nd Lieutenant Mackay of the 5th Battalion Seaforth Highlanders (51st Highland Division). He had accompanied Lieutenant E A Mackintosh, MC on a raid into the enemy trenches which had been the inspiration for Mackintosh's poem ‘In Memoriam’.
Inspiration for poem “In Memoriam”
Citation for a Gallantry Award
A citation is a brief report providing details of the deed for which an award for gallantry has been granted to an individual.
A recommendation for a gallantry award was usually given by a commanding officer using Army Form W3121. When the award was granted these details were generally used to create the citation for the award. Unfortunately almost all the recommendation forms W3121 from the First World War were destroyed in enemy bombing in the Second World War.
The award of a gallantry or distinguished service medal and a Mention in Despatches was published in The London Gazette. However, only some of the announcements were printed with their citation. The following gallantry awards were, however, listed with a citation: The Victoria Cross (V.C.), the Distinguished Service Order (D.S.O.), the Military Cross (M.C.) and the Distinguished Conduct Medal (D.C.M.).
For information on where to find records of medals and citations see our page at:
| Conspicuous Gallantry Cross |
In which war was the Victoria Cross first awarded | Medals
Medals
Pre WW1
Queen's South Africa Medal
Awarded to Commonwealth Troops who served in South Africa between October 11th, 1899 and May 31st, 1902.
King's South Africa Medal
Awarded to Commonwealth Troops who participated in the Boer War in South Africa and completed 18 months service before June 1st, 1902
South Africa Pair - Q.S.A + K.S.A
A combination of the Queen's South Africa Medal and the King's South Africa Medal. The Medal Bars displayed on the ribbons of this example are a sample only - and the number of bars will differ for each medal recipient.
Queen's S.A. Medal + WW1 Trio
Combination of the Queen's South Africa Medal + the World War One Trio.
King's S.A. Medal + WW1 Trio
Combination of the King's South Africa Medal + the World War One Trio.
Q.S.A + K.S.A + WW1 Trio
Combination of the Boer War Pair + the World War One Trio.
Q.S.A + World War 1 Pair
Combination of the Q.S.A + the First World War British War Medal and Victory Medal.
Queen's South Africa Medal + World War 1 Victory Medal
Combination of the Q.S.A and the First World War Victory Medal.
China Medal (of 1900) a.k.a 'Boxer Rebellion' Medal
The China Medal, features Queen Victoria and the year 1900 on the reverse side.
New Zealand War Medal 1860-1866 (Service Medal)
Colonial Auxiliary Forces Long Service Medal
Colonial Auxiliary Forces Long Service Medal with Edward VII effigy. Bears the script "For Long Service in the Colonial Auxiliary Forces" on the reverse side.
The Crimea Medal (with Sebastopol Clasp) 1854-1856
Indian Mutiny Medal (Campaign Medal between 1857 - 1858)
The Indian Mutiny Medal was establised in 1858. It was eligible to Officers and enlisted men of British and Indian units who served in operations against the muntineers. This particular example bears the "Lucknow" and "Relief of Lucknow" clasps.
Military General Service Medal 1793-1814
Queens Sudan Medal 1896 - 1898 (Egypt - Sudan)
The medal was issued to troops involved in the British operations into Sudan, in a forced expansion of the Empire expansion to the south from the Egypt protectorate.
WW1
1914 Mons Star
It's correct name being the "1914 Star" it was commonly referred to as the Mons Star. Awarded to those who served in either the British Expeditionaly Force or Indian Expeditionary Force between the 5th August and the 22nd/23rd November, 1914 in France or Belgium.
1914-1915 Star
Awarded to early volunteers of the British Commonwealth who served in any theatre of war between 5th August & 31st December, 1915. Those who qualified for the "Mons Star" did not receive the 1914/15 Star.
British War Medal
Granted to all who served between the 5th August 1914 through to 1920 (service in Russia & in Mine clearing) This medal may have been awarded singly or combined with other WW1 Medals.
Mercantile Marine War Medal
Awarded to members of the Merchant Navy who completed one voyage or more through a war zone or designated danger area. This medal was awarded by the Board of Trade.
First World War Victory Medal
Awarded to those who mobilised in any service and entered a theatre of war between the 5th August 1914 & 11th November 1918. (As well as certain Naval activities to 1920) Issued to those who received the 1914 Star & the 1914/15 Star; as well as most who received the British War Medal. It was never awarded singly.
Territorial Force War Medal
Awarded to Territorial Force members, who had completed four years service before the 30th of September, 1914 - and who served outside of Britain between the outbreak of the Great War and Armistice Day. Those who qualified for the 'Mons' Star or the 1914-1915 Star did not qualify for this award.
Territorial Force Efficiency Medal
WW2
1939-1945 Star
The 1939-45 Star was awarded for operational service between the 3rd September 1939 & the 2nd September 1945. Certain conditions for eligibility applied to the three respective services with regards to time served.
Atlantic Star
Awarded for six months service afloat in the Atlantic or in home waters from the period 3rd September 1939 to 8th May 1945. Certain aircrew were also eligible under certain circumstances - as were Merchant Navy personnel.
Aircrew Europe Star
Awarded to Commonwealth Aircrew who participated in operational flights over Europe - from U.K. bases. Two months operational flying was required between 3rd Sept 1939 and 5th June 1945.
Africa Star
Awarded for a minimum of 1 day service in an operational area of North Africa between the 10th June 1940 and the 12th May 1943. Members of the AIF qualified for the star for service in Syria from the 8th June 1941 and 11th July 1941.
Pacific Star
Awarded for operational service in the Pacific theatre between the 8th December 1941 & 2nd September 1945. Also for specified service in China, Hong Kong, Malaya and Sumatra during certain dates.
Burma Star
Awarded for service in the Burma campaign between the 11th December 1941 & 2nd September 1945. It was also awarded for certain specified service in China, Hong Kong, Malaya and Sumatra between certain dates.
Italy Star
Awarded for operational service on land in Italy, Greece, Yugoslavia, Pantelleria, the Agean area & Dodecanese Islands, and Elba at any time between 11th June 1943 & 8th May 1945. Eligibility requirements varied for Royal Navy, Merchant Navy & Air Force personnel.
France and Germany Star
Awarded for operational service in France, Belgium, Luxembourg, The Netherlands & Germany from 6th June 1944 to 8th May 1945. Qualifying sea areas applied, provided such service was directly in support of land operations in the above mentioned countries.
Defence Medal
Awarded for service in WW2 to recognise both Military & some types of civilian service. Qualifying time peried within the U.K. constituted 1080 days and certain time spent overseas varied between 180 to 360 days under certain circumstances.
1939-1945 War Medal
Awarded for service in the Armed Forces and Merchant Marines full-time for at least 28 days between the 3rd September 1939 & 2nd September 1945. With regards the Merchant Navy, 28 days must have been served at sea.
1939-1945 Australia Service Medal
Introduced in 1949 as a back award for service in operational areas. Approximately 211,500 medals were awarded.
Australian Pair
A combination of the 1939-45 Star, Defence Medal, 1939-45 War Medal and Australian Service Medal.
Australian Four (Pacific, Defence)
A combination of the Pacific Star, The Defence Medal, the 1939-45 War Medal and the Australian Service Medal
Australian Five (Africa & Pacific)
A combination of the 1939-45 Star, Africa Star, Pacific Star, 1939-45 War Medal and the Australian Service Medal.
Australian Five (Africa & Italy)
A combination of the 1939-1945 Star, Africa Star, Italy Star, 1939-45 War Medal and the Australian Service Medal.
Australian Five (Africa Star & Defence)
A combination of the 39-45 Star, the Africa Medal, Defence Medal, 39-45 War Medal and the Australian Service Medal.
Australian Five (Africa,Pacific,Def)
A combination of the 1939-45 Star, Africa Star, Pacific Star, Defence Medal and the Australian Service Medal.
Australian Five (Pacific,Defence)
A combination of the 1939/45 Star, Pacific Star, Defence Medal, 1939-45 War Medal and Australian Service Medal.
Australian Six
Combination of the 1939-45 Star, Africa Star, Pacific Star, Defence Medal, 1939-45 War Medal and the Australian Service Medal.
Canadian M.M. Group
M.M + WW1 Trio + Defence Medal
A combination of the Military Medal, 1914/15 Star, British War Medal, Victory Medal and the WW2 Defence Medal.
WW1 Trio + WW2 Aust Pair
A combination of the 1914/15 Star, the British War Medal, Victory Medal + the 1939-45 War Medal and the Australian Service Medal.
Constabulary Long Service
A combination of the 1914/15 Star, British War Medal, Victory Medal, WW2 Defence Medal & the Constabulary Long Service Medal.
Australian 4 + Naval Reserve Long Serv. Medal
A combination of the 39-45 Star, Pacific Star, 39-45 War Medal, Australian Service Medal & the Naval Reserve Long Service Medal.
WW2 U.K. Combinations
A combination of the 1939-45 Star, Africa Star, Italy Star and the 1939-45 War Medal.
U.K. Four (Africa,Defence)
A combination of the 1939-45 Star, the Africa Star, The Defence Medal and the 1939-45 War Medal.
U.K. Four (Italy,Defence)
A combination of the 1939-1945 Star, the Italy Star, The Defence Medal and the 1939-45 War Medal.
U.K. Four - (Burma,Defence)
A combination of the 1939-45 Star, the Burma Star, The Defence Medal and the 1939-45 War Medal.
U.K. Four - (France/Germany)
A combination of the 1939-45 Star, the France & Germany Star, the Defence Medal and the 1939-45 War Medal.
U.K. Four (Africa,Pacific)
A combination of the Africa Star, the Pacific Star, The Defence Medal and the 1939-45 War Medal.
U.K. Five (Atlantic,Africa)
A combination of the 1939-45 Star, Atlantic Star, Africa Star, Defence Medal and the 1939-45 War Medal.
U.K. Five (Atlantic,Pacific,Italy)
A combination of the 1939-45 Star, Atlantic Star, Pacific Star, Italy Star and the 1939-45 War Medal.
U.K. Five (Atlan,Italy,Def)
A combination of the 1939-45 Star, Atlantic Star, Italy Star, Defence Medal and the 1939-45 War Medal.
U.K. Five (Afr,Pac,Def)
A combination of the 1939-45 Star, Africa Star, Pacific Star, Defence Medal and the 1939-45 War Medal.
U.K. Five (Afr,Italy,Def)
A combination of the 1939-45 Star, Africa Star, Italy Star, Defence Medal and the 1939-45 War Medal.
Commonwealth WW2 Medals
Awarded for voluntary service outside the Republic of South Africa during the 1939-1945 War.
New Zealand Service Medal
South African Five (Africa & Italy)
A combination of the 39-45 Star, Africa Star, Italy Star, War Medal, South African War Medal.
Post WW2
The Korea Medal
Awarded for service with an Operational Unit in Korea for a minimum of one day. Period of eligibility between the 1st of July, 1950 and 27th of July, 1953.
United Nations Service Medal For Korea
Awarded for service with an Operational Unit in Korea between the dates of the 27th of June, 1950 and the 26th of July, 1954.
Korean War Pair
A combination of the Vietnam Medal, the Australian Active Service Medal and the Vietnamese Medal.
Other Medal Type
Victoria Cross
The V.C.is the highest award for valour in the face of the enemy and takes precedence over all other medals. Only 1,356 have been awarded to 1,353 recipients.
Distinguished Service Order
Instituted in September 1886 and typically awarded to officers ranked Major (it's equivalent) or higher - it was established to award individual instances of meritorious or distinguished service in war.
Conspicuous Gallantry Medal
This medal was the "other ranks" equivalent of the D.S.O. It was replaced by the Conspicuous Gallantry Cross in 1993. The Air Force equivalent had a blue centre ribbon as opposed to the grey shown here.
Conspicuous Gallantry Cross
Instituted after 1993, the Conspicuous Gallantry Cross replaced the D.C.M and the C.G.M. It also replaced the D.S.O in it's role as an award for gallantry to officers. The Conspicuous Gallantry Cross now serves as the second level award for gallantry for all ranks for all armed forces.
Distinguished Service Cross (Australia)
This Distinguished Service Cross is awarded to personnel of the Australian Defence Force for "distinguished command and leadership in action". It was introduced in 1991 and replaced the Imperial equivalent. To this date, only 31 have been awarded.
Military Cross
Created in 1914, initially for officers of the rank of Captain and below - and later extended to the rank of Major. Since 1993 - it is issued to all ranks It is awarded in recognition of "gallantry during active operations against the enemy" and is the third level military decoration.
Distinguished Flying Cross
Established in June 1918, it is awarded to personnel of the U.K's Royal Air Force and other services. Also previously awarded to officers of other Commonwealth countries for 'an act of valour', courage or devotion to duty whilst flying in active operations against the enemy.
Distinguished Flying Medal
Military Medal
Established in March 1916 it was awarded for Bravery in battle on land. It is the "other ranks" equivalent to the Military Cross. It was discontinued in 1993 and since then - all recipient ranks receive the M.C. so that no distinguishment is made, based on rank.
Distinguished Conduct Medal
Instituted in 1854 to recognise gallantry in "other ranks" it was almost always regarded as a 'near miss' for the Victoria Cross. The equivalent medal for Commissioned Officers is the Distinguished Service Order. It was replaced by the Conspicuous Gallantry Cross in 1993.
British Empire Medal
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What colour is the ribbon on the George Cross | George Cross
Home - UK Medals - Gallantry - The George Cross
Introduction
This section deals with various people who have been awarded The George Cross (GC) Medal for bravery.
It is the UK's highest award for bravery by a civilian or a military person where the award of the Victoria Cross (VC) is not applicable. In order of precedence, the George Cross is second only to the Victoria Cross . As no person has won both awards, they can be considered as equals. Since its introduction, the George Cross can be awarded posthumously.
The Seagrim family has won both the Victoria Cross and George Cross; a different brother winning each of the medals.
The George Cross has been awarded twice to a group of people, as distinct from an individual: The Island of Malta in 1942 and the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) in November 1999.
History of the George Cross
When, in 1940, King George VI instituted the George Cross and George Medal the total nature of World War Two had brought war into all civilian life, and there were many acts of outstanding gallantry for which the terms of award of the existing non-military medals were deemed to be inappropriate. Initially only the George Cross could be issued posthumously, but following a new warrant in 1978, the George Medal can be now be issued posthumously.
When the George Cross was introduced, it superseded the Empire Gallantry Medal (EGM) whose living recipients were required to exchange their EGM for the George Cross.
Following an amended warrant in December 1971, surviving recipients of the Albert Medal (AM) and Edward Medal (EM) exchanged their medal for the George Cross.
During World War Two (1939-45) there were instances when it was not easy to decide whether a Victoria Cross or a George Cross was the more proper award. The George Cross was intended to be an award for outstanding civilian bravery, but as many people in the armed forces were unavoidably engaged in work not appropriate for strictly military awards, they became eligible for the George Cross equally with civilians. Consequently, 76 of the first 100 awards were made to members of the armed forces. A complete tally of the 152 direct awards of the George Cross up to 1985 shows that only 49 have gone to civilians. Awards of the George Cross have now become so rare that few people are ever likely to see one, or its recipient.
The George Cross is of silver, with the words "For Gallantry" as described in the warrant, and is suspended from a dark blue ribbon one and half inches wide, and is worn on the left breast before all other medals and orders except the Victoria Cross. Ladies not in uniform wear the Cross, suspended from a wide bow of blue ribbon, below the left shoulder. Each Cross is made by the Royal Mint and engraved on the reverse with the recipient's name and date of the London Gazette in the case of direct awards and for the exchanged EGMs, and the date of the action for exchanged AMs and EMs.
Holders of both the GC and GM
The George Medal was instituted at the same time as the George Cross. The George Medal is the second highest award for bravery for a civilian, after the George Cross. Although a lower ranking medal than the George Cross, it has still been very rarely awarded. Before the warrant was changed in 1978, the George Medal could not be awarded posthumously.
A total of eight people have won both the George Cross and George Medal. Of this group of eight, two have won the George Medal twice. Of this group of eight, one civilian person has been awarded both the George Cross and George Medal.
For the details of these eight people click here .
The Island of Malta
The only award of the George Cross which was not published in the London Gazette. The award was made by King George VI to the Governor of Malta by letter dated 15 April 1942:
"To honour her brave people I award the George Cross to the Island Fortress of Malta to bear witness to a heroism and devotion that will long be famous in history.", (sgd) George R.I.
The citation read by President Roosevelt when he visited Malta in December 1943 read:
"In the name of the USA I salute the Island of Malta, its people and its defenders, who, in the cause of freedom and justice and decency throughout the world, have rendered valorous service far above and beyond the call of duty.
Under repeated fire from the skies Malta stood alone and unafraid in the centre of the sea, one tiny, bright flame in the darkness - a beacon of hope in the clearer days when which have come.
Malta's bright story of human fortitude and courage will be read by posterity with wonder and gratitude through all the ages.
What was done in this island maintains all the highest traditions of gallant men and women who from the beginning of time have lived and died to preserve the civilisation for all mankind.", (sgd) Franklin D. Roosevelt, 7 December 1943.
The Royal Ulster Constabulary
The Queen has awarded the George Cross to the Royal Ulster Constabulary to honour the courage and dedication of police officersand their families during the troubles in Northern Ireland.
The award, formally agreed by the Queen, was made on the advice of Government ministers.
Announcing the conferring by Her Majesty the Queen of the George Cross for Gallantry to the Royal Ulster Constabulary, Buckingham Palace said the award was to honour the courage and dedication of officers and their families who have shared their hardships.
The full citation reads as follows:
"For the past 30 years the Royal Ulster Constabulary has been both the bulwark against, and the main target of, a sustained and brutal terrorist campaign. The Force has suffered heavily in protecting both sides of the community from danger - 302 officers have been killed in the line of duty and thousands more injured, many seriously. Many officers have been ostracised by their own community and others have been forced to leave their homes in the face of threats to them or their families.
"As Northern Ireland reaches a turning point in its political development this award is made to recognise the collective courage and dedication to duty of all of those who have served in the Royal Ulster Constabulary and who have accepted the danger and stress this has brought to them and their families."
The RUC was established in 1922 after the dividing of Ireland into the Irish Republic and Northern Ireland.
| Dark blue |
Which boxer was nicknamed the Clones Cyclone | Looking through Military History magazine you sent I noticed that story about William Hall and his Victoria Cross. I always thought the medal’s ribbon was maroon, not blue. Do you know why the illustration shows the ribbon in blue?
Peter Mersky
? ? ?
Peter,
The Victoria Cross was originally issued with a wine red ribbon for army recipients and dark blue for navy ones. The blue ribbon was abolished in favor of a universal wine red after April 1, 1918, when a third arm, the Royal Air Force, was formed.
Sincerely,
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What was TV chef Graeme Kerr nicknamed | Graham Kerr
Biographies
Graham Kerr
Almost forgotten by the turn of the 2000s, Graham Kerr was the celebrity chef of the 1970s. He became famous for his one show, the "Galloping Gourmet." 455 episodes were filmed in all.
There was butter, cream, wine and laughter. During the run of "The Galloping Gourmet", Weight Watchers named him "public enemy number one" and sent him a broken spoon. He was considered outrageous for the times. While making a chicken dish, he'd say "All right, ladies! Throw your breasts into the pan." He joked, played camp and laughed with his viewers, and never minded making himself the object of laughs. His episodes went so fast that no one was ever really able to write the recipes down.
Then, it all changed. He had a car accident, and found Jesus and low-fat. He became a member of the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel and an honorary life member of the American Dietetic Association. He has become (as of 2007) a public speaker at hospitals and for organizations, health programmes and rehab centres, and has set up his own corporation called "Kerr Corporation." He partners with American Dietetic Association for projects, and does radio / TV spots for the American National Cancer Institute on healthy fruit and vegetables.
A naturalized American citizen, he lives in Mount Vernon, Washington.
His favourite spices are garlic, ginger, lemongrass and lemon.
Chronology
1934 -- Graham was born 22 January 1934 in Brondesbury London, England. His Scottish Presbyterian parents had a hotel in Sussex; previously, his father John Douglas Kerr had worked for Claridge's in London. He went to a primary school called "Kidbrooke Park" in Forest Row, East Sussex. The first thing he made in the kitchen was puff pastry, when he was 6, reaching the work-surface in his parent's hotel's kitchen by standing on a box. The puff pastry didn't turn out.
1948 -- At the age of 14, Graham dropped out of school.
1949 -- At the age of 15, he started training at the Roebuck Hotel in Ware, East Sussex, England, then studied hotel management at colleges in Brighton (Brighton Technical College) and Devon.
1952 -- At the age of 18, he started several years in the British army in the kitchens at a garrison in Wales, then at the Army Emergency Reserve in Bedford, Bedfordshire. Part of his stint at one point was washing pans when he was demoted from Corporal to Private for not doing as he was told, and for pranks such as sending a Yorkshire pudding to the Ministry of Health to be analysed,
1955 -- On 22 September 1955, he married Treena Van Doom, an English actress (born 18 May 1934.) They had first met when they were both eleven. They would have three children.
1955 -- Graham and Treena joined Graham's parents as business partners in owning and running an inn dating back to the 1400s, but it went bankrupt.
To pay off their debts, he had to get a job as a waiter; she had to get a job as a barmaid. They paid off the debt with their tips.
1956 -- Their daughter Tessa was born.
1957 -- Aged twenty-three, he became general manager of the Royal Ascot Hotel in Berkshire (demolished 1964), where his parents were now working as well. He found it a lot of work for very little money.
1958 -- Graham and Treena emigrated to New Zealand, where Graham worked as a food advisor for the New Zealand Air Force. They arrived with $1.25 to their name; and got an advance of $200 on his salary.
1959 -- Graham appeared on the air in New Zealand to demonstrate cooking. In his very first cooking show ever on television, he was dressed in military uniform, and showed how to cook an omelet. He was a hit. He went on to do 60 shows more in this series, called "Entertaining with Kerr." He also became an advisor to various government produce marketing boards in New Zealand.
1960 -- His son Andrew was born.
1963 and 1965 -- Graham won New Zealand Television's "Personality of the Year" award.
1964 -- Graham was transferred by the military to Sydney, Australia, where he did a show called "Eggs with Flight Lieutenant Kerr" on Saturday nights. In Australia, he lived in Middle Harbour, Cremorne. He had a two-storey test kitchen built in the home.
1968 -- His daughter Kareena was born.
1968 -- A Canadian producer associated with Fremantle International saw his show in Australia, and offered him a gateway into the North American market. The fee paid to Graham would be $2 million for 650 episodes. Treena, his wife, would help produce the series. Graham came to Canada to star in the show called the "Galloping Gourmet." The series was produced in, of all places, Ottawa, Canada, for a TV channel called "CJOH-TV", part of Canada's state broadcasting station, CBC. The show ran five days a week, Monday to Friday, on daytime TV, often in mid-morning, competing with other programmes such as "The Edge of Night" and "The Beverly Hillbillies."
1969 -- CBS in America picked it up starting in January 1969. Within five months, Julia Child reputedly said, "He doesn't know a thing about cooking." But his had become a must-see show. On 3 March 1969, Apollo 9 was launched into space. The news was almost overshadowed because it was also the day Graham Kerr's potholder caught fire on TV. In Ottawa, Graham and Treena lived in the exclusive Rockcliffe Village, but he still kept his house in Australia, which he considered home. During his time in Canada, Graham would have several extra-marital affairs.
1970 -- Graham lent his name to a collection of stove-top and oven ware, as well as cutlery.
1971 -- Graham was planning on ending the series. He said in interviews in February of that year that the 1,000th episode would be his last -- "after all, nobody in their right mind could continue a pace like this" -- and that he'd focus on his cookware. Then, on 21 April of that year, he and Treena were in a car-crash in California. They were passengers in a house trailer that was rear-ended by a vegetable truck and trailer that was speeding. Graham was left with a dislocated spine and a weakened right arm, and was temporarily paralysed on his left side. His doctor told him he had to take a year off, so he had the reason he wanted to end the show. He decided to take his family on a round-the-world sailing trip. The first stop was England, to collect one of his daughters from school there, and to actually buy the boat -- a huge 71 foot (21 1/2 metres) fibreglass yacht for $250,000. During a phone interview conducted with him while he was in Bournemouth, England, in October, he said ""I predict that within 25 years, 60 per cent of the people will be living on pills and a milky substance obtained from roots."
1972 -- In January, they were still in England. Treena was diagnosed with tuberculosis, and had to have part of her lungs removed. They then did a trial four-month cruise of the Mediterranean before starting their world cruise. The world cruise, however, never materialized as Treena found that she got too boat sick.
1972 -- In April, Graham and Treena filed $1.5 million worth of lawsuits in California against the drivers of both the vegetable truck and the house trailer, and their employers. The studios also sued the drivers because the accident prevented the series from getting completed. In July, Graham was in Toronto, Canada for a short while.
1973 -- (approximately.) Graham and Treena bought a 10,000 square foot 1814 mansion on a 10-acre estate in Easton, Maryland right on Chesapeake Bay, and built a $60,000 test kitchen there. He began teaching at Cornell University Hotel School in Ithaca, NY as an adjunct professor. To look after the house, Graham and Treena hired a maid named Ruthie who was a member of a Pentecostal Holiness church in Wilmington, Delaware.
1974 -- Graham and Treena lost $800,000 in bad investments. Forced to return to work, Graham developed the "Take Kerr" series of infomercials. At the end of this year, Treena became an evangelical Christian on 17 December when Ruthie the maid invited her to church; Graham followed suit three months later on 13 March 1975, a few months after Treena saw Jesus in a vision. They made immediate changes in the "Take Kerr" series. The wine rack in the background was replaced by a Holy Spirit Dove. The sign-on song became "This is the day the lord has made", and bible verses were added to the closing credits. The advertising agencies asked them to remove the bible verses. The Kerrs refused. The TV stations edited them out anyway, and the Kerrs quit in a huff. [1] [2] [3] They auctioned off their house, their yacht, their sailboats and almost all their worldly possessions. They disowned their previous "Galloping Gourmet" work as sinful and tried to get re-runs taken off the air. [4] They became inspirational speakers, and opened a spiritual retreat centre near Vail, Colorado at a 614-acre ranch they called "Rejoice Fellowship" for couples, but it failed.
1978 -- Graham and Treena joined Youth With A Mission.
1986 -- Treena had a heart-attack, and Graham got serious about low-fat cooking. He decided that his calling was to teach people how to eat better.
1990s -- In the 1990s, Graham returned to TV, somewhat repentant over his earlier zealotry, promising advertisers to keep religion off the air, and began preaching the gospel of low-fat instead. His shows were more health-conscious, and were branded very tame.
1994 -- Graham received a Special Citation from the United States Department of Health and Human Services.
1996 -- Graham became the Editor at Large for Cooking Light magazine. He continued this position until 2000.
1997 -- Graham was appointed to the College of Diplomats of the Educational Foundation of (American) National Restaurant Association. He also received a James Beard Foundation Award
1999 -- Graham was inducted into the American Culinary Federation Hall of Fame.
2000 -- Graham was made an Honorary Life Membership to the American Dietetic Association.
2003 -- Graham received an Honorary Doctorate in "Culinary Nutrition" from Johnson & Wales University, Rhode Island. He also became a member of American Advisory Board for Partnership For Food Safety Education.
2006 -- Graham was on tour in America to promote his new book, "Recipe for Life."
Television
1959 to 1968. 155 1/2 hour episodes in a series called "Entertaining with Kerr." Broadcast in Australia and New Zealand
1969 to 1971. The Galloping Gourmet. 455 1/2 hour episodes. Broadcast around the world. The series that made him famous.
1970. 5 minute radio spots called "Fun with Food", Monday to Friday on NBC Radio Network
1974. 260 5-minute infomercials on healthy eating in a series called "Take Kerr"
1976. 30-minute colour film called "Switch On Kitchen" about seafood for Cornell University.
1988. 39 half-hour programmes in a series called "Simply Marvellous"
1990. 170 1/2 hour programmes in a series called "The Graham Kerr Show"
1990. 130 thirty-second publication awareness ads on healthy eating broadcast in America
1992. PBS. 78 1/2 hour programmes in a series called "Graham Kerr's Kitchen"
1996. PBS. 26 1/2 hour episodes in a series called "The Best of Kerr"
1997. TV series "Swiftly Seasoned" for PBS, consisting of 26 1/2 hour episodes
2001. Gathering Place. 130 1-hour TV episodes. Focussed on healthy alternatives. Graham and Treena. A health expert was featured on each episode: whether a health professional, researcher or government official
Books by Graham Kerr
1963. Entertaining with Kerr, AH & AW Reed, Wellington, New Zealand.
1964. The Graham Kerr Cookbook (British Edition) Lion Publishing and AH & AW Reed, Wellington, New Zealand.
1965. The Galloping Gourmets, AH & AW Reed, Sydney, Australia.
1970. The Graham Kerr Cookbook (American Edition), Doubleday. (200 recipes)
1970 to 1972. The Television Cookbooks Seven Volumes, Fremantle International, USA.
1973. The Complete Galloping Gourmet Cookbook, Grossett and Dunlap.
1975. The New Seasoning, Simon and Schuster.
1997. The Love Feast, Simon and Schuster.
1981. Step by Step Cookbook, David C. Cook.
1991. Graham Kerr's Smart Cooking, Bantam Doubleday Dell.
1992. Graham Kerr's Minimax Cookbook, Bantam Doubleday Dell.
1993. Graham Kerr's Creative Choices, G.P. Putnam's Sons.
1994. Graham Kerr's Kitchen, G.P. Putnam's Sons.
1996. January. Graham Kerr's Best, G.P. Putnam's Sons.
1997. January. Swiftly Seasoned with Graham Kerr, G.P. Putnam's Sons.
1997. October. The Gathering Place, Camano Press.
2002. January. The Gathering Place, Volume II, Quarry Press.
2004. Graham Kerr's simply splenda cookbook. Alexandria, VA: Small Steps Press (with Treena.)
2004. Charting a course to wellness: Creative ways of living with heart disease and diabetes. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association (with Treena.)
2006. Recipe For Life. Nashville, Tennessee: Broadman & Holman Publishing Group (with Treena.)
2006. Outdulgence. Nashville, Tennessee: Broadman & Holman Publishing Group (with Treena.)
Literature & Lore
"The Galloping Gourmet provides an entertaining half hour, but is about as far away from the Julia Child sort of cooking as Liberace is from Horowitz." -- Lowry, Cynthia. Apollo TV coverage zooms up, too. In Elyria, Ohio: The Chronicle Telegram. 4 March 1969. Page 12.
"QUESTION FOR GRAHAM KERR, TV's "Galloping Gourmet"
Do you pick the people who taste your specialty for that day, and if so, are they people on your staff? (asked by Martin Thaler, Ridgefield, NJ.)
Yes, I do pick the people to taste the dish, but these are people in the audience and not part of our staff or crew. Also, these are picked at random and not selected ahead of time." -- "Ask Them Yourself" column. In Family Weekly Magazine. Tri-city Herald. Pasco, Washington. 11 April 1971. Page 2.
"You just have to accept this from us," says Graham. "The male position in the household has been taken over by the female. She handles all the available money and he turns his money over to her. That's an illegal relationship. My bones are bigger than hers. I'm designed by God to take that responsibility (of decision-making)."..... In open forum discussions, in churches, in meeting halls, the Kerrs talk together. Her message is, "How I Lost the Liberation Battle and Won the War." -- Hass, Jane Glenn. Their New Recipe for Happiness. Hayward, California. The Daily Review. Tuesday, 7 June 1977. Page 8.
Language Notes
His last name is pronounced "care", not "cur".
Sources
[1] "We tried to get the message out," says Graham. "We had little doves carved into the top of what was once the door to the wine cellar, and open Bible on the bench and a Christian tune closing the show." But when they added a one second flash of a Bible verse in the credit line, "there was fury. The station asked us, ‘Can’t you just compromise and take it off?’ " he recalls. They couldn’t. By sticking to their personal commitment, they walked away from millions of dollars and overnight were set free of 36 entangling contracts. They also lost the rights to the Galloping Gourmet trademark, which has cost them millions of dollars in earnings." -- Siewert, Dionna Lynne. Galloping Gourmet Changes Directions.Edmonton, Alberta, Canada: Living Light News. c. 1998. Retrieved Dec 2011 from http://www.livinglightnews.org/vgourmet.htm
[2] On "Take Kerr", there is no reminder of the Galloping Gourmet. Gone is the impressive wine cellar that was used as a backdrop for the earlier show. Instead, there is a 'God Bless' from Kerr at the end and almost subliminal flash of suggested biblical verse reading." -- White, Jean. Graham Kerr Shuns Gourmet Life. LA Times - Washington Post. Reprinted in: Sarasota Herald-Tribune Sunday. 22 February 1976. Page 15.
[3] Kerr (pronounced 'Care') has a new show now, called 'Take Kerr', on which he blends low-calorie cooking advice with a pinch of Christianity.... The new, 3 1/2 minute show ..... Besides the absence of alcohol, innuendo and calories, the new show has some other differences which reflect the new Kerr. The wine rack has been replaced with 'an alcove of light with a dove in it," a frothy theme song has been ousted by 'This is the Day the Lord has Made,' and the closing credits include a Bible quotation." -- Baker, Ann. TV's Galloping Gourmet a changed man. Eugene Register-Guard. 3 October 1975. Page 1B.
[4] "Of the show which made him famous, Kerr said, "What I did wasn't an art, it was a crime .... Kerr flails himself for encouraging alcohol use by drinking wine on the old show and for spreading 'smut and sexual innuendo' in the form of double entendres about his cooking ingredients. Food preparations such as 'stuff something into the backside of a chicken' or 'stripping an eel' gave him an opportunity to make viewers laugh with lewd jokes, he said. The Kerrs are trying to get TV stations to stop showing re-runs of the 'Galloping Gourmet' show." -- Baker, Ann. TV's Galloping Gourmet a changed man. Eugene Register-Guard. 3 October 1975. Page 1B.
____________________________________
"Hand foods diet of future". (Galloping Gourmet). Long Beach, California. Independent Press-Telegram. Wednesday, 13 October 1971. Page F-20.
"What in the World!" (Galloping Gourmet). Family Weekly Magazine. 28 February 1971. Page 23.
Associated Press. Galloping Gourmet Suspends TV Appearances for While. Fresno, California: The Fresno Bee. Monday, 24 July 1972. Page A6.
Associated Press. Ideal Kitchen the Aim of Galloping Gourmet. In Daily Tribune. Grand Bend, Kansas. Monday, 15 February 1971. Page 8.
Canadian Press. Graham Kerr Will Relax. In Winnipeg Free Press. Winnipeg, Manitoba. Tuesday. 24 August 1971. Page 18.
Claire, Aileen. Galloping Gourmet Cooks Up Delectable Television Dish. Burlington, North Carolina: Times News. 27 May 1969. Page 10-A.
Deans, Ralph C. The Galloping Gourmet. Darmstadt, Hesse, Germany: The Stars and Stripes. 27 April 1969. Page 32.
Dietrich, William. A Healthy Conversion. Seattle, Washington: The Seattle Times. 1 June 2003.
Emlet, Dolores. Galloping Gourmet Cooks Up a New Lifestyle. Charleston, West Virginia: Charleston Daily Mail. Wednesday, 30 June 2006. Page 3B.
Galloping Gourmet a must for cooks. Kingston, Jamaica: The Sunday Gleaner Magazine. 23 April 1972. Page 9.
Galloping Gourmet New Cooking Series. Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada: Winnipeg Free Press. 4 January 1969. TV Radio Section. Page 15.
Gourmet Sues. Long Beach, California: Independent Press-Telegram. Saturday, 22 April 1972. Page A2.
Hass, Jane Glenn. Their New Recipe for Happiness. Hayward, California. The Daily Review. Tuesday, 7 June 1977. Page 8.
Jankiewicz, Robert. What has become of Graham Kerr, the Galloping Gourmet? In the 'Anytime Column'. Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada: Winnipeg Free Press. Monday, 13 November 1978. Page 7.
Sassone, Bob. What's Graham Kerr up to? 27 December 2006. Slashfood. Retrieved from http://www.slashfood.com/2006/12/27/whats-graham-kerr-up-to on 6 February 2007.
Walker, Larry. Graham Kerr - gourmet. San Rafael, California: Wines & Vines Magazine. August 1995.
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| Graham Kerr |
Which golfer is nicknamed the Golden Bear | Guideposts Classics: Graham Kerr's Spiritual Awakening | Guideposts
Guideposts Classics: Graham Kerr's Spiritual Awakening
Guideposts Classics: Graham Kerr's Spiritual Awakening
Guideposts Classics: Graham Kerr's Spiritual Awakening
In this Guideposts Classic, TV chef Graham Kerr shares how faith saved his marriage.
by
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Scissors are a wonderful invention, two blades that pivot on a pin. God made man and woman in the same way–two blades. And He put them together with a union called marriage.
We were married, put together by God, on September 22, 1955, but our marriage scissors never worked. The only exposed edges were the points, and points are for stabbing, not cutting.
We loved each other, we always have–ever since we were 11 years old and held hands briefly at a party where we had strawberries and cream and played badminton and listened to the bees.
Treena: My father was a genius, a portrait painter who alternately followed his own will and his clients’ whereabouts. We never knew from one year to the next where our home would be.
Graham: My parents ran a hotel and I grew up experiencing a “champagne existence on a beer income.” I never made a bed or had to wash a dish; the hotel staff managed all those incidentals. My parents were always busy. The holidays were working days, and we never shared with the community.
I was a loner when I first met Treena in England. She was the loveliest thing I had ever seen and we became close companions. She had younger brothers, but I was an only child.
We used to listen to the radio while the rain ran down the diamond-shaped leaded panes and debate the sinister motives of a bystander in a trench coat as he innocently waited for a bus.
We rang each other on the phone and read poetry or just listened to the other breathe.
Treena: My family finally left England and went to the Channel Islands. I used to write to Graham occasionally, and I daydreamed about our early “love.” I grew up in a difficult home. My parents were not loving parents, and I sought a release from painful reality by becoming an actress.
I was quite good, at least the critics used to say so. I loved the cameo parts where I could steal the show but still feign non-competitiveness with the rest of the cast.
I got love from the audience on my terms; when the curtain went down I was satisfied and didn’t have to trade love on a one-to-one basis.
Graham: While Treena was acting, I became a soldier. One day in camp, I opened a newspaper and there, spread over the center pages, were photographs of Treena, my first love. She had won a beauty contest and she looked radiant.
I wrote and she answered. The thread remained unbroken.
Treena: In 1954 I returned to England and wrote to Graham. He replied and within a month we had met and found that after nine years of separation our love was still alive.
Graham: Within ten hours of being with her I proposed, and Treena said yes. We were living our early love again, but this time there was drama, urgency, drive; we were adults, now. though we didn’t always act like it.
Treena: I had a violent temper and a very acid tongue. I was more seriously hurt by my early environment than I–or Graham–knew.
Graham: While Treena was the spark. I seemed to be the drive in our marriage. When her moods were electric I would “take it.” but also build resentment at the same time. I found release in working.
As the work element increased, my available time and attention for Treena decreased. I began to set my sights on possessions–Italian cars, homes by the water, luxurious yachts. And a burgeoning TV career in Australia provided the wherewithal to turn some of those materialistic dreams into reality.
Treena: By this time I was in the theater again, happy and contented, feeling I’d finally got things together. We had two children and I could manage the housework and the theater and Graham ... when he was home.
Graham: Treena would try to time her stage work to coincide with my TV recording dates, but it never seemed to work. The plays she did always ran longer than expected and it seemed that we were never together. The theater became my rival; her work seemed to give her more joy and satisfaction than I could.
Finally we lost control. Success, exposure to luxury and to the smart show-business set, coupled with the pursuit of two separate careers, were too much. The time came when I sought sympathy and attention from another woman.
I cannot possibly express the absolute hell that followed that senseless, brutal act, the tearing at both our hearts with the points of the scissors.
Treena: I was filled with righteous anger; I felt dirty and ashamed. It was so unfair. “Why? Why? Why?” I demanded.
Graham: “I don’t know,” I would reply. All I knew was remorse for our lost love, and a furious desire to make up for it somehow. I would do things, buy things, go places; it was all external patching up when an internal healing was what was needed.
We were submerged in a sea of recrimination, unforgivingness and eventually retaliation. We hacked away at each other with separated blades.
In 1968 we were discovered by American television interests and brought from Australia to perform The Galloping Gourmet series.
In an effort to save our failing marriage we agreed that we would cooperate in the production. Treena would be the producer and I would be the clockwork cook. The pressure of the nonstop pace of 200 new shows a year was agonizing. The enemy now became the work load that we shared.
Professionally, we were a tremendously successful team. All the thwarted power of love was converted into drive and ceaseless competition to see who could do the most before collapsing. By April, 1971. we had well over a million dollars in the bank.
In that same month we were hit by a huge truck on Highway 101 outside of San Francisco. Our careers were ended.
Treena: I had violent visions and fell into deep periods of despair and fear. Eventually this depression induced illness–tuberculosis–and I had one lung removed.
Graham: I hadn’t suffered mentally but my neck and back had been injured and I couldn’t take the recording pace any more, especially without Treena producing the shows. Together we had managed, but on my own the burden became impossible.
So we walked away from that life and went to sea in a beautiful yacht called Treena. She was 71 feet long and flew 5300 square feet of canvas. She was one giant investment aimed at recapturing our family unity and our love for each other.
But the boat was too big and too fancy and nobody except its owner-skipper wanted to go sailing anyway! It was a 66-ton love-substitute that ate up all our reserves.
Treena: Twenty-five-thousand miles and twenty-two months later our fragmented family, strained even more by the isolation of shipboard life, came to rest in Maryland at the small port of Oxford.
There we purchased an 1814 white clapboard Southern colonial mansion with acres of lawn and graceful colonades and wide river views.
In this tranquil spot I finally hit rock bottom. Nothing had worked at sea and now there was no peace ashore.
I began to take pills–“uppers.” “downers,” painkillers, sleeping pills–anything to try to control the violent moods that had caused our doctor to discuss with Graham the possibility of my voluntary commitment. Our children were in serious trouble; life was unbearable.
We had a maid working for us at that time. Her name was Ruthie and she shimmered with joy everyday. I turned to her one day and said, “I just don’t know what to do, Ruthie.”
She simply said, “Why don’t you give your problems to God?” to which I brusquely replied, “Okay, God, You take them. I can’t handle them any more.”
God took them! Seven days later I went to Ruthie’s small church in Bethlehem, Maryland. As the singing, handclapping congregation prayed for their “new sister” I felt an undulation in the pit of my stomach that rose to nearly suffocate me; I screamed and fell to my knees, crying tears that flowed like waterfalls.
“I’m sorry, Jesus. I’m sorry, Jesus,” I repeated again and again.
I was baptized in water and felt glowingly clean. Then they asked me if I wanted to tarry for the Holy Spirit. I didn’t know who the Holy Spirit was, let alone what tarry meant.
“What do I do?” I asked.
Ruthie told me to say, “Thank You, Jesus,” so I did–over and over. The church was hot and I felt ridiculous. Really, I thought, you are a sophisticated woman of forty going right out of your mind!
Then a bright light fell on my face and I thought, Now they’ve turned up the church lights to make me think that I’ve got it–whatever “it” is!
I opened my eyes and there I saw a Man. He was dressed all in white and He had the most wonderful smile I have ever seen. It held all the love in all the world. He stretched His hand toward me and He touched my heart. He said, “You have it,” and I laughed tears of joy as I said, “I know ... I know ... I know.”
I believed in Jesus at that moment. He is alive; I’ve seen and spoken with Him, so I truly know.
I left that church a totally new human being filled with the great certainty that, if I just kept quiet, my husband and family eventually would share this love.
Graham: I had tried unsuccessfully to get our lives back together with everything that money could buy. But now Treena was utterly and completely changed. It was a miracle!
There were no more rows or recriminations. She forgave me and seemed to mean it. Our children were happier; the house was peaceful. But I still worried. How long would this last? When would this Jesus thing disintegrate? If I got too close, I’d get hurt when it blew, so I kept back and watched and waited.
Treena: While Graham waited. I prayed. I prayed everywhere, especially in the broom cupboard. (The Bible had said in Matthew 6:6 to pray in a closet!) I fasted and prayed, but never urged Graham to follow.
Graham: After three months I was totally convinced Jesus was real and that He was alive in Treena. It was then that I went on my knees and told Him, “Jesus ... I love You.” And with that confession, He loved me right back.
Graham and Treena: When we pray together we hold hands, and through us now flows the love of Jesus. We are forgiven, so now we have the ability to forgive. There are no old hurts left, only the hunger to serve Him and His people with our lives.
We are a new pair of scissors put together by God. He, at last, is the pinion at the center of our marriage.
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What was the nickname of French tennis player Rene Lacoste | The history of Lacoste | LACOSTE
1921
The Debut
Born in 1904, René Lacoste wins his first tournament at aged 17 and the French Open for the first time in 1924. The press note his perfectionist approach and predict a player of great class.
"Focused when he plays, smiling when he leaves the court."
The international press on René Lacoste
1922
Suzanne Lenglen
Inspired by tennis champion Suzanne Lenglen, he focuses his energy and strength to produce more spontaneous movements.
1923
The alligator
Critical press acclaim for Rene Lacoste's strength and performance quickly follow. Hearing of a bet over an allig ator skin suitcase, a journalist nicknames him the "Alligator".
1924
Simone thion de la chaume
Simone Thion de la Chaume, future wife of René Lacoste, wins the British Girls Amateur Golf Championship.
1925 to 1929
the champions's victories
TEN TITLES
Victory follows victory. René Lacoste wins 10 Grand Slam titles at the French Open, Wimbledon and Forest Hills.
1926
The first crocodile
Inspired by his nickname, Lacoste asks his friend Robert George to design a crocodile. The now famous logo makes its first appearance embroidered on the blazer of René Lacoste.
Roland Garros
A new stadium is built in Paris for the French team "the Musketeers" to defend their title in the Davis Cup.
NUMBER ONE
He wins the singles and doubles at the French Open and Wimbledon, and the US Open singles, becoming the world #1.
Davis cup
Captained by Lacoste, the four players who embody the spirit of French tennis defeat the American team to win the Davis Cup.
1929
The last match
In his last match, René Lacoste wins Roland Garros, beating fellow Musketeer Jean Borotra in the final.
1928
1928
The tennis ball machine
René Lacoste invents the tennis ball machine to improve his technique. The machine will train generations of players.
1928
Writings
René Lacoste publishes Tennis, revealing a number of his techniques. It is translated into multiple languages.
Inventor! If I had to print a title on my business card, this would be it. I have been inventing all my life.
1927 to 1928
| Crocodile |
Which soldier statesman was nicknamed the Iron Duke | The history of Lacoste | LACOSTE
1921
The Debut
Born in 1904, René Lacoste wins his first tournament at aged 17 and the French Open for the first time in 1924. The press note his perfectionist approach and predict a player of great class.
focused when he plays, smiling when he leaves the court
the international press on René Lacoste
1922
Suzanne Lenglen
Inspired by tennis champion Suzanne Lenglen, he focuses his energy and strength to produce more spontaneous movements.
1923
The alligator
Critical press acclaim for Rene Lacoste's strength and performance quickly follow. Hearing of a bet over an allig ator skin suitcase, a journalist nicknames him the "Alligator".
1924
Simone thion de la chaume
Simone Thion de la Chaume, future wife of René Lacoste, wins the British Girls Amateur Golf Championship.
1925 to 1929
the champions's victories
TEN TITLES
Victory follows victory. René Lacoste wins 10 Grand Slam titles at the French Open, Wimbledon and Forest Hills.
1926
the first crocodile
Inspired by his nickname, Lacoste asks his friend Robert George to design a crocodile. The now famous logo makes its first appearance embroidered on the blazer of René Lacoste.
Roland Garros
A new stadium is built in Paris for the French team "the Musketeers" to defend their title in the Davis Cup.
NUMBER ONE
He wins the singles and doubles at the French Open and Wimbledon, and the US Open singles, becoming the world # 1.
davis cup
Captained by Lacoste, the four players who embody the spirit of French tennis defeat the American team to win the Davis Cup.
1929
the last match
In his last match, René Lacoste wins Roland Garros, beating fellow Musketeer Jean Borotra in the final.
1928
1928
The tennis ball machine
René Lacoste invents the tennis ball machine to improve his technique. The machine will train generations of players.
1928
Writings
René Lacoste publishes Tennis, revealing a number of his techniques. It is translated into multiple languages.
Inventor! If I had to print a title on my business card, this would be it. I have been inventing all my life.
1927 to 1928
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In which English city was boxer Prince Naseem Hamed born | Naseem Hamed - BoxRec
Naseem Hamed
Hall of Fame bio: [1]
Name: Naseem Hamed
Birthplace: Sheffield, Yorkshire, United Kingdom
Hometown: Sheffield, Yorkshire, United Kingdom
Stance: Southpaw
Height: 5′ 4½″ / 164cm
Reach: 64″ / 163cm
Quoted from Naz-World
On the 12th February 1974 something happened that would eventually change boxing history forever, a young boy was born, that young boy was called Naseem Salom Ali Hamed, or as he is now more widely known Naz or Prince Naseem Hamed. Naz started to learn how to box when he was only 7 years old, after his dad Sal sent him to Brendan Ingle's gym to help him to look after himself because he was such a small child.
In 1992 Naz had his first professional fight on the 14th April 1992 when he fought Ricky Beard and duly won in the second round which was soon to become a favourite round for Naz to destroy his opponents. Not just defeating his opponents physically was enough for Naz and he wore them down mentally as well with his constant talking and dancing away from punches during the rounds. Rounds began to pass where his opponents would barely hit him and would lose concentration for a few seconds, which was enough for Naz to unload a big punch, sending them to the canvas. Naz then had 10 more fights after his first professional bout before he came up with his first real challenge, on the 11th May 1994 he came up against Vincenzo Belcastro whom he challenged to become European Bantamweight Champion. Naz, of course won this even though it was one of his longest fights with victory being a unanimous points win (120-107 , 120-109 , 119-110) in Naz's home town of Sheffield. Naz defended his newly found crown on the 17th August 1994 against Antonio Picardi in which Naz had his opponent on the floor twice before he finally stayed there in the second round. Just under two months later on 12th October 1994 Naz fought Freddy Cruz for the vacant WBC International Super Bantamweight Championship title. Cruz had never been stopped in any of his previous 56 fights and in the run up to the fight made the mistake of calling the Prince a boy. The ref stopped the fight in the 6th round and the Prince was a winner once more. For his last fight of 1994 Naz fought Laureano Ramirez. Naz predicted that he would win the fight in the 3rd round and could have easily won at anytime but left it till the 3rd round before he sent his man to the canvas.
For his first fight of 1995 Naz fought Armando Castro in Glasgow. Naz dropped Castro to the canvas in the 4th round and celebrated with a somersault thinking he had won but Castro managed to get up and decided he wanted more punishment, the ref seemed to agree with him but not for long as he was to stop the fight later on in the 4th round. Next on the hit list was Sergio Liendo on the 4th March who Naz managed to finish in the 2nd round, after the referee let a fight which should have been stopped moments earlier go on with Liendo taking extra, possibly damaging hits which were un-necessary. The next hopeful was Enrique Angeles who Naz fought on the 6th May but unfortunately for him he only lasted 2 rounds before finding himself lying on the canvas another victim of the Princes punch. On the 1st July Naz took on Juan Polo-Perez who was another to make the same mistake Freddy Cruz made in calling Naz a boy. Perez like Cruz found himself floored in the 2nd round, when else! You don't insult the Prince and get away with it! For his next and probably most challenging fight up until this time Naz moved up to featherweight and 'somehow' became the No.1 contender for the WBO Featherweight Championship even though he had never fought in this weight! He fought the Welshman Steve Robinson on the 30th September in Cardiff in front of a partisan crowd of 16,000 screaming Welsh, waiting for their man Robinson to end the undefeated run of the Prince. Robinson was floored first in the 5th round before being sent to the canvas again in the 8th when the referee stopped the fight. The Prince had become King.
Naz's first fight of 1996 was on the 16th March against Said Lawal, not that it could really be called a fight as Naz's entrance to the ring actually lasted longed than the 35 seconds which it took Naz to stop Lawal. Three punches were thrown in the fight, unsurprisingly all by Naz. Luckily Pay-per-View boxing was not the in thing at this time! Next up on the 8th June came Daniel Alicea which put two young fighters, Alicea (23) and Naz (22), who were both unbeaten up against each other. In round one Hamed was on the floor and whether or not this was due to being off balance or because of a punch was irrelevant as in the 2nd round the fight was over when Naz sent Alicea to the canvas twice, the second time for the count. On the 31st August Naz fought Manuel Medina in one of his less than spectacular fights which he fought even though he was not 100%, he had been suffering with a chest infection and won when the fight was stopped in the 11th round. For his last fight of 1996 Naz fought Remigio Molina on the 9th November, Molina was unbeaten in 27 fights but only lasted till the 2nd round when the referee stepped in and stopped the fight.
His first fight of 1997 on the 8th February saw him fight for the IBF Featherweight Championship against 48 fight veteran, of which 44 were wins(25 ko's), Tom 'Boom Boom' Johnson. This was Johnson's 12th defence of his title and unfortunately for him was to be his last as he was battered like hell in the 7th round before finally the ref stopped the fight towards the end of the 8th. The next fight for Naz came on the 3rd May when he fought Billy Hardy in Manchester. Hardy had said that Naz 'Might enter the ring on a chariot, but he would leave on a stretcher', Hardy was stopped after 93 seconds and would have been better off just lying on the floor as soon as the bell went for the start of the first round, well it would have been less painfull for him. On the 19th July Naz faced Juan Cabrera in London which was broadcast to the USA by the ABC Network, unfortunately the fight was a short one again with the ref stopping it in the 2nd round so the Americans didn't see too much of the great Naseem. Next up came another previously unstopped opponent in the form of Jose Badillo, but then he hadn't fought Naz before so he was bound to be unstopped. Badillo lasted until the 7th round when after a barrage of punches the ref finally stopped the fight. Finally on 19th December Naz crossed the Atlantic to feature in his first fight in front of the American Public and pitted against the American Kevin Kelley at New York's famous Madison Square Garden. Naz was knocked down in the 1st round and touched down with his gloves a few more times before he eventually got himself going and back into the fight. He floored Kelley in the 2nd and then had him down twice in the 4th round, the second time he didn't get up.
Naz first fight of 1998 was on the 18th April in Manchester against Wilfredo Vazquez who was the holder of the WBA title but gave this up so he could fight Naz, another more likely reason was the amount of money he could get in a fight against Naz! The referee stopped the fight after Vazquez was knocked down in the 3rd round and then twice in the 7th. For his next fight Naz again ventured once more across the Atlantic to the USA where he fought Wayne McCullough on the 31st October. Another successfull defence of his title when Naz won a unanimous points decision over Wayne McCullough after the fight went the distance which for a Naz fight is an unusual event. The fight was scored (116 - 112) ,(117 - 111) and (118 - 110). For his first fight of 1999 Naz will be fighting on the 10th April 1999 against Paul Ingle of Scarborough. Naz once again proved he is the best Pound for Pound featherweight in the division with a 11th round win over Paul Ingle. Ingle was down 3 times in a close fought contest and a short left to the head in the 11th laid him on the canvas unable to get to his feet before the count. Naz was down once in the fight after a wild swing at Ingle missed. This brought a cheer from the Ingle fans who thought that he had been knocked down by Ingle but Naz flicked himself back up on to his feet and got down to business. This was Naz' first fight under his new Trainer Oscar Suarez and he also had Emanuel Steward of the famous KronkGym in his corner as an advisor. Indeed it was Steward who in the 11th round told him Naz to use his left more which he did straight away to to finish Ingle!
Naz fought once more in 1999 against WBC Champion Cesar Soto from Mexico a respected fighter who many though would give Naz his toughest fight to date. The fight was to take place in the US on the 22nd October. The fight turned out to be the complete opposite of the good fight which had been promised in the weeks of advertising running up to the fight. The fight was probably the worst which Naz has had, though the blame cannot fully be with him as Soto came to fight dirty and did throughout the whole of the fight. Naz started the fight looking lively wearing his new black shorts with leopardskin trim. Once the fight reached the 3rd round it looked like it was going to be a long fight. Both boxers were warned for hitting on break. Naz was deducted a point in the 4th for a reason which was unclear and again in the 6th Naz lost another point when he wrestled Soto to the canvas. By the 8th round Soto was deducted a point after having nearly a dozen warnings from the ref for various wrong doings. Naz winks to his corner during the 9th round as he begins to pick off Soto more easily and blood starts to flow from Soto's battered nose. Coming to his corner at the end of the round Naz tells them that he believes that he broke Soto's nose in the last round.
Naz was warned by the referee again in the 10th and now has a bit of damage under his right eye. In round 12 Naz lets fly with a lovely left which was taking Soto down but Soto grabs hold of Naz and pulls him down as well. Soto has fought a poor fight so far, he started well but has been absolutely rubbish since the 3rd round. Soto's fight plan must have been to just grab and wrestle and he has helped spoil what should have been a really good fight. The fight goes to the scorecards and Naz is a clear winner even though he was deducted 2 points and he can add the WBC belt to his collection. Naz receives lots of criticism after the Soto fight and to add to this is stripped of his newly won WBC belt when he refuses to give up the WBO belt.
It is announced that Naz will fight again on the 11th March 2000 and that he will take on Junior Jones who, some say is on the way down but has a record which proves that he has the skill and ability to put on a good fight even though he has struggled to win his last 2 fights.
The fight with Junior Jones was called off when Jones decided that he was worth more than the money he was being offered to fight Naz. Several possibilitys for new opponents have been named including Paul Ingle, Steve Robinson and Vuyani Bungu and the favourite being Steve Robinson because he is the WBO number 1 ranked contender. The oponent for the next fight is named as Vuyani Bungu who has 'never' been knocked out in his career and has only lost 2 fights, both on points. The press and boxing's commentators and journalists seem to prefer the new choice of opponent with some actually tipping Bungu to cause an upset and beat Naz. Many believe that even though Bungu has not fought for 13 months his high workrate and style will cause Naz a lot of problems and that Bungu will wear Naz down.
The 11th of March arrives and in front of a packed crowd Bungu makes his way to the ring following a strange shouting 'witchdoctor' who is warning off evil spirits and whatever else he was supposed to be achieving.
Bungu arrives at the ring and moves to his corner and stares into the crowd and along with one of his entourage spots a person from NazWorld in the crowd about 8 rows back holding up a t-shirt with the NazWorld website address on it as well as the phrase Bung-Who! Naz is announced and he makes one of his most fantastic, and supposedly last, entertaining entrances sweeping in on a flying carpet high above the crowd to the music of Puff Daddy who leads him to the ring when his carpet lands. Once again the NazWorld/Bung-Who! t-shirt appears and this time it's on Sky Box Office as the cameras flick to it seconds before Naz flips over the rope and into the ring. After all the particulars are done the fight begins. From the off Naz looks more focused than he has been for his last few fights as he moves purposefully around the ring working shots to the head and body of Bungu. Naz is caught by a shot from Bungu but hardly seems to notice as he gives Bungu a decent shot in return which seems to make Bungu's knees wobble. Round 2 begins and Naz keeps to the style from round 1 unleashing more shots to the body than he has done in his last few fights. Naz once again wins this round and looks in blistering form as he avoids the usual showboating and demonstrates why he is the greatest featherweight.
In the 3rd round Naz begins to pick the pace up more and has Bungu in trouble but seems to hold back not wanting to finish the job yet as it seems he could have done since round 2. Bungu looks bewildered as he returns to his corner and the busy, frustrating style has not had any effect on Naz and he has lost all 3 rounds so far and is not even in the fight yet. Round 4 begins very much as round 3 ended with Naz again on top and half way into the round it's all over as Naz fakes one way, jabs Bungu to the head and then blasts a straight left through Bungus open guard and hits him on the chin. Bungu crashes to the canvas any his glazed eyes roll in his head as he trys to focus and see where he is and he rises just after the count of 10 but is obviously in no shape to continue as he stumbles about the ring and into the arms of the referee who leads him back to his corner.
End of Quote
Following the Bungu fight Hamed finally offered to fight long time WBO number one challenger, Juan Manuel Marquez . Marquez turned down the fight saying that he wanted more money. Hamed finally fought Augie Sanchez. Sanchez was a very hard puncher and a skilled amateur who once beat Floyd Mayweather . They engaged in a war in which both fighters were stunned. Naz finally won by devastating KO in the fourth round which left Sanchez in a stretcher.
After this fight Hamed relinquished his WBO title. Some people say it was because Istvan Kovacs was the WBO number one contender and Hamed didn't want to face a technical boxer who would give him problems. Hamed got rid of his title and opted to fight Marco Antonio Barrera . At the time, Barrera was coming off a stunning fight with Erik Morales that was considered to be the fight of the year. Hamed offered to fight Barrera, saying that he felt MAB was the true winner of the fight, and most of the boxing media agreed. Hamed vs. Barrera was set for April 7th, 2001 at the MGM Grand Hotel. This was Hamed's first fight in Las Vegas. Prior to the fight, he trained very little, according to his trainer, Emanuel Steward , and according to a BBC documentary regarding the fight. Steward claims Hamed would constantly be watching MAB's KO loss to Junior Jones instead of watching his more recent fights where Barrera had looked good.
Barrera defeated Naseem when the two finally met. Barrera suprised most by using his boxing skills rather then by brawling and counterpunching. Following this fight Hamed had one more fight against Manuel Calvo for the IBO title. Hamed won the fight but didn't come close to scoring a knockout. This led people to believe that Hamed was over the hill. Perhaps Hamed himself agreed; following this fight he has seemingly retired from the sport. He is said to be in the real estate development business and enjoying retirement.
Hamed will always be remembered for attracting new fans to the sport and for bringing more attention and money to the lower weight divisions.
Fighting Weight: 122 - 126lbs
Has a record of 16-0 (14 KO) in World Title fights.
Has a record of 10-1 (8 KO) against former or current world titleists.
| Sheffield |
Which Elite League speedway team ride their home matches at Foxhall Heath | Naseem Hamed Nationality - Naseem Hamed Net Worth
Naseem Hamed Nationality
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Naseem Hamed
Naseem Hamed Net Worth is $33 Million. Naseem Hamed is Professional Boxer. Naseem Hamed Date of Birth is 1974-02-12. Naseem Hamed Nickname is Prince Naseem, Hamed, Naseem, Naz, Prince. Naseem Hamed Height is 1.64 m. Naseem Hamed Weight is 58. Naseem Hamed Ethnicity is Yemenis in ...
Naseem Hamed Net Worth is $33 Million.
Naseem Hamed Net Worth is $33 Million. Naseem Hamed is Professional Boxer. Naseem Hamed Date of Birth is 1974-02-12. Naseem Hamed Nickname is Prince Naseem, Hamed, Naseem, Naz, Prince. Naseem Hamed Height is 1.64 m. Naseem Hamed Weight is 58. Naseem Hamed Ethnicity is Yemenis in the United Kingdom. Naseem Hamed Country is Sheffield. Naseem Hamed is an English former professional boxer.
He is the former WBO, WBC, IBF, and Lineal featherweight champion, and European bantamweight champion.
Hamed was known for his boxing antics and spectacular ring entrances that have included entering the ring via a Chevrolet Impala, a flying carpet, a lift, and a palanquin; re-enacting the video of Michael Jackson's Thriller; and wearing a Halloween mask. He was also known for his front somersault over the top rope into the ring.
Hamed was born in Sheffield, to Yemeni parents, in 1974.
Hamed started boxing professionally at Flyweight in 1992. He soon began rising through the ranks as he knocked out a series of opponents in the opening rounds. Age 20 he won the European bantamweight title, comprehensively beating the beleaguered Vincenzo Belcastro over twelve rounds. After one defense he added the WB...
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What sport is played by the London Leopards | BBC SPORT | OTHER SPORTS | Sharks out to tame Leopards
Friday, 20 April, 2001, 00:13 GMT 01:13 UK
Sharks out to tame Leopards
Sheffield Sharks coach Chris Finch spells it out
Basketball's Northern Conference champions Sheffield Sharks take on form side the London Leopards in the BBL play-off semi-finals on Saturday.
Leopards, the beaten Cup finalists, are right in form and full of confidence following their quarter-final victory over Birmingham Bullets last Monday.
But although they have been waiting to see who their opposition would be at the Coventry Skydome, Sheffield coach Chris Finch says his side have still been working very hard in training.
"It's been good to prepare this week with an opponent in mind" admits Finch. "Now we can do things with a purpose. We have practised well and we're certainly up for the game."
Sheffield have never got past the semi-final stage of the Championship although they have claimed two League titles, three Cups and a Trophy success since they entered the top flight seven years ago.
That provides an extra spur for Finch and his team.
Inconsistent
"Because we've never got to the final we are hungry to reach it this time around" Finch admits.
"Our season has been somewhat inconsistent but we are ready and more prepared mentally and physically at this stage of the season than we have ever been before" he says.
Sheffield have the advantage over Leopards with three wins in their four games so far this season but Leopards coach Bob Donewald knows his own team have the ability to get the better of them.
"When you have pressure on you, some people focus and some fold but the good ones seem to focus and bring home the trophy. Hopefully I have enough players to go and do that," he says.
But a major concern for Donewald is star American Rashod Johnson who has been struggling with a knee problem for the past few weeks.
Leopards coach Bob Donewald looks on
Johnson, Leopards leading scorer this season, played a small part in the victory over Birmingham and, although he will probably line out at some stage on Saturday, his participation will be limited.
Whether Johnson plays or not, Donewald still has a lot of confidence in his team's abilities.
"I don't know another team where you could take out the leading scorer and still survive," he says.
"This team seems to have players on it that rise to certain occasions and they did that on Monday."
Both sides come into this game in tremendous form with wins in their last six games and Finch and Donewald agree it should result in a feast for hoops fans.
"I think this game will be great for the sport" says Bob Donewald. "We haven't played each other since the start of February and with so much at stake it will be exciting and competitive."
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| Basketball |
In which Scottish city is the football team Saint Johnstone based | Basketball: Leopards close to US upset - Telegraph
Basketball: Leopards close to US upset
By Ian Whittell
10:10PM GMT 14 Nov 2000
LONDON LEOPARDS came within two minutes of pulling off the biggest surprise of their United States tour before going down 81-73 at the University of Arkansas.
Bob Donewald's team led 73-71 with two minutes left after Jason Kimbrough hit his seventh three-pointer of the game against the college, who are ranked 15th in the country.
But after Arkansas regained a two-point edge, Kimbrough narrowly missed another three-point attempt with 38 seconds remaining that would have put them back in front. That was as close as the Londoners came as their record on the nine-game tour dropped to 2-6.
Donewald said: "We played as well as we have played on the whole tour, but we just made mental mistakes down the stretch.
"Jason had a good look at his shot and had been shooting well all night, but he just couldn't get his legs into it. We make a dumb foul, turn the ball over twice and that's all she wrote."
Kimbrough's fellow guards, Rod Brown and Rashod Johnson, also enjoyed a good night with 19 and 11 points respectively.
Shaquille O'Neal struggled for a third successive match, but Kobe Bryant scored a season-high 37 points as Los Angeles Lakers ended a two-game losing sequence with a 105-99 win over Houston Rockets.
O'Neal, who scored 14 points and grabbed five rebounds before fouling out with less than five minutes remaining, sprained his right thumb during the game.
| i don't know |
What is 80 written in Roman numerals | Roman Numerals
Roman Numerals (page 2 of 2)
Continuing our counting, we have:
XV = 10 + 5 = 15
XVI = 10 + 5 + 1 = 16
XVII = 10 + 5 + 1 + 1 = 17
XVIII = 10 + 5 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 18
XIX = 10 + (10 � 1) = 10 + 9 = 19
XX = 10 + 10 = 20
Eventually, we'll get to larger numbers. If we continue using these rules, we can create expressions for whatever values we are given. Let's work some examples.
Write 453 in Roman numerals.
The biggest numeral smaller than 400 is the C for 100. But I can't do CCCC for the 400, because that's four of the same character in a row. Instead, I have to subtract 100 from 500: CD = 500 � 100 = 400. Copyright � Elizabeth Stapel 2013 All Rights Reserved
The 50 is easy: that's just L. For the 3, I use three Is. Then my answer is:
453 = CDLIII
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Note: This number is one that you might actually see expressed in Roman numerals because, for some reason, the production dates on movies are written in Roman numerals.
The smallest number-character less than 1900 is 1000: M. After taking care of the thousand, I've got the 900 part of the number. I could start with a D for 500 and then add four Cs for the 400, but I can't use four of the same character in a row. So I'll instead use subtraction to get the 900: one hundred from one thousand is nine hundred, so 900 = CM.
The next part of the number is the 80; the largest number-character smaller than this is L for 50. Then I'll add three Xs for the three tens: 80 = LXXX. I'm left then with the nine, which is written as "one from ten": IX. Putting it all together, I get:
1000 + (1000 � 100) + 50 + 30 + (10 � 1) = 1989 = MCMLXXXIX
You've found an old book with a publication date of "MDCCCXCVII". Express the year in decimal numerals.
At the start of this Roman number is M which is 1000. Then comes D which is 500, followed by three Cs which is 300, for a total of 800. Then I've got an X which is 10, but that's followed by another C, which means that the 10 is subracted from 100. In other words, the XC is a 90. After that comes VII which I recognize as being 5 + 1 + 1 = 7.
The year is 1,000 + 500 + 300 + 90 + 7 = 1897
Convert the number 499 from Arabic into Roman numerals.
Interesting fact: Though our letters are Latin (that is, Roman), our numerals came to us through Middle-Ages North Africans; that is, from Arab scholars. So "Arabic numerals" is just a fancy way of saying "the digits we normally use".
You might think that I could just subtract one from five hundred: ID. But that's too much of a subtraction. In general, I can only subtract 1, 10, or 100 from the next one or two numerals bigger. That is, I can subtract 1 from 10 or 50, but nothing bigger; I can subtract 10 from 50 or 100; and I can subtract 100 from 500 or 1,000, but that's it. (Why? "Because".) So I have to add up to 499, rather than subtracting down from 500.
The biggest numeral smaller than 499 is 100, but I can't add up to 100 by using four Cs; instead, I have to subtract 100 from 500. This leaves me with the 99. While I can't subtract a 1 from a 100 to get 99, I can subtract a 10 from 100 to get 90. Then I can subtract a 1 from a 10 to get 9. Putting it all together, I get:
(500 � 100) + (100 � 10) + (10 � 1) = 400 + 90 + 9 = CDXCIX
To summarize:
| lxxx |
What are French speaking Belgians called | Roman Numerals
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Roman Numerals
Roman Numerals are a Numeral System used by the ancient Romans , and many cultures (either directly or indirectly) influenced by them, both today and in the past. (For example, growing up in Canada I sometimes saw them used when writing years. But this practice seem to become less common as I got older.)
Roman Numeral Whole Numbers look like....
I
And roman numeral fractions look like....
··
Roman numerals with whole number and fractional parts look like....
IIS
IX:·:
MVS∴
(Take note that most people today, that I know of, who talk about "roman numerals", are talking about "whole number roman numerals", and not roman numeral fractions .)
I've read that the Roman Numerals were based on Etruscan Numerals . (I've read and been told that the Romans originally got their civilization and much of their culture from the Etruscans .)
Roman Numerals can be used to represent (certain) Whole Numbers and even (certain) Fractions . When representing whole numbers, roman numerals are essentially base-10. However, when representing fractions, roman numerals are essentially base-12. (Whole number and fractional roman numerals can even be mixed.)
Modern Usage of Roman Numerals
Roman Numerals are still being used today. When I was in Elementary School , in the 1980s , I remember being taught them. And even before that, I think I remember my father and my mother teaching me roman numerals. (I think it was for reading clocks and watches with roman numerals.)
Romans Numerals For Clocks, Watches, and Dates
When I was younger, in the 1980s , I remember seeing roman numerals being used to write out years. (Often for use in Copyright declarations.)
Also, when I was growing up, we had at least one wall Clock with roman numerals. And I think I've even seen (analog) Wrist Watches with roman numerals.
Roman Numerals in Chemistry
I still seen roman numerals being used in Chemistry . (Like, for example, the Fe 2+ ion can be written as "Iron (II)". And also, for example, the Fe 3+ ion can be written as "Iron (III)". This can even be used in the names of compounds, such as Iron (II) Sulphate ; which is the same thing as FeSO4, and is also known as Ferrous Sulphate and Copperas .)
Roman Numerals in Names
I sometimes see names with roman numerals. (Like, for example, World War II ; which reads as "World War Two". Or Mary I of Scotland ; which reads as "Mary the first of Scotland".) In the case of when it appears in the names people, this is basically used to represent generations in a pedigree.
Roman Numerals in Lists
I still see roman numerals used in lists. Like, for example, to number the chapters in a Book . Or, for example, to number items in a point list. For example....
First
Fourth
How To Read and Write Romans Numerals
Understanding how roman numerals work isn't that difficult. You should be able to pick them up fairly easily. Especially if you see them all the time.
Symbols
The fundamental thing to know about roman numerals, is that Whole Number roman numerals use a series of one or more letters, from the Roman Alphabet (also called the Latin Alphabet ), to represent Numbers .
(Note, Fractional roman numerals are a bit different, but I discuss those a little later.)
So it could be a single letter like "V" for the number Five ( 5 ). Or it could be a series on the basic set of letters, like "MMVIII" for the number Two Thousand and Eight ( 2008 ).
Here is a table that shows the basic symbols used in roman numerals.
Symbol
1000
Memorizing the Basic Roman Numeral Symbols
If you are trying to memorize this, the pattern I see here (and hopefully you see too) is....
Symbol
1000
M is 2 times D , which is 2 × 500
Basically, to get to the next "value", you alternate between Multiplying by 5 and 2, to the previous "value".
Also, to remember the letter ordering.... Most people just memorize the first 3 letters: I , V , X ; and memorize that they represent One ( 1 ), Five ( 5 ), and Ten ( 10 ), respectively.
(I think it is easy for most people to memorize these, today, because many many people are used to seeing roman numerals on Clocks and Wrist Watches . And if you can read the time off of a clock or a wrist watch with roman numerals, then you almost certainly already know what these mean.)
The last four letters -- L , C , D , and M -- are either also just memorized. Or are remembed with a Mnemonic . Such as....
Lucky Cows Drink Milk
Little Cats Drink Milk
LCD Monitor
(If none of these mnemonics work for you, try making up your own. You could even make one up for the whole series: I , V , X , L , C , D , and M .)
Roman Numeral Whole Number Examples
Besides the basic 7 letters, other whole numbers (that can be written with roman numerals) are written as a series of these letters. For example, 3 is written as "III"; 7 is written as "VII"; 31 is written as "XXXI"; 72 is written as "LXXII"; and 1985 is written as "MCMLXXXV".
The table below shows some more examples....
Roman Numeral
2000
Upper Case Versus Lower Case Roman Numerals
Although I tend to write Roman numerals using Upper Case letters, they can also be written using Lower Case letters as well. So, for example, 3 can be written as "III" or "iii"; 7 can be written as "VII" or "vii"; 31 can be written as "XXXI" or "xxxi"; 72 can be written as "LXXII" or "lxxii"; and 1985 can be written as "MCMLXXXV" or "mcmlxxxv".
More Roman Numeral Patterns
Roman numerals follow this pattern....
Units
IX
Writing Roman Numerals
Writing whole number roman numerals is actually straight forward if you know the Algorithm . Since whole number roman numerals are essentially Decimal (base-10) converting whole number Arabic Numerals to whole number roman numerals is straight forward.
The best way to illustate this is through an example. Consider the number 1984. THe first thing we do is break this appart as....
1984 ---- 1000 900 80 4
Once you have that, you convert each part to roman numerals, as....
1984 ---- 1000 = M 900 = CM 80 = LXXX 4 = IV
Then you just concatenate each those roman numerals together, as....
1984 ---- 1000 = M 900 = CM 80 = LXXX 4 = IV ------------ M CM LXXX IV ------------ MCMLXXXIV
And you get the result "MCMLXXXIV".
If you paid close attention to that example, the question you're probably wondering right now is... how do you know how to "convert" each of those Arabic Numeral parts to roman numerals‽
TODO
Reading Roman Numerals
To read roman numerals, you, of course, need to have the sequence memorized: I, V, X, L, C, D, and M.
So, for example, say you had the roman numeral "MMMCMLXXXIV". Now, you need to take the roman numeral sequence in reverse: M, D, C, L, X, V, and I.
Now go through the roman numeral you are trying to read, from left to right. And find all the out of order letters, and....
Break it apart before that out of order letter.
Break it apart after the letter following the out of order letter.
For example....
MMMCMLXXXIV -------------- MMM CM LXXX IV
Now you figure out the value of each of those pieces. As in....
MMMCMLXXXIV -------------- MMM CM LXXX IV -------------- MMM = 3000 CM = 900 LXXX = 80 IV = 4
Now add those piecs together, as in....
MMMCMLXXXIV -------------- MMM CM LXXX IV -------------- MMM = 3000 CM = 900 LXXX = 80 IV = 4 ---- 3984
Thus giving you the result of: 3984.
Here's anothr example. Consider the roman numeral: CDIX. This gives you....
CDIX -------- CD IX -------- CD = 400 IX = 9 --- 409
Thus giving us th result of: 409.
And for a final example, consider the roman numeral: MMMCDV. This gives us....
MMMCDV -------- MMM CD V -------- MMM = 3000 CD = 400 V = 5 ---- 3405
Which gives us the result: 3405.
Zero
Note that there is no way to represent Zero using roman numerals.
I've read that, much much later after the Romans , in the 8th Century (around the year 725), the letter N was used by a one or two people to represent zero. But, as far as I know, this never became popular and may have only been used once, and is definitely not something the Romans ever had. (Also, I've read that N has also been used to represent Fifty (50), as an alternate to L .)
Calculations
For doing calculations, Roman Numerals are horrible! Roman numerals and not appropriate to be used for any of the "good" hand-based Algorithms for Adding , Subtracting , Multipling , or Diving .
Growing up in Canada and the USA I learned to use Arabic Numerals -- 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, etc -- for doing calculations done by hand. (Although I've often used Hexadecimal and Binary Numerals for Computer Science and Software Engineering .)
Web Development
For those involved in Web Development , although it is simple to write roman numerals in HTML , the HTML ol Element can be made to make an ordered list that numbers the items in the list with roman numerals. This can be accomplished with the "type" attribute.
For example, here is some sample HTML code that uses Upper Case roman numerals....
<ol type="I"> <li>Example Item One</li> <li>Example Item Two</li> <li>Example Item Three</li> <li>Example Item Four</li> <li>Example Item Five</li> <li>Example Item Six</li> <li>Example Item Seven</li> <li>Example Item Eight</li> <li>Example Item Nine</li> <li>Example Item Ten</li> </ol>
This would give you....
x2182
ↂ
These, of course, can also be used for Web Development in HTML , using the HTML Entities listed in the table. Although I would not recommend it. I'd recommend just using normal characters to construct roman numerals.
If you want to do something special, you could do something like....
<code class="roman-numeral">MCMLXXVI</code>
... using the HTML code Element . Or could do the following...
<span class="roman-numeral">MCMLXXVI</span>
... using the HTML span Element .
Roman Numeral Fractions
Roman numerals also have a notation for Fractions . (For example "S:·:" for 11⁄12.) This notation can also be used to make numbers that are mixed of whole numbers and fractions. (For example " IIS " for 21⁄2)
I have never seen these being used in modern times. However, to be able to better understand certain kinds of History , Archaeology , and Anthropolgy , learning roman numeral frations can be necessary. (Especially when it is so easy to learn them!)
For example, the Romans used this notation on the Coins they used for Money . What might look like a few dots for decoration on an ancient Roman coin to the uninitiated, would in reality represent the denomination and the value of the coin, which would easily be noticed by the initiated.
Unlike the roman numerals used to represent Whole Numbers , which is Decimal (base-10), roman numeral fractions are Dozenal (base-12).
The following table represents the main roman numeral fractions. These go from 1⁄12 to 12⁄12 (in steps of 1⁄12'ths)....
Fraction
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What is the medical term for an artificial limb | Artificial limb | definition of artificial limb by Medical dictionary
Artificial limb | definition of artificial limb by Medical dictionary
http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/artificial+limb
Related to artificial limb: prosthesis
limb
[lim]
1. one of the paired appendages of the body used in locomotion and grasping; see arm and leg . Called also member , membrum , and extremity .
2. a structure or part resembling an arm or leg.
anacrotic limb ascending limb (def. 2).
artificial limb a replacement for a missing limb; see also prosthesis .
ascending limb
1. the distal part of Henle's loop .
2. the ascending portion of an arterial pulse tracing; called also anacrotic limb.
catacrotic limb descending limb (def. 2).
descending limb
1. the proximal part of Henle's loop .
2. the descending portion of an arterial pulse tracing; called also catacrotic limb.
lower limb the limb of the body extending from the gluteal region to the foot; it is specialized for weight-bearing and locomotion. See also leg .
pectoral limb the arm ( upper limb ), or a homologous part.
pelvic limb the leg ( lower limb ), or a homologous part.
phantom limb the sensation, after amputation of a limb, that the absent part is still present; there may also be paresthesias, transient aches, and intermittent or continuous pain perceived as originating in the absent limb.
thoracic limb pectoral limb .
upper limb the limb of the body extending from the deltoid region to the hand; it is specialized for functions requiring great mobility, such as grasping and manipulating. See also arm .
artificial limb
See prosthesis .
artificial limb
A PROSTHESIS designed to replace an amputated arm or leg. Artificial limbs may perform a purely supportive function or may simulate, to varying degrees, some of the functions of the part.
artificial
made by art; not natural or pathological.
artificial abortion
includes diagnosis of estrus, semen collection and handling, and artificial insemination (see below).
artificial breeding organization
a proprietary or cooperative organization dealing in the selection, purchase and maintenance of selected sires, mass collection, storage and sale of semen, employment of artificial inseminators, and often veterinarians skilled in the diseases of the reproductive tract, and the provision of artificial insemination services to individual cows and to herds, flocks or bands of animals. The responsibility is usually assumed for the keeping of complete records and the provision of these to clients and in the form of a periodic report. It is inherent in the animal industries that artificial breeding has as its objectives the genetic improvement and the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases of the species that it serves. Embryo transplantation and its attendant technologies could become part of an artificial breeding service.
artificial digestion for trichinosis
a sample of the meat to be examined is incubated with a mixture of pepsin and hydrochloric acid and the digesta examined under a microscope for specimens of Trichinella spiralis.
artificial drying
drying or dehydrating of feed by other than natural means of sun and air movement; usually by fossil fuel.
artificial kidney
a popular name for an extracorporeal hemodialyser.
artificial limb
a replacement for a natural limb. See also prosthesis .
artificial milk
see milk replacer.
artificial organ
a mechanical device that can substitute temporarily or permanently for a body organ. Not usually used in veterinary medicine.
artificial parturition induction
see parturition induction.
artificial rearing
the rearing of newborn animals by the use of milk replacer as an artificial diet, and often the provision of an artificial environment with a cloth-lined box and a heat lamp or other heating device. The provision of an appropriate amount of relevant antibodies or a prolonged course of antibiotics is an essential part of the program. The need may be a permanent one because of the death or complete agalactia of the dam, or because management insists on early weaning. It may be temporary if the dam is agalactic for a brief period because of illness.
artificial vagina
a device used in the collection of semen from male animals. The usual construction is of a rigid external tube lined by a flexible, thin rubber sleeve. Water at body temperature is introduced between the tube and the sleeve so as to achieve a spongy warm cavity which is lubricated with inert material. A rubber cone, terminating in a graduated plastic or glass collecting tube, is placed over the distal end of the device which is then ready to use.
| Prosthesis |
What is the name given to magnetic iron ore | Limb Loss Definitions | Amputee Coalition
Limb Loss Definitions
Last updated 2/2008 | Download PDF
*italicized words have corresponding definitions
AAOP (American Academy of Orthotists and Prosthetists): As a professional society of orthotists and prosthetists, the AAOP is dedicated to promoting professionalism and advancing the standards of patient care through education, literature, research, advocacy and collaboration.
ABC (American Board of Certification): The ABC was formed in 1948 by a group of concerned practitioners and orthopedic surgeons who recognized the Orthotist/Prosthetist as an integral part of the rehabilitative team responsible for returning the patient to a productive and meaningful life.
abduction: Motion of a limb or body part away from the median plane of the body. The resulting effect can cause problems with proper gait and/or ambulation and may prolong the rehabilitation process, especially in cases of lower extremity limb loss—adduction is its opposite.
ablation: Removal of a body part and/or its function by way of surgery, morbid process or traumatic occurrence.
Amputee Coalition (Amputee Coalition of America): The Amputee Coalition was founded in 1986 and incorporated in 1989. The Amputee Coalition seeks to reach out to and empower people affected by limb loss to achieve their full potential through education, support and advocacy, and to promote limb loss prevention..
accessible: Something that is easily and safely approached, entered and/or operated by a person with a disability (i.e., site, facility, work environment, service, or program).
acquired amputation: The surgical removal of a limb(s) due to complications associated with disease or trauma.
acupuncture : An ancient Asian mode of therapy used to cure disease or relieve pain; the process employs long, thin needles that are inserted into the body at specific points.
ADA: The Americans with Disabilities Act was enacted in 1990 and prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability in employment; to be protected by this Act, one must have a disability or have a relationship or association with an individual with a disability.
adherent scar tissue: Usually formed during the healing process, the scar tissue sticks to underlying tissue such as muscle, fascia or bone and may cause pain or lessen the ability for a full range of motion; it also can limit proper fit of the socket. Massage techniques can be employed to combat irritation and/or inflammation, working to soften the hardened tissue.
AE (above-the-elbow): A specific level of amputation—also known as transhumoral.
AK (above-the-knee): A specific level of amputation—also known as transfemoral.
alignment: The position of the prosthetic socket in relation to the foot and knee.
alternative therapy: A treatment that is used in place of or in conjunction with traditional medicine (i.e., acupuncture, yoga andTens units).
ambulation: The action of walking or moving. For lower extremity amputees, rehabilitation is primarily concerned with helping the patient achieve proper gait and/or ambulation.
amelia: Medical term for the congenital absence or partial absence of one or more limbs at birth. Amelia can sometimes be caused by environmental or genetic factors.
amputation: The cutting off of a limb or part of a limb.
anterior: The front portion of a shoe or foot.
AOPA (American Orthotic and Prosthetic Association): Founded in 1917, the American Orthotic & Prosthetic Association is a national trade association committed to providing high quality, unprecedented business services and products to O&P professionals.
architectural barrier: Barriers such as stairs, ramps, curbs, etc. that could obstruct a person’s ability to walk or mobilize in a wheelchair.
assistive/adaptive equipment: Devices that assist in activities or mobility (i.e., wheelchair ramps, hand bars/rails, car and home modifications, canes, crutches, walkers and other similar devices).
atrophy: A wasting away of a body part, or the decrease in size of a normally developed extremity or organ, due to a decrease in function and/or use.
BE (below-the-elbow): A specific level of amputation—also known as transradial.
bilateral amputee: A person who is missing or has had amputated both arms or both legs. For example, a person that is missing both legs below-the knee is considered a bilateral BK.
biomechanics: Applying mechanical principles to the study of human movement; or the science concerned with the action of forces on the living body.
BK (below-the-knee): A specific level of amputation—also known as transtibial.
BOC (Board for Orthotists/Prosthetists Certification): BOC is an independent, not-for-profit agency that certifies orthotists, prosthetists, orthotic and mastectomy fitters and accredits their facilities. Since their founding in 1984, BOC has been dedicated to promoting the highest standards of excellence and competence of orthotists and prosthetists.
body image: The awareness and perception of one’s own body in relation to both appearance and function.
body-powered prosthesis (upper extremity): An arm prosthesis powered by movement in the upper extremity portion of the body, specifically the muscles of the shoulder(s), neck and back. The motion of these movements is then captured by a harness system that generates tension in a cable, allowing a terminal device (hook or prosthetic hand) to open and close.
bumper: Rubber like, polymer based devices that are available in varying degrees of density, depending on an amputee’s desired level of stiffness in a prosthetic knee or heel. As with other prosthetic componentry, basic maintenance or replacement may be required as a result of wear and tear.
C-Leg: The Otto Bock C-Leg features a swing and stance phase control system that senses weight bearing and positioning to provide the knee’s microprocessor information about the amputee’s gait, thus promoting smoother ambulation. The outer shell houses a hydraulic cylinder, microchip, and rechargeable battery.
causalgia: A persistent, often severe burning pain usually resulting from injury to a peripheral nerve.
check or test socket: A temporary socket, often transparent, made over the plaster model to aid in obtaining proper fit and function of the prosthesis.
Chopart amputation: Named for François Chopart, French surgeon, 1743-1795. It is a disarticulation at the midtarsal joint of the foot, leaving a stump that is able to withstand weight bearing without a prosthesis. Recent studies, however, devalue this type of amputation, instead preferring the similar Syme’s amputation.
comorbidity: The presence of a coexisting or additional disease that can impact a primary disease. For example, the primary disease could be diabetes and the comorbid diseaseneuropathy.
congenital anomaly: A birth malformation such as an absent or poorly developed limb. (seeamelia and phocomelia)
contracture: The tightening of muscles around a joint, restricting the range of motion and suppressing muscular balance.
contralateral: Originating in or affecting the opposite side of the body.
cosmesis: Used to describe the outer, aesthetic covering of a prosthesis.
CP (Certified Prosthetist): A person who has passed certification standards as set by a prosthetist certifying body.
CPO (Certified Prosthetist/Orthotist): A person who has passed certification standards as set by a prosthetist/orthotist certifying body.
custom fit: Fitting an individual with a device that is made from an image of the individual’s anatomy and fabricated according to the needs of that individual.
débridement: The removal of necrotic, infected or foreign material from a wound.
definitive, or permanent prosthesis: The definitive prosthetic replacement for the missing limb or part of a limb, meeting standards for comfort, fit, alignment, function, appearance and durability.
desensitization: To reduce or remove any form of sensitivity in the residual limb by massaging, tapping or applying vibration.
diabetic amputation: An amputation caused by complications associated with diabetes. Causes can include neuropathy, ulcers, and foot disorders. This is an acquired amputation.
disarticulation: An amputation of a limb through the joint, without cutting any bone—performed at the hip, knee, ankle, shoulder, elbow and wrist levels.
distal: (1) The end of the residual limb. (2) The end that is farthest from the central portion of the body. Distal is the opposite ofproximal.
distal muscle stabilization: During an amputation, it is important to retain the maximum amount of functioning muscle to ensure strength, shape and circulation. To achieve this, the remaining muscles at the site of amputation must be secured and stabilized.Myodesis andmyoplasty are the most common techniques for achieving this stabilization.
donning and doffing: Putting on and taking off a prosthesis, respectively.
dorsiflexion: An upward movement or extension of the foot/toes or the hand/fingers.
durable medical equipment (DME): Assistive devices, such as crutches, walkers or wheelchairs that are used by patients at home.
durometer: A device for measuring the degree of density or stiffness in rubber or polymer based products. In foot/ankle prosthetics, for example, a prosthetist would use the durometer to measure the degree of stiffness in a particular bumper in order to match its level of density to the degree of stiffness desired by the amputee; however, most bumpers now are color coded to correspond with a specific level of stiffness, virtually eliminating the need for office measurements.
dysvascular amputation: The word is used to denote amputations that are caused or acquired from poor vascular status of a limb (i.e., ischemia). The prefix dys is Greek in origin and means abnormal, difficult, impaired or bad.
edema: A type of localized swelling that is characterized by an excess of fluid in body tissues. Many amputees experience inflammatory edema (red, tender, and/or warm skin) at the residual level.
elastic wrap: An elasticized bandage used to prevent swelling and encourage shrinkage of the residual limb, thus promoting a healthy stump.
endoskeletal prosthesis: A prosthesis built to imitate the movements and functional capabilities of the human skeleton, with all parts and componentry housed inside a soft, cosmetic covering.
energy storing foot: A prosthetic foot designed with a flexible heel. The heel stores energy when weight is applied to it and releases this energy when weight is transferred to the other foot.
exoskeletal prosthesis: A prosthesis made of a hard, hollow outer shell designed for weight bearing. It is a fully functional, complete prosthesis unoccupied with cosmetic concern.
extension assist: A device that assists the prosthesis through the swing phase of ambulation, thus speeding up the walking cycle.
extremity: Synonymous with limb, usually referring to an arm or leg.
foot function: The act of using the feet as a functional substitute for the hands.
forequarter amputation: An amputation of the arm, shoulder, clavicle, and scapula.
foreshortened prostheses: see stubbies
functional prosthesis: Designed with the primary goal of controlling an individual’s anatomical function, such as providing support or stability or assisting ambulation.
gait: A manner of walking that is specific to each individual.
gait training: Part of ambulatory rehabilitation, or learning how to walk with your prosthesis or prostheses.
HP (hemipelvectomy): Similar in scope to the hip disarticulation, the HP also removes approximately half of the pelvis.
hybrid prosthesis: A prosthesis that combines several prosthetic options in a single prosthesis, usually for individuals who have a transhumoral (AE) amputation or difference. The most common hybrid prostheses are found in upper extremity cases where the device utilizes a body-powered elbow and a myoelectrically-controlled terminal device (hook or hand).
IAOP: International Association of Orthotics and Prosthetics.
Ilizarov technique: A bone fixation technique using an external fixator for lengthening limbs, correcting pseudarthrosis and other deformities, and assisting in the healing of otherwise hopeless traumatic or pathological fractures and infections, such as chronic osteomyelitis.
IPOP (Immediate Post Operative Prosthesis): A temporary prosthesis applied in the operating room immediately following amputation. The IPOP helps control initial edema or swelling, reduces postamputation pain and protects the amputation site by enveloping the residual limb in a rigid dressing, and allows for immediate, although light, ambulatory rehabilitation.
ischemia: A localized type of anemia that results because of an obstruction in the blood supply, usually through arterial blockage and/or narrowing. This condition is usually seen in patients with poor vascular health or in diabetics that are facing complications of a comorbid disease.
Ischial containment socket: In some amputation cases, usually those of the HP or HD, this socket is used to support the ischium.
ischium: The lower portion of the hipbone, which sometimes protrudes from the pelvis and may get sore while sitting on a hard surface for extended periods of time.
kinesiology: The study of muscles and human movement.
lateral: To the side, away from the median plane of the body.
L-Codes: Reimbursement codes used in the prosthetic/healthcare industry to identify what services and/or devices were provided.
LEA: Acronym for a lower extremity amputation or amputee.
Liner (roll-on liner): Suspension systems used to hold the prosthesis to the residual limb and to provide additional comfort and protection for the residual limb. Roll-on liners can also accommodate volumetric changes in the residual limb. These liners may be made of silicon, pelite, or gel substances.
medial: Motion of a body part toward the median plane of the body.
microprocessor-controlled knee: These devices are equipped with a sensor that detects full extension of the knee and automatically adjusts the swing phase of ambulation, allowing for a more natural gait.
modular prosthesis: An artificial limb assembled from components or modules usually of theendoskeletal type, where the supporting member (pylon) may have a cosmetic covering (cosmesis) shaped and finished to resemble the natural limb.
multiaxis foot: The multi-rotational axis allows for inversion and eversion of the foot, and it is effective for walking on uneven surfaces.
myodesis: During an amputation, stabilization of the divided muscles is of utmost importance. Inadequate techniques resulting in weak, retracted muscles or skin that cannot tolerate the necessary pressures will obviously compromise stability. Applying the myodesis technique fordistal muscle stabilization gives greater stability as it involves the direct suturing of muscle or tendon to bone. Myodesis is not recommended for ischemic patients. Instead, the surgeon will probably employ the technique of myoplasty.
myoelectrics: Basically, this is muscle electronics. It is a technology used mainly in upper extremity prosthetics to control the prosthesis via muscle contraction using electrical signals from the muscles to power the prosthesis.
myoplasty: Like myodesis, myoplasty is a surgical technique used to foster distal muscle stabilization. In this technique, muscle is sutured to muscle and then placed over the end of the bone before closing the wound. Since it is widely accepted that myodesis offers better stabilization, the myoplasty technique is not used as often; however, for patients with poor vascular health, the myoplasty technique is preferred.
neuroma: When a nerve is severed during amputation, the nerve endings form a mass (neuroma) reminiscent of a cauliflower shape. Neuromas can be troublesome, especially when they are in places that are subject to pressure from the socket. They can also cause an amputee to experience sensory phenomena in or around the residual limb, which can be aggravating and/or painful.
neuropathy: An abnormal and usually degenerative state of the nervous system or nerve that can lead to loss of feeling in the feet or other extremities, especially in the diabetic patient.
nylon sheath: A sock interface worn close to the skin on the residual limb to add comfort and deter perspiration.
Occupational Therapy: The teaching of how to perform activities of daily living as independently as possible, or how to maximize independence in the case of disability.
orthosis: A device that is used to protect, support or improve function of parts of the body that move, i.e., braces, splints, slings, etc. Orthoses is plural.
orthotics: The profession of providing devices to support and straighten the body.
orthotist: A skilled professional who fabricates orthotic devices that are prescribed by a physician.
osseointegration: The growth action and adhesive nature of bone tissue with titanium, which allows an individual to have a prosthesis attached so as to become part of their body’s own structure. The process was developed by Professor Ingvar Bränemark of Sweden in the 1950’s and is commonly used in dentistry and metacarpo-phalangeal (MCP) joint replacement in the hand.
partial foot amputation: An amputation at the metatarsal section of the foot. This type of amputation is similar in scope to theChopart amputation.
partial suction: Usually refers to the socket of an AK prosthesis that has been modified to allow the wearing of prosthetic socks.
PFFD (Proximal Femoral Focal Deficiency): A congenital anomaly where the proximal femur did not normally progress during the embryological development of the fetus.
phantom pain: Painful sensations, usually moderate, that originate in the amputated portion of the limb.
phantom sensation: This is the feeling that the missing body part is still there. It may involve uncomfortable but not necessarily painful sensations such as burning, tingling and/or itching.
phocomelia: Medical term for a congenital anomaly in which one or more limbs are missing, with the hand and/or foot attached directly to the trunk of the body.
physiatrist: A doctor of rehabilitation medicine who specializes in the comprehensive management of patients with impairments and disabilities arising from neuromuscular, musculoskeletal, and vascular disorders.
Physical Therapy: A rehabilitative therapy that is concerned with a patient’s gross motor activities such as transfers, gait training, and how to function/mobilize with or without a prosthesis.
pistoning: Refers to the residual limb slipping up and down inside the prosthetic socket while walking.
plantar: The bottom section or sole of the foot.
plantarflexion: When the toe/foot is pointing down, away from the median plane of the body.
ply: In this context, it refers to the thickness of stump sock material. The higher the ply number, the thicker the sock.
pneumatic/hydraulic resistance: Used in reference to knee joints that provide controlled changes in the speed of walking, or that provide the necessary resistance for the swing and stance phase of ambulation, helping the amputee achieve a more natural gait.
posterior: The back side of the body or part in question, i.e., posterior knee or patellar region.
prehension: The primary functions of the hand, i.e., to hold, grasp, or pinch.
preparatory prosthesis: An unfinished, functional replacement for an amputated limb, fitted and aligned to accelerate the rehabilitation process, control edema, and prepare the residual limb for the external forces associated with wearing a prosthesis on a day to day basis.
prosthesis: An artificial limb, usually an arm or a leg, that provides a replacement for the amputated or missing limb. Prostheses is plural.
prosthetics: The profession of providing those with limb loss or with a limb difference (congenital anomaly) a functional and/or cosmetic restoration of missing or underdeveloped human parts.
prosthetist: A person involved in the science and art of prosthetics; one who designs and fits artificial limbs.
proximal: Nearer to the central portion of the body. Proximal is the opposite of distal.
pylon: A rigid member, usually tubular, between the socket or knee unit and the foot that provides a weight bearing, shock-absorbing support shaft for the prosthesis.
quad socket: A socket designed for an AK amputee that has four distinctive sides. The design allows the muscles to function as much as possible as it works to improve the AK amputee’s ability to control knee function. The distal end of the socket should match the shape and size of the residual limb and should provide secure contact, alleviating edema and other skin problems.
range of motion: The amount of movement a limb has in a specific direction.
reattachment surgery: The surgical attachment of a severed limb that involves reconnecting the arteries and grafting skin and muscle together. Some reattachment procedures also involve putting the patient in a hyperbolic chamber, which can cause the blood vessels, skin, muscle and nerve tissues to regenerate more quickly and completely.
rehabilitation: The process of restoring a person who has been debilitated by a disease or injury to a normal, functional life.
residual limb: The portion of the arm or leg remaining after an amputation, sometimes referred to as a stump or residuum.
revision: Surgical modification of the residual limb.
rigid dressing: A plaster wrap over the residual limb, usually applied in the operating or recovery room immediately following surgery for the purpose of controlling edema and pain. It is preferable, but not necessary, that the rigid dressing be shaped in accordance with the basic biomechanical principles of socket design.
SACH foot (Solid-Ankle Cushion Heel): The foot is made of wood with a flexible rubber shell that surrounds the wooden core. The SACH foot is usually prescribed to moderately active or less active amputees, but can be prescribed to amputees of all activity levels. SACH feet are also used in the design of foreshortened prostheses, or stubbies.
SD (shoulder disarticulation): An amputation through the shoulder joint.
shrinker: A prosthetic device made of elastic material and designed to help control swelling of the residual limb or to shrink it in preparation for a prosthetic fitting.
shuttle lock: A mechanism that has a locking pin attached to the distal end of the liner, which locks or suspends the residual limbinto the socket.
single axis foot: A prosthetic foot that has a single ankle hinge for dorsiflexion andplantarflexion.
socket: The portion of the prosthesis that fits around and envelopes the residual limb and to which the prosthetic components are attached.
social worker: A professional who assists you by helping to coordinate your discharge from the hospital, overseeing and implementing any needed contact with other services or organizations, and generally preparing you for re-entry into family and community life.
split hooks: Terminal devices for upper extremity amputees consisting of two hook-shaped fingers that are operated (opened and closed) through the action of a harness and cable system.
stance control knee: These prosthetic knee joints typically offer a weight-activating friction brake that locks the knee into place during pivotal points of ambulation, offering stability and balance where needed.
stubbies (Foreshortened Prostheses): Stubbies are used during and sometimes after initial ambulatory rehabilitation. They are customized to each individual and are usually made up of standard sockets, no articulated knee joints or shank, with modified rocker bottoms or SACH feet turned backward for balance and stability.
stump: A word commonly used to refer to the residual limb.
stump shrinker: An elastic wrap or compression sock worn on the residual limb to reduce swelling and to help properly shape the residual limb.
suction socket: Mainly for use by AK level amputees, this socket is designed to provide suspension by means of negative pressure vacuuming. This is achieved by forcing air out of the socket through a one-way valve when donning and using the prosthesis. In order for this type of socket to work properly, the soft tissues of the residual limb must precisely fit the contours of the socket. Suction sockets work very well for those whose residual limbs maintain a constant shape and size.
suspension system(s): One of many suspension systems must be used in order to keep the prosthesis attached to the residual limb. Most of these systems are integral parts of the socketand prosthesis.
swing phase: This is when the prosthesis moves from full flexion to full extension. The term is usually used in reference to prosthetic knee units.
switch control: A control switch for an electronically-controlled prosthesis (see myoelectrics) that is used to regulate current from the battery to the operator.
Symes amputation: An amputation through the ankle joint that retains the fatty heel pad portion and is intended to provide end weight bearing.
temporary prosthesis: A prosthesis that is made soon after an amputation as an inexpensive way to help retrain a person to walk and balance while shrinking the residual limb (see IPOP).
TENS Unit (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation): The units are small, battery powered, and weigh only a few ounces. Electrodes are placed on the skin near the area of pain and are attached to the TENS unit. The idea is to disrupt the pain signal so that the pain is no longer felt.
terminal devices: Devices attached to the wrist unit of an upper extremity prosthesis that provide some aspect of normal hand function, i.e., grasp, release, etc.
TES belt: A neoprene or Lycra suspension system for an AK prosthesis, which has a ring that the prosthesis slides into. The neoprene belt attaches around your waist by Velcro/hook and loop fastener. It is used to provide added suspension and/or control rotation.
therapeutic custom shoe: A shoe designed and fabricated to address an individual’s medical condition. A therapeutic custom shoe is made over a modified positive model of an individual’s foot and can be either custom-molded or custom-made.
therapeutic recreation: This mode of rehabilitation provides instruction in returning to leisure activities.
transfers: The act of moving from one position to another (such as from sitting on a bed to sitting in a wheelchair).
transmetatarsal amputation: An amputation through the metatarsal section of the foot bone. (see partial foot amputation)
traumatic amputation: An amputation that is the result of an injury.
unilateral: An amputation that affects only one side of the body (opposite of bilateral).
upper extremity (UE): Having to do with the upper part of the body. It is used in reference to amputees with arm or shoulder amputations.
Van Ness Rotationplasty: In this kind of reconstruction, the ankle joint is used as a substitute for the knee. By removing a portion of the femur and knee joint and bringing the ankle up to the level of the original knee, turning it 180 degrees, reattaching it to the femur and adjusting the thigh to appropriate length, a functional knee joint (formerly the ankle joint) can be achieved. The foot is then fit into a prosthetic socket and the person in question, who would otherwise require an AK amputation, functions as a BK amputee—a preferable level when considering ambulatory rehabilitation.
variable-volume socket: A lightweight and custom-made socket. The two-piece design makes it possible to don and doff the prosthesis without subjecting the limb to unnecessary shear. The patient can adjust the socket itself as well as vary the sock ply to maintain proper fit. Socket adjustability eliminates the need to replace the preparatory socket several times before stabilization occurs.
vascular amputation: An amputation caused by lack of blood flow to a limb or limbs (ischemia). Causes include arterial and venous catheterization, heart defects and disease, diabetes, familial coagulation defects, arterial anomalies, pressure, septic emboli, and mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome. This is an acquired amputation.
voluntary-closing devices: Terminal devices that are closed by forces on a control cable; grasp is proportional to the amount of pull on the cable.
wrist disarticulation (WD): An amputation through the wrist.
*Below is a list of medical dictionaries that were consulted in the making of this fact sheet. Many thanks are owed to the editors of both Stedman’s Medical Dictionary and Taber’s Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary, as well as to the compilers of numerous online amputation glossaries that were helpful during initial research.
Pugh, Maureen Barlow, Barbara Werner, and Thomas W. Filardo, MD, eds. 2000. Stedman’s Medical Dictionary. 27th ed. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Venes, Donald, MD, and Clayton L. Thomas, MD, eds. 2001. Taber’s Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary. 19th ed. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company.
It is not the intention of the Amputee Coalition to provide specific medical or legal advice but rather to provide consumers with information to better understand their health and healthcare issues. The Amputee Coalition does not endorse any specific treatment, technology, company, service or device. Consumers are urged to consult with their healthcare providers for specific medical advice or before making any purchasing decisions involving their care.
It is not the intention of the Amputee Coalition to provide specific medical or legal advice but rather to provide consumers with information to better understand their health and healthcare issues. The Amputee Coalition does not endorse any specific treatment, technology, company, service or device. Consumers are urged to consult with their healthcare providers for specific medical advice or before making any purchasing decisions involving their care.
National Limb Loss Resource Center, a program of the Amputee Coalition, located at 900 East Hill Ave., Suite 390, Knoxville, TN 37915 | 888/267-5669
© Amputee Coalition. Local reproduction for use by Amputee Coalition constituents is permitted as long as this copyright information is included. Organizations or individuals wishing to reprint this article in other publications, including other World Wide Web sites must contact the Amputee Coalition for permission to do so.
| i don't know |
In Jack and the Beanstalk what cried out to the giant to warn him that Jack was stealing it | Read Jack and the Beanstalk - Climbing the Beanstalk: An Exploration of Jack and the beanstalk
Climbing the Beanstalk: An Exploration of Jack and the beanstalk
Resources for this site
About the Story
There are many different versions of Jack's tale. In England,1730, Jack made his first appearance in literature in Christmas Entertainments entitled "Enchantment demonstrated in the Story of Jack Spriggins and the Enchanted Bean." In 1807 the tale appeared in two different texts, The History of Mother Twaddle, and the Marvellous Atchievements of Her Son Jack, by B. A. T. and The History of Jack and the Bean-Stalk, Printed from the Original Manuscript, Never Before Published by Benjamin Tabart. Joseph Jacobs, Andrew Lang,and Katherine Briggs have also written variations of Jack and the Beanstalk. The following version of the tale is similar to Joseph Jacobs' version.
further history of the story
Jack and the Beanstalk
Once upon a time there lived a poor widow and her son Jack. One day, Jack’s mother told him to sell their only cow.
Jack went to the market and on the way he met a man who wanted to buy his cow. Jack asked, “What will you give me in return for my cow?” The man answered, “I will give you five magic beans!” Jack took the magic beans and gave the man the cow. But when he reached home, Jack’s mother was very angry. She said, “You fool! He took away your cow and gave you some beans!” She threw the beans out of the window. Jack was very
sad and went to sleep without dinner.
The next day, when Jack woke up in the morning and looked out of the window, he saw that a huge beanstalk had grown from his magic beans! He climbed up the beanstalk and reached a kingdom in the sky. There lived a giant and his wife. Jack went inside the house and found the giant’s wife in the kitchen. Jack said, “Could you please give me something to eat? I am so hungry!” The kind wife gave him bread and some milk.
While he was eating, the giant came home. The giant was very big and looked very fearsome. Jack was terrified and went and hid inside. The giant cried, “Fee-fifo-fum, I smell the blood of an Englishman. Be he alive, or be he dead, I’ll grind his bones to make my bread!” The wife said, “There is no boy in here!” So, the giant ate his food and then went to his room. He took out his sacks of gold coins, counted them and kept them aside. Then he went to sleep. In the night, Jack crept out of his hiding place, took one sack of gold coins and climbed down the beanstalk. At home, he gave the coins to his mother. His mother was very happy and they lived well for sometime.
Jack climbed the beanstalk and went to the giant’s house again. Once again, Jack asked the giant’s wife for food, but while he was eating the giant returned. Jack leapt up in fright and went and hid under the bed. The giant cried, “Fee-fifo-fum, I smell the blood of an Englishman. Be he alive, or be he dead, I’ll grind his bones to make my bread!”
The wife said, “There is no boy in here!” The giant ate his food and went to his room. There, he took out a hen. He shouted, “Lay!” and the hen laid a golden egg. When the giant fell asleep, Jack took the hen and climbed down the beanstalk. Jack’s mother was very happy with him.
After some days, Jack once again climbed the beanstalk and went to the giant’s castle. For the third time, Jack met the giant’s wife and asked for some food. Once again, the giant’s wife gave him bread and milk. But while Jack was eating, the giant came home. “Fee-fi-fo-fum, I smell the blood of an Englishman. Be he alive, or be he dead, I’ll grind his bones to make my bread!” cried the giant. “Don’t be silly! There is no boy in here!” said his wife.
The giant had a magical harp that could play beautiful songs. While the giant slept, Jack took the harp and was about to leave. Suddenly, the magic harp cried, “Help master! A boy is stealing me!” The giant woke up and saw Jack with the harp.
Furious, he ran after Jack. But Jack was too fast for him. He ran down the beanstalk and reached home. The giant followed him down. Jack quickly ran inside his house and fetched an axe. He began to chop the beanstalk. The giant fell and died.
Jack and his mother were now very rich and they lived happily ever after.
http://shortstoriesshort.com/story/jack-and-the-beanstalk/
| Historic Arkansas River Project |
By what title do we know Gerald Grosvenor | Jack and the Beanstalk Full Story - YouTube
Jack and the Beanstalk Full Story
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Published on Mar 4, 2016
Jack and the Beanstalf Full Story - English Fairy Tales - Bedtime Stories for Children
Once upon a time there lived a poor widow and her son Jack. One day, Jack’s mother told him to sell their only cow. Jack went to the market and on the way he met a man who wanted to buy his cow. Jack asked, “What will you give me in return for my cow?” The man answered, “I will give you five magic beans!” Jack took the magic beans and gave the man the cow. But when he reached home, Jack’s mother was very angry. She said, “You fool! He took away your cow and gave you some beans!” She threw the beans out of the window. Jack was very sad and went to sleep without dinner.
The next day, when Jack woke up in the morning and looked out of the window, he saw that a huge beanstalk had grown from his magic beans! He climbed up the beanstalk and reached a kingdom in the sky. There lived a giant and his wife. Jack went inside the house and found the giant’s wife in the kitchen. Jack said, “Could you please give me something to eat? I am so hungry!” The kind wife gave him bread and some milk.
While he was eating, the giant came home. The giant was very big and looked very fearsome. Jack was terrified and went and hid inside. The giant cried, “Fee-fifo-fum, I smell the blood of an Englishman. Be he alive, or be he dead, I’ll grind his bones to make my bread!” The wife said, “There is no boy in here!” So, the giant ate his food and then went to his room. He took out his sacks of gold coins, counted them and kept them aside. Then he went to sleep. In the night, Jack crept out of his hiding place, took one sack of gold coins and climbed down the beanstalk. At home, he gave the coins to his mother. His mother was very happy and they lived well for sometime.
climbed the beanstalk and went to the giant’s house again. Once again, Jack asked the giant’s wife for food, but while he was eating the giant returned. Jack leapt up in fright and went and hid under the bed. The giant cried, “Fee-fifo-fum, I smell the blood of an Englishman. Be he alive, or be he dead, I’ll grind his bones to make my bread!” The wife said, “There is no boy in here!” The giant ate his food and went to his room. There, he took out a hen. He shouted, “Lay!” and the hen laid a golden egg. When the giant fell asleep, Jack took the hen and climbed down the beanstalk. Jack’s mother was very happy with him.
After some days, Jack once again climbed the beanstalk and went to the giant’s castle. For the third time, Jack met the giant’s wife and asked for some food. Once again, the giant’s wife gave him bread and milk. But while Jack was eating, the giant came home. “Fee-fi-fo-fum, I smell the blood of an Englishman. Be he alive, or be he dead, I’ll grind his bones to make my bread!” cried the giant. “Don’t be silly! There is no boy in here!” said his wife.
The giant had a magical harp that could play beautiful songs. While the giant slept, Jack took the harp and was about to leave. Suddenly, the magic harp cried, “Help master! A boy is stealing me!” The giant woke up and saw Jack with the harp. Furious, he ran after Jack. But Jack was too fast for him. He ran down the beanstalk and reached home. The giant followed him down. Jack quickly ran inside his house and fetched an axe. He began to chop the beanstalk. The giant fell and died.
Jack and his mother were now very rich and they lived happily ever after.
SCRIPT WRITTEN BY : KIRANDEEP SABHERWAL
Category
| i don't know |
Which company made the first pocket sized transistor radio | transistor radio
transistor radio
transistor radio
Who's On First? A Note on the Transistor Radio
Lou Costello wanted to know the answer to the question "who's on first" for the St. Louis baseball team, but Bud Abbot demonstrated how hard it is to answer such a question (see the Sketch by Bud Abbot and Lou Costello ). The same problems of terminology and definition occur in the history of technology. Nick Lyons in The Sony Vision, (N.Y., 1976) claimed that Sony pioneered the "world's first pocket-size all-transistor radio" in March 1957 (page 54). However, Akio Morita in Made in Japan, (N.Y., 1986) wrote that although it was the "world's smallest" it was not the first. "The introduction of this proud achievement was tinged with disappointment that our first transistorized radio was not the very first one on the market" (page 71). That honor belonged to an American company in Indianapolis called I.D.E.A. that announced the production of the Regency TR-1 on October 18, 1954. Michael Schiffer in The Portable Radio in American Life, (Tucson, 1991) wrote that this was "the world's first shirt-pocket portable radio--with transistors" (page 176). The Regency may have been the first commercial transistor radio but Paul Davis has described his development of the first working transistor radio at Texas Instruments in May 1954 (see the Southwestern Historical Quarterly, 1993, pages 56-80). In Germany, Robert Denk may have produced a transistor radio in February of 1948.
The germanium transistor was first demonstrated privately at Bell Labs Dec. 23, 1947, by William Shockley and his team. However, production problems delayed its practical use. Until it was perfected, the invention was kept secret for 7 months and no patents were filed until 1948; the first public announcement was June 30, 1948 (Braun and Macdonald, p. 33). Raytheon was first to mass-produce transistors in 1952 and the first to produce a commercial product with transistors, the hearing aid. Amateurs used transistors to design experimental radio circuits as early as 1950 and Western Electric engineers made a wrist radio in 1952 with 4 transistors as a gift for Dick Tracy creator Chester Gould (Schiffer page 174). The Regency claimed in its advertisements that it was the "world's first pocket radio" but Schiffer has chronicled the earlier history of pre-transistor portable radios, such as the Operadio 2 in 1923, the "first stand-alone portable" (page 72), the Zenith Companion in 1924, the "first boom-box advertised nationally" (page 75), and the Belmont Boulevard in 1945, the "world's first commercial shirt-pocket radio" (page 162) using the subminiature tubes developed by Norman Krim at Raytheon in 1939.
Regency transistor radio of 1954, from Smithsonian Information Age exhibit
The Regency may have been first, but it failed to earn a profit and disappeared after a few years. Its importance was that it was a showcase for a new technology. Other U.S. companies introduced dozens of transistor radio models and by 1959 almost half of the 10 million radios made and sold in the U.S. were the portable transistor type. Philco introduced the first transistor TV in January 1959 (Schiffer page 193). Tom Watson, Jr., at IBM gave Regency radios to his engineers and told them to put transistors in computers. Texas Instruments would earn millions in the 1960's supplying IBM with computer transistors.
Sony was not first, but its transistor radio was the most successful. The TR-63 of1957 cracked open the U.S. market and launched the new industry of consumer microelectronics (Schiffer page 209). Using cheap labor, creative marketing and technological innovation, Sony would dominate the world consumer electronic market into the 1980's.
Sony transistor radio of 1955 with green case, from Smithsonian Information Age exhibit
My thanks to Don Adamson and Aldo Andreani for suggestions on the transistor radio. See also
Transistor Radios from Bob Davidson. For additional references, see the Suggested Readings on the Recording Technology History page.
- 1999 by Steven E. Schoenherr. All rights reserved.
The photos on this page are used with permission of the Smithsonian National Museum of American History.
| Sony |
In the sitcom My Wife Next Door which actress played Suzy Bassett | 60+ Years of Pocket Portable Electronics
60+ Years of Pocket Portable Electronics
by Don Pies
The craze for pocket-sized electronics began on October 18, 1954 with the first transistor radio, the Regency TR-1. That date set in motion a worldwide hunger for all small and portable electronic devices we now consume on a daily basis. Quote Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak "without this technology, portable media players would never have come into existence — and without that, we wouldn't have iPhones today".
This historic date in 1954 goes well beyond a simple note on a gadget guru's calendar, it marked the pivotal point for the explosion of rock and roll and the launching of the information age. The timing of Elvis' first hits fell into perfect alignment with the planets and the first available means to hear those revolutionary tunes on a teenager's own personal radio away from their disapproving parents. The invention of the pocket radio back in 1954 not only brought rock music to one's own world, it opened doors for future musicians. Roger McGuinn, leader of America's answer to the '60s British invasion, The Byrds, listened to Elvis on a Regency radio when he was only thirteen. McGuinn was so inspired that on his fourteenth birthday, he was given a guitar. In the History Channel's program, 101 GADGETS THAT CHANGED THE WORLD, McGuinn comments "…I think it was why rock 'n roll got so big". Quote the PBS History Detectives in 2012 "the transistor radio was the invention of personal entertainment".
Possibly the most important contribution from the transistor radio was its exposing the information age to the world. As noted in PBS program TRANSISTORIZED, "…and the radio transformed more than just music, it became a portable political weapon." Quote Charles Stewart "the transistor suddenly opened the flood gates of information…it made it possible for people who had never before been a party to world dramas to be there in a front row seat".
Contrary to the misguided myth that Sony had the first transistor radio , this honor goes to a small Indianapolis company called Regency Electronics, who joined forces with Texas Instruments in 1954 to show the world transistors were practical. To clarify the record, it was after Raytheon produced a picnic portable-sized transistor radio in 1955 that Sony came out with their own picnic portable radio, and it wasn't until 1957 that Sony had a miniaturized pocket-sized transistor radio.
Lost from popular knowledge is the incredible fact that the industry giant companies of 1954 completely missed the opportunity to market transistorized products. At the time, vacuum tubes were king - Bell Labs' 1947 transistor invention was not taken seriously by the major radio manufacturers…RCA, Sylvania and Philco felt transistors were just a novel idea for hobbyist. And completely unappreciated by today's standards are the technical challenges that Regency and Texas Instruments faced in 1954. Inventing the electronic circuits to use transistors entered completely unexplored design space, and the miniaturized components required for a pocket-sized device did not exist; and yet, the entire development program to overcome impossible obstacles was successfully completed in just four months. One example of cutting edge technology made real by the Regency TR-1 was the first commercial use of the now industry standard printed circuit boards found in all electronics since that time.
Looking back to the radio's 50th Anniversary in 2004, it's interesting to see how things have changed. In '04, the Regency TR-1 was celebrated by the BBC in the UK, in the USA on NPR's SCIENCE FRIDAY program, and in Australia on Sydney talk radio; and at that time, the iPod was the latest technical marvel that fascinated the world, and the iPhone was still three years off. Yet now, all of our important daily electronic devices still share a common root…the first transistor radio.
Postscript - FORTUNE magazine quote: "For perspective, remember that the transistor, arguably the most important invention of the 20th century, came out of Bell Labs in the late 1940s as a clunky device of wire, gold foil, glue, and other components. The first transistorized consumer product, the Regency TR-1 radio, went on sale Oct. 18, 1954, and sold out almost immediately. If you owned one, you were the coolest thing on two legs."
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Website covers the development of the Regency TR-1 & the people who built it, features a gallery of TR-1 images , includes resource references , highlights some of the radio's quirky anecdotal moments in history...surviving nuclear bombs , Hollywood , " then & now ", rock'n roll ; and touches on the cultural impacts triggered by this radio.
4 - Roger McGuinn - The Byrds
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame artist Roger McGuinn of The Byrds was featured in the History Channel's program 101 GADGETS THAT CHANGED THE WORLD where he discussed how the transistor radio inspired him. Hear Roger McGuinn at http://www.regencytr1.com/audio/Roger%20McGuinn-TR%20Rock.mp3
McGuinn's voice starts 48 seconds into this audio piece.
5 - PBS History Detectives
A Regency TR-1 investigation was aired in a Season-10 PBS History Detectives episode titled FIRST TRANSISTOR RADIO. The short 12-minute episode can now be viewed online at http://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/investigation/first-transistor-radio/ (radio investigation starts at 28:45 minutes into the Full Episode).
6 - PBS TRANSISTORIZED
TRANSISTORIZED was an intriguing one-hour PBS TV special hosted by Newton's Apple Ira Flatow. Hear audio excerpt covering the transistor radio's impact on rock and roll and the information age at http://www.regencytr1.com/audio/PBS%20-%20TR%20and%20Rock.mp3 and view the program at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kLBII5x43P0&list=PLA97634694AC92A93
7 - Sony
View the Sony backstory at http://www.regencytr1.com/Regency_Early_Years.html#sony
8 - Regency radio invention and development
Includes the chronological development the Regency TR-1 and how the established electronics companies missed the century's most important technology. Many supporting references are found in the links on this web page.
9 - "The Revolution in Your Pocket"
http://www.regencytr1.com/images/Simcoe%20TR-1%20article.pdf
The 2004 fall issue of AMERICAN HERITAGE's INVENTION & TECHNOLOGY (vol. 20, #2) celebrated the 50th Anniversary of the Regency TR-1 in an article titled "The Revolution in Your Pocket". This is an excellent article that captures the historic significance of the TR-1 and how industry met the challenge.
10 - Did the iPod copy the Regency TR-1?
The BBC found a possible connection between the design of Apple's iPod and the Regency TR-1 in 2005. View this topic at http://www.regencytr1.com/TRivia_CORNER.html#ipod
Also, in an article titled "The Pod Father", author Megan Fernandez gives us a fun read celebrating the Regency TR-1's place in cultural and electronics history at http://www.regencytr1.com/images/Indianapolis%20Monthly%20-%20March%202007.pdf
11 - Regency TR-1 50th anniversary…three years before the iPhone
View 50th anniversary tribute at http://www.regencytr1.com/Regency%20Electronics%20product%20images.html#50th
12 - The Smithsonian commemorated the Regency TR-1 60th anniversary at http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/sixty-years-ago-the-regency-TR-1-Transistor-Radio-Was-the-New-It-Gift-For-the-Holiday-Season-180953345/?no-ist
| i don't know |
What was the name of the sitcom which starred Samantha Janus, Denise Van Outen and Natalie Walter as Flatmates | Rating:
Overview:
Babes in the Wood was a very short lived UK sitcom starring Karl Howman (Charlie), Samantha Janus (Ruth), Denise Van Outen (Leigh) and Natalie Walter (Caralyn) where we see three female flatmates doing the usual things that women do though these three have the pleasure of putting up with their neighbour Charlie. After the first series Ruth got married and Frankie moved into the flat with Leigh and Caralyn. The first series aired at 9pm on Thursdays. The second series aired at 10pm on Tuesdays.
TV.com ID:
This field MUST correspond to the tv.com series id.
IMDB.com ID:
This field MUST correspond to the IMDB.com ID. Include the leading tt.
Zap2it / SchedulesDirect ID:
| Babes in the Wood |
What became BBC 2’ s longest running sitcom in 1998 when it’s tenth anniversary was celebrated by an evening of special programmes | Sit-Coms - JVTV
Sit-Coms
1 / 8
15 Storeys High
One of the BBC's cult TV comedies, this sharp and quirky series is written by and stars British Comedy Award winner Sean Lock.
He's locked in a high-rise flatshare with another bloke on a South London council estate.
But he's the landlord and his lodger Errol is making his life a misery.
What's more there are other oddball occupants in the block to contend with, from the wife-swappers and bible-bashers to the guy with a lodger of his own: a horse.
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2point4 Children
Bill and Ben seem at first sight to be a typical couple, married with children Jenny and David and unmarried man-loving family friend Rona.
Further developments show, however, that they are prone to situations of an increasingly bizarre nature, belying the ironic implications of the show's title.
Also involved periodically are Ben's assistant, the aggressive Christine, his sister Tina, a fluffy, fussy travesty of femininity, Bill's mother Bette and her sister Belle, Ben's father Frank, Rona's Auntie Pearl, Ben's arch enemy and plumber-trickster Jake the Klingon, snotty neighbors Dora and Leonard Grimes, and prospective in-laws Harry and Laura Carson.
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A Sharp Intake of Breath
A Sharp Intake of Breath is a British sitcom starring David Jason, Jacqueline Clarke, Richard Wilson and Alun Armstrong which ran from 1977 to 1981.
It was made for the ITV network by ATV.
The opening titles featured cartoons by Mel Calman.
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Absolutely Fabulous
In this satirical British sitcom, which became a cult hit on American cable, a grotesquely self-centered fashion victim chain-smokes, swills champagne, abuses drugs, munches caviar, terrorizes her daughter, and tries in vain to mingle with the beautiful people -- all in the company of her sleek, slutty, boozed-up best friend.
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Adrian Mole: The Cappuccino Years
Adrian is the Head Chef in a top Soho restaurant, and currently lives in the upstairs room of the restaurant; the rest of his family live in Leicester.
He is estranged from his wife Jo Jo, a Nigerian woman who has returned to her home country following their separation, and they are in the middle of a divorce.
The real love of Adrian's life is, as ever, Pandora, who is now standing for Labour MP of Ashby de la Zouch.
Pandora's full name is revealed as Pandora Louise Elizabeth Braithwaite in the novel.
Adrian's father has no job, his mother is suspected of being involved with Pandora's father physically, his sister, Rosie, is a victim of culture - piercings, unprotected sex etc.
and as a result gets pregnant and decides to have an abortion.
Adrian also has a son with Jo Jo, William, who is three and idolises Jeremy Clarkson.
Pandora becomes a Labour MP, Adrian gets offered a job as a TV chef, and accepts when he hears the pay.
Adrian does the TV shows, but gets upstaged by his co-host, Dev Singh.
Adrian gets sacked from the restaurant, as it is being turned into an oxygen bar and then moves home to live with his family.
Pandora's father moves in with Adrian's mother, with whom he is having an affair, and Adrian's father moves in with Pandora's mother.
Adrian's father and Pandora's mother then start an affair.
Adrian is commissioned to write a book to go with the TV show, but fails, and is facing lifetime debt, but luckily, his mother writes it for him.
Adrian discovers he is father to another son, the disruptive Glenn Bott.
Archie Tait, a geriatric with whom Adrian is acquainted, dies and leaves Adrian his house.
Adrian, William and Glenn move in together.
Adrian then employs a (mentally unstable) special needs teacher for Glenn, Eleanor Flood, who becomes infatuated with Adrian but did not attract Adrian at all and ultimately sets fire to Archie's old house, after Pandora spends a night there.
The uninsured house is completely destroyed, leaving him and his sons homeless.
One of the few things recovered from the wreckage of the house is Glenn's diary, containing pages idolising Adrian.
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Babes in the Wood
Babes in the Wood was a very short lived UK sitcom starring Karl Howman (Charlie), Samantha Janus (Ruth), Denise Van Outen (Leigh) and Natalie Walter (Caralyn) where we see three female flatmates doing the usual things that women do though these three have the pleasure of putting up with their neighbour Charlie.
After the first series Ruth got married and Frankie moved into the flat with Leigh and Caralyn.
Click HERE to view my missing episodes.
Benidorm
The Solana holiday resort in Spain welcomes a regular group of British holiday makers each year.
Hotel guests across the series so far have included enthusiastic middle-aged swingers Jacqueline and Donald; snobby Kate and Martin Weedon; Lancashire's pub quiz champion Geoff 'The Oracle' Maltby; Gay couple Gavin and Troy; and the loud Garvey family.
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Birds of a Feather
Sharon (Pauline Quirke) lives in a council flat, while her sister Tracey (Linda Robson) lives in a luxurious house on a private estate.
The two women lead very different lives until their husbands are sent to prison for armed robbery.
Sharon moves in with Tracey to keep her company and to help pay the bills.
They quickly become close friends with their neighbour Dorien (Lesley Joseph), whose chief interest in life is chasing after much younger men.
Black Books
Black Books is a second-hand bookshop in London run by an Irishman named Bernard Black.
He is probably the planet's worst-suited person to run such an establishment: he makes no effort to sell, closes at strange hours on a whim, is in a perpetual alcoholic stupor, abhors his customers (sometimes physically abusing them) and is often comatose at his desk.
Help comes in the lumpy shape of Manny Bianco, a hairy, bumbling individual who (almost by osmosis) becomes Bernard's assistant.
Manny is not exactly great at the job either but he is a million times better than Bernard.
Next door is Fran, an anxious, frustrated woman who runs a sort of new-age shop selling the most unlikely bits of arty junk.
Fran is friends with Bernard and, through him, with Manny; together the trio become embroiled in escapades that are sometimes extreme or violent or fantastically ludicrous, and always bizarre.
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Blackadder
Through four series and a few specials, Edmund Blackadder and his greasy sidekick Baldrick conjure up cunning plans as Edmund tries to take advantage of desperate times.
These situation tragedies had obvious parallels from the Dark Ages to Elizabethan times, the rule of mad George III, and The Great War.
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Blue Heaven
Frank Sandford has big hopes for his pop duo, Blue Heaven, but his home life is less than satisfactory.
His father, Jim, is a local hard man whose favourite son is in prison, while his mother can only be described as the perfect match.
Despite the lack of parental support he is determined that he should succeed as a pop star and that his favourite football team, West Bromwich Albion, will win the cup!
Bottom
Richard Richard & Edward Elizabeth Hitler, two men with no hope of fitting in with society.
Two men who will forever fall foul of lifes little jokes, mainly because they are too stupid to avoid them! Adrian Edmondson and Rik Mayall take an anarchic look into the lives of these two friends who are forever threatening, and commiting, violence on each other.
This series could be said to be a follow up, of a kind, to The Young Ones.
Same stars and same attitude but the young ones are now heading into middle age.
A succesful series that spawned three live tours and a big screen film, Guest House Paradiso.
Although the film was not released as such it is advertised as a Bottom film on the video release.
| i don't know |
What was the first country to get Trivial Pursuit | Chris Haney, an Inventor of Trivial Pursuit, Dies at 59 - The New York Times
The New York Times
Business Day |Chris Haney, an Inventor of Trivial Pursuit, Dies at 59
Search
Question: How did Chris Haney, an inventor of the board game Trivial Pursuit , think of himself?
Answer: As a rock star.
“It’s like we became rock stars,” he told Maclean’s magazine in 1993, repeating a comment he had made in several interviews. “People still shake in their boots when they meet us.”
And why not? Mr. Haney, a rumpled Canadian high school dropout, joined with a fellow journeyman journalist, Scott Abbott, to create a phenomenon — a board game that tests a player’s grasp of wickedly inconsequential trivia. In the 1980s, Trivial Pursuit was outselling Monopoly.
By the time Mr. Haney died in Toronto on Monday at 59, more than 100 million copies of the game had been sold in as many as 26 countries and in at least 17 languages, with estimated sales of well over $1 billion. And Mr. Haney, who had battled through financial hardship in pursuit of his dream, wound up owning golf courses, vineyards and racehorses.
Hasbro, which bought the intellectual rights to Trivial Pursuit for $80 million in 2008, confirmed Mr. Haney’s death. The company did not give a cause, except to say that he had suffered from a long illness.
Advertisement
The original Trivial Pursuit, introduced in 1981, involved answering 6,000 trivia questions on 1,000 cards, coded by categories like history and entertainment. (They have been updated and modified many times since, and many variations of the game have been introduced.)
Original questions could be tough: “Who was Howdy Doody’s twin brother?” (Double Doody.)
Or easy: “What chemical is used to keep swimming pools clean?” (Chlorine.)
Mr. Haney especially liked quirky questions: “What’s the largest diamond in the world?” (A baseball diamond.)
The game was a hit with baby boomers in particular and has always tended to play on their nostalgia. Indeed, Time magazine reported that the cast of “The Big Chill,” the 1983 movie about a reunion of friends from the 1960s, loved to play Trivial Pursuit on the set.
Photo
Chris Haney, left, with Scott Abbott. The two men created Trivial Pursuit. Credit The Canadian Press, via Associated Press
Christopher Haney was born in Welland, Ontario. (The exact date is uncertain, but references agree on his age, 59.) He dropped out of high school at 17 and later said that he regretted it — that he should have dropped out at 12. His father worked for a news agency, The Canadian Press, and got him a job there as a copy boy. He later took over its photo desks in Ottawa and Montreal, then moved to The Montreal Gazette as a picture editor.
On the evening of Dec. 15, 1979, Mr. Haney and Mr. Abbott, who was then a sportswriter for The Canadian Press, were playing Scrabble. Mr. Haney wondered aloud whether the two of them could invent a game as good.
Contrary to legend, they were neither in a tavern nor on their 18th round of beers. They were actually at Mr. Haney’s home in Montreal and on their first beers when Mr. Haney suggested a game based on trivia, they told The Hamilton Spectator in 1993. By the time Mr. Haney was opening the refrigerator to fetch their second beers, they were already mentally designing the board.
Their next step was to go to a Montreal toy fair and present themselves as a reporter-photographer team. They peppered game experts with questions and came away with what Mr. Haney called “$10,000 worth of information.”
Advertisement
Continue reading the main story
They then brought in Mr. Haney’s brother John, who in turn brought in a friend, a fellow hockey enthusiast. But they needed more investors and turned to friends in their newsrooms. One problem, according to The Globe and Mail of Canada, was that people had heard they were “con artists.” As an example, the newspaper pointed to a chain letter the men had started that proved profitable for the originators but not to those down the line.
They nonetheless succeeded in raising $40,000 from 32 investors. Mr. Haney’s mother was not among them, however: he had talked her out of investing for fear she would lose her money.
On a trip to Spain, Mr. Haney worked 16-hour days writing questions, by his account, provoking some investors to suggest that they were paying for his vacation. An unemployed artist helped with the design. But things did not immediately work out: buyers at toy fairs in Montreal and New York were cool to the concept. Mr. Haney began to have panic attacks, he told The Globe and Mail.
But after a manufacturer was found and the game was released in Canada, word-of-mouth support began to build. Then the game took off, racking up nearly $800 million in sales in 1984. An estimated one in five American households bought the game, with Selchow & Righter, the makers of Parcheesi and Scrabble, owning the American license at the height of the game’s popularity in the mid-’80s. Ownership then bounced from company to company, including Parker Brothers, until Hasbro bought the rights in 2008.
Mr. Haney’s marriage to his first wife, Sarah, ended in divorce. He is survived by his second wife, Hiam Haney; his sons, John and Thomas; his daughter, Shelagh; and a brother and a sister.
Mr. Haney fought and won a 13-year legal battle against a man who said he had given him the idea for Trivial Pursuit when Mr. Haney picked him up hitchhiking. He won another suit against an author who claimed that Mr. Haney had taken questions from his books, something Mr. Haney readily acknowledged.
The judge’s reasoning: You can’t steal trivia.
A version of this article appears in print on June 3, 2010, on Page A33 of the New York edition with the headline: Chris Haney, an Inventor of Trivial Pursuit, Dies at 59. Order Reprints | Today's Paper | Subscribe
| Canada |
What colour is Whitechapel Street on a Monopoly board | Chris Haney, an Inventor of Trivial Pursuit, Dies at 59 - The New York Times
The New York Times
Business Day |Chris Haney, an Inventor of Trivial Pursuit, Dies at 59
Search
Question: How did Chris Haney, an inventor of the board game Trivial Pursuit , think of himself?
Answer: As a rock star.
“It’s like we became rock stars,” he told Maclean’s magazine in 1993, repeating a comment he had made in several interviews. “People still shake in their boots when they meet us.”
And why not? Mr. Haney, a rumpled Canadian high school dropout, joined with a fellow journeyman journalist, Scott Abbott, to create a phenomenon — a board game that tests a player’s grasp of wickedly inconsequential trivia. In the 1980s, Trivial Pursuit was outselling Monopoly.
By the time Mr. Haney died in Toronto on Monday at 59, more than 100 million copies of the game had been sold in as many as 26 countries and in at least 17 languages, with estimated sales of well over $1 billion. And Mr. Haney, who had battled through financial hardship in pursuit of his dream, wound up owning golf courses, vineyards and racehorses.
Hasbro, which bought the intellectual rights to Trivial Pursuit for $80 million in 2008, confirmed Mr. Haney’s death. The company did not give a cause, except to say that he had suffered from a long illness.
Advertisement
The original Trivial Pursuit, introduced in 1981, involved answering 6,000 trivia questions on 1,000 cards, coded by categories like history and entertainment. (They have been updated and modified many times since, and many variations of the game have been introduced.)
Original questions could be tough: “Who was Howdy Doody’s twin brother?” (Double Doody.)
Or easy: “What chemical is used to keep swimming pools clean?” (Chlorine.)
Mr. Haney especially liked quirky questions: “What’s the largest diamond in the world?” (A baseball diamond.)
The game was a hit with baby boomers in particular and has always tended to play on their nostalgia. Indeed, Time magazine reported that the cast of “The Big Chill,” the 1983 movie about a reunion of friends from the 1960s, loved to play Trivial Pursuit on the set.
Photo
Chris Haney, left, with Scott Abbott. The two men created Trivial Pursuit. Credit The Canadian Press, via Associated Press
Christopher Haney was born in Welland, Ontario. (The exact date is uncertain, but references agree on his age, 59.) He dropped out of high school at 17 and later said that he regretted it — that he should have dropped out at 12. His father worked for a news agency, The Canadian Press, and got him a job there as a copy boy. He later took over its photo desks in Ottawa and Montreal, then moved to The Montreal Gazette as a picture editor.
On the evening of Dec. 15, 1979, Mr. Haney and Mr. Abbott, who was then a sportswriter for The Canadian Press, were playing Scrabble. Mr. Haney wondered aloud whether the two of them could invent a game as good.
Contrary to legend, they were neither in a tavern nor on their 18th round of beers. They were actually at Mr. Haney’s home in Montreal and on their first beers when Mr. Haney suggested a game based on trivia, they told The Hamilton Spectator in 1993. By the time Mr. Haney was opening the refrigerator to fetch their second beers, they were already mentally designing the board.
Their next step was to go to a Montreal toy fair and present themselves as a reporter-photographer team. They peppered game experts with questions and came away with what Mr. Haney called “$10,000 worth of information.”
Advertisement
Continue reading the main story
They then brought in Mr. Haney’s brother John, who in turn brought in a friend, a fellow hockey enthusiast. But they needed more investors and turned to friends in their newsrooms. One problem, according to The Globe and Mail of Canada, was that people had heard they were “con artists.” As an example, the newspaper pointed to a chain letter the men had started that proved profitable for the originators but not to those down the line.
They nonetheless succeeded in raising $40,000 from 32 investors. Mr. Haney’s mother was not among them, however: he had talked her out of investing for fear she would lose her money.
On a trip to Spain, Mr. Haney worked 16-hour days writing questions, by his account, provoking some investors to suggest that they were paying for his vacation. An unemployed artist helped with the design. But things did not immediately work out: buyers at toy fairs in Montreal and New York were cool to the concept. Mr. Haney began to have panic attacks, he told The Globe and Mail.
But after a manufacturer was found and the game was released in Canada, word-of-mouth support began to build. Then the game took off, racking up nearly $800 million in sales in 1984. An estimated one in five American households bought the game, with Selchow & Righter, the makers of Parcheesi and Scrabble, owning the American license at the height of the game’s popularity in the mid-’80s. Ownership then bounced from company to company, including Parker Brothers, until Hasbro bought the rights in 2008.
Mr. Haney’s marriage to his first wife, Sarah, ended in divorce. He is survived by his second wife, Hiam Haney; his sons, John and Thomas; his daughter, Shelagh; and a brother and a sister.
Mr. Haney fought and won a 13-year legal battle against a man who said he had given him the idea for Trivial Pursuit when Mr. Haney picked him up hitchhiking. He won another suit against an author who claimed that Mr. Haney had taken questions from his books, something Mr. Haney readily acknowledged.
The judge’s reasoning: You can’t steal trivia.
A version of this article appears in print on June 3, 2010, on Page A33 of the New York edition with the headline: Chris Haney, an Inventor of Trivial Pursuit, Dies at 59. Order Reprints | Today's Paper | Subscribe
| i don't know |
In a pack of cards what do all the queens hold in their hands | Courts on playing cards
Courts on playing cards
WebLog
Important note: I believe the images shown here are in the public domain (because playing cards have been around for so long, even in their present form…), so you're free to copy them and use them to whatever purpose you see fit. At least as far as I'm concerned, you're welcome to. However, do not link to the images directly on this server: rather, make your own copy of the file and upload it where you will. I'm saying this because I'm really annoyed with all the people linking to these images on this server from their MySpace profile, avatars on various webforums, etc.
Kings
Spades
Called “David” on the French deck, probably after the biblical character. He holds a scepter in one hand, and a harp is visible below it (confirming the biblical attribution). He faces forward, a little to the left. On the English deck, he holds a sword. He faces forward, a little to the right.
Hearts
Called “Charles” on the French deck, probably after Charles the Great (Charlemagne) — or perhaps after French king Charles VII. He holds a sword. He faces forward, a little to the right. On the English deck, he also holds a sword (above his head), and both his hands are visible. Unlike the other kings, he does not have a mustache. He faces forward, a little to the left.
Diamonds
Called “César” on the French deck, probably after Julius Cæsar. He has no distinguishing attribute, and no visible hands. He faces right, and is seen in profile. On the English deck, he has an axe behind him, and one hand sticking in front of him. He faces left, and is seen in profile.
Clubs
Called “Alexandre” on the French deck, probably after Alexander the Great. He holds a scepter in one hand, with a shield (?) just below it. He faces forward, a little to the right. On the English deck, he holds a sword in his hand, with an imperial orb just beside it (seemingly floating in air). He faces forward, a little to the left.
Queens
Spades
Called “Pallas” on the French deck, possibly after the Greek goddess Athena. She faces left, and is seen in profile. On the English deck, she is the only queen with a scepter. She faces forward, a little to the right.
Hearts
Called “Judith” on the French deck, probably after the biblical character (or perhaps after Judith of Bavaria). She faces forward, a little to the left. On the English deck, she also faces forward, a little to the left (she is not reversed with respect to the French deck).
Diamonds
Called “Rachel” on the French deck, possibly after the biblical character. She faces forward, a little to the right. On the English deck, she faces forward, a little to the left.
Clubs
Called “Argine” on the French deck, an anagram of latin “regina” (“queen”); some have suggested that the name may (also) be related to the Greek Argos. She is the only queen not holding a flower. She faces forward, a little to the right. On the English deck, she does hold a flower like the other queens. She faces forward, a little to the left.
Jacks (knaves)
Spades
Called “Hogier” on the French deck: origin is uncertain, but perhaps after Ogier the Dane from the
Song of Rolland
. He has a feather in his hat. He faces forward, a little to the right. On the English deck, he holds an unidentifiable object (initially a spear). He has a mustache. He faces right, and is seen in profile.
Hearts
Called “Lahire” on the French deck: origin is uncertain, but may refer to Étienne “La Hire” de Vignolles, companion of arms to Joan of Arc. He faces forward, a little to the left, and his face is a little slanted to the left. On the English deck, he also holds a leaf, and has an axe behind his head. He has a mustache. He faces left, and is seen in profile.
Diamonds
Called “Hector” on the French deck, possibly not after the Trojan hero, but perhaps after a companion (brother?) of Lancelot. He faces right, and is seen in profile. On the English deck, he holds a sword. He faces forward, a little to the left.
Clubs
Called “Lancelot” on the French deck, probably after the Arthurian hero. He holds a shield (?) attached to a string. He faces forward, a little to the left. On the English deck, he holds an unreadable object (originally an arrow). There is a feather sticking from his hat. He faces forward, a little to the right.
| The flower |
What term is given to three consecutive strikes in ten pin bowling | Courts on playing cards
Courts on playing cards
WebLog
Important note: I believe the images shown here are in the public domain (because playing cards have been around for so long, even in their present form…), so you're free to copy them and use them to whatever purpose you see fit. At least as far as I'm concerned, you're welcome to. However, do not link to the images directly on this server: rather, make your own copy of the file and upload it where you will. I'm saying this because I'm really annoyed with all the people linking to these images on this server from their MySpace profile, avatars on various webforums, etc.
Kings
Spades
Called “David” on the French deck, probably after the biblical character. He holds a scepter in one hand, and a harp is visible below it (confirming the biblical attribution). He faces forward, a little to the left. On the English deck, he holds a sword. He faces forward, a little to the right.
Hearts
Called “Charles” on the French deck, probably after Charles the Great (Charlemagne) — or perhaps after French king Charles VII. He holds a sword. He faces forward, a little to the right. On the English deck, he also holds a sword (above his head), and both his hands are visible. Unlike the other kings, he does not have a mustache. He faces forward, a little to the left.
Diamonds
Called “César” on the French deck, probably after Julius Cæsar. He has no distinguishing attribute, and no visible hands. He faces right, and is seen in profile. On the English deck, he has an axe behind him, and one hand sticking in front of him. He faces left, and is seen in profile.
Clubs
Called “Alexandre” on the French deck, probably after Alexander the Great. He holds a scepter in one hand, with a shield (?) just below it. He faces forward, a little to the right. On the English deck, he holds a sword in his hand, with an imperial orb just beside it (seemingly floating in air). He faces forward, a little to the left.
Queens
Spades
Called “Pallas” on the French deck, possibly after the Greek goddess Athena. She faces left, and is seen in profile. On the English deck, she is the only queen with a scepter. She faces forward, a little to the right.
Hearts
Called “Judith” on the French deck, probably after the biblical character (or perhaps after Judith of Bavaria). She faces forward, a little to the left. On the English deck, she also faces forward, a little to the left (she is not reversed with respect to the French deck).
Diamonds
Called “Rachel” on the French deck, possibly after the biblical character. She faces forward, a little to the right. On the English deck, she faces forward, a little to the left.
Clubs
Called “Argine” on the French deck, an anagram of latin “regina” (“queen”); some have suggested that the name may (also) be related to the Greek Argos. She is the only queen not holding a flower. She faces forward, a little to the right. On the English deck, she does hold a flower like the other queens. She faces forward, a little to the left.
Jacks (knaves)
Spades
Called “Hogier” on the French deck: origin is uncertain, but perhaps after Ogier the Dane from the
Song of Rolland
. He has a feather in his hat. He faces forward, a little to the right. On the English deck, he holds an unidentifiable object (initially a spear). He has a mustache. He faces right, and is seen in profile.
Hearts
Called “Lahire” on the French deck: origin is uncertain, but may refer to Étienne “La Hire” de Vignolles, companion of arms to Joan of Arc. He faces forward, a little to the left, and his face is a little slanted to the left. On the English deck, he also holds a leaf, and has an axe behind his head. He has a mustache. He faces left, and is seen in profile.
Diamonds
Called “Hector” on the French deck, possibly not after the Trojan hero, but perhaps after a companion (brother?) of Lancelot. He faces right, and is seen in profile. On the English deck, he holds a sword. He faces forward, a little to the left.
Clubs
Called “Lancelot” on the French deck, probably after the Arthurian hero. He holds a shield (?) attached to a string. He faces forward, a little to the left. On the English deck, he holds an unreadable object (originally an arrow). There is a feather sticking from his hat. He faces forward, a little to the right.
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What sport is played by Houston Astros | Houston Astros Baseball - Astros News, Scores, Stats, Rumors & More - ESPN
Jeff Bagwell paired with Craig Biggio to form one of the great right sides of the infield. Bagwell also excelled with the bat throughout his career.
Jerry Crasnick ESPN Senior Writer
Jeff Bagwell on Barry Bonds: "He's the best player I ever played against in my entire life." Bagwell pronounced himself a "fan" of both Bonds and Roger Clemens.
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Jerry Crasnick ESPN Senior Writer
The old New Englander in Jeff Bagwell just came out during his Hall of Fame conference call. He talked about how he grew up watching Carl Yastrzemski play.
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Jayson Stark ESPN Senior Writer
Biggest jumps in the voting this year: Tim Raines (16.2 pct), Edgar Martinez (15.2), Jeff Bagwell (14.6), Barry Bonds (9.4), Roger Clemens (8.9), Mike Mussina (8.8)
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Jayson Stark ESPN Senior Writer
A Roger Clemens voting oddity: He has now gotten more votes than Barry Bonds in all 5 years they've been on the ballot, but never by more than 12 votes. This year's totals: Clemens 239, Bonds 238. No idea how to explain that.
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Kurkjian surprised Bonds, Clemens didn't get bigger boost (1:12)
Jayson Stark ESPN Senior Writer
Turns out Roger Clemens & Barry Bonds didn't make as dramatic a jump as we expected. Clemens went from 45.2 pct to 54.1, Bonds from 44.3 to 53.8. So both would need close to 100 more votes to get elected. Still, they were both around 36 pct 2 years ago. They have 5 years left on the ballot. And only Gil Hodges got this close with this many years left and didn't get into the Hall
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Kurkjian: 'If you love baseball, this is a good day for the Hall' (1:14)
Jayson Stark ESPN Senior Writer
The Hall of Fame class of 2017: Jeff Bagwell (86.2 pct), Tim Raines (86.0 pct), Pudge Rodriguez (76.0). Biggest surprises: Vlad Guerrero misses being a first-ballot Hall of Famer by 15 votes. And Trevor Hoffman still falls 5 votes short after getting 67.3 pct last year. No eligible player has come that close & not made it the next year since Tony Perez in 1999.
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William Weinbaum ESPN
Pudge Rodriguez is the first Hall of Fame electee whose primary team was the expansion Texas Rangers/Washington Senators (Nolan Ryan's plaque has a Rangers cap, but he pitched more games for the Angels & Astros). Jeff Bagwell is the second Hall of Fame player from the Astros and Tim Raines the third from the Expos.
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What would Astros say off the record?
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If you gave truth serum to the executives of all 30 MLB teams, what might you hear? Buster Olney believes the Stros would say they still don't have enough starting pitching to win it all. Front-office truths (Insider)
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ESPN Stats and Information
Jeff Bagwell received 71.6% of the vote in 2016 in his 6th year on the Hall of Fame ballot. The only player to receive at least 70% of the vote prior to his final year on the ballot to not eventually be selected by the BBWAA was Jim Bunning (74.2% in 1988).
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| Baseball |
Who rode the 100 to 1 outsider Foinavon to victory in the 1967 Grand National | News | MLB.com
News
Bagwell remains in awe of Hall of Fame honor
Bagwell's reaction to vote 1:04
Hall of Fame electee Jeff Bagwell discusses his emotional reaction when learning he was bound for Cooperstown
By Alyson Footer / MLB.com | @AlysonFooter |
+
0 COMMENTS
NEW YORK -- In the 15 years he spent on a Major League field, Jeff Bagwell never seemed overwhelmed by any situation presented to him -- not his big league debut, not his first postseason game, not the World Series, not even his number retirement ceremony in 2007, when 42,000 fans packed Minute Maid Park to salute him one final time.
But as soon as he was announced as part of the Hall of Fame class of 2017, Bagwell, quite frankly, has seemed a little over his skis.
Alyson Footer is a national correspondent for MLB.com. Follow her on Twitter @alysonfooter . This story was not subject to the approval of Major League Baseball or its clubs.
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Who holds the record for the most goals scored in a football league match | Football: Knowledge - the highest scorer in one game of football | Football | The Guardian
The Knowledge
The highest scorer in one game of football
Plus: English nicknames in Europe; Ceauşescu v Helmuth Ducadam (2); and the teams most likely to get promoted through the play-offs. Email your questions and answers to [email protected]
Bad news for the SEK Ayios Athanasios keeper - again. Photograph: Clive Rose/Getty Images
Wednesday 9 May 2007 05.22 EDT
First published on Wednesday 9 May 2007 05.22 EDT
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"Olympos Xylofagou's striker, Panagiotis Pontikos, banged in 16 goals against SEK Ayios Athanasios FC at the weekend," writes Tinashe Shoko. "Surely this is a record?"
Our friends at the Guinness Book of Records can confirm that Pontikos's feat is indeed a record, Tinashe, although one other man has equalled his heroics. Step forward, Stephan Stanis, who also scored 16 goals for his side Racing Club in a French Cup match against Aubry Asturies in December 1942.
In international football, the record for the number of goals scored by a single player in one match is held by Australian Archie Thompson, who scored 13 goals for the Socceroos in their 31-0 victory over American Samoa. In England, Luton Town's Joe Payne, who started life on the wing and was playing up front for the first time for the Hatters, holds the record for the most goals scored in a league game by an individual player. Payne scored 10 goals in the Hatters' 12-0 victory over Bristol Rovers on Easter Monday in 1936.
These feats are nothing compared to the biggest margin of victory in club football , though. Madagascan side, Stade Olympique de L'Emyrne, put the ball in their own net 149 times in a league match against champions, Adema, in protest at a refereeing decision earlier in the match. "There have been a couple of quirky games where teams have deliberately let in as many as possible," admits the Football Association's historian, David Barber. "I can also vaguely remember reading about a Sunday league game in Nottinghamshire in which a team deliberately let the opposition score in protest, and they lost 50-2."
LOST IN TRANSLATION
"During any English newspaper feature of a top Italian side, the reporter will inevitably use, at some point, the Italian translation of their colours in italics (eg Rossoneri for Milan)," points out Dean Anderson. "Do the clubs themselves refer regularly to these nicknames or are the reporters just showing off? Do foreign match reporters reciprocate and refer to the Gunners or the Reds, for example?"
The answer to your first question is yes, Dean - Italian newspapers and indeed fans themselves regularly refer to Italian clubs by their colours, which have long been used as rather uninventive nicknames. Even the Italian national side is regularly referred to as gli Azzurri ("the Blues").
Your second question is a little less straightforward, not least because "foreign" is rather a broad area. We can tell you that Italian and French journalists normally operate the same way - referring to Manchester United, for example, as i Red Devils and les Red Devils, respectively. But both do also occasionally translate nicknames, normally with clubs they report on less often. Bolton, for instance, are sometimes know as les Vagabonds (a rough translation of 'Wanderers') in France.
The same is broadly true in Spain, but our man Sid Lowe reckons the nation's press has something of an obsession with translating English names generally. "They're always translating the names of the English royal family, so it's Principe Guillermo or Principe Carlo, instead of Prince William or Prince Charles," says Sid. "Most bizarre of all, though, they always refer to the English football side as los Pross, even though nobody has been able to explain why. It's definitely not a Spanish word, and everyone seems to think it's what the English call themselves. The best explanation I've heard is that it has come from 'pros', as in 'professionals'."
In Germany, original and translated nicknames are used fairly equally but with a few added peculiarities. "Both original and translated nicknames are used in Germany," admits our correspondent Raphael Honigstein. "But one very peculiar - and totally infuriating - national habit is adding an English team's city after its name - as in Arsenal London or Chelsea London. Even news agencies routinely do it, and a lot of people are convinced these sides really exist. Thankfully we have not seen Tottenham Hotspur London or Aston Villa Birmingham yet."
Do you know of any other examples from around the world? Then let us know at [email protected] .
CEAUŞESCU v HELMUTH DUCADAM (2)
Last week we discussed whether Nicolae Ceauşescu's son, Valentin, really had Steaua Bucharest goalkeeper Helmuth Ducadam's arms broken in a dispute over a car. Our very own Jonathan Wilson doubted the story, and Chris Stephen, who was once the Guardian's man in Bucharest, backs him up.
"I worked as a stringer for the Guardian after the 1989 revolution and met Valentin a couple of times. He certainly was not the type to beat up a player and, more to the point, Ceauşescu's father had plenty of money to splash out on cars for his sons; his other son, Nicu, crashed one car while drunk in London. After the revolution Romania was full of people revealing the dark deeds of the Ceauşescus and it is unlikely that Ducadam would have stayed silent. Finally, Valentin was happy to live and work in Romania after the revolution: he was never attacked and was regarded as the quietest of his father's children."
KNOWLEDGE ARCHIVE
"We've all heard it said that the teams who finish one place below the automatic promotion places always lose out to teams who finished 20 points back in the play-offs, but what are the actual records of teams in each spot?" wondered Nathan Walker before last year's play-offs.
With that question hanging in the air, it was time for some good old-fashioned statistical analysis, meaning a delve into the record books, or www.rsssf.com as we like to call them. And because we value our readers we've updated our answer to include last year's play-offs too. To get a fair answer to this question we need, of course, to analyse the data from when the play-offs - in their current format - began: 1988-89. Since then, there have been a total of 54 promotions via the play-offs in the Championship, League One, and League Two (and their equivalents). If we rank the teams from one to four in a seeding system based on play-off positions in which they finished the regular season, we arrive at the following figures:
Championship (and equivalents): No1 seed: five promotions (27.8%); No2 seed: four promotions (22.2%); No3 seed: five promotions (27.8%); No4 seed: four promotions (22.2%).
League One (and equivalents): No1 seed: five promotions (27.8%); No2 seed: three promotions (16.6%); No3 seed: five promotions (27.8%); No4 seed: five promotions (27.8%).
League Two (and equivalents): No1 seed: 12 promotions (66.7%); No2 seed: two promotions (11.1%); No3 seed: two promotions (11.1%); No4 seed: two promotions (11.1%).
Overall: No1 seed: 22 promotions (40.7%); No2 seed: nine promotions (16.7%); No3 seed: 12 promotions (22.2%); No4 seed: 11 promotions (20.4%).
So there you have it. History suggests that the teams finishing fifth and third in the Championship are the most likely to reach the top-flight, Nottingham Forest had better start planning for another season in League One, while the scrum in League Two will clearly be for fourth place. And, overall, the top seed is the most likely to get promoted.
Can you help?
"Sunderland started this season with four consecutive losses. Surely no side has even been promoted after a such a poor start, let alone finished as champions," asks Andrew Chapman. "And while I'm at it, what is the best start for a relegated side?"
"Arsène Wenger is quoted on the club website as follows: 'I personally believe that our bad start to the season was down to the fact that we moved stadium, that any team will drop points when they move stadium'," notes Jan Hargreaves. "Is there any evidence to support this notion?"
"A question came up in the Knowledge two years ago about whether the Liverpool team which won the 2005 European Cup was the worst team ever to do so (as they finshed 38 points behind the then Premiership champions, Chelsea)," recalls Niall Cassidy. "To add another layer to that question, will the final this year be between the worst teams ever to contest the final given that Milan and Liverpool are currently a combined 51 points behind both Internazionale and Man Utd in their domestic leagues?"
Email all your questions and answers to [email protected] .
| Joe Payne |
Whose guitar fetched £198,000 at auction in 1990 | Football: Knowledge - the highest scorer in one game of football | Football | The Guardian
The Knowledge
The highest scorer in one game of football
Plus: English nicknames in Europe; Ceauşescu v Helmuth Ducadam (2); and the teams most likely to get promoted through the play-offs. Email your questions and answers to [email protected]
Bad news for the SEK Ayios Athanasios keeper - again. Photograph: Clive Rose/Getty Images
Wednesday 9 May 2007 05.22 EDT
First published on Wednesday 9 May 2007 05.22 EDT
Share on Messenger
Close
"Olympos Xylofagou's striker, Panagiotis Pontikos, banged in 16 goals against SEK Ayios Athanasios FC at the weekend," writes Tinashe Shoko. "Surely this is a record?"
Our friends at the Guinness Book of Records can confirm that Pontikos's feat is indeed a record, Tinashe, although one other man has equalled his heroics. Step forward, Stephan Stanis, who also scored 16 goals for his side Racing Club in a French Cup match against Aubry Asturies in December 1942.
In international football, the record for the number of goals scored by a single player in one match is held by Australian Archie Thompson, who scored 13 goals for the Socceroos in their 31-0 victory over American Samoa. In England, Luton Town's Joe Payne, who started life on the wing and was playing up front for the first time for the Hatters, holds the record for the most goals scored in a league game by an individual player. Payne scored 10 goals in the Hatters' 12-0 victory over Bristol Rovers on Easter Monday in 1936.
These feats are nothing compared to the biggest margin of victory in club football , though. Madagascan side, Stade Olympique de L'Emyrne, put the ball in their own net 149 times in a league match against champions, Adema, in protest at a refereeing decision earlier in the match. "There have been a couple of quirky games where teams have deliberately let in as many as possible," admits the Football Association's historian, David Barber. "I can also vaguely remember reading about a Sunday league game in Nottinghamshire in which a team deliberately let the opposition score in protest, and they lost 50-2."
LOST IN TRANSLATION
"During any English newspaper feature of a top Italian side, the reporter will inevitably use, at some point, the Italian translation of their colours in italics (eg Rossoneri for Milan)," points out Dean Anderson. "Do the clubs themselves refer regularly to these nicknames or are the reporters just showing off? Do foreign match reporters reciprocate and refer to the Gunners or the Reds, for example?"
The answer to your first question is yes, Dean - Italian newspapers and indeed fans themselves regularly refer to Italian clubs by their colours, which have long been used as rather uninventive nicknames. Even the Italian national side is regularly referred to as gli Azzurri ("the Blues").
Your second question is a little less straightforward, not least because "foreign" is rather a broad area. We can tell you that Italian and French journalists normally operate the same way - referring to Manchester United, for example, as i Red Devils and les Red Devils, respectively. But both do also occasionally translate nicknames, normally with clubs they report on less often. Bolton, for instance, are sometimes know as les Vagabonds (a rough translation of 'Wanderers') in France.
The same is broadly true in Spain, but our man Sid Lowe reckons the nation's press has something of an obsession with translating English names generally. "They're always translating the names of the English royal family, so it's Principe Guillermo or Principe Carlo, instead of Prince William or Prince Charles," says Sid. "Most bizarre of all, though, they always refer to the English football side as los Pross, even though nobody has been able to explain why. It's definitely not a Spanish word, and everyone seems to think it's what the English call themselves. The best explanation I've heard is that it has come from 'pros', as in 'professionals'."
In Germany, original and translated nicknames are used fairly equally but with a few added peculiarities. "Both original and translated nicknames are used in Germany," admits our correspondent Raphael Honigstein. "But one very peculiar - and totally infuriating - national habit is adding an English team's city after its name - as in Arsenal London or Chelsea London. Even news agencies routinely do it, and a lot of people are convinced these sides really exist. Thankfully we have not seen Tottenham Hotspur London or Aston Villa Birmingham yet."
Do you know of any other examples from around the world? Then let us know at [email protected] .
CEAUŞESCU v HELMUTH DUCADAM (2)
Last week we discussed whether Nicolae Ceauşescu's son, Valentin, really had Steaua Bucharest goalkeeper Helmuth Ducadam's arms broken in a dispute over a car. Our very own Jonathan Wilson doubted the story, and Chris Stephen, who was once the Guardian's man in Bucharest, backs him up.
"I worked as a stringer for the Guardian after the 1989 revolution and met Valentin a couple of times. He certainly was not the type to beat up a player and, more to the point, Ceauşescu's father had plenty of money to splash out on cars for his sons; his other son, Nicu, crashed one car while drunk in London. After the revolution Romania was full of people revealing the dark deeds of the Ceauşescus and it is unlikely that Ducadam would have stayed silent. Finally, Valentin was happy to live and work in Romania after the revolution: he was never attacked and was regarded as the quietest of his father's children."
KNOWLEDGE ARCHIVE
"We've all heard it said that the teams who finish one place below the automatic promotion places always lose out to teams who finished 20 points back in the play-offs, but what are the actual records of teams in each spot?" wondered Nathan Walker before last year's play-offs.
With that question hanging in the air, it was time for some good old-fashioned statistical analysis, meaning a delve into the record books, or www.rsssf.com as we like to call them. And because we value our readers we've updated our answer to include last year's play-offs too. To get a fair answer to this question we need, of course, to analyse the data from when the play-offs - in their current format - began: 1988-89. Since then, there have been a total of 54 promotions via the play-offs in the Championship, League One, and League Two (and their equivalents). If we rank the teams from one to four in a seeding system based on play-off positions in which they finished the regular season, we arrive at the following figures:
Championship (and equivalents): No1 seed: five promotions (27.8%); No2 seed: four promotions (22.2%); No3 seed: five promotions (27.8%); No4 seed: four promotions (22.2%).
League One (and equivalents): No1 seed: five promotions (27.8%); No2 seed: three promotions (16.6%); No3 seed: five promotions (27.8%); No4 seed: five promotions (27.8%).
League Two (and equivalents): No1 seed: 12 promotions (66.7%); No2 seed: two promotions (11.1%); No3 seed: two promotions (11.1%); No4 seed: two promotions (11.1%).
Overall: No1 seed: 22 promotions (40.7%); No2 seed: nine promotions (16.7%); No3 seed: 12 promotions (22.2%); No4 seed: 11 promotions (20.4%).
So there you have it. History suggests that the teams finishing fifth and third in the Championship are the most likely to reach the top-flight, Nottingham Forest had better start planning for another season in League One, while the scrum in League Two will clearly be for fourth place. And, overall, the top seed is the most likely to get promoted.
Can you help?
"Sunderland started this season with four consecutive losses. Surely no side has even been promoted after a such a poor start, let alone finished as champions," asks Andrew Chapman. "And while I'm at it, what is the best start for a relegated side?"
"Arsène Wenger is quoted on the club website as follows: 'I personally believe that our bad start to the season was down to the fact that we moved stadium, that any team will drop points when they move stadium'," notes Jan Hargreaves. "Is there any evidence to support this notion?"
"A question came up in the Knowledge two years ago about whether the Liverpool team which won the 2005 European Cup was the worst team ever to do so (as they finshed 38 points behind the then Premiership champions, Chelsea)," recalls Niall Cassidy. "To add another layer to that question, will the final this year be between the worst teams ever to contest the final given that Milan and Liverpool are currently a combined 51 points behind both Internazionale and Man Utd in their domestic leagues?"
Email all your questions and answers to [email protected] .
| i don't know |
What is the only non electrical musical instrument invented in the 20th Century | music - Is the steel pan the only acoustic musical instrument to be invented in the 20th century and used widely around the world? - History Stack Exchange
Is the steel pan the only acoustic musical instrument to be invented in the 20th century and used widely around the world?
up vote 12 down vote favorite
1
I have seen claims that the steel pan (commonly called steel drum) was the only acoustic instrument developed in the 20th century. Is this true? There are related instruments (the Hang or hand pan) but I'm interested in the history of unique musical instruments that are more than experimental musical instruments. I'm trying to find sources to support or refute these claims, but I cannot seem to find anything definitive.
1
Now that would be interesting to know. My first guess was Harmonica, but it's from 19th century. A fine question, I'm just retagging it a bit. Good that you provide the current state of your research with related instruments, but adding some links to external sources which could guide others to expand their knowledge (f.e. to descriptions or history of mentioned instruments) would be also nice for the future. Welcome to the site! – Darek Wędrychowski Feb 16 '13 at 16:49
What's your definition of acoustic instrument? E.g. Hammond organs contain also mechanical parts to create the sound. – knut Feb 16 '13 at 18:32
... and what is your definition of "widely"? Is the steelpan really widely used? The wiki also states that it was developed between 1880 and 1937. – coleopterist Feb 16 '13 at 19:26
@knut, I'm not the one asking the question, but probably everything in this system , excluding electrophones. – Nathan Cooper Feb 16 '13 at 19:39
We the music.stackexchange.com guys complain this question ended up here? – Nathan Cooper Feb 16 '13 at 19:45
| Steelpan |
Dampers, hammers and strings can all be found in or on which musical instrument | Flash! Learn Pan
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Learn to Play Pan
A pan (or steel pan) is a finely tuned steel drum, and is the only new acoustic musical instrument invented in the 20th century. It originated in the Caribbean island of Trinidad and its first crude notes were pounded out by descendants of African slaves on inverted 55 gallon oil drums abandoned there after WWII. Today’s family of steel pans is now played throughout the word and is suitable for all genres of musical styles – from classical to the traditional calypso of the island. The instruments in a typical steel orchestra cover a tonal range of 5 octaves. Starting with the highest pitch, the groups of instruments are called: tenor or soprano, double tenor, double second, guitar, cello, quads, tenor bass, 6 bass and 12 bass.
Join Flash!
Carl Chase, music director and instructor
We are always interested in attracting new members. Beginners’ classes are offered (see below). Anyone completing a beginners’ class may join FLASH! Please contact us if you would like more information about steelband classes or to learn more about participating in Flash in the Pans steelband. You may also ask about learning to play at any of our performances, or visit a rehearsal.
FLASH! rehearses from October through May on Thursday nights at 7:30. Practices are held in the pan room at George Stevens Academy (GSA) in Blue Hill, Maine. (see map). From Ellsworth travel south on route 172 into Blue Hill. Turn right onto Route 177 and then right again in one block onto High Street to find parking. Walk behind the GSA gym to the pan room on the right. Just follow the sound!
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Who in the Bible was ordered to sacrifice his son as a burnt offering | What is a burnt offering?
What is a burnt offering?
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Question: "What is a burnt offering?"
Answer: The burnt offering is one of the oldest and most common offerings in history. It’s entirely possible that Abel’s offering in Genesis 4:4 was a burnt offering, although the first recorded instance is in Genesis 8:20 when Noah offers burnt offerings after the flood. God ordered Abraham to offer his son, Isaac, in a burnt offering in Genesis 22, and then provided a ram as a replacement. After suffering through nine of the ten plagues, Pharaoh decided to let the people go from bondage in Egypt, but his refusal to allow the Israelites to take their livestock with them in order to offer burnt offerings brought about the final plague that led to the Israelites’ delivery (Exodus 10:24-29).
The Hebrew word for “burnt offering” actually means to “ascend,“ literally to “go up in smoke.” The smoke from the sacrifice ascended to God, “a soothing aroma to the LORD” (Leviticus 1:9). Technically, any offering burned over an altar was a burnt offering, but in more specific terms, a burnt offering was the complete destruction of the animal (except for the hide) in an effort to renew the relationship between Holy God and sinful man. With the development of the law, God gave the Israelites specific instructions as to the types of burnt offerings and what they symbolized.
Leviticus 1 and 6:8-13 describe the traditional burnt offering. The Israelites brought a bull, sheep, or goat, a male with no defect, and killed it at the entrance to the tabernacle. The animal’s blood was drained, and the priest sprinkled blood around the altar. The animal was skinned and cut it into pieces, the intestines and legs washed, and the priest burned the pieces over the altar all night. The priest received the skin as a fee for his help. A turtledove or pigeon could also be sacrificed, although they weren’t skinned.
A person could give a burnt offering at any time. It was a sacrifice of general atonement—an acknowledgement of the sin nature and a request for renewed relationship with God. God also set times for the priests to give a burnt offering for the benefit of the Israelites as a whole, although the animals required for each sacrifice varied:
Every morning and evening (Exodus 29:38-42; Numbers 28:2)
Each Sabbath (Numbers 28:9-10)
The beginning of each month (Numbers 28:11)
At Passover (Numbers 28:19)
With the new grain/firstfruits offering at the Feast of Weeks (Numbers 28:27)
At the Feast of Trumpets/Rosh Hashanah (Numbers 29:1)
At the new moon (Numbers 29:6)
The ultimate fulfillment of the burnt offering is in Jesus’ sacrifice on the cross. His physical life was completely consumed, He ascended to God, and His covering (that is, His garment) was distributed to those who officiated over His sacrifice (Matthew 27:35). But most importantly, His sacrifice, once for all time, atoned for our sins and restored our relationship with God.
| Abraham |
Which two metals are alloyed to form brass | Genesis 22 ESV - The Sacrifice of Isaac - After these - Bible Gateway
Genesis 22English Standard Version (ESV)
The Sacrifice of Isaac
22 After these things God tested Abraham and said to him, “Abraham!” And he said, “Here I am.” 2 He said, “Take your son, your only son Isaac, whom you love, and go to the land of Moriah, and offer him there as a burnt offering on one of the mountains of which I shall tell you.” 3 So Abraham rose early in the morning, saddled his donkey, and took two of his young men with him, and his son Isaac. And he cut the wood for the burnt offering and arose and went to the place of which God had told him. 4 On the third day Abraham lifted up his eyes and saw the place from afar. 5 Then Abraham said to his young men, “Stay here with the donkey; I and the boy[ a ] will go over there and worship and come again to you.” 6 And Abraham took the wood of the burnt offering and laid it on Isaac his son. And he took in his hand the fire and the knife. So they went both of them together. 7 And Isaac said to his father Abraham, “My father!” And he said, “Here I am, my son.” He said, “Behold, the fire and the wood, but where is the lamb for a burnt offering?” 8 Abraham said, “God will provide for himself the lamb for a burnt offering, my son.” So they went both of them together.
9 When they came to the place of which God had told him, Abraham built the altar there and laid the wood in order and bound Isaac his son and laid him on the altar, on top of the wood. 10 Then Abraham reached out his hand and took the knife to slaughter his son. 11 But the angel of the Lord called to him from heaven and said, “Abraham, Abraham!” And he said, “Here I am.” 12 He said, “Do not lay your hand on the boy or do anything to him, for now I know that you fear God, seeing you have not withheld your son, your only son, from me.” 13 And Abraham lifted up his eyes and looked, and behold, behind him was a ram, caught in a thicket by his horns. And Abraham went and took the ram and offered it up as a burnt offering instead of his son. 14 So Abraham called the name of that place, “The Lord will provide”;[ b ] as it is said to this day, “On the mount of the Lord it shall be provided.”[ c ]
15 And the angel of the Lord called to Abraham a second time from heaven 16 and said, “By myself I have sworn, declares the Lord, because you have done this and have not withheld your son, your only son, 17 I will surely bless you, and I will surely multiply your offspring as the stars of heaven and as the sand that is on the seashore. And your offspring shall possess the gate of his[ d ] enemies, 18 and in your offspring shall all the nations of the earth be blessed, because you have obeyed my voice.” 19 So Abraham returned to his young men, and they arose and went together to Beersheba. And Abraham lived at Beersheba.
20 Now after these things it was told to Abraham, “Behold, Milcah also has borne children to your brother Nahor: 21 Uz his firstborn, Buz his brother, Kemuel the father of Aram, 22 Chesed, Hazo, Pildash, Jidlaph, and Bethuel.” 23 (Bethuel fathered Rebekah.) These eight Milcah bore to Nahor, Abraham's brother. 24 Moreover, his concubine, whose name was Reumah, bore Tebah, Gaham, Tahash, and Maacah.
Footnotes:
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Over how many degrees of longitude do the imaginary time zones stretch | Time Zones
Time Zones
Calculating Time Through the International Date Line
Example Calculations
Through the International Date Line
Review Questions
Principles
The earth is one of the nine planets that make up our solar system. Though it isn't one of the largest planets, it still has a circumference of 25,000 miles or 40,000 kilometers. It is also constantly in motion. In fact, the Earth orbits the sun at an incredible 66,500 rate of miles an hour. Yet, it still takes the earth 365 days, or one year, to complete a full rotation around the sun. Moreover, as the Earth orbits the sun, it spins on its axis in a counter-clock wise motion. It too rotates at a fast pace of 1042 miles per hour. On its axis, the earth rotates 360 degrees every 24 hours. Or you can look at it as it takes one day to complete a full circle. Divided up into an hourly rate, the earth rotates 15 degrees every hour (360/24). This number plays an important role in determining time zones.
An important factor in determining time zones is the lines of latitude and longitude. Imaginary lines known as latitude and longitude divide the Earth. Latitude lines are "drawn" east and west and they measure north and south. The lines start at the equator and measure distance from 0 degrees to 90 degrees north and also 0 degrees to 90 degrees south. They also become shorter the farther away they get from the equator. On the other hand, longitude lines are "drawn" north and south and they measure east and west. They start at the Prime Meridian (or 0 degrees) and measure from 0 degrees to 180 degrees east and 180 degrees west. Unlike lines of latitude, these lines are fairly equal in length. The origin of this spherical coordinate system is at 0 deg. latitude and 0 deg. longitude. This spot can be found in the Atlantic Ocean just south and west of Africa. Also, the two lines connect at 180 degrees or at the International Date Line. This too helps to determine the different time zones throughout the world.
Together all of the above information can be used to calculate the difference of time between two locations. First, you need to know what longitude the two places are located in. Next, you would need to find the differences in longitude (in degrees) between the two places. If both places are located on the same side of the Prime Meridian, then the numbers are just simply subtracted to find the difference. If they are on the opposite side of the Prime Meridian then the two numbers should be added together to find the difference. Second you need to divide the difference (measured in degrees) by 15 since there are 15 degrees in every hour. This will give you the difference in time between the two locations. So if you know what time it is in one location, and the longitude of another location, then just simple addition or subtraction problem will give you the time in a different time zone. Let's look at another way we may have to calculate the difference between time of two locations.
Another calculation you may have to make is over the International Date Line. This line is strategically placed in the Pacific Ocean so that no two neighboring cities are one day apart in time. It can be difficult to calculate though the International Date Line when trying to determine the amount of time difference between locations on either side. This calculation is very similar to the situation with the Prime Meridian. You must start by finding the difference in longitude (or degrees) of the two places. You do this by adding the two numbers. Then, divide by the 15 degrees that occurs in one hour and this will give you the time difference between two locations through the International Date Line. And again, just add or subtract that difference from the time that you already know to come up with the new time in the new time zone.
Example Calculations
To review, to find the difference between the two longitudes and divide by 15, this gives you the difference in hours between the two locations. Second, add or subtract the number of hours from the time of day that was already known, you will need to add the numbers if you are going east, and subtract if you are going west. Here are some examples of how we may need to calculate the difference of time zones.
If you are in London at 12:00, and want to know what time it is in Japan, you would need to first figure out that London is 0 degrees (right on the prime meridian), and Japan is 135 degrees East. So the difference is 135 degrees (135-0), divided by 15 which equals 9. Which means there is a 9-hour difference between London and Japan. Since Japan is further east than London is, you would add 9 hours to 12:00. The answer is at 12:00 noon London time, it is 9:00pm in Japan.
Now how about going through the International Date Line. Pretend you are in Japan, which is 135 degrees east and you wanted to know what time it is in Hawaii, which is 150 West. Well, there is 45 (180-135) degrees difference between Japan and the IDL. Also there is 30 (180-150) degrees difference between the IDL and Hawaii. Therefore the difference in time is (45+30/15=5) 5 hours. Now the tricky part is that Japan and Hawaii are on different days. It is one day ahead on the left side of the IDL compared to the right side. If it is 3:00pm in Japan on Thursday that means it is 3:00+ 5 hours = 8:00pm in Hawaii. However notice that when crossing the IDL we subtract a day going east. So, in Hawaii it is 8:00pm on Wednesday.
Review Questions
1. Lines of latitude: A. begin with the prime meridian; B. are designated by being East or West from an origin; C. are of equal length; D. become shorter away from the equator; E. none of the above.
2. All of the following are true statements about longitude, except: A. has its origin at the prime meridian; B. extend east and west to 180 degrees longitude; C. are relatively equal in length; D. could be determined by sailors using a device called the sextant; E. could not be determined by sailors until the introduction of the chronometer.
3. You are told that the earth rotates on its axis at a speed of about 1042 miles per hour. Given that the rotation occurs in 24 hours, what is the circumference of the earth? A. 40,000 miles; B. 25,000 miles; C. 2400 miles; D. 76,000 miles; E. none of the above.
4. How many degrees of a full circle can you travel eastward or westward from the zero (prime) meridian before heading back toward the Prime Meridian? A. 60deg. B. 90deg. C. 360deg. D. 180deg. E. none of the above.
5. 0deg. longitude and 0deg. latitude is located: A. over central Australia; B. in Brazil; C. in the Atlantic south and west of Africa; D. at the South Pole; E. none of the above.
6. To find longitude, a sailor needs to know: A. the elevation of the sun above the horizon; B. the latitude at the prime meridian; C. local time and the time at another line of longitude; D. the relative space; E. none of the above.
7. Latitude and longitude is a spherical coordinate system with its origin at 0deg.latitude and 0deg. longitude. This point is in the Atlantic Ocean just below the African country of the Ivory Coast. Locations are measured in degrees away from this origin in north, south, east, and west directions. 23.34deg. S and 46.38deg.W is probably located in: A. Russia; B. Canada; C. South Africa; D. South America; E. none of the above.
8. The circumference of the earth at the equator or along any line of longitude is approximately: A. 25,000 KM; B. 40,000KM; C. 36,000 KM; D. 46,000 KM.
9. It is 1:00 PM on Friday at 90deg. W. what time is it at 90deg. E? A. 7:00 PM Friday; B. 7:00 AM Friday; C. 7:00 AM Saturday; D. 1:00 AM Saturday; E. 1:00 PM Saturday.
10. It is 12 noon, Monday at 90deg. W. what time and day should it be at 75 degrees east longitude? A. 11PM, Monday; B. 11 AM; Tuesday; C. 1 AM; Monday; D. 11 PM; Tuesday; E. 6 AM; Monday.
Answer Key: 1. D 2. D 3. B 4. D 5. C 6. C 7. D 8. B 9. D 10. A
Resubmitted by Tessa Layton 12/07/99. Resubmitted by Jackie Froendt 5/16/97. Resubmitted by Allison Beary. Submitted by Lisa Berry on 10/1/96. Originally submitted by Michelle Balkus on 2/8/96
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Which country do people known as Letts come from | Why Do We Have Different Time Zones? | Wonderopolis
Wonder of the Day #121
Why Do We Have Different Time Zones?
Why do we have different time zones?
How long does it take the Earth to make one full rotation on its axis?
What is the prime meridian?
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Listen
Earth spins on an imaginary pole called its axis . Every 24 hours, the Earth makes a complete rotation — or one full turn — on its axis . We call each full turn a day .
Imagine shining a flashlight at a globe . Only part of the globe would receive light, while the opposite side of the globe would be dark. As Earth rotates, different parts of Earth receive sunlight or darkness, giving us day and night.
As your location on Earth rotates into sunlight, you see the Sun rise . When your location rotates out of sunlight, you see the Sun set.
If we had one single time zone for Earth, noon would be the middle of the day in some places, but it would be morning , evening , and the middle of the night in others. Since different parts of Earth enter and exit daylight at different times, we need different time zones.
In the late 1800s, a group of scientists figured out a way to divide the world into different time zones. In order to build the time zone map , they studied Earth's movements.
As Earth rotates on its axis , it moves about 15 degrees every 60 minutes. After 24 hours, it has completed a full circle rotation of 360 degrees.
The scientists used this information to divide the planet into 24 sections or time zones. Each time zone is 15 degrees of longitude wide.
Distance between the zones is greatest at the equator and shrinks to zero at the poles, due to the curvature of Earth. Since the equator is approximately 24,902 miles long, the distance between time zones at the equator is approximately 1,038 miles.
The imaginary dividing lines begin at Greenwich, a suburb of London. The primary dividing line of longitude is called the prime meridian . Longitude is the angular distance between a point on any meridian and the prime meridian at Greenwich.
The time at Greenwich is called Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). As you move west from Greenwich, every 15- degree section or time zone is an hour earlier than GMT, while each time zone to the east is an hour later.
Having different time zones means that no matter where you live on the planet, your noon is the middle of the day when the sun is highest, while midnight is the middle of the night. Let's take a closer look at how this works.
Let's say you live in Charlotte, North Carolina, and you have a cousin who lives in Madrid, Spain. Charlotte is five time zones to the west of Greenwich, which is written as GMT -5. Madrid is 1 section east of Greenwich (GMT +1). This means Charlotte and Madrid are six time zones apart.
When your cousin is eating lunch at noon Madrid time, you are probably just getting out of bed to get ready for school. This is because at 12:00 p.m. in Madrid, it's only 6:00 a.m. in Charlotte. On the other hand, if you wanted to chat with your cousin online after dinner at 6:00 p.m., it would already be midnight in Madrid!
Wonder Contributors
Wonderopolis is serving up a tall order tomorrow that’s head and shoulders above the rest!
Try It Out
Are you ready to time travel? Find a friend or family member to help you check out the following activities:
Ready, set, glow! Let's find out who's sleeping when you're having lunch. Grab a globe, a desk lamp, and let's get glowing. Set the globe on a flat surface directly across from the desk lamp. The lamp will represent the Sun. Turn down all the other lights in the room. Begin by locating Greenwich on the globe. Aim the light directly at Greenwich. This represents noon, the brightest time of day. The opposite side of the globe is farthest from the sun, which also makes it the darkest. This represents midnight. Now find your hometown on the globe. Rotate the globe so your hometown is pointed directly at the Sun. Look at the opposite side of the globe. When it is noon in your location, where is it the middle of the night?
Curious to know exactly how time zones differ around the globe? Jump online to check out this cool Time Zone Map . Hover your mouse over different parts of the map. Does anything surprise about how the continents and countries are divided into time zones? Can you find where you live on the map? How many hours apart are you from the place you'd most like to visit?
Want to dive deeper into time zones? Check out National Geographic's Getting Geographic: Understanding Time Zones activity. Share this activity with a friend or family member.
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Who had number ones in 1996 with Flava and I Feel You | Peter andre mp3 Download
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By what name do we know Hannah, Bradley, Jo, Paul, Tina. Rachel and Jon | S Club 7 reunion then and now photos: Rachel Stevens, Tina Barrett, Paul Cattermole, Jo O’Meara, Hannah Spearritt, Bradley McIntosh and Jon Lee | Metro News
Emily Hewett for Metro.co.uk Wednesday 13 Aug 2014 5:50 pm
S Club 7 stars (L-R) Bradley, Tina, Jo, Paul, Rachel, Hannah AND Jon, pictured here in 2000, are reuniting. Yes, really (Picture: PA)
It’s been a whopping FIFTEEN years since S Club 7 released Bring It All Back, the theme tune to their (s)hit show Miami 7, and their longstanding fans (now heading in to their mid-twenties) are as excited as ever.
Paul Cattermole, Bradley McIntosh and Jo O’Meara have been have been doing the rounds for a while now but Tina Barrett, Jon Lee, Hannah Spearritt AND Rachel Stevens are allegedly all on board this time around. Yay!
However, it’s pretty clear that some of the magic seven are in better nick than others. And because everyone loves a good before and after shot, here’s what S Club 7 are looking like nowadays…
Tina’s doing her dance…
(Picture: PA/Twitter)
OK, so it looks like Tina’s done away with the bronzed statuesque look she had going on back in the day in favour of a more Tulisa-inspired urban look. She’s looking fresh-faced and raring to go and we just know she’s still got the moves. Plus, 2014 saw Tina join S Club 3 to become S Club 4 so she’s had that bit of extra practice too.
Reunion ready? 8/10
Jon’s looking for romance…
(Picture: Metro/Rex)
Jon Lee probably ought to think about ditching the T-shirts and bringing back the pout, tan and unbuttoned shirt if he wants to wheedle his way back into our hearts. It’s for the best, Jon. Promise.
Reunion ready? 3/10
Paul’s getting down on the floor…
(Picture: Twitter/Xposurephotos.com)
At this moment in time we’re not totally convinced Paul Cattermole is going to be able to get down like his 22-year-old self. However, he’s been gigging as part of S Club 3 since 2008 so we’re more than happy to give him the benefit of the doubt, for now.
Reunion ready? 7/10
While Hannah’s screaming out for more…
(Picture: PA/Twitter)
Hannah Spearritt still looks totally ace. We’ve not heard much from our second favourite girl crush to come out of Great Yarmouth (the first being Myleene Klass) over the years but she’s still working that pop star look. We’re predicting plenty of crop tops and maybe even a flash of six-pack from this one.
Reunion ready? 7/10
Wanna see Bradley swing?
(Picture: Rex/Channel 7)
Bradley McIntosh has also been cutting his S Club shapes since 2008 although, like Tina, he seems to have swapped his clean-cut pop image for a more urban look. We think Bradley could be S Club’s secret weapon this time around. Watch this space.
Reunion ready? 8/10
Wanna see Rachel do her thing?
(Pictures: Rex)
Rachel Stevens is perhaps the only one in the band who is even more gorgeous now that what she was 15 years ago. If any of the S Club lot were going to turn their noses up at a reunion we’re guessing it would have been the gorgeous mum-of-two – which incidentally gives us high hopes for their big reunion.
Reunion ready? 7/10
Then we got Jo, she’s got the flow…
(Picture: Rex/Xposurephotos.com)
Jo O’Meara’s been doing the club circuit with Paul and Bradley for a while now but we’re said to say it looks as though it’s taking its toll on the 35-year-old power house. However, we all know she’s got the best voice in the pack and S Club ^ just doesn’t have the same ring to it.
Reunion ready? 7/10
GET READY EVERYBODY, ‘COZ HERE WE GO!!!
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| S Club 7 |
What were the christian names of the Davies brothers who were members of the Kinks | S Club 7 Pictures, News, Gossip & Rumours - AskMen
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S Club 7
S Club 7
You might have heard of their songs, but more than likely you know them from their 30 sitcom-style shows S Club 7 Miami and S Club 7 LA.
Appeal
Though Hannah (who looks remarkably similar to Baby Spice Emma Burton) got considerable votes, Rachel was chosen as our favorite and the sexiest. Though calling them sex symbols isn't appropriate, Rachel does her best to make sure that there are more than just 15-year-old boys tuning in to see her show.
Success
They have sold millions of albums, though it has been a slow climb up, helped by the gradual syndication of their TV show. England, of course is as always an exception, they are like the Jackson 5 of the new millennium (haven't heard that one in a while have you?).
Among the highest profile awards they have won are the 2000 Brit Award for Best British Newcomer. Though anyone over 21 is unlikely to know who they are, the matter is completely different when you ask anyone from Generation Y. If you judge fame by how many magazine covers you've been on, then S Club 7 would have reached Beatle-like proportions. But hey, when the Beatles were big, there were 5000 print publications, now there are 450,000. So much for that number.
S Club 7 Biography
This British pop phenomenon is made up of Tina Barrett, Paul Cattermole, Jon Lee, Bradley McIntosh, Jo O'Meara, Hannah Spearritt, and Rachel Stevens. The group of seven was organized by former Spice Girls ' manager Simon Fuller, who seems to have a knack for picking out pop wonders from obscurity.
The final seven were chosen from more than 10,000 hopefuls Europe-wide auditioning to become S-clubbers, and of course, they were chosen on the basis of their talent, not their looks.
So who are the females behind S Club 7? There's North London native Rachel Lauren Stevens, born on the 9th of April 1978. Formerly a model, Rachel has always been a singer and actress, but originally decided to pursue a career in fashion design at the London School of Fashion.
Then there's Tina Barrett (a.k.a. Tina Bell and Teeny), who was born in West London on the 16th of September 1976. No stranger to performing, Tina was a dancer on the British music show Top of the Pops. Thanks to her modern dance training, Tina is involved with the choreography of the group's routines.
Rebellious party-girl Hannah Louise Spearitt was born in Great Yarmouth, Norfolk on April 11, 1981. A member of the National Youth Music Theatre Company, Hannah has previous experience in television (including commercials) and theatre.
And last but not least of the female S Club 7 gang is Essex native Joanne Valda O'Meara, who was born on April 29, 1979. Formerly in a Top 40 band, Jo discovered her passion for performing by singing karaoke early on.
The show S Club 7 in Miami debuted on the BBC in April 1999, and was an instant success. The lighthearted series about a British gang working in a Miami hotel triggered interest in the group, and placed their debut single, "Bring It All Back" at the top of the UK charts upon its release.
S Club 7's success was not limited solely to the UK, as the hit single went gold and platinum down under, as well as across Europe. Follow up singles such as "Two In A Million" and "S Club Party" saw the same success -- if not more -- than its predecessors, and by the time the show debuted in the US later that year, S Club 7 had become a chart-topping group worldwide.
The self-titled album was released in the US in April 2000, and received critical acclaim. The singles saw the same success as they did in Europe, thanks to the fact that they had already become television stars.
The success of S Club in Miami has spawned a second series, this time featuring the S Club 7 members in L.A, trying to make it big in Hollywood -- hence the name S Club in L.A.. Both shows are presently syndicated to stations in more than 100 countries, where viewers worldwide can see the S Clubbers acting as "caricature" versions of themselves.
As if their success on television isn't enough, the recipient of the Best British Newcomer Award at the 2000 Brit Awards released their second album, 7 in November 2000. The album has already spawned singles such as "Reach" and "All In Love Is Fair."
The party has ended for Paul Cattermole, who in March 2002 announced his departure from the group, now known as S Club.
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Which Basque town is home to the football team Real Sociedad | Athletic Bilbao vs Real Sociedad: Fifa should recognise Basque derby with fair play award
Athletic Bilbao vs Real Sociedad: Fifa should recognise Basque derby with fair play award
February 22, 2016 16:46 GMT
Athletic Bilbao vs Real Sociedad has for so long showcased the best of Basque footballGetty
Could you imagine a north London derby or a Real Madrid-Barcelona Clasico with supporters sitting together in the stands – and all without the need of stewards? Sadly, it is a utopia nowadays, despite Fifa's efforts to promote values such as integration and respect among the supporters. However, we can find an oasis of brotherhood in the Spanish La Liga: the Real Sociedad vs Athletic de Bilbao Basque derby, a local duel on par with Liverpool and Everton. The game represents the greatest example of fair play in European football: a rarity that should be highlighted as an example for the rest of the continent.
Despite being one of the main hotspots of La Liga in terms of passion, football culture and support, the Basque Country derby is an example of fierce competition on the pitch and chants, noise, respect and joy in the stands and on the streets. Real Sociedad's triumph at Bilbao on Sunday [21 February] was again a colourful exhibition of harmony. Here is why this ferocious rivalry deserves significant recognition.
It was an example of democracy in days of dictatorship
On December 1976, months after General Franco passed away, the Basque flag was still banned. The political situation was tricky so, leaving footballing tensions aside, captains of both clubs (Real's Inaxio Kortabarria and Athletic's José Ángel Iribar) displayed the flag before the match. The players were not looking to make a political gesture, but instead help take a step towards democracy in order to legalise the 'Ikurrina'. Fans of both sides celebrated the gesture in Real Sociedad's Old Atocha Stadium with a memorable ovation and sure enough any display of the flag was legalised months later. It is considered as one of the biggest moments in Spanish football.
Basque players are role models for their own fans
In the days of social media, players all over the world need to think twice before posting a tweet or photo in support of a fellow player if the club he is playing for is an arch rival – but that is not the case among Real Sociedad and Athletic footballers. They do not hide their friendship and express admiration publicly for their 'enemy' even days before the Basque derby. For example, Iñigo Martínez admitted to Noticias de Gipuzkoa that he admires Aritz Aduriz, the superb 35-year-old forward, despite his reputation as a dirty player among Sociedad supporters. "I love playing against him – he gives his 100%, he is a fighter, it is a pleasure to play against him. Outside the pitch he is a great person."
Athletic and Sociedad fans sit unsegregated during derby matchesReuters
Both clubs organise fan marches before the derby
San Sebastian and Bilbao are separated by just over 60 miles. So it is very common to see over 5,000 thousand away fans in every Basque Derby. Instead of segregating rival fans, both clubs organise a march to the stadium known as 'kalejira'. Supporters of both teams walk for half an hour to the stadium after drinks and tapas in Old Town, in an astonishing duel of chants. The parade includes jokes, laughs and an idea that football is the most important of all unimportant things; Basque football at its finest.
Away days in the home supporter stands
Whether it be at the Camp Nou, Santiago Bernabéu, Anfield or Old Trafford, there is a law that you should follow as an away fan in order to avoid trouble. Among them includes sitting in the opposition's end; at least with the intent of displaying your support. This applies to 99% of the Europe's top football grounds with the exception of Real's Anoeta Stadium and Athletic's San Mames. Rival fans stand together; shouting at the referee, celebrating goals and booing the opposition players.
Home games in the rival's stadium
They might be rivals, but whenever they need help, they can rely on their nearest and dearest. Three seasons ago, while Athletic's San Mames Barria was still under construction, the Bilbao side played in the unfamiliar setting of Real's stadium, Anoeta, in San Sebastian. Equally, the 'txuri-urdins' have played four games at San Mames as the home team, two of them in European competitions.
Should Fifa award Basque football the fair play award?
Taking into account the kind of remarkable behaviour recognised with the fair play award by Fifa since 1987, it might be time for Basque derby to be recognised. One of the most wonderful parties in European football and a symbol of democracy since 1976, the time has come.
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Who was voted speedway’s man of the millennium | David Moyes exclusive: Real Sociedad boss in it for the long term | Football News | Sky Sports
David Moyes exclusive: Real Sociedad boss in it for the long term
By Pete Hall
Last Updated: 08/06/15 9:04pm
In an exclusive interview with Sky Sports, David Moyes talks to Pete Hall about his first season in Spain, local politics, buying British, beating Barcelona and why he’s in it for the long term at Real Sociedad.
On the beautiful Bay of Biscay they like to do things a little differently.
San Sebastian, one of the main cities on that beautiful stretch of north-east Spanish coast, is proud of its Basque heritage and that fiercely independent way of life is an integral part of the inner workings that define the city’s football team.
Real Sociedad’s coaches are encouraged to blood as many graduates from the club’s famous Zubieta academy as possible, and try not to populate the squad with too many non-Basque recruits.
When recruiting managers, on the other hand, La Real don’t have to adhere to such traditions, with several other British coaches having already tried to steer the club to glory.
The latest is David Moyes, who has just finished his first campaign in La Liga, where, after taking over in November with the club in the relegation zone, he has steered them to a respectable 12th in his first season coaching overseas.
Instant popularity
Speaking exclusively to Sky Sports, the former Manchester United boss revealed that he has been made to feel at home from the start, with his roots key to his instant popularity.
“One of the biggest questions I got asked when I moved there was ‘how are you voting?’ (regarding Scottish independence), as they want to be independent themselves,” Moyes said.
There were quite a lot of Scottish flags flying out of the windows when I arrived, which was nice.
David Moyes
“There were quite a lot of Scottish flags flying out of the windows when I arrived, which was nice. They are a proud people. We hear people say ‘our own people’ all the time, and they look after each other.
“The Spanish is coming along fine. Quite slowly, I have a couple of lessons per week. My teacher is an English lad from London, a Manchester United supporter!
“As you get older it is harder to learn new things, and it is not easy, but I am enjoying it. Bits of Basque too, I know how to say Kaixo (hello) and Eskerrik asko is cheerio (or thank you), so we know some of the Basque words.
“The people there appreciate it when you can say some of the local words there as well. It is strange because the children go to school to learn Basque, then Spanish as another language.”
David Moyes shakes hands with Lionel Messi
After initially going it alone, Moyes has been joined in San Sebastian by his good friend Billy McKinlay, who became his assistant. And the Scots are conscious that they are the exceptions to the rule.
“One of the reasons I joined the LMA (League Managers Association) is because I felt that there wasn’t enough British managers around Europe,” Moyes said.
“We are bringing in some top foreign managers, but there are a lot of top British managers that could easily do a job in Italy or Spain. One of the reasons I went was to hopefully prove that British coaches can work overseas.
“The game is becoming even more global now. You can watch football pretty much anywhere nowadays. Players can learn so much by going overseas. Different styles, different cultures.
“Players from Spain, Italy or Germany are coming to the Premier League and looking quite comfortable, so why can’t British players do the same?
“It is different with younger players. Players in Spain don’t really go full-time until they reach 18 or 19. In England the players often go full-time when they leave school at 16."
David Moyes joins the Revista team to review his first season in Spanish football
Moyes had to make do with the current crop of La Real talent when he arrived, with no time to bring in his own recruits.
It was not easy after losing some key figures last summer, with one win in their opening ten league games further adding to the gloom around the Anoeta.
However, Moyes masterminded nine more league victories as the stricken club climbed clear of the relegation places.
The most important of those successes - which instigated a run of just two defeats in eight matches - was a 1-0 victory over Barcelona in January.
The treble winners lost only one further game in La Liga, and Moyes naturally has fond memories of a game in which his players adhered to the gameplan perfectly.
Real Sociedad's celebrate their victory over Barcelona
“We lost Antoine Griezmann, we had sold Asier Illaramendi to Madrid, (Claudio) Bravo to Barcelona, so we had lost three important players,” Moyes added.
“Despite losing these players, the Barcelona win was a victory which shows what Real Sociedad are capable of.
“Against Barcelona and Real Madrid you have to have a different gameplan, I think all teams have.
“It is very difficult to wrestle possession off Barcelona and get an even split in the game. In fact, it is almost impossible.
“You cannot be naïve. I am a football supporter. I want to see two teams going at it, but against Barcelona firstly you have to work out how to stop Messi, Neymar, Suarez, Iniesta, Xavi, Rakitic and both full-backs joining in as well.
“You have a full job in trying to stop them, but, at home, we showed how it can be done. We defended well, we tried to counter at pace, and the early goal was key. I said to Billy McKinlay that this could be the longest night we’ve ever had here.
“It was a great victory, and Barcelona are not an easy team to beat no matter who you are.”
The challenge now for Moyes is to build on that and the post-season can be a busy time for a manager. As their star players frolic on a yacht far, far away, managers are constantly on the phone to agents and their scouting network trying to identify transfer targets and begin their pursuit.
I cannot bring in a lot of foreign players because of the philosophy of the club. We must pick very carefully to keep in with that underlying philosophy.
David Moyes
With the ideals of the club to bear in mind, Moyes knows he faces a tough task to bring in the right calibre of player. But if he cannot unearth the latest gem in the foothills of the Pyrenees, he knows where his eye for talent lies.
“The academy is massive to us. The philosophy is to bring as many players as possible through the academy, and it is something I really believe in,” Moyes said.
“I cannot bring in a lot of foreign players because of the philosophy of the club. We must pick very carefully to keep in with that underlying philosophy.
“It is tough, but I have always enjoyed putting young players in the team. Going back to Wayne Rooney, Jack Rodwell, Adnan Januzaj. Young players need an opportunity.
“They have to be ready, be good enough, and if not you can take them out and put them back in again.
David Moyes has revealed he will consider buying British players in the summer
“The English market is the market I know better. We are looking to see who is available, who is out of contract.
“We are looking in England, but it might not necessarily be British players, it could easily be foreign players in the Premier League.
“We don’t get a lot of money. The bottom of La Liga is not as strong as the Premier League, because of the TV money being unfairly distributed.
“One of my biggest disappointments since coming to Spain is that the competition doesn’t start a fair one.
“Because of how well it is run, the Premier League markets well, and the Spanish league could learn a lot from how the Premier League does its business.”
So what now? The rumours of a return to the Premier League sooner rather than later are rife, with Newcastle and West Ham thought to be interested in giving the likeable Scot another crack at life in the Premier League.
David Moyes has adapted well to life at Real Sociedad
But unlike those who frequent the world famous Zarautz surf beach, on the edge of Donostia – San Sebastian’s old town – Moyes is enjoying a less tumultuous side to life and an altogether different footballing experience. He is there to work, and is planning ahead.
“I am settled now. It is a beautiful part of the country. Great beaches, food, drinking,” Moyes added.
“There is also great street food, and all the bars are full of great Pintxos (local tapas).
“The culture, the timings, when the players train, when they eat are all very different from England. These are the reasons I came, to find out more.
“I don’t think football changes too much whatever country you go to, it is very much the same.
“Me and Billy McKinlay walk the city a lot. We eat out, and the supporters are always coming over offering their support. It is going well. We are here for the long-term.”
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Which county did Andy Caddick play cricket for | Andy Caddick Helping The Next Generation Of Somerset Pacemen - News - Somerset County Cricket Club
06 Feb 2016
Andy Caddick helping the next generation of Somerset pacemen
Somerset and England bowling legend Andy Caddick has been back at the Cooper Associates County Ground recently working with the next generation of young fast bowlers.
Andy became a firm favourite with Somerset supporters in a career that stretched between 1991 and 2009, during which he claimed well over 1000 wickets in all formats, many of which were captured on the less than bowler friendly Taunton wickets.
In addition between 1993 and 2003 “Caddy” played in 62 Test Matches for England in which he claimed 234 wickets at an average of 29.16, making him one of the leading bowlers of his era.
Now Caddick, who is 47, is spending five Friday evenings before the start of the 2016 season working with Somerset Under 17 bowlers and sharing some of the vast knowledge that helped him to become one of the most feared bowlers on the circuit.
Caddick said: “I am delighted to be able to work with Somerset’s young bowlers, some of who will hopefully go on and play for the Club and enjoy playing as much as I did. I had a long career playing cricket so I am only too pleased to be able to give something back to the next generation.”
He added: “Not only will I be working on the physical side of the skill but I will also focus on developing the mental toughness and the approach that is involved in being a fast bowler.”
Greg Kennis the Somerset Cricket Board Head Coach said: “It’s just fantastic that we’ve got someone with Andy Caddick’s vast experience working with our Under 17 bowlers for five sessions.”
Andy is not the only Somerset legend who is currently lending a hand with the regions young bowlers as Greg explains: “The youngsters are very fortunate because in addition to Andy we’ve also got another of Somerset’s most successful bowlers in recent years lending a hand. Alfonso Thomas is helping to coach them as well!”
| Somerset |
On which river did Jerome K Jerome send his three men in a boat | Blogs: 'You're there to play cricket, that's your job' | Cricket Blogs | ESPN Cricinfo
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English cricket April 19, 2009
'You're there to play cricket, that's your job'
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It is no surprise to learn that Andy Caddick had a hand in the design of the new pavilion County Ground at Taunton; more of a surprise, perhaps, to discover that the building will be named after him. The action is well grooved and the body is just about holding up, and Andrew Longmore in the Sunday Times hopes Caddick can prove people wrong as he runs in one last time to help Somerset win that elusive County Championship.
A graph of Caddick’s career would resemble the FTSE index, a mountain range of boom and bust. His introverted character did not help and neither did his Antipodean tendency to say what he thought. Caddick came to England as an outsider, at a time when the national team was in its chop-and-change phase and young county players were expected to know their place.
Justin Langer isn't one of those players earning considerable riches in the IPL for only short periods of torture upon their creaking bodies. He’s turned down the IPL and is instead beginning the long plod on the treadmill of another season’s county cricket as skipper of Somerset. Steve James in the Telegraph finds out that Langer loves the pain.
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On which American river is the Grand Coulee Dam | Timeline . Grand Coulee Dam . American Experience . WGBH | PBS
Rufus Woods
July 18, 1918
Rufus Woods, owner and publisher of the Wenatchee Daily World, publishes a story titled, "Formulate Brand New Idea For Irrigation Grant, Adams, Franklin Counties, Covering Million Acres Or More." The story introduces readers to the idea of a dam at Grand Coulee and an irrigation system in the Columbia Basin.
July 1920
The Columbia Basin Survey Commission, formed by the Washington State Legislature, releases a feasibility report declaring that Rufus Woods' plan for putting a dam and irrigation system at Grand Coulee is "infeasible" due to the commission's cost projections (totaling approximately $243 million), and the proposed location of the Grand Coulee Dam. "Every probability points to the site being not suitable for a dam of sufficient height to develop the power required," according to the Commission.
1928
With a $600,000 appropriation from the River and Harbor Bill, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers commissions Major John Butler to begin a survey to comprehensively revisit the plan for a Grand Coulee Dam.
October 29, 1929
The Crash of 1929 leads to a decline in U.S. stock market values and signals the beginning of the Great Depression . The day of the crash is known as "Black Tuesday."
March 1932
The Army Corps of Engineers releases a report that favors building a dam at Grand Coulee due to its potential for substantial power generation. The report specifies that the revenue from the dam's power generation could subsidize construction of an irrigation system originating from the dam.
June 1933
As part of Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal , Congress passes the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA). The Act establishes the Public Works Administration (PWA), designed to build new infrastructure around the country and to create jobs. Headed by Harold Ickes , the PWA has $3.3 billion to spend on "contracts for the construction of public works" within the next year.
June 30, 1933
The Washington State Emergency Relief Commission announces the allocation of $377,000 of unemployment relief funds for preliminary work at Grand Coulee Dam. An article published in the Spokesman-Review states, "Under the plan outlined by the president... the state must pay the cost of completing preliminary engineering work before a license to build the dam and power plant can be obtained from the federal power commission."
Wenatchee World
Chief Jim James holds the spike for Gov. Clarence Martin
July 16, 1933: Breaking Ground
Washington governor Clarence Martin and Jim James, chief of the San Poil Indians from the nearby Colville Reservation, join a gathering of 3,000 citizens along the Columbia River to drive in the ceremonial first stake, marking the beginning of the construction of Grand Coulee Dam.
Approximately half of the new dam will be built on the Colville Reservation, which had been established as a Native American Reservation in 1872. The new reservoir will permanently submerge several Colville Indian villages and sacred fishing spots, including Kettle Falls.
July 26, 1933
Having heard from Senator Clarence Dill (D-WA) that the original "high dam" necessary for irrigation would cost $450 million, FDR has the Bureau of Reclamation draft a plan for a "low dam" and reservoir at a cost of $162 million. FDR allocates $63 million in start-up federal funding for the construction of a "low dam" at Grand Coulee. This design calls for a 290-foot tall dam that will be large enough to generate electricity, but not large enough to successfully support irrigation.
Around the same time, thousands of men begin arriving at the Grand Coulee Dam construction site, enticed by the promise of jobs.
June 18, 1934
Four companies submit bids for the construction of Grand Coulee Dam, including Six Companies, Inc., which is constructing the Hoover Dam in Nevada.
July 13, 1934
With a bid of $29,339,301, MWAK (a joint venture of Silas Mason Company, Inc., Walsh Construction Company, and Atkinson-Kier Company) wins the contract to build a "low dam" at Grand Coulee. MWAK's bid is about 15% lower than the next bidder, Six Companies, Inc.
Northwest Museum of Arts and Culture
FDR giving a speech at the site
August 4, 1934
FDR makes his first visit to the Grand Coulee Dam construction site.
October 1934
The first lights turn on in Mason City: a town, named after Silas Mason of MWAK, that houses company employees and officials.
University of Washington
Jackhammer crew drilling the bedrock behind the cofferdam
March 23, 1935: Beginning to Keep the Columbia at Bay
The west side cofferdam at the Grand Coulee Dam construction site is completed. Soon after, the water level in Columbia River rises 32 feet.
The cofferdam is a temporary structure that keeps the river at bay on the west side, allowing workers to dig out the mud and expose the granite bedrock on which the dam will rest.
August 1935
Under the 1935 River and Harbors Act, Congress officially authorizes construction of Grand Coulee Dam, making it a federally funded project and ultimately providing millions of dollars to increase the height of the dam to 550 feet. Unlike the "low dam," at 290 feet, the upgraded "high dam" will support an irrigation system originating from the Grand Coulee.
University of Washington
Gov. Martin placing the first concrete in the dam
December 6, 1935: The First Bucket of Concrete
Washington Governor Clarence Martin spreads the first bucket of concrete on the foundation of the dam, beginning construction of the dam's foundation. A representative from MWAK gives the governor a check for 75 cents, the hourly rate for a common laborer at the site.
December 31, 1936
West side mix plant and high and low crane trestles
January 1937
Approximately four years after construction started on the Grand Coulee Dam, concrete trestles span the Columbia River.
February 1938
The concrete foundation of the "low dam" is completed 14 months ahead of schedule. To date, 60 men have died at the construction site.
March 1938
MWAK and Six Companies, Inc. combine forces, forming Consolidated Builders, Inc. (CBI) and immediately begin construction on the "high dam."
Confederated Tribe of Colville
A Colville Reservation house is inundated by the rising waters
March 1940: The Rising Waters
The reservoir at the base of the dam begins to fill at a faster rate than initially anticipated, giving the Colville Indians very short notice of the impending flood that will submerge acres of their land and sacred burial grounds. This reservoir will later be named "Lake Roosevelt."
The Bureau of Reclamation hires a Spokane funeral home to move Native American gravesites that are about to be submerged to higher ground. They move 1,300 graves before the rising water forces them to quit.
June 16, 1940
Colville Indians, along with politicians, local reporters, and local whites, gather at Kettle Falls, one of the Colville tribe's renowned fishing spots, which will soon be submerged under Lake Roosevelt. This gathering, known as "The Ceremony of Tears," includes a carnival, an Indian dance, and boxing matches.
Archaeologists believe that Kettle Falls had been a renowned fishing spot for over 7,000 years.
June 29, 1940
The U.S. passes The Acquisition of Indian Lands for Grand Coulee Dam Act. This act officially entitles some of the Colville reservation land to the U.S. government for the purposes of the dam, though much of it is under water already. Under this act, Native Americans who have been forced to relocate are supposed to be financially compensated.
January 21, 1941
Despite ongoing construction on the "high dam," officials activate Grand Coulee's first generator and provide the first power from the dam.
February 15, 1941
The Grand Coulee High School marching band on the bridge
March 22, 1941: The Opening Ceremony
Eight years after beginning construction, the Grand Coulee Dam is formally dedicated in front of a crowd of 8,000. The Grand Coulee High School marching band leads a parade to celebrate the official start of the dam's in-house generators. Harold Ickes venerates the dam, calling it "the greatest single structure man has built."
May 1941
For its documentary film promoting the benefits of the public power created by Grand Coulee Dam, the Bonneville Power Authority commissions popular folk singer Woody Guthrie to compose 26 songs, including "Roll On, Columbia, Roll On."
December 12, 1941
Consolidated Builders, Inc. (CBI) announces that the last section of concrete has been placed, and that the dam is officially completed. The finished dam contains approximately 11 million cubic yards of concrete.
March 10, 1943
The "Grand Coulee Dam Project" is officially renamed the "Columbia Basin Project" and signed and authorized by President Roosevelt. With the dam fully constructed and functioning, the project shifts focus from dam-building to irrigation.
Congress authorizes an average of $30 million a year for 20 years for the construction of the Columbia Basin irrigation system. The project's plans include an extensive system that will eventually provide irrigation development for approximately one million acres.
WGBH
Farming in many parts of the Northwest would not be possible today without irrigation
May 1952
The Bureau of Reclamation promotes the Columbia Basin Project with the "Farm-In-A-Day" publicity stunt, in which 50,000 people watch as dozens of volunteers construct a fully functioning ranch in 24-hours for the Dunn family. Canals constructed by the Columbia Basin Project will irrigate the new farm.
That spring, the irrigation system will carry water from Grand Coulee Dam to 66,000 acres of farmland. By 2012, the acreage will increase more than ten fold to 671,000.
| Columbia |
In which country was the bridge over the river Kwai | Grand Coulee Dam
Grand Coulee Dam: Leaving a Legacy
by Christian McClung
Cover of a promotional pamphlet about the Grand Coulee Dam, made possible by the New Deal's public works funding. The Dam made Washington's contribution to World War II's industry possible, and remade the land, economy, and geography of the state. (Image courtesy of the University of Washington Library Digital Collection.)
The construction of the Grand Coulee Dam on the Columbia River was the crown jewel of President Roosevelt’s public works projects in the Pacific Northwest. Though it was built more than seventy years ago, it is still a massive and productive asset that will have an impact on many generations to come. It took forty years for the proposal of the dam to get the funding required to begin construction, as the hope of irrigation to more than five hundred thousand acres and massive hydroelectric power production were not enough for the dam to gain the full support of the federal government. Ultimately, the Great Depression and President Roosevelt’s subsequent New Deal program gave concrete backing to the Grand Coulee Dam, as dam construction promised long-term employment for thousands and a continuing economic asset to the region. This paper will give a background on the dam, the politics involved with its proposal and construction, its impact on employment and the economy, and a comparison between public works projects during the Great Depression and public works projects proposed today.
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Long before the construction of the Grand Coulee Dam, farmers in the Western half of the United States wanted irrigation to make the dry parts of their land flourish and become more fertile. [1] In the central part of Washington State, farmers were faced with a harsh climate that brought insufficient rainfall to produce healthy crops. They understood that proper irrigation would lead to productive fields, which would lead to a prosperous crop, healthy economy, and ultimately a self-sufficient way of life. [2] Local citizens and businessmen understood that a massive dam structure on the Columbia River could be the much-needed solution that would provide the water required to achieve this self-sufficiency. If built to its full extent, a large dam could even help pay for its own cost, as electricity could be sold to the surrounding areas. Rufus Woods, editor of the Wenatchee Daily World and one of Grand Coulee Dam’s greatest proponents argued, “As stated by Mr. Sullivan, the project would be worthy of consideration as a purely irrigation enterprise. But with the great depletion of the fuel and oil supplies of the country, the development of electrical energy to the amount of 1,000,000 horsepower up to a tremendous total of 3,800,000 horsepower becomes added interest.” [3]
A.H. Smythe and his wife with a WPA administrator, in Kettle Falls, WA, April 12, 1939. The Dam would place the Smythe home completely underwater, though Smythe was quoted as saying "Let 'er come. I've got me a piece of ground back yonder from the high water mark and I've got most of my house already built on it. The water can't get here too quick to suite me. It will be just like living on a lake." (Image courtesy of the University of Washington Library Digital Collection.)
Despite the overwhelming positives of constructing the dam, there were several obstacles that delayed construction. The idea of building a dam to help with irrigation challenges was first proposed in a copy of the Coulee City News in 1892. [4] The dam, however, was not the only proposal of how to irrigate the Columbia Basin; other ideas that had the support of influential politicians and local citizens. One plan aimed to use artesian wells to irrigate the Columbia Basin, while a more popular idea was to build a long gravity canal from lakes in Idaho for irrigation. The debate between building a dam versus constructing a gravity canal lasted for nearly fifteen years until the October 1931, when the proposal to build a dam won the support of the Army Corp of Engineers. [5] As the Seattle Post-Intelligencer put it, “Army engineers agree with the reclamation bureau engineers that the cheapest most feasible plan for developing the Columbia Basin is by erection of a great dam at Grand Coulee.” [6]
Even after the long-awaited army report settled the debate over the most effective method of irrigating the Columbia Basin, the biggest challenge still remained. Securing the necessary funding to build a structure of the size and complexity of the Grand Coulee Dam proved to be a major challenge. Most people living outside of Central Washington simply did not understand the benefits of building it, especially when it meant spending millions of dollars in a lowly populated area during a poor economy. William Miner put it best when he said, “To a great part of the nation, which knew nothing of irrigation and cared less, the whole project was a giant “pork barrel” scheme of the Pacific Northwest.” [7] At the time, most did not realize that it would take the Great Depression and the election of Franklin D. Roosevelt to get the federally appropriated funds required to build the dam.
Prior to the Great Depression and Franklin D. Roosevelt’s election, Presidents Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover had heard of the Grand Coulee Dam proposal. President Hoover was involved in extensive talks regarding the development of plans and construction of the dam, but ultimately never gathered the necessary funds. While President Hoover was courted strongly by dam supporters, including Rufus Woods, he eventually sided with his Secretary of Agriculture Arthur M. Hyde, who believed that there was no need for additional farmlands at a time when the economy was struggling and demand was already being met. [8] After nearly forty years of proposals, meetings with politicians, and vigorous debate, ground had yet to be broken on the Grand Coulee Dam.
The election of President Roosevelt in 1932 brought a new sense of optimism to advocates of the dam. After years of delays and setbacks, the state of Washington realized they had a strong shot at getting the dam proposal passed with the help of President Roosevelt, who was a major proponent of public works projects. Understanding the great opportunity before them, “The State of Washington, in strengthening its bargaining role for the project, put forth $377,000 for continuing studies, surveys, investigations and specifications for a low dam.” [9] In an urgent message to its readers, the Seattle Post-Intelligencer said, “Now it is up to all of us to induce congress at the coming session to agree to endorse the project, adopt it, and make initial appropriations for its start.” [10] After months of negotiations and debate, on July 27, 1933, President Roosevelt appropriated $63,000,000 for the beginning stages of the Grand Coulee Dam. [11]
President Franklin D. Roosevelt's visit to the Grand Coulee Dam construction site, October 2, 1937. (Image courtesy of the University of Washington Library Digital Collection.)
Two months after a contract was awarded to build the dam, President Roosevelt made a trip out to Grand Coulee to visit the dam site along with Governor Martin, Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes, and his wife Eleanor. [12] A crowd of 20,000 people were in attendance to hear the President give a speech. Many were there to thank him for his vote of confidence, as well as lobby for continued funding to complete the entire dam project. In his closing remarks to the massive crowd, President Roosevelt said, “I leave here today with the feeling that this work is well undertaken; that we are going ahead with a useful project, and we are going to see it through for the benefit of our country.” [13]
At the core of President Roosevelt’s support for the dam was that its construction would provide much-needed employment in a struggling economy. In a time when 25% unemployment was gripping the nation, the prospect of suddenly employing thousands of workers to build a strategic and sustainable resource was overwhelmingly attractive. The construction of Grand Coulee Dam was exactly the type of project that Roosevelt envisioned when he created the Public Works Administration in June of 1933. As specified in the National Industrial Recovery Act, the Public Works Administration was allotted several billion dollars to be used for major construction projects that would provide employment and improve the welfare of the public. [14] President Roosevelt viewed major public works projects as a way to improve the country’s infrastructure while providing jobs to those who were out of work. Without President Roosevelt’s vision and the creation of the Public Works Administration, it is hard to imagine that the Grand Coulee Dam would have ever received federal funding.
The employment numbers during the construction of the Grand Coulee Dam were staggering. As stated in the pamphlet Grand Coulee Dam and a Last Frontier, “During the three year construction period of MWAK, the payroll reached a peak of 6,000 men, exclusive of the Bureau of Reclamation, as well as numerous public utilities such as telephone, light, water and transportation companies.” [15] Including all other support positions related to the construction of the dam, employment was thought to be as high as 8,800. [16] Due to the large employment numbers, payroll figures were also impressive. In September of 1937, the Kellogg Evening News said, “An average of nearly $800,000 a month was paid this spring to workers employed by the Mason-Walsh-Atkinson-Kier Company, Grand Coulee contractors, the bureau of reclamation has disclosed.” [17] When the employment figures were totaled from 1933–1939, the Bureau of Reclamation Histories put the total man-hours at 37,000,119 and compensation at $34,650,244. [18] Total cost figures for the construction of the dam from the time period of 1933–1986 is estimated at $1,687,000,000. [19]
The Grand Coulee Dam’s positive impact on employment reached much farther than those directly working on the construction of the dam. States besides Washington benefited due to the sheer size and scope of the project. It was estimated that the foundation contract alone included $16,000,000 worth of purchases of materials and equipment from states outside of Washington. [20] Due to the massive labor force needed to build such a massive structure, the local towns thrived with the increased worker population. Engineers and government workers had homes provided for them in the town of Coulee Dam, while other homes for key officials were provided at Mason City. [21] Local and state government played an important role in providing for the rest of the dam workers. As described in the Grand Coulee Dam and a Last Frontier, “The overflow, for lack of any provision for them, sought and built places to live in the towns “on the hill” where schools and churches were provided with state government assistance, and where private capital provided theatres, hotels, fraternal halls, stores, shops, and so forth, for their spiritual and material welfare.” [22] The widespread positive economic effect the Grand Coulee Dam had on the region is truly immeasurable.
Ceremony for the first water delivery from the Grand Coulee Dam for the irrigation of the Columbia Basin, May 7, 1951. (Image courtesy of the University of Washington Library Digital Collection.)
Beyond the employment and economic boon provided by the construction of the Grand Coulee Dam, there have been other lasting legacies. After construction was complete in late 1942, the dam had an immediate impact in helping the United States win World War II. As President Harry Truman said, “Without Grand Coulee and Bonneville dams it would have been almost impossible to win this war.” [23] Specifically, the Grand Coulee Dam provided the electricity needed to produce aluminum, which was crucial for the airplane construction taking place at Boeing in Seattle. With no capacity to produce aluminum in 1940, the Pacific Northwest was producing 36% of the nation’s aluminum output by 1946. It is estimated that one third of the aluminum used in aircraft during World War II came from the power generated by the Grand Coulee Dam. [24] Also, the Grand Coulee Dam provided the power needed for the plutonium production reactors at the nuclear production facilities at the Hanford site.
Today, the Grand Coulee Dam stands as one of the top producers of hydroelectric power in the world and is still the largest concrete structure ever built in the United States. It provides irrigation to more than 2,000 farms and the revenue from hydroelectric power production has more than paid for its cost. [25] The adverse affects of the dam have been numerous as well. The erection of the Grand Coulee Dam blocked the passage of ocean-going salmon, which severely hurt the local Native American tribes. Other problems such as downstream erosion have also negatively affected peoples’ view of the dam. [26]
Today, the United States is faced with many of the same economic challenges as it was during the 1930s. While unemployment today is not nearly as high as it was during the Great Depression, many Americans have lost their jobs and seen their retirement accounts and home values plummet. In a time like this, it is hard not to compare the ascension and election of President Obama to that of President Roosevelt. Both men were elected during times of economic hardship and both were Democrats vowing to take a Keynesian approach to stimulating the economy. While many would expect President Obama’s fiscal stimulus to be similar to President Roosevelt’s New Deal, there are some clear differences.
President Roosevelt’s New Deal authorized the construction of major public works projects such as the Grand Coulee Dam and Bay Bridge, whereas President Obama’s stimulus plan appropriates money for improving existing roads, bridges, sewer lines, and schools. [27] There is nothing in Obama’s plan remotely close to the ambitious scope and nature of the construction of the Grand Coulee Dam. Roosevelt created and approved projects that took many years to complete and provided long-term employment, while Obama is looking to approve projects that can be completed quickly and have an immediate impact. Roosevelt and Obama are similar, however, in their ultimate goal of creating jobs and pumping money into the economy in order to stimulate growth. [28] Both took the Presidency in extraordinarily difficult times and both had the support of a hopeful nation yearning for recovery.
Built more than seventy years ago, the Grand Coulee Dam remains an effective producer of hydroelectric power and irrigation for the Columbia Basin. Without President Roosevelt’s vision for increased employment and economic stimulus, it is probable that the dam would never have been built. Today it stands as a lasting symbol of the New Deal and the public works projects that contributed to the recovery from the Great Depression. Without question, it will continue its desired purpose and have a lasting impact on many decades and generations to come.
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On which river do Halifax and Wakefield stand | Calderdale : Halifax, Huddersfield, Wakefield and Pontefract history
Bainbridge Village. Photo : David Simpson
Resting at Hawes. Photo : David Simpson
Calderdale : Halifax to Pontefract
THE RIVER CALDER
The streams and rivers that feed the River Calder rise in the moors to the west of Halifax near the Lancashire-Yorkshire border. Close by is the town of Todmorden which was traditionally split in two by the two counties with the border running straight through the middle of the Town Hall. Today the place is firmly in Yorkshire as the result of a boundary change back in 1888. Boundaries seem to have been a feature of this area for a long time as Todmorden's Anglo-Saxon name is thought to derive from Totta's Maer Dene (Totta's boundary valley) though who Totta was is not known.
A canal near Todmorden links the River Calder with Rochdale over in the historic county of Lancashire near the outskirts of Manchester. East of Todmorden, the canal is joined by the Hebden Water at Hebden Bridge, which is a former mill town best known for its clog factory though in truth this is situated at neighbouring Mytholmroyd.
Close at hand is Heptonstall, a former weaving village located on a ridge between the Hebden Water and a ravine called Colden Clough. Both valleys join the River Calder at Hebden Bridge. The area north of Heptonstall is home to the Hardcastle Crags, a property of the National Trust. They are home to a beautiful wooded valley, a nineteenth century mill, and some picturesque waterfalls.
The River Calder continues east from Hebden Bridge to Halifax, through Brighouse, north of Huddersfield and from there to Mirfield near the outskirts of Dewsbury. It continues east to Horbury and Wakefield. Eventually the Calder joins the River Aire at Castleford near Pontefract. The River Aire itself is destined to join the Humber by a circuitous route but close to Pontefract at Knottingley the Aire is joined by a canal called the Calder and Aire Navigation. This canal links the whole Calder and Aire river sytem with the River Don at Hatfield close to Doncaster. From there it is linked to the estuary of the River Humber near the port of Goole. This canal system linked the Humber in the east to the Mersey in the west and was of paramount importance to the industrial development of the West Yorkshire area.
HALIFAX
Halifax is situated to the south west of Bradford where the Hebble valley flows south to join the River Calder. It was a town that grew as aresult of the cloth trade but it has a long history. The name derives from Haly Flex Field meaning the place where holy banners were made from flax and indeed in 1175 Halifax was known as Haliflex.
Above: The old market, Halifax from an old postcard
Halifax has a spectacular location in amongst the hills and one of the best views can be obtained from neighbouring Beacon Hill. Nearby is Shibden Hall in Shibden Dale which was the fifteenth century home of the Otes family. For the next 300 years it was owned by the Listers who lived there until 1933. The house, with its impressive oak pannelled interiors dates back to 1420 and is set in 37 acres of Pennine parkland.
Halifax is a busy town well known for its shopping arcades and markets. Notable buildings in Halifax include the impressive Piece Hall a huge quadrangled hall with 315 rooms dating from 1779. Here cloth merchants displayed pieces of cloth for sale on market days. In 1871 the open space within Piece Hall became the site of a fruit and vegetable market.
The Halifax Town Hall of 1863 was built by Charles Barry who built the Houses of Parliament in London. Other buildings of note include Wainhouse Tower of 1871, an elaborate factory chimney built for a dye house that was never used. Two churches of note in Halifax are All Souls, built by Sir Gilbert Scott and the fourteenth century Church of St John the Baptist where a lifesize wooden figure of a seventeenth century Halifax beggar called Old Tristram can be seen. There are some Georgian houses in Halifax including Somerset House in George Street, while older buildings include the Union Cross Inn, that was first mentioned as far back as 1535.
A local curiosity is the Halifax Gibbet - a guillotine for beheading people that can be seen (in truth a replica of the original) in Gibbet Street. Relinquished in the seventeenth century, the gibbet was originally used to protect cloth makers from theft. Anyone found guilty of stealing cloth had their heads cut off. Fifty people were executed here between 1550 and 1650 - that'll teach them!
Local museums in Halifax include the Bankfield Museum (which exhibits the blade from the gibbet) with its collection of textiles, the Calderdale Industrial Museum and the Eureka Museum of Childhood.
HUDDERSFIELD
Huddersfield, lies four to five miles across the other side of the River Calder from Halifax in the Colne valley. It was called Odersfelt in the Domesday Book. It is another historic cloth making town, best known for producing fancy woollen cloths.
Most of Huddersfield was laid out in the early nineteenth century along the Colne valley, where mills were built along the banks of the river. Its church dedicated to St Peter, is a Norman foundation rebuilt in 1834-26 and the Town Hall dates from 1875.
Huddersfield's industrial growth absorbed surrounding villages in the nineteenth century. These include the village of Almondbury, which has an iron age camp located on Castle Hill nearby.
Almondbury camp is situated on a 900 ft bluff with three steep sides and dates from around 300 BC. It was abandoned sometime after the arrival of the Romans. A castle was built on the site some time after the Norman Conquest, but was dismantled by Henry III.
A tower called the Jubilee tower was built on the site of the hill fort in 1899. Almondbury was the site of a market as early as the thirteenth century and local cloth was traded here until the establishment of Huddersfield market in 1672.
DEWSBURY AND BATLEY AREA
Dewsbury is situated to the south of Leeds and Bradford half way between Huddersfield and Wakefield. It is an industrial town with an Anglo-Saxon name referring to a watery 'burgh' or fortified manor. It may have been an important place in Anglo-Saxon times as the Christian missionary called Paulinus preached here in the days of Edwin, King of Northumbria. Dewsbury has a church with elements dating from the 13th to the 19th century.
Batley lies to the west of Dewsbury and is in an area associated with Yorkshire's Savile family. Neighbouring Birstall was the birthplace in 1733 of Joseph Priestley who was one of the first men to discover the gasses oxygen and nitrogen. Priestley is not to be confused with the twentieth century Yorkshire author J.B Priestely.
Joseph Priestley - he of the gases - moved to the United States in 1794 and lived there until his death in 1804. Priestley's statue in Birstall market place shows him performing an experiment with a candle in one hand and a jar in the other.
A house known as the Rydings at Birstall near Batley is said to have been the inspiration for Thornfield Hall in Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre though the Bronte story of course belongs to Haworth. Norton Conyers Hall near Ripon also claims to be Thornfield Hall.
Robin Hood is occasionally associated with this area and he arguably has stronger connections with this area than he had with Nottinghamshire. He is said to be buried somewhere in the neighbourhood of Mirfield, west of Dewsbury.
WAKEFIELD
Wakefield's history goes back to pre-Roman times but in the Anglo-Saxon era it passed to someone called Waca - and Waca's Field became Wakefield. Wakefield was important for weaving and dyeing and by the thirteenth century was the most important centre for weaving and dyeing in the West Riding of Yorkshire. In later centuries its industrial role was eclipsed by Leeds and Bradford but it was for many years the administrative centre of the Riding.
Remnants of Wakefield's Medieval Age include street names like Westgate, Northgate and Kirkgate and a six hundred year old 'Old Bridge' with nine arches. The bridge has a medieval chapel built upon it, being one of only a few bridge chapels surviving in the country. The chapel, dedicated to St Mary was built in the 1300s but was restored by George Gilbert Scott in a later century. Traffic now crosses the 'New Bridge' of 1933.
Wakefield's Cathedral Church of All Saints was first built in Norman times but was rebuilt in 1329 and a Clerestory was built in 1470. The church was raised to the status of cathedral when Wakefield gained a bishopric and became a city in 1888. It is thought to have the tallest tower of any church in Yorkshire.
An unusual reminder of Wakefield's Medieval times are the surviving scripts of the Wakefield Mystery Cycle, a series of plays performed by the craft guilds of Wakefield in times gone by. The plays have been performed occasionally in more recent times.
Sandal Magna, now swallowed up by the southern outskirts of Wakefield was once the home of Sandal castle, built in the 12th century, but of which nothing now remains. It was the ancestral home of the Warren family and was a one time home of King Richard III.
Tthe Yorkshire architect John Carr (born 1723) came from Horbury near Wakefield. Carr later went on to become a Freeman of York in 1757 and the Lord Mayor of that city in 1770.
The boundaries of Wakfield's Metropolitan Borough extend beyond the town itself to include the neighbouring mining town of Normanton and further west the towns of Castleford and Pontefract.
PONTEFRACT - CAKES AND CASTLE
Pontefract is located a few miles from Castleford, where the River Calder joins the River Aire. The town was originally called Taddensclyff - a shelf of land belonging to an Anglo-Saxon called Taedden, but it was later renamed Kirkby by the Vikings, meaning the village with a church.
The name of Pontefract means broken bridge and is part French, part Latin. It was recorded under this name in 1090 but it is not known how or when the bridge came to be broken. In 1190 the name of Pontefract occurs under the spelling Pumfrate. Pumfrate or Pomfret reflected the Norman French pronunciation of the place name and this pronunciation is still sometimes used today.
"Bloody Pomfret" castle is referred to in Shakespeare's Richard II and has been a stage for much history. Pontefract Castle was built in the 12th century by Ilbert de Lacy, whose grandson, confusingly, also called Ilbert de Lacy founded Kirkstall Abbey near Leeds. The castle later passed into the hands of the Earls of Lancaster, whose numbers included Thomas, who was brought here after a battle at Boroughbridge and beheaded in 1322.
King Richard II was another to suffer at Pontefract castle. He was kept prisoner and eventually murdered here. James I of Scotland was imprisoned here, as was Charles, the Duke of Agincourt (captured at Agincourt ) . Many unfortunate folk were executed here during the Wars of the Roses. The castle does seem to have a rather macabre past.
Owners of the castle have included John of Gaunt (1340-1399) who once entertained Chaucer here. Visitors have included King Henry and King Edward - the fourth in each case. The Castle was a Royalist stronghold during the Civil War but was pulled down by the Parliamentarian folk of Pontefract after its surrender in 1648.
Pontefract is centred on a long street-like market place where a number of eighteenth century buildings can be seen including the Town Hall of 1785. There is also a Butter Cross of 1734 and a Red Lion Hotel reworked by Robert Adam in 1776. Two chambers located below a hospital in Southgate were the site of a 14th century hermitage built in 1368 by a monk called Adam de Laythorpe.
Pontefract's St Giles Church became a parish church in 1789. It is mostly an 18th century church but parts of the building date back to medieval times.
Pontefract is perhaps best known for the famous Pontefract Cakes, a liquorice sweet manufactured and sold here since the seventeenth century. The sweets were developed by a chemist called George Dunhill in 1760 who mixed the liquorice with sugar. The liquorice was originally grown in fields around the town, but is now imported from abroad.
High Ackworth to the south of Pontefract is the site of a church where the body of St Cuthbert was temporarily brought to rest during its journey north to Durham City in the North East of England. The village has another connection with Durham City, as the church is the burial place for a former Champion Boxer and Durham coal owner called John Gully. John Gully was once the Member of Parliament for Pontefract but lived for many years in a street in Durham overlooked by Durham Cathedral.
Nostell Priory, an Augustinian foundation established in 1110 lay to the west of Ackworth but nothing remains of the priory today. A Georgian mansion also called Nostell Priory stands on the site. It was built by James Paine in the Palladian style and was historically the home of the Winn family. Since 1953 it has been a property of the National Trust.
CASTLEFORD
Castleford to the north of Pontefract is located close to where the River Calder joins the River Aire. It was originally Caestere Ford - being the site of an Anglo-Saxon ford near a Roman fort or settlement. It was known to the Romans as Legiolium. Castleford is historically famous for making glass, especially glass bottles. It is also a little famous for the following poem composed in pre-industrial times. It desribes the town's location between the River Aire and River Calder.
Castleford lasses must needs be fair
for they bathe in Calder and wash in Aire
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What was the name of the pleasure boat that sank in the Thames in 1989 | Full text of "The story of old Halifax"
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UC-NRLF iALIFAX r. w. hafnson hCr^stor) v^ Ma.nchesfer ' ■f" Noptbn +ValeT?.oya.l See Pages 1112. THE POSITION OF HALIFAX 1 POLISH HISTORY. The Colouring shows Land above 600 feet high. The Story of OLD HALIFAX BY T. W. HANSON. ILLUSTRATED. HALIFAX: F. KING ^ SONS LTD.. COMMERCIAL STREET. 1920. To L. W. B., T. K. H., AND THE BOYS AND GIRLS OF HALIFAX. PEEFACE. This book has been written for the boys and girls of Halifax and district, with the hope also, that older people may find it full of interest. . I have tried to keep it a purely local history. It is not a new text-book of English history, furnished with local notes. Halifax has been particularly fortunate in inspiring a line of men who have delighted in revealing her past. In this twentieth century we have had a band of enthusiastic antiquaries, which few towns can rival. The Transactions of the Halifax Antiquarian Society have provided the bulk of the material for this work. Mr. John Lister, the President, has always been very kind to me. Mr. H. P. Kendall, who has taken so many of the photographs, has also helped in other ways to make the history more complete. Even more than their skill, do I value the comradeship and friendship of the members of our Antiquarian Society. The story of the book itself is as follows. From January, 1913, to January, 1917, I contributed a serial history of Halifax to "The Satchel," (the Halifax Schools' newspaper). Towards the end of that period, a sub-committee of the Head Teachers' Association invited me to re-publish the articles in book form. I re- wrote the matter, Messrs. Harris, Harwood, and Hawkins read the manuscript, and together we discussed the chapters in some interesting meetings. Mr. W. H. Ostler, the Education Secretary, proved to be one of my most helpful critics, and also helped very considerably to secure the publication of the book. Many years ago, Mr. Ostler said that what was 4 PREFACE. wanted was a history that would tell " how a half-timer lived in the reign of Edward III.," and I have not altogether forgotten his dictum. Mr. E. Green, the Borough Librarian, has kindly compiled the Index. I would also thank his staff for their unfailing courtesy. I am indebted to several friends for the illustrations. Mr. Arthur Comfort has taken infinite pains to please me with his sketches. Mr. F. H. Marsden, M.A., prepared the beautiful map at the front of the book, and sketched the drinking trough. Mr. T. Broadbent drew the end map. Mr. T. F. Ford, A.KI.B.A. has provided two architectural plates. Mr. W. B. Trigg allowed me to use his sketches of the windows of the Parish Church. Mr. E. Bretton is responsible for the heraldic illustrations. For other blocks, I am grateful to Mrs. H. R. Oddy, Messrs. E. E. Nicholson, E. Hardcastle, S. C. Moore, S. H. Hamer, E. Marchetti, Legh Tolson, and the " Halifax Guardian." The Halifax Antiquarian Society has very kindly allowed me to use their extensive collection of blocks, and the majority of the illustrations have been provided in that way. Acknowledgment is made to the various photographers in the book. I am grateful to many others whom I have not named. I have always found Halifax to be a " neighbourly " town, and its people ready to help one another. Lastly, I would thank the staff of Messrs. King's printing works for the interest they have shown in the work. T. W. H. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. Parish of Halifax — On the Pennine Slope — Woods. Farms, and Moor — Townships — Open Fields — Royds. Pages 9-19. CHAPTER II. Warrens and Lacys — The Manor of Wakefield — Courts held at Halifax — Halifax Gibbet Law. Pages 20-30. CHAPTER III. The Parish Church — Norman Carving — Lewes Priory and Gluny Abbey — Tithes — The Early Rectors — The 14th Century Church — Elland and Hepton- stall Chapels. Pages 30-38. The Elland Feud. CHAPTER IV. f Pages 38-42. CHAPTER V. Early Records of the Cloth Trade — The Flemings — The Black Death — The Poll Tax of 1379 — Surnames — Sheep Rearing— Spinning— Weaving — Fulling — Dyeing. Pages 42-53. CHAPTER VI. The Magna Via — Timbered Houses — Shibden Hall — The House at the Maypole — Sunny Bank, Greetland — Rebuilding of the Parish Church — Vicar Wilkinson — The Tower — Halifax in 1439. Pages 53-78. 6 CONTENTS. CHAPTER VII. The Growth of Halifax Trade — Gilds — Fairs — Ulnagers Accounts — 1473, Halifax leads the West Riding for Cloth — Early Halifax Wills — Gifts to the Church — The Chapels of the Parish — Roads and Bridges — Clothes and Furniture — Extending the Cultivated Land. Pages 78-88. CHAPTER VIII. Archbishop Rokeby — Wolsey receives the Cardinal's Hat — Baptism of Princess Mary — Death of Rokeby — Rokeby Chapels at Kirk Sandal and Halifax — Dr. Robt. Holdsworth — Feud between Tempest and Savile — The Pilgrimage of Grace — The Monasteries Closed — -Dispute about Halifax Tithes — Bishop Ferrar's Martyrdom. Pages 89-102. CHAPTER IX. Beacon Hill — The Puritans — Dr. Favour — Heath Grammar School — Sir Henry Savile — Henry Briggs — Camden's visit to Halifax — Woollen Trade in 16th Century. Pages 102-113. • CHAPTER X. 17th Century Houses — James Murgatroyd — Nathaniel Waterhouse — Sir Thomas Browne. Pages 113-137. ' CHAPTER XI. Halifax men refuse Knighthood — Ship Money — Beginnings of the Civil War — Siege of Bradford — Leeds taken — Battle of Adwalton — Retreat to Halifax — Joseph Lister's Adventures — Mackworth garrisons Halifax — Halifax Refugees — Fighting between Heptonstall and Halifax — Mixenden Skirmish — Scots Army in the District — Plague — Capt. Hodgson's Adven- tures — Local Royalists. Pages 137-163. CHAPTER XII. John Brearcliffe — 1651 Commission — HaUfax's First Member of Parlia- ment—The Parish Church During the Commonwealth — The last years of the Gibbet — The Restoration and Act of Uniformity — Oliver Heywood's Diaries — Archbishop Tillotson. Pages 164-176. CONTENTS. CHAPTER XIII. The Cloth Halls of London and Halifax — Defoe's Visit to Halifax — Local Manufacturers turn from Woollen to Worsted — Sam Hill of Making Place — Coal Mining — Jacobite Rebellion of 1745. Pages 177-188. CHAPTER XIV. Cragg Coiners — -John Wesley's Visits. CHAPTER XV. Pages 189-199. The Piece Hall — Wool Combing — Spinning— Weaving— Farming — Lime — Holmes — 18th Century Houses — " Edwards of Halifax." Pages 199-215. CHAPTER XVI. The Industrial Revolution — The Valleys exalted and the old Towns Decay — Canals — The Naming of the Hebble — Turnpike Roads — Twining's Picture of Calder Vale — Inn Yards — Stage Coaches — Luke Priestley's Journey from London to Brandy Hole — Enclosures — Foster the Essayist — Scarcitv of Milk — The Great Inventions — Steam Engines — Bradford outstrips Halifax. Pages 215-240. CHAPTER XVII. Child Slavery— Luddites — Peterloo— The Reform Act — The Chartists— Wm. Milner — Plug Drawing — Free Trade. Pages 241-257. CHAPTER XVIII. Akroyd and Crossleys — Railways — The Growth of the Town — Sewers and Water — Incorporation of the Borough — Savile Park — Wainhouse Tower — F. J. Shields — P. G. Hamerton — The People's Park. Pages 258-272. PRINTED BY F. King & Sons Ltd., Commercial Street, Halifax. The .Story of Old Halifax. CHAPTER I. PAKISH OP HALIFAX ON THE PENNINE SLOPE — WOODS, FABMS, AND MOOR — TOWNSHIPS— OPEN FIELDS — IIOYDS. This Story of Old Halifax is not confined to the town of Halifax, but is also concerned with the tract of surrounding coinitiy that was formerly known as the Parish of Halifax The ancient parish covered that portion of Calder Dale lying between Todnnorden and Brighouse, with the tributar}'' vales and doughs, and the moors and hills flanking them. The whole of England was divided into parishes, and the centre of each parish was a church. Halifax Parish was one of the largest in the country, and the rector or vicar ot tlie parish churih held the religious and spiritual oversight of all the people who lived within that wide area of more than 124 square miles. The outline of Halifax Parish is similar in shape to that of Yorksliire. As the maj) of the county is more familiar, it will be helpful to compare the two outlines in order to i^x in the memory the bounds of our ancient parish. Starting at Halifax, we go south- east to Brig- house, the point where the river Calder leaves the parish. A similar joui-ney from York would take us to Hull and the mouth of the Humber. From Spurn Point, going north, the landmarks of the Yorkshire Coast are 1^'lam- borough Head, Whitby, and Middlesbrough in the north-east corner. On the corresponding boundary of 10 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. Halifax Parish is the beck that flows through Bailifl" Bridge. Norwood Green clock tower must stand for Flamborough Lighthouse, Queensbury Church for Whitby Abbey, and Soil Hill stands at (mr north-eastern corner. The county boundary on the north is the river Tees, from its mouth to its source on Mickle Fell. The northern line of Halifax Parish is the range of hills, dividing the waters of Aire and Calder, that stretch from Soil Hill to Jackson^ Riooc /--. / "*--. / "x • WlOOOP J _ * %SoilHill '— ^EEHSBORV \ ■'^"1 J iNomrooD ; \<JftEHN ( ^^ N '— ■, ^^ ^-^^ Halifax t ^^^^ /^Houn ''N-. \i"^ \ ..' **■'•• c < ,-' ; , :\ ST*tNL*KD », * '-, J"'' ^ -•^ Fig. 1.— Yorkshire. Halifax Parish. Boulsworth. Jackson's Ridge in the north-west is the highest land in the parish, and Mickle Fell is the corresponding angle of Yorkshire. Widdop is in just such another out-of-the-way corner as Sedbergh. Both the parish and the county march with Lancashire on the west. Completing our beating of the bounds, we may compare the positions of Stain land Moor and Fixby, to the districts of Sheffield and Doncaster. The Parish of Halifax is situated on the high slopes of the Pennine Range. Its people are living, as it were, THE PENNINES. 1 I OM the slope of a roof. The ridge of the roof is the boundary between the counties of York and Lancaster. The Lancashire slope of the roof dips towards the west and our slope to the east. If we drop off the eaves of the roof, we are on the great level York Plain, which extends from the foot of the Pennines to the coast. On the Lancashire side is a narrower stretch of level country between the hills and the sea. The history of Halifax is the story of a people living on the roof of a great house, while the kings and armies making the history of England were marching along the level streets on either side of the Pennine house. Halifax is quite as near to London as York is, and both are in the direct line to Scotland, according to the map. York has been the scene of many of the events mentioned in English history. Two of the Roman Emperors died in York ; Edward HI. was mai'ried there ; Edward IV. was crowned in the city after he had won the battle of Tow ton ; and Charles I. and many other kings visited York. How is it that the old kings never passed through Halifax with their armies? The answer to this question is that the easiest and most natural route between north'and south is along the plain and not over the hills. The Pennine Hills stand up like an island in the ocean, and from the earliest times down to our own day, voyagers from London to Scotland have gone round one side or the other of our hills. The Scotch exj)ress trains either go through York or Crewe, and cyclists who appi-eciate a level road follow the same routes. Halifax is off the main line. In the middle ages, the position meant that Halifax escaped much' of the frightfulness of the civil wars. The hills to the north were also a barrier ^aijist the incursions of the Scots, who often reached 12 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. as far south as Craven. The break m the Pennines,^ named the Aire Gap, guided some of the raids as near as Otley and Morley, but there is no record of the Scots penetrating into Calder Dale. The citizens of York were contitiually exposed to perils of the sword, there- fore they maintained a wall around the city to keep invaders at bay. Halifax never had any need of such a defence. The homesteads and small hamlets of Halifax Parish were scattered along the hill sides, as there was no occasion for the folks to crowd together as the men of Chester and York had to do. For the same geographical reasons there are no castles in our district Pontefract Castle and Sandal Castle hold positions that guard the narrowest gap between tlie Pen nines and the marshes that line the estuary of the Humber. Skipton Castle is the strategic key to the Aire Gap, and Lancaster Castle commands the western route. 'J'he district around Halifax cannot boast even a luined abbey, though the small priory at Kirklees (which had only eight nuns when it was closed) is just outride the boundary of the parish. Many of the abbeys, such as Fountains, were built in places " titter, to all appearances, to be a lair of wild beasts than a home for men," but it almost seems that Halifax^was too inhospitable a country even for monks. The tourist, finding neither walled city, castle, ruined abbey nor ancient battlefield within our parish, may judge it to be an uninteresting territory from the historical standpoint. Our story has little to tell about kings, prelates, nobles, and other bearers of famous names that crowd the pages of English histories. Our story is principally a peaceful account of turning woods and moorlands into fields, and of the development of the cloth industry in this highland corner of Yorkshire. We WOODS, FARMS AND MOOR. 13 also hope to trace the steps by which Hahfax became the capital of this district, how it grew into a large town, and how other places in Upper Calder Dale have risen and how others have decHned. Whereabouts in Calder Dale were the earliest settle- ments planted ? When this district was first occupied and men could have their choice of hill and vale, which situations did they select for their farms and homes ? If we go into Luddenden Dean and take our stand at Jerusalem Farm, or better still, on the hillside above it, we get a good view-poitit from which to study the opposite hillside. In the bottom is the brook. From the water the bank rises steeply some three hundred feet and is wooded and overgrown with bracken, and marshy in places. We call that portion of the hill-side Wade Wood. Above the wood are fields and if we were walking up that bank of the dean, we should cross five or six fields and climb about another three hundred feet. These farms, known as Saltonstall, are very old, and here, over six centuries ago Earl Wairen had meadows and pastures for his cattle. The top of these fields is 1,000 feet above sea-level. Above the Saltonstall farm-land are the moors stretching away to the summit of the hill. The high moorland is too wild and bleak for cultivation. The valley bottom is too steep and wooded and difiicult to clear for farms. The early settlers lived on the high terrace, with the woods below and the moors above them. The hill sides therefore show three distinct bands. The lowest section - the steep wooded bank of the stream The middle section - farm land The hiirhest section - moorland. We see these three bands in the Hebden Valley very distinctly. First there are the woods of Hardcastle Crags. 14 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX, WOODS, FARMS AND MOOR. 15 Above them are the Wadsworth farms, and higher again, the moors, hi the Calder Valley, remnants of these old divisions can be traced. For example, if we ascend the northern bank of the valley at Brearley, we find the old town of Midgley and its farms situated on a terrace between Brearley Wood and Midgley Moor. There are some few exceptions to this rule. Mytholm- royd and Copley are old settlements on the floor of the Calder Valley. The oldest portion of the town of Halifax is at the bottom of the hill, and P^lland is not more than a hundred feet above the water of the Calder. But, generally speaking, the whole of Calder Vale and the branch valleys showed these three aistinct bands of wood, farm and moor. That is the reason why most of the older hamlets are high "up on the hills. Bastrick, Sowerby, Norland, Heptonstall, lllingworth, Soyland and North- owram were formerly the centres of trade and population. This is a very important point to remember and explains many things that otherwise would appear strange and obscure. These upland situations hekl pre-eminence until the end of the eighteenth century. We live in the Valleys but our forefathers' homes were on the hills. The vast expanse of Halifax Parish may be measured on a map or calculated in tens of thousands of acres, but a better and more interesting way of learning its size is to take a few long walks across it in various directions Then you will know that the Bastrick man lived so far away from the farmer of Heptonstall that they were strangers rather than neighbours to one another. It was only natural that families grouped themselves into smaller divisions of the district. Indeed, these smaller divisions, called townships, probably • existed before the parish was mapped out. 16 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. For example, take the old settlements lying around the crown of Bear^on Hill. The most important were at Blaithroyd, Stoney Royd, Backhall, Exley, Ashday. and Shibden Hall, and a track connecting them would make a ring that completely encircles the hill. The men living at these places were neighbours and Formed a community known as Southowram Township. The valley bottoms that separated their hill from Halifax, Elland, Rastrick, Hip})erholme, and Northowram were the boundaries of their township. Southowram is almost an island and is surrounded by the Hebble, Calder, Shibden Beck, and a small clough that has its head in Shibden Park. The short length from the top of this clough t*^ Charlestown is the only land boundaiy. The ideal township would be a dome-shaped island and Southowram is a good example. (It ought to be said that Elland Park Wood was annexed to Elland township as a hunting ground for Elland Hall). Halifax township was bounded on one side by the Hebble or Halifax brook, from Shaw Syke as far as Birks Hall. The little stream that drains from Haugh Shaw to Shaw Syke divided Halifax from Skircoat, and the small clough at Birks Hall was the boundary with Ovenden. At High Road Well Moor was the line between Halifax and Warley. Most of the houses in Halifax township were near the brook and not high up the hill- side as in most of the townships. The rivers and brooks formed the boundaries of the townships because the early settlers had no use for the low-lying lands and the valley bottoms were no-man's-lands. The centre of the town- ship was usually a hill. The word " village " was never used in our district. The English village, as a rule, consists of a compact cluster of farm houses and cottages, with a church and TOWNSHIPS. 17 » large manor house. The houses in our townships were scattered along the hill sides, where there was a cluster of houses, it was invariably called a town. Thus we have Warley Town and Sowerby Town, the main streets in Northowram and Midgley are Town Gates, and at Heptonstall you may see the name-plate "Top o' th' Town." The Townships in the parish are : — Stansfield, Heptonstall, Wadsworth, Midgley, Warley, Ovenden, Skircoat, Halifax, Northowram, bouthowram, Slielf, and Hipperholme-cum-Brighouse on the north side of the^Calder. Langfield, Krringden, Sowerby, 8oyland, Rishworth, Barkisland, Norland, Stainland, Elland-cum-Greetland, Fixby, and Rastrick on the south side of the Calder. In those early days, when Halifax, Sowerby, Norland, Elland and other places contained very few houses, the men worked on lartre fields that were common to the township or hamlet. Each hamlet was like one farm, and the pi'oduce of their fields was shared among the inhabitants. The only relics of this old open-field system are a few place-names that still survive. In Halifax there were four or five of these large common fields. One was called South Field, and the way to it, South Field Gate, has had its name shortened to Southgate. There was also Blackledge-ing, and Blackledge— parallel to Horton Street — though it does not now bear any resemblance to a field, owes its name to the open field. A third named Sydell-ing has given its name to Seerllings Mount, near Akroyd Place School. There were also Nether Field, stretching down to the brook, and the North Field. At Wheatley they had a Dean Field, and the white-washed house, Denfield, marks the site. In 18 THE STORY OF OLD HA I/FAX. Ellaiid there were the Low most, Middle, and High Town Fields, iind Victoria Road was formerly known as Town Field L;>ne. The men of the township or hamlet would hold a meeting to decide what crops they would grow. If they had three fields, the first might he for rye or wheat, the second, oats or barley, and the third had to lie fallow. They would also have a large meadow for hay. The word "ing" means field or meadow. Outside the fields were tlie connnon pastures for their fiocks and herds, and woods where the pigs fed. The open field was divided into strips or lands, and these strips w^ere about seven yards wnde and two hundred yards long. The length was a furrow-long, from which we derive the word "furlong." This was long before the days of standard measuiements, and a furlong, like other measures, varied in each district. Between each strip a length of unploughed land was left, to mark the '' lands." The plough had a team of eight oxen, and the whole field was ploughed at one time. The first strip was claimed by the ploughman ; the secojid by the man who provided the plougli ; the next two strips went to the owners of the principal paii* of oxen : next came the driver's turn ; and after him the owners of the otheT oxen, and so on. The same order would be gone through several times, until the large field was ploughed up. Each man's strips were scattered up and down the field. This kept the field common, for if a man had been allotted the first four strips instead of, say, Nos. 1 , 13, 29, and 40, he would probably have fenced his strips and made them into a little field of his own. The boyj^ of the handet had to take their turns in looking after the herd of cattle on the moors, or the pigs ROYDS. 19 in the woods, or frightening the birds awa}^ fronj the coin. The cattle were thin and long-Jegged, the pigs never grew 80 fat as ours, and sheep were kept only for their wool and skins. All the stock was very poor compared with modern cattle and the crops also were far below our standard. The open iiekl method of farming commenced in the earliest times and continued, in a fashion, until the begin- ning of last centui}^. As the number of people increased, and as some of the men grew richer, more land was wanted for farming. A new piece of the hilly land was marked out, the trees were cut down, and the shrubs cleared. Rocks were broken up, the loose stones gatheied, and a wall built up of these stones to fence the new land. The land was " ridded " or "rid" of the trees and rocks and was therefore called a *' riding " or *' rode." Just as boys turn the word " coal " into "coil," this word " rode " was pronounced " royd." It is a most interesting local word and royd is our own word for clearing. You will readily recall some place- names with this ending — royd. Jackroyd, Willroyd, and Waltroyd named from the men who lirst cleared them. Brookroyd, the clearing by the brook, Akroyd or oak clearing, High royd or Eroyd (th'ee royd), high clearing, Stoney royd, stony clearing, Murgatroyd or moor-gate- royd, tiie clearing on the way to the moor. The patches of royd-land fenced and enclosed from tlie moors or woods were called " closes." In the old days the word " field " referred to the large open fields. If we come across an old house named Field House, Field Head, or West Field, we may be sure that one of the common fields once occupied the site. The books and papers, mentioned at the end of each chapter, are recommended to those readers who wish to have fuller information on any particular subject. I am greatly indebted, myself, to the various writers. Local Illustrations of Seebohm's "English Village Community."— John Lister, (Bradford Anti«[uary. Vol. I). 20 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. CHAPTER 11. WIRRENS AND JjAGYS — THE MANOR OP WAKEFIELD — COURTS HBIiD AT HALIFAX — HALIFAX GIBBET LAW. The earliest written records about Halifax men and local places, are on the court-rolls of the Earls of Warren. The first earl, William of Warren, was one of the chief men among the Norman invaders, and the chroniclers of Fig. 3.— FUANCE. the time say he was remarkably valiant. His original home was a castle on the river Varenne at Bellencombre, not far from Dieppe. He was created Earl of Surrey by William T., and given large tracts of English land. His principal castle was at Lewes in Sussex. Warren was one of the very few Norman lords who supported THE WARRENS. 21 Kufus when the bulk of the Norman lords revolted in the first year of his reign, 1088. By the aid of the English, tfie rebels were defeated. It appears Hkely that the Earl Warren received the manor of Wakefield as a reward for his faithfulness. At the siege of Pevensey Castle, during the revolt, the earl was wounded in the leg by an arrow. He was carried to his castle at Lewes, where he died in 3 088. The Domesday Book, 1086, states that the manor was then in the hands of the King, William I. The entry relating to our local townships runs : — " Sowerby, Warley, Feslei, Midgley, Wadsworth, Crottonstall(?) Langfield and Stansfield." Students agree that tiie word Ftslei' stands for the township of Halifax. The actual grant of the manor of Wakefield has been debated by many writers, but we are I'elying on a charter that will be mentioned in the next chapter. The manor of Wakefield was a large territory which embraced the greater part of the parish of Halifax. In Saxon times the manor had belonged to Edward the Confessor. William, the second Earl Warren, distinguished him- self at the battle of Tencl^ebrai, in 1106, where Henry L, King of Eno;land, attacked his brother, Duke Bobert, nickiiamied Curt hose, llobert Curt hose was defeated and surrendered to Earl Warren. It was about this time, the beginnijig of the twelfth century, that armour-clad knights began to display coats-of-arms on their shields in order that friend or ibe could recognise them. The Warren shield is so simple in design, that it was probably one of the earliest coats-of-arms. The shield is divided into squares, like a draught board, with the squares coloured gold and blue alternately. Halifax people know this shield because the Corporation has used it in their coat-of-arms. The blue and gold checkered shield is 22 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. displayed at the Town Hall and in the Council schools, and our public bodies decorate their note paper with it. 4. — Warrkn. From York MitiMar. The townships of Southowram, Elland, and Greetland were included in the Honour (which means a group of small manors) of Pontefract and their lord of the manor was another great earl, Ilbert de Lacy. Previously, a Saxon thane named Gamel had ruled over these townships. These JSorman earls did not come to live in our district, nor did they build any castles in our parish. Both of their Yorkshire castles were situated at important strategic points between the Pennines and York on the great load to the north. The Warrens built Sandal Castle, near Wakefield, and the Lacys held Pomfret Castle, two famous strongholds in English military history. Part of the country about Halifax had been devastated in 1068, when WiUiam the Conqueror quelled the insurrection iu the north, and laid waste the land. In Domesday Book, Elland and Southowram are named, and these three terrible words added : — " It is waste." The Normans were great hunters, and Upper Calderdale provided a sporting estate for the Warrens, and the earls visited it when on hunting expeditions. They made a park in Erringden (from Cragg Vale to Callis Woods) for breeding deer. The wild boar and wolf roamed the hiW sides in Norman times. Roebucks, a Warlev farm, THE MANOR COURT. '2S and the rocks known as Buckstones and Wolfstones were probably so named in thosa far-off liunting days. The lord of the manor, especially such a great man as the Earl of Surrey, had a large amount of power, more than many a king has to-day. In fact one Earl Warren defied the King, when Edward I. ordered the Treasurer of England to make full enquiries about the manors and liberties that were held of the king. The earl would not allow the officials to enter his domain, nor to visit Wakefield and Halifax. He also took a rusty sword and flung it on the Justice's table. " This, sirs, is my warrant," he said. " By the sword our fathers won their lands when they came over with the Conqueror, and by the sword we will keep them." • At the court of the lord ot the manor, grants of land were made to the men who wanted more soil to cultivate, and for each grant a fee had to be paid to the lord. When a man died, the court decided who was his heir, and again, a fine was due to the lord. In some cases the lord's permission had to be obtained foi- marriage, or for the education of a peasant^ son. The tenants had to plough and reap for the lord, and to provide his table with chickens and eggs. At the courts, fines were imposed for all kinds of wrong-doing, and the Wariens had also the power of taking a man's life for certain crimes. All the corn had to be ground at the manorial mills, and the lords also owned the mills for the fulling of cloth. Perhaps the best way of finding out how Halifax people fared at the hands of the lord of the manor, will be to take an imaginary peep into a manor court. In Halifax, the court was held at the Moot Hall. Moot is an old English word, meaning an assembly of the people. Near 2i THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. the north-west corner of the Parish Church there is an old building, now used as a joiner's shop, but which was, once upon a time, the Moot Hall. About the centre oi the wall facing the church, notice the ancient wooden post that supported the roof of the old timbered building, and which is a portion of probably the oldest house in the town. We will suppose that the people of Halifax, Sowerby, &c., are assembled in the Moot Hall on a day towards the end of the thirteenth century. They would all have to stand, for there was little or no furniture then. A rough table and a plain bench would serve ibr the lord's officers, and the remainder of the room would be bare. The steward of the earl of Warren presides over the court. We will take for example the court held at Hahfax on Tuesday, July 1 7th, 1286, described on the roll as the Tuesday before the Feast of St. Margaret the Virgin, for it was then customary to reckon dates from the church festivals instead of the calendar that we use. John of Warren, Earl of Surrey, was lord of the manor at this date. His only son, William, had been killed in a tournament at Croydon seven months previously, and William's only son, John, was quite a baby. In addition to the manor court for the transfer of land, etc., there was also held a criminal court, called a Tourn. The king granted to some of his principal subjects the power to hold these courts, and as Wakefield manor had once belonged to Edward the Confessor, the Warrens appear to have received this power in the original grant of the manor. In a seventeenth century deed, belonging to the Waterhouse Charity, a plot of land adjoining the Moot Hall is called " Sheriff's Tourn Close." Thomas Shepherd, of Holdsworth, gives sixpence for license to take four acres of land from K,oger, son of Peter. THE MANOR COURT. 25 William of Saltonstall gives twelve pence, to take half an acre of land in Sowerby from William, son of Simon. Kichard, son of Adam of Wadsworth, gives 1 2s. 2d. to inherit his father's land. Each man promises to do the services due to the lord. E-og^er of Haworth is fined twelve pence for the escape of four cattle in Sakeldene in the lord's forest, and William the Geldhird has to answer for hunting a doe. Thomas of Langfield and William of the Booths pay for the court's aid in recovering debts. At the Tourn held the same day, we find the following cases. Peter Swerd had unrightfully sto])ped up a certain footpath between Stansfield and Mankinholes. By permiission of JJ/n S. Smith, Shi'fflfki City Librarian. Fig^ 5.— Portion of a Wakkfiki.d Court Roll, Halifax, July Irni, 1286. Thomas, son of John of Greenwood cut the purse of William of Midgley by night and took H)d. llichard of Crossley and Kichard the Tinker had di-awn blood fiora from one another but the tinker is pardoned because he did it in self-defence. John Styhog stole two oxen from Roger Foulmouth and is sent to York prison. William, son of Ivo of Warley, took two bows from strangers. Peter Sweid is fined a second shilling because he unjustly ejected Alice of the Croft from her land in Mankinholes and cast down her house. Avicia, wife of Thomas of Westwood, the wives of Nicholas of Warley, Thomaa 26' THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. the Spencer, "Ralph of 0\renden,. Robert of Lowe ; Matilda, wife of the Fuller, and Agnes of Ashwell are each fined sixpence for not sending for the ale tasters when they had brewed. Cecilia of Hallgate is pardoned and the wife of Jolin the Grave is also pardoned because she is favourable to the earl's bail ills. The manor courts of the Earl Warren were held at Wakefield, Kirkburton, Brighouse and Hahfax. Neither Brighouse nor Halifax are neai' the geographical centre of Halifax Parish. At this time nlso, Halifax was one of the least important of the townships. Towards a tax levied in 1284, Hipperholme paid the largest sum, 20/-. Halifax's share, 11/-, was the thirteenth on the list of nineteen townships. In 1315, six of the townships were fined for concealing the absence ot men summoned to the tourn. Halifax township was fined 3/4, Wt forgiven because it was poor. W^e may infer that the Steward of Wakefield would not venture any farther into the wilds than Brighouse and Halifax, and because Halifax was nearer to Wake- field by the old roads than the other townships, our town became the capital of the district. The records of the Wakefield Manor Court are kept in the Rolls OfBce at Wakefield. The earliest court rolls have perished, but there are some that are over six hundred years old. The early rolls are made of skins stitched together, thirty or forty feet long, and rolled up like a piece of wall-paper. Later rolls are in five feet lengths, made f loin about a dozen skms. These large skins are stitched together like the leaves ot a book and the whole rolled up. The entries are written in Latin and can still be read, and parts of the rolls have been copied, translated and printed. THE MANOR COURT. 27 As time went on, the services due to the lord from his tenants were not paid in actual labour, but money was given as rent in place of work. This great change took place earlier in the large Wakefield manor than in smaller manors. It was very inconvenient for the men of lUingworth or Norland to journey to Wakefield to work on the lord's home farm for a day or so. On the other hand, the earls had more labour than they needed. It suited both parties to transform the services into a sum of money. This arrangement gave more freedom to the men of Halifax parish. So long as they paid their rents they were at liberty to employ their time as they thoucrht best, and were not at the beck and call of their lord. The tenants of the Warrens had to follow him to war, but we know very little as to how many from this district went with the earls on the Scottish campaigns. Richard of Exley was at Dunfermline with Edward I. in 1303, when William Wallace was defeated. Richard had killed William of Ashday, and he received a royal pardon for the murder because of his distinguished conduct as a soldier. The manor of Wakefield was gradually split up into small manors. These smaller manors, in most cases, comprised a township. There was a manor court of Ovenden held at Lee Bridge; at Hipperholme, the men met under a thorn tree. Some local houses and lands were given to the order of Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, who helped and sheltered pilgrims to the Holy land. Tenants of these lands were not obliged to grind their corn at the lord's mill, nor to do suit at his court. These privileges continued even after the order of St. John had been suppressed. Many of these old houses still display the double cross of the knights, as. 28 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. for instance, Field House Shibden, Coley Hall and Holdsvvoitb House. The Wariens, like some other great Norman lords, had the royalty — as it was named — gianted by the king, to execute thieves and other criminals who were caught within the bounds of their manor. From this grant the Halifax gibbet law grew and the custom survived in Halifax long after the royalty of the Warrens had become obsolete. Tradition says that the harsh law was continued in order to protect the cloth trade, for it was so easy to steal the kerseys i'rom the tenter-frames. A jury was formed of sixteen men. If they found that the prisoner was caught with the stolen goods in his possession, or if he confessed to the theft, and if the stolen goods were valued at thirteen pence or more, the culprit was sentenced by this local jury to be beheaded. Under the feudal system, there were no paid officials of the manor courts, to correspond wilh our modern policemen or sheriffs' officers, but each tenant, in turn, had to serve in the various duties. There was not much difficulty in persuading a jury to sentence a man to death, for human life was oi small value in those days. The difficulty arose in finding a hangman. When the population amounted to no more than a few score people, no man cared to be branded as the hangman among his neighbours. An old story, told by Thomas Deloney in the sixteenth century, relates how Hodgekins, a Halifax clothier, caught Wallis and two more thieves, and brought them to the gallows. Hodgekins chose one of his neighbours, a very poor man, to play the hangman^a part, but he would not by any means do it, tiiough he would have been well paid. Then one, whose cloth liad been stolen, was commanded to act, but in like manner THE GIBBET. 29 he wo'uld not, saying : " When I have the skill to make a man, I will hang a man, if it chance my workmanship does not suit me." And thus from one to another the post was offered and refused. At last a rogue came by whom they would have compelled to have done the deed. '* Nay, my masters, not so" said he, *' You cannot compel me." Then one proposed that Hodgekins himself, who had most loss, should take the office. " No, not I," quoth Hodgekins, " though my loss were ten times greater than it is." At last, liberty was promised to the thief who would hang the others, but as they were loyal to each other, they had to be released, and thus they escaped the death penalty. A gray friar came upon Hodgekins while he was in the dumps over this business, and he said that, with the help of a carpenter, he would make a gin that would cut off their heads without man's help. Hodgekins went up to court and told tlie king that the privilege of Halifax for hanging thieves Wcis not worth a pudding because they could not get a hangman to truss the thieves. However, a friar had invented a machine that dispensed with the hangman, and his majesty allowed Halifax men to use the new gibbet. Although the story is not literally true, there is an element of truth embodied in it. In other parts of England all kinds of dodges were tried to g^t over the difficulty of finding a hangman. At Romney, the bailiff found the gallows and rope, while the proseCvitor had to find the hangman. If he could not find one. and if he would not do that same office himself, he was put in prison with the felon and kept there until he was prepared to hang the condemned man. The Halifax gibbet did not need a hangman. All that was necessary was to pull out the pin that held the axe aloft. Then it slid down the grooves 30 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. of the tall posts, on to the culprit's neck. If it was ^ case of stealing a horse or a sheep, the animal was yoked to the pin and set the axe in motion. Warren and Lacy in the *• Dictionary of National Biography." "The Making of Halifax"— John Lister in H. Ling lioth's "York»liire Coiners and Old Halifax." Wakefield Court KoU?", I, H, III in Yorkshire Archaeological Society Record Series. "Halifax Gibbet Law" — JoHN LrsTER in Halifax Anti(iuarian Society Transactions, 1910. CHAPTER 111. THE PARISH CHURCH NORMAN CARVING — LEWES PRIORY AND CLUNY ABBEY — TITHES — THE EARLY RECTORS — THE 14th CENTURY CHURCH — ELLAND AND HEPTONSTALL OHAPBI18. If we enter the Parish Church by the south porch and walk across the church to the opposite door, we notice that the north wall is built of rough stones of all shapes and sizes. Among this rubble there is one small stone that has an interesting story to tell. You will find it at the left hand lower corner of the western window. The stone is carved with zig-zag or herring-bone lines, called a chevron pattern. Soldiers' stripes are chevrons. The style of the carving indicates that it was chiselled in the twelfth century. Therefore, we know that before this wall was built, a smaller Norman church was pulled down and this particular stone, out of the older church, was picked up and used by the masons who built this wall. There are a few more similar chevron stones scattered about the walls of the present church. Frag- ments of a plain moulding of the same date appear in the upper part of the north wall. HALIFAX PARISH CHURCH. 31 W« will dip a little further back into the dim past, before we take up the story of the Norman church. ff^flCnnEinroF n^i^/naK Work P»V]L-r^j^AP ih(mo»<^ Fig. 6.— Chevron Sponr and 15th Century Capitals. Because a portion of Halifax tithes was paid to the vicar of Dewsbury, we may certainly say that our district was 82 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. once part of the ancient Saxon parish of Dewsbury, and presume that the gospel was preached among our hills before any church was erected here. The first mention of Halifax Church is to be found m documents relating to a gift made by Earl Warren to the Priory of Lewes of several Yorkshire churches, including Halifax church. Mr. Lister has discovered a copy of a charter that recites the original grant. It appears that when the priory church at Lewes was dedicated (about 1095) the second earl confirmed this gilt of Yorkshire churches. Hence, we know that Hahfax church was granted between 1086 and 1095. Documents at that time were not dated but the names of the witnesses also help to fix these dates. The second earl again confirmed the gift about the year 1116. The Priory of St. Pan eras at Lewes, in Sussex, was the first settlement in England of the black-robed monks of Cluny. The first Earl Warren and his wife had intended to make a pilgrimage to E,ome but, owing to the war between the Pope and Emperor, they had to be content with visiting some of the monasteries of France, and they made a long stay at the Abbey of Cluny, near the Swiss border. Some time later the earl was crossing the Channel in one of the small vessels of those days, wlien a storm arose and the boat was in great peril. Earl Warren vowed that if they were brought safely to land he would found an abbey. In fulfilment of his vow, he invited the monks of Cluny to come to Lewes and, in 1077, a prior and twelve monks made their home there. The earl further enriched the Piiory of Lewes by the gift of Yorkshire churches. The monks also received, out of the manor of Wakefield, the manors of Halifax and Heptonstall. The rents and fines connected with the land of Halifax and Halifax parish church. 33 Heptonstall were to be paid to the prior instead of to the lord of the manor of Wakefield. The prior now held a little manor court for Halifax and Heptonstall, but the Warrens still held courts for the tbrest-law cases and what we should call "police-court cases." In addition to the manorial rents of Halifax and Heptonstall townships, the church had its revenue from tithes or tenths. Every farmer in the wide parish of Halifax had to give to the church one stone of wool out of eveiy ten stones he clipped ; one lamb out of ten ; one calf out of ten ; and a tenth of his com and hay or any other produce. The account books of the monks tell us of three women carrying the tithe wool from Heptonstall to Halifax. The Elland wool, in 13(57, needed seven women, and they received ttmpence and four pennyworth ©f ale to share among the seven for carrying it. For a long time there was only the one church to se*'ve the vast parish, and everyone was baptised or married, or buried at Halifax church. When the special chui-ch services or festivals were held, the accommodation of the little town would be taxed.' The church is dedicated to St. John the Baptist, whose festival day is on Midsummer day. All the people had to attend church on that day, and because of the throng in the streets, hawkers and vendors of various things came, and in that way Halifax fair came to be on June 24th. There is a legend the word Halifax means Holy Face, and that a portion of the face of the i^aptist was preseived as a relic in Halifax church. The borough coat-of-arms was designed from this idea. There is no truth in the story, for had there been so important a relic, pilgrims from all over the world woukl have found their way to Halifax, and some of the old chroniclers would have mentioned the fact. 34 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. To return to the chevron stone —when the monks received Halifax church, over eight hundred years ago, they commenced to huild a small Norman church, of which these few stones remain. Some of the early rectors of Halifax were famous men, or it would be more correct to say that the fees from the parish in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries went into the pockets of some great men. For, although the Warrens had given Halifax church to the Prior of Lewes, they continued to put their own friends in the rectory. These rectors drew the rents and fees, but scarcely ever came near Halifax to attend to the work. As the monks themselves said, these men had more care for the fleeces and milk of the flock than for souls. The earls were so powerful that the monks for a long time were unable to resist these appointments. John Talvace, brother to the wife of the third Earl Warren, " a pleasant man, generous and very learned," seems to have been one of the early rectors. He also held the high position of treasurer of York Minster from 1154 to 1 163, and afterwards became Bishop of Poitiers and Archbishop of Lyons. Talvace was an old friend of Thomas a Becket, and in a letter to Becket, he advises ** content yourself with a moderate establishment of horses and men, such as your necessities require." He said he had often warned Becket " to consider the badness of the times, which promise you neither a speedy return nor a safe one." The great Hubert Walters also held the rectory of Halifax. He went with liichard Coeur de Lion on the crusade, and when Kichard was taken prisoner, Walters brought the English army home and raised the ransom for the king. He became Archbishop of Canterbury and a very famous statesman. It would be about the year 1185 when he became connected with Halifax, and he THE NORMAN CHURCH. 35 wrote a letter thanking the Prior of Lewes for having appointed him to the unknown or obscure church of Halifax. We cannot think that Hubert Walters ever visited this obscure corner of England. The last of the rectors was William de Champ vent, a man who probably could not speak a word of English, but he certainly did visit Halifax a few times. However, the monks obtained a bull from Pope Alexander IV, forbidding the practice of appointing these absentee rectors. Champvent held the living for another seventeen years until, in 1 273, he was preferred to the bishopric of Lausanne in Switzerland. The following year, Halifax received her first vicar and there were great rejoicings in the church. High Mass was celebrated by the Vicar- General of the Archbishop of York, assisted by the rectors of Thornhill, Birstall and Heaton, three of the black-robed monks of Lewes, and others, including Ingelard Turbard, the new vicar. He had to promise to reside in Halifax and land vras given on which to build a manse for him. The tithes were divided, and in 1292, the monks of Lewes took £93 6s. 8d. and the vicar's share was £16. Ingelard Turbard was vicar of Halifax for over forty years, for the Wakefield Court liolls inform us that he died in 13 I 6. Towards the latter end of Turbard's days, there was a re building of the church. In order to see the part that commemorates that epoch, in Halifax church history, when the first vicar resided here, you must go round the outside of the church to look at the north wall. To the east of the north porch is a length of rough walling. If you will look at the wall for a few minutes, you may find out how it was built. The rough stones were heaped on the ground and then were more or less sorted into sizes. The masons used the larger pieces first and the smaller 86 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. Pig. 7.— Window (about 1300) in North Wai-l of Parish Church. THE 14th century CHURCH. 37 stones were left for the upper part of the wall as they wertj easier to lift. There are two lancet whidows in this wall, that are smaller and simpler in design ihan the other windows of the church. A third window of the same style is on the west side of tlie porch. It is set in a later wail and this window probably faced west originally. When the church was extended westward, it would be taken out and re-erected in the extended north wall. It is most intei'esling to trace the growth of an old church like Halifax, but we are obliged to defer the story of its further growth to a later chapter. We do not know the exact date of the erection^of Elland and Heptonstall chapels. Some Norman "beak" stones have been used in the later chancel arch at Elland. We can easily imagine that the parish was too large to be efticiently served by priests living in Halifax and we can surmise the reason why Heptonstall and Elland were chosen, and chapels elected there for assistant priests. Heptonstall would serve the western end of the parish an(l the township belonged to the monks ot Lewes. Elland, though not a long way from Halifax, was outsidi3 the manor of Wakefield, and the lords of Elland would prefer a chapel for their own tenants. The vicar ol Halifax appointed and paid these priests, and even to-day the vicar of Halifax still makes the old grant of £4 per year. The two chapels did not possess the privileges of a church like Halifax and for very many centuries, the vicar of Halifax was the spiritual head of the whole parish. The connection between the Priory of Lewes and Halifax lasted until the Reformation, or over four hundred years. In those early days the south of pjigland was much more advanced than the north, and the priests sent by the prior would probably teach the 38 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. people inuny things and help to widen their ideas about the great world outside the parish. •* Halifax Parish Church — An Early Chapter of Its History," — John LlSTBR, (Halifax Antiquarian Society Transactions, 1905) CHAPTER IV. THE ELLAND FEUD. The great Norman barons often quarrelled among themselves and armed their men to fight one another. The story of the Elland Feud is interesting because it shows how these quarrels affected the men who were tenants of these lords. The tale has been handed down in a ballad, the verses being sung at Christmas time. Its appropriate title is "Revenge upon Revenge." Within recent years, entries on the Wakefield Court Rolls, con- firming the truth of the ballad, have been discovered. The tragedies commenced with the enmity between the great lords of Wakefield and Pontefract. The Earl of Warren of this time was a great friend of Edward II. Tlioraas Lacy, Earl of Lancaster, was the leader of the barons who put to death Gaveston, the kind's favourita Afterwards, the Earl of Lancaster rebelled agjainst the king, and was himself beheaded. On the Monday before Ascension day, 1317, Alice de Lacy, wife of the Earl of Lancaster, was kidnapped by Earl Warren's men, at Canford in Dorset, and taken to one of the castles of the Wa/rens. The Lacys laid siege to the Yorkshire castles of Earl Warren. In the fighting, Exley of Exley Hall, Siddal, killed a nephew of Sir John Elland. Though Exley gave a piece of land as compensation for the man's death, Sir John w ould not forgive the deed, so P]xley fled THE ELL AND FEUD. 39 to Ciosland Hall, near Huddersfield, where Sir Robert Beaumont, hi^ kinsman, lived. Sir John's home, Elland Hall, is on the north side of the Calder, overlooking Elland Bridge. The house has been re-built several times during the six hundred years, but some windows of the seventeenth century can still be seen. The Ellands had acquired the manor of Elland from the Lacys, in the thirteenth century and Sir John Elland was Hio:h Steward to Earl Warren. A well-armed Pig. 8.— Elland. Bkaumont. (iUARMBY, Lacy. *\f Cromwell Bottom. band of Elland men was raised, and Sir John set out one night with the intention of killing Sir Bobeit Bea.umont. On their way to Ciosland Hall, the Elland men came to Quarmby Hall and entering the house in the dead of night, they slew Hugh of Quarmby. fcir John next led his men to Lock wood and killed Lock wood of Lockwood. Quarmby and Lockwood were ruthlessly slaughtered because they were friends of Beaumont. When they arrived at Crosland Hall, the Elland men found the moat full of water and the drawbridge up, so they waited, in ambush, for the morn. A maid-servant of the house had an errand early the next morning, and when the bridge was lowered, Elland's men rushed in. Sir Robert Beaumont 40 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. was in bed, but unarmed he fought manfully, and his servants strove with miglit and raani until tliey were overpowered. Sir llobert was dratrged downstairs into the hall and there they cut off his head. Many of his faithful men and Exiey also, were killed without mercy. Sir John El land made a feast for his men in Crosland Hall and invited Beaumont's two sons to eat with him, but Adam Beaumont, though but a boy, sturdily refused. ** The first fray here now have ye heard, J he secoTici siiall en -lie, And hi.w niiuh iiti>chief afterward, Upou the»e nmrders grew." Lady Beaumont took her two sons into Lancasiiire for safety, wheie they were joined by young Lockwood and Qunrmby and Lacy of Cromwell-bottom. They lived at Brereton Hall and Tovvnley, Jiear Burnley, trainiDg themselves in fencing, tilting, liding, and shooting with the long-bow. 'i hey were determined to take revenge on Sir John Elland, and as these fatherless lads grew into men, they discussed many plans how to attain tlieir desire. They decidf^d to fall upon Sir John Elland on the day that he attended the Sheriff's Tourn at Brighouse, He never failed to ])reside over that conrt, and as the loads would be busy with men on their way to Biighouse, the men from Lancashire would not be so noticeable. The four youths with their followei's, hid in Cromwell-bottom Wood and sent spies into Bnghouse to give warning of Sir John's return. The old road from Biioliouse to Elland Hall went uj) to Lane Head, then down to Brookfbot. and up again through Cromwell-bottom Wood. Signal wa8 given of the knight's approach and his enemies set out to meet him, and the fight took place at Lane Head. Sir John aiid his men were armed and fought for their lives. THE ELLAND FEUD. 41 •' They cut him from his company Belike at the Lane end ; And there they slew him certainly And there he made his end." Sir John Elland was killed in the year 1353. Beaumont and his friends fled the same night and sought a safe hiding-place in Furness. Early in the next spring, they came back to Cromwell- bottom to plan the death of young Sir John Elland and his boy. On the eve of Palm Sunday, Beaumont, Lacy, Lock wood, and Quarmby broke into Elland Mill and lay there in ambush. Early on the Sunday morning, the miller sent his wife to the mill to fetch some corn. They bound her hand and foot, and laid her in a safe place, so that she could not raise an alarm. The miller was angry when his wife did not return, so he took a cudgel to chastise her for her delay. The miller was also caught and laid by his wife's side. Sir John had heard rumours t/hat his enemies were abroad and on that Sunday morning he told his fears to his wife. She took little notice of the reports and said "It is Palm Sunday, and we must certainly go to church and serve God, this holy day." Sir John Elland, for safety, put (m a coat of armour under his suit and with his lady, his son and some of his people set out for church. Perhaps there was no bridge at this time, for they crossed the river by the dam-stones of the mill. Adam Beaumont stepped out of the mill, with his long-bow, notched his arrow to the string, and shot at the knight. It struck his breast, glancing off the armour. Lockwood's first arrow did the same but his second shot struck Sir John Elland in the head and he fell dead in the river. One of the other bowmen mortally wounded his son and heir, and the servants carried the boy home to die at Elland Hall. 42 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. Beaumont and his friends left the mill and hurriedly marched by Whittle Lane End and Old Earth to Ainley Wood. An alarm was raised in Elland and men found their weapons and armour that Sunday morning and pursued the murderers. There was a fight in Ainley Wood and Quarmby was badly wounded. The chase continued to Huddersfield but the others escaped. As the Elland men returned through the wood, they heard crows and magpies chattering about a tree covered with ivy and there they found Quarmby hidden in the tree, and slew him. Lock wood was betrayed by a sweetheart at Cawthorne, Lacy went into the north, while Beaumont went abroad and died fighting with the Knights of Rhodes. Thus the Elland family became extinct and the Saviles who had married into the family became lords of Elland. Their home is on the other side — the southern slope of Galder Vale. It was called the New Hall in contrast to the older Elland Hall, and the interesting old house is still called New Hall. •' The Elland Tragedies "—reprinted and edited by J. Horsfall Turner. CHAPTER V. EARLY RECORDS OF THE CLOTH TRADE THE FLEMINGS — THE BLACK DEATH — POLL TAX OF 1379 SURNAMES SHEEP REARING SPINNING — WEAVING — FULLING — DYEING In the porch of Halifax Parish Church is an ancient grave-cover, on which the mason has carved a rude representation of a pair of shears beside the cross. Those who have studied such gravestones say that the shears are a trade symbol, and that a cloth-worker was buried under this stone, about the year 1150. We know nothing EARLY CLOTH TRADE. 43 more about the man, but it is most interesting to think that our local cloth trade is so ancient. When we turn to examine our oldest written records, we find that the earliest court-roll of the Wakefield manor commences with a list of jurymen who served at Rastrick in October, 1274 and the sixth name on the roll is Roger the Fuller. Roger is so described because his principal occupation was the fulling or finishing of cloth. The earliest named weaver is Thomas the Webster, of Hipperholme, in May, 1275. Fig. 9. -Grave Cover (C. USO) in Halifax Church. So that we may affirm with confidence that as far back as records go, men were engaged in the woollen industry in the parish of Halifax. These early evidences of the trade are important because they disprove the legend that the Flemings introduced cloth-making into our district about the year 1331, when Edward III invited Flemish weavers to settle in England. We know that they came to York, but a close examination of court-rolls, local deeds, revenue returns, and lists of later cloth- workers that we shall study, 44 THE STOBV of old HALIFAX. fails to discover these Flemish weavers in our part of the country. Writer after writer has repeated the story, without giving proofs, and though some West Riding historians have collected the correct and contrary evidence, the Flemish myth is still repeated. As we have seen, there were cloth-makers in Halifax long before the Flemings landed, and the early weavers, dyers, and fullers, all bear good old Halifax names. Besides, the Flemings were the most skilful of textile workers and made the better cloths. Halifax weavers were content, for many centuries, to go on producing the coarser qualities. I think we may find out why the cloth trade took root among our hills. In the earliest days, the making of cloth was a home occupation. Each family made for itself the cloth it needed for its own clothes. But, as time went on, men who were clever at weaving devoted more of their time to it, and exchanged their cloth with those who preferred farming, for corn and meat. Now, this district was never a favourable place for agriculture, and the men naturally turned their hand to trade. The comparative freedom of the men, through not being so closely tied to the soil, as the tenants of small manors were, also encouraged trade. In the middle of the fourteenth century, a terrible plague visited England. Its effects were so great that the Black Death of 1348 and 1349 is one of the great events of English history. At least one third of the people died. In the West Riding, out of 141 priests, 96 fell victims to the Black Death. Thomas of Gaytington, vicar of Halifax, died on September 10th, 1349, and as the Prior of Lewes had no priests to send into the north, a local man, Richard of Ovenden, was made vicar. In less than four months, he also died, and another priest. THE BLACK DEATH. 45 John of Stanford, came to the church. On the Wakefield Court Rolls an unusual number of entries were made of heirs paying fines to inherit the lands of tenants who had died. The poor people, who had no land, suffered the most, and there were not sufficient men left in England to till the land and gather the harvests. Labourers were very scarce and they demanded more money than they had hitherto received for wages, and more than the law allowed. The Government attempted to regulate the prices of everything, and to keep wages at the old level. Their action did not prevent rates becoming higher, but perhaps wages and prices would have gone higher still if it had not been for the penalties. It was impossible to enforce many of the irksome manorial customs, and the Black Death is said to mark the end of the feudal system. The Statute of Labourers was a law passed by Par- liament, according to which, no man was to take higher wages than he had received before the pestilence. Justices were appointed to see that the statute was observed. William of Fincheden, John of Norland, and William of Mirfiekl were justices for the West Riding. This William of Mirfield was lord of the manor of Shelf and collector of the revenues of Bradford Church. In the year 1355 the fines amounted to £84 4s. 7Jd. Out of this amount £38 Os. 8d. was paid to the justices for their fees and expenses, and the balance ought to have been paid to the townships, which found difficulty in raising the king's taxes. But the collectors absconded with the money and the record of their misdoings supplies us with these few details. The township of Shelf received 6s. 8d. relief for the taxes. The country had not fully recovered from the ravages of the Black Death, when Richard II. came to the throne. 46 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. To provide the boy-king with money, the people were taxed. Each man and woman over sixteen years of age had to pay fourpence, though married couples were charged as one person. Merchants paid one shilling and there were eight in the parish ; twenty-three tradesmen paid sixpence each ; John Lacy of Cromwell-bottom and Henry Langfield of Elland paid 3s. 4d. each ; and John Savile of Elland, described as a chevalier paid 20s. Priests and beggars had no tax to pay. It is known as the Poll Tax of 1379 — "poll" means head and the tax was levied on heads. In the Public Records Office in London, are the original lists of the people who paid this tax, and from them we know who were living in Halifax in 1379 and something about them. We have, in fact, a most interesting Directory of Halifax in 1379. In the township of Halifax, there were 16 married couples and 6 single persons who paid their groats. If we add 4 8 children, 3 priests and 1 beggar, we get a total population of 90 for Halifax. It is probable that a few escaped taxation, but we can be quite certain that the pop- ulation of Halifax was not above 100 in 1379, or a less number than live to-day in one of our shorter streets. It makes us wonder how many were left in Halifax when the Black Death passed. The total population of the whole parish was under two thousand in 1379. Elland-cum- Greetland was the most important township, 6 1 persons being named and the population calculated to be 188. Elland boasted such rich men as John Savile and Henry Langfield ; two merchants ; and six weavers, carpenters and smiths. Sowerby comes second and Hipperholme third on the list. Halifax is half-way down the list of twenty townships, and not one man in the township was of sufficient social standing to pay more than fourpence. SURNAMES. 47 We all possess something that dates back to the fourteenth century, and that something is our surname. From the Poll Tax Returns we can see how these family names came into use, for at that time they w^ere being fixed. When there were only a few persons living in a place, there was not much need for a second name. We never use the second name at home, or among our friends, but we call our brother, Jack. When we go to school, where there are twenty Jacks, we have to call him Jack Greenwood. In just the same way, as towns grew in size, people began to use a second name and then they found it better to keep the same name for sons, grandsons, great-grandsons and so on. Thus we were each born with a surname. Out of eighteen Halifax men, eight were named John. There were 133 Johns, or one third of the men in the parish, in 1379. To distinguish these Johns, another name was added, and we have : — John Oteson, sometimes called John Otes. Ote or Odo was the christian name of his father. John, son of Gilbert, who was called John Gibson when he was elected constable in 1382. John Smithson, whose father was the smith. John, son of John, was named John Jackson in a court roll of 1370. John Milner had the manorial corn mill. John Frauncays was a Frenchman living in Halifax at that time. John of the Wro and John of the Bowes are named from the situation of their homes, which gave rise to the surnames Wroe and Boyes. The first name on the Halifax list is William, son of Henry, who was afterwards called William Hanson (or 48 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. Henryson). His brother Richard was Vicar of Halifax, and is described as son of Henry of Heaton. The vicar's surname was Heaton and his son was a Heaton, but his brother's family went by the name of Hanson. From this case we gather that surnames had not become finally fixed. Robert Lister's name appears in the list — a lister was a dyer. In 1311, we find Bate, the lister of Halifax. In 1338, his son is named Richard Bateson, but in 1359, the same man is called Richard Lister. So we can see that the Listers might have been known as Bateson or Bates- There were Otes of Holdsworth, Thomas of Cliff and Richard of Bottom living in Halifax, and their names are still used as surnames. It is worth while pointing out that two men could bear the same surname and not have the slightest relationship to one another. The William Hanson of Halifax, son of Henry of Heaton, had no kinship with the William Hanson of Rastrick, living at the same date, for this second William was son of Henry of Rastrick. There was a Milner for every one of the corn mills — Hugh and John at EUand, John at Halifax, Randolph at Heptonstall, Henry at North owram, and William at Sowerby. They all had the same surname, Milner, because they all plied the same trade, but they were not related to one another. The origin of surnames provides a fascinating study. It is interesting to discover some fourteenth century Robert or John or Henry who gave his name to a family. A remote moorland hamlet like Shackleton or Saltonstall, even a lonely farm house such as Akroyd or Sunderland gave a name to a family, and afterwards some gifted member of the family makes the name world famous. The surnames derived from trades are, as we have already noticed, very important. To THE WOOLLEN TRADE. 49 explain some of these, it will be necessary to give an account of how cloth was made, and the many processes required for each piece. K Fig. 10.— Akroyd in Wadsworth. Hioto. H. p. Kendall. First of all, sheep had to be reared. When our district was mostly moorland with a few fields scattered along the hill-sides like oases, there was ample room for large flocks. In 1379 we find John the Shepherd of Midgley, and Alice Shepherd of Warley, who perhaps lived at Shepherd House. Shibden was formerly spelt Schepedene — the sheep vale. In 1367, according to the tithes accounts, 2340 stone of wool was clipped in Halifax Parish. The fleece was sorted into different qualities 50 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. and lengths of wool, washed to free it from grease, and the dust and foreign matter beaten or picked from it. The next processes, carding and spinning were done by women. The cards were like two square hair brushes with wire bristles. The end of every wire was bent towards the handle. A handful of wool was laid on one card, and drawn off the card with the other card. The carding straightened the wool out ready for spinning. Spinning took up so much of the women's time, that unmarried women were called — and are still called — spinsters. In spinning, a long rod, named a distaff* was used. A bundle of the carded wool was tied on the top end of the distaff. A little of the wool was pulled out and twisted into a thread by the finger and thumb. The thread was tied on to a spindle. At the end of the spindle was a spindle-whorl, a round piece of stone or iron that acted like a little fly-wheel, so that when the spindle was given a twist, the spindle-whorl would keep it spinning for a time. The wool was gradually pulled off the distaff, the thread was twisted by the continued spinning and wound on the spindle. The spun wool is called the yarn. Weaving is the most important process in the making of cloth. The yarn is carefully wound on to a roller or beam which is fixed in the back of the loom, and the threads are stretched in parallel lines the length of the loom and fastened to the front roller. These threads are the warp of the cloth. As the rollers are slowly turned, the warp on the back beam is gradually unwound, while the front roller becomes full of cloth. To make the cloth, a cross-thread called the weft has to be put in. In darning a stocking-hole, the cross-threads are made by pushing the needle over the first thread, under the WEAVING. 51 second, and over and under the alternate threads. But the loom has a quicker method. Each horizontal warp thread passes through the loop of a vertical thread, and these vertical threads are tied, top and bottom to a pair of laths or headles. There are two pairs of these laths, hung from pulleys on the top of the loom frame, and fastened at the bottom to a pair of treadles. When the weaver presses down one treadle with his right foot, the right pair of headles drop down and the left pair go up. The loops pull down the first, third, and all the odd-numbered warp threads, and the even-numbered warp threads are raised. The shuttle containing the weft is thrown through the opening, and so the thread goes over and under the alternate threads as the darning needle does. Then the left treadle is pressed down, and the shuttle thrown back again across the opening. The earlier weavers used a short, heavy comb to beat the weft together, but later a long comb or reed was attached to the loom. This was made of fine reeds fixed betweeen two laths. The thread of the warp runs between these reeds, thus the reeds keep the warp straight. The reed is fixed in a heavy frame swinging from the top of the loom. After every throw of the shuttle the -reed is swung against the weft to press it tightly into the web of the cloth. In old wills a loom is called a "pair of looms," which means a set of looms, just as sometimes, a chest of drawers is called a " pair of drawers." Webster has never been a common surname in Halifax. The name is very rare in the early registers, and cannot be found in the published wills. The reason for this is that it was not distinctive enough in a community where there were many weavers. The Poll 52 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. Tax of 1379 gives no example of Webster as a surname. However, among the twenty -three tradesmen, rated at sixpence, four are websters — Hugh Stephenson, Alice and Isabella of the Cross in Elland, and John Dean of Midgley. Half-a-dozen men and one woman called Webster, of Halifax Parish are to be found on the court-rolls between 1272 and 1327 — that is, before the Flemings came — for weaving would not be so universal then. The raw cloth from the loom had next to be fulled, that is to say scoured, cleansed, and thickened by beating it in water. In the early days, this was done by men trampling upon the cloth in a trough, and the process was therefore called "walking" and the fuller was known as a "walker." During the thirteenth century, improvements were made and the cloth was beaten by large wooden mallets, which were worked up and down by a water-wheel. Fulling mills were built by the stream banks, and the lord of the manor leased the right to work such mill to some Fuller or Walker. There were nine Walkers in 1379, and there are nine Fullers or Walkers mentioned in the court rolls prior to 1327. These " walk-mylnes " were the only mills used in the manufacture of cloth for five hundred years, hence the "fulling" is nowadays called "milling," though every process is to-day carried on in a mill. After the fulling, the cloth was stretched on tenters to dry. In 1414, Eichard of High Sunderland had a "tentercroft" (a small field with tenter frames) in Halifax. You may to-day see tentercrofts attached to the blanket mills about Mytholmroyd. In the final processes of finishing, the loose fibres of the cloth were raised by teasels, the dried heads of the "fuller's thistle." This THE MAGNA VIA. 53 raised portion was cut off by " Walker's Shears " to produce an even nap on the cloth. Last of all the piece was dyed. We shall have to omit any description of the dyeing processes. In the thirteenth century dyers were called " litsters," hence the surname "Lister." In 1274 Bate, or Bartholomew Lister carried on the dyeing trade at North Bridge. There were four listers or dyers in 1379. In Bankfield Museum, there is a valuable collection of appliances, used in the early manufacture of cloth. " Poll Tax, 1379,"— Ux. Antqn. Socy., Record Series, Vol. I. CHAPTER VI. THE MAGNA VIA TIMBEKED HOUSES— SHIBDEN HALL — THE HOUSE AT THE MAYPOLE — SUNNY BANK, GREETLAND REBUILDING OF THE PARISH CHURCH VICAR WILKINSON THE TOWER — HALIFAX IN 1439. T^he most interesting method of studying the history of Halifax in the fifteenth century, is to take a ramble along the first two miles of the ancient road to Wakefield. Starting from the Parish Church, cross Clark Bridge and climb Old Bank to Beacon Hill Boad, where the Southowram trams run. So far, we see little to remind us of by-gone days, except the steepness of the route. It is obvious that travellers on foot, or horse, and pack- horses made this road and that it was never in tented for carts. From Beacon Hill Boad, a track traverses the slope up to the shoulder of the hill, just below the Beacon Pan. Shale and stones have been tipped and washed down the bare slope by storms, so that the track is obscured for the most part. But here and there the ancient paving stones are visible, and near the summit 54 THE STORY OF OJ.D HALIFAX. of the pass there is a fine elbow turn where the pack- horse pavement is exposed in perfect condition. After the highest point is reached, the road, known as Barraclough Lane, is for a short distance, a wide sandy road. Down the eastern slope, towards Hipperholme, it Fig. 11.— VViscoMBE Bank. The old pack-horse road on Beacon Hill. retains its primitive state and is called Dark Lane. The road has a narrow, paved track, suitable for pack-horses. High banks on either side, covered with holly bushes, briers, and bracken shelter the road, and in some places the small trees almost meet overhead. Dark Lane ends near an ancient house named Dumb Mill, just below Hipperholme Station. THE MAGNA VIA. 55 This narrow lane was the Magna Via — the Great E-oad to and from HaHfax in the old days, for it was the way to Wakefield, London, and the outside world. Few, if any, English towns of the size of Halifax, possess a stretch of ancient road as little spoiled by the changes of time as our Magna Via. It is an historic monument -■•■:•'- ^m lEr ':. ...am mmm Fig. 12.— The Magna Via. Photo. M. HanaoH. that ought to be preserved. Up and down this road came the monks from Lewes and the early priests of the Parish Church. The Earls of Warren rode this way to their hunting in Sowerbyshire, their stewards and men came to officiate at the manor courts, and Halifax men drove destrained cattle to Wakefield by this route. The masons and carpenters of York coming to build the 56 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. church got their first gHmpse of Hahfax from this road. Thousands of pack-horses carrying cloth to London and other markets, and returning with wool from the southern counties, have worn this paved track. Retracing our steps, and lifting our eyes from the road to the surrounding hills, we can trace the eastern boundaries of the parish, from Fixby to Queensbury, Soil Hill, and Ogden. We have a splendid view of the upper part of Shibden Dale. There are no mills and no roads in the valley, therefore Shibden has not altered much in appearance. The dale is served by two roads, each perched high up on the jSanking hills. Brow Lane on the eastern side follows a high contour of the hill. On the other side is the Old Bradford Boad from Bange Bank to Swales Moor. The road on which we are standing is a similar high-level road, and it is important to remember that the old routes were always near the hill-tops. This part of the hill was called Bairstow from its bareness, and the other side, overlooking Halifax, was known as Clegg Cliff, or Gled cliff — the clay clif! — long before the hill took its name from the Beacon. From Barrowclough Lane we can see several very old homesteads. Upper Brea on the eastern side, and Horley Green on the western side, occupy two fine situations on either flank of Upper Shibden Dale. Above Horley Green is High Sunderland, looking like a fort on the bare hillside. In the centre of the valley, Shibden Fold peeps over the embankment of the modern road. Its whitewashed gable front is a timber erection of the fifteenth century. Cosily nestled below us lies Shibden Hall, the most interesting of all our old halls. It was from this road that its early owners approached it, and from our standpoint we have a fine view of its front. TIMBER HOUSES. bl Shibden Hall is a timbered house, to which, later stone portions, and a nineteenth century tower have been added. In the fifteenth century all the houses were built of oak. Large oak trees were plentiful in the district, and timber was easier to get and to work than stone. To build a house, several pairs of large oak posts Fig. 13.— Shibden Hai.i.,; Photo. H. P. Kainhill. or "crooks" were chosen. These were so cut from the tree that they curved inwards at the top. A low stone wall was built for a foundation, with larger stones placed where the posts had to stand. The "crooks" were reared 58 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. upright, and joined together with horizontal oak beams. This framework of posts and beams carried the roof, and old carpenters used to say that in building these old houses, the roof was made before the walls. To make Fig. 14.--DEKRPLAY Timber House at Mill Bank. Photo. H. P. Kendall. the walls, beams were tenoned between the posts below the window level, and also above the windows. The spaces between the main timbers of the wall were framed up with oak battens about seven inches wide, either TIMBER HOUSES. 59 vertically or diagonally. All this oak framing — posts, beams, and battens, (or " studding ") makes the black lines in these magpie buildings. Between the "studding," thin stone slates were slipped into grooves, and then daubed over with clay. This gives the white effect. The roof was covered with stone slates, and moss packed into the joints. The moss sucked the rain-water up like a sponge. As it expanded it filled up the joints, and made the roof water-tight. These old houses usually faced south and the principal entrance was called the sun-door. From this door a passage ran through the house to the back door. On the left-hand side of this passage was the main room, called the house-body. The living room is to-day often called the house. This house-body usually was open to the roof and around its walls was a gallery to give access to the chambers or bedrooms. The house-body and passage made up the centre portion of the building. It was flanked on either side by wings whose gable-ends faced south and north. In one wing would be two parlours with chambers above. In the other, kitchen and buttery were placed with two or three more bedrooms above them. In Shibden Hall Park, near the lake is a timbered house that once stood in Cripplegate, near the Parish Church. Mr. John Lister removed it into his grounds when some alterations were made at the bottom of the town. Overlooking the lake is yet another old house, now called Daisy Bank. Its back is close to the Hipper- holme road. We may get a peep at its front from a lootpath at the edge of the garden. This building, also saved by Mr. Lister, formerly stood in the centre of the town. It was then known as " The House at the 60 THE STOEY OF OLD HALIFAX. Maypole," because it was close to the maypole at the corner of Old Market and Corn Market. The entrance to the house is decorated with heraldic carving. A Tudor rose and a portcullis — the badge of Henry VII.-- denote that the house was built at some date between 1485 and 1509. A shield bearing the arms of the Merchant Adventurers, and another shield "displaying a ?p4.JS>^ Fig. 15.— TiiK House at the Maypoli;. 15th Cent. Dookwav. merchant's mark, denote that the buikling was originally tenanted by a merchant. We do not know his name, but his initials, S. O., are over the doorway. Sunny Bank, Greetland, is probably the oldest in the parish of the timbered house that still rem5,in. A public footpath passes through the farmyard, which makes it possible for the visitor to examine it closely. The house was owned by Thomas Wilkinson, Vicar of Haiifax,. TIMBER HOUSES. 61 Plwto. H. P. Kendall 'Fig. 16.— Shibden Hall,Porch, Showing the Stone Front of the Centre Portion. 62 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. Fig. 17.— High Sundeuland. Photo. H. P. Kendall. Fig. 18.— Norland Hall. Photo. H. P. Kendall. TIMBER HOUSES. 63 1438-1480. Its original name was Over Nabroyd, but the vicar changed its name to the prettier title of Sunny Bank. The shop now occupied by Messrs. Altham at the top of Woolshops is also a timbered structure, but it has been plastered over and the timber hidden. Photo. H. P. Keiidalf. Fig. 19 —Window of Timbkr Building, Norland Hall. Remains of these timbered houses are to be found in many of the seventeenth century stone halls. Oak does not last for ever, so when the posts began to show signs of decay, it became the custom to build a stone front t© replace the black and white erection. At Shibden Hall, the house- body was encased with stone, but the rest of the south front was left in its original condition. High 64 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. TIMBER HOUSES. 65 Sunderland is a timber hoiise encased with stone. The present front (17th century) has a straight embattled cornice. But from the hill side behind the house, we can Fig. 21.— TiMBKR Work at Binroyd. Photo. H. P. Kendall. look on to the roof and see that the older building had a gabled front before the Sunderlands erected a stony 66 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. screen that hides the shape of the timbered house. Norland Hall, pulled down a few years ago, was a good example of a timbered house with a later stone exterior. There it was possible to see the original narrow windows with oak mullions. Fortunately a record of the house has been published. The poorer people were housed in very small cabins, but none of these miserable one-roomed houses remain for our inspection. Id 1286, Peter Swerd unjustly ejected Alice of the Croft from her land in Mankinholes and cast down her house. The damage was said to be lOs. 6d. It shows us that Alice's house must have been a poor structure. In Chapter III., the earliest fragments of the Parish Church showed us that older and smaller churches stood on the site of the present building. We have next to consider the building of the church that we see to-day. Old churches are more interesting than modern buildings, because they have been altered and rebuilt to serve the varying needs of the centuries, and it is a fascinating study to trace their growth. England is rich in ancient parish churches and no two are exactly alike, The greater part of Halifax church was built during the fifteenth century. We may admire the architecture and boast that it is a large and handsome church, but it is impossible for us to be impressed by its majesty as were those men of Halifax who watched it gradually rise, stone upon stone. Kemember that at that time, all the houses in the parish were timbered buildings. For at least a century'after the church was finished, there was no other stone building. There was no other building to compare with it — a town hall, hospital, schools, etc. were undreamt of. THE PARISH CHURCH. ^7 68 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. The church has two main (Uvisioiis. In the nave or west end of the building, the people assembled ; while in the chancel at the east end, the clergy conducted the worship. The building of the nave is usuall}/ ascribed to the time of John King, who was vicar from 1389 to 1488. Vicar King left to the fabric of the church 100 shillings, which was a very large amount in those days. The windows of the fifteenth century are much larger than the older lancet windows in the north wall, because great sheets of stained or painted windows gave a beautiful colour effect to the interior, and people were enthusiastic about decorating their churches with them. The roof was steeper than the present one ; the lines of the original roof can be seen on the eastern face of the tower. The builder's first idea was to place the tower at the south-west corner of the nave. If you enter the church you will see that the pillar between the door and the font is much stronger than the others because it was built to carry the tower. In the south-west corner is the door- way for the staircase up the tower. Stand with your back to this door and look up. Above the two arches, you will see a course of stones where the floor of the tower would have been. We cannot tell how high this tower was built ])efore it was abandoned for the larger tower. The chancel is as long as the nave, though usually the cliancel of a church is much smaller than the nave. 1 he chancel of Halifax Church was built at two different times, for the pillars east of the present choir-screen vary from those to the west of it. At one time a large rood screen, dividing the chancel and nave, was situated under the great central arch of the church. Half of the door- way that gave access to the rood loft can be seen in the THE PARISH CHURCH. G9 Fig. 23.— Pkkpemucular Window of the ISth Ce.ntuuy. 70 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. pier. The other half was cut away when the Holdsworth Chapel was added to the church. The doorways for the stairs to a later rood loft can be seen opposite the present Fig. 2^. -Large Pikr, Dksi(4ned to Support thf. Earlikr Tower. choir-screen. Another interesting doorway is next to the north jamb of the great east window. At present it opens into space, but at one time it led on to the roof, so THE CHANCEL. 71 we know that the chancel roof was then lower than it is now. On the exterior of the south wall of the chancel are three buttresses. On the centre one is a moulding at the level of the roof. On the other two are carved an antelope and a lion. These heraldic beasts were the badges of Henry VI., and therefore they help us to date this work. They were probably carved before 1455, for after that date Henry VI. and Richard Duke of York (who was Lord of the Manor of Wakefield) were open rivals. During the War of the Roses, Richard was killed in front of his castle at Sandal, in the Battle of Wakefield. Later again Henry was obliged to hide in the border country of Lancashire and Westmoreland. He was betrayed and captured by the Talbots at Bungelly Hipping-stones near Clitheroe in 1465. A year later, Thomas Wilkinson, vicar, thirty-two Halifax men, and certain other strong fellows from the country-side attacked the Talbots at Burnley. We do not know the exact cause of the quarrel, but it almost looks as if the Halifax expedition into Lancashire was on account of their loyalty to the unfor- tunate Henry VI. Thomas Wilkinson was Vicar of Halifax for the long period of from 1438 until 1480. During his time the church was considerably enlarged. The vicar was not satisfied with the chancel as it appeared in 1455, and proceeded to add a clerestory to it. The building of this 'clear storey," with its series of windows, giving more lio^ht to the chancel, meant that the eastern wall of the ..... church had to be built higher. Vicar Wilkinson " made at his own expense, the great window in the chancel." His will dated 14 77 makes no mention of such a gift, so the window was given during his lifetime. Therefore the clerestory was built between 1455 and 14 80. There 72 THE STORY OF OLl> HALIFA X. are a few more details woi'th noticing. The staircase within the pier to the north of the east window, that led to the lower roof, was continued upward. ' A circular stair head with a conical top was made at the eastern end of the north side of the clerestory. The parapet of the chancel is different in design to the parapet of the clerestory. But when the eastern wall was made higher, its parapet was carefully taken down and replaced at the level of the clerestory. In 1467, Lawrence Bentley, constable of Halifax, reported that -Vicar Wilkinson had cut down trees at the Birks, in violation of the custom of the manor, and to the great detriment of the tenants. Probably the timber was wanted for the church. Most parish churches that boast a clerestory — Bradford for example — have them to light the nave. In many cases the clerestory is extended over the chancel as well. But Halifax church is practically unique in possessing a clerestory to the chancel without having one at the western end of the church. The priests were responsible for the building and upkeej) of the chancel, while the people had the care of the nave. Vicar Wilkinson certainly erected a magnificient chancel, and the people of Halifax, in emulation, set about to improve the western half of the church. They determined to build a nobler tower. Up to this time the ground-plan of the church was a simple oblong. The central arch divided the church half-way into nave and chancel. The tower added to the plan a small square at the west end. The tower was commenced in 1449. The date is known because John Waterhouse, when a boy of six or seven years, stood with many more children on the first stone of the tower. John Waterhouse lived to be 97. It took at least thirty-seven years to build the tower, for in 1482 THE TOWER. 73 a bequest of 3s. 4d. was made to the making of the bell tower of Halifax. The masons could not have been continually at work on the tower for all that time. Church building had oftei^i to stop for funds, and during the Wars of the Roses interruptions would occur. An authority on church architecture says "Almost the single glory of Halifax is its grand old mother-church, crowned Fig. 25.— Thk Moot Hall and Church Tower. by a tower that for simple dignity is possibly unrivalled in the Riding. We need not regret its lowly situation in quite the lowest hollow of the town; its own magnitude and stateliness are suiEcient to assure its recognition under any disadvantage of site." Mr. Oddy's drawing of the tower will help you to see its beauty. The South Porch was the gift of John Lacy of 74 THE STORY OF OJ.D HALIFAX. Cromwell Bottom who died in 1531. His coat of arms^ and crest are carved in the gable of the porch. The west Fig. 26.— The Font and Cover. Photo. J. H. Chainhen wall of the Holds worth Chapel shows at a glance that the porch was built before the chapel, for the wall of the chapel was erected on the porch wall. WOOD WORK. 75 In the fifteenth century, the interior of the church was very different in appearance to what we see to-day. There was mubh more colour. The windows were filled with brilliant stained glass. The walls, now rough and bare, had a smooth coat of plaster, and between the windows were decorated with large paintings repre- senting scenes from the Bible, and from the lives of the saints. The roof was painted blue, dotted with gold stars, and even the stone pillars were painted. There was also some fine woodwork, part of which has happily Fifj. 27.— Wood Cauvin<; on a Priest's Seat. been preserved. The font cover, elaborately carved like a miniature spire is a beautiful example of fifteenth century woodwork. Originally it was painted green red, and blue, and bedecked with gilded knobs. The priests' seats in the choir have mermaids, pelicans, and grotesque animals carved on them. Besides, there would be images of saints aroiuid the walls, and a great crucifix over the rood-screen. The air was heavy with incense and many candles were burning. The priests wore gorgeous vestments on festival days, and the whole of the interior was a blaze of colour. There were no 76 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. pews, the whole length of the floor was empty except for a very few benches. The worshippers had to stand during the services. Although such a large church was built at Halifax, the town itself was very small. The rents of the land and houses were paid to the Prior of Lewes. An account of the monies he received on December 17th, 1439, has been preserved. From this rental we can form some idea of the size of the town. Robert Otes had a shop and some land at the west end of the churchyard, and /x. Fig. 28.— Mason's INIarks. this land had been taken lately from the waste. This shows that there was waste land quite close to the church, so the cluster of houses around the church was very small indeed. Strips of the open fields are mentioned, and we learn that hay was grown that year in the Blackledge Field, and that the South Field was ploughed. Next to the church was the Moot Hall, and the large common field around the Moot Hall was called the Hall Ing. There were no streets of houses or shops and even the oldest names of our streets are not mentioned. Some of the place-names of 1439 are now obsolete, and we cannot tell where they were situated. A garden at the boundary of the town was named Dyshbyndesherde, a new close was Skylderyeforth, and there w^ere houses known as New-house, White-house, Machon-house, Rendurer Place, and Myleas Place. The Halifax paeish church. 11 HALIF.\X PARISH CHITICH A— Present Tower B— Font C— Unfinished Tower D— South Porch F— Choir Stalls H-Holclsworth Chapel I — Rokeby Chapei Fig. 29.— Ground Plan. 78 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. Well House (Well Head) and the Shay are still known to us. Near the North Brig was Lister's fulling mill, while Eobert the Milner ground the people's corn at Stone Dam Mill. In 1367, two new mill-stones were brought from Grindlestone Bank in Ovenden Wood for the mill. Bichard Peck was one of the largest land- holders in Halifax town in 1439, though he did not live in the township. His home was at Owram Hall in Shibden (near the present Industrial School). Peck was very rich and it is thought that he subscribed liberally to the re-building of the church, for he had the honour, unusual for a layman, of being buried in the choir. By trade, Peck was a goldsmith and silversmith. "The House at the Maypole" — Chap. IL in H. Ling Koth's "Yorkshire Coiners and Old Halifax." Halifax Antiquarian Society's Transactions. 1907-" Shibden Hall," by J. Lister. 1907-" High Sunderland," by J Lister. 1911— "Norland Hall," by H. P. Kendall. 1917— "The Evolution of the Parish Church, Halifax, (1455-1530)" by T. W. HANSON. 1908— "Halifax Parish Church Woodwork," by Canon Savage. Halifax Antiquarian Society Record Series. Vol. L — "Rental of Halifax, 1439." Vol. IIL— "The Architecture of the Church of St. John the Baptist, Halifax," by Fairless Barber. CHAPTER VII. the growth of halifax trade gilds — fairs ulnagers accounts — 1473, Halifax leads the west riding FOR CLOTH early HALIFAX WILLS GIFTS TO THE CHURCH — THE CHAPELS OF THE PARISH — ROADS AND BRIDGES — CLOTHES and furniture — EXTENDING THE CULTIVATED LAND. The nmnber of timbered houses in the parish and the building of the stately parish church are visible proofs that the people were prosperous, and that the woollen GILDS. 79 trade was expanding. The natural advantages offered by the hills were a bountiful supply of good water, and coal for fuel. Coal crops out in places on the hill-sides around Halifax, and was worked in early times. The supply oi fuel was a difficulty for the weavers and tradesmen who lived in cities, and the men of York complained that Halifax had a great advantage in cheap fuel. But the real reason of the growth of the local industry was that there were no gilds in Halifax parish. The trade of the middle ages was controlled to a large extent by gilds. The weavers' gild at York or Beverley had strict rules about all details of the trade. The gild decided how long an apprentice had to serve and the number of apprentices a man might have. Their officials inspected the work- shops and looms ; they also examined the cloth and fixed prices. Strangers were not allowed to work at the trade, and no man might commence in the business unless the gild admitted him as a member of the craft. For these monopolies, the gilds paid large sums of money to the king, while in return, the king protected the gilds. Export trade to the Continent and elsewhere was under the control of the great gilds of Merchant Adventurers. Where there was no gild, there were no restrictions, consequently the weavers of the cities had cause to complain of the unfair competition of Halifax clothiers. Fortunately for the trade of Halifax, although the organised channels of commerce were closed to weavers outside the gilds, there were other markets. The great fairs were open to everybody without restrictions, and the kerseys of Halifax were taken to these fairs. In the fifteenth century, the Common Council of London were defeated in an attempt to prevent their citizens carrying goods from London to the fairs, and the Merchant 80 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. Adventurers of London also failed to stop private traders attending the great foreign fairs. The gilds obtained a law to restrict trading by retail in cities, but a clause was inserted "except it be in open fairs." John Stead of Norland in his will (1540) bequeathed 20s. to his brother Thomas "to be good to Elizabeth, my wife, and Agnes, my daughter, as to sell their cloth in the fairs in Yorkshire." William Hardy of Heptonstall (1518), Henry Farrar of Halifax (1542), and Thomas Stansfield of Higgin-chamber, Sowerby (1564), make mention in their wills of booths in St. Bartholomew's Fair in London. This was the most important cloth fair and many of the Halifax clothiers owned stands in that fair. The greatest fair in England was Sturbridge Fair near Cambridge. Though we have no actual record of Halifax men journeying there in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, it is very probable that their cloth was sold in the Duddery there. Duds is an old English word for cloth. Fairs held an important place in trade for many centuries. Li 1724, when Daniel Defoe visited Sturbridge Fair, he was told that £100,000 worth of woollen manufactures were sold in a week's time. "Here are clothiers" he wrote, "from Halifax, Leeds, Wakefield, and Huddersfield in Yorkshire." About the year 1475, Halifax produced more cloth than any other parish in the West Riding, and kept the premier position for more than three centuries. Mr. Lister discovered that fact in the Ulnagers' Accounts preserved in the Public Records Office, London. Cloth was measured by the ell in those days, an ell beiEg 45 inches in length. The Latin name for "ell" is "ulna," and the " ulnage " was the fee paid for measuring the cloth. The ulnagers were the officials who examined the ULN AGE. 8 1 pieces to see that they were of the standard width and weight. They affixed a copper seal to each cloth that they passed, for which one half-penny was charged. At the same time, the ulnager collected the king's subsidy, or tax on the cloth, which was a few pence per piece. The subsidy had been granted to the king in lieu of an old tax on wool. Edward I. in 1275 levied a duty of 6s. 8d. on every sack of wool sent out of the kingdom. At that time, England sent a large amount of wool to the Continent, which the men of Flanders wove into cloth, just as Australia to-day, sends her wool to England to be manufactured. With the growth of the English cloth trade, the export of wool decreased; the wool tax yielded less money, so the subsidy on cloth was intro- duced to make up the deficit in the king's treasury. The Ulnagers' Accounts are written on a narrow roll of parchment, and the roll is preserved in its original quaint leathern bag, lettered on the outside. There is an account for the West Biding dated 1396-7, but Halifax is not mentioned. Wakefield is credited with 173 J cloths, but as some of the names in that account, such as Holds worth, are local surnames, it is possible that Halifax cloths were included in that total because they were made within the manor of Wakefield. Another ulnage roll deals with the year 1469-70 and Halifax had 853J cloths sealed, while Kipon tops the West Eiding hst with 889. The next account is for 1471 to 1473. Ripon is first with 1897, Halifax second with 1518|^, Leeds, third with only 3 55 J, and Bradford is seventh with 125|- pieces. In the very next list 1473-1475 Halifax becomes first with 1488|- cloths and the ulnage and subsidy totalled almost twenty-five pounds. Ripon, 1386 J was second ; Leeds, 82 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. 320, fourth; and Bradford was sixth with 178J. Mr. Lister compared the output of the West Riding with the famous-cloth producing county of Gloucester. That county (leaving out the city of Gloucester) had only 1024 pieces sealed in 1479 against 2586 for the West Biding. In 1475 when the parish of Halifax paid the tax on 1488|- cloth, the city of York had a total of 2346^ pieces. These figures also show how the trade of Halifax fluctuated during those nine years. Although Halifax was doing better than many woollen centres, it had its bad years. If we turn to English history, we find that these were troublous years. The battle of Stamford was fought in 1470, and in the same year, Edward IV. was obliged to flee to Holland for a short time. The battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury in 1471 were victories for Edward. Though the fighting was always far away from Halifax, the war had a bad effect on trade. For many a summer, it would not be safe to send goods to St. Bartholomew's Fair and the clothmakers would lose many of their markets. We may consider the church tower as a monument of that period when Halifax took the first place in the West Riding cloth trade. So long as the tower held *' the mastery of the air " Halifax maintained its position. When mill chimneys came to be built to rival the church tower in height, Halifax, as we shall see later, had to surrender its proud position in the West Riding trade. So little is known of the early traders that the few details, preserved in the stock-list of a York tailor, are most precious. In 1485 John Carter of York had in stock : — 9^ ells called Halifax-tawny at 7d. 7 J ells Halifax green, 6s. THE WILLS. 83 2 J ells in ' remelandes Halifax ' 2s. 7^ ells Halifax russet 3s. 6d. 2 ells black Halifax carsay 20d. I dozen pairs of boots of Halifax cloth 15s. The importance of the cloth trade is the subject of some quaint verses, of the time of Edward IV., entitled Libel of English Policy. *' For every man must have meat, drink, and cloth; There is neither pope, emperor nor king. Bishop, cardinal, or any man living. Of what condition, or what manner degree, During their living, they must have things three, Meat, drink, and cloth." The cloth trade was by far the greatest trade in the country, in fact, it was the only national trade. Other craftsmen — carpenters, smiths, &c., supplied local de- mands, but the weavers made their goods for distant parts. The weavers' gild was always the leading gild of the city. The building of the church and the erection of numerous timbered houses testify to the expansion of Halifax trade, but the growth is also expressed in many other interesting ways. We may fill in some of these details from a study of the wills. Every man, who had any property, made bis will. There is a huge collection of these local wills, preserved at York and from these, may be gleaned, many things about the men who made them and about the world they lived in. Men left their will-making until they were on their death-bed, the wills usually, being dated within a week of their death. Vicar Wilkinson made his will three years before he died, so we conclude from that, that he was an invalid for the last three or four years of his life. The actual writing of the will was invariably done 84 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. by a priest, because very few laymen could write. It was the custom for a man to leave his best horse or cow, to the vicar, as a burial fee, and some few shillings for church repairs. Next, he would mention a sum for candles to be lighted in the church on the day of the funeral, and if he could afford, money would be given for a priest to sing masses on his soul's behalf. If the man was rich, he might bequeath a farm, the rent of which would maintain such a service for ever. Some left suflficient money to build an addition to the parish church, a small side chapel in which their own priest might hold services in memory of the donor. In June 1494, John Willeby endowed such a chantry in Halifax Church. The doorway beneath the middle window on the south side of the chancel was the entrance to the Willeby Chantry Chapel. About the beginning of the sixteenth century, these religious bequests took a new form. The people of Sowerby, Illingworth, Stansfield, Shelf, and other out- lying townships were increasing in numbers and wealth. They considered it would be more convenient if they could attend services nearer their homes instead of journeying to Halifax, Elland, or Heptonstall. So lands and money were given for the building of chapels at Sowerby, Illingworth, Crostone, Coley, and elsewhere, and for the maintenance of priests at these chapels. A few of the free chapels — e.g. Rastrick — were in exist- ence long before the sixteenth century. In other cases, like Coley, there had been a private chapel at Coley Hall and the neighbours would attend occasional services there. The Free Chapels were upheld by the local people, who were also responsible for the priest's stipend. Sowerby and Illingworth Chapels were built BRIDGES AND ROADS. 85 to serve the townships of Sowerby and Ovenden. In other cases, one chapel served several townships. This explains the peculiar situation of Coley Chapel, near to the boundaries of Shelf, Northowram, and Hipper- holme, for the chapel served parts of the three townships. Luddenden Chapel is on the borders of Midgley and Warley. Sowerby Bridge Chapel is near the junction of the boundaries of Warley, Skircoat, Norland, and Sowerby townships. Fig. 30.— Pack Horse Road, Hebden Valley. Increasing trade meant more traffic along the pack- horse roads, so men made charitable bequests towards the improvement of the highways and the building of new bridges. The old bridges were of wood, liable to be swept away by storms. Lee Bridge, on the way to Wheatley was so rickety that it was called Shakehand Brig. In 1518, Richard Stanclifie left £6 3s. 4d. to build a stone bridge in its place. In 1514, the bridge at Brighouse was still a timber one, for 'John Hanson gave three trees for its repair. Forty years later, his son left money towards replacing the timber bridge by. a stone one. From 1517 to 1533 86 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. several men mention the stone bridge of Sowerby Bridge in their wills. In 1533 John Waterhouse bequeathed four shillings " towards the battilying " or making the parapet, which show^s that the bridge w^as near completion. Hebden Bridge and Luddenden Bridge were also rebuilt of stone at this time. Elland Bridge was rebuilt in 1579, the mason, Bichard Aske, came from Hope in Derbyshire. The pack-horse causeways were improved and paved by money left by charitable persons. John Holdsworth, who lived at Blackledge in Halifax left 3s. 4d. for mending the highway between his house and the market place. From these wills, we find that people had not so many new clothes. John Crabtree (1526) gave to his father, a blue jacket, a leather doublet, a pair of stockings, and a shirt. Margaret Broadley (1546) divided her wardrobe as follows — "to Jenet, my better gown and my worse kirtle ; to Isabel my worst gown and my better kirtle ; and to William's wife my third kirtle and best petticoat. Bedclothes were also named as legacies. John Holdsworth (1518) left to Margaret Boyes, three coverlets, one blanket, two sheets, and a bedstead. A will made at Copley Hall in 1533 gives us an idea how the house was furnished. There were two sideboards, and two forms in the hall, and in the best bedroom, one pair of great bedstocks (bedstead) and one great chest. In this Will, six draught oxen are mentioned, for oxen were used for ploughing. Horses, cows, sheep, and hives of bees are common bequests. There are also gifts of looms, shears, tenters, and dyeing vats. Silver pins, girdles, and spoons were left to the girls while the sons received swords, mail jackets, bow^s and arrows. NEW FARM LAND. 87 The growing population required more cultivated land. From a set of old deeds, we can trace in detail, how some fields were added near Illing worth. The farmers, looking around for more land, turned to that part of the Wheatley valley that lies under IlUng worth Edge. If you stand on the Edge, overlooking Jumples and Walt Royd, you have immediately beneath, a steep bank covered with heather and bilberry, and strewn with rocks. Below the rough ground, cultivated fields slope down to the stream. The contrast, between these smooth green fields and the wild moorland, is almost as striking as a view^ of the ocean from a sea- cliff! Once upon a time, the rough land stretched from the edge down to the stream and these fields have been won from the waste. In 1524 William Lister was granted two acres and three roods of waste land by Henry Savile, the lord of the manor of Ovenden. This land was described as lying between Illing worth Edge and Ovenden Wood Brook (east and west) ; and Wheatley Walls and the house of Richard Wood (south and north). Lister commenced to clear this rough land, just as settlers in the colonies, to-day, clear the brush or prairie to make farms. First of all, he picked out the big stones and broke the larger rocks into pieces. Then he carried these stones to the edge of his land and built a wall around it. The stone walls in our district, not only serve as fences, but also solve the difficulty of getting rid of the surface rocks and stones. Towards the eastern end of the parish, where surface stone is not so abundant, hedges were planted. Holly was used for fences, because if there were bad harvests, the cattle could feed on holly. Lister chopped down the trees. 88 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. uprooted the bushes and shrubs and then dug up the land, foot by foot, until it was all turned over. It was hard and slow work, but it had to be done, before any crop could be grown on the land. For this new field, William Lister agreed to pay four silver pennies per acre yearly — half at the feast of Pentecost and half at the feast of St. Martin, in winter. He also promised to obey the Ovenden manor court and to use only the lord's mills. The next year, 1525, Lister took another acre. In 1532, he reclaimed one rood from the waste. In 1535, the grant was three acres, and in 1542, one and a quarter acres. So far as we can tell, in 18 J years, William Lister added 8 J acres to his farm. The small quantities show how dijB&cult was the work of making corn fields and meadows from the moorland. Standing on Illingworth Edge, you will look down on these fields with more interest. We know their age and the name of the man, one of the ancestors of the Listers of Shibden Hall, who first tilled them. This is a sample of what was being done in other parts of Ovenden. In the three score years, 1521 to 1581, 280 acres were enclosed from the waste. Exactly the same change was being wrought all over the Halifax Parish. "History of the Woollen Trade in the Halifax and Bradford District." — J. Lister. (Bradford Antiquary, Vol. II.) '• Halifax Wills." Vols. I and H. (1389-1559). Edited by J. W. Ulay and E. W. CrOSSLEY. "The Jnmples." — T. W. HANSON. (Halifax Antiquarian Society Trans- actions, 1912.) 89 CHAPTER VIII. ARCHBISHOP ROKEBY WOLSEY RECEIVES THE CARDINAL'S HAT BAPTISM OF PRINCESS MARY DEA.TH OF ROKEBY — ROKEBY CHAPELS AT KIRK SANDAL AND HALIFAX — DR. ROBT. HOLDSWORTH— FEUD BETWEEN TEMPEST AND SAVILE THE PILGRIMAGE OF GRACE — THE MONASTERIES CLOSED— DISPUTE ABOUT HALIFAX TITHES BISHOP FERRAR'S MARTYRDOM. The last additions made to the Parish Church were the Rokeby Chapel and the Holdsworth Chapel. They commemorate two vicars who served Halifax Church for the first half of the sixteenth century. William Rokeby was born at Kirk Sandal near Doncaster. . He became A^icar of the church there, one of the churches included in the Warren's grant to the Priory of Lewes. In the summer of 1502, he left Kirk Sandal and came to Halifax, retaining the Vicarage of Halifax until his death in 1521. He was a man of influence and wealth. In 1507 he was elected Bishop of Neath in Ireland, and in 1511 became Archbishop of Dublin. However, he still retained Halifax Church, and we judge that he liked our town and spent much of his time here, for he beautified much of the vicarage house. We are also told that Rokeby " was a Man of Great Hospitality, and therefore had the whole of the parish at his Beck and Command." Bokeby is an interesting character because he played a prominent part in the gorgeous pageantry of Henry VIII. 's reign. Some of the Halifax men who went with him as servants to London, would have some wonderful tales to tell of the great men at Court. When Wolsey received the Cardinal's Hat at West- minster Abbey on Sunday, November 18th, 1515, the Cardinal came with a procession of nobles and gentlemen 90 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. Photo. H. E. Gledhill. Fig. 31.— The Rokkky Chapkl. CARDINAL WOLSEY. 91 to the abbey and mass was sung by the Archbishops of Canterbury, Armagh, and DubHn, and sixteen other bishops and abbots. The famous Dr. John Colet, Dean of St. Paul's, preached the sermon. Afterwards, there Fig. 32.— Arms of William Rokkbv, Archbishop of Dublin. was another procession of all the great noblemen of England, led by the Dukes of Norfolk and Sufiolk, followed by the archbishops, bishops, and abbots. Cardinal Wolsey's hall and chambers were hung with 92 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. rich arras, and a great feast was made, at which King Henry and his queen, and the French queen were present. Archbishop Rokeby was in London again, three months later, for the christenmg of Princess Mary — the httle baby girl who was destined to be Queen Mary. 'J'he princess was born in the palace at Greenwich. From the court-gate to the church -door of the Friars, an awning of arras was erected, and the path covered with sand and strewn with rushes. The church was hung with needle- work, enriched with precious stones and pearls. The ceremony was on Wednesday, February 21st, 1516. The procession was headed by a goodly • sight of gentlemen and lords ; then followed the Duke of Devon- shire bearing the basin ; the Earl of Surrey carrying the taper ; the Marquis of Dorset having the salt ; and the Lord Chamberlain and the Lord Steward. The canopy was earned by four knights, under which walked the Countess of Surrey with the Princess in her arms, and supported by the Dukes of Norfolk and SuflPolk. The Archbishops of Armagh and Dublin, and the Bishops of Durham and Chester officiated at the baptism. The procession returned with trumpets sounding and the king's chaplain singing melodious n^sponds. William Rokeby did not live to see the great changes that the names of Cardinal Wolsey, Henry VIII., and Princess Mary suggest to us. Fearing his end he made farewell gifts to the Prior and Convent of Dublin Cathedral in September, 1521. The dying archbishop crossed the sea to his native Yorkshire. On November 29th, he died in Halifax vicarage, lulled to sleep by the murmur of the moorland beck. In his day, Halifax was as quiet and peaceful as Burnsall in Wharfedale is to-day. KIRK SANDAL CHURCH. 93 Fig. 33.— RoKEBY Chapel Screen. Photo. G. Hepu'orth. 94 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. His heart was buried in the choir at Hahfax, and his body taken to Kirk Sandal, where Rokeby had built a beautiful chapel for his tomb. The carving of the oak screens is like delicate filigree work, and the Rokeby Chapel of Kirk Sandal is considered to be one of the finest sepulcharal chapels in the kingdom. Among his many bequests, the archbishop desired that a Rokeby Chapel should be erected at Halifax, and his chapel was added to the north side of the Church. Soon after Archbishop liokeby's death, Robert Holdsworth, the son of a rich Halifax man, was presented to the living of Halifax, by the Prior of Lewes, being the last vicar to be nominated by the monks. In accordance with his father's wish, he built a chantry chapel on the south side of the church. The detached buttresses and clumsy gargoyles of the chapel have little architectural merit, but the Holdsworth Chapel, like the Rokeby Chapel, is a monument of an age that has passed. Robert Holdsworth was educated at Oxford and Rome, where he attracted the notice of the Bishop of Worcester — an Italian who was Henry VIII.'s ambassador at the Popal Court. Holdsworth became chancellor of the diocese of Worcester and also received other valuable appointments. There is one interesting point worth noting about his rebuilding of the vicarage house at Blockley in Worcestershire. It had twelve chambers, and it was considered quite a novelty, that each bedroom had its own entrance from the landing;. It was the usual custom then, to go through the bedrooms, one after another, and not to have a passage. Dr. Holdsworth's new plan gave more privacy. In pulling down an old w^all at Blockley, a treasure trove VICAR HOLDSWORTH. 95 of three hundred pounds was found, which more than paid for the alterations. 96 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. Yicar Holdsworth had few peaceful days after he came to Halifax. It was a time of fierce strife and great disputes, and the vicar was dragged into the troubles. First, there was a feud between the men who lived within the manor of Wakefield, and those who were tenants of the honour of Pontel'ract. The rival leaders were Sir Richard Tempest of Boiling Hall, near Bradford, and Sir Harry Savile of Thornhill. Sir Bichard Tempest had been one of King Henry's body- guard and had distinguished himself at the battles of Flodden and Tournay. He held the post of steward of the great royal manor of Wakefield. Sir Harry Savile had been brought up in King Henry's court, and was made a Knight of the Bath at the coronation of Queen Anne Boleyn. He was steward of the honour of Pontefract, and also lord of some of the small manors about Halifax. There were several serious afirays between the followers of the contending knights, in which men were killed on both sides. Boger Tempest slew Thomas Longley with his sword on April 21st, 1518, at Brighouse, when Sir Bichard Tempest was holding his court there. Boger fled to Durham and sought sanctuary at the cathedral. The priests could keep him in safety for forty days, after which time he had either to appear before a judge or else quit the kingdom. Gilbert Brooksbank, a Heptonstall priest, was killed by one of Sir Bichard's officers because he had displeased, in some manner, the great man. There was a fight at Halifax Fair on Midsummer Day, 1533, when Gilbert Hanson, deputy bailiff* of Hahfax, and William Biding of Elland (one of Savile's men) struck one another, both dying from their wounds. There were other cases, but PILGRIMAGE OF GRACE. 97 these are sufficient to show the bitter enmity between the two parties. Di\ Holdsworth took Savile's side, in consequence of which his vicarage was pillaged three or four times, and he was badly treated. Fig. 35.— Sa VILE Badge. Tempest Badge. The feud between the men who wore the Savile crest — an owl, and the men who bore the Tempest badge — a griffin, became a much more serious quarrel after October 1536, when the two parties took opposite sides in a great national dispute. King Henry closed all the smaller monasteries — those whose income did not exceed £200 a year — and seized their possessions. In the north of England " these proceedings were regarded with a spirit of indignation which did not venture to express itself elsewhere." The rebellion commenced in Lincoln- shire and on Sunday, October 8th, there was a meeting of the commons in the Chapter House of Lincoln Cathedral. The word "commons" means people, just as we call part of our Parliament the House of Commons. Into the meeting came two Halifax men, who said their country was also up, and ready to aid Lincolnshire, and the news roused the commons to great excitement. Robej^t Aske, a Yorkshireman, was the captain of the insurgents, and the rising is known as the Pilgrimage of Grace. Those who joined the movement bore a badge representing the Five Wounds of Christ. In the centre of the badge was a bleeding heart, and at the four corners, pierced hands and feet. 98 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. The following scene was witnessed in the streets of Halifax. A group of men were standing talking together, when up came John Lacy, son-in-law and bailiff of Sir Richard Tempest, and spoke to Henry Farrer of Ewood Hall, who was one of the group. Lacy " commanded Farrer and the rest that they should prepare themselves in harness, and go to the church and take the cross, march with it into Lancashire and raise the commons there." Farrer asked "Who shall go with us into Lancashire with the cross?" Lacy replied "Marry! your ownself shall go and your company." Farrar again asked "Why will not Sir Richard Tempest go with us ? " Lacy said " No marry! but yourself." We have no particulars about this journey into Lancashire, but afterwards it was stated that Sir Richard Tempest's brother and servants were the first captains to come into Lancashire. Sir Henry Savile, gathering his tenants and retainers together for the other side, marched from Thornhill to join the King's forces at Nottingham. The rebels were too strong for the royal army, and therefore the Duke of Norfolk came to terms with them, published the King's pardon, made a truce, and so ended the Pilgrimage of Grace. The day before the truce was made, on October 26th, John Lacy and a band of his adherents made a raid on Halifax vicarage, looting it and sending part of the spoil to Captain Robert Aske. Vicar Holds worth took the side of Sir Henry Savile, not because he approved of the spoiling of the monasteries, but because of the local feud. On December 14th, 1536, Clarencieux King-at-Arms, the royal herald, stood at the Cross in Old Market and proclaimed the King's pardon to all who VICAR HOLDS WORTH. 99 had rebelled against their sovereign. The herald noted that John Lacy was in the crowd at the time. The King's Secretary, Thomas Cromwell, had such a system of spies that we find that private talks in such an out-of-the-way corner as Halifax came to the ear of the King. Vicar Holdsworth was walking to and fro in his parlour, discussing the times with his servant, William Rodeman, when he said "By my troth ! William, if the King reign any space he will take all from us of the Church ; all that we have ; and therefore I pray God send him short reign." The vicar had to appear in London, and was heavily fined for uttering such treacherous words. John Lacy of Cromwell Bottom made a rhyme about the King, and sent it to Robert Waterhouse of Halifax. " As for the King, an apple and a fair wench to dally withal, would please him very well." To US, there does not appear much rhyme nor much harm in the words, but they reached Thomas Cromwell, and Lacy was in danger of losing his head. It was an age of sneaks and tell-tales, and Savile's men were ready to tell Cromwell's spies tales about the other side, and Tempest's men were equally willing to damage their opponents in the same way. Henry VHI. did not keep his promises to redress the grievances of the men who had joined the Pilgrimage of Grace. Listead of doing so, he put to death the leaders of the rebellion. Sir Richard Tempest was thrown into the Tower to await his trial, but he died in that plague-stricken prison. The King proceeded with the spoliation of the monasteries, and he gave to Thomas Cromwell, the Priory of Lewes and all its possessions, excepting its Norfolk lands. The beautiful abbey was ruthlessly destroyed, the stone sold for building, the 100 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. lead roofs melted down and carted away. Giovanni Portinari, an Italian, superintended the work, and he tells how they hewed great holes in the walls, then propped the pillars and walls with props a yard long, finally setting fire to the props whereupon the building- came crashing down. Lord Cromwell thus came into possession of all the rights that the Prior of Lewes had in Halifax Parish. Thus the connection between Plalifax and Lewes that had continued for centuries came to its final end. A few years before this, the Prior had leased his rights to Kobert Waterhouse of Shibden Hall for a fixed sum of money to be paid yearly and Cromwell continued the arrangement. Robert Waterhouse stirred up a great dispute in the parish by his methods of collecting the Great Tithes. According to the original definition of tithes, the Church was entitled to one-tenth of the crops of corn and hay. But as time went on, this had been altered to a fixed sum of money that was paid whether the crops were good or bad. The farmer knew exactly what he would have to pay, and the monks had a certain income. Waterhouse sued some Halifax men for a tenth of their actual crops, and a great lawsuit was commenced. Gilbert Waterhouse picked a quarrel with George Crowther, one of the men who opposed the demands, and on a dark February night in 1535, Gilbert struck Crowther with a dagger and killed him. At length the Great Tithes dispute was settled, and the agreement for paying in money instead of in " kind " was read at a public meeting held in Halifax Church. Edward YI. was only nine years old when he succeeded to the throne on the death of his father. BISHOP FERRAR. 101 Henry VIII. The boy-king's counsellors made further great changes in tho church now that the Pope's supremacy had been abolished. The chantry chapels were closed and their lands confiscated. This was a great hardship for our parish, for Rastrick, Coley, Sowerby, Lightcliffe, and the other chapels were shut up, and Heptonstall Chapel was only spared through the influence of the Saviles. The Parish Church at Halifax had once again to serve our wide and hilly parish and a population calculated at 10,000. Dr. Robert Holdsworth lived to see Queen Mary on the throne. Though he had taken the King's side during the tremendous upheaval in the Church, he certainly was not one of the reforming clergymen. His enemies said at one time that he "hath not preached nor caused to be preached to his parishoners at Halifax, ten thousand people or more, the word of God, but only two times at the most these six years past." In November, 1538, Robert Ferrar, Prior of St. Oswald's at Nostell, writing to Lord Cromwell, says 'Hhat there be almost none in these parts that sincerely, plainly, and diligently preach the Gospel, the people so hungrily desire to hear and to learn. Truly these towns (Halifax and seven more are named) with many others have not, all, one faithful preacher that I can hear of." About eleven o'clock on a Saturday night, the 8th of May, 1556, the vicarage was pillaged for the fifth time and the aged priest brutally murdered. Dr. Holdsworth was buried in the south chapel, of the Parish Church, which he had built. Robert Ferrar, the last Prior of Nostell, is said to have been born at Ewood near Mytholmroyd. He was one of the Reformers, and became Bishop of St. David's 102 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. in Wales in 1548. Bishop Ferrar was one of the martyrs in Queen Mary's reign, and was burnt at Caermarthen Cross on March 30th, 1555. On being chained to the stake, he said " If I stir through the pains of my burning, believe not the doctrine I have preached." In Halifax Parish Church, there is a 19th century monument to Bishop Ferrar, carved by Leyland, a Halifax sculptor, and in the vestry is a deed relating to some property near Bradford, which has the Bishop's signature. "Archbishop Rokeby," by T. W. HANSON, (Halifax Antiquarian Society Transactions, 1918). "Life of Dr. Holdsworth, " by J. Lister (Halifax Antiquarian Society Transactions — 1902 to 1908), CHAPTER IX. BEACON HILL — THE PURITANS — DR. FAVOUR — HEATH GRAMMAR SCHOOL — SIR HENRY SAVILE — HENRY BRIGGS — CAMDEN's VISIT TO HALIFAX — WOOLLEN TRADE IN 16tH CENTURY. Beacon Hill, crowned with the reproduction of an ancient beacon-pan, continually reminds Halifax of Elizabethan days and the Armada. Southowram's Beacon was not in the principal chain of fires that passed on the news from the south, "Till Skiddaw saw the fire that burned on Gaunt's embattled pile, And the red glare on Skiddaw roused the burghers of Carlisle." But it helped to spread the alarm east and west. Revey Beacon at Hortoii Bank Top, near Bradford ; Castle Hill, Almondbury, near Huddersfield ; and Blackstone Edge were the neighbouring links in the great chain, and watchers on Beacon Hill would keep their eyes on those points. BEACON HILL. 103 Eight years after the great victory over the Spanish Armada, we find that HaUfax men were objecting to paying towards the navy. In those days it was considered to be the duty of the sea-ports to provide the defences of our shores and shipping, while the inland towns maintained the army. In 1596, the port of Hull was required to furnish a ship for the Queen's Navy. The Mayor and Aldermen of Hull wrote to Lord Cecil, asking that Halifax, Wakefield, and Leeds should pay four hundred pounds towards their ship-of-w^ar. They said that these places were thi'ee great and rich clothing towns, sending their cloth to Hull to be shipped across the seas. The navy protected the shipping and the cloth that was in the ships. But Halifax men thought they were paying their share in the maintenance of the land forces. At the same time, our forefathers were ready to fight for the Queen in their own way, and when they thought it was their duty. In 1569 there was a rebellion in favour of the old religion and Mary, Queen of Scots, which was called the Hising in the North. j^rchbishop Grindal, writing to Queen Elizabeth in 1576, said *' And in the time of that rebellion were not all men . . . most ready to offer their lives for your defence ? In-so-much that one poor parish in Yorkshire, which by continual preaching had been better instructed than the rest, (Halifax I mean) was ready to bring three or four thousand able men into the field to serve you aofainst the said rebels." This "continual preaching" was carried on by a long succession of Halifax vicars who were Puritans — men who desired to remove all traces of the old religion from their church. Bishop Pilkington preached.at Halifax on 104 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. August 31st, 1559, and "the congregation listened with joy." DR. FAVOUR. 105 The most famous of the vicars of this period was John Favour, who was at HaHfax for over thh'ty years (1593-1624). He came here from Southampton five years after the defeat of the Armada, and he was able to tell Halifax men about the sea and ships, and stories of the great victory. In his book he speaks of striking top-sails, of top and top-gallant sails, of boarding, and other nautical terms. Dr. Favour was chaplain to the Earl of Huntingdon, President of the Council of the North. The Earl was present in Halifax when Favour was admitted to the vicariate. Within a few days they were both back at York on important business. On December 6th, 15D3, Henry Walpole and two friends landed at Flamborough Head with the intention of converting the Queen and the English people to the Roman Catholic religion. The trio were caught within twenty-four hours of landing and taken to York. Walpole was a Jesuit priest and his fate was certain to be a horrible death. He was forced to debate in public, the claims of his religion, and Dr. Favour was one of the champions put up to answer him. Favour also debated with other priests who were caught from time to time. There was no idea of toleration in Elizabeth's reign, and Dr. Favour in his book " Antiquity triumphing over Novelty," glories in the part he took in sending these poor men to their death. He actually considers it his best work. The reports of these debates are preserved in the Records Office, and the handwriting shows the effect of the torture on the priests' wrists. From them we learn that Favour wrote witty verse, and that in the kitchen of the York prison, he prided himself that his face resembled the portraits of Jesus. There is a bust of the vicar on his monument in Halifax Church. 106 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. Vicar Favour exercised a great influence over the people of Halifax as a faithful minister. In the Registers he often adds a short note about the character of the Fig. 37.— Dr. Favour's Monument. men and women he buried, sometimes good, sometimes bad, for example : — 1597, Jan. 24 — William King of Skircoat "was a swearer, drinker ... his last words were oaths and curses." 1600, April 15 — Richard Learoyd, 88 years, honest. 1600, May 30 — Richard Whitaker of Skircoat, "truly pious and religious." HEATH GRAMMAR SCHOOL. 107 In 1609, the vicar buried two men who had been to church and were so vexed at what the preacher said, that they vowed they would never come to church again. Favour notes that " both fell presently sick and never came to the church but to be buried." Dr. Favour was the prime mover in the establishment of Heath Grammar School. The Queen's Charter had been obtained in 1585 — over eight years before Vicar Favour came to Halifax — but the school was not opened until 1600, and the vicar had to work hard to accomplish his desire. Its title — " The Free Grammar School of Queen Elizabeth " — tells us something of the history of the school. There had been schools in Halifax before this time, though we know little about them. But in Elizabethan times there yas a desire to have new and good schools, and a E-oyal Charter had to be obtained before such a grammar school could be erected. This name is perpetuated in the lane known as Free School Lane, and it is worth noting that the old road to the school was up Shaw Hill and Free School Lane. Over the door of the headmaster's house, facing Skircoat Green Road, is a stone which was removed from the old building. It bears a Latin inscription which says the land was bad and barren, but through the grace of Queen Elizabeth this school was erected, and it was hoped it would be a blessing to the people. The only other relic of the old school is the circular "apple and pear " window which has been rebuilt into the shed next to the school. The Grammar School was to serve the ancient Parish of Halifax, and was built in Skircoat because the plot of land was given by one of the first benefactors. Dr. Favour persevered until he got sufficient money to build the school, and an endowment fund to pay the schoolmaster. 108 ' THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. Three hundred years ago, schools were very different from what they are nowadays. Sphool commenced at six o'clock in the morning, and at nine there was a quarter of an hour's playtime. Then work went on until eleven when there was a two hours interval for dinner. Lessons were resumed at one, and continued until half past three, when another quarter of an hour playtime was given, after which it was school again until half past five. What long days ! In the Brearcliffe Manuscript, there is a copy of the rules of Heath Grammar School, in those early days. The boys were required to go early to the school without noise, lingering, or playing by the way, taking off their caps to those they met. Boys who would not be corrected, or complained of their correction, or who told out of school of punishment given, were to be expelled unless they humbled them- selves and obeyed the master. Scholars who let their hair grow long or came with face and hands unwashed were to be severely punished. Two monitors were appointed weekly to set down the faults of boys in the school or church, or in the town and highways. Their duty was to hand a report to the master, and if they failed to do so, the monitors were punished for the faults of others. Boys were not to use railing, wrangling, nor fighting, nor were they to give nicknames to their companions or to any strangers. They must ever have books, pens, paper, and ink in readiness, and must not rend or lose their books, but handsomely carry and re-carry them. The scholars were to speak in Latin and not English while in school. SIR HENRY SAVILE. 109 There was one half-day holiday per week, and that was on Thursday afternoon, but there was homework for that day. In these Orders, ''correcting with a rod" is often mentioned, for the boys of long ago received plenty of floggings at school. Henry Savile, who was born at Bradley Hall, Stainlancl, "on November 30th, 1549, is one of the most famous men our parish has produced. In due time he went to JMerton College at Oxford, and was afterwards appointed Greek tutor to Queen Elizabeth, and was said to be. the most learned man of her reign. He published an edition of the works of St. Chrysostom —one of the early Christian Fathers. In addition to a great amount of work and study, these books cost him £8,000. Sir Henry Savile was one of the foremost translators of the Authorised Version of the Bible published in 1611, and being a Greek scholar, he was principally engaged on the New Testament. John Bois, a great Hebrew scholar who translated a large portion of the Old Testament, was the grandson of Mr. Bois, a Halifax clothier. Sir Henry Savile was also a student of geometry and astronomy, and to-day there is a professor of these subjects in Oxford who is paid by the money that Savile left for this purpose. Another friend of this learned and rich Halifax man was Henry Briggs, who became one of the Savilian Professors at Oxford. Briggs was born at Daisy Bank, War ley Wood in 1561. (Daisy Bank Farm is just below the modern Burnley Boad, a few hundred yards before you come to the first houses of Luddenden Foot). no THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. Henry Briggs' fame is due to his association with the invention of logarithms. Lord Napier was the actual inventor in 1614, but Briggs discovered a better and easier way which is used to day and known as " Briggian Logarithms." In 1617, Briggs published the first table of logs of numbers up to 1,000. These Fig. 38.— Chained Book. Henry Briggs' Gift. w-ere calculated to 14 places of decimals, and in 1624 he had made the calculations for 30,000 numbers. Astronomers, navigators, and all men who have occasion to multiply or divide large numbers, in their calculations always refer to a book of logs, for it is as easy to use as a ready reckoner. Camden's visit. Ill In 1627, Henry Brings presented three volumes of De Thou's History to the "public library" in Halifax Parish Church. The books are still there with this interesting inscription. One of them has a brass plate to which was attached the chains, for, as in most old libraries, the books were chained to the shelves. Robert Clay, who was vicar from 1623 to 1628, took a great interest in the library, and many volumes were added at this time. About the year 1580, William Camden, the antiquary, visited the Saviles at Bradley Hall when he was collecting information for his great book "Britannia," a description of England. Some of his Halifax friends told him the following story or tradition to account for the name of Halifax. A certain clergyman, being in love with a young woman and not being able to persuade her, cut ofi her head. It was afterwards hung up in a yew tree, and was esteemed and visited by the people as holy. So many pilgrims resorted to the place that it became a lar^e town, and was called Hali-fax or Holy Hair. There is not one iota of proof for the story, or the derivation, nor the slightest hint of such a tradition in any early accounts of our town. It has been repeated many times since Camden wrote it, but we can be certain that Camden was wrong. There is one interesting statement in the "Britannia," which is meant to impress the reader with the importance of the cloth manufacture in the district. Camden asserted, that in Halifax Parish, the number of men was greater than the total of cows, horses, sheep, and other animals ; while in the rest of England there were more animals than people. This was because Halifax lived by cloth making and not by farming. 112 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. There are two valuable references to the local trade in the sixteenth century, which may conveniently be introduced here. About 1533, King Henry VIII. sent a commission to the clothing towns of the West Hiding to enquire into the practice of mixing flocks with the wool of their cloths. In the list of men charged with this offence are the names of 282 clothiers in the parish of Halifax, who had from half-a-piece to three pieces each, condemned. This document is extremely valuable, for it shows the magnitude of the trade, and gives such a long list of the names of men who were making clotli in our parish at that time. In the last years of Henry VIII. 's reign, parliament abolished the trade of " wool driving " or wool stapling. The act forbade men to buy wool and to hold it until the price was forced up. The abolition of the wool dealer proved to be very inconvenient for "Halifax trade, and consequently a special act of parliament was passed in the reign of Philip and Mary to remedy this local grievance. The introduction to the act states that in the parish of Halifax, are great wastes and moors, where the ground, save in rare places, is not apt to produce any corn or good grass, except by the great industry of the people. Consequently the inhabitants live by cloth making, and the great part of them neither grow corn nor are able to keep a horse to carry their wool. Their custom had been to go to the town of Halifax, and to buy from the wool driver, some a stone, some two, and some three or four according to their means. They carried this wool upon their heads and backs to their homes, three, four, five, or six miles away. The wool was converted into yarn or cloth and sold, and then more wool was bought. By means of this industry, the barren WOOL TRADE. IIS grounds were populated. An increase of five hundred households within the previous forty years, was recorded. The trade was threatened with ruin if these clothiers could not obtain the wool in small quantities. The new act made it lawful for wool drivers to sell wool in the town of Halifax, provided it was sold to the small makers. They were not to sell wool to the wealthy clothiers, nor to any other to sell again. Offenders against this act were to forfeit double the value of the wool so sold. " Chapters on theearly registersof Halifax Parish Church," by E. J. Walkef» "Heath Grammar School," by T. Cox. *' Dr. Favour," by T. W. Hanson. (Hx. Anti [uariaa Socy. Transactions, 1910), Dr. Favour's "Antiquite triumphing over Noveltie," by T. W. HANSON. (Halifax Antiquarian Society Transactions, 1911). "Bradley Hall," by J. Lister. Halifax Antiqnarian Society TransactionSy 1919). Henry Briggs in "Dictionary of National Biography." CHAPTER X. 17th century houses JAMES MURGATROYD — NATHANIEL WATERHOUSE SIR THOMAS BROV^NE. The Parish of Halifax is particularly rich in a large number of handsome seventeenth-century houses that are scattered on all the hill-sides. A description of some of these houses will serve as a useful preface to our account of the stirring events of the seventeenth cen- tury ; and an actual visit to some of these old homesteads will help to make the history more real. The houses were usually built of large blocks of millstone grit, which is very durable and turns to a pleasing grey colour. Modern builders use a softer 114 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX, km I life i STONE HOUSES. 115 sandstone, which is obtained from deep quarries at Southowram, Eingby, and elsewhere. In olden days, Photo. B. P. Kemlall, Fig. '40 —Lee House or .Spring Gardens, Ovenden Wood. H.M. 1625. (Henry Murgatroyd). Showing Seam Pointing. the rocks that lay close to the surface had to be used, and the gritstone caps the hills to the west of Halifax. 116 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. In Hipperholme and towards the eastern end of the parish smaller blocks of sandstone were used. These houses have a number of gables, and a many-gabled house is always more picturesque than a plain -fronted one. The builders erected handsome projecting porches to the main entrance. Seventeenth century chimneys are built of large stones, and are bold, square erections v^hich give a good finish to the house. One local peculiarity is seam-pointing. The joints of the chimneys and the roof- ridge are pointed with lime, and then painted white. The white lines are in striking contrast to the dark stone. There were no troughings or fall- pipes to catch the rain water. The rain ran down into the gutters of the roof, and large stone water-spouts threw the streams of water clear of the walls. At the apex of each gable was a carved finial of varied designs. Sometimes a square finial served as a sundial, as at Wood Lane Hall (Sowerby), Ovenden Hall, and Halifax and Elland Churches. The windows may be considered the main features of these houses, and they are the best guide in judging whether a house belongs to this period or not. They are long — filling almost the width of the room — low in proportion, and divided into half-a-dozen or more lights by stone muUions. These upright blocks of gritstone are bevelled on each side so that they do not block out too much light. Where the window has two or more tiers of lights, the horizontal stone divisions, called transoms, are also bevelled, as also are the window sills and the top stones. The whole window is deeply recessed into the thick walls. Above each window is a stone moulding, which prevents the rain that runs down the house-front from dripping into the SOME DETAILS. 117 ■^ 5i>- B//V/V ROYD NORLAND Some Details, W ^'«««««..^«„„i.,«,-^^ 1913 Fig. 41. 118 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. window, just as the eye-brow protects the eye. The ends of these drip-stones are carved, and these carved terminals are of many patterns. The chamber, or bedroom window, often has two lights above four, or three over five lights, thus following the line of the Photo. H. P. Kendall. Fig. 42.— Norland Hall Doorway. IT. H.T. 1672. (Joseph Taylor and his wife.) gable. Such windows are only to be found in our district. Then there are the circular wheel or rose windows which light the porch chamber at such houses as Kershaw House, Luddenden; New Hall, Elland; and Barkisland Hall. DOORWAYS. 119 It was the custom for the owner of the house to carve over his doorway the date of the building, and the initials of himself and his wife. For instance: — Photo. H. P. Kendall. Fig. 43.— High Sundebland, South Pouch. Long Can, Ovenden Wood, I.M.M. 1637 — John and Mary Murgatroyd. Shaw Hill doorway at the corner of Simmonds Lane, I.E.L. 1697 — Joshua Laycock and his wife. Back Hall, Siddal, T.H.E. 1668— Thomas and Esther Hanson. Kbrshaw House, Luddenden Lane, 1650, T.M., A.M. — Thomas and Anna Murgatroyd. 120 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. Instead of initials and dates, some houses bear the €oat-of-arms of the owner. On the front of High Sunderland are the arms of Sunderland and Eish worth Photo H. P. Kendall Fig. 44.— High Sunderland Gateway. families. Over the south door of Back Hall, Siddal, are the Hanson arms surrounded by shields of other families into which Hansons had married. High Sunderland has also some interesting mottoes DOORWAYS. 121 carved on the stones. On the south front are four lines of Latin which translated read: — '* May the Almighty grant that the race of Sunderland may quietly inhabit this seat, and maintain the rights of their ancestors, free from strife, until an ant drink up the waters of the sea, and a tortoise walk round the whole world." Over the south door, in Latin: — ** This place hates, loves, punishes, observes, honours — Negligence, peace, crimes, laws, virtuous persons." At Back Hall is this text, in Greek: — *♦ He that loveth houses or lands more than Me is not worthy of Me." Photo. H. P. KemUai. Fig. 45.— Barkisland Hall (1638). Over the doorway of Barkisland Hall, John Gledhill, the builder in 1638, had a Latin motto cut which means: — " Once his, now mine, but I know not whose afterwards." Oliver Hey wood's house has the single word " Ebenezer," while at Scout Hall there is a carving of a fox-hunt. These inscriptions give us a clue to the characters of the men who erected the houses. A Greek text indicates a scholar, the hunting scene denotes a sportsman, Biblical quotations come from the religious, 9 122 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. while the heraldic door-head proves the builder to have been proud of his ancestry. Photo. H. P. Kemlall. Fig. 46.— Oak Frieze, Norland Hall. Fig. 47.— Plaster Ceilkn(j PLASTER WORK. 123 The interiors of these old halls were also handsome, but most of them have been altered at various times during the three hundred years since they were built, and opportunities of viewing these interiors are com- paratively rare, whilst it is always easy to see the exteriors of the houses. The carved oak furniture — Photo. H. F. Kendall Fig. 48.— Plaster Work, from Bin Royp, Norland, Now in Bankfield Museum. chairs, chests, and bedsteads — have been bought by collectors, and the oak panelling of the rooms is coveted and removed. Panelled rooms and halls, oak galleries and staircases, and elaborately carved oak mantel-pieces still survive in such houses as Howroyd, Barkisland ; Clay House, Greetland; New Hall, Elland; and the Old Cock Hotel, Halifax. 124 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. The men of the seventeenth century decorated their homes with ornamental plaster-work. In Bankfield Museum is a deep heraldic plaster-work frieze that was removed from Binn Royd, Norland, when the old farm- house was demolished. There is a similar frieze in the Photo. H. P. Kendall. Fig. 49.— Upi'ER Rookks (1589). bedrooms at Marsh Hall, Northowram, and in the same house is a beautiful plaster ceiling. The Mulcture Hall in Halifax boasts a good ceiling. In many cases the chimney-breast was adorned with the Royal Arms in plaster- work, as at New Hall, Elland ; and Norland Lower Hall. At Upper Saltonstall, and at the Fold, Mixenden, are to be seen specimens of the old stone ovens. They 17th cej^tury houses. 125 are shaped like a beehive, and about three feet high. A charcoal fire was made inside the oven, and the oven closed, until the stones became very hot. Then the fire was raked out, the bread put in, and the oven closed again until the baking was completed. At Broadbottom, near Mytholmroyd, are the remains of a stone oven, in front of the house. I'hoto. H. P. Kendall. Fig. 50,— Peel House, Warley (1598). Photo, H.P.KendalL Fif>. 51.— Wood Lane Hall, Sowerbt (1649). Mr. Ambler's book on " The Manor Houses of Yorkshire" contains many beautiful photographs and detailed drawings of Halifax houses, and comparison can be made between our local examples and other Yorkshire houses. We can gain one important idea from the book. There are larger and more beautiful halls in the agri- cultural parts of the county, but they are situated far apart from one another. The rich men who built the more imposing halls owned miles of country, and considered themselves to be of a higher class altogether than the ordinary people who lived within their domain. In the Parish of Halifax, instead of a few such lordly palaces, we have a very large number of good medium-sized houses. 126 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. They are evidence that Halifax men were making money out of trade, and that the prosperity was shared among a Fig. 52.-STAIXED Glass, Shibden Ham.. Photo. H. 1'. Kendall 17th century houses. 127 large number of substantial yeomen, whereas in other parts of the county, the riches were in the hands of a few of the gentry. In?Bankfield Museum, there is a large collection of photographs and sketches of these seventeenth century halls. Study them by all means and compare the details Photo. G, E. Snoxell Fig. 53.— (JRINDLESTONE BANK, OVENDEN WOOD. of one house with others, but don't be content with illustrations. Take walks along any of our hill-sides — • Norland, Sowerby, Luddenden Dean, Shibden Dale, Warley — and you will easily find some of the old halls, and take notice — and sketches — of the details of the 128 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. buildings, the dates and initials over the doorheads, and perchance, get a peep inside some of them. Photo. H. P. Kendall. Fig. 54.— Bai.l Green, Sowerhy (1634). Street improvements have practically cleared away the seventeenth century houses from the town of Halifax, but there are several close at hand, such as 1 7th century houses. 129 Haugh Shaw House, Allan Fold, Warley Eoad, Willow Hall at Cote Hill, and quite a cluster of them near the Boothtown tram stage. ii^^^^Bilk^ : jc'; ^ "'': ^ "HP* -t'THl/I^^^V^^^Bb Jt^H^im^l Fin. 00.— I'pj'KH Willow IIali James Murgatroyd of Murgatroyd (or the Hollins) in Warley was the greatest builder of these fine seven- teenth century houses in the Parish of Halifax. Most men were quite content to rebuild their own homesteads, but as Murgatroyd grew richer and added farm to farm in Warley, Ovenden, and other townships, he took a pride in erecting handsome houses. To him, we owe Haigh House, Warley (1631), Long Can (1637), Yew 130 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. Tree (1643) in Ovenden Wood, and Kershaw House (1650) in Luddenden Lane, which is one of the finest of our local halls. James Murgatroyd received by his father's will, all the looms, presses, shears, etc.., which were standing in his shop, so it is evident that part of Fig. 56.— IJpi'ER Willow Hall Photo. H. P. Kendall. his immense fortune was made in the w^oollen trade. About 1640, Mr. Murgatroyd removed his home to East Riddlesden Hall, near Keighley, and there built the house in such style as to make it one of the largest and most imposing halls in Airedale. In connection with his Airedale estates, Murgatroyd JAMES MURGATROYD. 131 had to provide yearly a hen for Lady Anne CHfiord of Skipton Castle as part of the rent. It was a relic of the ancient manorial times when rents were paid in kind, of Fij>. 57.— (Jatf.way, Lower Willow (now use«l as a cottage). Photo. H. F Kendall Hall 132 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. Fig. 58.— Long Can, Ovenden Wood (1637). Photo, h. p. Keodm. Fig 59.— Yew Tree Ovendex Wood (1643). Photo, n. r Kendall JAMES MURGATROYD. 133 which we spoke in an early chapter. Murgatroyd said the custom was obsolete and refused to find the hen. He was sued at York, and Lady Anne won. When the dispute was settled, she invited Mr. Murgatroyd to dinner at Skipton Castle, and the hen was under one of the covers. We can imagine what they would talk Fig. 60. dinner -EA.ST RiDDLESDEN HaLL. about after dinner for "her passion mortar was immense." She re-built six seven churches, built almshouses, and monuments. The Murgatroyds suffered much James Murgatroyd paid £850 in fines- Photo, <T. Whitaker. for bricks and castles, restored erected several in the courts. -£500 of which 134 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. went to the repairing of Old St. Paul's, London — for some offence he and his sons committed at Luddenden Chapel. His sons were also most unjustly imprisoned and fined, many years later, through being bond for a nephew. Tradition says that the River Aire changed its course at Riddlesden, and refused to flow past the Hall because the Murgatroyds had to sell it. Nathaniel Waterhouse, the great Halifax benefactor, was making his fortune in the first half of the seventeenth century, by dealing in oil and the salts used by dyers. We do not know exactly where his home was, but he owned Bank House, Salterhebble, the white-washed house which stands near the railway and overlooks the sewage works. Bank House is still held by the Water- house Trustees, and its rent helps to pay for some of his schemes. A Workhouse was built by Nathaniel Waterhouse, somewhere near the Parish Church, for which he obtained a charter from Charles I. in 1635 in order to relieve the poor. This charter empowered the Master and Governors of the Workhouse to take idle vagabonds, ruffians, and sturdy beggars, place them in the Workhouse, and set them to work spinning wool or making bone-lace. A whipping-stock was erected in the workhouse, and those wlio were idle, or who spoilt or stole their work were flogged. In the first three years, seventy men and women were whipped, and some of them repeatedly. Nathaniel Waterhouse also founded some almshouses for twelve poor persons to live in. By his will, he left money for their maintenance, and also a sum to buy black clothes for them. Mr. Waterhouse died in the first week of June, 1645, and as he had no children, he left his lands and monev for the benefit of the town. NATHANIEL WATERHOUSE. 135 **The Church and Poor I left my Heirs ; My Friends to order my Affairs." One of his house)s was to be altered to make a home for ten orphan girls and ten orphan boys, who were to be taught a trade. They were to be dressed in blue coats. In 1853, the Trustees obtained power to sell these old buildings down by the Parish Church, and to build new Almshouses and Bluecoat School, on Harrison Road. Fig. 61.— Bank Housk, Salterhebblk. Photo, II. p. Kendall. A few pounds per year were to be given to the ministers of the twelve Chapels In the Parish- -Coley, Illingworth, Sowerby Bridge, Rastrick, etc. On the first Wednesday in each month, these ministers in turn had to preach a sermon in the Parish Church, and these Waterhouse Sermons have been given regularly ever since. 136 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. Money was also bequeathed for repairing the roads leading from Halifax to Bradford, Wakefield, and South- owram. On the top of the hill opposite the Tannery at Hipperholme, is a stone (like a mile-stone) which records one of these gifts. The will also mentions the highway between Spright Smithy and Southowram Bank. Spright Smithy would probably be at Smithy Stake, where a stake had been driven into the ground, to which horses were tethered when they needed shoeing. The Waterhouse Charity has become richer with time, because the land has increased in value. In 1645, the income was £131; in 1745, £248; in 1845, £1,350; and in 1895, £2,353. About the year 1634, a young doctor, Thomas Browne, came to live at Upper Shibden Hall, near the head of Shibden Dale. The old house has been demolished, so we cannot visit the exact place. To us it seems an out-of-the-way place for a doctor's surgery, but we must remember it was not far away from the old Halifax to Bradford Koad. While Dr. Browne was living in Shibden, he wrote one of the most famous of Enghsh books " Beligio Medici," or "A Doctor's Religion." "This, I confess," he says in the preface, "for my private exercise and satisfaction, I had at leisurable hours composed. It was penned in such a place, and with such disadvantage, that, I protest, from the first setting of pen unto paper, I had not the assistance of any good book whereby to promote my invention, or relieve my memory." Thomas Browne was in his thirtieth year when he wrote his masterpiece, though it was not published until some years afterwards. He did not stay long in Halifax, HALIFAX MEN REFUSE KNIGHTHOOD. 137 and subsequently removed to Norwich, became a famous citizen, and was knighted by King Charles. There is a statue of Sir Thomas Browne in Norwich. "The Old Halls and Manor-houses of Yorkshire,"' by LouiS Ambler. *' Halifax Antiquarian Society's Transactions." — The papers read at the summer excursions contain a mine of information about local 17th century houses. CHAPTER XI. HALIFAX MEN REFUSE KNIGHTHOOD — SHIP-MONEY — BEGINNINGS* OF THE CIVIL WAR SIEGE OF BRADFORD — LEEDS TAKEN — BATTLE OF ADWALTON — RETREAT TO H4LIFAX JOSEPH LISTER's ADVENTURES — MACKWORTH GARRISONS HALIFAX HALIFAX REFUGEES — FIGHTING BETWEEN HEPTONSTALL AND HALIFAX — MIXENDEN SKIRMISH SCOTS ARMY IN THE DISTRICT PLAGUE — CAPT. HODGSON's ADVENTURES LOCAL ROYALISTS. The reign of Charles I. is one of the most important periods in English history, and our story will show how the great national events affected Halifax. One of King Charles's troubles was his want of money. He dared not call his Parliament together and ask them for a grant, because Parliament would have asked how he intended to spend the money, and how he intended to govern. The King therefore resorted to other methods, and for eleven years he reigned without a Parliament. At his Coronation, King Charles offered a knighthood to every man who had an income of forty pounds and upwards from the rents of land. His idea was to enrich himself by the fees, that had to be paid by every new knight. Those men who refused "the honour of knighthood" were fined, and if they did not pay their fine, were thrown into prison. Seventy of the gentry of Halifax Parish paid these fines, and by this means, the 10 138 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. king drew £1,034 6s. 8d. from our parish. One of the Listers paid the fine, and the receipt for his fine is still preserved at Shibden Hall, signed "Strafford," the earl who was Charles's principal adviser, and who ended his days on the scaffold. Seven of the seventy men lived in the township of Halifax, among them being Thomas Blackwood, who built Blackwood House in 1617, somewhere near the site of Blackwood Grove, and the great benefactor, Nathaniel Waterhouse. James Murgatroyd of Warley, paid the largest fine of £40. Among the others, we may mention John Clay, of Clay House, the beautiful hall near Greetland Station ; Gregory Patchett, whose initials are on the doorway of the whitewashed house in Luddenden, known as the Lord Nelson Inn; John Drake of Horley Green; Abraham Brigg, who lived at Grindlestone Bank, and also built Holdsworth House ; and Anthony Bentley of Mixenden Green. Two years later, 1627, the King of France laid siege to the great Protestant seaport of Bocheile. The King's favourite, the Duke of Buckingham, prepared a stately fleet of a hundred sail to go to the relief of Eochelle. Parliament was called, but the members would discuss the conduct of Buckingham, and it was dissolved before a single sixpence was voted for the war. Money had to be found, so the king appealed for free gifts, and when little or nothing was given, he forced men to lend him money. An order was sent to the cloth-makers of Halifax and Leeds, calling upon them to contribute in union with the port of Hull " towards the charge of setting out three ships, of the burthen of two hundred tons apiece for His Majesty's service, to be at rendezvous at SHIP MONEY. 139 Portsmouth, the 20th day of May next, furnished as men-of-war, and victualled for full four months." These were to be three of the fleet intended for Rochelle. In reply to this order, the men of Halifax, with those of Leeds, sent a petition to the Privy Council giving several reasons for being excused. They protested first of all that they had paid taxes imposed by the Privy Council, without the assent of Parliament ; they had contributed to the forced loans ; paid five subsidies unlawfully taken without Parliament's consent ; and they had found and trained soldiers. They also reasoned that the ports provided ships and sailors, while the inland towns paid for soldiers ; that their cloth went to other ports besides Hull ; that other trades had an interest in Hull ; and that some other trades were more able to pay. One hundred and twenty - five Halifax men signed the Petition, and of this number thirty could not write their own names, but they made a X or some other mark. The first to sign was Robert Clay, Vicar of Halifax, and then came many well-known names like Waterhouse, Bairstow, Binns, Oldfield, Greenwood, Barraclough, etc. A few years later, John Hampden, a Buckinghamshire squire, made a name for himself in English history by refusing to pay the ship-money.* In addition to these disputes about taxation and the power of the king, the question of church government was also dividing the nation. Archbishop Laud and the bishops claimed absolute control of the religious life of the people and from James Murgatroyd's case, we see that they wielded a great power. On the other side, the Puritans developed the preaching part of the services and wished to abolish everything that reminded them ot 140 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. the Koman Catholic Church. Dr. Favour and other Puritan vicars had made HaUfax almost unanimously of their thought, and the Halifax Exercises (conferences where famous preachers drew immense crowds to listen to their sermons) were kept up for many years. Some of the local Puritans, fearing persecution, followed the example of the Pilgrim Fathers, and emigrated to New England. Matthew Mitchell, "a pious and wealthy person" of Halifax, sailed in 1635, taking with him his son Jonathan, who became a celebrated preacher in America. Richard Denton, minister of Coley, also emigrated and became famous. These were among the pioneers who colonised the land now known as the United States. In 1637, King Charles and Archbishop Laud ordered that a new Prayer Book should be read in the Scottish Churches, but the Scotch people, who were mostly Presbyterians, would not have the new service, and revolted, so in 1639, Charles declared war on Scotland. This is known as the First Bishop's War, and men from our district were obliged to join the king's forces. We gather some details of this war from the Account Book of the Sowerby Constable. After training at Halifax, Elland, Wakefield, and other places, sixteen Sowerby men set ofi from Wakefield for active service in Scotland. A similar contingent would go from Halifax and the other townships. • Pikes and guns were repaired, gun- powder, bullets, knapsacks, and bandoliers provided, so that the little company cost Sowerby people sixty-five pounds. The expedition was a failure from the king's point of view, for the Scotch raised a much better army, and Charles made terms with them rather than fight. Southowram kept their beacon ready, in case the Scots invaded the north of England. NEWS FROM IRELAND. 141 A couple of years later there was trouble in another part of the realm. In November, 1641, news came that the Irish had massacred thirty thousand of the English and Scots colonists, and it was said that the Irish might cross to England. These reports, of course, spread alarm throughout this part of England. Joseph Lister of Bradford, then a lad of fifteen, says that on one Sunday he had gone to Pudsey to hear Mr. Wales preach. A man named Sugden came hastily to the chapel door, and called out " Friends, we are all as good as dead men, for the Irish rebels are gotten to Bochdale, and will be at Bradford and Halifax shortly." The people were all confused, women wept, children screamed and clung to their parents. Joseph Lister went home to Bradford, and found the people in the streets considering how best to defend their homes, for they had heard that the rebels had reached Halifax. At length they sent a few men on horseback to Halifax to ascertain the truth, and they found that the supposed rebels were a few poor folk who had fled from Ireland for safety. Englishmen were very angry at the news of the massacre, and felt that an army should be sent to take vengeance on the Irish. But they so mistrusted the King that they would not raise a force for him to command, fearing he would use it to overpower the Parliament. The King and Parliament were now definitely opposed, and on August 22nd, 1642, the King's Standard was set up at Nottingham, and the Civil War begun. Professor Gardiner says that the north-west of England, then the poorest, rudest, and least thickly populated part of the country took the King;'s side, whilst the south-east of England, with its fertile lands. D 142 THE STORY OF OLl. ^ALIFAX. d its commercial and manufacturing activity and its wealth, was on the side of the Parliament, but no exact line can be drawn between the portions of England which supported the two causes. The clothing towns of the West Riding — Halifax, Bradford, and Leeds — and the eastern towns of Lancashire — Man- chester, Rochdale, and Bolton — took the side of the Parliament, for they depended upon trade, and their people were mostly Puritans. At first, the fighting was in what we may call "county matches." That is, the Royalists of Yorkshire attacked the Yorkshire Parliamentarians, wh'le the Roundheads of Lancashire were busy with the Cavaliers of the same county. Only in rare instances could men be persuaded to march from one county to fight in another. Lord Fairfax was the General of the Parliament's Yorkshire Army, and he was opposed by the Earl of Newcastle on behalf of the King. On Sunday morning, December 18th, 1642, while service was being held in Coley Chapel, a good man, one Isaac Baume, came in haste to the chapel and told the minister, Mr. Latham, what the position was in Bradford. The minister spoke to his congregation about it, and many in the chapel went for their weapons, and set oft to help Bradford. Among these volunteers was John Hodgson, who afterwards became a captain in Cromwell's army. Bradford was in a sore plight, for all the trained soldiers were with Lord Fairfax, and he had retreated to Selby because of a defeat he had suffered at Tadcaster eleven days previously. The Royalist Army had taken Wakefield and Leeds, and were hoping to capture both Bradford and Halifax. A Halifax captain (we do not know his name) took command of the defences of DEFEN/lT yF BRADFORD. 143 Bradford, and th^.rboi and arms he had brought helped considerably. Bradford Church was made into a fort, because it was the largest and strongest building in the town. Musketeers were placed in the tower to fire on the enemy, and sheets of wool were hung around the tower to protect it from cannon balls. Sir William Savile, with a thousand Royalists and some cannon, attacked the town on that Sunday morning, and they met with more resistance than they expected. At mid- day, Hodgson with more Halifax men arrived, and were welcomed by the defenders, who then decided on a counter attack, in which the Royalists were put to flight. Sir Thomas Fairfax, who was with his father, on hearing of the heroic exploit, passed through the enemy's lines, and came to Bradford to help them. He considered, however, that Bradford was a bad place to defend, for it lies in a hollow, with heights around it from which an enemy could command the town. Sir Thomas made Bradford his headquarters, fortified it as well as he could, and sent an appeal to the surrounding places for recruits, and he obtained many Halifax men. Samuel Priestley of Good-greave, Soyland, joined, though his parents tried to persuade him to stay at home. "If I stay at home," he replied, "I can follow no employment, but be forced to hide in one hole or another, which I cannot endure. I had rather venture my life in the field, and if I die, it is in a good cause." Every day there were skirmishes between Fairfax's men, and the Royalists who garrisoned Leeds and Wakefield. Sir Thomas was always a bold commander, and " being too many to lie idle, and too few to be upon constant duty, we resolved through the assistance of God, to attempt them in their garrisons." Therefore on 144 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. January 23rd, 1643, he marched ."gainst Leeds, and after a desperate fight, re-captured the town. The war-cry of Fairfax's army was "Emmanuel." Major Forbes was the first man to enter, by cHmbing over the wall, by standing on the shoulders of Lieutenant Horsfall of Halifax. When they had entered the town, Mr. Jonathan Scholefield, minister of Cross-Stone Chapel, (near Todmorden) started the singing of a psalm: — " Let God arise, and scattered Let all His enemies be ; And let all those that do Him hate, Before His presence flee," According to the account of the fight, several Halifax men had marvellous escapes. Fairfax praised his soldiers. He called them unexperienced fresh- water men, yet although they had only received a week's training, they attacked most resolutely and valiantly. The Earl of Newcastle retreated to York, but before long he was vigorously pressing the Fairfaxes with a larger army. Lord Fairfax wrote to the Speaker of the House of Commons to inform him that the people of Leeds, Bradford, and HaHfax, were in want. They depended for corn and meat on the more fruitful parts of the country, and the enemy was stopping all supplies. The woollen trade was altogether suspended, consequently there w^ere many poor and no money to relieve them. The army could defend them from the enemy, but not from want. Fairfax also asked that Colonel Oliver Cromwell might be sent out of Lincolnshire with an army, to help to crush the Earl of Newcastle's forces. This, however, was found to be impracticable. Newcastle besieged and stormed Howley Hall, near Batley. Howley belonged to Sir John Savile, who was with the King at Oxford, but his cousin, another Sir BATTLE OF ADWAX.TON. 145 John Savile, was holding the place for the Parliament. Lord Fairfax marched out of Bradford to meet the enemy Royalists, who, after leaving their quarters about Howley, chose Adwalton or Atherton Moor as the field of battle. Here on June 30th, 1643, was fought the decisive battle of this Yorkshire campaign, and Fairfax's army was routed. Adwalton Moor is very near the junction of the Halifax-Leeds Road with the Bradford- Wakefield Eoad. ^ Av^ ►*. J^ "^^-^SS Fig. 62.— View of Halifax About the Middle of the 17th Century. It is of supreme interest to us to find that the official despatch, sent to William Lenthall, the Speaker of the House of Commons, describing the battle, was written at Halifax by Thomas Stockdale, whose home was at Bilton Park, near Harrogate. He appears to have acted 146 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. as military secretary to Fairfax, as he wrote other despatches during the war. We will hear the story of the fight as far as possible in Stockdale's own words. " I wrote to you on Thursday last, since which time the state of our affairs is much altered, being changed from ill into worse. Yesterday morning we drew our forces together, consisting of : — 1,200 commanded men of the garrison of Leeds, 7 companies of Bradford, 500 men of Halifax, and the country thereabouts, 12 companies of Foot from Lancashire, 10 troops of our own Horse, 3 troops from Lancashire, [A company or a troop should have 100 men]. but the troops for the most part weak. We had four pieces of brass ordnance with us, and a great part of our powder and match. Many club-men [i.e., irregular companies of men armed with scythes, clubs, or any other weapons they could obtain] followed us, who are fit to do execution upon a flyiug enemy, but unfit for other service, for I am sure they did us none. With the strength being not full four thousand men, horse and foot, armed, we marched from Bradford against the enemy, who lay about three miles off us in a village called Adwalton or Atherton, and the places thereabouts. They, hearing of our preparations, had left their quarters about Howley, and chosen that place of ad- vantage, being both a great hill and an open moor or common, where our foot could not be able to stand their horse. Their army consisted of 8,000 of their old foot, and about 7,000 new men, and, as most men say, 4,000 horse, but indeed there are many companies both of their horse and foot very slenderly armed. Upon BATTLE OF AD WALTON. 147 Atherton Moor they planted their ordnance and ordered theh^ battle, but they manned divers houses standing in the enclosed grounds [fields] betwixt Bradford and Atherton Moor with musketeers, and sent out great parties of horse and foot by the lanes, and enclosed grounds to give us fight. Our forlorn hope [or advance party] was led by Captain Mildmay. He had other captains with him, including Captain Farrar [who was probably a Halifax man]. The van, wherein were placed the 1,200 men from Leeds, was led by Major-General Giiford. The main battle, wherein were the forces of Lancashire, and *500 from the parts about Halifax and the moors, had the Lord General himself ; and the rear, with the garrison forces of Bradford, were led by Lieutenant-Colonel Forbes. The horse were commanded by Sir Thomas Fairfax, who should have led the main battle, if the Lord General could have been persuaded to absent himself. Our forlorn hope beat back the enemies out of the lanes and enclosed grounds, killing many and taking some prisoners, and then the van coming up, fell upon the enemies on the left hand, and the main battle upon those on the right hand, and after some dispute, beat the enemy both out of the houses they had manned, and from the skirts of the moor to the height, killing very many, and among them two colonels. Our horse very bravely recovered part of the moor from the enemy and maintained it, and the rear fell on in the middle and did good service. Thus far we had a fair day, but the success of our men at the first, drew them unawares to engage them- selves too far upon the enemies, who, having the advantage of the ground, and infinitely exceeded us in 148 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. numbers, at least five for one, they sent some regiments of horse and foot by a lane on the left hand, to encompass our army and fall on the rear, which forced us to retreat. Our men, being unacquainted with field service, would not be drawn off in any order, but instead of marching, fell into running. The commanders did their best to stay them, but in vain, for away they went in disorder, yet they brought off" two pieces of the ordnance, and lost the other two and many prisoners, but the estimate of the number I cannot give you. Sir Thomas Fairfax with five or six troops of horse, brought off the most part of the main 'battle, wherein the Lancashire men were, and made his retreat to Halifax very well, for the enemy was gotten so far before him towards Bradford as he could not reach that place. With much importunity, I persuaded the Lord General to retire, who stayed so long upon the field until the enemies were got betwixt him and Bradford, yet he took by-w^ays and recovered the town. Our loss was not great in commanders, for I do not yet hear of any save Major Talbot killed, and Lieut. Col. Forbes taken prisoner. Our loss of prisoners taken by the enemy was great." Sir Thomas Fairfax and his broken army retreated through Gomersal, Bailiff Bridge, and Hipperholme, to Halifax. Li a long, straggling line, they climbed up the old pack-horse road to the shoulder of Beacon Hill, and the tired, worn-out soldiers would be pleased to see Halifax lying below. Down Wiscombe Bank and Old Bank they hurried, to the town which promised rest and refreshment. The little town would be very busy that night, with so many soldiers to feed and to billet. The people were dispirited by the bad news, and to add to BATTLE OF A DW ALTON. 149 their fear and distraction, the Lancashire forces went straight home across Blackstone Edge. Some twenty horse, and two hundred foot were persuaded to stay in Yorkshire. Fig. 63.— Relics of the Civil War in Bankfielu Museum. Mr. Stockdale, in reporting to Parliament, the black outlook for this corner of the West Kiding, wrote '• The country is wasted and exhausted, and tired out with the weight of the troubles continually falling upon this part of Yorkshire ; the soldiers want pay, and which is worse, arms and powder, and other ammunition." Sir Thomas Fairfax did not stay long in Halifax, but hastened to Bradford with some of the horse and foot that had fought at Adwalton. With the chivalrous devotion which endeared him to all that knew him, he went to share his father's fate. Mr. Stockdale concludes his despatch : — " If speedy supply be not sent with some considerable succour of men, the Lord General will be constrained to accept of some dishonourable conditions from the enemy. 1 am now at Halifax, to which place I came last night, and take opportunity to send this bearer with Sir Thomas Fairfax's warrant, to get you speedy notice, lest we be so shut up in Bradford and Leeds as we cannot 150 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. send. Hasten some relief to preserve the most constant part of the kingdom." Finally comes the postscript: — " As I was closing this letter, I received a letter, and after that a messenger from the Lord General to tell me that the enemy have made eight great shot at the town this day, and have even now recovered certain houses without the works, which if he cannot get fired, will much endanger the loss of the town. Sir Thomas is gone with some succours from hence, and what can be had more, I will get up, but the people stir with fear seeing no succours appear." On the Sunday night, (July 'ziid) the Bradford garrison was in such a desperate plight, that Fairfax gave orders to the soldiers to escape from the town as best they could, with the idea of reaching Hull. Lord Fairfax and his son Sir Thomas, with a remnant of the army, reached Hull after many adventures, and Hull was the only corner of Yorkshire that was held for the Parliament. Dykes were opened, and the surrounding country flooded to aid the defence ; and the Fairfax's in Hull, were in much the same position as Antwerp was in September, 19 L4. John Hodgson, who had been shot in two places, and cut in several in the Tadcaster fight, was taken prisoner as he was escaping from Bradford, stript to his shirt, and sent to Leeds. John Brearclifie, a young Halifax apothecary, wrote in his diary "3rd July, 1643, being Monday, 1 clok morn, bradford taken, and I into Lancashire." The local lads — and girls — must have had some stirring adventures during that first week of July. JOSEPH lister's adventures. 151 Joseph Lister was sixteen years old at the time, and apprenticed to a Mr. Sharpe, who had fought in the defence of Bradford, and then escaped to Colne in Lancashire. Joseph stayed in Bradford, and saw the Royalist soldiers carrying away everything that was worth selling. In their search for treasure, these soldiers emptied all the beddings and meal bags, and the streets of Bradford were full of chaff, feathers, and meal. As Lister knew all the by-ways, he offered to guide one of the Parliamentary soldiers safely out of the town. After leaving Bradford, they fell in with two more of Fairfax's men. Presently one of the enemy's horse soldiers discovered them, and the four ran across a field. Joseph Lister crept into a thick holly bush, and by pulling down the boughs, hid himself. The other three were taken prisoners, one being wounded. Lister heard the horse- man asking where was the fourth, but he could not be found. "I have often thought since," he wrote, "how easily we might have knocked him down if we had had but any courage; but, alas! we had none." Joseph remained in the hedge until dark, and then set off" to Colne, where he found his master. Mr. Sharpe asked him if he durst venture back to Bradford, to see how Mrs. Sharpe was faring. Back he went, and found a cellar in the town, where he slept, and in the morning, on enquiring for the dame, he found she had gone to Halifax. After her, to Halifax, went Lister with his master's message and some money. Mrs. Sharpe sent him back to Colne for further instructions. His master said "Go thou and tell thy dame to go home, and go thou with her. Go to the camp and buy a cow, and get the land mowed. Get help to get the hay, and perhaps the enemy will be called away shortly." They bought a 152 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. COW and drove it home, and the same day the soldiers came and took it. They bought another, and that also was taken. So Lister set off to Colne for further advice, which Mr. Sharpe gave by saying they must do as they thought best, for he had made up his mind to go to Manchester, and re-join the army. In the week following the Battle of Adwalton, the Royalists entered Halifax, and Sir Francis Mackworth made the town his headquarters. When the foundations were being dug for St. Joseph's School, a few cannon balls, horseshoes, and a sword were unearthed, and these relics are now in Bankfield Museum. The place is known as Bloody Field, and evidently a skirmish was fought here during the Civil War, but we have no written record of any fight. Mack worth's entry to the town may have been disputed at this point, or the rearguard of Sir Thomas Fairfax's force may have been attacked after Adwalton Battle. Most of the Halifax people fled over the Lancashire border before the Cavalier soldiers came to the town. They buried their valuables, or hid them, and some of the old deeds at Shibden Hall show signs of mildew because they were buried at this time. The soldiers searched the Workhouse Offices, but found nothing but a bottle on the window-bottom. Mr. Priestley's house in Soyland was pillaged several times, and Ewood, near Mytholmroyd, was plundered, and Mr. Farrar's deeds and papers taken. On August 14th, Sir Francis Mackworth issued a special order forbidding pillage upon pain of death. The Halifax Befugees went to various places in Lancashire. John Brearcliffe went to Bury, where he met Dorothy Meadowcroft, and afterwards married her. ROYALISTS TAKE HALIFAX. 153 John Hodgson was released by the RoyaHsts, and made his way to Rochdale, where he had fever. The Rev. Henry Roote, minister at Halifax Church, went to Manchester. Mr. Alte, who had been at Hahfax Church, was at the time minister of Bury, and he took some of the refugees into his parsonage, while others were lodged among the people of Bury. John Wilkinson, of Bracken- bed, died at Rochdale during the exile. Mrs. Lister of Shibden, was buried at Manchester, and in Bury Church registers is recorded the burial of Robert Broadley, " a very godly man, exiled from Halifax, sojourning at Hey wood." Future historians will find in our registers, the names of poor Belgians, who have died in our district as refugees. The eastern towns of Lancashire were crowded with refugees from the West Riding, for the Parliament's force in Lancashire had beaten the Lan- cashire Royalists, and Manchester was the head- quarters of the victorious army. In Yorkshire, as we have seen, the victory was for the other side, and the Royalists had won the Yorkshire " county match " in a most decisive manner. The position now was that Sir Francis Mackworth held Halifax ; Lieutenant Colonel Wentworth with his regiment of cavalry, was stationed at King Cross and Sowerby Bridge, to watch the road from Lancashire; and other outposts were planted at Roils Head, and Sentry Edge in Warley, to guard the road leading to Burnley and Colne. Mackworth knew that danger only threatened from the west, and he appears to have been reluctant to attempt an invasion of Lancashire. The Roundheads at Manchester were on the alert, and Rosworm, a clever engineer, constructed earthworks at Blackstone Edge, and a force was sent to occupy the 11 154 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. pass. The borderland of hill and moor was a sufficient obstacle to keep either side from attempting an attack on the other, and the western portion of our parish was a " no-man's land " between the two armies. Joseph Priestley of Goodgreave, had fled into Lancashire with his brothers, but having made up his mind to go to London, he thought he would pay a visit to his wife. He was leading his horse down the steep side from Blackstone Edge in a thick mist, when he walked into a Royalist troop, and was taken prisoner. He was imprisoned with some others in the corner house in Southgate, where he caught a fever, due to the dirty state of the streets, and died. There was also the other reason why these opposing armies never came to battle —because it was so difficult to persuade men to fight outside their own county. However, there were plenty of West Kiding men in Lancashire who were tired of being inactive, and they decided to organize a small force to attack the Royalists. On October 1 4th, Colonel Bradshaw agreed to command them. Notices were sent to sixteen churches asking all Yorkshiremen to meet at Rochdale on October 1 7tli, 1643. It may seem to us a strange announcement to be given from a pulpit. But this was to a large extent a religious war, and those sixteen ministers would be on the Puritan side, and besides, the church was the great public meeting-place in those days, and many public announcements were made in church. The Yorkshiremen chose Heptonstall as their base of operations, and thus commenced a small local campaign around Halifax. Heptonstall was an ideal place for a military camp. On three sides are high steep slopes, with the Hebden, Calder, and Golden streams at their feet. Behind the LOCAL SKIRMISHES. 155 town, moorland roads lead over the hills into Lancashire. It is a remarkably strong position, with a fine route for retreat if the worst came to pass. The Yorkshiremen had the advantage of knowing every inch of the difficult country between Heptonstall and Halifax. They knew all the paths across Cragg Vale to Sowerby, and all the short cuts across Midgley Moor and Luddenden Dean, while Mackworth's men were strangers to these parts. On the 19th and 20th of October, 1643, the West Riding men came to Heptonstall. There were 270 or 280 musketeers ; between 50 and 60 horse soldiers ; and 400 or 500 club-men. On the next day, Saturday the 21st, they marched from Heptonstall over Hathershelf to occupy Sowerby Town, and every day there were skirmishes between them and the E/oyalisfc garrison of Halifax. The sketch will help us to follow this Halifax campaign, but better still by taking a short walk into Warley, we may be able to see practically the whole of the ground. It is important to remember that there was no road along the Calder Valley. The main road from Halifax to Heptonstall, was via Highroad Well and Newlands to Luddenden. Then it climbed straight up the opposite hill-side, through Midgley Town to Mount Skip, then past Wadsworth Lanes it dropped to the Hebden at Hebden Bridge. From the bridge, the road went up the steep Buttress to Heptonstall. Beyond Heptonstall, the route was along the Long Causeway (the ancient crosses on the Causeway denote how very old this road is); or the traveller could take the Widdop track into Lancashire. It is the old pack horse road from Halifax to Lancashire, and as historically interesting as the Magna Via to Wakefield. From the 156 . THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. hill-side about Westfield in Warley, we obtain a splendid view of this section of the Calder Valley with Heptonstall in the distance, perched on a spur of the flanking hills, and in imagination we may see the Heptonstall forces sallying out to annoy Mackworth's rften. On Monday, October 23rd, Colonel Bradshaw, Captain Taylor, and two Lancashire companies marched along this Height Road, until they came to the Hollins in Warley (James Murgatroyd's old home). The Cavaliers were inside the house, but their resistance was soon overcome. The defenders threw the stone slates off the roof on to the attackers. The oak door could not be battered in, and the mullioned windows were too narrow for a man to get his shoulders through. At length one of the stone mullions was hacked away, and the house was entered. Forty -three soldiers, and two officers were taken back to Heptonstall as prisoners. Only one of the attackers was hurt — by a slate — and he soon recovered. The guards who were on duty on the next Sunday night, reported " sore streaming in the night, being all the night as light as moonlight. " There was probably a fine display of shooting stars, and in those days people thought that the stars foretold important events. Sir Francis Mackworth made up his mind to clear this enemy out of his territory, and gave orders for Hepton- stall to be taken on November 1st. Between three and four o'clock on that dark morning, an army marched out of Halifax composed of about four hundred musketeers, and four hundred cavalry. They had chosen a bad day, and " there was great wind and rain in their faces. " They attempted to scale the heights at Heptonstall, but the defenders drove them back, and rolled great rocks down the hillside on to the Boyalists. Some of Mackworth's 157 158 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. men fell down a scar and were killed, and others were drowned in the flooded Hebden. A hundred foot, and fifty horse pursued the retreating Royalists to Luddenden. Forty prisoners including three commanders were taken, and sent to Rochdale. One of the Priestley's of Goodgreave, Soy land, who was with the Heptonstall force, saw a wounded Royalist in danger of drowning, and jumped into the stream and rescued him. The same night, Priestley went on guard in his wet clothes, caught a chill and died in three weeks. The Parliamentary commander. Colonel Bradshaw, died on December 8th, and Major Eden took over the command. Many of .the men who spent that Christmas around the camp fire at Heptonstall, had been in Bradford the previous Christmas, defending that town against Sir William Savile. On January 4th, 1644, Major Eden marched his little army through Sowerby, leaving Captain Helliwell's company to guard his camp. At Sowerby Bridge he encountered the Royalists, killed three, and captured Captain Clapham and forty men. Captain Farrar and his cavalry, chasing the retreating Royalists towards Halifax, ventured too far, and could not regain their main force at Sowerby Bridge. Mackworth's outposts at King Cross and Sentry Edge, blocked the direct route back to Heptonstall, so Farrar appears to have led his men across Halifax Moor and Ovenden Wood, with the intention of crossing the head of Luddenden Dean and the moors, to Heptonstall. They were checked in Mixenden, and obliged to fight on the slope between Hunter Hill and Mixenden Brook. Portions of gun barrels, locks, and flints have been found on Hunter Hill. The traditional name of the place is Bloody Field, and a LOCAL SKIRMISHES. 159 part of Binns Hole Clough is called Slaughter Gap. Captain Farrar and nine of his men were obliged to surrender, and one of his men was slain. Three of the prisoners were hanged forthwith, near the Gibbet, for deserting from Sir Francis Mackworth's force. The remainder of the troop reached Heptonstall, bringing a Mr. Thompson with them, having made him a prisoner at Moor end. Sir Francis Mackworth sent to Keighley for fifteen hundred more men, and on January 9th, the Keighley and Halifax soldiers set out once again to attack Heptonstall. Major Eden had news of their approach, and he left the town, taking all his prisoners and munitions of war. He retreated along the Long Causeway, through Stiperden to Burnley, and on the next day his forces reached Colne. The Boyalists entered an empty town, and gained a barren victory. They pillaged Heptonstall, and set fire to fourteen houses and barns. On January 14th, Major Eden's men joined Sir Thomas Fairfax's Army at Manchester. They saw some fighting in Cheshire, and afterwards re-joined Lord Fairfax in East Yorkshire. Sir Francis Mackworth had driven his enemies out of this district, but he only enjoyed three weeks undisputed sway, for on January 28th, 1644, the King's Army left Halifax, after possessing it for six months. The evacuation of Halifax was due to the fact that a Scottish Army crossed the border on January 19th, pledged to fight for the Parliament. On July 2nd, the great battle of Marston Moor was fought, where Cromwell and his fellow generals won a decisive victory, and the north of England was gained for the Parliament. Cromwell's military genius evolved the New Model Army — an army that was eflScient and ready to fight 160 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. anywhere against the King. Thus a stop was put to the wasteful and unsatisfactory county fighting. The Battle of Naseby w^as won by this army on June 14th, 1645, and the King was utterly defeated. In 1645, the Scottish Army was quartered in the West Riding, and a large number of the soldiers were billeted in Halifax. Their leaders were anxious to return home, for in their absence Montrose had raised a' Highland Army for the King's side. The coming of the Scots to our town, was probably one of the causes of the Plague which afflicted Halifax. The town was over- crowded, and the badly-drained, narrow streets became filthy. In August, 1645, there were 84 deaths; in September, 153; October, 216; and in November, 76. These figures are terrible for the small population. Tradition says that everyone living in the Mulcture Hall was carried off by the disease. Another story, states that the soldiers and other travellers, in order to avoid the town, went round by "Trooper" Lane, instead of down by the Church, and up the Old Bank. In order to escape the infection, the Sowerby Constables had a chain across the road near Sowerby Bridge, and kept watch that no suspected person entered their town. There had been plagues in the district before this out- break. In 1631, fifty-five Ovenden people died, and were buried near their own houses. Thirty-one of the fifty-five died in the month of August, and the centre of the pestilence appears to have been at Cock Hill, near Bradshaw. In the same year Heptonstall was visited, and 107 carried off by the Plague. The Scottish leaders and the English Parliament disagreed on religious questions. The former allies became enemies, and the Scots made a secret agreement PRESTON BATTLE. 161 with King Charles, promising to raise an army to support the King. This army, under the command of the Marquis of Hamilton, crossed the border into England in April, 1648. Cromwell hurried northward to meet the Scots, but he was not quite certain as to the route Hamilton intended to take, for the Scots had the choice of the Lancashire side of the Pennines, or the York Plain. Cromwell marched through Doncaster and Kparesborough, to Skipton, and then, discovering that his opponents had decided on the western route, Cromwell hurried through the great Aire Gap, and the forces met at Preston. Our district had to provide food for Cromwell's men, and we know that Sowerby provided on one occasion " 20 hundredth of bread," costing over £20, 2 cows, beans, and other provisions. Six pack horses laden with supplies were sent to Addingham on August 13th, and on the 18th, ten horse loads were sent to Skipton, but as Cromwell had left that town, the pack-horses had to follow the army further up Airedale. John Hodgson, the Halifax man who had left Coley Chapel to fight at Bradford, stayed in the army for the duration of the wars, and he wrote an interesting- account of his adventures. Hodgson was with Major General Harrison's army at Penrith when the Scots crossed the border, and they were obliged to retreat until they met Cromwell at Eipon. Major Poundall and Hodgson were in command of the advance guard of Cromwell's army, and the General ordered them to attack before half of their men had come up. The enemy's bullets went high over their heads, so Hodgson's men charged, and appear to have fought bravely. Hodgson was in the thick of the fighting, and came out unscathed. The result of the Preston Battle was an overwhelming victory for Cromwell. Hodgson's greatest 162 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. day was at the Battle of Dunbar. Cromwell invaded Scotland in 1650, and at the beginning of September, found himself in a perilous position at Dunbar, hemmed in by the Scottish Army, which was astride the south road to England. Oliver Cromwell actually sent a letter to the Governor of Newcastle, telling him what to do if the English Army was cut up. But the Scots were impatient, and instead of waiting, they came down from their hill-top to attack Cromwell. The General seized his chance, and ordered his men to advance. Very early in the morning, Hodgson's company, along with others, met the enemy, and with "push of pike, and butt-end of the musket " drove them back. Cromwell himgelf rode in the rear of Hodgson's regiment and gave them orders, and presently the whole of the armies were in battle, and the Scots were driven off in confusion. "And over St. Abb's Head and the German Ocean, just then, burst the first gleam of the level sun upon us," and John Hodgson tells " I heard Nol say, ' Now let God arise, and His enemies be scattered,' and, following us as we slowly marched, I heard him say ' I profess they run! ' " The Scots were defeated, and the General made a halt, and sang the Hundred-and-seventeenth Psalm until the horse could reform for the pursuit. ^ -SiS' w^1 Dunbar was probably Cromwell's greatest victory, and Carlyle has written a fine description of the battle, based on Hodgson's account. After Dunbar, John Hodgson was made a Captain in Cromwell's own regiment. Captain Hodgson was a soldier for eighteen years, and served part of the time at sea under the famous Admiral Blake, against the Dutch. We have followed the Civil Wars from the Par- liamentary side, because the local accounts of the SOME LOCAL ROYALISTS. 163 fighting were written by men of that side, and because the large majority of Halifax men were so-minded. It is only fair to mention some of the Royalists. Langdale Sunderland, of High Sunderland, was brother-in-law to Sir Marmaduke Langdale, one of the King's Generals, and so he commanded a troop of horse in Sir Marmaduke's army. Langdale Sunderland had to pay a heavy fine for taking up arms against the Parliament, and he was obliged to sell the family estates at High Sunderland and Coley Hall. In that way the Sunderlands lost High Sunderland, after living there for four hundred years. Nathan Drake of Godley, was one of the garrison that held Pontefract Castle so long for the King, and he wrote a diary of the siege. Richard Gledhill, of Bark- island Hall, was killed at Marston Moor on the Royalist side. He had been knighted by the Earl of Newcastle. Matthew Broadley, of Lane Ends, Hipperholme, was Purveyor and Paymaster-General to the King's Forces. He was a very rich man, and lent money to King Charles. *' Local Incidents in the Civil War," by H. P. Kendall. (Halifax Antiquarian Society Transactions, 1909, 1910, 1911). "Three Civil War Notes": — 1. Official Despatch on Adwalton Battle. 2. Halifax Refugees in Lancashire. 8. Mixenden's Bloody Field. By T. W. Hanson. (Hx. Antiquarian Society Transactions, 1916). •• Refusal of Knighthood by Halifax Landowners in 1630-32." (Halifax Guardian Almanack, 1903). ** Autobiography of Captain John Hodgson." Reprinted, with notes by J. Horsfall Turner. 164 CHAPTER XII. JOHN BREAECLIFFE 1651 COMMISSION — HALIFAX'S FIRST MEMBER OF PARLIAMENT — THE PARISH CHURCH DURING THE COMMONWEALTH THE LAST YEARS OF THE GIBBET — THE RESTORATION AND ACT OF UNIFORMITY — OLIVER HEYWOOD's DIARIES — ARCHBISHOP TILLOTSON. "We came to Halifax 9 Febr. 1644, being Thursday," says John BrearcKffe, and as he took pains to record the local events of this period, it is fitting that we should have a few particulars of the man himself. John Brear- clifie was the son of Edmund Brearcliffe, who was Parish Clerk for Dr. John Favour. The Vicar was godfather to the little boy when John was baptised on August 29th, 1618. Dr. Favour died live years later, and left £5 for his godson. Brearcliffe is thus a connecting link between the Puritans of Dr. Favour's age, and the later Puritans who fought against King Charles. Brearcliffe was one of the Heptonstall garrison, and we owe our knowledge of the local skirmishes almost entirely to the account that he wrote of the fighting. In 1651, a Commission was appointed to enquire into all the local charitable bequests. Brearcliffe was one of the jurymen, and he wrote out a full account of the findings of the Pious Uses Commission. Witnesses were called to prove how much money had been left to Heath Grammar School, and how it had been spent, and the Governors of the Workhouse had to render an account of their trust. Executors of wills, where money had been left for the poor, or the church, or repairing of highways and bridges, or for other pious uses, brought their papers to show that their affairs were quite in order. There is no doubt that by this enquiry, Halifax people saved many a valuable legacy that might have lapsed or been forgotten. HALIFAX S FIRST M. p. 165 On July 12th, 1654, Halifax elected its first Member of Parliament. Manchester, Leeds, and Halifax were the only new towns that received this privilege, and it shows that Halifax was becoming a place of some importance. Our first member represented the whole parish, or the area that is now covered by the Sowerby, EUand, and Halifax Parliamentary Divisions. In the Brearcliffe Manuscript is a full list of the 59 men who voted for Jeremy Bentley of Elland, first M.P. for Halifax. Among the voters were Mr. William Farrar, of Ewood ; Mr. Joshua Horton, of Sowerby ; Eobert Ramsden, Stoneyroyd ; John Lister, of Upper Brear ; Samuel Bentley, Well Head; Arthur Hanson, Brighouse; Joseph Fourness, Boothtown ; and John Brearcliffe. Jeremy Bentley and his Hahfax friends tried to get another privilege, and a meeting of all the townships was called for August 14th, 1654, to secure a Corporation for Halifax. They were not successful in their attempt to make the parish into a borough. We do not know why the grant of incorporation was refused, but we may surmise that the vast area was considered too large for one borough. Cromwell and his soldiers are blamed for damaging a great many churches. An earlier Cromwell was the responsible minister, under Henry YHL, for the destruction of the monasteries, and the spoliation of the churches ; and people have charged Oliver with deeds that Thomas Cromwell really committed. But whatever happened at other places, Halifax Parish Church was well cared for during the Commonwealth period. We have to thank John Brearcliffe for the attention paid to the fabric of the church, for he was a man of influence in public affairs, and an antiquary full 166 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. of reverence for the historic building. Brearclifie compiled a list of the priests and parsons who had been vicars, and he collected th^ir coats of arms. He painted these arms in their correct colours on panels, which were placed in the church vestry. These panels, dimmed with age, are still there, and later vicars have added their arms to the cpllection. After Brearclifie died, the large panels of the roof of the church were decorated with the arms of the vicars and local families, and Halifax Church is the only one that is so decorated. Brearclifie bound the early Eegisters, and so helped to preserve them. He made a catalogue of the Church Library, and hunted up some books that had been borrowed years before. He had the rusty book-chains oiled, new chains fitted to the volumes, also giving a sixpence to two men to take all the books out to air them. While Brearclifie was Overseer, he mended the screens, and attended to other minor repairs. The Royal Arms were taken down, and the State's Arms put up in their place. The Scotch soldiers, while they were encamped about Halifax, removed the old font from the church, because they considered it a relic of superstition. The beautiful font cover was left swinging in the church for five years, and then in 1650 it was taken to a Mr. Hartley's parlour, and remained there for ten years. During the Commonwealth period, several beautiful windows were inserted on the north and south sides of the choir, and at the west end, some of which were the gift of Mistress Dorothy Water house, the widow of the great benefactor. These windows are plain glass — not stained — and the leads are arranged in a beautiful pattern. Their design is excellent, and they are quite VICAR MARSH. 167 unique, for no other church has such Commonwealth glass. Fjg. 64.— Commonwealth Window in Halifax Church. The Civil War was a religious war, and when [the Puritans came into power, they made many sweeping alterations in the English Church. Dr. Marsh had been vicar of Halifax, also holding several other good livings in the Church. He w^as one of the King's chaplains, and attended Charles I. during his imprisonment. Dr. Marsh was also himself imprisoned, being caught on his w^ay to join the forces under the Earl of Derby. The funds belonging to Halifax Church, were voted to Lord Fairfax to pay his soldiers. The chapels of Illingworth, Luddenden, Sowerby, etc., were provided by the people living near those chapels. Halifax men agreed to pay the stipends of the ministers needed for Halifax Church 168 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. in the same way. So that for some years Halifax Parish was disendowed, and ours appears to be the only Parish Church that was treated in that manner. Under the Commonwealth, there was a variety of ministers in the chapels of Halifax Parish. John Lake, one of the preachers at Halifax Church, was born in Petticoat Lane, now called E-ussell Street. He afterwards became Dean of York, and Bishop of Chichester, and is famous in English history for being one of the Seven Bishops, who were imprisoned in the Tower by King- James IL Oliver Heywood of Coley, Isaac Allen of Bipponden, and Henry Boote of Sowerby ministered at this time, when religious freedom and liberty of conscience were questions that deeply stirred the country. The Puritans were very strict about the morals of the people, and they so hated crime that they revived the Gibbet Law. The remarkable thing about the Halifax Gibbet, is that men should be beheaded for stealing goods of so paltry a value as thirteenpence half -penny, and the custom retained so long after it had fallen into disuse in other places. Most people considered it to be a barbarous practice, and wondered that it should survive at Halifax. In 1645, the stone platform was built, which stands behind the Waterworks Office in Gibbet Street. In five years, 1645-\.6CjO, five men were "headed" by the gibbet axe, and after that the local law was abolished. John Brearcliffe, who was Constable of Halifax in 1650, wrote an account of the last trial, and he defended what he called the " Prudent, Christian, and Neighbourly Proceedings." About the latter end of April, 1650, Abraham Wilkinson, John Wilkinson, and Anthony Mitchell, all of Sowerby, were arrested near Halifax, and taken into THE LAST GIBBET TRIAL. 169 the custody of the Baihff of Hahfax. The BaiUff sent word to the Constables of HaUfax, Sowerby, Warley, and Skircoat, charging them to appear at his house on Fig. 65.— Shaw Booth. Photo. H. P. Ketidall. 12 170 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. April 27th, each bringing four good men to form the jury. The sixteen jurymen assembled at the BailifiTs House, where the prisoners, the stolen goods, and the men from whom the things had been stolen, were all brought before the jury. Samuel Colbeck, of Shaw Booth in Luddenden Dean, said that the three prisoners had stolen sixteen yards of russet coloured kersey from his tenters on April 19th, and part of the cloth was there in the room. John Cusforth of Sandal Parish, near Wakefield, said that Abraham Wilkinson and Anthony Mitchell, in the night of April 17th, had stolen a black colt and a grey colt off Durker Green, and the two colts were produced for the jury to see and value. John Fielden said that Abraham Wilkinson had taken a whole kersey piece from the tenters at Brearley Hall about Christmas last, and when he found part of the piece in Wakefield, Isaac Gibson's wife said that Wilkinson had delivered the piece to her. Abraham Wilkinson disputed this last evidence, and the jury adjourned the trial for three days. On April 30th the jury brought in their verdict. They gave Abraham Wilkinson the benefit of the doubt in the Brearley Hall case. They valued the russet-coloured kersey at nine shillings, and the two colts at forty-eight shillings, and three pounds. Abraham Wilkinson and Anthony Mitchell confessed to the thefts, and both charged John Wilkinson with assisting them. The verdict ends: — '• By the ancient Custom and Liberty of Halifax, whereof the Memory of Man is not to the contrary, the said John Wilkinson and Anthony Mitchell are to suffer Death, by having their heads sever'd and cut off from their Bodies at Halifax Gibbet ; unto which Verdict we subscribe our Names, the 30th Day of April, 1650." Then follow the sixteen names. The two Sower by men were executed the same day. Another writer says THE LAST GIBBET TRIAL. 171 that it is certain that the minister attended the culprits on the scaffold, and prayed with them, while the 4th Psalm was played around the platform, on the bagpipes. The last verse of this psalm is "I will lay me down in peace, and sleep ; for Thou, Lord, only makest me dwell in safety." SVmteilfawA^Ugy g®gfie/cy U SGalifax. Pig. 66.— Halifax Gibbet, from Camden's "Britannia" (1695). 172 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. This was the last trial, and the Gibbet Book says " that the Gibbet and the Customary Law got its suspension because some Persons in that Age judged it to be too severe." The Chief Person of the Common- wealth, Oliver Cromwell, used these words when he opened the second Protectorate Parliament. "But the truth of it is, there are wicked, abominable laws that will be in 3^our power to alter. To hang a man for sixpence, thirteenpence, I know not what ; to hang for a trifle and pardon a murder, is in the ministratioD of the law, through the ill framing of it. I have known in my experience, abominable murders quitted ; and to come and see men lose their lives for petty matters! This is a thing that God will reckon for, and I wish it may not lie upon this nation a day longer than you have an opportunity to give a remedy ; and I hope I shall cheerfully join with you in it. This hath been a great grief to many honest hearts, and conscientious people, and I hope it is in all your hearts to rectify it." We are sorry that the men of Halifax did not share the more clement ideas of Cromwell, for their retention of the cruel local custom gave Halifax a bad name. The Stuart family was restored to the throne of England on May 29th, 1660, when King Charles II. entered London. Soon afterwards. Parliament passed the Act of Uniformity, whereby all clergymen and ministers who refused to accept the usages of the Church of England were expelled from their livings. Oliver Hey wood of Coley ; Henry Boote of Sowerby ; Timothy Boote. his son, of Sowerby Bridge ; and Eli Bent ley of Halifax were amongst those who were ejected. Heywood was fined for not attending church, and also told that he would be put out if he tried to OLIVER HEY WOOD. 173 attend. In 1665, the Five Mile Act was passed, which forbade the ejected ministers to live within ^Ye miles of their old church. For a little while. Hey wood went back into Lancashire to live, but he continued to preach, despite the fact that constables and soldiers broke up his meetings, and notwithstanding the fines, imprison- ment, and other persecutions he had to sufier. Oliver Hey wood kept a diary, and his note-books are of exceptional interest to us, because he jotted down all manner of details about the people and occurrences of his time. Thus he has given us a full portrait of himself and his surroundings. We have only space to quote a few specimens from his rich store. Oliver Hey wood was a very big man. He was weighed at Mr. John Priestley's in York, August 20th, 1681, and drew seventeen and a half stones. It needed a good horse to carry him over the hilly roads of our district, and he tells many times of his bay horse, his black horse, his white mare, and the miraculous escapes he had from heavy falls on frosty roads and diflScult fords. In some years, he rode 1,400 miles on his preaching tours. Mr. Hey wood had many offers from larger churches, but he stayed with his Coley people, though his stipend did not exceed £20 a year, and often he had no idea where to obtain his next meal. Yet he tells us that every Lord's day he had six to ten to dinner, besides many others who had bread and broth, and on sacrament days his maid would serve fifty people. From the diaries we learn that the richer people like Justice Farrar of Ewood, took their families to York for the winter, so that they might enjoy the social life of the county town, instead of being confined to their lonely halls during the inhospitable weather. At the 174 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. winter fair in Halifax, a hundred beasts were killed in one day, besides a great number in the townships around. The meat was salted and hung up, for the scattered houses had to provide as if for a siege, for they might be snowed up for weeks. Hahfax Market was such an important one that bread was brought from places as far off as Gomersal, whence Bridget Brook came regularly with her bread for over forty years. We are told of the dancing and games on May Day and Mid- summer Day, and of the cock-fights that took place at the Cross Inn. The merriment often ended in fighting. The diaries are also full of the doings of his neighbours, some good and some bad. John Gillet was church- warden in 1665, when the great south door of the Parish Church was made, and his initials are on one of panels. John would not help his father when he was put in Pomfret jail for debt. Sometime after, Gillet's business as a draper went wrong, and he himself was cast into Halifax Prison. Oliver Hey wood's house is still to be seen in North- owram, and the old doorhead has: — "O. H. A. EBENEZER 1677." The initials stand for Oliver Heywood and his wife Abigail. In 1630, John Tillotson was born at Haugh End, Sowerby. His father, Eobert Tillotson, was in the cloth trade and lived to be ninety-one. Colne Grammar School and Heath Grammar School claim to have had a share in John's education. He entered Clare Hall College, Cambridge, before he was seventeen. Three years later he was Bachelor of Arts, and attained his M.A. in 1654. On September 17th of that year, he preached at Halifax Church, while enjoying "a sojourn ARCHBISHOP TILLOTSON. 175 in the bracing air of Sowerby." Tillotson became one of the most famous of EngHsh preachers. In 1691, he was ■[^/^^''''^^ki^SBS^HHK^ ^-'N )&mL J p?^i__. 13?^%% • Fig. 67.--HAUGH End, Sowerby. Photo. H. P. Kendall. appointed Archbishop of Canterbury, but he only held the high office for three years, as he died on November 22nd, 1694. Dr. Gordon in the ''Dictionary of National 176 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. Biography," says " Testimony is unanimous as to Tillotson's sweetness of disposition, good humour, absolute frankness, tender-heartedness, and generosity." In Sowerby Church there is a fine statue of Archbishop Tillotson, carved by Joseph Wilton, KA. in 1746. ^-i'('',^<'r''T.'^<^'iT^'^''''i Fig. 68.— Archbishop Tillotson's Signature. Photo. H. P. Kendall. **Our Local Portfolio," edited by E. J. Walker. (Halifax Guardian, commencing June, 1856). •' Halifax Parish Church under the Commonwealth." (1909). " Halifax Church,*1640-1660 " (1915-16-17). " The Gibbet Law Book " (1908). By T. W. Hanson. (Halifax Antiquarian Society Transactions). "Halifax Gibbet Law," with appendix,'[reprinted by J. Horsfall Turner. Wright's "Antiquities of Halifax," ' do. do. "John Tillotson," by A. Gordon. (Dictionary of National Biography). 177 CHAPTER XIII. THE CLOTH HALLS OF LONDON AND HALIFAX — DEFOE S VISIT TO HALIFAX LOCAL MANUFACTUREBS TURN FROM WOOLLEN TO WORSTED SAM HILL OF MAKING PLACE — COAL MINING — JACOBITE REBELLION OF 1745. The Civil War was bad for the cloth trade, though some of the Halifax makers carried on "business as usual " during war time. Tom Priestley of Good-greave, travelled to and from London with a string of eight or nine pack-horses. Sometimes he engaged a convoy to guard his horses ; at other times he ran the risks of the road without convoy, and during all that dangerous time he lost neither goods nor horses. He took £20 worth of cloth on each journey, and made £20 clear profit. The horses came back to Halifax laden with wool from Kent or Suffolk. The Exchange, where cloth was bought and sold in London, was at Blackwell Hall. Both James I. and Charles I. had issued proclamations forbidding the sale of cloth in London inns and warehouses. All the cloth had to be taken to Blackwell Hall, and the dues went towards the support of Christ's Hospital for the main- tenance of the poor children. Many of the Halifax manufacturers had agents living in London, to sell their cloth at Blackwell Hall. Joseph Fourness held such a position as a young man ; afterwards he became a partner in his firm and built Ovenden Hall for his residence. Halifax had a Cloth Hall (sometimes called Halifax Blackwell Hall) as early as Elizabeth's reign, and long before Leeds, Bradford, or Huddersfield. We also had a Linen Hall, but there are no records of the linen trade. The old Cloth Hall stood somewhere near 178 THE STORY OF OliD HALIFAX. the top of Crown Street — hence the place is still called Hall End. The lads who went as apprentices to the cloth trade in the seventeenth century bad to work very hard. Joseph Priestley, who was not a very strong youth, said that he regularly drove his master's pack-horses from Leeds or Wakefield, and when he reached his master's house, he would be given but a mess of broth, or cold milk and bread. Fig. 69.— A TUADKSMAN'S TOKKN, 1667. Robert Whatmough, Carrier for Halifax. Daniel Defoe visited Halifax several times in the early part of the eighteenth century, and he wrote a valuable account of the local trade, for he was always keenly interested in the making of things. His "Adventures of Robinson Crusoe" are not primarily concerned with exploring and fighting, but w^ith the making of his home and the supplying of his daily needs. The Kev. John Watson, in his " History of Halifax," says that Defoe wrote part of "Robinson Crusoe " w^hile staying at the E-ose and Crown in Halifax. On one of his earliest visits ( 1 705), Defoe was surprised, that being such a busy trading centre, Halifax had no magistrates, no member of Parliament, nor any officer but a constable. In his " Tour through Great Britain " (w^hich he undertook about 1714) Defoe approached WORSTED. 179 Halifax from Blackstone Edge. He observed that the nearer he came to HaHfax, the closer together were the houses. The hill-sides, which were very steep, were spread with houses, and hardly a house standing out of speaking distance from another. Each house had three or four small fields attached to it, a cow or two were kept for the family, but little or no corn was grown. Each clothier kept a horse to bring his wool and pro- visions from the market, and to carry his cloth to the fulling mill, or to his customer. At every house was a tenter on which hung a piece of cloth. A rill of running water was guided past each house, and the water used for scouring or dyeing. At the beginning of the eighteenth century, Halifax men began to try weaving finer cloths. Their staple trade had been the coarse woollen kerseys. Now they turned their attention to shalloons or worsteds, and endeavoured to capture the trade that engaged Norwich and the West of England. There is a vast difference between these two branches of the textile trade, though the important difference between woollen and worsted may be explained very simply. In the woollen industry, the wool is carded, and the fibres placed side by side by rollers covered with teeth, and the ribbon of wool is spun into a thick yarn. In the worsted industry, the wool is combed into long slivers, and the yarn spun from these slivers is much finer and brighter than the woollen yarn. The short wool fibres are combed out of the slivers, and sold to the woollen manufacturers. Samuel Hill of Making Place in Soyland, was one of the principal local makers who determined to capture the worsted trade. At the beginning of the eighteenth century he was doing a large trade in woollen kerseys. 180 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. He had a quaint way of marking his pieces, naming the various quahties after members of his family. His price-hst of 1738 reads as follows: — Samuel Hill of Soyland at 60. Sam Hill of Soyland at 56. Sam and Eliz. Hill at 50. Elizabeth Hill at 41. Richard Hill ... ... at 39. Sam Hill at 37. James Hill ... at 33^. Sx Hx Soyland at 30." Fig. 70.— Making Place (about 1870, when it was Mr Dove's Academy). A few of Sam Hill's business letters, written in 1738, have been preserved and printed. These letters show him to have been a keen, hard-working man, blunt and SAM HILL. 181 frank, used to saying exactly what he thought. He wrote to Hendrick and Peter Kops (merchants on the Continent): — "I very well know what all the makers can do, and when I cannot serve my friends as well or better, I will leave off business." Many of these letters Photo. H. P. Kendall. Fig. 71.— Sam Hill's Pattern Book. refer to his experiments in weaving worsteds, and his anxiety to attain success in that branch of trade. In a letter to an English merchant he says "Methinks I like to make them, and fancy I shall in time do it well." In another letter, addressed to Mr. Abraham Van Broyes, a merchant in the Low Countries, Sam Hill 182 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. writes "The narrow Shaloons of the Mark Sam Hill . . . are, I think, such goods as I may say are not to be out- done in England by any Man, let Him be who He will." He also states that he commenced the worsted manufacture to keep some of his workmen from going to East Anglia, or the West of England, " but, however, I think it's now very evident these Manufactories will come, in spite of fate, into these northern Countys." Samuel Hill was in a very large way of business. In 1747, his turnover was £35,527 6s. 8d., and for several years about that date he never sold below £23,000 worth of cloth per annum. On February 21st, 1744, one consignment of 22 bales to Cornelius and Jan Van der Vliet of Amsterdam, totalled £2,242 12s. The Soyland cloth was sent to Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Utrecht, Antwerp, Bremen, and Petrograd, and one pattern sheet is endorsed "Provided for St. Petersburg, to be sent from there to Persia by way of Astracan. " The introduction of the worsted trade was one of the great landmarks in the history of local trade. It was destined to make the West Riding into the greatest cloth centre of the world. It is easy to realise the vast difference it made to local manufacturers. In 1644, Tom Priestley of Soyland thought he was doing well when he sold £20 worth of woollen cloth' in London, but a hundred years later, Sam Hill of Soyland was selling £2,000 worth of worsteds at a time, or a hundred-fold advance in trade. We shall see a little later, the difierence this made in local architecture. At present we must note, for it is very important, that this gigantic business was being conducted from Soyland, a hill-top hamlet which no firm of to-day would select as a site for their business premises. COAL MINING. 183 Samuel Hill worked in a different manner from the older clothiers. It was manifestly impossible for him and his family to weave so much cloth, and also im- possible to have sufficient looms under his roof to produce the quantity. He gave out the work to the houses round about in Soyland and Sowerby, and he probably went further afield in his busy years. He would superintend the different branches of* the under- taking, but he must have employed hundreds of men to make up his vast stock. Pig. 72.— Entrance to Coal Mink (17th Century) at Upper Siddal Hall. The names of these cloths — calamancoe, camlet, grogram, russel, shalloon, and amens — are as old- fashioned and pretty as the names of wild flowers, and there is quite a romance in some of these titles. The last three are patterns that were first made in Flanders, and commemorate their birth-places — Rejssel (the Flemish name of Lille), Chalons-sur-Marue, and Amiens. 184 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. On the top of Soil Hill, near Ogden, is a large mound in the shape of a ring, and in the centre of this ring is a deep hollow. It is the shaft of an old coal mine that has been filled in. Similar holes — some filled with water — are to be found about Soil Hill and other places. The most interesting relic is in the yard at the back of Siddal Fig. 73.— Ruins of Old Water- Wheel, Sim Carr Clough, Shibden. Hall, where, in what looks like the arch of an immense fireplace, we have the entrance to a seventeenth century coal pit. Then again, in the deep clough just above Sim Carr, Shibden, are the ruins where a water wheel once pumped the water from a neighbouring mine. In the rocks about Halifax are thin bands of coal, and in many places, especially Northowram and Southowram, this coal is near the surface, and was worked in very COAL MINING. 185 early days. In 1308, Kichard the Nailer received permission from the Lord of the Manor of Wakefield to dig for coals in the graveship of Hipperholme, and there are numerous later entries on the Court E-olls referring to local coal-mining. About the middle of the sixteenth century, the cloth-makers of York, complaining of the competition of the West E-iding clothiers, said that the men about Halifax had "fire, good and cheap." It certainly was a great advantage, and made the long winters more endurable, to have such good fuel, instead of gathering firewood. Defoe commented on the wise providence that had placed the coal on the hill-tops, so that horses could go empty up-hill, and come down laden with coal. He preferred the hills of Halifax to the beautiful mountains of the Lake Country, because our hills were more useful. In the eighteenth century, shafts were sunk to a depth of fifty yards, though many of the pits were not more than a dozen yards below the surface. [The word "pit" means an open quarry or hole]. In order to drain the water away from the workings, soughs or drifts were bored into the hill-side, and the mine could not be sunk below the level of the valley bottom because of the drainage. The first pump for the Shibden Hall mines was bought in 1755, and it only cost 8s. 6d. Twenty years later, water-wheels were erected at Mytholm at a cost of £1,000, to work the pumps in Mr. Jeremy Lister's colliery. In 1726, the first Gin-horse was used at Shibden. The horse walked round and round a ring, and the gin wound up the colliery rope on the same principle as a capstan. At the pit-head, the coal was loaded on to pack-horses, and carried down to the farm - houses. There were small coal-pits to the west of 13 186 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. Halifax, but coal-mining on an extensive scale was confined to the east of the ridge that runs from Soil Hill to Elland Park Wood. In 1745, Bonnie Prince Charlie landed in Scotland, and taking advantage of the English defeat at Fontenoy, marched into England with his Highland host. On November 28th, a sergeant, a woman, and a drummer, (who was a Halifax man 'tis said) entered Manchester in advance of the Pretender's army, and gained 180 recruits. Two days later, St. Andrew's Day, Charles Stuart came to Manchester. Yorkshire people were naturally alarmed at this Scotch invasion, and the deputy lieutenants proposed that the local forces should mobilise at Leeds, " as the valleys are narrow westward of that place, and the rivers now overflow their banks." This means that in the westerly parts about Halifax, there were such bad roads, and so few bridges that it was an impossible country for military operations in winter. The Jacobites marched as far south as Derby, and then the Pretender turned tail and retreated northward to Scotland. General Wade marched from Newcastle to catch the rebels, and was at Ferry-bridge when he heard of the retreat. His first order was to cross the Pennines and march through Halifax into Lancashire, but the Pretender's retreat was so rapid that General Wade had to aim at meeting the enemy farther north, and therefore Halifax missed seeing the King's army. General Guest, who gallantly held Edinburgh Castle during the '45 Rebellion, was born at Spout House, Hove Edge. William Fawcett, who was born at Shibden Hall on Sunday, April 30th, 1727, (his mother was a Lister) became Commander-in-Chief of the British '45 REBELLION. 187 Army. As an ensign he fought at Fontenoy, and with General Wade's army. During a time of peace he Fig. 74.— MAJOR-GrENEaAL SiR WILLIAM FAWCETT, K.C.B. translated French and Prussian army books into English. In the Seven Years War, Captain Fawcett 188 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. carried the despatches to the King announcing the victory of Warburg (July 31st, 1760). George II., who spoke German better than English, was pleased because Fawcett gave him a full account of the battle in German. Promotion followed, and ultimately Sir WilHam Fawcett rose to be head of the British Army. Many Halifax men joined the Army in those days, when England was fighting France, and some were forced to join the Mihtia. After 1757, each township had to prepare lists of their men between 18 and 45 years of age, and the number of men j-equired for the Militia was selected by ballot. In 1776 for instance, Warley found five Militia men. Militia Clubs were formed, and the members paid a guinea and a half. The money was used to pay for substitutes for those members who were chosen by the ballot. The vast amount of money spent on the wars was a burden on the people. Food was very dear, and trade was hampered. *'The Priestley Memoirs," — (Surtees Sofiety, 1888). " A Tour through Great Britain," by Daniel Defoe. " The Letter Books of Joseph Holroyd and Sam liill," edited by H. Heaton. (Banktield Museum Notes, 1914). " Making Place in Soy land, and the Hill Family," by H. P. Kendall. (Halifax Antiquarian Society Transactions, 1916). " Lifn and Letters of Gen. Sir William Fawcett," by J. Lister. (EI all fax Antiquarian Society Transactions, 191 0-11-13-14). "Coal Mining in Yorkshire," by J. Lister — in "Old Yorkshire, (second series) 1885." 189 CHAPTER XIV. CRAGG COINERS— JOHN WESLEY's VISITS. At the beginning of the eighteenth century, the King's Ministers were so busy with foreign wars, that they had neither money nor thought to spare for home aiFairs. They neglected the Mint, and money became very scarce. Coins remained in circulation until their faces were rubbed bare, and no inscription could be seen. They also became smaller with long usage, and the newspapers published tables showing how much these short-weight guineas were worth. Careful tradesmen carried little scales, weighing the coins as well as counting them, as they were passed over the counter. In Bankfield Museum there is a collection of these neat pocket balances. Foreign money — Portuguese and Spanish — was legal tender, and moidores, double pistoles, and pieces of eight were used in England. Some merchants made their own money. Robert Wilson of Sowerby Bridge, boot -maker and general dealer, had engraved brass plates which represented half-a-guinea. Gamwel Sutcliffe of Stoneshey Gate, Heptonstall, gave cards for change, which he promised to redeem for 3s. 6d. You can see specimens of these in Bankfield. We can quite understand that when money was so rare, most people did not know the difference between a good coin and a bad one, or betwixt a light guinea and a full-weight one. The gang of Cragg Yale Coiners took advantage of this state of affairs, and their method of working was as follows: — They would give 22s. for a full-sized guinea. A piece of white paper was spread on the window-sill, and 190 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. with a pair of shears, they cut shavings of gold from the edge of the guinea. Then a new edge was filed on the coin, and it was ready to return into circulation for 21s. The gold clippings were carefully collected, melted, and struck into imitation Portuguese moidores. At Bank- field are some of the actual coining dies that were used in Cragg Vale. It is calculated that forty pennyworth of gold was clipped from each guinea. The moidore passed for 27s., but these Cragg Coiners only put 22s. weight of gold into their counterfeits. So they made a profit of about a pound from seven whole guineas. David Hartley's father said they often treated one hundred guineas at a time. The geographical position of the Cragg farms was also an important factor for the "yellow trade." They were not far away from Halifax, a busy market town, where guineas could be obtained and returned, yet at the same time the coiner's houses were in lonely positions, where it was almost impossible to catch them by a surprise visit. The leader of the gang, David Hartley or "King David " lived at Bell House, a small farmhouse perched at the edge of beautiful Bell Hole. His brother Isaac was nicknamed the " Duke of York," and some of the others also had royal titles. A contemporary list names about seventy men of the district, who were suspected of clipping and coining. About 1767, some Halifax manufacturers reported the unlawful practices to the Government, for outsiders were shy of accepting Halifax money, but the official reply was that they could not spend money in prosecuting the coiners. Soon after, William Dighton, an Excise-man stationed at Halifax, wrote to the Solicitor of the Mint, and received a promise of CRAGG COINERS. 191 Government support in any action he might take to suppress the gang. Mr. Dighton sought for some Cragg Vale man who would turn informer, and secured the services of James Broadbent, who lodged in Hall Gate, Mytholmroyd, and like most traitors, he turned out to be a most untrustworthy man. About the first week of October, 1769, Dighton met Broadbent at Hebden Bridge, with the idea of catching Thomas Clayton, one of the ringleaders. Clayton lived at Stannery End, a lone farmhouse at the corner of the Cragg and Calder valleys, on the edge of the moor above Mytholmroyd. He was a worsted manufacturer, and had two or three looms in his house. On the front of Stannery End, dates such as 1769 are roughly carved, reminders of the exciting years that the house then witnessed. However, when Dighton and his party reached Stannery End, Clayton had gone. The coiners were alarmed, and they conspired to murder Dighton. David Hartley and some others subscribed £100, to be given to the man who killed him. The next move was that "King David" was arrested at the Old Cock Inn, and a coiner called Jagger, at the Cross Pipes, Halifax, on Saturday, October 14th. The two men were taken to York Castle, and Broadbent gave evidence that he had seen them doctoring four guineas. James Broadbent went from York to Mytholm- royd, and told Isaac Hartley and the others what had happened. They persuaded Broadbent to return to York to say that he had made a mistake, and that his evidence was wrong. Broadbent went to York and elsewhere several times to recant his evidence, but the coiners were safe in York Castle, and there they had to stay. 192 S9ft fS ff€^ C O I N E R S COMMITTED TO YORK CASTLE, ON S U S IM C ! O ll Of Chipping, Filing, Edging, aiid Diminifliing the Gold . Coin of this Kingdom. ^ ON Wednrfday cvfnirg, ttn; fth inftjnt, wa^commurtH to York CaOIr, Jntin Picklrs, ot Wadfworth Banks, ncr Haii!ax, en fulpicion «t dinin /5i)i g diree guinea?, and one twrnty fcvtn Ihiilmg piedc of Hoftucal gold-: Atrr he was It'iz.d 1d>ere were touhd m his pock ts, a pair of ^-fciffars, and an inflrument lur milling iht rdges Ot goid piccfs. At the time tne atxive dclca- qucnt was apprt hrndrd, he *as inanoi.Auring vhitc pitces, and Ictnud to kave his Looms ycry relu&anlj : He is an rjderly man, near fixty, has a vrnc and larce iamily, and it it fu] pofcd he is an old offtnOcr. Alfo on Friday latl was committed to York Caftte, John Sutciyffe, of ErringUen, in the Weft Riding, chaijjtd with chipping, fi ini?, edging, and diminiftiing fivcrai guuitas, at.d n h.ilf a guinea. Alfo on Saturday !art, in the evening,—— Oidfield, of Mit'g'rv, was committed to York Caftie, for clij pn g, coining,, &c. Sic. ' I. aft night in the evening, the wife of John PckVs, ammonlv calltd J.ick of Matts, ali..s J.irk ot I'..cket Well, w^s cotKJu<acd thri,* ;his town, iHalif.;x; on her way to York Cllie, on hcrlcback, with her h.nds t)'d, and coining tools in a bag by her fide. As (he pafTid thro" tne bottom of the town, the man »ho !e<t ihr horfc danc'd, and ihemob hoQixd her over the bt idgc. 1 h» wcmao bM been the moft noted Vender and procurer in ihcfc parts. , At the time iTie was taken, her feufbiod midr his tfcape ; Ifae hkcwifr declared, fhou'd her hufhjnd be taken and fuffer the law. (he wi u'd, i,thro' hit information,) bang fgrty This day feveral perfons of this tow» and parts adjacent, have aljlci nded, as is luppofed' lor fear of being ipprehendcd. It is alfo confidently afTcrtcd that there have been above ONE HUNDRED per- fons informed of, and that there -ire now Warrants out againft the moft confidcrable of them. We have now the p'cafing Tatisfafticn oF feeing the Bands of thrfc lormidable lit of vitlainK btoken : Terror and difmay have t^ktn holdrn of thim, am! they no longer daft face the injured public. Behold Great Turrin, fct the Time draw near. When every Golden Son fhali Qtake with 1- ear; See Tyburn gorged with piotr..atd t'ood, And honourd with the Weight ot * Koya) Blocd. • AlJudlug to fome of the COINERS Wo called KINGS. Fig. 75.— A Broadside (from Halifax Public Library). . At this date there was no local newspaper, and news was circulated by broadsides. CRAGG COINERS. 1 93 Isaac Hartley was more than ever determined to be rid of Dighton, and he deputed Thomas Spencer, who lived at New House, Mytholmroyd, to find the assassins. Robert Thomas, who lived at Wadsworth Bank, and Matthew Normanton of Stannery End, promised to shoot the exciseman, and after several fruitless journeys, they laid in wait near Dighton's home at Bull Close (now Savile Close) on November 9th, 1769. Mrs. Dighton was sitting up for her husband, and soon after midnight she heard shots. Fearing the worst, the servant girl was sent to see what had happened, and she found her master murdered. Thomas and Normanton had hidden behind a wall near the bottom of the lane, now called Swires Boad. Thomas's piece missed fire, but Normanton's shot killed the exciseman, and they rifled the dead man's pockets. They set off to Mytholm- royd by the usual route of Highroad Well, Newlands Gate, and Midgley. An inquest was held, which the coroner adjourned from day to day, because there was no magistrate within several miles of Halifax, and therefore nobody but the coroner could examine witnesses. In those days, gentlemen tried to keep out of public positions, and did not appreciate the honour of serving their town and country. James Broadbent, the informer, was one of the men who were suspected of the crime, and he gave the coroner an account of his journey from York on the eve of the murder, in order to clear himself. The government felt obliged to take up the question of coining, seeing that one of their officials had been done to death, and £100 reward was offered for the discovery of the murderer. The Gentlemen and Merchants of the Town and Parish of Halifax added a second £100 to the 194 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. reward. Broadbent was so anxious to secure the £200 that he made another confession, and blamed Thomas, Normanton, and Folds (a cousin of Normanton) for the crime, and the three were committed to York Assizes. The Marquis of Rockingham, of Wentworth Wood- house, came to Halifax on behalf of the Government, and met the local gentlemen at the Talbot Inn in Woolshops. The meeting decided that the gentry had done their utmost, but they would exert themselves still further to discover the murderer, and to stop the clipping and coining. The gentlemen also recommended that Digh ton's family should receive a State pension. Lord Rockingham stayed with Mr. John Royds at his new house in George Street, (now named Somerset House) which was then the finest mansion in Halifax, and contains some fine plaster-work. The Marquis had been Prime Minister of England, and is famed for his patronage of, and friendship for Edmund Burke, the famous writer and politician. At the Sj)ring Assizes at York in 1770, about two dozen of the Goiners were on trial. David Hartley and James Oldfield were sentenced to death, and executed for coining. " King David " tried to save his life by giving evidence against his friends, and he stated that Normanton and 1'homas were the murderers, and his brother Isaac would confirm him. The trials of the other prisoners were postponed to the next Assizes, and the coiners released on bail. The prisons of England were so crowded at this time, that there was not room to keep even those charged with murder, in gaol. The murder trial was taken at the August Assizes, when James Broadbent gave most CRAGG COINERS. 195 minute details of what had happened on the night of the murder, although we may be quite sure that he was nowhere near the scene on that night. His evidence was so untrustworthy that the jury acquitted Norman- ton and Thomas. ;f^?q^-^f., Fig. 76.— The Inn at Mytholmroyd, a Resort of the Coiners. Two years afterwards, Thomas Clayton and Thomas Spencer gave fresh evidence against the two assassins. They could not be tried for murder again, but they were found guilty of highway robbery because they had emptied Mr. Dighton's pockets. The penalty was the same. Thomas and Norman ton were hanged at York, and their bodies suspended in chains on the top of our Beacon Hill, with their arms pointing to the scene of the murder. Halifax people did not like this, because the ugly sight was always before them for a long time. Some of the coiners were imprisoned, others trans- ported, and a few hanged, but although the judges were 196 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. very severe, it was many years before the evil practice was stamped out. For instance, John Cocki-oft of Sand Hall, Highroad Well, was wanted in 1769 for clipping guineas. In 1778, he was tried at Lancaster for making half -pennies, but he got off. Finally in 1782, he was transported for making counterfeit shillings. The Cragg Vale Coiners, besides being bad and desperate men, were mostly cowards. As soon as they got into the clutches of the law, they incriminated their neighbours, friends, and even relations. Some writers have tried to throw an element of romance around the story, but it was really a most miserable business, and it is a relief to turn from the coiners to the study of men of a different type. Near the bottom of Cragg Vale, there stands on a little knoll, a house named Hoo Hole, with a fine chestnut tree before it. From the front windows can be seen the ridge on which stand Stannery End and other coiners' houses, while on the other side of the valley, behind Hoo Hole, are such notorious houses as Bell House, Keelham, and Hill Top. Hoo Hole is in the very centre of the coiners' country, and here on June 28th, 1770, his sixty-seventh birthday, came John Wesley, "one of the makers of modern England," to preach. Two months before — to the day — David Hartley had been hanged, and many of the men of this district were then on bail to appear at York in about another month. It required some courage to preach in such a place. Wesley wrote of his visit in these words: — " It was a lovely valley encompassed by high mountains. I stood on the smooth grass before the house, which stands on a gently rising ground, and all the people on the slope before me. It was a glorious opportunity." Wesley's visits. 197 On one of his early journeys into our district, (May, 1747) Wesley came from Lancashire over the mountain road, passing Widdop, to Heptonstall. At Stoneshey Gate, he had a congregation that filled both the yard and the road. Many were seated on a long, dry wall, and in the middle of the sermon the wall fell down with the persons sitting on it. ''Not one was hurt at all," says Mr. Wesley, "nor was there any interruption of my speaking, or of the attention of the hearers." During the next summer, Wesley visited Halifax and attempted to preach at the Cross in the middle of Old Market, which caused a great commotion in the town. Mr. Wesley said " There was an immense number of people roaring like the waves of the sea, but the far greater part of them were still, and as soon as I began to speak, they seemed more and more attentive." To break up the meeting, a gentleman "scutched" half-pennies among the crowd ; then there was confusion, in which stones and mud were flung at the preacher. A few days later Mr. Wesley was mobbed at Colne, and he retired to Widdop, from which safe refuge he wrote a remonstrance to the church minister of Colne, who had encouraged the rioters. Wesley was again at Widdop in 1766, and the rock from which he preached is still known as Wesley's Pulpit. At such places as Widdop, Heptonstall, and Midgley, the people became eager to listen to his preaching, and Wesley grew fond of this district. In his Journal, he says that nothing since the Garden of Eden could be more pleasant than Calder Vale, between Todmorden and Heptonstall. He could not conceive anything more delightful than the steep mountains, clothed with wood to the top, and washed at the bottom 198 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. by a clear, winding stream. This is indeed high praise, for John Wesley had seen more of England than any other man of his time. About Hebden Bridge and Eastwood the scenery is still beautiful, though the main valley has been .altered much in one hundred and fifty years; however, the glens of the Hebden and Crimsworth still remain unspoiled. Ewood, near Mytholmroyd, was a favourite house of the great preacher — "Ewood, which I still love, for good Mr. Grimshaw's sake." Mr. Grimshaw, rector of Haworth and Wesley's right-hand man, had a great influence on the people about Haworth, Halifax, and Todmorden. Mrs. Grimshaw's home had been at Ewood, and there the two preachers went for rest after heavy days of travelling and speaking. At Lightclifie lived a good and interesting lady in a fine old home — Mrs. Holmes of Smith House — who was one of the first to welcome John Wesley to our district. To Smith House also came the Moravians — missionaries from Germany — and they established a settlement in Lightclifie. They built a large, square house (Lightclifie House) near to Smith House, and they also occupied a house in Wakefield Road, called German House. Later, they made their headquarters -at Fulneck. This great Eevival of the eighteenth century had a wonderful efiect for good on our country, and our own neighbourhood received its full share of the benefit. In the streets and markets, in the fields and country places, preachers worked hard to make better men and women. Ordinary farmers, colliers, and cobblers, took to preaching as well as the regular ministers, and small chapels — often in cottages- -were started in each hamlet. Baptists and Independents as well as Wesleyans were alive to the new spirit. Some of the chapels of this epoch, like TITUS KNIGHT. 199 Wainsgate near Hebden Bridge, and Mount Zion near Ogden, appear to us to be situated in out-of-the-way places, and it has been suggested that their sites were chosen for their first members to be secure from persecution. The real fact is, that at the time of their establishment, these hilly places were centres of population. Titus Knight, a collier in the Shibden Hall mines, came under the notice of Mr. Wesley, and as he was of a studious and thoughtful turn of mind, the collier was asked to preach and to become a schoolmaster. Mr. Knight developed into a famous preacher, but later he left the Wesleyans, and Ultimately the large brick Square Chapel was built for him, where he had large congregations. "The Yorkshire Coiners," by H. Ling Roth. "Cragg Coiners," by T. W. Hanson. (Hx. Antiquarian Socy. Trans., 1909). "The Journal of the Rev. John Wesley." *' Methodist Heroes in the Great Haworth Round, 1734 to 1784." Compiled by J. W. Laycock. CHAPTER XV. THE PIECE HALL — WOOL-COMBING — SPINNING WEAVING FAEMING LIME HOLMES 18tH CENTURY HOUSES * ' EDWABDS OF HALIFAX.' The Piece Hall is one of the finest historic monuments of our town. The building may be likened to a gigantic square amphitheatre, and each side of the square is a hundred yards long. The land, ten thousand square yards, was given by John Caygill, a wealthy merchant who lived at the Shay, who also made a donation of eight hundred guineas to the building fund. It cost about ten thousand pounds to build, and the Piece Hall 200 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. is considered to be a good example of architecture, reflecting credit on the designer, Thomas Bradley, a local man. The top storey was named the Colonnade ; the lower gallery, the Hustic, and the bottom storey along the east side was the Arcade. The Piece Hall was opened on January 1st, 1779, with a great procession, with fireworks in the evening, and much rejoicing. It was a manufacturers' hall, and each manufacturer who subscribed £28 4s., became the owner of one of the 315 rooms. These figures and particulars are not as impressive as an actual visit to the Piece Hall, and the circuit of one of the galleries. Imagine each room full of pieces, and a manufacturer in each doorway waiting for buyers to come and look at his stock. When the market opens, the galleries are busy with merchants walking from room to room, and looking for their particular cloth. Down below, in the '"area," are the smaller makers who have carried their two or three pieces to Halifax Market for sale. Every Saturday, a large amount of cloth was sold here, to be sent to Leeds, London, and other parts of the kingdom, while other buyers were acting for the merchants of Holland and the Continent. A Directory of the Manufacturers' Hall published in 1787, informs us that the manufacturers who had rooms came from Ovenden, Sowerby, Soyland, Warley, Heptonstall, Stansfield, and the other townships of the parish ; from Burnley, Colne, Pendle, Skipton, Kildwick, Sutton-in-Craven, Bradford, Bingley, Keighley, and CuUingworth. Eobert Heaton, of Ponden, beyond Stanbury, had Room No. 120 in the Eustic. The Piece Hall is a striking tribute to the pre- eminent place that Halifax held in the cloth trade at THE PIECE HaLL. 201 the middle of the eighteenth century. The Cloth Halls of Leeds, Huddersfield, and Bradford, were but small in comparison. We must next consider how the Piece Hall was used for business. On Saturday morning at eight o'clock the doors were opened, and from that time until a quarter to ten, the manufacturers were allowed to take in. their goods, but no cart was admitted that was drawn by more than one horse. The manufacturers opened their rooms, and arranged their stocks for the market. The small makers, who had no rooms, were charged a penny for each piece they brought into the Hall. At ten o'clock the Market Bell rang, and the sales began. If a merchant or buyer was found in the Hall before the bell rang, he was fined, so that every buyer had an equal chance. At twelve o'clock the bell proclaimed the market closed, and the buyers had to leave the Piece Hall. From half-past twelve until four o'clock, pack-horses and carts were admitted again to remove the cloth that had been sold. There was also a market for worsted yarn held in a large room on the south side of the Hall from 1-30 to 2-30. At four o'clock the gates were closed again, and the Piece Hall would be deserted until the following Saturday. We may get a glimpse inside one of the rooms with the aid of an old account book belonging to James Akroyd of Brookhouse, and Jonathan Akroyd of Lanehead, near Ogden, who were in partnership as worsted manu- facturers. At first they rented a room from Mr. Pollard, paying two pounds a year; but in 1785 they bought by auction for £30 2s., the room No. 80 Rustic. The number of pieces in the room varied from 50 to 330, and at the end of 1794 when they took stock, they had 269 pieces, valued at £647 6s. Jonathan Akroyd, 14 202 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. THE PIECE HALL. 203 though a good business man, was a poor speller, for boys had little schooling then. He wrote "pees Haull " for Piece Hall. In October, 1801, there is this puzzling entry — "a Pease sined this Day by Boney Part." It refers to the preliminaries of peace with Napoleon, that were signed on October 1st, 1801. The prospect of peace made trade brisk, and 223 pieces were reduced to 102 in a fortnight. The manufacturers, like the Akroyds, who sold their cloth in the Piece Hall, did not make this cloth in mills as is the modern method, but they superintended the various processes, though the work itself — combing, spinning, or weaving — was done at home. After the wool had been sorted, a wool-comber would receive a small quantity along with some soft soap and oil. The wool was thoroughly washed, and the comber took it home. At home he had a small drum-shaped iron stove (I6ins. high and 1 6ms. diameter) to heat his combs. The stove was called a " Pot," and often four men worked with one stove, and they called it "a pot o' four." An unsociable, or independent man was nick- named "a pot o' one." One comb was fixed on to a pad, which in turn was fixed to a post in the middle of the room. The wool was thrown on to the hot comb, and afterwards drawn off with the second hot comb. The wool was worked again on to the fixed comb, and drawn off by hand into long slivers. The slivers were placed on the wool-comber's form, rolled into balls, washed again, and wrung through rollers. The slivers were brought back to the bench, broken into small pieces, sprinkled with oil, and re-combed. After the second combing, the wool was drawn through a hole in a horn disc, and twisted into a neat-looking "top." The short 204 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. wool that was combed out was called " noils," and that was used for the coarser woollen cloths, blankets, etc. In Bankfield Museum is a case containing the utensils of a hand-comber, and an illustrated pamphlet may be obtained giving full particulars of the processes. Four spinners were required to produce sufficient yarn to keep one weaver going ; therefore the manu- facturer was obliged to send his tops far afield to spin. From the Akroyd account books we discover that their wool was spun at Tossit and Wigglesworth, near Long Preston ; at Austwick near Clapham ; and a large quantity went as far as Dunsop Bridge, which is in the Trough of Bowland, a pass that leads to Lancaster. The wool travelled on pack horses, and the carriers charged half-a-crown to take a pack of wool to Dunsop Bridge. The spinners' wages were sent hidden in the wool-packs, exactly in the same way as the Egyptians hid their valuables in corn sacks in Joseph's time. At each place mentioned, Jonathan Akroyd had a small shop-keeper or agent, who was paid a half-penny a pound for putting out the wool. William Thomas of Dunsop Bridge, one of these agents, would distribute the wool among the farmhouses for the women to spin, and afterwards collect the yarn. The other Halifax manufacturers sent their wool into Craven and North Yorkshire to be spun, and Halifax was such an important centre that the old milestones beyond Settle give the distance from Halifax. In the valley above Wheatley is Waltroyd, a white- washed farmhouse sheltered by a huge chestnut tree, which in summer time is like a big umbrella over the house. Just over a hundred years ago, Waltroyd was the home of Cornelius Ash worth, farmer and hand-loom A HAND-LOOM WEAVER. 205 weaver. He kept a diary, and from his entries we can see exactly how a weaver worked. On October 14th, 1782, Cornelius Ashworth "carried a piece," which means that he had finished weaving a piece, and had taken it to some manufacturer like Akroyd of Lanehead, though he never states where he delivered his work. The same day he wove 4 J yds., and the next day 9 yds. of a new piece. Then for a week the loom stood idle, for Ashworth was busy with his harvest. On the 23rd, he wove two yards before sunset, and " clouted my coat in the evening," which means mended or patched it. The next day, he churned until 10 o'clock, and Wove 6 J yds. during the rest of the day. The 25th turned out to be a very wet day, and as no outside work could be done, Ashworth spent the day at his loom, and wove 8|- yards. The day following was Saturday, when he took his corn to the miller, and in the afternoon helped in a neigh- bour's harvest field. On October 29th, Cornelius Ashworth wove 2 J yards ; on the following day 4 yards, which finished the piece, and he carried it to the manufacturer. This piece was 38 yards long ; he had taken sixteen days to weave it ; and he would probably be paid five or six shillings for his work. But of course he had been harvesting and farming, and he was at liberty to change from one work to the other as he liked. This is one great difference between the old days when a man worked at home, and the present time when a weaver has to stay in the mill from six in the morning until six at night. The older life was not so monotonous. Here is the record of one day: — "Saturday, August 16th, 1 783 — A fine, warm, droughty day. I churned and sized a warp in the morning. Went to Halifax and saw^ 206 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. two men hanged on Beacon Hill, their names Thomas Spencer and Mark Saltonstall, having been tried at York Assizes and found guilty of being active in a riot in and about Halifax in June last. They were sentenced to be executed on the above hill. We housed 38 hattocks Fig. 78.— Wai.troyd, Photo. H. P. Kendall. in the afternoon." The droughty weather helped the warp to dry after the sizing. Thomas Spencer was the man who arranged the murder of Mr. Dighton, and he came to his end for leading a mob to break into the warehouses on Corn Market, when bread was very dear. In order to complete the portrait of Mr. Ashworth^ we must note that he went most regularly every Sunday LIME. 207 to Square Chapel, and later to Pellon Lane Chapel. If he did not attend service he wrote an apology in his diary, after this style: — "Sunday, August 7th, 1785 — I stayed at home till noon as I discovered a wound in a young heifer. I thought it a work of necessity to get it dressed immediately." Between the morning and after- noon services, he would go to an inn for dinner and hear all the local news of the week. Cornelius Ashworth comments several times on the number of open graves, he saw in the Parish Churchyard, for children during severe epidemics. The ministers of Square and Pellon Lane Chapels came once a month to Waltroyd to hold services in the large house, and the people about came to hear them preach. The highlands of our parish have never been favour- able to agriculture, but in the eighteenth century, there was more farming than is carried on nowadays. There were no large farms, but most of the clothiers, like Cornelius Ashworth, grew their own corn and kept a few cows. Corn was high in price, and if it had to be imported from a distance by pack-horses it was very dear. Some of the higher farms like Stannery End near Mytholmroyd, harvested crops from land where to-day it would be thought impossible to make such farming pay. The farmers had a few interesting methods of improving the soil that are now practically obsolete. Lime was an excellent dressing for the land, but Halifax is a long way from the limestone area. On the other side of Boulsworth Hill, about Thursden and Wycollar, is a glacial drift where, in remote ages, a glacier left boulders of various rocks. The limestone boulders were picked out of the drift, and burnt in lime-kilns. The other useless boulders were heaped into huge mounds. 208 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. These hillocks are now grass-grown, covered with small trees, and form a picturesque and puzzling feature of the landscape. The lime was carried on pack-horses to the farms about Halifax, and some of the old pack-horse tracks beyond Wadsworth are called Limers' Gates. In a Shibdon Hall account book is this entry :—" 1721, 5 loads Lancashire lime 6s. 8d." A load was two panniers of 1 cwt. each. Emily Bronte tells of Joseph leading lime from Wycollar district to Wuthering Heights. P. G. Hamerton saw the pack-horses carrying lime about Widdop as late as 1856. Cornelius Ash worth records that at Waltroyd the land was irrigated by water-furrowing. In the fields by the stream side, long ditches were dug from which channels and drains carried the water over the field. In the spring-time the beck was dammed, and the water turned into the ditches to overflow the land. In the higher fields, ditches were made, and water turned on to the land from the springs. In the fields at Waltroyd and elsewhere, traces of the ditches and gutters can still be seen. These stream -side fields were named " holmes." The original Scandinavian word meant "island," (for example, Stockholm). Then it was used for land in the bend of a river that was liable to be flooded. Locally we have old place-names, such as Tilley -holme, Mytholm, Bird-holme, and Dodge-holme. Lastly, a " holme " was a field that might be irrigated by a stream. When considering the seventeenth century houses, we decided that the windows afforded the surest guide for the date of the houses. In the eighteenth century houses, the window jambs and mullions are flush with the wall, because the walls were not built so thick. For the same reason the mullions are square in section. 18th century houses. 209 because there was not the need to bevel them. The number of Hghts was also gradually reduced. For such windows see the north side of Hop wood Hall ; Oaksroyd near Copley Station ; Knowl Top, Lightclifie ; or Hazle- hurst in Upper Shibden (1724). Another very common form of window is to be seen at the Pineapple Hotel, North Bridge ; the confectioner's shop in Gibbet Street, below Hoy land's Passage ; houses ofl" South Parade and at Wards End ; and the Malt Shovel Inn, Mytholmroyd (a haunt of the Cragg Coiners). It is a three-light window ; the centre light is higher than the sides, and has a semi-circular top with a keystone. It was called a Venetian window. Between King Cross Lane and Spice Cake Lane, are Middle Street and South Street. There you will find about a dozen houses with these windows. It is a most interesting block of houses, for it is the first row that was built in Halifax. Nowadays the vast majority of people live in rows of houses, but once upon a time the people lived in separate and detached houses. In the eighteenth century, brick came into fashion for Halifax houses, but it did not spread to the outlying townships. For examples, we have Square Chapel (1772); Stoney Royd (1764); the houses in the Square and at Wards End ; the first Halifax Baths at Lilly Bridge ; Waterside ; and an old brick warehouse between Union Street and Thomas Street. The new brick must have looked like sealing-wax, which was used on all letters in those days, for Halifax boys and girls used to sing: — *' Halifax is made of wax, Heptonstall of stone ; There's pretty girls in Halifax, In Heptonstall there's none." Watson, writing in 1775, thought that the cheaper 210 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. brick would supplant the native stone, and that the future Halifax would be a brick-built town. Fig. 79.— South Street, King Ckoss Lane, The first row of houses erected in the town. The wealthy gentlemen of our neighbourhood built many fine houses during the eighteenth century. In fact, all over England, great mansions like Wentworth House and Chatsworth were being erected. One of the most famous of provincial architects was Carr of Yoik, who designed Farnley Hall, Denton Hall, and Harewood House. In our district he erected Pye Nest, White Windows (1768), and Mr. Royd's house in George Street. John Carr was the son of a Horbury mason. One story of his early days tells that his mother made 18th century mansions. 211 him a large, circular meat-pie every week. Each Monday morning, John divided his pie with his mason's compasses into six equal parts. The mansions of this period were large, square buildings, and the decorations and ornaments were copied from ancient Roman architecture. The style is known as "Classical." Besides the houses already named, there are Clare Hall ; Hope Hall ; Hopwood Hall ; Field House, Sowerby (1749); and Making Place, Soyland. John Horner's sketches (to be seen at Bankfield) give us an idea of the beautiful and extensive grounds that surrounded these houses. Comparing these classical houses with the seventeenth century halls, they are much larger and more imposing than the comfortable farm-houses of the previous century. The merchants for whom they were usually built, were richer and fewer than the small manufacturers of the previous century. The offices and warehouses of the merchant were often at the back of his house. At Hope Hall, tw^o wings jut out from the house, one of which was the stables, and the other served as the merchant's warehouse. The large houses, that were erected all over England in the eighteenth century, usually had fine libraries. One of the most famous bookshops in the kingdom was that of "Edwards of HaUfax." William Edwards, the father, "was for many years very eminent in his profession, and of no common estimation for the energies of his mind ; and his skill in collecting rare books, not less than his exquisite taste in rich and expensive bindings, will long be lecollected. " He died in 1808. James Edwards, his most famous son, who opened a London book shop in 1 784, was the first London book- seller to display valuable books in splendid bindings. 212 M ^1 ^ -^SS-^JS^S MgM H SJ* IHS'^^Hh r- 4' 'ii|y[K' € I^HPl ^■SBk ^B^^^h '0m.mffm H^ HP^^K l^E l^B ^ ^Hf^K^v 1 1 K ^^^M^^^i, ij|fc? ' JHH^^!^ V %mi HB^^^^^Bl i;'J hBt' ilj hbh^^^h^h ^^HJIH P^j i4 g| EDWARDS OF HALIFAX. 213 He speedily made a name as a great book collector, by out-bidding the king for an illuminated manuscript known as the Bedford Missal. James followed Napoleon's army into Italy, buying rare books and manuscripts from the soldiers after they had looted palaces and monasteries. James Edwards also purchased several notable Italian and French libraries, and was the means by which the great collections of England were enriched with the treasures of the Continent. His brother and partner, John, went to France during the Kevolution, hoping to secure more rare books, but he was guillotined while on this quest. James Edwards had such a passion for books, that he left instructions in his will that his coffin was to be made from his librar}^ shelves. The youngest brother, Bichard, also went to London, and is best remembered because he commissioned the great artist, William Blake, to draw over five hundred illustrations for an expensive edition of Young's " Night Thoughts," at a time when Blake was little understood or appreciated. Thomas Edwards, who stayed at home to keep the book shop in Old Market, sent out a catalogue in 1816, which mentions over 11,000 books. Halifax certainly had a wonderful book shop a century ago. Thomas was also a good art critic, for he encouraged J. M. W. Turner, long before he achieved fame. This gifted family is remembered, most of all b}^ book lovers, as famous book-binders. WilUam and his sons, James and Thomas, introduced new fashions in the art. As they are always referred to as " Edwards of Halifax," they have made our town known to collectors. One of their styles was to decorate books with classic designs that appealed strongly to their age, the calf skin being stained to the shades of terra cotta of ancient Fig. 81.— Binding in Transparent VelluivI by Edwards of Halifax. (From the Library of E. Marchetti, Esq.) Photo. O, E. Gledhill EDWARDS OF HALIFAX. 215 Grecian vases. Other books were covered with trans- parent vellum, and the underside of the vellum was decorated with appropriate paintings or drawings. Edwards also painted landscapes on the fore-edges of books. These beautiful paintings are hidden by the gold when the book is closed, but when the volume is opened and the leaves fanned out, the beautiful painting is discovered. A prayer book bound for Queen Charlotte is always on view in the show-cases of the British Museum. Bindings by Edwards of Halifax are highly prized by book collectors. There are a few fine specimens of their work in Halifax Public Library. "Hand Wool-combing," by H. L. Roth. (Bankfield Museum Notes No. 6, 1909). "The Diary of a Grandfather," by T. W. Hanson. (Halifax Antiquarian Society Transactions, 1916). "Edwards of Halifax," by T. W. HANSON. (Halifax Antiquarian Society Transactions, 1912). CHAPTER XVI. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION THE VALLEYS EXALTED AND THE OLD TOWNS DECAY CANALS THE NAMING OF THE HEBBLE — TURNPIKE ROADS TWINING's PICTURE OF CALDER VALE INN YARDS — STAGE COACHES — LUKE PRIESTLEY' S JOURNEY FROM LONDON TO BRANDY HOLE — ENCLOSURES FOSTER THE ESSAYIST SCARCITY OF MILK — THE GREAT INVENTIONS — STEAM ENGINES — BRADFORD OUTSTRIPS HALIFAX. During the latter half of the eighteenth century, and in the early part of the nineteenth century, Halifax passed through the greatest changes in its history. First of all, new methods of transit for merchandise, and new modes of travelling were introduced — canals and good roads being made in place of the old pack-horse causeways. Secondly, it was an age of great inventions 216 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION. 217 in the textile trades — machines were invented to take the place of the spinning wheels, hand combs, shearing boards, and hand looms. The new machinery produced much more yarn and cloth than the old way of hand- labour. Lastly, steam-power completed the great change. Large mills driven by steam engines, put out of action the early mills that had depended upon water- wheels for their power, and railways took the bulk of the traffic from the canals and roads. The hundred years from 1750 to 1850 has been named the age of the Industrial Revolution. These two long words are used by historians to denote the great change and upheaval caused by the vast increase of industry and trade. At the beginning of that time England was principally a farming country. By the end of this time, it had become the workshop of the world. Before we trace in detail the local history of the Industrial Revolution, it is worth while making another survey of the country-side, comparing our observations with those recorded in our first chapter on the geography of Halifax Parish in olden times. Suppose we take Norland as our starting point for a ramble. Norland's hill-side is dotted over with good seventeenth century houses, but very few modern ones. Descending into Sowerby Bridge, we find a modern town of mills, and rows of nineteenth century houses. Climbing up the opposite hill, we reach Sowerby, another old-world place. At the western boundary of Sowerby Township, we descend to Mytholmroyd — a modern manufacturing village. A little further west is Hebden Bridge, a valley town of no great agje, and ascending yet another steep hill we arrive at Heptonstall — an ancient town. We can read the story of the shifting of the population in 15 218 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. the place-names of the Calder Valley. The prmcipal town at the western end of the parish was Heptonstall, but Hepton (Hebden) Bridge took its place when trade descended from the hills to the valley. Ancient Luddenden was outstripped by Luddenden Foot. Sowerby, once the richest township in the parish, saw its trade and people descend to Sowerby Bridge. Raetrick, set on a hill at the eastern end of the parish, had looked down on the insignificant house by the bridge over the Calder, which afterwards gave its name to the busy new town of Brighouse. As we have seen, many of" the industrial centres of Calder Yale bear names that show that they stand at a lower altitude than the older towns. One of the prophets, in looking forward to a great change in Hebrew times, said that "Every valley would be exalted, and each mountain and hill brought low." This poetic phrase would almost literally apply to this period of our local history. Or there is much truth in the striking statement that "the world was turned upside down" in this district. Sowerby Township was dome-shaped and bounded by Cragg Brook, Calder, By burn, and Lumb Beck, with Crow Hill as its apex. The new urban district of Sowerby Bridge is bowl- shaped, with the houses crowded in the bottom along the river-side, and the rim of the bowl formed by the heights of Norland, Sowerby, Warley, and Skircoat. The low-lying lands that had been considered useless in the middle ages, provided the best sites for mills and works. The Parish of Halifax is one of the most interesting places in which to study the effect of the Industrial Bevolution. In other parts of industrial England, all THE FIRST MILLS. 219 relics of an earlier period have disappeared as completely as if an ocean had rolled over the land, but about Halifax the tide of industrialism never rose high enough to submerge the old landmarks. It is easy to follow the course of the great changes. A Heptonstall clothier could not erect a spinning mill on the hill-top, because Fig. 83.— Olo Mill in a Clough near Blackshavv Head. there was no stream there to turn a water-wheel. Therefore the earliest mills were built in the doughs, such as the mill at New Bridge, near the lodge to Hardcastle Crags. The water-wheel has been removed, but the goit remains. A cluster of houses was built about the mill for some of the workers. On the banks of the Hebden stream, from Gibson Mill (close to Hard- 220 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. castle Crag) down to Hebden Bridge, several mills and groups of houses were built. From this time the ancient town of Heptonstall ceased to grow, while below it, the valleys were becoming more populated. After a time the mills in the Hebden valley installed steam engines, and the higher mills were handicapped, because it was so costly to cart coals to them. The two mills at Hardcastle Crags have stopped running, and in Jumble Hole Clough, near Eastwood Station, are ruined mills (and cottages) that make us wonder why they were ever built in such positions. Dr. Whittaker, who published a history of this district at the beginning of the nineteenth century, said that a mountainous- country was the best for manufacturing. He was thinking of water-power when the early mills were driven by moorland streams. The canals and new high-roads were made along the valleys, and the mills that were able to use the new methods of transport had a great advantage. The age of steam and railways made the lower levels still more valuable, and doomed the ancient hill towns to stagnation. We noticed that in the old townships, a group of houses was called a " town," and we had Sowerby Town and Warley Town. This word was also given to the clusters of new houses that were erected. There is a Charlestown near Hebden Bridge, and a Charlestown near North Bridge, Halifax. A row or two of houses, midway between Haley Hill and Boothtown, was called Newtown ; the houses around Pellon Lane Chapel became Chapeltown ; and the district now called Claremount was formerly Beaumont Town. Our fore- fathers, with a touch of humour, dubbed the more extensive building scheme — Orange Street and in Wheatley— " The City." THE CANAL. 221 The manufacturers and merchants, of Hahfax in the eighteenth century (such as Sam Hill of Making Place) did a large export trade, and one of their difficulties was to transport their cloth to the ports. Leeds was better served than Halifax, for the River Aire had been made navigable, and boats for Hull could be loaded at Leeds docks. Halifax cloth was conveyed by waggons and pack-horses over Swales Moor, and through Bradford to the wharves at Leeds. To save the heavy cost of transport over this hilly route, it was determined to make a canal from Halifax to Wakefield, where a junction could be made with the Aire and Calder Navigation to Hull. In 1756, a committee was formed to make the preliminary arrangements, and as there were few canals at that date, it was deemed advisable to engage a good engineer. Smeaton, who was then building the Eddystone Lighthouse, was selected for the work. In the summer of 1757, many letters on the subject were written to Smeaton, for he could not leave Plymouth as it was essential to have the foundations of the lighthouse finished before the wintry gales com- menced. Smeaton was a busy man ; we can imagine him studying the Halifax letters and plans as he sailed to and from the Eddystone Rock. He would see the full-rigged wooden men-of-war, and possibly the flag- ships of Admiral Hawke or Rodney, sailing down the Channel to meet the French fleet. Sailors were very much interested in the new lighthouse, and Smeaton would enjoy many a chat with the sea-captains. On Friday, October 21st, 1757, the great engineer arrived at Halifax, and met the Committee at the Talbot Inn. On the Monday following he commenced his survey, and was taken down the river in a small 222 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. boat in order that he might take measurements and particulars of the route. At that time the Calder was as clear and beautiful a river as the Wharfe is to-day. To cut a long story short, plans were drawn and permission obtained from Parliament to make the Calder navigable. Some of the landowners and mill- owners, whose property adjoined the river, opposed the scheme, and a large amount of money had to be spent in law-suits and for compensation. Serious floods occurred while the canal was being made, and some of the work had to be done two or three times. However, the promoters persevered, but the work cost much more money than had been estimated. The canal ended at Salterhebble, for at that time it was not considered practicable to continue it up the narrow, steep valley to Halifax. The old Salterhebble Docks, south of the bridge, became a very important and busy place, where Halifax cloth was shipped to Hull and the Continent. The Lancashire manufacturers were planning a canal from the Irish Sea to Rochdale, and onward into York- shire. They forced the Calder and Hebble Navigation promoters to make a branch canal from Salterhebble to Sowerby Bridge, aud this link made a through canal from the North Sea to the Irish Sea. The Hochdale Canal was not completed until 1802. The principal street in Sowerby Bridge was named Wharf Street, because it was the road to the canal wharves. The extension of the canal to Halifax was opened in 1828. Those who live near the canal, and who use the old word " cut " for it, may be interested to know that the Act of Parliament (1825) says " a navigable cut or canal from Salterhebble Bridge to Bailey Hall." It is difficult for us to understand why there was so much enthusiasm THE CANAL. 223 about the canal. Contemporary engravings depict a large stretch of water bearing a full-rigged ship, with our hills in the background. An allegorical figure bringing the horn of plenty, descends from the skies, and on the laden wharf in the foreground, gentlemen in quaint Georgian costume wave their three-cornered hats with joy. "An Essay on Halifax," published in 1761, broke into poetry, with: — " Methinks I see upon the beauteous vale, Upon the glossy surface of the stream, The teeming vessel gliding smoothly on ; Its swelling canvas holds the gentle gale, While on the deck the hardy^ sea-boy plays, Fearless of storms." '^"' "-^c,^,. >.ia.W Fig. 84.— Boat-Horse versus Pack-Horses/ Halifax men felt that they had a visible connection with the ocean and more interest in the Navy, whose great victories were making overseas commerce more secure. Foreign trade depended to a large extent on Britain's mastery of the sea. The great benefit to local trade wrought by the canals, can be expressed in a simple sum. One horse will pull as much weight on the Calder and Hebble Canal as a string of six hundred pack-horses can carry. By means of the canal, the corn grown on the rich York Plain became available for 224 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. Halifax, and Wakefield became a great corn mart for this district. By 1834, Halifax was receiving corn from Ireland. In 1775, William Walker wanted a large amount of timber for the rebuilding of Crow Nest, Clifie Hill, and Lightcliflfe Church. He chartered a vessel in Hull, went to the Baltic shore of Bussia, brought the timber back to Hull, and then conveyed it by canal to Brighouse. Soon after the canal was finished, a large printing press was brought to Halifax. It was impossible to carry such heavy goods over the old, steep roads. Perhaps the greatest boon brought by the canal was coal. Miss Listers Diary states that in 1828, the local coal was selling at 7s., and it cost another 7s. for leading from Swales Moor into Halifax. The coal from Kirklees could be delivered to Bailey Hall wharf for 9s., and the leading into the town was only 2s. The local coal was getting worked out, and Dr. Whittaker made a woeful prophecy. He foresaw that when the coal was exhausted, the fences and houses, and even the Parish Church, would fall into ruins, the land would go out of cultiva- tion, and our hills and vales become a sheep-run. He was sure that within a measurable time, the extent of the ancient parish would support but a few shepherds, and the population decline until it became less than before the Norman Conquest. If it had not been for the canal, Halifax would have been in a desperate plight indeed, when coal for steam-power became a prime necessity for manufacturing. The canal gave the present name of Hebble to our stream. When the valley bottoms were neglected and of no account, the brook had no single name of its own. Each section had a separate title, such as Ogden Brook, Mixenden Beck, The Dodge, Jumples Beck, Ovenden THE HEBBLE. 225 Wood Brook, Halifax Brook, and Salterhebble Brook. In the same way, one of our streets is called Princess Street, Corn Market, Southgate, and Wards End, though these are but lengths of the same street. The end of the first canal was alongside the Salterhebble Brook, and this name became shortened to Hebble Brook. From a commercial standpoint it was the most important section of the stream. And so it came to pass that this name Hebble was bestowed on the whole length of the rivulet from Ogden to the Calder. A " hebble " originally meant a plank bridge, and Salter Hebble was at first a wooden. bridge built by a man who dealt in salts and dye-wares. At Stump Cross, at Ambler Thorn, near Greetland Station, and at other places on our main roads are Toll- bar houses. They are one-storeyed roadside houses, usually having a bay-window jutting out, from which the turn -pike man could observe all travellers. Fixed to the house-front was a large board on which the scale of tolls was painted. From the bar-house, a gate stretched across the road, and every driver passing along the highway had to pay a toll to have the gate opened. The tolls for the road from Halifax to Bradford were sixpence for every waggon or carriage drawn by four houses, fourpence for two or three horses, three- pence for each one-horsed vehicle, sixpence a score for cattle, twopence halfpenny for each score of pigs or sheep, and a halfpenny for every horse or ass. It appears very strange to us that people had to pay to go along the roads, but the tolls paid for the making and repairing of these new roads. The large increase of trade made more traffic between the various parts of the kingdom, and the canals only 226 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. touched a few. places. Roads were needed on which waggons and carts could travel easily, for in our part of the country the steep pack-horse causeways were impossible for wheeled traffic. There were very few bridges, and most of those were like the narrow arch that spans Lumb Falls. If there was a similar problem Fig. 85.— Toll Bar on Wakefield Road, Sowerisy Bridge (1824-1870). to tackle to-day, the government or the public would undertake it, but in the eighteenth century it was left to private enterprise. A number of merchants and landowners formed themselves into a company, or Turnpike Trust, with the object of improving the road between two towns, and they applied to Parliament for TURNPIKE KOADS. 227 power to make their road. The revenue of the Trust was obtained from the tolls collected at the bar houses. The Turnpike Roads were better planned than the old roads. The present road to Queensbury — ^the tram route — was a Turnpike Road, made under an Act of Parliament dated 1753, and its toll-bars were abolished in 1861. The old road went up Range Bank and across Swales Moor, and it was also the only way to Leeds until the Whitehall Road was opened. The Act concerning the Halifax and Rochdale Road over Blackstone Edge came into force on June 1st, 1735, and is one of the earliest in the country. The road to Todmorden and Burnley was made by a Trust created in 1760, and followed a route through Luddenden Foot, Mytholm- royd, and Hebden Bridge. The old pack-horse road into Lancashire went by Highroad Well. Li the 18th century, this was known as Harewood Well, or in the dialect pronunciation — Harrod Well. After the low turnpike road was made, the name was corrupted to Highroad Well. This high road is about Midgley called the Heights Road, and beyond Blackshaw Head it is known as the Long Causeway. The local troops used this road in the Civil Wars. In many places it resembles a mountain pass. Its route is indicated in the following jingle:— " Burnley for ready money, Mearclough noa trust ; Yo're peeping in at Stiperden, And call at Kebs yo' must ; Blackshaw Head for travellers, And Heptonstall for trust ; Hepton Brig for landladies, And Midgley near the moor ; Ludd end en's a warm spot, Koyle's Head's cold ; An' when yo' get to Halifax, Yo' mun be varry bold." 9-:>) THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. A journey over a section of this old route, returning home by the newer and lower road, will give you the best idea of the improvement made. There is a point worth noting about this Calder Yale road. If there had been a national system of roads, as there is in France, there would be a great trunk road from Todmorden down the length of the Calder Valley to Wakefield. Because the roads were made by local committees, there is a link missing between Luddenden Foot and Sowerby Bridge, and carts have to take the hilly way by Tuel Lane. Fig. 86.— Pack Saddle and Pillion. The most famous English road engineers were Telford and Macadam. Telford's road from London to Holyhead was so planned that a horse might trot every inch of the way, even over the part that threaded the Welsh mountains. Macadam uivented a new surface for roads, and we still speak of macadamised roads. Yorkshire had a gifted road-maker, even before their time, named John Metcalfe of Knaresborough. He lost his sight when quite a child through small-pox, but "Blind Jack" BLIND JACK. 229 grew up fearless and strong, fond of following the hounds, and excelling in many sports. Metcalfe con- tracted to make a road through a bog near Harrogate, and he built a bridge at Boroughbridge. He was so successful that he was engaged to make many roads throughout Yorkshire and Lancashire. " Blind Jack " made the road passing Shibden Industrial School, called Lister Boad, which was the main road before Godley Boad was cut. He also was responsible for the road between Halifax and Huddersfield. It is wonderful, that without sight, he was able to survey a road. Stick in hand, he walked up and down the hillsides to gain a knowledge of the country to be traversed, and in that manner decided on the best line for his road. The canals and roads made a great difference to our district, and were partly the cause of the gravitation of the people to the valleys. New houses and mills were built on the road-side at Triangle and Bipponden. Soyland then decreased in population. In Ovenden township, the bulk of the people had lived in Wheatley, Ovenden Wood, and Mixenden. The Keighley Boad, completed about 1785, went up the other valley, and a new Ovenden sprang up which has since become the centre of the township. The cleverest engineer could not make level roads in Halifax Parish because of our hills. Leeds and other towns were better placed, and Halifax was finding that Nature had handicapped it for the new development of road travel. The system of turnpike- roads throughout the country made it possible for Englishmen to explore their own country, and travelling became fashionable. This in turn created a demand for books on the sights and history of every district. Among these publications is '' The History and Anti- 230 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. quities of the Parish of Hahfax in Yorkshire," written by the Kev. John Watson, 1775. It is a thick quarto volume, and contains the result of much industry and research. In the summer of 1781, a Colchester clergyman, while on a driving tour, described the scenery on the main road between Hebden Bridge and Todmorden: — "The valley contracts itself; the hills crowd about you, rising almost perpendicularly on each side, wooded from top to bottom with black, craggy rocks joeeping out here and there ; picturesque little mills with their rush of water, close under the woods ; bridges, some of stone of a single arch, others of wood, but all exactly such as a painter would have them ; cottages perched about, some in the road, others close to the stream, others over your head, in most romantic and improbable situations, more like stone nests than houses ; here and there little cross vales opening into this, paths winding up the woods, craggy roads losing themselves round the corner of a wood, etc., etc. I sicken with vague description! In short, the effect it had on me was that of painted landscapes of the most invented and poetic kind realised; and every object, animate or inanimate, that we saw was of a piece with the surrounding scene, and they seem to have been placed where they were on purpose, as much as mile-stones and guide-posts are in vulgar roads ; a man with a pack on his shoulder and a stafl* in his hand, trudging over a rustic bridge, or climbing up a winding path through a wood ; men driving pack-horses, or lounging along side-ways on the empty pack-saddle — a favourite figure with painters." Writing of the view of Calder Vale at Elland, he said "I never felt anything so fine. I shall remember it and thank God for it as long STAGE COACHES. 23 I as I live. I am sorry I did not think to say grace after it. Are we to be grateful for nothing but beef and pudding; to thank God for life and not for happiness?" The great inn -yards are interesting relics of this epoch of olden Halifax. We have the Union Cross Yard, Old Cock Yard, Northgate Hotel Yard, Upper George and Lower George Yards. Many of these yards were larger at one time, but their space has been encroached upon by building. The large stones placed at the entrances and corners, and the horse-blocks speak of a time when the yards were crowded with farmers' gigs, manufacturers' carts, carriers' waggons, and stage coaches. Every morning at nine o'clock, a waggon belonging to Deacon, Hanson & Co. set out for London, and other firms also had a service. Three times a week a waggon left for Skipton, Settle, Lancaster, and Kendal, and other carriers catered for Sheffield, Manchester, Leeds, and all other centres. In 1845, there were about fifty carriers who made regular journeys from Halifax to various places. Pack-horses were still work- ing about 1850, and P. G. Hamerton the art critic, mentions in his book, pack-horses at Widdop. In 1830, the following coaches left the White Swan Inn: — 4 a.m. Koyal Hope - - to London in 27 hours. 5 30 ,, Shuttle - - to Blackpool. 7 ,. Perseverance - - to Manchester. 7 0,, Hark Forward to Wakefield. 7 ,, Alexander - - to Bradford and Leeds. 8 ,, Duke of Leeds - to Liverpool. 11 15 ,, High Flier - - to Wetherby. 12 15 p.m. Royal Mail - - to Manchester. 12 45 ,, Royal Mail - - to York. 1 30 ,, Commerce - - to Liverpool. 3 15 ,, Duke of Leeds - to Leeds. 3 45 ,, High Flier - - to Manchester. 6 ,, Commerce - - to Leeds. 232 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX, Coaches ran from the other inns, either as rivals to those from the Swan, or to different places. The Post Office used the mail coaches for sending letters, but postage was dear. In 1820, the postage on a letter from Halifax to Bradford or Huddersfield was 4d., to Manchester 6d., and to London lid. Halifax had not so good a coach service as Leeds, Wakefield, and Man- chester, and Halifax merchants at the beginning of the nineteenth century found that their competitors in other towns had fuller and later information about the various markets. Travelling by stage-coach was too dear for poor people, and we have an interesting account as to how one man came by road from London.. Luke Priestley of Brandy Hole, Greetland, was discharged from the army in April, 1817, in the Isle of Wight. Wearing his red coat and knapsack, with about a guinea in his pocket, he set out for home. By the time he reached London he had little money left. Enquiring for the north road, he walked to Highgate, whence a man carried his knapsack three miles for sixpence, and a coachman gave him a lift to Hatfield, where he stayed the night. At that time, waggons loaded with wool journeyed from London to Halifax, the drivers riding on ponies beside their waggons. Priestley looked out for these drivers, and would get a ride on the pony whilst the driver had a sleep in the waggon tail. By this means he reached Wakefield, where he sought out a- flock dealer who traded with Greetland. He stayed the night at his house, and reached home the next day on the flock dealer's cart. John Foster, who was born at the Manor House, Wadsworth Lanes, near Hebden Bridge in 1770, became a great English writer by reason of his famous essays. ENCLOSURES. 233 In his boyhood he rambled among the "narrrow, deep, long-extended glens, with thick, dark woods and rapid torrents from the mountains, all together forming scenes of the most solemn and romantic character." In 1801, he paid his last visit to Yorkshire, for he was so disappointed that he never came north again. Some years afterwards he wrote these remarkable words: — '' The solemnity and silence of these valleys, with almost all their romantic and ghostly influences, have since vanished at the invasion of agriculture and manu- facturing establishments." We all know that the country has been spoiled since John Wesley, Thomas Twining, and John Foster praised its beauties, and we blame the factories for the change. What did John Foster mean by the invasion of agriculture ? In the eighteenth century, very little of the land, comparatively speaking, on our hill-sides was parcelled out in fields. The hills were more like the fells of the Lake District, where we can roam about just where we wish, and Foster as a boy would be able to walk for miles without encountering a stone wall. About Wads- worth to-day, we are obliged to keep to field-paths, and to thread through innumerable wall-stiles. At the end of the eighteenth century, and at the beginning of the nineteenth, Enclosure Acts were passed by Parlia- ment, which afiected our parish along with the rest of the kingdom. The lord of the manor and the principal landowners decided to improve the waste lands, the commons, and the great open fields of the township or parish. They proceeded to obtain an Enclosure Act, and after such Act received the royal assent, commissioners came and divided the land among the landowners. In many places — Elland and Stainland are local examples — 16 234 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. the old open fields which, as mentioned in one of our earliest chapters, had been in existence from time immemorial, were divided up along with the commons. The poor man lost his right to pasture his cow, donkey, or pig, and the right to gather fuel in the woods or on the moors. Some men, who had a small piece of land allotted to them, could not afibrd to pay the cost of fencing and enclosing it, nor. the legal charges for the Parliamentary work, and therefore they had to sell their share to some richer neighbour. The English peasant lost his hold on the land, and is therefore to-day in a very difierent position from the French peasant, who, however poor, has some right to the land. In the great agricultural districts of the Midlands and the South, the smaller farms were destroyed, and very large farms substituted. The peasants were thrown out of work and home, and they and their children flocked into Lancashire and Yorkshire to find employment in the new mills, and thus competed with the local people for work. The landowners became very rich by these enclosures. Parliament represented only the landed classes, and the poor people had few champions, and these had not the power to oppose the Acts to any purpose. In the farming districts, large farms were made, and as new methods of agriculture were being tried, and as corn was at a high price, farming was very profitable. In the township of Ovenden, twelve hundred acres were enclosed in 1814. Skircoat Moor is about fifty-six acres, and from that we can form some idea of the large quantity of land involved. Some of it would be very poor land, and some was the most valuable land in Ovenden. The total area of the township is little more than five thousand acres, therefore about one quarter of THE MILK TRADE. 235 the township was enclosed at that time. The fields of this period may be identified by their straight walls and mathematical planning. They are easily traced in the fields along Cousin Lane, lUingworth, and the fields on Illingworth Moor — between Wrigley Hill and Soil Hill. The same process of enclosure took place in the other townships, until the whole parish was criss-crossed with stone walls. The enclosure of the commons obliged many families to give up keeping a cow and there was a Photo. E. Roberts. Fig. 87.— Enclosures, Cousin Lane, Ovenden. serious milk famine, for the farmers would not trouble to sell milk retail. Watson mentions the shortage as one of the drawbacks of the district, and the Luddites threatened to shoot George Haigh of Copley Gate if he would not sell milk to his neighbours. Oatmeal and oatcake had been the staple food, and for porridge you must have milk. The milk famine made the people into tea-drinkers, and white, wheaten bread took the place of havercake. The cottagers also lost their privilege of gathering sticks in the woods and peat from the moors, for everywhere there were planted notice-boards-7- 236 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. *' Trespassers will be Prosecuted." John Foster was one of the few men who voiced the injustice of the Enclosures, and we can easily understand how the sight of all these new raw walls moved him with indignation. The great inventions, by means of which cloth was made by machinery — ^ water-power and steam-power taking the place of hand labour — made more alterations in the life of the people than had ever taken place before. Most of these inventions were first introduced in the cotton trade, a comparatively new trade, and the more conservative woollen and worsted manufacturers were later in adopting the improvements. In 1764, Hargreaves, a Blackburn weaver, patented a spinning jenny, by which eight threads could be spun instead of the single thread of the old-fashioned spinning wheel. Five years later, Arkwright, a Preston barber, invented a spinning machine in which the cotton was drawn out fine by means of rollers. The new spinning machines were at first turned by hand, and later by a horse gin. Afterwards, water wheels were used to provide power for the spinning machinery. There was much prejudice against the new machines, and many of them were destroyed by crowds who thought that the machinery would take away their livelihood. Some of the inventors were in danger of their lives. There were a number of cotton mills in the parish, especially towards its western end. Calico Hall, the old name for Clare Hall, shows that the cotton trade was carried on in Halifax, and in the eighteenth century there was a cotton factory in Spring Hall Lane. It has been transformed into a row of houses, and is near the Barracks. Our interest however, is more in the worsted trade. We have already noted the great difficulty there was in SPINNING MILLS. 237 supplying the weavers with yarn, and how the spinning had to be done in the farmhouses of Craven and other parts of Yorkshire. The worsted manufacturers were anxious to obtain a better supply. The early spinning mills were not always successful, and many experiments had to be made before satisfactory yarn could be produced. Mr. Walker, of Walterclough in South- ovvram, engaged a man called Swendall to fit up a mill at Shaw Syke about 1784, and later a spinning mill was built at Walterclough, but the venture was a failure. The earliest worsted spinning factory is said to have been in 1 784, at Dolphin Holme near Lancaster. This mill supplied large quantities of yarn to Halifax and Bradford. In 1792, Thomas Edmondson, one of the partners in the Dolphin Holme Mill, built a large mill at Mytholmroyd, and for many years it was the largest spinning factory in our district. It stood on the opposite side of the road to Mytholmroyd Church, where now is the Empress Foundry, and the water-wheel was driven by the water from a goit connected with Hawks- clough. A few corn mills, a few fulling mills, and a few^ shears-grinders' works dotted here and there on the banks of the streams, made up the total of the old mills. The public-house sign " The Shears," marks the position of a shear-grinder at Lee Bridge, Whitegate Bottom, West Vale, and a few other places. The finishing of a piece of cloth is still called "milling," though every process is now done in mills, but at one time, only the fulling was done in a mill. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, almost every clough had its string of new spinning mills, and the moorland becks were kept busy turning their water-wheels. At first the machine-spun yarns were not so good as hand-spun, but they gradually improved until the weavers preferred 238 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. the new yarns. We hear of a weaver setting a row of nineteen candles under the loom beam to singe the loose hairs of the rough, machine-spun yarn. About 1800, Michael Greenwood, of Limed House in Shibden, invented a false reed or sley to guide the yarn into its proper place, and that was a great help in weaving the Fig. 88.— "Mill ne\r Ovendex Taken Down in 1817." Sketched by John Hortter. new yarn. The weavers had not been able to take full advantage of Kay's Fly Shuttle, which had been invented as early as 1738, until the stronger mill-spun yarn was procurable. Kay's device was to have a shuttle box on each side of the loom, each box attached by a cord to a short stick, which he held in one hand. By means of the stick and the two cords, he could jerk the shuttle from one box to the other along a race board STEAM ENGINES. 239 beneath the warps, while his other hand was free to push the weft home. There is a specimen in Bankfield Museum. The fly-shuttle moved much faster than the old one, and so each weaver could make more cloth and wanted more yarn. The Rev. Edmund Cartwright invented a power-loom between 1784 and 1787, but it was a long time after that before weaving machinery was successfully used. Miss Lister's Diary informs us that in 1826, three Halifax firms had power looms — Akroyd's, Peter Bold's, and Kershaw's — but for many years after that date, fancy fabrics w^ere woven by hand-looms. Then came the Steam Engine. The earliest engines were of rudimentary construction, and only slowly did they supplant the water-wheel. One of the earliest steam engines to be erected locally was at Jumples Mill, and its duty was to pump the water that had run over the water-wheel, up again into the mill-race to drive the water-wheel once more. In 1825, the owners of the mills driven by the Mixenden and Wheatley stream were so content with water-power, that they decided to make a reservoir at Ogden to ensure a more constant flow of water. But in 1826 there was a long drought, and the mill-owners abandoned their reservoir scheme, and equipped their mills with steam engines. Bradford manufacturers adopted factories and steam power more readily than the Halifax men, and from this time we may date Bradford's pre-eminence in the w^orsted trade. On Saturday, June 25th, 1831, Miss Lister made a journey from Halifax to York. She wrote " In passing along, I could not help observing on the comparatively fine, clear air of Halifax. Never in my life did I see a more smoky place than Bradford. The great, long 240 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. chimneys are doubled I think, in number within these two or three years. The same may be said of Leeds. I begin to consider Halifax one of the cleanest and most comely of manufacturing towns." Five years later, Miss Lister made this note: — "Robert Mann said that three 40 -horse power, and one 60 -horse-power steam engines ordered at Low Moor, and four 40-horse power engines ordered at Bowling for mills to be built in Halifax." Eeturning from a week-end at Bolton Woods in 1837, Miss Lister found that " Halifax is now brightening into the polish of a large smoke-canopied commercial town." One of the largest mills built at this time was Old Lane Mill, situated between Old Lane and Lee Bank, which was erected by James Akroyd in 1828, and had an engine of 60-horse power. The Akroyd's, as we have seen, had originally carried on a large business from their homes at Brookhouse and Lanehead near Ogden. Then they built Brookhouse Mill, run by a water-wheel which was fed by an ingenious system of goits and aqueducts. With the era of steam, the Akroyd's moved lower down the valley, and erected large mills at Old Lane and Bowling Dyke. Steam engines require a large and regular supply of coal, therefore it was an advantage to be near the canal. Gradually, the mills in the moor- land doughs had to close, and newer and larger mills were built in the Calder Valley, and this induced the population to move from the heights into the valley bottom. "The Naming of the Hebble," by T. W. Hanson. (Halifax Antiquarian Society's Transactions, 1914). " Halifax in the Eighteenth Century," by F. A. Leyland. ("Halifax Courier," commencing March 6th, 1886). " A Country Clergyman of the Eighteenth Century " — TWINING. "The Village Labourer, 1760-1832," by J. L. & B. Hammond. " Social Life in Halifax, early in the Nineteenth Century." [Diary of Miss Lister]. (" Hx. Guardian," commencing June 11th, 1887). 241 CHAPTER XVII. CHILD SLAVERY — LUDDITES PETERLOO — THE REFORM ACT THE CHARTISTS — WM. MILKER PLUG DRAWING FREE TRADE. From " The Cry oj the Children," by Mrs. Browning. Do ye hear the children weeping, O my brothers, Ere the sorrow comes with years ? They are leaning their young heads against their mothers, And that cannot stop their tears. The young lambs are bleating in the meadows. The young birds are chirping in the nest, The young fawns are playing with the shadows, The young flowers are blowing toward the west — But the young, young children, O my brothers, They are weeping bitterly ! They are weeping in the playtime of the others, In the country of the free. ' For oh,' say the children, ' we are weary, And we cannot run or leap ; If we cared for any meadows, it were merely To drop down in them and sleep. Our knees tremble sorely in the stooping. We fall upon our faces, trying to go ; And, underneath our heavy eyelids drooping, The reddest flower would look as pale as snow. For, all day, we drag our burden tiring Through the coal-dark, underground; Or, all day, we drive the wheels of iron In the factories, round and round. ' For, all day, the wheels are droning, turning ; Their wind comes in our faces, Till our hearts turn, our heads with pulses burning, And the walls turn in their places : Turns the sky in the high window blank and reeling. Turns the long light that drops adown the wall, Turns the black flies that crawl along the ceiling, All are turning, all the day, and we with all. And all day, the iron wheels are droning. And sometimes we could pray, *' O ye wheels,'' (breaking out in a mad moaning) "Stop! be silent for to-day! " ' 242 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. Besides turning our local world upside down, the mills wrought tremendous changes in the habits and lives of the people. The women and children, who had plied the spinning wheels, were engaged to attend to the new spinning machines, and were the first to suffer in the mills. Children had been badly treated before this time. Defoe noted with approval that about Halifax ''scarce anything above four years old, but its hands were sufficient for its own support." The statement shocks us. The little biographies of workers in the Wesleyan Revival, give us glimpses of the hard times imposed on children. Fiddler Thompson and Jonathan Savile were made cripples by the cruelties of hard masters. Titus Knight, afterwards minister of Square Chapel, worked in the Shibden coal-pits when he was seven. Dan Taylor, who was born at Sour Milk Hall and became a Baptist preacher, commenced work in a colliery under Beacon Hill at five years old. The sledges were all dragged from the coal-face to the pit-shaft by boys and girls. It was said that unless their backbones were bent when they were little, boys would never make colliers. The mills created a greater demand for child labour, and the hardships and cruelty were intensified. Boys and girls were sent into the mills when they were five or six years old ; some were even younger. In those days, instead of the children being taught that the rooks said "Caw! Caw!" they were told that they called " Wark ! Wark ! " We know that fathers took their children out of bed before five o'clock on a dark winter's morning, and carried them on their shoulders to the mill. Clocks were a luxury, and many children, afraid of being late, were at the mill gates long before the CHILD SLAVERY. 243 opening hour, and the th^ed little mites would fall asleep until wakened by the rattle of the machinery. *They stayed at the mill until eight o'clock at night, and the engine did not stop for meal times. There was no half- time, no Saturday half-holiday, the machinery was not fenced, nor were there any factory inspectors. The overlookers beat the children unmercifully, hitting them to keep them awake, and the sleepy infants sometimes fell against the machinery and were maimed or killed. A spinner, in his evidence before the Commissioners in 1833, said "I find it difficult to keep my piecers awake the last hour of a winter's evening ; have seen them fall asleep, and go on performing their work with their hands while they were asleep, after the billey had stopped, when their work was over ; I have stopped and looked at them for two minutes, going through the motions of piecening when they were fast asleep, when there was no work to do, and they were doing nothing." A tradition clings to Brookhouse Mill about a dark winter's morning when several factory children met their death. It was so dark and slippery that they must have fallen from the bridge into the stream, but all that was known was that their little bodies were found between the bridge and the stepping-stones. Large numbers of children were wanted for the new mills, and the mill-masters imported many of them from a distance. The Overseers of the Poor in the Midlands and the South of England were glad to get rid of their pauper children, who were often sent in batches to the mills of Yorkshire and Lancashire. Many of these boys and girls had lived in beautiful places similar to Gold- smith's "Sweet Auburn, loveliest village of the plain," but the Enclosure Acts had made their homes into a 244 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. "Deserted Village," and sunk their families into poverty. These poor mites, housed and fed by the mill- owners, were worked under horrible and cruel conditions that may be described as slavery. The worst period was from 1804 until 1819, when the Government was moved to make enquiries about the pauper mill children, because they were, in a sense, wards of the state. About the year 1830, Richard Oastler was moved by the condition of the children, and determined to get an Act of Parliament passed, fixing ten hours as the longest time for children to work. Oastler was steward for the Thornhill's of Fixby Hall, and there is a statue of him in Bradford. He was tall, of commanding appearance, a gifted orator, and he became the leader of a great movement in the West Riding in favour of shorter hours of labour. On April 24th, 1832, there w^as held a great meeting at York. Men, women, and children walked from all parts of the West Riding on a " Pilgrimage of Mercy." York Racecourse was crowded with the multitude of people, many of whom suffered greatly by their long march to York and home again in bad weather. On January 1st, 1834, an Act came into force by which no child under nine could work in a mill, and children under eleven were not to work more than forty-eight hours a week. Christmas Day and Good tFriday were to be holidays, and there were to be eight half-day holidays in the year, to be fixed by the mill- master. It was not until June, 1847, that the Ten Hours Bill became law, largely through the unselfish advocacy of John Fielden, M.P., of Todmorden, who though a large manufacturer, had worked for years to better the conditions of factory workers. The introduction of machinery threw a great many LUDDITES. 245 men out of work at the time, for each machine did the work of several men. Among the first men to suffer were the croppers who finished the cloths bj cutting the nap with the large cropping shears. As the machinery increased, the small workshops where the croppers worked found it harder to keep going, and one after another was forced to close. The croppers could not find work elsewhere, for at the time trade was very bad. England was fighting Napoleon, food was dear, and a large number of the people were starving. At length, some of the men growing desperate, formed a secret society to try to alter their condition by fair means or foul. These men became the followers of " General Ludd," and each took an oath that he would obey all commands, and keep absolute secrecy about the men who were in the movement and their p?ans. There never was a real man called "General Ludd," but all the orders were issued in the name of this fictitious leader. Hence the men were always known as Luddites. Near to Halifax Parish Church was the St. Crispin Inn. The old building was pulled down in 1844, and a new inn erected on the site which is now called " The Old Crispin." Some time in the spring of 1812, there was an important meetmg of the Halifax Luddites at the St. Crispin. The men came in, one or two at a time, at irregular intervals, so as to avoid the appearance of going to a meeting. At the foot of the stairs, and at the door of the club-room upstairs, sentinels were posted to see that no stranger entered. John Baines, a hatter, the oldest man in the room, presided over the meeting. A delegate from Notting- ham addressed the Halifax Luddites, and he said that in his part of the country they had collected thousands 246 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. of guns, pistols, cind other weapons, and were preparing for a general uprising in May. He concluded by saying that some Nottingham men even advocated shooting the masters who owned the new mills. George Mellor, a Hucldersfield cropper, who became the ringleader in this district, welcomed the suggestion, and declared that the Luddites ought to attack Cartwright of Rawfald, and Horsfall of Marsden, two masters who were always threatening what they would do to the Luddites if they came to their mills. After some discussion, a coin was tossed up to decide which should be attacked first, and the choice fell on Cartwright. The Luddites talked about various plans, and finally decided to meet near the Dumb Steeple at Cooper Bridge at eleven o'clock on Saturday night, April 11th, 18 12. Guns and pistols were collected by small groups of armed and disguised men who went visiting lonely houses in the night time, compelling the inmates to deliver up their fire-arms. At the appointed time, the Luddites from Halifax, Huddersfield, the Spen Valley and other places, assembled in a field near the Dumb Steeple. Some of the men did not care for the desperate work, but having taken the oath, they feared to be killed as traitors if they neglected to turn up at the meeting place. It was about midnight when the expedition marched to the attack. Many of the Luddites wore masks, others had blackened their faces so that they could not be identified, and they all answered to numbers when the roll was called. Some had guns and pistols, while others carried large hammers, mauls, hatchets, or stout sticks. Kawfold Mill was not far away, and Samuel Hartley, a Halifax cropper who had at one time worked for Cartwright, acted as guide. Cartwright was expecting ATTACK ON RAWFOLD MILL. 247 an attack, and he had about half-a-dozen soldiers and five or six trusted workmen, well armed, inside the mill, and he had barricaded the doors and staircases. The Luddites were expecting a contingent from Leeds, but not daring to wait any longer, they commenced the attack by shattering the mill windows with a shower of stones. They were met by a volley from the defenders, and the alarm bell was set clanging to call the cavalry billeted at Liversedge. Kepeated attempts were made to gain an entrance to the mill, but the strong doors resisted all efforts. The Luddites persisted until their ammunition was finished, but they knew they could not withstand the cavalry, whose arrival was expected at any moment. Mellor was obliged to call his men off, and the defeated Luddites fled. It was impossible to remove the wounded. Every man was anxious to escape and to hide himself, because of the search that was certain to be made. Hartley, the Halifax cropper, died the next day from the wound he had received. His funeral was attended by a multitude who looked upon him as a martyr for the cause. Booth, a Huddersfield man, had one leg shattered, and he also succumbed to his wounds. Before the end of the same month, on April 28th, Mr. Horsfall of Marsden was shot by George Mellor and a few accomplices, as he was returning home from Huddersfield. The authorities were aroused, and proceeded to end the Luddites' terrorism, and to punish those who had taken part in these attacks. Two police spies, M'Donald and Gossling came from Manchester on July 8th, 1812, to try to trap some of the Halifax Luddites. They were dressed as workmen, and pretended to be seeking employment in Halifax. They 248 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. went to the St. Crispin Inn and found there a man named Charles Milnes, a Luddite, who was very talkative, and they soon drew from him many facts about the local Luddites. M'Donald and Gossling professed to be sympathetic towards the movement and anxious to enrol themselves as Luddites, and treated Milnes to so much drink that he told all they wanted to know. After it was dark, the three went to the house of John Baines, where they found the old man with two of his sons and other two men seated round the fire. Milnes introduced his new friends, and they took the Luddites' oath. M'Donald called several times after this at Baines's workshop to talk to the old man, and to notice who came to visit him. A few days after the spies left Halifax, soldiers surrounded Baines's shop, and the six men who had been present at the swearing- in ceremony were sent to prison to await their trial. The collecting of fire-arms still continued, for the Luddite leaders were planning a general rising through- out the North of P]ngland. The following episode, which took place locally, is typical of many such midnight raids. On the last Saturday night in August, 1812, George Haigh, who lived at Copley Gate, heard a loud rapping at his door. He got up and went on to the landing, and heard some men calling out "Your arms! Your arms ! " Haigh said " What do you want ? " and one of the party answered " General Ludd, my master, has sent me for the arms you have." "I have nothing of the kind," rejoined Haigh, "for God's sake go home." The men began to fire and to make a terrible noise by banging the door. Haigh tried to pacify them again, but they insisted that he had two guns and four pistols. John Tillotson, the apprentice, said " Master, you had LUDDITES. 249 better give them up or they will shoot us." So he consented to give them a gun, and Tillotson took it to the door. When the apprentice opened the door, the Luddites ran round the corner of the house, but presently returned and came into the house. They asked for the ramrod and a pistol, and threatened to shoot Tillotson if he did not find them. When the pistol was delivered up, the Luddites told him to inform his master they would visit Haigh again, and shoot him if he did not sell his milk among his neighbours. A few of the Luddites turned traitor, and London detectives came into Yorkshire to discover the ring- leaders. By the end of the year, about a hundred suspected men were lodged in York Castle. The Assizes commenced early in the new year of 1813, and a terrible time it proved for this district, for most of the towns had some man among the prisoners. George Mellor and two others were hanged for the murder of Horsfall ; five Luddites were hanged for attacking Rawfold Mill ; three more who demanded arms at Copley Gate, and six other men for taking guns elsewhere, met the same fate. Old John Baines and the men who were present when the two police spies were sworn in, were all transported for seven years. Fourteen of the Luddites were hanged at York on one day, and a huge crowd gathered to witness the executions. It was a terrible climax. The full story of the outrages is most painful reading, but it gives us some little idea of the hard times of a hundred years ago. For everyone of those men who in despair followed " General Ludd," there must have been hundreds who suffered and died in silence. The failure of the Luddite . Biots and the severe punishments did nothing to ease the hardships of the 17 250 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. people, and the Government and those in authority V were afraid there would be further risings. Working men began to think there would be no improvement in their conditions until Parliament was elected by the whole people, instead of by a favoured few. To support these views, a huge meeting of sixty to eighty thousand persons was held on August 16th, 1819, in St. Peter's Field, Manchester. Through some mis-management, cavalry were ordered to clear the ground, and half-a- dozen men were killed, and very many people maimed. This melee was called the Manchester Massacre, or the Battle of Peterloo — a name compounded from St. Peter's and Waterloo. Some men from Halifax district were present, and a Triangle man came home with a severe sword-cut on his shoulder. There was much excitement in Halifax that Monday night when the news came, and Miss Lister wrote "Great many people about to-night in the streets, men talking together in groups." Benjamin Wilson states that at Skircoat Green, the men went into mourning, and wore grey hats with weeds round them. On the Wednesday, August 18th, a meeting was held on Skircoat Moor, but the constable and a magistrate put in an appearance, and threatened to read the Riot Act. The principal speaker, a man dressed in black, mounted on a black horse, who had come to give particulars of the Manchester meeting, was afraid of proceeding with his speech. Another great meeting of the Reformers was held on Skircoat Moor on Monday, October 4th. The procession, with flags flying and bands of music, was formed in Horton Street, and three thousand people listened to the speeches from one o'clock until after four, on a very wet day. There was a panic once or twice because it was reported that the Yeomanry were going to charge the crowd. VOLUNTEERS. .251 Miss Lister tells us that a warehouse at Wards End was made into a barracks, and that four companies of the 6th Foot were stationed there in anticipation of a rising. The outlook was serious for all classes, for while the poorer folks were short of work and food, the richer people were afraid that violence would be done to them or to their property. A meeting was held in the Sessions room near the Theatre Royal, to consider the formation of a Volunteer Cavalry Troop to defend the property owners. Many Volunteer Corps were raised at this time, not as a defence against a foreign foe, but to fight the people if there should be a rising. In 1826, there were riots in Lancashire and at Bradford, when crowds of hand-loom weavers, who were out of work, attempted to destroy the power looms. Dragoons came to Halifax in May, 1826, to protect the power-looms in the mills of Kershaw, Akroyd, and Peter Bold. The Beform Bill, which became law in 1832, gave Halifax two members of Parliament. Except for the few years under the Commonwealth, Halifax had never had a member. Before the Beform Act, the whole of the county of Yorkshire was one undivided constituency and returned four members. When the news came to Halifax, one of the largest bonfires ever seen was lighted, and the town was crammed with people. The earlier drafts of the bill proposed that the whole of the Parish should be the constituency, but the Act created a Parliamentary Borough of Halifax which included the township of Halifax, and the north-eastern side of the valley, from Southowram Bank Top to New Town in Haley Hill. The first election was held on December 1 2th and 1 3th, 1832, and 492 voted out of a possible 536 entitled to a vote. The two candidates in favour of 252 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. the Reform Act were elected — Rawdon Briggs, a Halifax banker (242); and Charles Wood of Doncaster (235), who was son-in-law to the Premier, Earl Grey, and who afterwards became Lord Halifax. The unsuccessful men were Michael Stocks, a local man, a more advanced reformer (186); and the Hon. James Stuart Wortley (174), son of Lord Wharncliflfe, who was opposed to the Eeform Movement. Miss Lister was on the losing side, although she made a condition that all her tenants must vote as she directed, and as the Shibden Hall estates were large, Miss Lister reckoned on influencing fifty votes. She was very candid about the matter, and summed up the situation: — "The populace, not the property of our borough is represented, but this caimot last for ever." The voting was in public, and it was known how each man had voted. To possess a vote, a man had to occupy a house or some other property worth £10 a year, which meant a much bigger house than the same rental represents to-day. The population of Halifax township was over fifteen thousand, and besides there were the portions of Southowram and Northowram, yet there were only 536 voters. The Reform Act of 1832 did not satisfy the aspirations of the great body of men. It was but one step in the right direction, and it was thought that if the House of Commons could be further reformed, the grievances of the people might be remedied. The People's Charter therefore became the great hope of many working men. The Chartists demanded a vote for every man, whether he had property or not, and voting by ballot. They wanted a Parliamentary election every year, payment of members of Parliament, and each voting district to be THE CHARTISTS. 253 equal in size. On Whit Monday, 1839, there was a great Chartist demonstration at Peep Green, near Hartsheadi which is said to have been the largest political meeting ever held in England. A procession, headed by a band of music, started from Halifax, meeting a Queensbury section at Hipperholme, and the Bradford Chartists on the hill-top above Bailiff Bridge. William Thornton of Skircoat Green opened the meeting with prayer, and Fergus O'Connor, the leader of the Chartists, putting his hand on Thornton's shoulder, said " Well done, Thornton, when we get . the People's Charter, I will see you are made the Archbishop of York." Soon afterwards, Thornton went to America, or he would have been imprisoned for taking part in these meetings. Some of the Chartists advised a general rising, and counselled the men to procure guns, pikes, or other weapons, for they held it to be one of the rights of an Englishman to possess his own weapon. General Charles Napier held the northern command, and it was his duty to prevent or to put down any rebellion. He was a very humane man, full of sympathy for the Chartists, for he felt it to be a hard thing that a good workman in full wages must starve. He was very anxious about the soldiers who had been sent to Halifax before he had taken the commmand. Napier reported that there were thirty-six dragoons among the ill- disposed populace of Halifax, with a man in a billet here and his horse there. He said that fifty resolute men would disarm them in ten minutes. He had information that such a plan had been discussed in the public-houses at Halifax, and that cheap copies of Maceroni's book on the use of the pike were in circulation. Napier worked hard to prevent a rising, and fortunately averted a civil war. 254 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. William Milner, a Halifax grocer and general dealer, had Chartist sympathies. He set to work to provide working men with cheap editions of good books. The first work he printed was the pamphlet by John Fielden, M.P., entitled ''The Curse of the Factory System," 1836. In 1837, Milner commenced the publication of his "Cottage Library," and for many years these books could claim to be the cheapest books in the world. Milner found that the ordinary booksellers would not take his cheap books, as they were used to dealing only in expensive volumes. So, like the Halifax cloth-makers of the sixteenth century, he tried the fairs and markets. In some of the markets, he sold pots along with his little books. He fitted caravans up, and sent his men all over the kingdom. Robertson NichoU in the far north of Scotland, Frankfort Moore in Belfast, and many other men who have become famous have testified to the good they received in their youth from Milner's cheap editions of the English poets. At one time, the Chartist news- paper "Northern Star," edited by Fergus O'Connor, was forbidden by the Government, and copies were destroyed if they were found. Milner arranged for a hearse containing a grim black cofiin to be driven from London to Halifax. The coffin did not hold the remains of some devoted Yorkshireman, but was full of copies of the proscribed newspaper. On its return journey to London, the hearse carried a few hundred volumes of Milner's cheap reprints as ballast. William Milner died in 1850, aged 47. Within three years of the Chartist disturbance, there was another rising which was called the Plug Riots. The workers left their spinning or weaving, stopped the mills, and marched from one town to PLUG DRAWING. 255 another in Lancashire and Yorkshire, stopping all work. At steam mills, the boiler plugs were drawn to empty the boilers, and all the mill dams were emptied where the machinery was run by water-power. Councillor Joseph Greenwood of Hebden Bridge, in his boyhood, saw these plug drawers in August, 1842. The following is his account of the scenes: — "I well remember seeing the crowd coming along the turnpike after it had left Hebden Bridge ; it was a remarkably fine day; the sun shone in its full splendour. The broad white road with its green hedges, and flanked one side with high trees, was filled with a long, black, straggling line of people, who cheerfully went along, evidently possessed of an idea that they were doing something towards a betterment. A number of us boys had been sent down into the woods to gather black- berries, and the woods were then clad in deep green ; blackberries were plentiful, now they do not grow to maturity because of the smoke. The people went along over Fallingroyd Bridge towards Hawksclough. On reaching there, a local leader of the Chartist movement, Ben Rushton, stepped aside into a field, and led off with a speech. A number of those who were among the mass of the strikers, in going on their way, left the procession, w^ent into the dwellings and helped themselves to what- ever they could find in the way of food. Ben Bushton, I believe, was not one of these, nor were those that were with him. However, they were weary and thirsty, and before the speaking, a big milk can was obtained and filled with treacle beer, only the liquor had not been charged with yeast, nor had it had time to get fresh and tart. After the speaking the procession re-started and went on as before, and on to Halifax, where other 256 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. contingents from Yorkshire had gathered. Attempts were made to join these, but for a time were prevented by the police. The streets became blocked, and it was said there were 25,000 women and men there. They were poorly clad, and many were without shoes and stockings, barefooted. The disorder became so violent that the Eiot Act was read, special constables sworn in, and the military called out. The women took up positions facing the police and the soldiers, and dared them to kill them. Many people were trampled under the horses' feet, and many people were injured." Another eye-witness's account says that on August 15th, news came that thousands were marching from Bradford to stop the Halifax mills. Coming down New Bank, they were stopped just above Berry's Foundry by the special constables and soldiers, with bayonets fixed and swords drawn. The Biot Act was read, and the crowd told that they must not enter the town. The rioters got over the walls into the fields, and went through the fields on the top side of Northgate. The day ended with a large meeting on Skircoat Moor, where some of the men were arrested, and committed to Wakefield Prison. The prisoners were taken in a bus to Elland, the nearest railway station, guarded by an escort of horse soldiers. When this became known, thousands of people armed with stones, gathered at Salterhebble and Elland Wood Bottom, waiting for the soldiers' return. They came back over Exley, but rode into the crowd at Salterhebble. The cavalry started at full speed up Salterhebble Hill amid a shower of stones. One or two were knocked from their horses, and one soldier received such injuries that he died. The infantry came to meet the horse soldiers at Shaw Hill, and they all returned to Halifax. They next marched up Haley FREE TRADE. 25 T Hill to Akroyd's Shed, and firing into the mob, they wounded several and killed one man. Another man in King Street, opening his door to see what was the matter, was shot dead. John Bright and Richard Cobden, two Lancashire manufacturers, set to work to abate the prevalent distress, from another side. England was not growing sufficient corn to feed her own people, but foreign corn w^as not allowed to come into our ports unless a heavy duty was paid on it. Consequently corn was always at a high price. Bread and flour were dear, and the poorer people could not get sufficient to eat. In September, 1841, Mrs. Bright died, and Cobden visited Bright to condole with him. After a time, Cobden looked up and said " There are thousands of houses in England at this moment, where wives, mothers, and children are dying of hunger." The two men, then and there, vowed they would work until the Corn Laws were repealed. The movement was taken up enthusiastically by the manu- facturing towns of Lancashire and Yorkshire ; the corn laws were repealed, Free Trade was instituted, and the mills became very busy. The whole agitation had relied on argument and reason, and no hint of violence was ever mentioned. This in itself was a great forward step. Another noteworthy point was that the policy of England was, for the first time, framed by the industrial population of the North. "Turnpikes and Toll-bars," by C. Clegg. (Hx. Antqn. Soc. Trans., 1915). "The Carse of the Factory System," by J. Fielden, M.P. (1836). "The Town Labourer, 1760-1832." "The Skilled Labourer, 1760-1832." By J. L. & B. Hammond. "The Risings of the Luddites, Chartists, and Plug-drawers," by Frank Peel. "The Chartist Movement," by Mark Hovell. "Life and Opinions of General Sir C. J. Napier, Vol. II.," by Sir W. Napier. "William Milner of Halitax — A Pioneer in Cheap Literature," by H. E. Wroot. ("Bookman, 1897"— Also see " Hx. Guardian " Almanack, 1898). "Struggles of an Old Chartist," (1887) by Benj. Wilson of Salterhebble. 258 CHAPTER XVIII. AKROYD AND CROSSLEYS — RAILWAYS — THE OROWTH OF THE TOWN — SEWERS AND WATER INCORPORATION OF THE BOROUGH — SAVILE PARK WAINHOUSE TOWER — F. J. SHIELDS — P. G. HAMERTON THE people's park. In the early part of the nineteenth century Bradford took the place of Halifax as the centre of the West Riding worsted trade. This was partly due to the fact that Halifax manufacturers did not take readily to the factory system ; partly because of our nearness to Lancashire, there were more cotton than worsted mills in the parish ; and partly, because the hills hindered communication with the outside world. However, from about 1840, Halifax received a new impetus to growth from the two great firms of Akroyds and Crossleys. We have already seen how the Akroyds conducted their business before the days of the factories. They built a mill at Brookhouse, (now in ruins) run at first by a water-wheel, and later by steam. As their business grew, they found that Brookhouse was an out-of-the-way place for a big mill, so they came farther down the valley, and built gigantic places at Old Lane, Bowling Dyke, and in Haley Hill, with a huge warehouse and offices between Akroyd Place and Northgate. Akroyds developed into one of the largest worsted manufacturing firms in the kingdom, and specialised in damasks and other fancy fabrics. Crossleys built up their Dean Clough Mills from very small beginnings. John Crossley was a carpet weaver for Currie at Luddenden Foot, and he became manager of Job Lee's carpet works in the Lower George Yard about 1800. Four years later, Lee died very CROSSLEYS. 259 suddenly, and John Crossley went into partnership with two others to carry on the business. Not long after- wards, John Crossley, with another two partners, took a small mill at Dean Clough, and after twenty years trading there was £4,200 to divide among the three. The mill then became his sole property, and as his sons, John, Joseph, and Francis grew up, he took them into partnership. John Grossiey, senior, died in 1837, before the works had become famous. About this time, machine looms were being introduced for weaving, and the younger Crossley s turned their attention to the invention of a power-loom that would weave carpets, and at length they succeeded in making a practical loom. After this. Dean Clough Mills increased at a rapid rate. One of the problems that confronted these manu- facturers was to get the new railways to Halifax. The first line to come near the town was the Manchester and Leeds Railway. Its route was down the Calder Valley, and Leeds was reached through Normanton. So that in 1842, passengers from Manchester had to alight at Sowerby Bridge, and take an omnibus to Halifax ; Brighouse was the nearest station to Bradford, and Cooper Bridge was the station for Huddersfield. In July, 1844, the branch line from North Dean to Halifax was opened, and the first locomotive steamed into the town. The station was at Shaw Syke and it was a terminus, for a few more years elapsed before the line was made to Bradford. It was not until August 1st, 1854, that the line to Leeds, via Bowling, was completed. The Ovenden Railway to Queensbury and Keighley, was only finished in 1879. The early railways were made in a piece-meal fashion, as the turnpike roads 260 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. had been, and not with a broad outlook. The Great Northern and Midland Companies were jealous rivals, and spent much of their energies in opposing each other's schemes. Both Crossleys and Akroyds were keenly interested in railway development, for Halifax was handicapped because of its indifferent railway facilities. The town grew tremendously during the first half of the nineteenth century. At the beginning of the century, the houses and shops on Northgate extended no farther than Northgate End Chapel. Northgate Hotel, when it was converted from a residence into an inn, was said to be too far out of the town to' succeed. The Baptist Chapel at the bottom of Pellon Lane was called '*Top o' t' Town Chapel." King Cross Lane, Hopwood Lane, Gibbet Lane, and the other main roads of the upper part of Halifax were really lanes with fields on either hand, though they do not look in the least like lanes to-day. James Bolton, a famous botanist, who lived at Stannary, 7iear Halifax at the end of the eighteenth century, collected ferns and fungi about Lee Bridge, in the woods between Birks Hall and Pellon Lane, and in Cross Fields. This gives some idea how different a place Halifax was from the town we know, for there were gardens and fields behind the Crown Street shops, and between the Parish Church and the brook. Some new groups of houses were built in the higher part of the township, and named after famous victories of the time — Trafalgar, Dunkirk, and Gibraltar. As Akroyds and Crossleys gradually filled the valley above North Bridge with big mills, and as Shaw Lodge Mills and others were erected, more houses were required for the workpeople. Many dwellings were built on the GROWTH OF THE TOWN. 261 other side of the stream, at Lee Bank, Haley Hill, Southowram Bank, and Caddy Field. Edward Akroyd said in 1847, that Halifax had become like a growing lad, thrusting his arms beyond his sleeves, and his legs out of his trousers, putting out an arm at Haley Hill, and a leg at Caddy Field. The land near North Bridge was a very convenient site for dwellings for the work- people. Such a plot of land, divided into gardens, and known as "The Park" was sold by auction in 1808. On it were erected rows of houses which still bear the names of Park Street and Grove Street. Mount Pleasant, adjacent to Dean Clough, was opened out and at first called Go Ahead. Its streets are named after the Corn Law Repeal heroes — Bright, Cobden, Fitzwilliam, Wilson, etc. West Hill Park, formerly famed for foot-races, was developed as a model estate. Its terraces were named Cromwell, Milton, Hampden, because these seventeenth century heroes were favourites of the men who built these houses. Edward Akroyd devoted much thought and money to the laying out of a "garden city" near Boothtown, which was afterwards known as Akroydon. The names of the streets reveal his interest in the great cathedrals — Chester, York, Bipon, Beverley, Salisbury. The houses are more ornamental than ordinary ones ; gardens were provided and a little park. At the bottom end of the town, the ground was overcrowded with small, miserable houses, a large proportion of which were cleared away before the end of the century. There is a little feature about the houses of fifty or more years ago that is worth noticing. Near to the house door, close to the ground, is a small recess where there was once a scraper. In most cases, the iron bar 262 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. has rusted away, and a little useless hollow remains. They can be seen for example in Lister Lane, Crossley Terrace, or Westgate. When the houses were built, everyone had to scrape the thick mud oft' his boots before he entered, because the streets were very filthy, as they were un-paved and seldom swept. Even so late as 1872, the newspapers recording the funeral of Sir Francis Crossley, mention the fact that many of the ^.=^:: Fig. 89.— Door Scraper. \ elderly gentlemen could not walk in the procession, because of the dirty condition of the roads between the town and the General Cemetery. We can scarcely imagine the unhealthy and insanitary condition of the town in the forties. To remedy the bad state of affairs, the borough was incorporated in 1848, and the Town Council elected by the ratepayers sought powers to better the sanitation and the water supply, and to clean the streets. It was a heavy task. There was very much disease, and a terribly high death-rate. Fevers WATER SUPPLY. 268 often raged in the houses at the bottom end of the town, and many lives were lost that ought to have been saved. The new Municipal Borough of Halifax included the old township of Halifax, and those small portions of Northowram and Southowram that were in the Parliamentary Borough. Water was so scarce that one alderman said that people told him they had to steal it. About eight hundred people depended on a dropping- well near Berry Lane. This water came from a spring in the cellar of the Cat in the Window Inn, about seven yards from the Parish Church graveyard, and thence flowed, close to a main sewer, to the dropping place by the bridge. Sewage and the washings of barrels often soaked into the well. Many people had to go half-a-mile for water, and some declared they were not able to get their breakfast until after mid-day for want of water. Others were up at two o'clock in the morning to be first at the well, and women often wasted three and four hours a day fetching water. In 1848, the Victoria Reservoir in Gibbet Lane was made to find work for a large number of men who were thrown out of employment by the new textile machinery. They were paid a shilling a day for six hours work. As the town grew, the Corporation had to look farther afield for the water supply. Fortunately the hills to the north and west of Halifax are covered with peat moors, which act like enormous sponges in retaining a considerable portion of the rain- fall that the westerly wind brings over. The reservoirs at Ogden, Widdop, Walshaw Dean, Fly Flatts, etc., provide us with a bountiful supply of good water. When the Corporation was formed, the sewers of the town were disgraceful. Behind Cheaypside, for instance, 264 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. there was an open drain. In rainy weather, a stream flowed down and the houses emptied all their filth and rubbish into the stream. The drains that were made were either cut through the solid rock, or else made square and lined with stones. In either case, the sewage leaked through the cracks and oozed up in all kinds of places. A heavy thunderstorm choked the Fig. 90.— Drinking Trough for Man or Beast. (The old method of water supply.) drains and filled cellars and houses with a flood of sewage. The Corporation made a new system of drains and sewers, and though it was an expensive undertaking, it made the town a much healthier place to live in. Gradually the streets were paved, foot-paths were made, the roads drained, swept, and kept sweet and clean. The health of the people is the first consideration of the CROSSLEY AND AKROYD. 265 Corporation, but many other duties have been added to its programme. Our Aldermen and Councillors have charge of the markets and slaughter-houses, and keep watch over the purity of our food. They organise the police force, keep the parks in order, and provide new open spaces when required. They are responsible for the education of our boys and girls, and for the upkeep of libraries and museums. They run the electric cars, and do many more useful things. The Town Council is simply a committee elected to do work for the whole of the people, and as there are so many activities that can be better managed if we all work together, the work of the Council is likely to grow vaster in the future. We have considered how the Crossleys and Akroyds laid the foundations of their businesses and their fortunes, and how much they contributed to the growth of modern Halifax. They were the leaders in local public life while Halifax was setting its house in order, and as Members of Parliament, they voiced the aspira- tions of the North in the reformed House of Commons. Beyond all this, their princely gifts to their native town have made the names, Akroyd and Crossley, the brightest in the story of the nineteenth century, nay! of many centuries. Edward Akroyd, John, Joseph, and Francis Crossley, were four men who have inscribed their names in beautiful characters across the map of Halifax, and we cannot walk far without coming across some monument of their planning and generosity. The Orphanage on Savile Park, the Almshouses on Arden Koad and on Margaret Street, were erected and endowed by the Crossley brothers. Sir Francis Crossley gave the People's Park and Halifax was one of the earliest, among the large towns, to have such a j)ublic park. 18 266 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. The Crossleys were the principal contributors to the building of the handsome Square Congregational Church. Edward Akroyd spent a fortune on All Souls' Church, which is one of the finest modern gothic churches^ and is considered the masterpiece of the famous architect, Sir Gilbert Scott. Akroyd planned Akroydon as a model suburb, and built Copley as a model village. Akroydon and Copley had their flower shows, and gardening (which was not a common art in Halifax) was encouraged. Edward Akroyd was keenly interested in education and the Working Men's College at Haley Hill, and the various classes in connection with it provided an education that was a blessing to many Halifax men. Edward Akroyd was an enthusiastic supporter of the Volunteers, and he became colonel of the local battalion, hence he is usually referred to as Colonel Akroyd. He was also a pioneer in savings banks, and the Yorkshire Penny Bank was founded years before the government instituted the Post Office Savings Bank. His inspiration for that piece of work came from a sermon he heard by Charles Kingsley (the author of "Westward Ho!" "Alton Locke," etc.) There is a statue of Sir Francis Crossley in the People's Park, and one of Colonel Akroyd close to All Souls' Church. Our libraries and museums are housed in mansions that were once the homes of these men, and their gardens are now our parks. The Borough of Halifax gradually extended its area, and in 1864 the Town Council contemplated pushing the boundary line beyond the little valley that runs from Haugh Shaw to Shaw Syke. The township of Skircoat was interested about the future of Skircoat Moor, and the Freeholders elected a committee to watch their interests. SKIRCOAT MOOR. 267 These landowners had the right to use the common for pasturing their cattle, sheep, or donkeys, and it was contended that the lord of the manor could not dispose of the moor without their consent. Skircoat Moor has survived as an unenclosed common, and somehow escaped the various methods of enclosure that we have noted in this story. Some members of the Corporation wished to plant trees, to make walks and other alter- ations, while some went so far as to suggest building a wall around the moor. However, the Freeholders of Skircoat stood out against these alterations, and even went to law before the Corporation would submit that Skircoat Moor should remain unenclosed for the benefit of the pubhc for ever. The Freeholders received the nominal sum of £201 for their rights. After they had paid their solicitor's costs the balance was put into the bank, and in 1889 this balance, which with interest had become £264 10s. 2d., was given to the building fund of the new Infirmary. Capt. Henry Savile, of Rufibrd Abbey, accepted the nominal sum of £100 for his rights, and as a memorial of his great generosity, Skircoat Moor was named Savile Park. It was estimated that the Moor was then worth £40,000. But its monetary value is not every- thing ; as a recreation ground and an open space, Savile Park is a priceless possession of the town. Captain Savile made one condition, or expressed the wish, that the Council would do all in its power to abate the smoke nuisance. We still have a smoke-polluted atmosphere, though older people tell us it was worse forty or fifty years ago. The mention of smoke introduces us to J. E. Wainhouse, an enthusiastic member of the Skircoat 268 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. Freeholders committee, who wrote many letters explaming their ancient right to the commons. His monument is the Octagon Tower, and as it overlooks the Moor, it is only fitting that we should notice the Tower and its builder. Wainhouse owned the Washer Lane Dyeworks, and in order to abate the smoke nuisance he determined to erect a tall chimney on the hill-side above Washer Lane. He had a passion for good architecture, and he commissioned his architect to build him a beautiful mill chimney, for the existing tall chimney stacks were considered to be the ugliest things ever built. The result was a chimney and tower combined. In the centre is the chimney flue, and around the flue a spiral staircase within the octagon tower leads up to a handsome balcony, while the whole is crowned by an elaborate dome. Some authorities have deemed it to be the finest piece of architecture in Halifax. It is certainly a striking landmark. The Tower was also nicknamed " Wainhouse's Folly " by people who could not appreciate a thing of beauty, but who thought it a waste of money. Wainhouse sold the dyeworks before his tower was completed, and so the Octagon Tower was never used as a chimney. He also built some handsome houses about Washer Lane, and embellished rows of ordinary cottages with fine porches, chimneys, and railings. Wainhouse Terrace, tucked out of sight between the Burnley and Rochdale Roads, is a remarkable row. They are only "gallery" houses, but the gallery is of such architectural character that it would grace any university building. Though smoke has spoiled much of our country-side, and modern industry made ugly blots upon it, we are never very far from wild and unspoiled hills. Halifax 269 270 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. is the most westerly of the great West Riding towns, and further to the west are the fine moors and beautiful doughs of the Pennines. Let me tell you of two men — fcwo artists — who have acknowledged the debt they owed to the moorlands of Halifax Parish. Frederic Shields, who was born very poor, had a hard struggle to become a painter. His earliest encouragement came when Stott, an engraver in Swine Market, offered him a post at fifty shillings a week. Shields only stayed in Halifax about a year (1856), lodging at No. 9, Brunswick Street. Shields was a very early riser, and took long walks to make sketches, before he went to . his day's work. His own tribute to our hills is: — *'It made me free of the invigorating air of the Yorkshire moors, which greatly recruited my enfeebled health during a year's sojourn. Shut up hereunto in the narrowness of big cities, I recall the dancing delight excited in my heart by the first sight of wide-spread hill and dale from the crest of a moorland rise ! " In the same year, Philip Gilbert Hamerton, who became a famous art critic, was living within our parish. Hamerton was then twenty-two years old, a year younger than Shields, but he was better oif than Shields and had a comfortable home near Burnley. In order to study rocks and heather, he camped near VViddop in 1856, and has written about his experiences in a book entitled "The Painter's Camp," and also in his Auto- biography. Here again we are fortunate in having Hamerton's own words about Widdop moors: — "That month of solitude on the wild hills was a singularly happy time, so happy that it is not easy, without some reflection, to account for such a degree of felicity. I was young, and the brisk mountain air THE MOORS. 271 exhilarated me. I walked out every day on the heather, which I loved as if my father and mother had been a brace of grouse .... how is it possible to feel otherwise than cheerful when you have leagues of fragrant heather all around you, and blue Yorkshire hills on the high and far horizon? ... A noteworthy effect of the months on the moors, was that on returning to Hollins, which was situated amongst trim green pastures and plantations, everything seemed so astonishingly artificial. It came with the force of a discovery. From that day to this, the natural and the artificial in land- scape have been for me as clearly distinguished as a wild boar from a domestic pig. My strong preference was, and still is, for wild nature." In that same year, 1856, the People's Park was laid out. The idea of such a park had come to Sir Francis Crossley while on an American tour. Being entranced with a magnificent sunset vi'ew near Mount Washington, his thoughts of gratitude took this form: — "It is true thou canst not bring the many thousands thou has left in thy native country to see this, beautiful scenery, but thou canst take this to them. It is possible so to arrange art and nature that they shall be within the walk of every working man in Halifax ; that he shall go to take his stroll there after he has done his hard day's toil, and be able to get home again without being tired." There is no hint here, of the genuine mountain scenery that lies within a few miles of Halifax, nor any feeling of the difference between artificial and natural landscape, that Shields and Hamerton knew. Seventy years ago, the working-man had to toil so hard, and had such little leisure, not even half-holiday on Saturday, that he had not the opportunity to roam over the moors. * Trains 272 THE STORY OF OLD HALIFAX. and trams enable us to reach easily the uttermost recesses of our hills. We can sing with Emily Bronte, the words she wrote at Law Hill, Southowram: — ** Awaken, o'er all my dear moorland, West- wind, in thy glory and pride ; Oh ! call me from valley and lowland, To walk by the hill-torrent's side." I do hope that this little book will help you to love your own country more, remembering these words of a good man: — *' For the England that I love is not merely the England of noble towns and the fair country-side, but the England of the spirit, the foremost of all countries in which a man may enjoy the uses of. his soul." "Fortunes made in Business," Vol. III. — "The Crossleys of Halifax." "Report on the Sanitary Condition of Halifax," by W. Ranger. (April 16th, 1851). " History of Skircoat Moor and Savile Park," (1908) by C. T. Rhodes. "Toilers in Art, Chap. VII.— Frederic Shields, an Autobiography." " The Life and Lettersof Frederic Shields," (1912). Edited by Ernestine Mills. " The Painter's Camp," by P. G. Hamerton. "Philip Gilbert Hamerton." An Autobiography and a Memoir by his wife, (1897). INDEX. Agriculture, i8, 87, 207-8, 233. Ainley Wood, 42. Aire Gap, 161. Aire, River, 221. Akroyd, 19, 48, 49, 239, 251. 257, 258. 265. Akroyd, Edward, 261. Akroyd, James, 201, 240. Akroyd, Jonathan, 201, 204-5. Akroydon, 261. Akroyd Place, 258. Alice of the Croft, 25, 66. All Souls' Church, 266. Allan Fold, Warley Road, 129. Allen, Isaac, 168. Almondbury, 102. Almshouses, 134, 135, 265. Alte, Mr., 153. Ambler : " Manor Houses of York- shire," 125. Ambler Thorn : Toll Bar, 225. Architecture : All Souls' Church, 266. Architecture : 1 7th Century Houses, 1 13-136. Architecture : Eighteenth Century, 208. Architecture : Timber Houses, .57. Architecture : Wainhouse's Tower, 268. Architecture, See also under Parish Church. Arkwright of Preston, 236. Armada, 102-3, io5- Ashday, Southowram, 16. Ashday, William of, 27. Ashwell. Agnes, 26. Ashworth, Cornelius, 204-8. Aske, Richard, 86. Aske, Robert, 97-8. Austwick, 204. Back Hall, Siddal, 16, 1 19-120, 121. Bailey Hall, 222, 224. Bailiff Bridge, 148, 253. Baines, John, 245, 248, 249. Bairstow, 56, 139. Ball Green, Sowerby, 128. Bank, Post Office Savings, 266. Bank, Yorkshire Penny, 266. Bankfield Museum. 53, 124, 127, 152, 189, 204, 211. 239, 266. Bank House, Salterhebble, 134, 135- Barkisland, 17, 123. Barkisland Hall, 118, 121, 163. Barraclough, 139. Barrowclough Lane, 54, 56. Bateson, Richard, 48. Baths at Lilly Bridge, 209. Batley, 144. Baume, Isaac, 142. Beacon, 53, 56, 140. Beacon Hill, 16, 102, 148, 195, 206. 242. Beacon Hill Road, 53. Beaumont, Sir Robert, 39. 40. 4i» 42. Beaumont Town, 220. Becket, Thomas a, 34. Bell House, 190, 196. Belle Vue, 266. Bentley, Anthony, 138. Bentley, Eli, 172. Bentley, Jeremy, 165. Bentley, Lawrence, Constable, 72. Bentley, Samuel, Well Head, 165. Bingley, 200. Binns, 139. Binns Hole Clough, 159. Bin Royd, Norland, 117, 123, 124. Bird-holme, 208. Birks Hall, 16, 260. Birks : Tree Cutting, 72. Black Death, 44-46. Blackledge, 17, 76, 86. Blackpool, 231. Blackshaw Head, 219, 227. Blackstone Edge, 102, 149. 153-4. 179, 227. Blackwell Hall, Halifax, 177. 274 INDEX. Blackwell Hall, London, 177. Blackwood, Thomas of Blackwood House, 138. Blaithroyd, 16. Blake, Admiral, 162. "" Blind Jack," roadmaker, 228-9. Bloody Field, 152, 158. Bluecoat School, 135. Boat Horse versus Pack Horses, 223. Bois, John, 109. Bold, Peter, 239, 251, Boiling Hall, 96. Bolton, James, 260. Bolton, Lancashire, 142. Books, Cheap, 254. Books, Demand for, 229. Books, Rare and Beautiful, 213. Booth, Huddersfield Luddite, 247. Booths, William of the, 25. Boothtown, 129, 165, 220. Borough : Grant of incorporation refused, 165. Borough Incorporation, 262. Borough, Extension of, 1864, 266. Boroughbridge, 229. Bottom, Richard of, 48. Boulsworth Hill, 207. Boundaries of Parliamentary Borough of 1832, 251. Bowling, 259. Bowling Dyke, 240, 258. Boyes, John, 47. Boyes, Margaret, 86. Brackenbed, 153. Bradford, 72, 81, 82, 102, 136, 148- 151, 161, 200, 201, 221, 225, 231-2, 237, 239, 244, 253, 258. Bradford Church, 45. Bradford Road, Old, 36. Bradley, Thomas, 200. Bradshaw, 160. Bradshaw, Colonel. 154-6. Brandy Hole, Greetland, 232. Brearcliffe, Edmund, 164. Brearcliffe, John, 150, 152, 164- 168. Brearcliffe Manuscript, 108. Brearley, 15. Brearley Hall, 170. Brereton Hall, 40. Brick Buildings in Eighteenth Century, 209. Bridges and Roads, 11, 85, 86, 186, 226-32, 257. Brigg, Abraham, 138. Briggs, Henry, 1 09-1 11, 113. Briggs, Rawdon, 252. Brighouse, 26, 96, 218, 224, 259. Brighouse Bridge, 85. Brighouse, Tourn at, 40. Bright, John, 257. " Britannia," Camden's, iii. Broadbent, James, 191, 193-4. Broadbottom, Mytholmro^^d, 125. Broadley, Margaret, 86. Broadley, Matthew, 163. Bronte, Emily, 208, 272. Brook, Bridget, 174. Brookfoot, 40. Brookhouse, 201, 240, 243, 258. Brookroyd, 19. Brooksbank, Gilbert, 96. Brow Lane, 56. Brown, Sir Thomas, 136, 137. Browning, Mrs., "The Cry of the Children ", 241. Brunswick Street : home of Shields, 270. Buckstones, 23. Bull Close Lane, 193. Burke, Edmund, 194. Burnley, 40, 71, 153, 159, 200, 227. Bury, 153. Caddy Field, 261. Calder, 16, 39, 154, 222-3, 225. Calder Valley, 42, 155-6, 197, 218, 240, 259. Calder Valley, War Map of, 157. Calico Hall : Clare Hall, 236. Cambridge, 80, 174. Camden, William, in. Canals, 215-225. Canterbury : Tillotson Archbishop of, 175- Carlyle, Thomas, 162. Carr, John, of York, Architect, 210, Carriers, 231. Carter, John, Stock List, 82, 83. INDEX. 275 Cartwright of Rawfold, 246. Cartwright, Rev. Edmund, 239. Castle Hill, Almondbury, 102. Cat in the Window Inn : Spring in, 263. Cawthorne, 42. Caygill, John, 199. Chained Book, tio. Champvent. Wilham de, 35. Chapels of the Parish, 84, 85. Chapeltown, 220. Charities, 134-6, 164, 265-6. Charles I, 137-163. Charlestown, Halifax, 16, 220. Charlestown, Hebden Bridge, 22c Chartists, 252-7. Chats worth, 210. Cheapside, Open drain in, 263-4. Child Labour in Factories, 242-3. Christ's Hospital 177. Church, Gifts to, 84. " City, The " : Orange Street and Wheatley, 220. Civil War, Halifax and, 137-163. Civil Wars, Halifax escapes fright- fulness of, II. Clapham, Captain, 158. Clare Hall, 211, 236. Claremount, 220. Clark Bridge, 53. Clay, John of Clay House, 138. Clay House, Greetland, 123. Clay, Robert, Vicar of Halifax, 139. Clayton, Thomas, 191. Clegg Cliff, 56. Cliff e Hill. LightcUffe, 224. Cliff, Thomas, 48. Clifford, Lady Anne 131, 133. Clitheroe, 71. Closes, Origin of Term, 19. Clothes, 86. Cloth Hall at Hall End, 177. Cloth Trade, 42-44, 79, 80, 112-113, 177-183- Clothiers, West Riding. 185. Coaches, Stage, 231-2. Coal Mining, 79, 183, 184, 185. 224 Coal Pits, Children in, 242. Coat-of-Arms, Halifax, 21, 33. Cobden, Richard, 257. Cock Fights, 174. Cock Hill, Plague at, 160. Cockroft, John, 196. Coiners, Cragg Vale, 189-197. Colbeck, Samuel, 170. Colden, 154. Colet, Dr. John, 91. Coley, 84, loi, 135, 140, 168, 172. Coley Chapel, 84, 85, 142, 161. Coley Hall, 28, 163. Colne, 151, 153, 159. 197, 200. Colne Grammar School, 174. Combing, Hand, 203-5. Commons, 233, 267. Commonwealth Window in Parish Church, 167. Cooper Bridge, 259. Copley Gate, 235, 248, 249. Copley Hall, 86. Corn Laws, 257. Corn Market, 60, 206, 225. Corn Marts, 223-4. Corn Mills, 23, 78. " Cottage Library ", 254. Cotton Trade, 236. Court Rolls, 26, 185. Cousin Lane, Illingworth, 235. Crabtree, John, 86. Cragg Vale, 155, 218. Craven, 204. Craven, Spinning in, 237. Crimsworth, 198. Cripplegate, 59. Crottonstall (?), 21. Cromwell, Oliver, loo-i, 144, 161-2, 172. Cromwell, Thomas, 99. Cromwell Bottom, 40, 41, 74. Croppers, 246. Crosland Hall, Huddersfield, 39, 40. Cross Fields, 260. Cross Inn, 174. Cross Pipes, Inn, 191. Cross-Stone, Chapel, 84, 144. Cross, the. Old Market, 197. Crossley, Richard of, 25. Crossleys, Dean Clough, 258, 259, 265. Crossley Terrace, 262. Crow Hill, Sowerby, 218. 276 INDEX. Crow Nest, Lightcliffe, 224. Crowther, George, 100. Culling worth, 200. " Curse of Factory System," 254 Cusworth, John, 170. " Cut " : Canal, 222. Daisy Bank, Shibden, 59. Dark Lane, 54. Dean, John, 52. Dean Clough Mills, 258-9, 261. Deerplay, Mill Bank, 58. Defoe, Daniel, 80, 178, 185, 188. Deniield : Dean Field, Wheatley, 17- Deloney, Thomas, 28. Denton Hall, 210. Denton, Richard, 140. Dewsbury, Saxon Parish of, 32. Dighton, William, 190-5, 206. Disendowment of Parish Church, 168. Dodge, Dodge-holme, 208, 224. Dolphin Holme, Lancaster, 237. Domesday Book, local entries in, 21, 22. Doncaster, 161. Door Scraper, 262. Drake, John of Horley Green, 138. Drake, Nathan, of Godley, 163, Drinking Trough, 264. Dropping Well, 263. Dublin, Archbishop of, 91. Duds : Cloth, 80. " Duke of York " : Isaac Hartley, Coiner, 190-4. Dumb Mill, Hipperholme, 54. Dumb Steeple, Cooper Bridge, 246. Dunbar, Battle of, 162. Dunkirk, 260. Dunsop Bridge, 204. Durham, 96. Durker Green, 170. Dyshbyndesherde, 76. East Riddlesden Hall, Keighley, 130, 133 Eddy stone Lighthouse, 221. Eden, Major, 158, 159. Edmondson, Thomas, 237. Education, 266. " Edwards of Halifax," 211-15. Election, Parliamentary, 1832, 251. Elizabeth, Queen, 109. Elland, 15, 16, 17, 18, 22, 46, 48, 52, 84, 118, 140, 165, 233, 256. Elland Bridge, 86. Elland Chapel, 37, 116, Elland Feud, 38-42. Elland Hall, 16, 41. Elland Mill, 41. Elland : New Hall, 42, 123, 124. Elland Park Wood, 16, 186. Elland, Sir John, 38-42. Elland Wood Bottotn, 256, Enclosure Acts, 233-5, 267. Erringden, 17, 22. Ewood, loi, 152, 198. Exley, 16, 256. Exley of Exley Hall, 27, 38, 40. Factory System, 241-3. Fair, Halifax, origin of, 33. Fairs, 79, 80, 254. Fairfax, 142-159, 167. Fallingroyd Bridge, 255. Farming, 18, 87, 207-8, 233. Farnley Hall, 210. Farrar, Captain, 147, 158-9. Farrar, Henry, 80. Farrar of Ewood, 152, 165, 173. Favour, Dr. John, 105-7, 113, 140, 164. Fawcett, General, 186-188. Fielding, John, M.P., 170, 244, 254. Field House, Shibden, 28. Field House, Sowerby, 211. Finchenden, William of, 45. Fines and Punishments, 45, 261. First Bishop's War, Halifax and, 140. Five Mile Act, 173. Fixby, 17, 56. Ferrar, Bishop Robert, 101-2. Feslei (Halifax), 21. Flamborough Head, 105. Flanders, 81. Flemings, 42-4, 52. Flodden, 96. Fly Flatts Reservoir, 263. INDEX. 277 Fly Shuttle, Kay's, 238. Folds, 194. Fold, the, Mixenden, 124. Footpath, Unlawful stoppage of, 25. Forbes, Major, 144, 147-8. Foster, John, 232, 233, 236. Foulmouth, Roger, 25. Fourness, Joseph, Boothtown, 165, 177. Franchise of 1832, 251. Frauncays, John, 47. Free School Lane, 107. Free Trade, 257. Fuller, Matilda, 26. Fuller, Roger the, 43. Fulling, 23, 52, 78. Fulneck, 198. Furness, 41. Furniture, 86. " Garden City " : Akroydon, 261. Gardiner, Professor, 141. Gaylington, Thomas, 44. Geldhird, William the, 25. German House, Lightcliffe, 198. Gibbet Lane, 260. Gibbet, Last Trial, 168-172. Gibbet Law, 28, 29, 30, 159, 168- 172. Gibson, Isaac, 170. Gibson, John, 47. Gibson Mill, 219. Gibraltar, 260. Gifford, Major-General, 147. Gilds, 79-80. Gillet, John, 174. Gin Horse at Shibden, 185. Gledcliff, 56. Gledhill, John. 121. Gledhill, Richard, 163. Gloucester, 82. " Go Ahead ", 261. Godley, 163. Godley Road, 229. Goldsmith, Oliver " Deserted Village ", 243-4. Gomersai, 148, 174. Good-greave, 177. Gordon, Dr. A., 175, Gossling, Police Spy, 247. Grave, John the, 76. Greenwood, 25, 139. Greenwood, Joseph, 255. Greenwood, Michael, 238. Greetland, 22, 60, 63, 123, 232. Greetland : Toll Bar, 225. Grey, Earl, 252. Grimshaw of Haworth, 199. Grindall, Archbishop, 103. Grindlestone Bank, Ovenden Wood, 78, 127, 138. Grove Street, 261. Guest, General, 186. Haigh, George of Copley Gate, 235, 248. Haigh House, Warley, 129. Haley Hill, 220, 256-7, 259, 261, 266. Halifax Brook, 16, 225. Halifax, Capital of Cloth Industrv, 13- Halifax : Cleanest of Manufactur- ing Towns, 240. Halifax, Lord, 252. Halifax Moor, 158. Halifax, Name of, iii. Halifax Parish and Yorkshire, Com- parison of Shape, 9. Hall End, 178. Hall Ing. 76. Hallgate, Cecilia, 26. Hamerton, Philip Gilbert, 208, 231, 270. Hamilton, Marquis of, 161. Hampden, John, 139 Hardy, William, 80. Hanging in Chains, 195. Hanson Arms : Back Hall, 120. Hanson, Arthur, Brighouse, 165. Hanson, Gilbert, 96. Hailson, John, 85. Hanson, William, 47. Hardcastle Crags, 13, 219-20. Harewood House, 210. Hargreaves of Blackburn, 236. Harrison, Major General, 161. Harrod Well : Highroad Well, 227. Harrogate, 145, 229. Hartley, 166. 278 INDEX. Hartley, David, Coiner, 190-4. Hartley, Isaac, Coiner, 190-4. Hartley, Samuel, Luddite, 246, Hathershelf, 155. Haugh End, Sowerby, 174-5. Haugh Shaw, 16, 266. Haugh Shaw House, 129, Hawksclough, 237. Haworth, 198. Haworth, Roger of, 25. Hazlehurst, Shibden, 209. Heath Grammar School, 107-0, 113, 164, 174. . Heaton, Henry of, 48. Heaton, Robert, 201. Hebble Brook, 16, 224, 225. Hebden Stream, 86, 154-5, 158, 191, 198, 199, 217-8, 219, 220, 227, 230, 232, 255. Heights Road, 227. Hebden Valley, 13, 14. Henry VI., 71. Henry VIII., 89-101. Henryson, William, 48. Heptonstall, 15, 17, 48, 80, 84, 96, 154 159, 189, 197, 200, 217-18. Heptonstall Chapel, 37, loi. Heptonstall Garrison, 164. Heptonstall, Manor of, 32, 33. Hey wood, Lancashire, 153. Hey wood, Oliver, 121, 168, 172, 173-4- Highroad Well, 155, 193. 227. High Road Well Moor, 16. High royd (Eroyd), 19. High Sunderland, 56, 62, 6-1., 65, 78, 119, 120, 163. Hill, Samuel, 179,-183, 188, 221. Hill Population, 15. Hill Top : Cragg, 196. Hills, and Road Construction, 229. Hipperholme, 16, 17, 26, 27, 43, 46, 54, 59, 85, 116, 136, 148, 163, 185, 253. Hodgekins, Halifax Clothier, 28, 29. Hodgson, Captain John, 142-163. Holdsworth Chapel, 70, 74, 89, 95. Holdsworth House, 28. Holdsworth : Surname, 81. Holdsworth, John, 86. Holdsworth, Vicar Robert, 94-102. Holland, 200. Hollins, The, Warley, 129, 156. " Holme," 208. Holmes, Mrs., 198. Holroyd, Joseph, 188. Holy Face, legend, 33. Holy Hair, iii. Holyhead, 228. Hoo Hole, 196. Hope Hall, 211. Hopwood Hall, 209, 211. Hopwood Lane, 260. Horley Green, 56, 138. Horner, John, 211, 238. Horsfall of Marsden. 246-7. Horsfall, Lieutenant, T44. Horton, Joshua of Sowerby, 165. Horton Street, 250. " House at the Maypole," 59-60. Housing : Timber Houses, 56-66. Hove Edge : Spout House, 186. Howroyd, Barkis and, 123. Huddersfield, 39 80, 177, 201, 246, 247. Hull, 103, 138-9, 150, 221, 222, 224. Hunter Hill, 158. Huntingdon, Ear] of, 105. Illingworth, 15, 27. 84, 87, 135. Illingworth Chapel, 167. Illingworth Edge, 87, 88. Illingworth, Moor. 235. Industrial Revolution, 215-220. Inn Yards : Coaching. 231. Inventions, Great, 236-40. Ireland, 89, 224. Irish Massacre of 1641. 141. Isle of Wight. 232. Jackroyd, 19. Jackson, John, 47. Jacobites, 186. Jagger, 191. Jumble Hole Clough, 220. Jumples Beck, 224. Jumples Mill, 88, 239. Kay's Fly Shuttle, 238. INDEX. 279 Keelham, 196. Keighley, 130, 133, 159, 200, 259. Keighley Road, 229. Kent, 177. Kershaw House, Luddenden, 118, 119, 130. Kershaw's Power Looms, 239, 251. Kildwick, 200. King Cross, 153, 158. King Cross Lane, 209, 260. " King David " : David Hartley, Coiner, 190-4 King, John, vicar, 68. King, William, of Skircoat, 106. Kingsley, Charles, 266. Kirkburton, 26. Kirklees, 224. Kirk Sandal, Doncaster, 64, 89. Knaresborough, 161. Knight, Titus, 199, 242. Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, 27, 42. Knowl Top, Lightcliffe, 209. Labourers, Statute of, 45. Lacy, John, 22, 30, 46, 73, 98-99, Lacy, Thomas, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42. Lake Country, 185. Lake, John. 168. Lancashire, 71, 142, 186. 222, 227, 229, 255. Lancaster, 196, 204. Lancaster, Earl of, 38. Lane Head, Brighouse, 40. Lanehead, Ogden, 201, 240. Langdale, Sir Marmaduke, 163. Langfield, 17, 21. Langfield, Henry, 46. Langfield, Thomas of, 25, Latham of Coley, 142. Learoyd, Richard, 106. Lee Bank, 27, 85, 260, 261. Lee, Job, 258. Leeds, 80, 81, 103, 138, 139, 141- 151, 177-8, 200-1, 221, 227, 229, 231-2, 240, 247. Leeds Railway, 259. Lee House, Ovenden Wood, 115. Lewes, Monks from, 37, 55. Lewes, Prior of, 44, 76, 94. Lewes, Priory of, 32, 34, 35, 89, 99, 100. Leyland, F. A., 240. Leyland, Halifax Sculptor, 102. Libraries, 211-15, 266. Library, " Public," at Parish Churchy III, 166. Lightcliffe, loi, 198, 209. Lightcliffe Church, 224. Lilly Bridge, 209. Limed House, Shibden, 238. Limers Gates, 208. Lincolnshire,. Rebellion in, 97. Linen Hall, 177. Lister, 78, 138, 186. Lister, Bartholomew, 53. Lister, Jeremy, 185. Lister, John, 19, 30, 32, 38, 59, 80, 82, 102, 188. Lister, John, of Upper Brear, 165. Lister, Joseph, 141, 15 1-2. Lister Lane, 262. Lister, Miss., 153, 224, 239, 240, 250-252. Lister, Richard, 48. Lister, Robert, 48. Lister, William, 87, 88. Lister Road, 229. Literature, Cheap : William Milner, 254- Liverpool, 231. Liversedge, Cavalry from, 247. Lockwood of Lockwood, 39, 40, 41, 42. Logarithms, " Briggian," no. London, 55, 79, 200, 228, 231, 232. Long Can, Ovenden Wood, 119, 129, 132. Long Causeway, 155, 159, 227. Looms, Power. 238-9. Lord Nelson Inn, Luddenden, 138. Lowe, Robert of, 26. Luddenden, 118, 138, 155, 158, 218. Luddenden Chapel, 85, 134, 167. Luddenden Bridge, 86. Luddenden Dean, 13, 127, 155, 170. Luddenden Foot, 109, 218, 227, 228. " Ludd, General," 245-9. Luddites, 245-9. I-umb Beck, 218. 280 INDEX. Lumb Falls, 226. Macadam, 228. McDonald, Police Spy, 247. Maceroni on Pike Warfare, 253. Machinery in Textile Trades, "217. Machinery, Objections to, 236. Machinery Riots, 251. Machon-House, 76. Mackworth, Sir Francis, 152-g. Magna Via, 155. Making Place, 179-180, 211, 221. Malt Shovel Inn, Mytholmroyd, 209. Manchester, 142, 153, 231-2, -^47-8 Manchester and Leeds Railway, 259- Manchester Massacre, 250. Mankinholes, 25, 66. Manor Courts, 23, 26. Market, Halifax, 174. Marsh, Dr., Vicar, 167. Marsh Hall, Northowram, 124. Mary, Princess, Baptism of, 90. Marstpn Moor, 159. Meadowcroft, Dorothy, 152. Mellor, George, Luddite, 246, 249. Merchant Adventurers, 60, 79. Metcalfe, John : " Blind jack," 228-9. Midgley, 15, 17, 21, 52, 85, 155, 193, 197, 227. Midgley, William of, 25. Mildmay, Captain, 147. Militia Ballot, 188. Milk Trade, 235. Mill Bank, 58. Mill Chimneys, 82. Mill near Blackshaw Head, 219. Mills, Early Halifax. 83, 84. Milner, Hugh, John, etc., 47, 48. Milner, Robert the, 78. Milner, William, Publisher, 254. Milnes, Charles, Luddite, 248. Mirfield, William of, 45. Mitchell, Anthony, Sowerby, 168, 170. Mitchell, Matthew and Jonathan, 140. Mixenden, 158, 229, 239. Mixenden Beck, 224. Mixenden : the Fold, 124. Mixenden Green, 138. Monasteries Closed, 99. Money, Weighing, 189. Moot Hall, 23, 73, 76. Moor End, 159. Mottoes on Old Homes, 121. Mount Pleasant, 261. Mount Skip, 155. Mount Zion, Ogden, 199. Mulcture Hall, 124, 160. Municipal Government, 265. Murgatroyd, 19. Murgatroyd, James, 129-133, 138, 139, 156. Museum, British : Edwards' Bind- ings, 215. Museums, 266. Myleas Place, 76. Mytholm, 185, 208, Mytholmroyd, 15, 52, 125, 152, 191, 193. 195. 207, 209, 217, 227. 237- Names, Place, 19, 76, 220. Names : Surnames, 43-50. Napier, General Charles, 253. Napoleon, Peace with, 203. Naseby, Battle of, 160. Navy, Halifax objects to support, 103. Navy: Hawke and Rodney, 221. Nether Field, 17. New Bridge, 219. New England, Puritans and, 140. New Hall, Elland, 118, 123, 124. New-House, 76. Newlands, 155. Newlands Gate, 193. New Town, 220, 251. Nicholl, Robertson, 254. Norfolk, Duke of, 91. Norland, 15, 17, 27, 85, 127, 217-8. Norland Hall, 62, 63, 66, 78, 118, 122. Norland, John of, 45, 80. Norland Lower Hall, 124. Normanton, 259. Normanton, Matthew, 193-5. INDEX. 281 North Bridge, 53, 78, 220, 260. North Dean, 250. " Northern Star," 254. North Field, 17. Northgate, 256, 258. Northgate End Chapel, 260. Northgate Hotel Yard, 231. Northowram, 13, 16, 17, 48, 85, 184, 252. Northowram : Marsh Hall, 124. Norwich, 137. Nottingham, 141, 245. Oaksroyd, 209. Oastler, Richard, 244. O'Connor, Fergus, 253, 254. Octagon Tower, 268. Oddy, H. R., 60, 73. Ogden, 56, 184, 199, 225, 240. Ogden Brook, 224-5. Ogden Reservoir, 239, 263. Old Bank, 53, 148, 160. Old Cock Inn, 123, 191. Old Cock Yard, 231. Old Crispin Inn, 245. Old Earth, 42. Oldfield, 139. Oldfield, James, 194. Old Lane, 240, 258. Old Lane Mill, 240. Old Market, 60, 98. Old St. Paul's, London, 134. Open Fields, 17, 76, 233, 234. Orange Street, 220. Orphanage, 265. Otes of Holdsworth, 48. Otes, Robert, 76. Oteson, John, 47. Ouram Hall, Shibden, 78. Ovenden, 16, 17, 27, 85, 87, 88, 129, 160, 200, 229, 234. Ovenden Hall, 116, 177. Ovenden, Mill near, 238. Ovenden Railway, 259. Ovenden, Ralph of, 26. Ovenden, Richard oi, 44. Ovenden Wood, 78, 115, 127, 129- 132, 158, 224. Ovenden Wood Brook, 87, Over Nabroyd, 63. Pack Horses, 53, 54, 86, 177, 178, 185, 204, 207, 208, 215. 223. 226. Pack Saddle and Pillion, 228. " Painter's Camp," 270. Parish Children in Factories, 243. Parish Church, 31, 32, 33, 38, 42, 53. 55. 59, 66-78, 89-102, 104, 105, III, 113, 116. 135, 153, 160, 165-168, 174, 207, 245, 260, 263. Parish of Halifax, 15, 56, 113. " Park, The," 261. Park, People's, 265, 271. Park Street, 261. Parliament, First Member of, 165. Parliamentary Borough of 1832, 251- Patchett, Gregory, 138. Peck, Richard, 78. Peel House, Warley, 125. Peep Green, Hartshead, 253. Pellon Lane, 260. Pellon Lane Chapel, 207, 220. Pendle, 200. Penrith, 161. People's Charter, 252. Persecution, Religious, 105. Peterloo, 250-1. Petticoat Lane, 168. Piece Hall, 199-204. Pilgrimage of Grace, 97. " Pilgrimage of Mercy," 244. Pilkington, Bishop, 103. Pillion, 228. Pineapple Hotel, 209. Pious Uses Commission, 164. Place Names : See under Names. Plague in Halifax, 160. Plug Riots, 254-7. Plymouth, 221. Pollard, Mr., 201. Poll Tax, 1379, 46, 47, 53. Ponden, Stanbury, 201. Pontefract, 38, 96. Pontefract Castle, 22, 163. Pontefract, Honour of, 22. Portinari, Giovanni, 100. Portsmouth, 138. Postage in 1820, 232. 282 INDEX. Post Office : Mail Coaches, 232. Post Office Savings Bank, 266. Poundal], Major, 161. Preachers, Weslevan and other, 198. Presbyterians, 140. Preston Battle, 161. Priestley, John, 173. Priestley, Joseph, 152, 154, 158, 178. Ptiestley, Luke, 232. Priestley, Samuel, 143. Priestley, Tom, 177, 182. Princess Street, 224. Printing Press, 224. Pudsey, 141. Punishments, 26. Puritans, 103, 139, 164, 167-168. Pye Nest, 210, Quarmby Hall, 39. Quarmby, Hugh of, 39, 40, 41, 42. Queensbury, 56, 227, 253, 259. Railways, 259-60. Ramsden, Robert of Stoneyroyd, 165. Range Bank, 56, 227. Rastrick, Henry of, 48. Rastrick, 15, 16, 17, 43, 84, loi, 135. 218. Rawfold Mill, Attack on, 247, 249. Records Office, Public, 80. Recreation Ground : Savile Park, 267. Rectors, 34, 35. Reform Act, 251. Reformers : Peterloo, 250. " Religio Medici," 136. Religious Bequests, 84. Rendurer Place, 76. Rentals in Halifax, 78. Reservoirs, 263. " Revenge upon Revenge " : lilland Feud, 38. Revey Beacon, 102. Riding, 73. Riding, William, 96. Richard, Duke of York, 71. Richard the Nailer, 185. Rmgby, 115. Riot Act Read, 256. Riots, 250-1. Riots, Plug, 254-7. Ripon, 81, 161. Ripponden, 168, 229. Rishworth, 17. Rishworth Family, 120. Rising in the North, 103. Road, Great, to and from Halifax. 55- Roads, 53, 54, 85, 215-232. Roads, Repair of, 136. " Robinson Crusoe," 178. Rochdale, 141, 142, 152. 154 Rochdale Canal, 222. Rochdale Road, 227. Rockingham, Marquis of, .194 Rodeman, William, 99. Roebucks, Warley, 22. Roger the Fuller, 43. Roils Head, 153. Rokeby, Archbishop, 89-102. Rokeby, Archbishop W., Arms of, 91. Rokeby Chapel, 90, 93. Roote, Henry, 153, 168, 172. Roote, Timothy, 172. Rose and Crown Inn, 178. Roses, Wars of the, 71, 73. Royds, John, 194. Royd's House, George Street, 210. Rufford Abbey, 267. Rushton, Ben, 255. Russell Street, 168. Russia, 224. Ryburn, 218. St. Bartholomew's Fair, 80, 82. St. Crispin Inn, 245-8. St. John, Order of, 27. St. Joseph's School, Southowram. 152. Sanitation, Lack of prior to 1848, 262-263. Sakeldene, 25. Salterhebble, 222, 256. Salterhebble Brook, 225. Saltonstall, 13, 48. Saltonstall, William of, 25. INDEX. 283 Sandal Parish, 71, 170. Sand Hall, Highroad Well, 196. Savile, Henry, 87, 96, 98, 109-111. Savile, Captain Henry, 267. Savile, John, 46. Savile, Sir John, 145. Savile, Jonathan, 242. Savile, Sir William, 143, 158. Savile Badge, 97. Savile Close, 193. Savile Park, 265, 267. Saviles, 42, loi. Scenery, 230-1, 233, 270. Scholefield, Jonathan, 144. Scott, Sir Gilbert, 266. Scout Hall, 121. Seedlings Mount : Sydell-ing, 17 Selby, 142. Sentry Edge, 153, 158. Services charged to Rent, 27. Settle, 204. Settlers, Early, 13. Shackleton, 48. Shakehand Brig, 85. Sharpe, Mr., 151. Shaw Booth, 169-70. Shaw Hill, 107, 119, 256. Shaw Lodge Mills, 260. Shaw Syke, 16, 237, 259, 266. Shay, The, 78, 199. " Shears, The," 237. Shelf, 17, 45, 84, 85. Shepherd, John and Alice, 49. Shepherd, Thomas, 24. Shibden, 49, 56, 78, 127, 153, 184, 209, 238. Shibden Beck, 16. Shibden Coal pits, 185, 199, 242. Shibden Fold, 56. Shibden Hall, 16, 56, 59-61, 78, 100, 126, 138, 152, 186, 208. Shibden Industrial School, 229. Shields, Frederic, 270-1. Ship Money, 137-9. Siddal, 38, 119-121. Siddal Hall, 184. Simm Carr, 184. Skipton, 161, 200. Skipton Castle, 131, Skircoat, 16, 17, 85, 107, 218. Skircoat Freeholders, 265-7. Skircoat Green, 250, 253. Skircoat Moor, 234, 256, 266-7. Skylderyforth, 76. Slaughter Gap, 159. Smeaton, Engineer, 221. Smith House, I.ightcliffe, 199. Smithson, John, 47. Smithy Stake, 136. Soil Hill, 56, 184, 186, 235. Somerset House, George Street, 194. Sour Milk Hall, 242. Southampton, 105. South Field, 76. Southgate, 17, 154, 225.* Southowram, 16, 17,' 22, 102, 115, 136, 140, 184, 237, 252. Southowram Bank, 251, 261. South Parade, 209. South Street : Architecture, 209- 10. Sowerby, 15, 17, 21, 25, 46, 48, 80, 84, 85, loi, 125, 127, 128, 140, 155, 158, 161, 165, 168, 174-6, 200, 217-9, 220, 228. Sowerby Bridge, 86, 135, 153, 158, 160, 172, 189, 217-222, 259. Sowerby Chapel, 167. vSowerby Constables, Account Book of, 140. Sowerby shire, 55. Soyland, 15, 17, 143, 152, 158, J79- 183, 200. 211, 229. Spencer, Thomas, 26, 193, 193. Spen Valley, 246. Spice Cake Lane, 209. Spinning, 50, 203-5, 236. Spring Gardens, 115. Spring Hall Lane, 236. Square, 209. Square Chapel, 199, 207, 209, 242 265. Stainland, 17, 233. Stanbury, 201. Stancliffe, Richard, 85. Stanford, John of, 45. Stannary, 260. Stannery End, 191, 193, 207. Stansfield, 17, 21, 25, 84, 200. Stansfield, Thomas, 80. 284 INDEX. Steam Engine, 239-40. Stephenson, Hugh, 52. Stiperden, 159. Stockdale, Thomas, 145-6, 149c Stone Dam Mill, 78. Stoneshey Gate, 197. Stoney Royd, 16, 19, 165, 209, 212. Stott, Engraver, 270. Street Names, 261. Stuart Rebellion, 186-188. Stump Cross : Toll Bar, 225. Sturbridge Fair, Cambridge, 80. Styhog, John, 25. Suffolk, 177. Suffolk, Duke of, 91. Sugden, 141. Sunderland, 48, 120. Sunderland, High : See under High. Sunderland, Langdale, 163. Sunderland, Richard of High, 52. Sunny Bank, Greetland, 60, 63. Surnames : See Names. Surrey, Earl of : William of Warren, 20. Sutcliffe, Gamwel, 189. Sutton-in-Craven, 200. Swales Moor, 56, 221, 224, 227. 'Swendall, 237. Swerd, Peter, 25, 66. Swine Market, 270. Swires Road, 193. Tadcaster, 142, 150. Talbot Inn, 194, 221. Talbot, Major, 148. Talbots, 71. Talvace, John, 34. Taxes, 26, 46, 137-9- Taylor, Captain, 156. Taylor, Dan, 242. Telford, 228. Tempest, Sir Richard, 96, 98-99. Tempest Badge, 97. Ten Hours Bill, 244. Theft : Punishment under Gibbet Law, 28. Thomas, Robert, 193-5. Thomas, William, 204. Thompson, Fiddler, 242. Thompson, Mr., 159. Thornhill, 96, 98. Thornhill of Fixby Hall, 244. Thornton, William, 253. Thursden, 207. Tilley-holme, 20S. Tillotson, Archbishop John, 174-6. Tillotson, John : Luddite, 248, 249. Tillotson, Robert, 174. Timber Houses, 57. Tinker, Richard the, 25. Tithes, 33, 100. Todmorden, 197, 227, 228, 230, 244. Toll Bar Houses and Tolls, 225-7, 257- Token, Tradesman's, 178. " Top o' th' Town," 17. " Top-o' t' Town Chapel," 260. Tossit, 204. " Tour through Great Britain," 178. Tournay, 96. Tourn (Criminal Court), 24. Tower, Octagon, 268. Town Council, 265. Town, Growth of, 260-3. Town Gates, 17. Townley, 40. Townships, Boundaries of, 16, 17. Trade, Foreign : Sam Hill, 179-183. Trade, Growth of, 78. Trade, Local, 112. Trade : See under Wool, Worsted, Cloth, etc. Trafalgar, 260. Transport, 2 1 5-32. Triangle, 229, 250. Trooper Lane, 160. Tuel Lane, 228. Turbard, Ingelard, 35. Turner, J. M. W., 213. Turnpike Roads, 226-32, 257 Twining, Thomas, 233. Ulnager's Accounts, 80, 81. Uniformity, Act of, 172. Union Cross Yard, 231. Upper and Lower George Yards. 231. Upper Brear, 56, 165. Upper Rookes, 124. Upper Saltonstall, 124. INDEX. 285 Upper Siddal Hall : Coal Mine, 183. Upper Willow Hall, 129, 130. Victoria Reservoir, 263. View of Halifax, 17th Century, 145. Volunteers, 25 t, 266. Wade, General, 186-188. Wadsworth, 15, 17, 21, 208, 233. Wadsworth, Adam of, 25. Wadsworth Lanes, 155. Wages, Regulation of, 45. Wainhouse, J. E., 267. " Wainhouse's Folly," 268. Wainhouse Terrace, 268-9. Wainsgate, 199. Wakefield, 26, 27, 53, 55, 80, 81, 96, 103, 136, 140, 142-145, 155, 170, 178, 224, 228, 231-2. Wakefield, Battle of, 71. Wakefield Court Roll, 30, 35, 38, 43. 45- Wakefield, Manor of, 21, 32, 33, 185. Wakefield Prison, 256. , Wales, Mr., 141. Walker, 52. Walker of Walterclough, 237. Walker, William, 224. Wallis, 28. Walpole, Henry, 105. Walshaw Dean Reservoir, 263. Walters, Hubert, 34. Waltroyd, 19, 87, 204-8. Wards End, 209, 225, 251. Warley, 16, 17, 21, 25, 49, 85, 127, 129, 138, 153, 155, 156, 188, 200, 220. Warley, Nicholas of, 25. Warley Wood, 109. Warren, Earls of, 26, 27, 28, 30, 32, 34. 38, 39, 55. 89. Warren, John of, Earl of Surrey, 13, 20, 22, 23, 24. Warren Shield, .21. Washer Lane Dyeworks, 268. Waterhouse, 139. Waterhouse, Mistress Dorothy, 166. Waterhouse, Gilbert, 100. Waterhouse, John, 72, 86. Waterhouse, Nathaniel, 134-136, 138. Waterhouse, Robert, 99, 100. Waterside, 209. Water Supply, 263. Water Wheel : Simm Carr, 1 84 . Water-wheels, 219, 237. Watson, 178, 209-10, 230, 235. Weaving, Hand, 50, 203-5. Webster, 51-52. Webster, Thomas. 43. Well Head, 78, 165. ^ Wentworth, Lieutenant Colonel, 153. Wentworth Woodhouse, 194, 2 to. Wesley, John, 196-199, 233. Wesleyan Revival, 242. Westgate, 262. West Hill Park, 261. Westminster Abbey, Wolsey at, 89. Westm oreland , 71. West wood, Avicia, Wife of Thomas of, 25. Wetherby, 231. Wharf e, 222. Wharf Street, Sowerby Bridge, 222. Whatmough, Robert, token of, 178. Wheatley, 17, 85, 87, 204-7, 220, 229, 239. Whipping-stock, 134. Whitaker, Richard, of Skircoat, 106. White-House, 76. White Swan Inn, 231-2. White Windows, 210. Whittaker, Dr., 220. Whittaker, Dr. : Prophecy on Coal, 224. Whittle Lane End, 42. Widdop, 155, 197, 231, 263, 270. Wigglesworth, 204. Williamson, Abraham and John, 168, 170. Williamson, John, 153. Wilkinson, Vicar, 60, 71-72, 83. Willebv, John, and Chantry Chapel, 84." Willow Hall, 129. Willow Hall, Lower, 131. Willow Hall, Upper, 129, 130. Willroyd, 19. 286 INDEX. Wilson, Benj., 250, 257. Wilson, Robert, 189. Wiscombe Bank, 148. Wolf stones, 23. Wolsey, Cardinal, 89-92. Wood, Charles, 252. Wood Lane Hall, Sowerby, 116, 125. Wood, Richard, 87. Woolcombing, 199-207. " Wool Driving," 112. Woollen Trade, 49, 78-88, 1 12-13, 236. Woolshops, 63. Workhouse, Governors of, 164. Workhous*, Waterhouse's, 13^. Working Men's College, 266. Worsted Manufacture, 179-183, 236, 258. Wortley, James Stuart, 252. Wrigley Hill, 235. Wroe, John, 47. " Wuthering Heights," 208. WycoUar, 207-8. Yew Tree, 130-132. York, 25, 34, 43, 55, 82, 105. 144, 168, 173, 185, 193, 206, 223, 231, 239, 244. York Castle, 191. Yorkshire Penny Bank, 266. 14 DAY USE RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED LOAN DEPT. This book is due on the last date stamped below, or oo the date to which renewed. Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. ,5Nov'591Vli f^'^rro L.O fV'OV 10 ©59 iOJUL'626F RECD LD JUL28196Z LD 21A-50m-4,'59 (A1724sl0)476B General Library . University of California Berkeley Seb Pages 1516 and 84-85. THE ANCIENT PARISH OF HALIFAX DIVIDED INTO TOWNSHIPS -•\ Old Chapels marked *t N8HIP IS NOT Bounded by a Stream, the Dotted Line denotes the Boundary. m
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What number was the Pan-Am flight that was destroyed over Lockerbie | Pan Am flight 103 disaster | terrorist bombing, over Lockerbie, Scotland, United Kingdom [1988] | Britannica.com
Pan Am flight 103 disaster
terrorist bombing, over Lockerbie, Scotland, United Kingdom [1988]
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Pan American World Airways, Inc.
Pan Am flight 103 disaster, also called Lockerbie bombing, terrorist bombing of a passenger airliner operated by Pan American World Airways (Pan Am) on Dec. 21, 1988, that killed 270 people.
A section of the cockpit of Pan American flight 103, after it was destroyed by a bomb over …
Tom Stoddart—Hulton Archive/Getty Images
About 7:00 pm on December 21, Pan Am flight 103, a Boeing 747 en route to New York City from London, exploded over Lockerbie, Scotland . The plane had reached a height of approximately 31,000 feet (9,500 metres) and was preparing for the oceanic portion of the flight when a timer-activated bomb detonated. The bomb, constructed with the odourless plastic explosive Semtex, was hidden in a cassette player that was stored in a suitcase. The blast broke the plane into thousands of pieces that landed in an area covering roughly 850 square miles (2,200 square km). All 259 passengers and crew members were killed. Falling wreckage destroyed 21 houses and killed an additional 11 people on the ground.
Although the passengers aboard the plane came from 21 countries, the majority of them were Americans, and the attack increased terrorism fears in the United States . Investigators believed that two Libyan intelligence agents were responsible for the bombing; many speculated that the attack had been retaliation for a 1986 U.S. bombing campaign against Libya ’s capital city, Tripoli . Libyan leader Muammar al-Qaddafi refused to turn over the two suspects. As a result, the United States and the United Nations Security Council imposed economic sanctions against Libya. In 1998 Qaddafi finally accepted a proposal to extradite the men. In 2001, after an investigation that involved interviewing 15,000 people and examining 180,000 pieces of evidence, Abdelbaset Ali Mohmed al-Megrahi was convicted of the bombing and sentenced to 20 (later 27) years in prison. The other man, Lamin Khalifa Fhimah, was acquitted. The Libyan government eventually agreed to pay damages to the families of the victims of the attack. In 2009 Megrahi, who had been diagnosed with terminal cancer, was released from prison in Scotland on compassionate grounds and allowed to return to Libya; the United States strongly disagreed with the Scottish government’s decision. In July 2010 an investigation spurred by U.S. senators revealed that oil company BP had lobbied for a prisoner transfer agreement between the United Kingdom and Libya. Although both BP and the U.K. government denied that Megrahi was discussed specifically, in 2009 British justice minister Jack Straw had stated that BP’s business dealings with the Libyan government were a factor in considering his case.
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Who live at Mockingbird Heights 1313 Mockingbird Lane | Pan Am Flight 103 - Wikidata
Pan Am Flight 103
flight from Frankfurt to Detroit, destroyed by a terrorist bomb on 21 December 1988
Lockerbie bombing
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Which TV couple lived at 46 Peacock Drive Hampton Wick | George and Mildred, 1976 - British Classic Comedy
George and Mildred, 1976
1970's , 1970's ITV Comedy , TV Comedy
Continuing our take on what an ITV Landmark comedy season might look like.
Almost certainly one of ITV’s all time classics, George and Mildred was produced for ITV by Thames Television. A spin off from the popular Man About The House it starred Brian Murphy and Yootha Joyce, as ill-matched married couple, George and Mildred Roper.
The series enjoys regular repeats on ITV3.
Summary
George and Mildred leave their old house after receiving a compulsory purchase order from the Council. They move to 46 Peacock Crescent in the upmarket area of Hampton Wick. Whilst Mildred enjoys the chance to better herself in her new surroundings she is thwarted – by her lazy, and generally unemployed husband George, who has no interest in climbing the social ladder, and also continues to show a lack of interest in sexual relations with Mildred.
Their new neighbours are Jeffrey Fourmile, a snobbish Estate Agent, and his down to earth wife Ann. They have a young son called Tristram, who gets on well with George and Mildred. in series three a second child called Tarquin is born to the Fourmiles. The Conservative supporting Jeffrey is greatly irritated by Labour supporting George, who frequently annoys him.
Mildred’s snobbish sister Ethel and her wealthy husband Humphrey occasionally visit, as does Mildred’s mother. George’s friend jack-of-all-trades, Jerry also visits from time to time, much to Mildred’s annoyance.
In the first series, George buys Mildred a Yorkshire Terrier who she names Truffles.
Clips
Tarquin Fourmile (from series 3) Simon Lloyd
Ethel Pumphrey – Avril Elgar
Mildred’s Mother – Gretchen Franklyn
Jerry – Roy Kinnear
Created And Written By: Johnnie Mortimer and Brian Cooke
Channel: ITV
Original Transmission Dates: 6th September 1976 – 25th December 1979
Extras
During 1977, Brian Murphy and Yootha Joyce, joined at one stage by Reginald Marsh, toured in a successful stage version of the program. Following the fifth TV series a feature film version of the series was produced. The film was written not by Cooke and Mortimer but by Dick Sharples. The Fourmiles only played a small role. It focused on the original title characters celebrating their wedding anniversary, at Mildred’s insistence, at a swanky London hotel. Unlike the TV Series the film was neither a critical or a box office success.
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Name the famous family that lived at 127 Nelson Mandela House Peckham | George and Mildred - The Full Wiki
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George and Mildred
British comedy series George & Mildred
Format
6 September 1976 – 25 December 1979
Chronology
The Ropers
George and Mildred was a British sitcom produced by Thames Television that aired from 1976 to 1979. It was a spin-off from Man About the House and starred Brian Murphy and Yootha Joyce as an ill-matched married couple, George and Mildred Roper. The premise of this series had George and Mildred leaving their flat as depicted in Man About the House and moving to a modern, upmarket housing estate, to the horror of their snobbish neighbour Jeffrey Fourmile, an estate agent who despairs that the Ropers' presence will devalue his home.
It was written by Brian Cooke and Johnnie Mortimer . Like many sitcoms of the day, George and Mildred was also turned into a film , which was dedicated to actress Yootha Joyce who died suddenly in 1980, just as the cast had been looking forward to recording a sixth series.
Contents
Nicholas Bond-Owen - Tristram Fourmile [1]
Simon Lloyd - Tarquin Fourmile (from series 3)
Roy Kinnear - Jerry
Plot
George and Mildred Roper have left their old house after receiving a compulsory purchase order from the Council and move to 46 Peacock Crescent in Hampton Wick . While Mildred enjoys the chance to better herself in her new surroundings she is always being thwarted - usually by the lazy, and generally unemployed George, who has no interest in climbing the social ladder, and also continues to show a lack of interest in sexual relations with Mildred.
George and Mildred's yuppie next-door neighbours are Jeffrey Fourmile, a snobbish estate agent , and his wife Ann. They have a young son called Tristram, who gets on well with Mildred and George, and in series 3 a second child called Tarquin is born. The Conservative supporting Jeffrey is greatly irritated by George, who frequently annoys him.
Mildred's snobbish sister Ethel and her wealthy husband Humphrey occasionally visit, as does Mildred's mother. Mildred often makes subtle, and unsubtle digs at Ethel's age, or social status and pretensions, when Ethel visits. George's friend Jerry, a jack-of-all-trades, also visits, much to Mildred's annoyance. Jerry is fond of referring to Mildred as "Mildew".
In the first series, Mildred buys a Yorkshire Terrier called Truffles (played by dog actor Pussy Galore).
Episodes
Family Planning
8 November 1976
Ethel arrives in her 'new bottle green automatic Jaguar XJ6 ', to have a chat with Mildred about their mother. She's getting on - too old to be left on her own. George doesn't see the problem; 'She's got her own home in Dagenham ; if it's good enough for the Girl Pipers it's good enough for her.' And Ethel and Humphrey want their spare room for, 'a billiard room and sauna bath'. A family conference is called to decide the issue of who should look after her. And Tristram gets a black eye from a girl at school - so Jeffrey teaches him boxing .
Series Two (1977)
The title sequence for series two features Mildred worriedly getting into a motorcycle sidecar. George puts on his goggles and pulls away, but the sidecar, with Mildred sitting in it, is left at the kerb. The motorcycle, a 1933 Brough Superior was also in Dad's Army . (Chased by a runaway wheel packed with explosives, Captain Mainwaring , Pike , and Hodges commandeer the bike from a man trimming a hedge). The motorcycle is now at the London Motorcycle Museum . [2]
Episode Number
No Business Like Show Business
26 December 1977
Jeffrey Fourmile is producing, and directing, the Hampton Wick Players Christmas pantomime , Cinderella . A problem arises however, which leaves the production short of a second ugly sister. Mildred, who has been eager to take part, is offered the rôle, and accepts. Ethel and Humphrey arrive for the evening of the performance, but by then Mildred has fallen ill and lost her voice. 'You've really let them down you have - still, try not to think about it' counsels George. ( Roy Barraclough , playing an ugly sister, Sue Bond , and Derek Deadman also appear in this episode).
Series Three (1978)
The Twenty Six Year Itch
25 December 1979
Guest appearance of Patsy Rowlands as a barmaid who George takes a shine to while Mildred attends The Young Conservatives Christmas Dinner and Dance with Mr Fourmile after Ann insists on visiting her mother.
Stage show
During 1977, Brian Murphy and Yootha Joyce, joined at one stage by Reginald Marsh, toured in a successful stage version of the programme. In 1976-77, Murphy and Joyce appeared as the ugly sisters , Georgina and Mildred, in the London Palladium pantomime , Cinderella .
Film version
Main article: George and Mildred (film)
Following the fifth TV series, the programme was made into a film in 1980. The film was written not by Cooke and Mortimer but by Dick Sharples . The Fourmiles only played a small role in the film. Despite the presence of original title characters, plus stars like Stratford Johns and Kenneth Cope and up-and-coming actors like Vicki Michelle , the film was not a critical nor box office success.
The abrupt end of George and Mildred
The final caption of the George and Mildred film read 'The End - or is it the beginning?' It was to prove the abrupt end, as Yootha Joyce died, from chronic alcoholism , on 24 August 1980, before the film was even released. Her friends and colleagues were astonished to discover that she had been drinking a litre of brandy every day, as it never affected her performance or professionalism.
In 2004, on an audio commentary on the Australian Umbrella DVD release of George and Mildred: the Complete Series 2, Brian Murphy revealed that there had been plans for a sixth series of eight episodes of the show. These were to have been recorded in late 1980. Murphy also revealed that this was due to have been the final series of George and Mildred, as he and Yootha Joyce wished to focus on other work. However, despite scripts being written, Joyce's hospitalisation and death put an enforced end to the show. Her funeral took place on the very day the cast were due to begin rehearsals for the new series.
Thames Television did talk of producing a spin-off for the character of George, looking at him cope with life as a widower. However, this project did not materialise. But Brian Murphy did reunite with George and Mildred co-star Roy Kinnear and writers Johnnie Mortimer and Brian Cooke for The Incredible Mr. Tanner, a comedy produced for Thames soon after Yootha Joyce's death.
Adaptations
George and Mildred was adapted in the United States as The Ropers , a spin-off of Three's Company , the US version of Man About the House. Yootha Joyce and Brian Murphy appeared, in character as George and Mildred, on the magic show The David Nixon Show.
DVD releases
The first DVD release of George and Mildred was from Clear Vision in the UK in 2001 (and simultaneously appeared on VHS). Although the top of the sleeve says "Series One", the bottom says "episodes 1 to 6", so the remaining four episodes do not appear. Complaints about picture quality of this and the accompanying Man About the House release, and minor edits of the ad break captions, etc. probably went some way to explaining why no more Clear Vision releases materialised.
In Australia, the first series was released in May, 2003. Unlike the Clear Vision release of series one, all 10 episodes were included, as were the original ad captions and the Thames tv idents (the music for this is called "Salute to Thames") at the start and original end boards. Many fans from the UK imported these versions instead, not only due to their superiority, but the favourable exchange rates made them no more expensive than the Clear Vision title. Series 2 followed in March, 2004 and the movie that same November. Unlike the UK Network release of series 2, the Australian version contained some audio commentaries with series star Brian Murphy.
Contract and clearance re-negotiations for all worldwide regions put a halt to Umbrella's plans to proceed with the remaining episodes, and while the shows have been cleared for UK release (as evidenced by the Network releases), Fremantle Media still have not, as of 2007, worked out clearances for the Australian/New Zealand regions yet, so Umbrella's hands are still tied. On Wednesday, 16 July 2008, Series 3 was finally released in Australia, followed by Series 4 on 3 September 2008 and Series 5 on December 3 2008, Soon after the release of Series 5, Series 3, 4 and 5 were discontinued, at this stage Series 1 and 2 were also out of production but remaining copies were continuing to be sold. In April 2009, Freemantle Media re-released the first three seasons with the same cover art as of the UK releases (Season 1 now being a 2 Disc set as the original version all 10 episodes were on one disc), Season 4 was re-released on 5 November 2009 and Season 5 re-release on 3 December 2009, although some delays occurred.
The entire first series of George and Mildred was released by Network DVD in Region 2 (UK) in 2005 without the annoying edits or the over-compressed picture quality. The second, third and fourth series were released in 2006. The fifth and final series was released in 2007. The movie has been available in the UK for many years on both video and DVD, both individually and bundled as special double- and triple-bills with other "small screen to big screen" efforts. The complete box set with all 5 seasons has been released in the UK.
A book dedicated to the Situation Comedy, entitled The Man About the House and George & Mildred Companion is due to be published in 2010.
Recent broadcasts
The show is now shown regularly on Comedy Central Extra in the United Kingdom complete with Thames Television ident. In Spain it shown on Cuatro and in Canada it is shown on Country Canada . In 2007 some episodes were shown on the Seven Network in Australia and is shown occasionally on pay-TV channel UK.TV on Foxtel . It has also been shown in Cuba . Granada Plus used to repeat the show until the close in 2004.
See also
List of films based on British sitcoms
Footnotes
^ He was sometimes credited as Nicholas Owen having added Bond because he was a fan of James Bond .
^ Radio Times 3-9 October 2009
References
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What is speleology the study of | Speleology | Define Speleology at Dictionary.com
speleology
[spee-lee-ol-uh-jee] /ˌspi liˈɒl ə dʒi/
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the exploration and study of caves.
Origin of speleology
1890-95; < Latin spēlae(um) (see spelaean ) + -o- + -logy
Related forms
[spee-lee-uh-loj-i-kuh l] /ˌspi li əˈlɒdʒ ɪ kəl/ (Show IPA), adjective
speleologist, noun
British Dictionary definitions for speleology
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noun
1.
the scientific study of caves, esp in respect of their geological formation, flora and fauna, etc
2.
the sport or pastime of exploring caves
Derived Forms
C19: from Latin spēlaeum cave
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Which US president has a statue in Parliament Square | Peace loving Gandhi to have a statue in Parliament Square, ministers announce... after hailing £250m arms deal with India | Daily Mail Online
Peace loving Gandhi to have a statue in Parliament Square, ministers announce... after hailing £250m arms deal with India
Statue of Gandhi a 'fitting tribute to democratic India' says Osborne
Announcement made on Government trade mission to Mumbai and Delhi
Comes after ministers announce air-to-air missile deal with Indian Air Force
Gandhi statue be placed next to British war leader Sir Winston Churchill
Former Prime Minister dismissed Gandhi as a 'nauseating' fraud
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Mahatma Gandhi, pictured in 1940, was the leader of Indian nationalism in British-ruled India. He used the tactic of nonviolent civil disobedience to win independence
A statue of Indian independence hero Mahatma Gandhi will be erected outside Parliament, George Osborne has announced today.
The Chancellor, in New Delhi with Foreign Secretary William Hague, said it would be a fitting tribute to the 'father of democratic India'.
But the decision to honour the 20th Century's most famous pacifist came just 24 hours after the Government announced a £250million arms deal with India.
Mr Osborne confirmed a deal to provide air-to-air missiles for the Indian Air Force in a joint venture between BAE Systems, the Franco-German group Airbus and Finmeccanica of Italy.
The two Cabinet ministers are also promoting the sale of the Eurofighter Typhoon jet, which is partly built in Britain. India is looking to buy 126 fighter jets and had identified the French Rafale as its preferred choice.
Yet repeated delays on signing the deal have left Britain hopeful that India may yet opt to buy the Typhoon.
Tushar Gandhi, a social activist and the great-grandson of the independence leader, said it was ironic the ministers had announced plans for the statue during a visit partly taken up with promoting weapons sales.
He said: 'It’s a nice way to apply a soothing balm to their consciences, to raise a statute. How can anybody say they approve of this?'
But Mr Osborne wrote on Twitter: 'Gandhi was father of democratic India. Can announce we'll honour his memory with statue in front of mother of parliaments in Parliament Sq.'
The statue will stand alongside monuments to other statesmen including Nelson Mandela, Sir Winston Churchill and Abraham Lincoln in the square.
The Government hopes the statue will be erected next year, funded by charitable donations and sponsors, with leading sculptor Philip Jackson approached to take on the project.
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Mr Hague said: 'Gandhi's view of communal peace and resistance to division, his desire to drive India forward and his commitment to non-violence left a legacy that is as relevant today as it was during his life.
'He remains a towering inspiration and a source of strength. We will honour him with a statue alongside those of other great leaders in Parliament Square.'
Culture Secretary Sajid Javid, who is leading a special advisory group to support the project, said: 'My parents were born in British India with first-hand experience of partition. The effect it had on millions of people contributed to my decision to take up public service.
'Celebrating Mahatma Gandhi's reverence and greatness, a man who fought equally for everyone, in the form of a statue in Parliament Square is a fitting tribute. No matter what your background, history or religion, this statue will allow people from around the world to look upon him and appreciate his endeavour and successes for humanity.'
The Chancellor and Foreign Secretary are in India meeting key players in the administration in New Delhi - including recently elected prime minister Narendra Modi - as well as leading business figures.
They are following in the footsteps of a series of foreign visitors - including the French foreign minister and the Russian deputy prime minister - who have arrived to pay court to the new premier since his landslide victory in May.
Parliament Square in London is home to a number of statues of politicians, including Sir Winston Churchill (above), US President Abraham Lincoln and former Liberal Prime Minister David Lloyd George
Foreign Secretary William Hague and the Chancellor George Osborne, pictured in India yesterday, praised Gandhi as a 'towering inspiration'
Mr Osborne said India was 'on an exciting journey of reform' under Mr Modi's new government.
'I believe there to be no more reliable companion on that journey than the UK,' he said.
Speaking in Mumbai yesterday, he said: 'To adopt a phrase from Prime Minister Modi: good days are coming for the India-Britain relationship.
'Good days are coming for the investment we make in each other's economies.
'Good days are coming for the trade between our two trading nations.
'Good days are coming for the financial partnership we can forge to build, literally, the infrastructure of the future."
He set out ambitions for London to play a leading role as a gateway for Indian firms to access global capital markets.
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Arthur Turner, Grenadier and George Neal are varieties of which fruit | A good stop between Westmister Abbey and Big Ben - Review of Parliament Square, London, England - TripAdvisor
“A good stop between Westmister Abbey and Big Ben”
Reviewed June 3, 2013
In sort it is a small square of grass in the middle of historical Westminster. But there are lots of very interesting bits around. It is full of statues of famous people and it right next to Westminster Abbey and the Houses of Parliament with a brilliant view of Big Ben. It wasn't busy when I was there but I can imagine it getting really busy if it's hot and/or in the middle of the tourist season but I think it's well worth a picnic or visit if you are in the area, if not go to one of the big parks.
Visited July 2012
“Not to miss”
Reviewed May 17, 2013
Parliament Square is a beautiful Square, surrounded by magnificent, famous and well-known buildings. These buildings are working buildings involved in the government, church and legal aspects of British life. Unfortunately the Square gets very crowded, both by tourists, and by traffic. To avoid times of traffic is difficult, if not impossible. It is best to accept the situation. It does tend to be quieter on Sundays, - and there is less traffic.
The Square offers a magnificent panorama of the surrounding buildings. To the South of the Square are Big Ben and the Houses of Parliament, and turning clockwise you see the magnificence of the Church of England – Westminster Abbey, and in front, and somewhat dwarfed by the Abbey behind, the smaller church of St Margaret. Turning around, again clockwise, gives views of the recently restored Law buildings, festooned with beautiful frescoes.
The Square itself is a grassed area, with paved walkways. It is enjoyable to go round and see the statues of politicians, and statesmen. It is a surprise to see an imposing statue of the US president Abraham Lincoln. The major statue in the Square is that of Winston Churchill, the British Wartime Prime Minister. This statue is a massive and impressive dark bronze statue.
Do not miss the large statue of Queen Boadicea mounted in her chariot. This statue is found opposite Big Ben at the entrance to the Square. Queen Boadicea was head of the Iceni tribe from the East of Britain, and attacked and burnt many Roman towns.
The roads from the Square lead out to many important places. In the corner of the Square adjacent to Big Ben the road leads along the Embankment and offers a pleasant riverside walk to Waterloo. Next to Big Ben the road runs across Westminster Bridge. The views from this bridge are stunning, particularly the views of the Palace of Westminster, the Houses of Parliament. The views of Parliament and Big Ben are particularly stunning at night because the buildings are beautifully illuminated.
The road leading out between the Abbey and the Houses of Parliament passes several important statues – including Oliver Cromwell. It also passes the Jewel House, itself worth a visit. This road leads to the West bank of the Thames, past government buildings, and on to the Tate Britain Gallery.
The road leading out from the North West leads to Victoria, and going round clockwise you will find Birdcage Walk which leads into St James’ Gardens. The next road, turning clockwise is Whitehall, which leads up to Trafalgar Square past Downing Street, the Cenotaph, and Horse Guards parade.
It is worth avoiding Westminster Underground Station. It tends to get very busy. Depending on where you are coming from the roads into the Square are well worth walking along. It is worth going to Waterloo, walking along the Thames, and onto Westminster Bridge. However, the walk from Vauxhall, across Vauxhall Bridge, then down Millbank walking along the river is also very rewarding. It is worth noting that travel by the Underground in London is best avoided. As the trains run underground there are no sights to see. It is always best to plan your visit to a particular location, and either walk or use buses from there.
Visited May 2013
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Who was the leader of a cult who murdered Sharon Tate amongst others | Actress Sharon Tate found murdered - Aug 09, 1969 - HISTORY.com
Actress Sharon Tate found murdered
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On this day in 1969, the 26-year-old actress Sharon Tate, the pregnant wife of acclaimed movie director Roman Polanski (Rosemary’s Baby, Chinatown), is found murdered along with four other people at her Los Angeles home. The gruesome crime, in which the killers scrawled messages on the walls with the victims’ blood, sent Hollywood into a state of panic. The career criminal and cult leader Charles Manson and his followers, who lived together on the outskirts of L.A. in a commune where drug use and orgies were common, were later convicted for the murders.
Sharon Marie Tate was born January 24, 1943, in Dallas, Texas. She moved to Los Angeles in the early 1960s to pursue acting, eventually appearing in such films as Eye of the Devil (1966); The Fearless Vampire Killers (1967), which was directed by Polanski; Valley of the Dolls (1967), for which she received a Golden Globe nomination; The Wrecking Crew (1969) and The Thirteen Chairs (1969).
Tate and Polanski were married in January 1968. The director was out of the country on the night of August 8, 1969, when Tate, who was due to give birth in a matter of weeks, and her friends, including the coffee heiress Abigail Folger and the celebrity hairstylist Jay Sebring, were shot or stabbed to death at Tate and Polanski’s rented home on Cielo Drive in Benedict Canyon. The Tate-Polanski home reportedly was chosen as a target because Manson had unsuccessfully attempted to get a recording deal from a producer who used to live there. Manson’s subsequent trial became a national spectacle, during which he exhibited bizarre, violent behavior. He was convicted and given the death penalty, a sentence that was commuted to life behind bars when the California Supreme Court overturned the death penalty law in 1972. Since his trial, Manson has become a criminal icon and the subject of numerous books and films, notably the bestselling 1974 true crime book Helter Skelter, co-authored by Vincent Bugliosi, the Los Angeles County assistant district attorney who successfully prosecuted Manson and his followers.
In 1977, Polanski became embroiled in controversy after he pled guilty to engaging in unlawful sex with a 13-year-old girl and later fled the United States to avoid a possible prison sentence. The director continued to make movies, but has not returned to America, where he could be arrested. At the 2002 Academy Awards, Polanski was awarded the Best Director Oscar in absentia for his wrenching Holocaust-era film The Pianist.
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Who was the only one of the Nazis to plead guilty at the Nuremberg trials | The Family (Charles Manson)
The Family; Charles Manson (Part 1:)
Charles Milles Maddox (1934-), a.k.a. Charles Manson:
Quotation by Charles Manson::
"You made your children what they are.... These children that come at you with knives, they are your children. You taught them. I didn't teach them. I just tried to help them stand up.... You can project it back at me, but I am only what lives inside each and every one of you. My father is your system.... I am only what you made me. I am a reflection of you. You made your children what they are.... These children that come at you with knives, they are your children. You taught them. I didn't teach them. I just tried to help them stand up.... You can project it back at me, but I am only what lives inside each and every one of you. My father is your system.... I am only what you made me. I am a reflection of you."
About "The Family:"
Manson's mother was Kathleen Maddox; his father was Walker Scott. He picked up the Manson surname from his stepfather, William Manson.
This group is unrelated to a faith group called by various names: the Church of God, Family of Love, and The Family.
Charles Milles Manson was born on 1934-NOV-11 or 12; sources differ. He is a person with an unusual ability to dominate others. He assembled a destructive, doomsday cult around himself, which the media later called The Family. At one time, it numbered in excess of 100 individuals at the Spahn Ranch some 30 miles northwest of Los Angeles CA. Manson was referred to both as "God" and "Satan" by his followers. As the family's guru, he claimed to be a reincarnation of Jesus Christ.
Manson was concerned about damage to the environment and pollution. He once commented:
"Your waters dying. Your lifes in that cup. Your trees are dying. Your wildlifes locked up in zoos. Youre in the zoo, Man. How do you feel about it?"
Mass murders perpetrated by The Family:
The first murder by the family was of Gary Hinman, a Los Angeles drug dealer and musician. His body was discovered on 1969-JUL-31.
The first series of mass murders, called the "Tate" homicides, occurred at the home of Sharon (Tate) Polanski on 1969-AUG-9. Three victims were shot and/or stabbed multiple times on the grounds of the estate. These were Abigail Folger, Steven Parent and Voiytek Frykowski. Sharon Polanski and Jay Sebring were murdered inside the house. Sharon, 8 months pregnant at the time, died from numerous stab wounds, five of which were by themselves fatal; Jay died of blood loss. Both had their necks loosely attached by a single rope over a rafter.
The next homicides, called the "LaBianca murders," occurred two days later in the home of Leno and Rosemary LaBianca. They were found stabbed to death with dozens of wounds.
Finally, Donald Shea was murdered. He was a former stuntman and hired hand at the Spahn Ranch.
The police appear to have been stunned by the horrific details at the mass murder crime scenes. They badly bungled the task of collecting evidence. They were unable to find the clothing worn by the murderers. A television news crew was able to locate the clothing later.
Although Manson is not believed to have killed anyone directly, he ordered his followers to commit the famous Tate, LaBianca and other murders.
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Possible motives for the murders:
The murders were on the surface motiveless and unconnected to Manson, but some key motives were later identified.
Manson was highly hostile to society, pathologically so, and wanted revenge.
Manson had been rejected by the music industry and wanted revenge. One suggestion is that he targeted the Tate house because it represented his rejection by the show business community he wanted to enter, and that it was of no interest to him who his actual victims would be.
Manson got a 'kick' out of death and control. During the trial, one witness commented that "he [Manson] doesn't know about love... love is not his trip. Death is his trip."
The killers were attempting to clear the blame from their friend, Bobby Beausoleil, by committing a copycat murder.
Manson had come to believe that Armageddon was imminent, in the form of race war, and believed he was destined to be the ultimate beneficiary of it. Manson viewed race war as imminent, describing it as Helter Skelter, "all the wars that have ever been fought, piled on top of each other." He told his followers that this was imminent, but that there was a secret underground world reached by a hole underneath the desert, where they would wait out the war in bliss. He described this many times, and it was a part of their communal belief, so much so that they stocked up supplies and searched for the hole prior to the crimes. Blacks would win the war, but be unable to run the world through lack of experience, and the Family would therefore emerge and run it for them as a benevolent autocracy with Manson at the head of this new world order. The war would be triggered by "some black people coming out of the ghetto and doing atrocious crimes... killings... writing things in blood." However, by summer 1969, Manson was heard to say that blacks did not know how to start its role in this war, so he would have to show them.
Although all five were possible motives, in the trial the prosecutor placed the last as the main motive, despite its unusual nature. The police and DA argued that Manson found sections within the Beatles' song Helter Skelter and within the last book in the Christian Bible, Revelation which he felt referred to a devastating future race war between blacks and whites. By murdering some high-profile people, he expected to trigger the "final days" conflict.
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The arrest and trial:
A major break in the case happened in 1969-NOV when thirteen Family members were arrested on a charge of grand theft (auto). Several sources say that it was Susan Atkins alone who was arrested on a charge of prostitution; this appears to be an error. While in prison, she talked to her cell mate about having been involved in the Tate murders.
Charles Manson and three of his followers (Krenwinkel, Atkins, Van Houten) were charged with the Tate/LaBianca murders. The trial was spectacular. Manson spent much of the time with his back to the judge; his actions were repeated by his co-defendants and other followers. He shaved his head and carved an swastika on his forehead; his "family" followed suit. All four were found guilty and sentenced to execution. Manson and other family members later received death sentences for the Hinman and Shea killings. The death penalties were commuted to life imprisonment in the 1970's when California law was changed.
In 1997-AUG, Manson was transferred from Corcoran State Prison to the tougher Pelican Bay State Prison as punishment for a drug bust. He was placed in a segregated Security Housing Unit where he had little contact with other inmates. In 1998-MAR-26, he was returned to Corcoran where he remains today. His address is: Charles Manson, B-33920, 4A 4R-23, P. O. Box 3476, Corcoran, CA 93212. He is currently eligible for parole, although his chances of being freed are slim.
One source found "at least 100 pages of information from the faithful" on the Internet. 1 One remarkable web site compares Manson with the Hindu God Shiva. 2 Another site, Access Manson, appears to be a semi-official Manson web site. 3 It contains extensive information about ATWA (Air, Trees, Water, Animals) which is Manson's environmental group.
On 2002-JUN-28, Leslie Van Houten was denied parole for the 14th time. She had stabbed Rosemary LaBianca sixteen times as a drug-crazed teenager. Since then, she has obtained a bachelor's and master's degree and has been a model prisoner, who has not accumulated a single disciplinary report in the past 25 years. She chairs a drug and alcohol rehabilitation group twice a month. She is now 52. She is not the person she was at age 19 when she participated in the crimes," Van Houten's attorney, Christie Webb said: "She has not taken drugs in three decades. She is much more of a leader than a follower in prison. ... And she has insight into how she could have participated in these crimes and how she can make amends."
This topic is continued in the next essay
Internet references:
The following information sources were used to prepare and update the above essay. The hyperlinks are not necessarily still active today.
Deborah K. Fillmer, "Forensic science and the Charles Manson murders," at: http://www.cris.com/
"Astonishing similarities between Charles Manson and the Hindu God Shiva," at: http://members.aol.com/
"Manson Family Murders, 1969-1971" at: http://www.umi.com/
Portions copyright � 1996 to 2015 by Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance
Latest update: 2015-JAN-25
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Who was lead singer of The Jam | See More
Russell Hastings is the only frontman other than Weller to have worked with both Bruce Foxton and Rick Buckler (former T...he Jam drummer). His passion and understanding of The Jam has entitled him to be credited by fans and critics alike as the perfect candidate to respectfully and admirably slip into the shoes of former The Jam frontman Paul Weller, with whom he also worked alongside in 2011.
From The Jam are currently touring and later this year will be on the road with the A and B Sides Tour. See more
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Who wrote the words for Auld Lang Syne | From The Jam: "We Are Not A Tribute Act" - Sabotage Times
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From The Jam: "We Are Not A Tribute Act"
Bruce Foxton's new band have just released an album and are rocking it live; proof in the pudding if ever it were needed that they are a brilliant band in their own right...
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During the last half of the 1970s something changed for a suburban kid living nestled between council estates and sun-scorched park fields. Almost overnight Farah Fawcett's poster was unceremoniously taken down and the blu-tac recycled to affix three dapper looking, in not somewhat undernourished, blokes from not far off down the A3. Within a year there was no wallpaper to be seen. The Jam had not only stormed the UK charts but also my bedroom wall and my vinyl collection - sitting alongside my dad's worn out This Is Soul Atlantic collection and my mum's Beatles LPs. Fred Perry, Levis and feather cuts worn like a badge of honour and my political stance, bookshelf and badge collection all sprang to life prompted by a Weller lyric or interview throwaway.
Strangely enough, although the band's lead singer and main songwriter was as good a frontman as a kid could ask, for those posters pretty much all had the complete line up on them. Like a football team with a star striker you had to accept the centre back and the midfield water carrier as vital to the grand scheme. For me, and countless others, there was no band like The Jam. Whilst Dexys Midnight Runners would probably edge them out in a Desert Island Discs face off they defined my upbringing, sang about my life and made me feel represented. Some kids at that time might have liked to fanny about to to Duran Duran and their unfathomable and utterly banal warblings, others decided a metal collection meant not washing your hair was something of a fashion statement rather than a personal hygiene issue, but for me, and fuckloads more like me, The Jam really were spot on in every department.
With that in mind, when I was asked if I would like to interview Bruce Foxton, it was with a mixture of palpable nervousness and a surge of latent teenage pride that said yes as fast as my fingers could type.
A bit of diary tennis later it transpired I was to meet with all three of Bruce Foxton's current first team. I knew instantly that meant half of my questions were dead; too much Jam stuff and I was likely to get asked to leave by the band faster than I'd wish for. The irony of the band wanting to be seen as equals wasn't lost on me though, so I sharpened my pencil, set about chalking up a few questions and started worrying deeply about what shoes to wear.
Pulling up in a Surrey street of mock tudor and new motors I sat in the car with the sort of nervous excitement usually reserved for last-minute-in-playoff-final occasions. One more nervous test of the iPhone recording app and a whizz through my carefully prepared questions (logically arranged so as not to stumble about like the rank amateur I feared appearing as).
The Jam really were spot on in every department
Bang on the dot I walked up and rang the doorbell. No answer. Fashionably on time I was okay with being kept waiting. This was a rehearsal I was interrupting although try as I might I couldn't quite work out the sound of a not-so-amateur band rehearse in a nearby yard. A few rings later and lead singer Russell Hastings swung the door open and lead me into the kitchen. Ex-Big Country sticksman Mark Brzezicki was on kettle duty whilst Bruce Foxton finished up with his mobile phone. The first thing that struck me was how unfeasibly slim Foxton was. The swine. The second thing that hit was I was sitting drinking tea with the bass player from The Jam.
iPhone in the middle of the table, app rolling, I revealed I had a few questions prepared, produced some carefully typed pages and was met with something along the lines of "a few?!"
I mentioned I had seen the boys live playing some of the new LP tracks along with the Jam songs most had turned out to hear at a recent Kingsmeadow Live gig (at AFC Wimbledon's bar). Get in early with the credentials, first impressions and all that. I also congratulated them on the new LP, a genuine congratulation at that, and away we went.
I wondered when the writing process had started and Foxton confirmed it had been over the preceding 12 months or so. Bits and pieces strung together and then worked up as a band. I had a question that was to compare and contrast it to the process The Jam employed knowing it might be prickly. (The famous fall out between the three Woking wonders a few years back was apparently over song writing royalties.) Bruce pretty much confirmed this by saying that although Paul had ended up with songwriting credits the songs were still heavily reliant on contributed drum parts, bass lines, all ideas thrown in the pot. Clearly not only was The Jam a three piece live but also the song construction was viewed as such. It also served some warning that trying too hard to unpick Jam answers was rocky territory. Politely I made a mental note to try and ignore what I'd previously described as "the elephant in the room" - namely Bruce's previous band. Tricky stuff interviewing a band who play live as From The Jam.
The LP has a very live feel and sounds as if it was recorded without too many overdubs or convoluted arrangements. Russell Hastings made it clear that had been the intention all along, a faithful live sound and feel being the target; "we never wanted Beach Boys overdubs," says Bruce. A listen to the LP confirms they got what they wanted.
"That 'T' word you mention" spits Hastings, "people who use that don't know what they are talking about."
The recording had taken place at Weller's Blackbarn studio down in deepest Surrey. How was that? I wondered. "We had plenty of time to record and was pretty much left alone, in-between Paul, Steve Cradock and The Moons that is," Foxton informed. Songs were recorded in twos and threes whith the band all close together, live takes, with Charlie the house engineer lending encouragement.
Steve "Stax legend" Cropper appears on the LP, I'd been wondering since hearing that just how to had come about and just what it was like when he turned up in a Surrey village complete with a curry house, a great little boozer and open fields. Sadly Cropper hadn't made it in person (dashing my theory he'd arrive in a long black car armed with a Telecaster and bottle of hooch). The band shares management with the great man and after being asked and agreeing Cropper then missed the session to appear on Ronnie Woods's TV show. True to his word though the backing tracks were sent to Nashville for some signature Cropper licks on "Don't Waste My Time."
Mark Brzezicki made a point that the tracks were all left with some "space" in order for others to contribute. The "others" in question, aforementioned Cropper aside, involved one curveball and one more obvious contribution. Curveball- Spandau Ballet's Steve "Plonker" Norman. How that came about was a fairly long tale. Foxton had been working on a festival idea with Morrisons (yes the one that flogs so-so food to the masses) and during that time they became friends. Norman had even joined From The Jam on stage to play sax on Going Underground. A fascinating if somewhat unsettling concept. The festival ended up being binned off but the upshot was Norman appearing on the LP.
Now the obvious contribution. Obvious because it was recorded in his studio but even more obvious when you listen to the LP and especially the stand-out track and single release Number Six. John William Weller. The band had made the point that everyone had contributed their time freely and keenly once they'd heard the tracks. Weller in particular making good use of the freedom the tracks had offered joining in playing piano, recorder and it was noted just how much fun he'd had overdubbing a cymbal on one track.
Ah, a window. Back to The Jam… a gentle introduction by way of asking about playing live as what some see as a tribute act featuring an original member. Not so gentle it turns out. "That 'T' word you mention" spits Hastings, "people who use that don't know what they are talking about." I'll testify, having seen the band close up playing those songs there's nothing remotely odd about it. The passion and respect is evident. I think that's the point, it's more than heartfelt and certainly no cabaret. Foxton steps in: "When Rick (original Jam drummer and former From The Jam sticksman for those unaware of the twisting history) and I first discussed taking these songs live we thought very hard about it. But they deserve an audience." Something Weller obviously agrees upon having slipped more and more Jam material into his own set in the last decade. "We have massive respect for those songs" adds the man now charged with delivering the main vocals, "we know what they mean to people."
"I think we had 1-2 years left in us but I suppose there's something to be said about going out at the top."
I'm in. Time to unleash some more of the questions I'd prepared when I thought it would be just Bruce and I chatting. I was curious as to how The Jam would have fared if they'd stuck about given how "real" music was gradually replaced by synth strings and studio-based projects as the 80's unfolded. "Dunno, I haven't got a crystal ball. I think we had 1-2 years left in us but I suppose there's something to be said about going out at the top." I offered a "Beatles not Stones" line I'd remembered Weller consoling me with when the band broke up and broke hearts.
Switch. Back to the current band. I ask Russell what gear he used on the LP, obviously playing Jam era Rickenbackers live did he use anything else on the LP? "I've had my Ricky 30 years, I used that mainly. Some 6 and 12 string Gibson acoustic stuff. Paul did suggest on one track I re-record using his Gibson. I thought 'might as well give this old thing a try." Bruce, same gear as The Jam? In order to sound either educated or just plain fucking obsessive I noted he played live with a Rickenbacker 4001 but tried adding Fender Precision pick-ups as he'd been recording with said Fender. "I've still got a few butchered 4001's where I tried to change their sound but they are not for changing. They look great but I just prefer the sound of the Fender." Spotter's badge duly awarded. Same question re amps: "I'm back playing a Marshall head with 2 cabs. I tried Ampeg and used them with Stiff Little Fingers but the valves kept breaking down, so back to Marshall it was". Even the other two band members had glazed over at this point so I dare'nt think what those reading think…
I paid tribute to Foxton's playing, brazenly declaring him a bass legend much to his own embarrassment. I stand by that and it's one of the reason From The Jam are worthy, especially live and in your face. "Bruce isn't best placed to comment on that" jokes Brzezicki, "But I can answer. I know how good he is. He is up there with the greats". Whilst good humoured banter breaks out I ask Foxton how easy the switch was after naming McCartney , Jack Bruce, Bruce Foxton - all guitarists turned bass playing legends (fuck it, I was on a roll). "It's easier, there's only four strings" Foxton offers, an "in" gag that bands have probably been cracking since the first electric rehearsal ever happened. "I listened to a few, mostly Entwhistle, and loved it. I took it from there".
With the band itching to get back to the soundproofed rehearsal room in the back yard I spin through a set of questions for them all to answer…
Desert Island LP? Hastings goes for All Mod Cons, before a quick change to Never Mind The Bollocks and a confession of getting into trouble with the missus for playing Bodies to his kid whilst in the car. Mark Brzezicki, without flinching, offers up The Who's Live At Leeds which gets Foxton, in last place, pondering. "I was going to say My Generation but probably something by the Four Tops. Or maybe ToTo." He was joking, definitely.
Best gig you've seen? Mark Brzezicki stays with The Who, electing for a California gig 10 years ago, Foxton agrees, then reels off a series of Who gigs. "Any of them, simply another level, all of them." The man charged with singing Paul Weller's work proudly announces "The Jam, Newcastle City Hall, Settings Sons tour, 1980."
With that, Foxton cracks the whip, time's up, and the band have to get back to running through The Jam's debut LP (From The Jam will be celebrating 35 years since In The City was released by touring it live).
"What's next?" Hastings enquires. "Bricks and Mortar" confirms Foxton, before the band return to their instruments, 35 years after Foxton first ran through them. For songs to matter that much, after such a passing of time is the Jam's legacy, and with that I'm off. Not before nicking a Foxton signature on an In The City LP cover photoshoot out take. Sod it, I might never get the chance again.
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With which musical instrument is Courtney Pine most closely associated | "Pine Tips Hat to Sax Maestro; ALAN NICHOL Has the Latest News on the Roots Music Scene" - Evening Chronicle (Newcastle, England), July 9, 2010 | Online Research Library: Questia
Byline: ALAN NICHOL
THIS week we take a journey through some sites of special musical interest.
It's a fairly comprehensive all-points tour across the musical map with ports of call at the mouth of the mighty Mississippi, up through the USA, Canada and across to London and Paris.
The conductor on the first stage of the trip is the celebrated jazz musician, Courtney Pine. The Mouth of the Tyne Festival takes place this weekend, too, with headliners Seth Lakeman - also playing Whitley Bay Playhouse tonight - and James Morrison.
Courtney Pine was born in London to Jamaican parents in 1964. Pine studied the clarinet at school before he took to his more familiar instrument, the saxophone. He also plays flute and keyboards.
In the post-punk period, he recorded his 1986 album Journey to the Urge Within and it became the first serious jazz album to break into the UK Top 40.
His subsequent work saw him break into the US market and he has continued to explore throughout his career. He succeeded as a broadcaster with the Jazz Crusade series for BBC Radio 2, was awarded the OBE in 2000 and recently added a CBE. His new project is a tribute to the man commonly accepted as the first jazz saxophone great, Sidney Bechet.
Bechet was a Creole, born into a wealthy New Orleans family and went on to play in bands Bunk Johnson and King Oliver, before the First World War.
It is this bygone era that Pine has chosen to highlight with his latest recording, Transition In Tradition: En Homage a Sidney Bechet. He has a cracking band to help, with the UK's Zoe Rahman on piano and Cuba's Omar Puente on violin among others. This century-old era is recreated in the Sage's Hall 1 tomorrow night when Pine takes yet another turn in his multi-faceted career.
That classic jazz period is kept alive with events like the Whitley Bay International Jazz Festival.
In fact, it has been called "the best classic-jazz festival in the world". This year - the twentieth and apparently last event - underlines that status with around 30 bands and 150 musicians from 12 different countries.
The festival is not based in Whitley Bay however, but at the Village Hotel at Cobalt Park, Silverlink North - just off the A1058 Coast Road - and runs from tonight to Sunday. Acts include New Orleans Rascals, Andy Schumm's Bixologists and Keith Nichols' Blue Devils. There are several ticket combinations from full weekend to half-day and individual concerts, subject to capacity. Check out www.whitleybayjazzfest.org for information.
FROM the Belleville district of Paris, Edith Piaf, one of France's most enduring singing legends, has Martha Wainwright to thank for this particular revival.
Wainwright was born in Montreal - the largest city in the province of Quebec - where the language is predominantly French.
Although her parents, Loudon Wainwright III and Kate McGarrigle, are associated most closely with folk music, she developed a Piaf affinity from an early age.
The family output is famously diverse and Martha is certainly no one-trick pony. …
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| Saxophone |
What was Britain's 1992 Eurovision Song Contest entry sang by Michael Ball | Music | Bridge Academy
Bridge Academy
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Music
Music is an excellent partner with Mathematics and helps to promote self-discipline and self-esteem. All students take Music from their first year at the Academy and have the opportunity to learn a musical instrument subject to demand. All of our Music Tutors are professional musicians who regularly perform at high profile concerts. Most recently, some of our Music Tutors have performed with artists including Jools Holland, Courtney Pine, Macy Gray and Craig David.
As an academy with a music specialism, the Bridge is currently able to cover the cost of these lessons and will usually be able to offer the loan of an instrument for your child to practice on at home. We provide tuition in piano, violin, viola, cello, double bass, flute, clarinet, saxophone, trumpet, trombone, tube, bass guitar, guitar, drums, voice and steel pans. It is essential that students practice their instrument everyday in order to ensure they make good progress and all students receiving instrumental or vocal lessons must attend at least one musical ensemble and/or music club.
The Academy has a series of excellent music rooms with a wide range of instruments and equipment for study and rehearsal. We are particularly proud of our extra-curricular music provision at the Bridge. Students are able to attend a wide range of music clubs everyday after school and on Mondays we have an extended rehearsal for all our flagship ensembles.
The Academy stages a regular programme of performances on site and frequently presents music at external venues such as the Barbican Centre, Hackney Empire and local venues such as The Hundred Years Gallery. The Academy is a pilot school for 'Barbican Box - Music,' an exciting collaborative project with Barbican Creative Learning and Barbican Associated Artists. An exciting performance by The Bridge Academy music students took place on the main stage at the Barbican Centre in February 2015 and we look forward to performing there again in Spring 2016.
The Bridge Academy Music Department stages two major concerts each year. It boasts a substantial partnership with the London Symphony Orchestra, which led to a performance by The Bridge Academy music students at the Barbican Centre in March 2014. Players from the London Symphony Orchestra joined us for our Summer Concert in July 2015 and played alongside the students in our orchestra. Further projects with the LSO are planned for 2015/16.
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What is the collective noun for beavers | What is a group of beavers called?
What is a group of beavers called?
Collective Noun for Beavers
The collective noun for beavers is the word you would use to describe a group of beavers.
We have identified the following word(s) that you could call a group of beavers:
colony
family
Used in a sentence, you could say "Look at the colony of beavers", where "colony" is the collective noun that means group.
As you can see, you simply substitute the word "group" with one of the collective nouns on our list above when describing a group of beavers.
| Colony |
What is a male polecat called | Collective Nouns
Collective Nouns
One of the many oddities of the English language is the multitude of different names given to collections or groups, be they beasts, birds, people or things. Many of these collective nouns are beautiful and evocative, even poetic.
A colony of auks (flock, raft)
A colony of avocets
A flock of birds (dissimulation, fleet, flight, parcel, pod, volary, )
A sedge of bitterns (siege)
A chain of bobolinks
A brood of chickens (cletch, clutch, peep)
A chattering of choughs (clattering)
A covert of coots ( commotion, cover, fleet, flock, pod, rasp, swarm)
A flight of cormorants (gulp)
A sedge of cranes (herd, sedge, siege)
A murder of crows ( hover, muster, parcel)
A head of curlews (herd)
A trip of dotterels
A dole of doves ( dule, flight, piteousness, pitying, prettying)
A flush of ducks (badelynge, brace, bunch, dopping, flock, paddling, plump, raft, safe, skein, sord, string, team)
A flight of dunbirds (rush)
A fling of dunlins
A convocation of eagles (aerie)
A cast of falcons
A charm of finches (chirm, trembling, trimming)
A stand of flamingos
A gaggle of geese (flock, plump, skein, team, wedge)
A charm of goldfinches (chattering, drum, troubling)
A dopping of goosanders
A covey of grouse (brace, brood, flight, pack)
A bazaar of guillemots
A mews of hawks (aerie, cast, kettle, mew, moulting, screw, stream)
A brood of hens
A sedge of herons (flight, hedge, rookery, siege)
A charm of hummingbirds (chattering, drum, troubling)
A colony of ibises
A band of jays (party, scold)
A desert of lapwings (deceit)
A parcel of linnets
An exaltation of larks (ascension, bevy, flight)
A congregation of magpies (charm, flock, gulp, murder, tiding, tittering, tribe, )
A sord of mallards (flush, puddling, sute)
A plump of moorhens
A watch of nightingales (match, pray)
A pride of ostriches (flock)
A parliament of owls (stare)
A fling of oxbirds
A company of parrots (flock, pandemonium, psittacosis)
A covey of partridges (bevy, bew, clutch, warren)
A muster of peacocks (ostentation, pride)
A pod of pelicans (scoop)
A colony of penguins (parcel, rookery)
A cadge of peregrines
A nye of pheasants (bouquet, head, nide, warren, )
A flight of pigeons (flock, kit, passel, )
A knob of pintails [small number]
A congregation of plovers (band, flight, leash, stand, wing)
A rush of pochards (flight, knob[small number])
A run of poultry
A bevy of quails (covey, drift)
An unkindness of ravens (aerie, conspiracy)
A crowd of redwings
A parliament of rooks (building, clamour, congregation, shoal, wing)
A hill of ruffs
A dopping of sheldrakes (doading)
A walk of snipes (wisp)
A host of sparrows (meinie, quarrel, tribe, ubiquity)
A murmuration of starlings (chattering, cloud, congregation, clutter)
A mustering of storks (flight, phalanx)
A flight of swallows (gulp)
A herd of swans (bank, bevy, drift, eyrar, game, herd, lamentation, sownder, squadron, team, wedge, whiteness, whiting)
A flock of swifts
A spring of teals (bunch, coil, knob, raft)
A mutation of thrushes
A flock of turkeys (dole, dule, raffle, raft, rafter, posse)
A pitying of turtledoves
A colony of vultures (committee, wake)
A plump of waterfowls (bunch, knob, raft)
A company of widgeons (bunch, coil, flight, knob, trip)
A trip of wildfowls (bunch, knob, lute, plump,scry, skein, sord, sute)
A fall of woodcocks (covey, flight, plump)
A descent of woodpeckers
A cluster of antelopes (herd, tribe)
A shrewdness of apes (troop)
A pace of asses (drove, coffle, herd)
A congress of baboons (flange, troop)
A cete of badgers (colony)
A cloud of bats (colony)
A sloth of bears (sleuth)
A colony of beavers (family, lodge)
A herd of bisons (gang)
A sute of bloodhounds
A herd of boars (singular)
A sounder of (wild) boars [12+]
A herd of bucks (leash)
A gang of buffalos (herd, obstinacy)
A drove of bullocks
A flock of camels (caravan, herd, train)
A herd of caribous
A clowder of cats (glaring, cluster, clutter)
A destruction of (wild) cats (dout, dowt)
A herd of cattle (drift, drove, mob)
A herd of chamois
A rake of colts (rack, rag)
A bury of conies (game)
A flink of cows [12+]
A pack of coyotes (band, rout)
A litter of cubs
A herd of deers (bunch, leash, mob, parcel, rangale)
A pack of dogs (kennel)
A pod of dolphins (flock, school, team)
A herd of donkeys (drove)
A herd of elands
A herd of elephants (parade)
A gang of elks (herd)
A business of ferrets (cast, fesnying)
A skulk of foxes (earth, lead, leash, troop)
A brace of geldings
A journey of giraffes (corps, group, herd, tower)
A herd of gnus (implausibility)
A trip of goats (flock, herd, trip, tribe)
A band of gorillas (whoop)
A leash of greyhounds
A group of guinea pigs
A horde of hamsters
A drove of hares (down, flick, herd, husk, kindle, leash, trace, trip)
A herd of harts
A array of hedgehogs (prickle)
A parcel of hinds
A bloat of hippopotami (crash, herd, pod, school, thunder)
A drift of hogs (drove, parcel)
A stable of horses (drove, harras, herd, remuda, string, stud, team)
A pack of hounds (cry, hunt, kennel, leash, meet, mute, stable, sute)
A clan of hyenas
A mob of kangaroos (troop)
A kindle of kittens (litter)
A fall of lambs
A leap of leopards (lepe)
A kindle of leverets
A pride of lions (flock, sault, sawt, sowse, troop)
A herd of llamas
A richness of martens (richesse)
A mischief of mice (horde, nest, trip)
A labour of moles (company, movement)
A band of mongooses (pack)
A troop of monkeys (cartload, mission, tribe, wilderness)
A herd of moose
A barren of mules (pack, rake, span)
A family of otters (bevy, raft, romp)
A team of oxen (drove, herd, meinie, span, yoke)
A pomp of pekingese
A drove of pigs (drift, flock, herd)
A doylt of (tame) pigs
A sounder of (wild) pigs
A farrow of piglets (litter)
An aurora of polar bears (pack)
A chine of polecats
A string of ponies (herd)
A prickle of porcupines
A school of porpoises (herd, pod)
A coterie of prairie dogs (town)
A litter of pups
A colony of rabbits (bury, drove, flick, kindle, leash, nest, trace, warren, wrack)
A field of racehorses (string)
A nursery of raccoons (gaze)
A colony of rats (horde, mischief, swarm)
A crash of rhinoceroses (herd, stubbornness)
A bevy of roe deers
A colony of seals (harem, herd, pod, rookery, spring)
A flock of sheep (down, drift, drove, fold, herd, meinie, mob, parcel, trip)
A surfeit of skunks
A dray of squirrels (colony)
A pack of stoats (trip)
A drove of swine (herd)
A doylt of (tame) swine (drift, trip)
A sounder of (wild) swine [12+]
An ambush of tigers (streak)
A blessing of unicorns
A huddle of walruses (herd, ugly)
A mob of wallabyies
A sneak of weasels (gang, pack)
A grind of bottle-nosed whales
A school of whales (float, gam, herd, mob, pod, run, shoal, troup)
A destruction of wildcats (dout)
A herd of wildebeests
A pack of wolves (herd, rout)
A mob of wombats
A colony of ants (army, bike, swarm)
A swarm of bees (bike, cast, cluster, drift, erst, game, grist, hive, rabble, stand)
A bike of (wild) bees
A flight of butterflies (kaleidoscope, rabble, swarm)
An army of caterpillars
A swarm of flies (business, cloud, grist, hatch)
A cloud of gnats (horde, rabble, swarm)
A cloud of grasshoppers (cluster, swarm)
A bike of hornets (nest, swarm)
A flight of insects (horde, plague, rabble, swarm)
A flock of lice (colony, infestation)
A plague of locusts (cloud, swarm)
A scourge of mosquitoes (swarm)
A clutter of spiders (cluster)
A colony of termites (swarm)
A colony of wasps (bike, nest)
A company of angel fish
A company of archer fish
A battery of barracudas
A fleet of bass (shoal)
A grind of blackfish
A school of butterfly fish
A school of cod
A swarm of dragonet fish
A troop of dogfish
A shoal of fish (catch, draught, fray, haul, run, school)
A glide of flying fish
A glint of goldfish (troubling)
A glean of herrings (army, shoal)
A shoal of mackerels
A shoal of minnows (steam, stream, swarm)
A pack of perch
A shoal of pilchards (school)
A cluster of porcupine fish
A party of rainbow fish
A shoal of roach
A bind of salmons(draught, leap, run, school, shoal)
A family of sardines
| i don't know |
A numbat is a variety of which animal | numbat | marsupial | Britannica.com
marsupial
Alternative Titles: banded anteater, Myrmecobius fasciatus
Related Topics
Numbat (Myrmecobius fasciatus), also called banded anteater, marsupial mammal of the family Myrmecobiidae, of which it is the sole living representative.
Numbat (Myrmecobius fasciatus).
The numbat, or banded anteater (Myrmecobius fasciatus).
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
The numbat forages by day for termites in woodlands of Australia ; it is one of the few diurnal (active by day) Australian marsupials. It has a squat body and a small pointed head with a very long snout; the head and body together are about 20–27 cm (roughly 8–11 inches) long, and there is a 13–20-cm (5–8-inch) bushy tail . Its coat generally is reddish brown, becoming blacker toward the rump, and there are about seven or eight transverse white stripes on the body from behind the forelegs to the rump, where they are most clearly marked. The teeth are small, and there are extra molars, giving a total number of 50–52 teeth. The tongue is long and sticky, and the forefeet are strong-clawed, for digging. The numbat is pouchless; it normally has four young a year.
The numbat is considered an endangered species . It was formerly widespread across Australia, but only two naturally occurring populations remain. These are found in the Dryandra and Perup woodlands in the southwestern corner of Western Australia . It is extensively predated by introduced domestic cats and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), and predation and habitat loss are suspected of having contributed to the species’ decline. Small populations of captively bred animals have been introduced in several locations in the country.
The numbat is the official animal emblem of the Australian state of Western Australia.
Learn More in these related articles:
| Anteater |
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Mammals
Australia’s mammalian wildlife is unique from the rest of the world. The dingo, or wild dog, is our largest carnivorous mammal, while the numbat, quoll and Tasmanian devil are each generally the size of an average house cat.
Dingoes can be found all around Australia, except for Tasmania, and the best places to spot them include Queensland’s Fraser Island , the Kimberley in Western Australia and across the deserts of the Northern Territory and South Australia.
Numbats are found only in Western Australia and the Tasmanian devil can only be seen in wildlife parks or in the Tasmanian wilderness.
Endangered quolls are difficult to spot in the wild, but inhabit the wet forests of southeastern Australia and Tasmania, and a small area of northern Queensland. The bilby can be seen in Francois Peron National Park in Western Australia.
Marsupials
Australia has more than 140 species of marsupials, including kangaroos, wallabies, koalas, and wombats. Our 55 different native species of kangaroos and wallabies vary greatly in size and weight, ranging from half a kilogram (1 pound) to 90 (198.4 pounds) kilograms.
Come face to face with kangaroos and wallabies in Namadgi and Kosciuszko National Parks in the Australian Alps , Pebbly Beach in New South Wales and Tasmania’s Freycinet National Park .
Despite popular belief, our native koala is not a bear. Spot koalas at Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve near Canberra, Port Stephens in New South Wales and the Lone Pine Koala Sanctuary in Queensland.
The wombat is another creature you’ll find here – a stout, burrowing animal that can weigh up to 36 kilograms (79.4 pounds). Some of the best places to see them in the wild are the Blue Mountains National Park in New South Wales, Wilsons Promontory in Victoria and Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair National Park in Tasmania.
Monotremes
Another animal group found only in Australia is the monotremes, or egg-laying mammals. The most distinctive is the platypus, a river-dwelling animal with a bill like a duck, a furry waterproof body and webbed feet. Platypuses live in burrows, which they dig into the banks of rivers. They are difficult to spot, but your best chance to see them is in small streams and calm rivers along the east coast, such as the Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve near Canberra, Lake Elizabeth in Victoria’s Great Otway National Park and in northern New South Wales and Queensland.
The echidna, otherwise known as the spiny anteater, is another of Australia’s monotremes. It has a prickly coat like a hedgehog or porcupine – so don’t try to pick one up! Kangaroo Island is one of the best places to spot them in the wild.
Birds
We have more than 800 species of birds in Australia, and about half cannot be found anywhere else. They range from tiny honeyeaters to the large, flightless emu, which stands nearly two metres (6.6 feet) tall. See cassowaries in our tropical rainforest, kookaburras in our open woodlands and emus in sclerophyll forests and savanna woodlands. Get up close to penguins on Kangaroo Island in South Australia and Philip Island in Victoria , or hear the winter call of the lyrebirds in Wollumbin National Park and in the Gondwana Rainforests in southeast Queensland.
There are 55 species of parrots in Australia, including a spectacular variety of cockatoos, rosellas, lorikeets, cockatiels, parakeets and budgerigars, which are seen in rural and urban areas.
Reptiles
Australia has more venomous snakes than any other continent, 21 of the world’s 25 deadliest in fact. But not all are poisonous, and we also have some stunning pythons and tree snakes. We are famous for our crocodiles, and host two different species, the freshwater crocodile, which is found nowhere else in the world, and the estuarine crocodile (also known as the saltwater crocodile). The Kimberley, Kakadu National Park and Cape York Peninsula are excellent places to see crocodiles in their natural habitat.
Of the seven species of marine turtles in the world, six can be found here including the flatback turtle, green turtle, hawksbill turtle, leatherback turtle, loggerhead turtle and olive ridley turtle. The best spots to see turtles are Ningaloo Reef in Western Australia and Eco Beach in Broome .
We also have an amazing array of lizards, ‘dragons’ and goannas (monitor lizards), such as the spectacular frilled-neck lizard and bearded dragon. Thorny devils can be found in Western Australia’s desert habitats, Shark Bay, Carnarvon and Exmouth.
Marine animals
Our marine environments support around 4,000 of the world’s 22,000 types of fish, as well as 30 of the world’s 58 seagrass species. We also have the world’s largest coral reef system, the World Heritage-listed Great Barrier Reef , where there are countless species of colourful fish, including the beautiful clownfish seen in Finding Dory. We also have around 1,700 different species of coral.
Larger marine species include the humpback, southern right and orca whales, the dugong (or manatee), several dolphin species and a number of different sharks. Catch a glimpse of the whales during their migration along the east coast from May to November, or swim with gentle whale sharks on Ningaloo Reef in Western Australia.
Kangaroo Island is one of the best places to see beautiful Australian fur seals in the wild.
More On Australian Animals
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Up to how many points are competitive badminton matches played following a rule change in 2006 | The scoring system in badminton | Badminton Bible
The scoring system in badminton
The scoring system in badminton is quite simple, but it can get confusing in doubles.
We’re going to start with the scoring system for singles, because it’s simpler.
Deciding who gets to serve first
In a major tournament, a coin toss is used to decide which side will serve first.
In more casual club or league games, you usually just throw the shuttle up in the air, let it land, and see which side it points towards: that side serves first.
Points, games, and matches
Every time you win a rally, you get a point. Starting from zero, the first person to reach 21 points wins the game. In club badminton, this is usually where you stop and choose players for the next game.
In standard league or tournament play, however, what really matters is the match. A match is the best of three games: you win the match by winning two games. So a match could last either two or three games.
Whenever you win a rally, you also get the next serve. So if your opponent was serving in the last rally, the serve passes to you; if you were serving, you keep on serving.
To win, you need a two-point lead
You have to win the game by at least two points. If the score reaches 20–20, then 21 points are no longer enough to win the game. You need to win
two clear
points: two points in a row, one after the other.
For example, 22–20 would be a winning score, as would 25–23. But 21–20 would not be enough, and neither would 24–23.
If you reach 30–29, however, you’ve won the game. 30 points is the upper limit. This rule is intended to prevent games dragging on too long, especially at the top level of play, where excessively long games put athletes at risk of injury.
Always say the server’s score first
It’s a good habit to say the score to your opponent before starting each rally. It’s surprisingly easy to lose track of the score, and saying it between rallies helps prevent disputes.
When you’re saying the score, always say the server’s score first. So if you are serving and have 10 points to your opponent’s 15 points, then the score is 10–15 (not 15–10).
Which side to serve from?
Remember that you have two service courts: one on the right, and one on the left.
When the server’s score is an even number, he serves from the right service court. When his score is an odd number, he serves from the left service court. For this reason, the right service court is also known as the even service court, and the left service court is known as the odd service court.
Odd numbers? Even numbers?
Odd numbers start at 1, and go up by 2
Even numbers start at 0, and go up by 2
So the odd numbers are 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, and so on. The even numbers are 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and so on.
Even and odd numbers alternate. So if you keep winning rallies, you’ll keep serving from a different side each time: right, left, right, left, right, and so on.
Because zero is an even number, the game always starts with someone serving from the right (even) service court.
What about the receiver?
The receiver’s position is determined not by his own score, but by the server’s score. The receiver always stands in the service box diagonally opposite from the server. In other words, both players will be in the even service courts, or both will be in the odd service courts. You can never have one of each (one odd, one even).
Scoring in doubles
The actual scoring in doubles is simple: instead of each person winning points, each pair wins points. The part that often confuses people is this: how do you decide who serves, who receives, and which side they should be on?
At the start of the game, when the score is 0–0, the serving pair choose who serves for the first rally, and the receiving pair choose who receives.
The even/odd rule still holds. So if the server’s score is odd, he will serve from the left court (if even, from the right). Just as for singles, the receiver will stand in the diagonally opposite service court.
Whenever the serving side wins a rally, the same person serves again (but from the other service court). The serve does not alternate between the partners: it stays with one person, until the opponents win a rally and get the serve.
Everyone has a service court
To make sense of doubles scoring, you must understand two crucial ideas:
Every player has a service court, at all times.
When your partner has one service court, you have the other one.
Let’s take an example: you are getting ready to serve from your left service court. So your service court is obvious: it’s the box you have to stand inside.
Your partner is not serving or receiving, so he doesn’t have to stay within one of the service boxes: he can stand anywhere on your court. Nevertheless, we say that your partner has the right service court.
Bizarrely, most people say that your partner
is in
the right service court. This makes no sense at all, because your partner probably has one foot in each service court!
The same idea applies to the receiving side. In this example, the receiver has the left service court, and his partner has the right service court. Until you serve, the receiver must stay within his service court, but the receiver’s partner can stand wherever he wants.
It doesn’t matter where you go during the rally
Suppose you serve from the right service court. By the end of the rally, you could easily be standing inside the left service box with your partner standing inside the right box. This has no effect on your service courts for the next rally.
In other words, the service courts are set at the start of the rally. Although you move around during the rally, the service courts don’t change. At the end of the rally, you have to remember what your service courts were:
Who was serving?
Once you remember this, you work out the positions for the next rally.
When you serve and win the rally
Suppose you serve, and then your side wins the rally. For the next rally, you will serve again, but from the other side. In other words:
When the serving side win a rally, the server and his partner swap service courts.
Remember that you and your partner must always have different service courts. That’s why the server’s partner also changes service court here. This change has no effect on the server’s partner — he can still stand wherever he wants — but he needs to remember his service court for future rallies.
The receivers never change their service courts. The only way to change service courts is to win a point when your side is serving.
When the receivers win a rally
When the receiving side wins a rally, the serve passes to them. Their service courts do not change from the previous rally.
If their new score is odd, then whoever has the left service court will serve; if the score is even, then whoever has the right service court will serve.
Consequences of this system
If you think it through carefully, you can figure out two interesting consequences of this system:
You never serve to the same person in two consecutive rallies.
When you win back the serve, the new server is whoever wasn’t serving last time.
The rules actually state these consequences explicitly:
11.4 Sequence of serving
to the initial server, and so on.
11.5
No player shall serve or receive out of turn, or receive two consecutive services in the same game, except as provided in Law 12.
(Law 12 is about how you correct mistakes. We’ll look at that later.)
It’s easy to forget the score or forget which side you were on. When you forget, you can usually use those two facts to help remember.
For example, suppose you have just won back the serve. You know the score is 10–8, but you cannot remember which side you should be. You also know that last time, your partner was serving (not you). Therefore, you must be serving from the right service court.
Similarly, suppose you cannot remember the score. It’s either 13–10 or 14–10, and you have just won back the serve. You know that your partner just received in the right service court, and that he was serving last time. This means you must be serving from the left service court, and therefore the score is 13–10.
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Which racing team did Jim Clark race for during all of his career | Tennis Vs badminton | Talk Tennis
Tennis Vs badminton
benasp , Dec 20, 2006
Hi there, i have a discussion on a badminton board about tennis vs badminton and i need some argument about how tennis is as fun as badminton
sound silly cause whe all know what sport is more fun but they keep coming with argument tant i think have no sensa at all
so here the tread: http://www.badmintoncentral.com/forums/showthread.php?t=39143
For the one who don't wanna take a look here the argument for badminton
1- badminton is more physical
All right lets see the speed of a game. let’s take as an example the 1985 All England Tennis Championship and the World Badminton Championships. The tennis match lasted 3 hours and 18 minutes whereas the badminton match lasted 1 hour and 16 minutes. During these matches, 1,004 shots were made in the tennis match, compared to the 1,972 shots in the badminton match. Finally, the distance covered during the match was 2 miles for the tennis match and 4 miles for the badminton one. if badminton is not a faster game, how could they run 2ce as much, hit 2ce as much in half the time? It is also worth noting that badminton has an infinite amount of shot placements which is unique to all racket sports.
2- An weird argument about smash speed comparing the shuttle speed when it leave the racquet to the andy roddick serve record.
3-learning badminton is harder than tennis, and be ready to laugh, the main point is that a kids can easily cross the court hitting a ball, but he can't do the same in badminton
So what do you guy think i can add to my defense. I have nothing to prove but it still fun tu argue on this topic.
Sagittar , Dec 20, 2006
i don't like badminton at all and i see it as a non skill demanding sport at all (but that's just me and i could turn out to be wrong ofcourse) plus i dont see that badminton is that much physically demanding , first the racquet is tooooooo light so is the so called ball(c0ck) and it's always indoors meening the players never get burned out by the sun plus tennis have all kind of strokes on the other hand badminton has two only : serve and volley ..
and to summarize it all tennis players earn a lot more than badmintos' , so please anybody tell me how could it be better than tennis in anyway ?!!
1- badminton is more physical
Click to expand...
Its a different kind of physicality. You need muscles to play tennis, but speed to play badminton. That tennis balls weighs a lot more than a shuttlecock.
benasp said: ↑
2- An weird argument about smash speed comparing the shuttle speed when it leave the racquet to the andy roddick serve record.
Click to expand...
Roddick delivers more power every single time. Think about the weight of the ball. Badminton players may have quicker shots, but they're only hitting some feathers.
benasp said: ↑
3-learning badminton is harder than tennis
Click to expand...
I've never met anyone who couldn't play Badminton and get a rally going. When I first picked up a tennis racquet I couldn't string more than 2 or 3 shots together.
Incidently, you can put spin on a shuttlecock, and make it tumble for drop shots, but its nowhere near as important as putting spin on a tennis ball.
benasp said: ↑
1- badminton is more physical
2- An weird argument about smash speed comparing the shuttle speed when it leave the racquet to the andy roddick serve record.
3-learning badminton is harder than tennis, and be ready to laugh, the main point is that a kids can easily cross the court hitting a ball, but he can't do the same in badminton
Click to expand...
I think they have reasonable points about #1(2x shots and 2x distance coverd in half the time). Whatever. Every sport has its pros and cons.
There is an Indian news show where, just before the sports segment begins, they have a standard intro clip with a series of very short highlights. One of them, lasting 1 second, looks like a jump smash a la Sampras, except it is far more dynamic and powerful than any Sampras highlight. The player looks Indian, and I found it unbelieveable that there is an Indian Tennis player who could do that. Eventually I figured out that it was a badminton play.
It is a lot easier to go for a huge shot in Badminton. The shuttle is practically still(compared to Tennis speeds) when you hit it , and controlling the shot is trivial compared to Tennis.
Tennis players who haven't played Badminton don't realize that Tennis is more about control and has very little to do with power. I came in the other direction, and it always puzzles me how people talk about rackets/players not having enough power. It puzzles me because anybody can hit a Tennis ball over the fence on the other side of the court, with any racket, and without any ball speed coming at you. What they are really saying when they need more power in Tennis is that their off-center hits are not carrying, or that balls with a lot of topspin are not going very far. But the reason you need any topspin is because the Tennis ball is such a hard thing to control. The tennis ball is very easy to hit a long distance with a lot of pace, but it is very hard to control it.
I definitely disagree that Tennis is easier to learn than Badminton. It takes while for 2 beginners to have any kind of rallies. They spend 90% of the time running after picking up errant balls. Most Tennis players never become good enough to hit winners.
In Badminton, two beginners can have fun pretty soon hitting the shuttle back and forth to each other. There is absolutlely no problem keeping the shuttle in play in a normal rally. The challenge is to keep it safe from being hit for a winner.
It is well known that Tennis matches are decided by errors even at the pro level. Even beginning Badminton players win points mostly with winners and unfroced errors. I need to use tennis terminology because this classification doesn't exist in Badminton as it is so irrelevant.
1- badminton is more physical
Click to expand...
Badminton is definitely more physical. It almost felt like running a marathon if both players are decent enough.
benasp said: ↑
2- An weird argument about smash speed comparing the shuttle speed when it leave the racquet to the andy roddick serve record.
Click to expand...
Yes, it is horrifyingly fast, I have been in the receiving end of those. If they aim at your head, you might not have time to duck.
benasp said: ↑
3-learning badminton is harder than tennis, and be ready to laugh, the main point is that a kids can easily cross the court hitting a ball, but he can't do the same in badminton
Click to expand...
This I disagree. Tennis is way harder at the beginning. It takes years to learn to control spin and depth in tennis. And the serve in tennis and the serve in badminton, no comparison, tennis is way harder at the beginning.
HellBunni , Dec 21, 2006
ceejay said: ↑
Roddick delivers more power every single time. Think about the weight of the ball. Badminton players may have quicker shots, but they're only hitting some feathers.
Click to expand...
it's enough to give bruses. the thing is even thou tennis balls weight more, you are rarely in the position where you are faced with an overhead coming at you pretty much point blank. where as in badminton, you get those often, and those things will leave marks. Tennis balls loss a lot of it's speed traveling from one side of the court to another, shuttlecocks loss less of it's speed since it's a much closer distance.
maverick1 , Dec 21, 2006
HellBunni said: ↑
it's enough to give bruses. the thing is even thou tennis balls weight more, you are rarely in the position where you are faced with an overhead coming at you pretty much point blank. where as in badminton, you get those often, and those things will leave marks. Tennis balls loss a lot of it's speed traveling from one side of the court to another, shuttlecocks loss less of it's speed since it's a much closer distance.
Click to expand...
I don't know what you are talking about. I played Badminton for years and never came close to being in pain from being hit; I don't even remember being hit. Both players would have to be very close to the net and one of them would have to have an easy putaway.
All they have to do is push the shuttle deep and the point is over. It is not like tennis where the other guy can chase a lob and hit it back AFTER it bounces.
Why would they hit straight to the opponent and give him am opportunity to stick his racket in front and possibly hit a winner?
LuckyR , Dec 21, 2006
benasp said: ↑
Hi there, i have a discussion on a badminton board about tennis vs badminton and i need some argument about how tennis is as fun as badminton
sound silly cause whe all know what sport is more fun but they keep coming with argument tant i think have no sensa at all
so here the tread: http://www.badmintoncentral.com/forums/showthread.php?t=39143
For the one who don't wanna take a look here the argument for badminton
1- badminton is more physical
All right lets see the speed of a game. let’s take as an example the 1985 All England Tennis Championship and the World Badminton Championships. The tennis match lasted 3 hours and 18 minutes whereas the badminton match lasted 1 hour and 16 minutes. During these matches, 1,004 shots were made in the tennis match, compared to the 1,972 shots in the badminton match. Finally, the distance covered during the match was 2 miles for the tennis match and 4 miles for the badminton one. if badminton is not a faster game, how could they run 2ce as much, hit 2ce as much in half the time? It is also worth noting that badminton has an infinite amount of shot placements which is unique to all racket sports.
2- An weird argument about smash speed comparing the shuttle speed when it leave the racquet to the andy roddick serve record.
3-learning badminton is harder than tennis, and be ready to laugh, the main point is that a kids can easily cross the court hitting a ball, but he can't do the same in badminton
So what do you guy think i can add to my defense. I have nothing to prove but it still fun tu argue on this topic.
Click to expand...
Methinks they dost protest too much. Or in plain English: those guys are putting in waaayyy too much effort trying to prove the unprovable, namely that badmitton has more appeal than tennis.
Proof? How about the, what?, 100:1 popularity ratio. After all, people vote with their feet, or in this case, racquets. Name a single endorsed badmitton player whom non-racquetsport player would recognize, in the history of the sport.
varuscelli , Dec 21, 2006
I don't play badminton (except for a few scattered and infrequent times in my life), but I can't help but admire those who really play it well when I watch them. Looks like a lot of fun and very challenging when it's taken beyond the backyard family game (just like there's family badminton and family volleyball -- take either to a really competitive/skilled level and you're talking about a whole different kind of game).
To me, it's really difficult to compare tennis and badminton just like it's difficult to compare tennis and racquetball or badminton and racquetball. They're different sports and each has its own sets of challenges and skills to be mastered. Seems kind of pointless to try and make one seem better, more fun, or more challenging than another, unless the person who initiates the "badminton is better" or "tennis is more fun" chant has some kind of chip on their shoulder about it.
Personally, I'd love the chance to try and play badminton for a while at a semi-serious level and learn more about really playing the game. But I barely have enough time to play tennis, much less to add in another sport.
vive le beau jeu ! , Dec 21, 2006
benasp said: ↑
3-learning badminton is harder than tennis, and be ready to laugh, the main point is that a kids can easily cross the court hitting a ball, but he can't do the same in badminton
Click to expand...
i like a lot badminton too... but this point #3 is definitely a big joke !
i had some friends who were beginners at both at the same time, and they were relatively rapidly able to play bad' at a decent level... but as regards playing tennis, that was... let's say... "harder" for them !
on the other hand, badminton may be more intense, but a tennis game is supposed to be longer...
when i play badminton, i'm sure it's gonna be physical whatever if i play good or bad (and that's one of the things i like in badminton !), but when i play tennis, i'm less sure of that... if one of the players has an "off" day, for instance !
PS: and what about racketlon ?...
Noire , Dec 23, 2006
I say that Tennis is much more harder than badminton.
lol, It took me years to learn tennis while I only spent 40 mins to hit a shuttlec0ck.
and yeah, 2 sides are still debating this one:
TENNIS VS. BADMINTON
Statistics Don't Lie
The speed and the stamina required for badminton are far greater than for any other racket sport. At the 1985 All England (Tennis) Championships, Boris Becker defeated Kevin Curren 6-3, 6-7, 7-6, 6-4. At the 1985 World Badminton Championships in Calgary, Canada, Han Jian of China defeated Morten Frost of Denmark, 14-18, 15-10, 15-8.
The following is a statistical comparison of those matches.
Time: Tennis, 3 hours and 18 minutes. Badminton, 1 hour and 16 minutes.
Ball/Shuttle in Play: Tennis, 18 minutes. Badminton, 37 minutes.
Match Intensity*: Tennis, 9 percent. Badminton, 48 percent.
Rallies: Tennis 299. Badminton, 146.
Shots: Tennis, 1,004. Badminton, 1,972.
Shots Per Rally: Tennis, 3.4. Badminton, 13.5.
Distance Covered: Tennis, 2 miles. Badminton, 4 miles.
Note that the badminton players competed for half the time, yet ran twice as far and hit nearly twice as many shots.
*The actual time the ball/shuttle was in flight, divided by the length of the match.
Click to expand...
I believe this is really outdated.
Noire said: ↑
I say that Tennis is much more harder than badminton.
lol, It took me years to learn tennis while I only spent 40 mins to hit a shuttlec0ck.
and yeah, 2 sides are still debating this one:
I believe this is really outdated.
Click to expand...
I play both and I must say tennis is much harder to learn how to play correctly.
That said, badminton is a much more subtle and strategic game, relying on speed and quickness and the ability to out think your opponent. Points take much longer to set up and are much harder to put away. It seems like with badminton, even at the intermediate level, if you don't stay sharp and move your feet, you are toast.
Badminton is easier to play initially, but extremely difficult to master. Tennis is difficult initially, and extremely difficult to master.
Badminton is an intense sport, but a Nadal's tennis is hardly low-energy.
I think any sport is equally difficult in the upper level, and harder for some people than others. For instance, if you're naturally really fast, flexible, and can jump, badminton may be easier than tennis at a high level and other people may find tennis easier. In table tennis, a player's reflexes have to be extremely fast, faster than in tennis. Each sports just has different demands. I doubt that Federer court beat Wang in table tennis, even with equivalent training, at least if Federer had the same build he does for tennis.
http://youtube.com/watch?v=3ZlU5D9VANA&mode=related&search=
watch this and tell me that badminton is not 100 times better a spectator sport. the change in pace/depth and formation (for doubles) is in every stroke of the rally, and usually in a baddie match there are many many such points.... this is how the game is supposed to be played at the pro level.
tennis in contract, is basically BH to BH ralley, and see who dares to pull the trigger to go DTL, or draws a short ball and dominate with FH.... as a spectator, your heart rate goes up with a player issues a drop shot or rush to the net.... and this change in DEPTH happens in every badminton stroke.
Don't get me wrong, I love tennis and since in the US it's the most popular racket sport, I play it 99% of the time, except 1% of pingpong during snowed-in days.
There are very few baddie clubs in the US. I used to play frequently in Toronto, and a couple of times in a club outside Philly... really missing it.
Someone doesn't know badminton...
First, you cannot compare a single tennis smash to a single badminton smash.
Badminton smash is equivalent to trying winners in tennis, it will be hit many times in one single point. Second, badminton midcourt smash is almost like sitter in tennis, it is suppose to be easy to hit. But backcourt jumping smash is another matter, and all the drop shots in badminton, sick. Also, a pro-level badminton smash is like a blur flyby if you ever face one before, more blurrer than a tennis smash. It is just like any other sport, it is hard to describe, but a high level player can do thing you can never imagine.
More athletic "looking"? Yes
More impressive or harder? No.
There are several factors that makes it a lot easier to hit a badminton overhead than a tennis overhead.
The shuttle slows down dramatically in the air and is moving very slowly just before the smash. There is no spin to complicate judgment of the trajectory/pace. The racket is much lighter, making it much easier to make last moment corrections.
I played Badminton frr a couple of years around age 14 and even at the beginning never had any trouble timing my overheads and hitting winners. It was not just me. Any one who has played for a year could smash a shuttle from midcourt. Tennis players who have played all their lives have trouble putting away a mid court overhead even the net is much shorter.
Click to expand...
I have a much easier time hitting winners off tennis overhead smashes. My damn badminton opponents always get's my smashes back.
mucat , Dec 26, 2006
Ulam said: ↑
That would be interesting to watch a slowmotion of a shuttle rotating with massive underspin. However as the trajectory of the shuttle is in the downward path , the shuttle would slow down and lead the tail, making it easy to hit.
Badminton is like hitting an overhead and volleys in tennis. A 5.0 level tennis doubles player would give a 3 year badminton player a hard time.
Click to expand...
Probably not, a 3 yr badminton player with good drop shot and good long rally shot alone would make it impossible for anyone who never play the game before, and we haven't even talk about the smash yet.
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